სტუდენტური ფორუმი #1 (სამართლის ცნება, პოზიტიური და ბუნებითი სამართალი)

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis samarTlis

meTodebis, samarTlis Teoriisa da filosofiis mimarTuleba

studenturi forumi

Sesavali samarTalmcodneobaSi

dimitri gegenavas redaqtorobiT

damxmare masalebi iuridiuli fakultetis studentebisaTvis,

Sedgenili daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis staJiorebis mier

$1. arsi da jerarsi (nata kapanaZe)

$2. legaluroba da legitimuroba (gvanca gagniZe)

$3. jon ostini da pozitivizmi (mariam grigalaSvili)

$4. hans kelzeni da samarTlis wminda Teoria (gvanca xarebava)

$5. radbruxis formula (mariam grigalaSvili)

$6. bunebiTi samarTali (gvanca xarebava)

Tbilisi

2015

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti

2

Tavi I. samarTlis cneba, pozitiuri da bunebiTi samarTali

$1. arsi da jerarsi

samarTlis TeoriaSi gabatonebulia Sexeduleba, romelic iuridiul normas imperativad

miiCnevs; imperativi, rogorc avtoritetis brZaneba, mimarTulia individisadmi da moiTxovs mis-

gan gansazRvrul yofaqcevas. es Sexeduleba gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv, mbrZanebel subieqts, xo-

lo, meore mxriv, individebs, romlebic am brZanebas emorCilebian. igi gulisxmobs, rom norma

imperativis saxiT axdens gavlenas individze, e.i. iwvevs masSi fsiqikur aqts, romlis saSuale-

biTac samarTali aRwevs Tavis praqtikul mizans, xorcieldeba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. amg-

varad normas miewereba motivaciuri mniSvneloba. es Teoria gavrcelebulia Tanamedrove samar-

Tlis mecnierebaSi. hansKkelzeni uaryofs am Teorias, misi azriT, iuridiuli norma imperativi

araa, iuridiuli norma aris msjeloba, rogorc msjeloba, igi uaxlovdeba bunebiT kanons, ma-

gram bunebiTi kanoni gamoxatavs mizezobriv damokidebulebas movlenebs Soris, iuridiuli nor-

ma ki gamoxatavs valdebulebas (Sollen), _ amiT ukve mocemulia is ZiriTadi Tviseba, romliTac

samarTlis mecniereba gansxvavdeba bunebismetyvelebisgan. bunebismetyvelebas ainteresebs is, rac

arsebobs realur qveyanaSi; misi sferoa arsi (Sein), samarTali ki ar ikvlevs arss; igi yo-

velTvis mimarTulia valdebulebaze.1

samarTali jerarsuli movlenaa. samarTali adgens qcevis savaldebulo models, romlis Se-

sabamisadac unda moiqces normis adresati.2 pozitiuri cnebis mixedviT, samarTali aris sax-

elmwifos mier dadgenili, Sesasreuleblad savaldebulo qcevis wesebis erToblioba. poziti-

uri Teoria erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs faqts _ ìs aris” (Sein) da samarTals _ ìs unda

iyos~ (Sollen).3

bunebiTi kanonis elementebi erTmaneTTan kauzaluradaa dakavSirebuli, is kavSiri ki, ro-

melsac Cven vamCnevT iuridiul normaSi, sul sxva xasiaTisaa. magaliTad aviRoT sisxlis sa-

marTlis norma, vnaxavT, rom kavSiri mis elementebs Soris, romlebsac Cveulebriv dispozicia

da sanqcia ewodeba, Taviseburi xasiaTisaa da bunebis mizezobrivi damokidebulebisagan arsebi-

Tad gansxvavdeba. iuridiuli normis kavSiri gamoixateba sityvebiT _ ùnda iyos~ (Sollen);

bunebiTi kanoni gamoxatavs mxolod imas, rac aris, xolo iuridiuli norma imas, rac unda

iyos; pirveli ekuTvnis realobas, e.i. faqtobrivi sinamdvilis sferos, meore _ idealurs. ma-

Sasadame, bunebiTi kanonisa da iuridiuli normis safuZveli sul sxvadasxvaa; am gansxvavebazea

damyarebuli kauzaluri da normatiuli meTodebis gansxvavebac, romelsac udidesi adgili uka-

via kelzenis TeoriaSi.4 rogorc sazogadoeba emorCileba saxelmwifo kanons, ise bunebrivi

elementebi eqvemdebarebian uzenaes RvTaebriv Zalas.

bunebismetyvelebis amocanaa faqtobrivi procesebis axsna, arsis gamokvleva, sxva discipli-

nebi ki iZlevian yofaqcevis wesebs, e.i. aweseben romelime valdebulebas. pirveli gziT miRebu-

li wesebi bunebiTi kanonebia, xolo meore gziT _ normebi. Aamis mixedviT, saxelwodeba `kano-

ni~ bunebiTi kanonis mniSvnelobiT, aris msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rac faqtobrivad xdeba buneba-

Si; igi aris msjeloba, romelSic gamoTqmulia, rom erTi romelime movlena meore movlenis

aucilebeli Sedegia. bunebiTi kanonis sfero arsia, e.i. faqtobrivi sinamdvile. yovelive calke

bunebrivi kanoni warmoadgens zogadis kauzaluri kanonis gamoyenebis specialur SemTxvevas. igi

1 vaCeiSvili al., KELSEN-is moZRvreba samarTalsa da saxelmwifoze, meore gamocema, dimitri gegenavas redaqtoro-

biT, Tbilisi, 2015, 8. 2 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 39. 3 iqve, 33. 4 vaCeiSvili al., KELSEN-is moZRvreba samarTalsa da saxelmwifoze, meore gamocema, dimitri gegenavas redaqtoro-

biT, Tbilisi, 2015, 22.

studenturi forumi, Sesavali samarTalmcodneobaSi, dimitri gegenavas redaqtorobiT

3

iZleva faqtobrivi sinamdvilis Semecnebas, misi mizani faqtebis axsnaa. sul sxvaa kanonis

mniSvneloba, rodesac am sityviT Cven vgulisxmobT im wesebs, romlebic ar iZlevian sinamdvi-

lis axsnas, aramed moiTxoven gansazRvrul qcevas.5

samarTali, rogorc jerarsuli movlena, unda ganvixiloT misi uzogadesi bunebis _ samar-

