13 (C)(2)

12610433

14 3

1314 (C)(2)

kinsui@let.osaka-u.ac.jp http://www.let.osaka-u.ac.jp/kinsui/ 12 13

1,400 1,400 2,800

0 0 0

1,400 1,400 2,800

1. (2001) () III , pp5579

Hoji, H., S. Kinsui, Y. Takubo, and A. Ueyama (2001/to appear) The Demonstratives in Modern Japanese in: A. Simpson and Y. A. Li (eds.) Functional Structure(s), Form and Interpretation: Prespectives from East Asian Languages, Routledge: London. 2. Kinsui, S. Historical change and harmonization of Japanese grammar, at 2001 Linguistic Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2001 6 25 8 1 34 2001 11 18 4 (2001 ) 2001 12 1 2 2002 2 2

166 208 166 ( 1991 ) 167 ( 1991 ) 168 ( 1992 ) 170 ( 1992 ) 171 ( 1992 ) 172 ( 1993 ) 173 ( 1993 ) 174 ( 1993 ) 175 ( 1993 ) 176 ( 1994 ) 178 ( 1994 ) 179 ( 1994 ) 180 ( 1995 ) 181 ( 1995 ) 182 ( 1995 ) 183 ( 1995 ) 184 ( 1996 ) 186 ( 1996 187 ( 1996 188 ( 1997 ) 189 ( 1997 ) 190 ( 1997 ) 191 ( 1997 ) 192 ( 1998 )

1 1 2 4 6 10 11 15 18 22 24 29 33 40 43 45 49 49 52 55 58 60 61 67 70 74

194 ( 1998 ) 195 ( 1998 ) 196 (1999 ) 197 (1999 ) 198 (1999 ) 199 (1999 ) 51 1 (201 ) (2000 6 30 ) 51 3 (203 ) (2000 12 30 ) 52 1 (204 ) (2001 3 31 ) 52 2 (205 ) (2001 6 26 ) 52 3 (206 ) (2001 9 29 ) 52 4 (207 ) (2001 11 30 ) 53 1 (208 ) (2002 1 1 )

79 81 84 91 95 97 102 107 110 113 115 117 119 126 137

166 208

2002 3

1. 166 208 53 1

2. 3. Summary Summary Summary

4.

5.

6.

2002 2 22

JIS 1

1 200 (sjl-base.txt) (au-base.txt) (vol-base.txt)

1

166 (1991) pp. 112

FUKUSHIMA Naoyasu The Social Signifcance of Teika-kanazukai, ,

Teika-kanazukai, social groups, social identity

A survey of the literature which I determined to be actually written in Teikakanazukai (the kana letter writing system advocated by Teika Fujiwara), the representative standard writing system used in the Middle and Modern Periods, showed that the use of kana by individual writers was consistent down to ne details, although there was some variation across individuals. Previous functional accounts for the Teika-kanazukai, as a means for ecient information transfer are inadequate to explain this consistency. This consistency is a reection of the formation and maintenance of social groups and the emergence of a consciousness of belonging to a social group among individuals. Teika-kanazukai served as a marker of social identity as well as a group norm for small social groups. pp. 1321

MORI Hiromichi Modern T-on () and T onfu() o o, , , ,

modern T -on, Chinese characters for transcription, T tszi (Japanese-Chinese o o u Translators), initial consonant of the Ha-series, Hakuseki Arai pp. 2233

HIKOSAKA Yoshinobu The Distribution and History of Honoric Forms in the West-Tkai Area o, , , ,

honoric expression, geographical linguistics, old source materials, T kai dialect, o Kansai dialect

2

Based on the present distribution and old source materials from the Edo period, honoric forms in this area are thought to have developed as follows. They were inuenced strongly by the Kinki dialect, the central dialect. (1) At the end of the middle ages, (sa)seraruru and nesaruru came from Kinki and spread widely, and the forms of these verbs changed to (sa)sseruand nasareru. In Kinki, on the other hand, these forms changed to (sa)ssyaru and nasaru. (2) In the middle of the Edo period, (sa)nsu and oru (oikiru, etc.) came from Kinki and spread here from Owari. (3) At the end of the Edo period, nasaru came here. Also, asobasu arrived and was changed to ysu in Owari. Old forms like (sa)sseru, oru and nasareru a died out or were pushed east by these new forms. In general, new forms from Kinki reached Owari rst and then spread to surrounding areas. Older forms, on the other hand, disappeared from the western areas and Owari and remained only at the edge of the northern and eastern districts, which are far from the central districts. pp. 114

