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おはようございます ohayou gozaimasu
• Good Morning
– This is a gree3ng that is only used in the morning.
– It is the polite way to say “good morning.” Use it with people who are
above you in age or in social status, such as teachers.
– おはよう ohayou is a less formal way of saying “good morning” that
you can use with friends or those who are younger than you.
– When someone greets you with おはようございます simply repeat
the gree3ng back to them: おはようございます。
こんにちは konnichiwa
• Hello / Good a?ernoon – こんにちは is a gree3ng that you can use in the aEernoon.
– It means “good aEernoon”, or “hello.”
– If someone greets you with this phrase, simply respond using
the same phrase.
– Even though it translates to “hello,” do not use this in the morning or in the evening. This phrase is only to be used during
the aEernoon.
こんばんは konbanwa
• Good evening
– こんばんは is a gree3ng to use during the evening
to greet people and say “good evening.”
– If someone greets you with this phrase, simply
respond using the same phrase.
おやすみなさい oyasumi nasai
• Good night
– おやすみなさい is the polite way to say “good
night” to someone.
– A more casual way to say good night is just simply
saying: おやすみ oyasumi.
はじめまして hajimemashite
• Nice to meet you – Say はじめまして to someone you’re mee3ng for the first 3me, when
introducing yourself.
– You would never say “nice to meet you” to someone you’ve already met before, even in English!
– There are a few different ways to respond to はじめまして. You can say: • はじめまして -‐ and return the gree3ng.
• よろしく おねがいしますyoroshiku onegai shimasu -‐ (polite) treat me kindly.
• どうぞ よろしく おねがいします douzo yoroshiku onegai shimasu -‐ (very polite) treat me kindly.
おしろ だいち Oshiro Daichi
• In Japan, last names (or family names) are more important than first names.
• This is why in Japan, people will introduce themselves with their last name (or family name) first and their first name (or given name) last.
– For example: • In the video clip, Daichi introduces himself as おしろ だいち.
• おしろ Oshiro is his last name (or family name)
• だいち Daichi is his first name (or given name)
• If your first name was Chris and your last name was Osborne, you would introduce
yourself as Osborne, Chris.
おしろ さん Oshiro san
• さん san is added aEer names and means Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms. It can be used for both males and females.
– To say Mr. Oshiro: • おしろ さん oshiro san
– To say Ms. Nakamura • なかむら さん nakamura san
• Don’t ever use さん when talking about yourself or your own family.
• Use さん at the end of a person’s name to be more polite and formal.
お o – the Honorific Prefix • Adding the honorific prefix お o to the beginning of words (par3cularly nouns) &
some phrases makes them more polite and formal.
• Don’t use the honorific お o when talking about yourself. Only use when talking to or about other people.
Example 1 Example 2
Q: おげんきですか。 o genki desu ka How are you? A: げんき です。 Genki desu I’m fine.
Q: おなまえ は。 onamae wa What is your name? A: わたし は おしろ だいち です。 watashi wa oshiro daichi desu I am Oshiro Daichi.
わたし watashi or わたくし watakushi
• わたし watashi means “I” or “me” and can be
used informally by anyone, male or female.
• わたくし watakushi is a more formal way of
saying “I” or “me.” It is typically used in formal
wri\en documents, such as business le\ers or
contracts.
です desu
• です desu is the polite form of “is/am/are.” It is normally placed at the end of a sentence. For example:
• わたし は さくら です。 • Watashi wa sakura desu • I am Sakura. • わたし の なまえ は さくら です。 • Watashi no namae wa sakura desu • My name is Sakura.
• わたし は ちゅうがくせい です。 • Watashi wa chuugakusei desu • I am a middle school student.
• Pronuncia)on Note: The “u” sound is usually dropped at the end of す “su.” So, it usually sounds like you are saying “dess.”
Japanese Sentence Structure Compared to English • English sentences typically follow the structure:
S V O: Subject Verb Object. – For example:
1. I am Daichi. 2. I eat sushi.
• In Japanese, the sentence structure is: S O V: Subject Object Verb – Let’s take the English sentences from above and write them in Japanese: 1. わたし は だいち です。
watashi wa daichi desu (Literally) I Daichi am
2. わたし は すし を たべます。 watashi wa sushi o tabemasu (Literally) I sushi eat
じょし PARTICLES
In the Japanese language, there are items called “par3cles.” Par3cles connect nouns, verbs, adjec3ves, and adverbs in sentences. English does not have par3cles as a gramma3cal feature of the language, but in Japanese you need to have par3cles in order to connect words. jyoshi
は wa – the Topic Marker
• Rule 1: は wa is used aEer a noun to mark it as the topic of a
sentence.
• は wa is wri\en with the Hiragana character “ha,” but when
it is used as the topic marker parYcle it is pronounced “wa.”
– For example:
• わたし は さくら です。
• Watashi wa sakura desu.
• I am Sakura.
は wa – the Topic Marker (conYnued)
• Rule 2: When the predicate of a ques3on is clear for both the speaker and the listener, you can use an abbreviated version of the sentence. は wa sYll funcYons as “topic marker parYcle”, but the rest of the sentence can be omi\ed.
• You can use this when you want to repeat the ques3on that was previously asked without actually having to say it. This form is used mainly in speaking rather than in wri3ng.
Example 1: How about you, Daichi? Example 2: What is your name?
だいち: さくら さん、 おげんき です か。 Daichi: sakura san, ogenki desu ka Daichi: How are you Sakura? さくら: はい、 げんき です。 だいちさん は。 Sakura: hai, genki desu. Daichisan wa. Sakura: Yes, I’m fine. How about you Daichi?
さくら: おなまえ は なん です か。 Sakura: onamae wa nan desu ka. Sakura: What is your name? だいち: ぼく は たいち です。 おなまえ は。
Daichi: boku wa daichi desu. Onamae wa. Daichi: I am Daichi. What is your name? さくら: わたし は さくら です。 Sakura: watashi wa sakura desu. Sakura: I am Sakura.
か ka – the QuesYon Marker • Rule: The par3cle か ka is used at the end of a sentence to make it a
ques3on. • Its func3on is similar to the ques3on mark in English.
• Therefore, you do not need to add a ques3on mark (?) at the end of Japanese sentences. – For example:
• おげんき です か。
• Ogenki desu ka • How are you?
• なん ねんせい です か。 • Nan nensei desu ka
• What grade are you in?