Tlianobis TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan samarTlis normis pozitiuroba jer kidev ar niSnavs imas,

rom mogveca realuri baza, misi realizaciis erT-erTi da erTaderTi, ZiriTadi piroba.

samarTali (norma) mxolod maSin iRebs sagnobriv Sinaarss, e.i. emTxveva Tavis bunebriv

azrs, roca igi umTavresad SesabamisobaSia sazogadoebis ganmsazRvreli fenis miznebTan. wi-

naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mocemuli qcevis zogadi wesi normatiuli msjelobisagan damoukideblad

dakargavs samarTlis Sinaarss, is ver gaxdeba sayovelTaod savaldebulo da amdenad, poziti-

uri samarTlis norma, realizaciis gareSe darCeba xelisuflebis mier warmodgenil doqtri-

nul debulebad da meti araferi.

amdenad, samarTlis sazrisi TanxvedraSia samarTlianobis SinaarsTan, radgan samarTlis da-

niSnulebiTi mimarTeba movlenebisadmi – moaxdinos maTi regulacia – SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu

igi gaazrebuli da aRiarebuli ar iqneba individTa umravlesobis mier, romelTa iuridiulad

Rirebuli orientacia gansazRvravda saxelmwifoSi marTlwesrigis damkvidrebas. xolo iseT

qveyanaSi, sadac marTlwesrigi ar formirdeba, ver vityviT, rom samarTali moqmedebs.6

5 iqve, 23. 6 riJamaZe r., ra aris samarTali, Jurn. `samarTali~, #6, 2001, 99.


4

$2. legaluroba da legitimuroba

legaluria is, rac pozitiuri samarTliT aris dadgenili, rac Seesabameba samarTalsa da

kanonmdeblobas. pozitiuri samarTali ki, Tavis mxriv, mocemuli sazogadoebis mier dadgenili

normebis erTobliobaa. legitimurad miiCneva is, rac Seesabameba samarTliani samarTlis normiT

dadgenils. samarTlianoba aris fundamenturi Rirebulebebis erTianoba. swored adamianis uf-

lebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia cdilobs gansazRvros fundamenturi Rirebulebebi, romelTa

mizani legitimurobis damkvidrebaa. misi saxelwodebis sapirispirod, deklaracia aris ara sa-

marTlis teqsti, aramed metasamarTlebrivi principis deklaracia. bundovaneba ki imaSi mdgoma-

reobs, rom universalurobaze misi pretenziis miuxedavad, es deklaracia sivrcesa da droSi

arsebobs da gadasinjvas eqvemdebareba.

samarTlis legitimurobas samarTlis normis Sesrulebis savaldebulooba gansazRvravs da

amasTan, adamianTa rwmena, rom samarTali legitimuri da Sesabamisad, Sesasruleblad savalde-

buloa. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia formaluri da materialuri legitimuroba. formaluri le-

gitimuroba samarTlis saTanado procedurebiT dadgenas gulisxmobs. materialuri legitimu-

robis cnebis Tanaxmad ki, samarTali `marTali~, `swori~ samarTali unda iyos.7

legitimurobasa da legalurobas Soris arsebobs garkveuli sxvaoba. legitimuria yvelafe-

ri, rac dauwerel normebs efuZneba, xolo legaluria is, rac daweril normebs Seesabameba.

magaliTad, garda imisa, rom saxelmwifo unda iyos legitimuri _ mosaxleobis umravlesobis

mier aRiarebuli da samarTliani, amasTanave, sasurvelia, rom igi iyos legaluri – konstitu-

ciiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebis mixedviT SemuSavebuli da sanqcirebuli. kanoniereba

aris saxelmwifosa da misi organoebis, Tanamdebobis pirTa da moqalaqeTa saxelmZRvanelo

principi, romlis Tanaxmadac, isini valdebulni arian Seasrulon moqmedi kanonmdebloba, aravis

unda SeeZlos kanonisaTvis gverdis avlis an sargeblobdes misi darRvevis uflebiT, araviTari

Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareoba ar unda iZleodes romelime piris pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavi-

suflebis safuZvels kanonis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi.8 aqedan gamomdinare, legaluri xe-

lisufleba kanonis safuZvelze da mis Sesabamisad xorcieldeba. politologebis azriT,

swored aseTi xelisufleba aris yvelaze sasurveli da orive am Tvisebas _ legitimurobasa

da legalurobas, Tavisi meqanizmi aqvs, romelTa moqmedebis pirobebi aucileblad unda iyos

gawerili demokratiul konstituciaSi.9

rogorc radbruxi ambobs, samarTali samarTlianobisaken swrafvaa.10 samarTlianoba niSnavs

piris gansjas yovelgvari mikerZoebulobis gareSe, yvelasaTvis erTnairi standartebis misada-

gebas.11 Sesabamisad, is rac legaluria, anu dakanonebulia, unda iyos legitimuric, raTa mivi-

RoT samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo.

politikur-samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, legitimuroba ara mxolod adgilobrivi mosax-

leobis mier qveynis xelisuflebis institutebis moqmedebis marTlzomierebis cnobas gulisx-

mobs, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebis mierac.

maqs veberi legitimurobis sam tips ganasxvavebda: tradiciuls, qarizmatulsa da lega-

lurs. tradiciuli batonobis SemTxvevaSi Zalaufleba ar aris damyarebuli arc kanonebze da

arc formalur SezRudvebze, magaliTad, mamis roli ojaxSi. qarizmatuli batonoba dafuZne-

bulia qarizmatuli lideris avtoritetsa da Sesabamisad, unarze, daarwmunos Tavisi mimdevre-

7 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2006, 43.

8 inwkirveli g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2000, 109.

9 <http://goo.gl/Cpc8rS> [11.08.2014]

10 radbruxi g., samarTlis filosofiis xuTi wuTi, d. gegenavas Targmani, samarTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, #1-2(3-4),

2012, 248. 11

iqve.