BIZEN Toru Foreign Students Consciousness Viewed in Their Acceptance of the Kinki Dialect, , , ,

dialect acceptance, Kinki dialect, language consciousness, foreign students, bilingual life 1989

3

Based on the 1989 survey conducted on foreign university students in the Kinki districts, I report that the consciousness involved in the acceptance of the Kinki dialect diers among three groups of students, i.e., those from the mainland China, Taiwan and Korea. And among the Chinese-speaking students, Mandarin-speaking, Shanghai dialect-speaking and Taiwanese dier from each other. Their mental attitudes are shown to be aected by two factors: 1) the relationship between standard Chinese and the regional dialects in students homeland, and 2) whether they led a dialectal bilingual life at home. The Mandarin and Shanghai students thought that the circumstances in which dialects are used are limited, and such image was reected in their attitudes toward dialed acceptance. On the other hand, those from Taiwan, whose dialect is almost as eective as standard Chinese, try to learn the Kinki dialect if they recognize its social importance. Also, the Shanghai and Taiwanese students, who speak both Mandarin and their own dialects, were more accepting of the Kinki dialect than the Mandarin students, who speak only one variety of Chinese.

167 (1991 ) ( [] ) pp. 114

ORIHATA Masaomi On the Expression of motteraru (), , , , ,

Tale of Heike (Heike-monogatari,) kirokutai, Japanese-Chinese hybrid text(s), motteraru/ohoseteraru (causative + honoric) expressions [] []

When a person of high rank, such as the emperor, is the subject of a sentence, the causative motteshimu () is changed into motteraru (). Motteraru has the same meaning as motte(sa)seraru ( ), which functions as a causative and honoric expression. (Notice that motte raru is not the omitted form of the auxiliary se () or sase () in motte

(sa)seraru.) Examples of motteraru are found in the literary works of the Insei and the Kamakura period (for instance, The Tales of Once Upon a Time, The Tale of Hogen, The Tale of Heiji and The Tale of Heike). This motteraru bears some similarity to expressions such as shiteraru (), ohosete [ meshite ] 4

raru, etc. ( []). These expressions are rst found in the diaries of the noble kirokutai () in the mid-Heian period, and their occurrences increase in the later Heian and the Insei period. The verbs in these expressions are noted for the following characteristics: 1) They show some similarities to the predicate of a causative sentence. 2) They imply directiontatematsuru (), ohosu (), etc. 3) They include words of Chinese origin shsu (), menzu ( ), etc. u 4) They denote some actions under the control of a rulerokonafu (), moyohosu (), hajimu (), etc. SP

pp. 1528 KANAZAWA Hiroyuki Meiji Era Data on Language in Osaka from Shorthand Transcriptions and 78 rpm Recordings of Rakugo StorytellingFocusing on the Copula, , , , SP

Meiji-era Osaka dialect, informal copula, rakugo, shorthand, phonograph recording(s)

For the most part, there is almost no material available on the spoken language of Osaka during the Meiji era. However, a limited amount of materials have been recovered from shorthand transcriptions (in the middle period) and phonograph recordings (in the late period) of rakugo storytelling. In this paper, these materials were used to examine the dynamics of the copula ya which is thought to have developed rapidly during this time. It was found that ya initially developed and established itself: socio-demographically, in young female speakers, grammatically, in honoric expressions, in particularly honoric te forms, morphologically, in mizen-kei conjugations and in forms taking conjunctive particles or other axes. pp. 114

SATO Kiyoshi Discussion of the Arisakas Third Rule in comparison with the Ryky Dialet u u

5

, , , ,

Arisakas syllable-joint rules, Ryky dialect, komeru seclude, komasu seclude u u pp. 1523

JINNOUCHI Masataka Dialectal Usage of kuru in honoric behavior, , , ,

kuru, dialectal usage, stylistic dierences, language contact, honoric behavior

This article examines dierences in the stylistic meaning and the honoric behavior underlying the verbs kuru come and iku go. In the example, Sugu kimino ie e iku yo Im coming soon to your place, standard Japanese exclusively uses the verb iku. However, in some kuru-dialectal usage areas, under the same setting, either iku or kuru may be used. This is discussed in terms of stylistic dierences. Kuru, in contrast with iku, is likely to be used when the speaker has some feeling of intimacy for the listener in terms of physical distance, time or relationship. Moreover, the speakers degree of politeness and/or enryo reserve with regard to the listener are also connected with dierences in meaning between the two verbs.

