= 2 (d orbitals) (Electron Orbitals)

l012345spdfgh 1357911 2610141822

nlml() 1001 (1s)1s2001 (2s)2s1-1, 0, 13 (2px, 2py, 2pz)2p3001 (3s)3s1-1, 0, 13 (3px, 3py, 3pz)3p2-2, -1, 0, 1, 25 (Figure 7.18)3d40014s1-1, 0, 134p2-2, -1, 0, 1, 254d3-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 374f

(Crystal): 1) (Single Crystal), 2) (Poly Crystal), 3) (Amorphous) (Lattice) : (Space Lattice) : 3 , (Lattice Point ) : (Lattice Constant) : (Unit Cell) : 3 ,, , 3

: (Simple Lattice ) (Base centered Lattice ) (Face centered Lattice ) (Body centered Lattice )

()()()

Triclinic

Monoclinic

Orthorhombic

Tetragonal

Cubic

Hexagonal

Trigonal

3()

3 .

a ( b ( c ( ( ( ( ( ( 90(

B(OH)3, K2S2O3

Al2SiO5,NaAlSi3O3

()

3 .

a ( b (c ( = ( = 90( ( (

C18H24, KNO3

K2S4O6, As4S4, KClO3

()

3 .

a ( b ( c ( = ( = ( = 90(

I, Ga, Fe2C

FeS2, BaSO4

()

3 .

a = b ( c ( = ( = ( = 90(

In, TiO3, C4H10O4

KlO4

()

3 .

a = b = c ( = ( = ( = 90(

Cu, Ag, Ar, Si

Ni, NaCl, LiF

6()

120( .

a = b ( c ( = ( =90(, ( = 120(

Zn, Cd, Mg, NiAs

3()

3 90( .

a = b = c ( = ( = ( ( 90( ,

[ u v w ], (u v w ), { u v w }, < u v w >

(cubic) : a=b=c, ( ) acb

Miller Miller Indices ( ) : (h k l )) pa, qb, sc ( p, q, s ) (1/p, 1/q, 1/s) * (h k l)* : (233) . (3a, 2b, 2c)

1 8 unit cell

aaa

Types of CrystalsCovalent CrystalsLattice points occupied by atomsHeld together by covalent bondsHard, high melting pointPoor conductor of heat and electricitydiamondgraphite

(Diamond Structure ) : Face centered cubic + (, , ) ) Si, Ge , C , Sn Zinc Blende (, , ), (3/4,, 3/4 ), (3/4,3/4,1/4) (1/4,3/4,3/4) (, GaAs, GaP, ZnS )