5

bi da moswavleebi sakuTar araordinalur SesaZleblobebSi. rac Seexeba legalurobas, anu ve-

beriseul kanonier-racionalur batonobis tips, is damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove sazogadoebi-

saTvis, radgan biurokratebis batonobis mTavari sayrdeni kanonTa sistemaa, romliTac

xelmZRvaneloben da romlis mixedviTac miukerZoeblad moqmedeben. Tuki isini pirnaTlad

asruleben TavianT movaleobas, daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi arian da ver batonoben, magram

Tuki Zalauflebas igdeben xelT, maSin amas ukanonod akeTebs.12

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, erTi mxriv, is rac legaluria, SeiZleba ar iyos legitimuri. ma-

galiTad, rac ufro dabalia legitimurobis done, miT ufro intensiuria xelisuflebis mxri-

dan iZuleba da SesaZloa es sruliad legalurad, anu pozitiur samarTalze dayrdnobiT xor-

cieldebodes. meore mxriv, maRali legitimurobis mqone movlena SeiZleba ar iyos legaluri.

magaliTad, saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, rogorc movlena, kanonsawinaaRmdegoa, Tumca Tuki is

mosaxleobis umravlesobis legitimur moTxovnebs efuZneba, is ver iqneba aralegitimuri.13

legitimur xelisuflebas garkveuli maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. garda imisa, rom igi mosaxleobis

farTo fenebis mxardaWeras unda efuZnebodes, saxelmwifo mxars unda uWerdes da icavdes

marTlwesrigsa da kanonierebas, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis gaTvaliswinebiT, saka-

nonmdeblo xelisufleba SeboWili unda iyos konstituciiT Seqmnili da ganmtkicebuli sa-

konstituciosamarTlebrivi wesrigiT, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ki – konstituciiTa da mis

Sesabamisad dadgenili kanonebiT.14

legitimuri saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebad SeiZleba gamovyoT kanonis uzenaesoba

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis realuri

uzrunvelyofa, rac samarTlebrivi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionirebis aucilebeli piro-

baa, pirovnebisa da saxelmwifos urTierTsanacvalo pasuxismgebloba moqmedi kanonmdeblobis

farglebSi, Zalauflebis gamijvna.15 es ukanaskneli niSani, rogorc samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos

idea, ganaviTara monteskiem, romelic sazogadoebis normalurad funqcionirebis safuZvlad

miiCnevda xelisuflebis dayofas sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo Stoebad, rac

urTierTSekavebisa da gawonasworebis principzea damyarebuli.16

12

<http://goo.gl/hDxySj> [11.08.2014] 13

<http://goo.gl/Cpc8rS> [11.08.2014] 14

kuWuxiZe a., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2007, 78. 15

samarTlismcodneoba, r. Sengelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2004, 38. 16 ix., gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., papaSvili T., saqarTve-

los sakonstitucio samarTali, meore gamocema, Tbilisi, 2014, 21-23.


6

$3. jon ostini da pozitivizmi

jon ostini (1790-1859) iyo gamoCenili britaneli iuristi, samarTlis filosofosi ro-

melic miiCneva samarTlis pozitivizmis erT-erT fuZemdeblad jeremi bentamTan erTad. man Ca-

moayaliba bunebiTi samarTlis pirveli sistemuri alternativa.17

termini „pozitivizmi“ warmoiSva laTinuri `pozitiumidan~ (pozitium), romelic gulisxmobs

samarTals iseTs, rogoric is gadmocemulia. igi uaryofs bunebiTi samarTalmcodneebis Sex-

edulebas, rom samarTali arsebobs adamianis mier misi ZalaSi Seyvanisagan damoukideblad.18

Tu bentami ganasxvavebs imas ra aris samarTali, imisgan _ Tu rogori unda iyos is, ostini

samarTalSi gamoyofs mxolod „undas“ da Sesabamisad iurisprudenciis Seswavlis obieqtad

cnobs pozitivizmis samarTalSi Cadebul „undas“.19

jon ostinma ganaviTara bentamis moZRvreba sami mimarTulebiT: 1. mkveTri gansxvaveba samar-

Tals, `rac aris~ da samarTals, `rogoric is unda iyos~; 2. daqvemdebarebuli gansxvaveba kon-

kretuli qveynis samarTlebrivi sistemebis Seswavlasa da zogadi samarTlebrivi sistemis Ses-

wavlas Soris; 3. samarTlis Sesaxeb koncefciebis analizis Sedegebis sistematizacia, rogorc

Seswavlis gansxvavebuli obieqtebisa, romelic aRemateba konkretuli qveynis samarTlis Ses-

wavlas.20

pozitivistebisTvis umTavresi zogadi principia, rom Seswavlisa da analizisaTvis samarTa-

li im kanonisgan unda gaimijnos, romelic moralTanaa dakavSirebuli. sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, unda arsebobdes mkveTri gansxvaveba „unda“-sa (rac moralurad sasurvelia) da „aris“-s

(is rac faqtobrivad arsebobs) Soris. ar aris marTali, TiTqos pozitivistebis SexedulebiT

unda davemorCiloT usamarTlo an uTanasworo kanonebs mxolod imitom, rom isini kanonebia.

ostinic da bentamic aRiarebdnen, rom boroti kanonebisadmi daumorCilebloba legitimuria,

Tu is xels Seuwyobs cvlilebas kargisken.21 swored ostins ekuTvnis fraza „kanonis arseboba

erTia, xolo misi nakli da Rirseba _ meore“.

kanonis, rogorc brZanebis idea safuZvlad udevs klasikuri samarTlis pozitivizms. osti-

nis SexedulebiT, samarTlis moqmedebis safuZvels ayalibebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis neba-

survili,22 anu saxelmwifoa erTaderTi uflebamosili subieqti, romelsac SeuZlia Seqmnas,

daadginos, Tu ra aris samarTali.

ostinis moZvrebis mTavari maxasiaTebelia kanonis, rogorc suverenis brZanebis, cnebad miCne-

va. danarCeni, rac ar warmoadgens brZanebas, kanoni araa. mxolod zogadi brZanebebi miiCneva sa-

marTlad da mxolod mbrZaneblisagan gamosuli brZanebebia „pozitiuri kanonebi“. bentamisa da

ostinis Teoriebi brZanebis gamcemi suverenis ideiT aris ganmsWvaluli. mniSvnelovania aRiniS-

nos, rom mbrZaneblis Zalauflebas orive aRiqvams morCili xalxis wes-CveulebebiT dadgenil

Cveulebriv kanonebad. ostini gamoyofs mbrZaneblis SeuzRudaobisa da ganuyoflobis sakiTxs.23

brZanebebsa da sanqciebs Soris urTerToba ostinisaTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania. sanqcias

ostini gansazRvravs, rogorc garkveul zians, tkivils an borotebas, romelic ganpirobebulia

imiT, rom adamiani ar daemorCila mbrZaneblis survilebs. sanqcia SeiZleba Seexos yvelas, vinc

daarRvevs brZanebas. magram Tu ar aris imis niSani, rom sanqcia ganxorcieldeba, mxolod sur-

17<http://www2.law.columbia.edu/faculty_franke/CLT/Summary%20of%20John%20Austins%20Legal%20Positivism.pdf>

[23.02.2014] 18 ueqsi r., samarTlis filosofia, Zalian mokle Sesavali, m. babuxadias Targmani, Tbilisi, 2012, 25-26. 19 savaneli b., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2008, 60. 20 iqve. 21 ueqsi r., samarTlis filosofia, Zalian mokle Sesavali, m. babuxadias Targmani, Tbilisi, 2012, 26-27. 22 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 34. 23 ueqsi r., samarTlis filosofia, Zalian mokle Sesavali, m. babuxadias Targmani, Tbilisi, 2012, 34.


7

vilis gamoxatva ver iqneba brZaneba. amis gamo valdebulebebi gansazRvrulia, rogorc sanqciis

pirobebi _ es aris ostinis imperatiuli Teoriis mTavari principi.24

sanqcia savaldebulo komponentia kanonis gansazRvrebaSi, ostini iqamde midis, rom movaleo-

ba sanqciis TvalsazrisiT gansazRvros: Tu mbrZanebels surs da Seswevs Zala, avnos, anu sanq-

cia daados pirovnebas, maSin es pirovneba movalea am survilis Sesabamisad imoqmedos.25

24 iqve. 25 iqve, 35.


8

$4. hans kelzeni da samarTlis wminda Teoria

Sesavali

iurispudenciis erT-erTi wamyvani Teoria normativizmia. mis damaarseblad iTvleba cnobili

avstrieli mecnieri hans kelzeni. normativizmis warmoSoba TviT kelzenis azriT Semdegma is-

toriulma wanamZRvrebam ganapiroba: me-20 saukunis mijnaze Camoyalibda sxvadasxva samarTle-

brivi mimdinareoba, romlebic samarTlis arss ukavSirebdnen upiratesad arasamarTlebliv faq-

torebs, rogoricaa: fsiqologia, biologia, eTika, Teologia. am mdgomareobam kiTxvis qveS

daayena iurispudenciis, rogorc mecnierebis damoukidebeli dargis, arsebobis, mizanSewonilo-

bis sakiTxi. amitom mecnierma gadawyvita gaewminda iurispudencia da Camoayaliba yovelgvari

minarevebisagan Tavisufali _ samarTlis wminda Teoria.26

samarTlis gamijvna sxva faqtorebisagan

samarTlis wminda Teoria emijneba samarTlis sociologias, politologias da eTikas.27 misi

koncefciiT samarTali TviT samarTlidan gamodis, romelic ar eqvemdebareba mizezobriv prin-

cips. igi sakuTar TavSi iZens Zalas da moqmedebis unars. kelzenisaTvis samarTlis warmoSobis

mizezebi saerTod ar arsebobda.28 igi ikvlevs moqmed samarTals, damoukideblad imisa ramdenad

aris is samarTliani, mizanSewonili, dasabuTebuli da a.S. samarTlis wminda Teoria aris moq-

medi (pozitiuri) samarTlis Teoria, romlis kvlevis sagania moqmedi samarTali.29

samarTlis wminda Teoriis Tanaxmad, samarTali aris norma, ufro zustad normaTa erTob-

lioba, normatiuli wesrigi. ramdenadac normatiuli wesrigi iurisprudenciis sagania da nor-

maTa mniSvneloba moiTxovs, raRac unda Sesruldes, rom adamianebi unda moiqcnen gansazRvruli

saxiT, iurisprudencias ar SeuZlia sakuTari sagnis aRwera ise, rogorc amas sabunebismetyve-

lo mecniereba axdens.30 kelzenis azriT, samarTlis norma aris msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rac

ùnda iyos~ _ e.i. samarTlis norma jerars gamoxatavs.31 misgan gansxvavebiT, sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebebi faqtebs arsobis mtkicebebad ganixilavs, anu mocemuli mecnierebani aRweren Tavis

sagans im mtkicebis saxiT, rom raRac arsebobs an ar arsebobs32

iurispudencia gansxvavdeba eTikisaganac. eTikis mecnierebac ganixilavs normebs, magram eTi-

kis mier ganxiluli normebi moralis normebia.33 iurisprudenciac da moralic msjeloben im-

aze, rac ùnda iyos~ _ e.i. rogor unda moiqces adamiani, Tumca am or kategorias Soris aris

Zireuli gansxvaveba.

samarTlis norma awesebs konkretul qcevas. samarTali heteronomiuria, kanoni ar eyrdnoba

adamianis nebas, TviT adamiani ar adgens Tavis kanons. pirs SeiZleba hqondes raime valdebuleba,

magram ar surdes igi an SeiZleba surdes raime da ar hqondes saTanado ufleba.34 samarTlis

normis Sesruleba iZulebis RonisZiebebiT Tu sanqciebiTaa uzrunvelyofili.

26 savaneli b., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2008, 62. 27 iqve, 63. 28 lobJaniZe g., tukvaZe a., jaoSvili g., Sesavali samarTlis filosofiaSi, Tbilisi, 2006, 87. 29 savaneli b., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2008, 63. 30 kelzeni h., ra aris samarTlis wminda Teoria?, l bregvaZis Targmani, `samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2011, 297. 31 savaneli b., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2008, 67. 32 kelzeni h., ra aris samarTlis wminda Teoria?, l bregvaZis Targmani, `samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2011, 296. 33 iqve, 299. 34 savaneli b., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2008, 67.


9

rac Seexeba moralis normebs, isini, aseve, krZalaven da aweseben konkretul qcevebs. magram

sawinaaRmdego qcevisTvis sanqciis saxiT iZulebiTi aqtis gansazRvris gareSe.35 morali avto-

nomiuria.

samarTalis wminda Teoria da bunebiTi samarTali

samarTlis wminda Teoria mxedvelobaSi iRebs mxolod pozitiur samarTals, normebs, ro-

melic iqmneba adamianis moqmedebis safuZvelze. igi ugulebelyofs normebs, romlebic momdina-

reobs sxva, magaliTad, zeadamianuri avtoritetebisgan.36

samarTlis wminda Teoriasa da bunebiTsamarTlebriv doqtrinas Soris arsebiTi gasxvavebaa.

bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis mixedviT, bunebiTi, araadamianis mier Seqmnili samarTali ara

mxolod pozitiuri, anu adamianis mier Seqmnili samarTlis namdvilobis safuZvelia, aramed

gansazRvravs pozitiuri samarTlis Sinaarss. Sesabamisad, pozitiuri samarTali, romlis Si-

naarsi ar Seesabameba bunebiT samarTals, saerTod ar miiCneva samarTlad. arsebobs ara erTi,

aramed bevri gansxvavebuli da urTierTsawinaagmdego bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrina. Sedegad,

ar arsebobs pozitiuri marTlwesrigi, romelic romelime maTganTan mainc ar iyos winaaRmde-

gobaSi da Sesabamisad, ar acxadebdes mas aranamdvilad.37

samarTlis wminda Teoria uaryofs Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac, pozitiuri samarTali

moqmedebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi Sinaarsi Seesabameba morals an bunebis wesrigs, anu

pozitiuri samarTali moqmedia mxolod maSin, Tu igi samarTliania. mocemuli Teoria yovel

pozitiur samarTals – nebismier iZulebiT wesrigs, romelic dadgenili individTa moqmedebiT

da mTlianobaSi aris efeqturi – miiCnevs moqmedad, miuxedavad misi samarTlianobisa Tu usa-

marTlobisa.38

ZiriTadi normis arsi

kelzeni ar uaryofs, rom kanonmdebeli garkveuli socialuri masalidan iwyebs Semoqmedebas,

magram kanonmdebeli ver daeqvemdebareba mizezobriobis princips, igi ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs

qcevis ra variants airCevs TiToeuli adamiani, rogor ganviTardeba movlenaTa mizezSedegobri-

obis jaWvi. amitom kanonmdebels SeuZlia mxolod Camoayalibos qcevis zogadi wesi imis Sesax-

eb, Tu rogor unda moiqces adamiani. samarTlis Sinaarsi moicavs kanons, kanonqvemdebare nor-

matiul aqtebs, e.w. `zogad normebs~ da aseve, ìndividualur normebs~: sasamarTlo gadawyve-

tilebebs, administraciul dadgenilebebs, xelSekrulebebs da a.S. `zogadi~ da ìndividualu-

ri~ normebis mTeli es kompleqsi qmnis piramidis tipis sistemas. am piramidis fundaments

Seadgens individualuri normebi, Semdegaa zogadi normebi, mere konstitucia da saerTaSoriso

samarTali, xolo am piramidas ketavs ZiriTadi norma.39

ZiriTadi norma, sxva normisagan gansxvavebiT, ar iqmneba samarTlebrivi procedurebis meS-

veobiT. is aris samarTlis mudmivi norma. igi ar gamoiyvaneba arc erTi sxva normidan, radgan

aris jerarsis umaRlesi wertili.40 samarTlis wminda Teoriis Tanaxmad, pozitiuri marTlwe-

35 kelzeni h., ra aris samarTlis wminda Teoria?, l bregvaZis Targmani, `samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2011, 300. 36 iqve, 301. 37 kelzeni h., ZiriTadi normis sakiTxisaTvis, d. gegenavas Targmani, samarTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, #1-2(3-4), 2012,

252-253. 38 kelzeni h., ra aris samarTlis wminda Teoria?, l bregvaZis Targmani, `samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2011, 302. 39 savaneli b., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2008, 63-65. 40 iqve, 66.


10

srigi Seesabameba ZiriTad normas, swored igi ganapirobebs normaTa Seqmnas.41 am normisgan iRebs

saTaves yvela arsebuli norma.42 Tumca igi ar gansazRvravs normaTa Sinaarss. normaTa Sinaarsi

ganisazRvreba adamianuri yofis, arsobis, nebelobiTi qmedebiT. arcerTi pozitiuri marTlwe-

srigis forma, romelic konstituciasTan SesabamisobiTaa Seqmnili, ar SeiZleba miviCnioT, ro-

gorc aranamdvili imis gamo, rom misi Sinaarsi ar aris am sistemis miRma arsebul normasTan

SesabamisobaSi. normasTan mimarTebiT saWiro araa misi namdvilobis safuZvlis Zieba. Cven mas

viRebT, rogorc savaldebulos, TavisTavad gonivruls.43

yoveli normis iuridiuli Zala da kanoniereba damokidebulia iuridiuli Zalis ufro ma-

Rali xarisxis mqone zemdgom normaze piramidaSi. am Teoriis CarCoebSi samarTlis gageba SeiZ-

leba gamoixatos Semdegi sqemiT: a) samarTali aris normatiul aqtebSi Camoyalibebuli, ur-

TierTdakavSirebuli da urTierTmomqmedi sistema; b) samarTlis normebs gamoscems saxelmwifo,

kanonSi ganmtkicebulia saxelmwifos neba; g) TviT samarTals da mis realizacias, aucileblo-

bis SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos iZulebiTi Zala; d) normebzea damokidebuli sa-

marTalurTierTobebis warmoSoba, marTlSegnebis Camoyalibeba, samarTleblivi qceva.44

monisturi moZRvreba

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, samarTlis wminda Teoria samarTlis pozitiuri Teoriaa. pozitiuri

samarTali iZulebiTi wesrigia, romlis normebic yalibdeba adamianTa moqmedebis safuZvelze,

sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da administraciuli organoebis mier an adamianTa qcevebze dayrd-

nobiT Camoyalibebuli Cveulebebis Sedegad. sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da administraciuli

organoebi ganixileba, rogorc adamianebi maTTvis miniWebuli saxelmwifo organos uflebamo-

silebis farglebSi, ramdenadac samarTali iqmneba mocemuli organoebis mier, Cven vambobT, rom

samarTals qmnis saxelmwifo. gansazRvrul individTa mier miRebul samarTalwarmoebis aqts

ganvmartavT, rogorc `saxelmwifos aqts~; calkeul pirTa mier ganxorcielebul funqcias mi-

vawerT saxelmwifos.

samarTlis wminida Teoria gviCvenebs, rom: a) adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba ga-

nimarteba, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi moqmedeba mxolod maSin, Tu am moqmedebas gansakuTrebuli

saxiT samarTlebrivi wesrigi adgens; b) samarTalwarmoebis am aqtis Sesrulebis saxelmwi-

fosTvis mikuTvneba niSnavs aqtis SeTavsebas samarTlebrivi wesrigisadmi, romliTac aRniSnuli

aqti gansazRvravs, rom saxelmwifo, rogorc moqmedi piri, romelic qmnis samarTals, sxva ara

aris, Tu ara samarTlebrivi wesrigis personifikacia, romelic aregulirebs Tavissave warmoe-

bas; da g) saxelmwifo, rogorc socialuri wesrigi Tu politikuri organizacia, aris is

iZulebiTi wesrigi, romelsac Cven samarTals vuwodebT, rom saxlemwifo, warmosaxuli, ro-

gorc samarTlisagan gansxvavebuli realuri arseba am SedarebiT centralizebuli samarTle-

brivi wesrigis hipostatizeba da an misi personifikaciaa. amdenad samarTlis wminda Teoria

abaTilebs saxelmwifosa da samarTlis mcdar dualizms, rac gabatonebulia tradiciul samar-

Tlebriv Tu politikur azrovnebaSi.45

samarTlis wminda Teoriis kritika

41 kelzeni h., ZiriTadi normis sakiTxisaTvis, d. gegenavas Targmani, samarTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, #1-2(3-4), 2012,

253. 42 savaneli b., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2008, 65. 43 kelzeni h., ZiriTadi normis sakiTxisaTvis, d. gegenavas Targmani, samarTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, #1-2(3-4), 2012,

253. 44 lobJaniZe g., tukvaZe a., jaoSvili g., Sesavali samarTlis filosofiaSi, Tbilisi, 2006, 88. 45 kelzeni h., ra aris samarTlis wminda Teoria?, l bregvaZis Targmani, `samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2011, 300-301.


11

samarTlis pozitiuri Teoria imTaviTve waawyda mZafr kritikas. samarTlis pozitiuri gage-

bis winaaRmdeg ZiriTadad wamoyenebuli iyo Semdegi Tezisebi: 1. iuridiuli pozitivizmi aRia-

rebs samarTalSemoqmedebaze saxelmwifos srul da absolutur monopolias. samarTali ganix-

ileba, rogorc saxelmwifos mier dadgenili normebis erToblioba. pozitiuri Teoria Riad

tovebs sakiTxs saxelmwifomde arsebuli samarTlis Sesaxeb (bunebiTi samarTali, CveulebiTi

samarTali); 2. samarTlis pozitiuri cneba gverds uvlis samarTlianobis sakiTxs – samarTle-

brivia is normac (an normaTa sistema), romelic ewinaaRmdegeba moralis an samarTlianobis

elementarul principebs; 3. samarTlis pozitiuri cneba nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs sazoga-

doebis mxridan samarTlis aRiarebis faqts.46

daskvna

normativizmis Teoria:

1. iZleva kononmdeblobis sistemis Seqmnisa da srulyofis saSualebas;

2. uzrunvelyofs kanonmdeblobis gansazRvrul reJims;

3. xels uwyobs samarTalze moqalaqeTa marTlSegnebis formalur, logikur samarTalze

`normatiuli~ warmodgenis formirebas;

4. uzrunvelyofs samarTlis formalur gansazRvras, rac afiqsirebs subieqtebis uflebebsa da

movaleobebs, saxelmwifos iZulebis zomebs da saSualebebs.47

46 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 37. 47 lobJaniZe g., tukvaZe a., jaoSvili g., Sesavali samarTlis filosofiaSi, Tbilisi, 2006, 89.


12

$5. radbruxis formula

gustav radbruxi (1878-1949) iyo saxelganTqmuli germaneli iuristi da samarTlis filo-

sofosi, cnobili profesori da vaimaris respublikis iusticiis ministri.48

radbruxis samarTlebrivi formula momdinareobs meTodologiuri dualizmidan, is ganasxva-

vebs erTmaneTisgan ìdealur samyaros~ da `materialur, realur samyaros~. sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, is, rac àris~ da is, rac ùnda~ iyos.49

meore msoflio omma da germaniaSi mimdinare procesebma didi zegavlena moaxdina rad-

bruxze.50 hitleris droindeli nacionalur-socialisturi `samarTali~ sruliad moklebuli

iyo simarTlisa da uflebis gancdas, am sityvebis nebismieri SesaZlo mniSvnelobiT.51 `brZaneba

brZanebaa~ _ eubnebian jariskacebs, Tumca, imavdroulad, jariskacisgan arc misi movaleoba da

arc kanoni moiTxovs brZanebisadmi morCilebas, Tuki misTvis cnobili gaxdeba, rom brZanebis

mizani danaSaulis Cadena an samarTaldarRvevis ganxorcielebaa.52

`pozitivizmma sakuTari principiT _ `kanoni kanonia~ _ germaneli samarTalmcodneebi sru-

liad daucveli aqcia despoturi da danaSaulebrivi kanonis winaSe.~ pozitivizms ar SeuZlia

uzrunvelyos kanonebis namdviloba, aRsrulebis Zala uzrunvelyofs dawerilis Sesrulebis

valdebulebas, rogorc `savaldebulos~ da ara mis samarTlebriv siswores, namdvilobas.53

man Camoayaliba sami mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli samarTalSi: samarTlianoba, samarTlebrivi

usafrTxoeba da miznobrioba. es sami elementi fardobiTia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca erTma-

neTs upirispirdeba samarTlianoba da samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba.54

radbruxis formula SesaZlebelia daiyos sam elementad: 1. samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, 2.

gausaZlisi (autaneli) usamarTloba da 3) kanonmdeblobis uaryofadoba. es sami elementi da-

kavSirebulia pasuxTan kiTxvaze _ Tu ras unda mieniWos upiratesoba samarTlis sami maxasia-

Teblidan.55

radbruxi yuradRebas amaxvilebs kanonebis `samarTlianobaze~. kanonis arseboba saerTo jamSi

yovelTvis jobia kanonis ararsebobas, vinaidan es yovelive, rogorc minimum, uzrunvelyofs

samarTlebriv usafrTxoebas. Tumca samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba ar gaxlavT samarTlis efeqtu-

robis arc erTaderTi da arc ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTebeli. samarTlebriv usafrTxoebasTan er-

Tad, arsebobs ori sxva Rirebulebac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT _ miznobrioba da samarTliano-

ba.56 amitomac xSirad asarCevia, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, dav-

TanxmdeT Tu ara cud, zianis momtan da usamarTlo kanonebs, Tu uari vTqvaT usamarTlo, so-

cialurad zianis momtan kanonebze.57

saboloo jamSi, xalxisTvis sasargebloa iseTi samarTali, romelic qmnis samarTlebriv

usafrTxoebas da miiswrafvis samarTlianobisken. samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba (romelic yoveli

moqmedi pozitiursamarTlebrivi kanonis maxasiaTebelia) ikavebs Sualedur pozicias danarCen

or Rirebulebas _ miznobriobasa da samarTlianobas Soris, radgan igi aucilebelia ara mxo-

48<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488343/Gustav-Radbruch> [26.01.2014] 49 <www.chinalawsociety.com/admin/ewebeditor/.../20099918268719.doc> [26.01.2014]‎ 50 Bix B.H., Radbruch’s‎Formulas‎and‎Conceptyal‎Analysis, The American Journal of Jurisprudence, #56(1), 2011, 45. 51 radbruxi g., kanonieri umarTloba da zekanonuri samarTali, `samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2012, 322. 52 radbruxi g., samarTlis filosofiis xuTi wuTi, d gegenavas Targmani, samarTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, #1-2(3-4),

2012, 248. 53 radbruxi g., kanonieri umarTloba da zekanonuri samarTali, `samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2012, 321. 54 <www.chinalawsociety.com/admin/ewebeditor/.../20099918268719.doc> [26.01.2014]‎ 55 iqve. 56 radbruxi g., kanonieri umarTloba da zekanonuri samarTali, `samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2012, 321. 57 radbruxi g., samarTlis filosofiis xuTi wuTi, d gegenavas Targmani, samarTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, #1-2(3-4),

2012, 248.


13

lod saerTo sargeblisTvis, aramed samarTlianobisTvisac.58 samarTlebriv usafrTxoebas sWir-

deba balansi stabilurobasa da moqnilobas Soris. samarTlianobasa da samarTlebriv

usafrTxoebas Soris dava SesaZlebelia gadawydes Semdegnairad: pozitiuri samarTali, romel-

ic kanonmdeblobiTa da ZalauflebiTaa uzrunvelyofili, upiratesia maSinac, Tuki usamarTlo

da xalxisTvis nakleb sasargeblo debulebebs moicavs, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca kanonsa da

samarTlianobas Soris dava miaRwevs iseT gausaZlis xasiaTs, rom kanonma, rogorc `naklovanma

samarTalma~, unda dauTmos gza samarTlianobas.59

58 radbruxi g., kanonieri umarTloba da zekanonuri samarTali, `samarTlis Jurnali~, #2, 2012, 321. 59 iqve, 322.


14

$6. bunebiTi samarTali

Sesavali

bunebiTi samarTli, romelsac xSirad `zneobriv kanonsac~ uwodeben, aris raRac substanci-

uri, aradroismieri, zepozitiuri; igi Tavidanve dasrulebuli saxiT mogvewodeba da arc

cvlilebebs eqvemdebareba.60 bunebiTi kanoni TavisiT warmoiSoba, mxolod Semdeg axdens iuri-

diuli kanoni mis aRiarebas da Tavis TavSi asaxvas. iuridiuli kanonis masTan winaaRmdegobisas

igi, rogorc Seuvali bunebrivi kanoni, ar wyvets arsebobas adamianis cnobierebaSi.61

pirveli ideebi imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis aqvs raRac uflebebi, romlebic mas bunebisgan

mieca, jer kidev uZveles periodSi aRmocenda. cnobebs maT Sesaxeb Seicavs sokrates, platonis,

aristoteles da antikuri periodis sxva moazrovneTa Txzulebebi. Tumca maSindeli bunebiTi

samarTlis gageba sakmaod gansxvavdeboda Semdgomi periodisagan. arsebobs mosazreba, rom bune-

biTi samarTali aRmocenda praqtikulad adamianisa da kacobriobis gaCenasTan erTad, anu uZ-

veles periodSi, Tumca misi aRqma da aRiareba daiwyo ganviTarebis gacilebiT gviandel

etapze.62

saxelmwifos Camoyalibebamdel sazogadoebaSi xalxTa samarTlebriv CveulebebSi ukve Seg-

viZlia formirebadi e.i. misi gamoCenis (aRmoCenis) procesSi myofi, bunebiTi samarTlis mikvle-

va.

klasikuri bunebiTi samarTlis swavleba efuZneba sam saerTo arsebiT postulats: 1. bunebi-

Ti samarTali aris ucvleli da sayovelTaod moqmedi, maSasadame, moqmedebs yovel droSi yvela

adamianisaTvis; 2. bunebiTi samarTali gonebiT Seimecneba; 3. bunebiTi samarTali gvevlineba ara-

marto pozitiuri samarTlis masStabad, aramed ikavebs mis adglis am ukanasknelis masTan wi-

naaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi.63

bunebiTi samarTlis saxeebi

bunebiTi samarTlis wyaro SeiZleba iyos adamianis buneba, RvTis neba da goni. Sesabamisad, ga-

nasxvaveben anTropologiur, religiur da racionalur bunebiT samarTals.64

a) religiuri bunebiTi samarTali

bunebiTi samarTali Teologiur xasiaTs iRebs Sua saukuneebSi. qristianuli religiis gvar-

celebam gamoiwvia bunebiTi samarTlis axali wyaros warmoSoba. mocemuli mimdinareoba iRebs

bunebiTi samarTlis gansazRvrebis stoikosTa versias, amasTan, upirovno, `samyaros kanonis~

adgils ikavebs RmerTi, Semoqmedi.65 am droidan bunebiTi samarTlis umTavres wyarod biblia

gvevlineba.66

60 TaboriZe ir., bunebiTi samarTlis roli adaminais Rirsebis gagebis CamoyalibebaSi, Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis

mimoxilva~, specialuri gamocema, 2004, 102. 61 iqv. gv.103 62 joxaZe z., bunebiTi samarTlis formirebis istoriuli aspeqtebi, Jurn. `samarTali~, #6, 2001, 93. 63 TaboriZe ir., bunebiTi samarTlis roli adaminais Rirsebis gagebis CamoyalibebaSi, Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis

mimoxilva~, specialuri gamocema, 2004, 104. 64 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 37. 65 TaboriZe ir., bunebiTi samarTlis roli adaminais Rirsebis gagebis CamoyalibebaSi, Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis

mimoxilva~, specialuri gamocema, 2004, 103. 66 iqve, 120.


15

b) anTropoligiuri bunebiTi samarTali

Zveli sofistebis relativisturi mosazrebidan viTardeba bunebiTi samarTlis mimdinareoba,

romlis amosavali wertilic adamianis instiqturobaa. es mimarTuleba adamianis yvela miswra-

febas misi TviTgadarCenis instiqtis konteqstSi aRiqvams.67

bunebiTi samarTali Tavis genezisSi gamomdinareobs adamianis biologiuri bunebidan da am

TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba visaubroT imis Sesaxeb, rom samarTali iwyeba instiqtebiT. swored

instiqtidan gamomdinareobs, magaliTad, `pirveladi~ bunebrivi ufleba – sicocxlis ufleba.

Tavisuflebis, pirovnebis Rirsebis, piradi xelSeuxeblobis uflebebi, aseve, Camoyalibda kaco-

briobis ganviTarebis adreul etapze.68

amave CarCoebSi sabuTdeba ZlierTa ufleba maTi nebis damkvidrebaze da xdeba amis im moti-

viT gamarTleba, rom es bunebrivia.69

g) racionaluri bunebiTi samarTali

samarTlis mecnierebaSi mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebuli iyo moZRvreba, romel-

ic amtkicebda, rom pozitiuri samarTlisgan damoukideblad arsebobs bunebiTi samarTali; bune-

biTi samarTliT nagulisxmevi iyo uzenaesi, sayovelTao, maradiuli samarTlis principebi,

romlebic arseboben Tavisi damoukidebeli ZaliT da amave dros warmoadgenen ideals da dade-

biTi samarTlis Sefasebis kriteriums. bunebiTi samarTlis wyaros xedavdnen saganTa bunebaSi

da adamianis sulier cxovrebaSi, sadac dauSretlad cocxlobs samarTlianobis idea. es Teoria

mizezobrivad dakavSirebulia adamianis gonebis ZiriTad TvisebasTan. igi azrovnebis im tenden-

ciis Sedegia romelic cdilobs cvalebadSi gamonaxos mudmivi da sayovelTao.70

bunebiTi samarTali `bunebiTi gonidan~ aris gamoyvanili da masTan erTad aqvs wili mara-

diul wesrigSi. ucvlelia bunebismieri iseTi uflebebi, rogorebicaa _ saojaxo wyobis an

kerZo sakuTrebis.71

racionalizmi umaRles wertils aRwevs kantis filosofiaSi. aq bunebiTi samarTali savse-

biT gamomdinareobs adamianis gonebidan. samarTlis safuZvlad miCneulia goneba; bunebiTi samar-

Tali iqceva gonebis samarTlad, romelic sruliad damoukidebelia adamianis empiriuli bunebi-

sagan. samarTali kants gamohyavs gonebis aprioruli moTxovnidan.72

bunebiTi samarTlis praqtikuli mniSvneloba

grociusi, hobsi, loki da sxvebi bunebiT samarTals uyurebdnen, rogorc iuridiuli norme-

bis mTlian rTuls sistemas. maTi azriT, am nomrebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli iyo adamianTa

yvela urTierTobebis mowesrigeba.73 am periodSi cdilobdnen daemtkicebinaT, rom kanonis yevla

ganStoeba, gansakuTrebiT saerTaSoriso sajaro samarTali damyrebulia bunebiT samarTalze.74

am droidan moyolebuli bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriam gamoiCina istoriulad didi praqtikuli

Zala da mniSvneloba. man Seqmna individualuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis doqtrina da xels

67 iqve, 103 68 joxaZe z., bunebiTi samarTlis formirebis istoriuli aspeqtebi, Jurn. `samarTali~, #6, 2001, 93. 69 TaboriZe ir., bunebiTi samarTlis roli adaminais Rirsebis gagebis CamoyalibebaSi, Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis

mimoxilva~, specialuri gamocema, 2004, 103. 70 vaCeiSvili al., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2010, 2. 71 TaboriZe ir., bunebiTi samarTlis roli adaminais Rirsebis gagebis CamoyalibebaSi, Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis

mimoxilva~, specialuri gamocema, 2004, 103. 72 vaCeiSvili al., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2010, 36. 73 iqve, 35. 74 ueqsi r., samarTlis filosofia, Zalian mokle Sesavali, m. babuxadias Targmani, Tbilisi, 2012, 6.


16

uwyobda im moZraobas, romelsac miznad hqonda dasaxuli pirovnebis gaTavisufleba sxvadasxva

sazogadoebrivi da politikuri Seviwroebisgan. man Rrma gavlena iqonia samarTlis mecnierebis

sxvadasxva dargSi, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso samarTalSi. misi praqtikuli

mniSvneloba gamoixateba àdamianis uflebebis deklaraciaSi~ safrangeTis didi revoluciis

dros da agreTve, sam did kodeqsSi _ safrangeTis, prusiisa da avstriis _ romelic SemuSave-

buli iyo me-18 saukunis dasasrulsa da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi.75

gaeros saerTaSoriso deklaraciebi da konvenciebi, gansakuTrebiT adamianis uflebaTa sfe-

roSi Seqmnili samarTlebrivi aqtebi bunebiTi kanonis upirobo daSvebidan gamomdinareobs.76

75 vaCeiSvili al., samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tbilisi, 2010, 39. 76 ueqsi r., samarTlis filosofia, Zalian mokle Sesavali, m. babuxadias Targmani, Tbilisi, 2012, 1.

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სტუდენტური ფორუმი #1 (სამართლის ცნება, პოზიტიური და ბუნებითი სამართალი)