168 (1992)SASAKI Isamu pp. 111 Ch sh-Bon-Mgy On the Tonal System of the Chinese Characters in the o o o u:

Mid-Heian Era, , , ,

nine-tone system, eight-tone system, hysh kei-no-kei, hysh kei-no-j, accent o o o o u Ch sh-Bon-Mgy, the oldest manuscript copy of Mgy still existing in Japan, o o o u o u was written in the middle of the Heian Era. In this copy, there are two kinds of guiding marks put beside the Chinese characters: red dots and black kana letters. The red dots representing tones seem to have been put in at the same time as the Chinese characters. It is recorded in the copy, however, that the black kana letters representing sounds were added in the third year of Ch s, the end of the Heian oo Era. Today, therefore, the manuscript copy is called Ch sh-Bon-Mgy o o o u.

6

The purpose of this paper is to show that the red dots are in accord with the eight-tone system, which can be traced to the nine-tone system. In the nine-tone system, the places of the dots represent the following nine tones: Hysh j Hys kei-no-kei, Hysh kei-no-j , Jsh j o o u oo o o u o o u Jsh kei, Kysh kei, Kysh j, Nissh kei Nissh j o o o o o o u o o u In the eight-tone system adopted in Chsh-Bon-Mgy, there is no distinction o o o u between kei and j of Kyosho. u It has been already pointed out that in the rst half of the Heian Era there was a tonal system which distinguished more tones than six, although the real state of aairs is still unknown. The value of Ch sh-Bon-Mgy is that it provides an o o o u example of a tonal system which distinguishes more tones than six. It is hoped that Ch sh-Bon-Mgy will serve to help clarify the tonal system of Chinese characters o o o u in the midd1e of the 10th century. pp. 1225

MORINO Takaki The Function of the Final Particle zo in the Heian Period, , ,

nal particle (sh-joshi), adverbial particle (kakari-joshi), zo, assertion u

7

The ancient particle zo which occurs in sentence-nal position (the nal particle zo) has been generally regarded as one use of the adverbial particle zo. In this paper, I analyse the nal particle zo in the literature of the Heian period from the following points of view: 1) the distribution of zo in descriptive sentences, conversational sentences inward sentences (monologues), letters, and waka; 2) the position of zo when it occurs with other nal particles; 3) the kind of words zo follows. As a result of these investigations, I point out that zo does not function in address to a listener, though this has been the accepted analysis. Rather I consider the nal particle zo to be a modal expression of denite assertion. This function gives rise to zo occurring most often in situations where speakers convey new information, and where speakers are socially superior to hearers. Moreover, I oer data to support considering the adverbial particle zo as dierent from the nal particle zo in function. pp. 2639

YAMAGUCHI Koyo The Dialect of the Middle-distance Remote Distribution: The Correspondence between Chbu and Saigoku in Dialectal Adjective u, , , ,

theory of peripheral distribution of dialectal forms, adjectives, dispersed distribution, correspondence between dialects of wide-range distribution, Ch bu u (Central-district) dialect 1 2 3

1 2 3

The object of this paper is to contribute to the analysis of dialect distribution by examining the varieties of the Ch bu and Kinki districts. I take the adjectives u as representative and classify them into three types: continuity distribution, dispersed distribution and one-side distribution.

8

The rst is regarded as typical of what we call the Kansai Dialect spreading into the Ch bo district. In contrast, the second corresponds to ABA distribution u in linguistic-gaegraphy. It is not found in the Kinki district, rather its distribution is limited to the Ch bu district and Saigoku (Ch goku, Shikoku and Kyshy). It can u u u u also be considered to have predated the others in the Kinki district. In fact, many examples can be found in old books of the central district. I give special attention to these, calling them the dialect of the middle-distance remote distribution. The third is a dialect peculiar to the Ch bu district, not found in Kinki or Saigoku. Its u character is most immediately apparent in a large quantity of vocabulary, but many of the words can be regarded as varieties of the central district etymologically. In the Ch bu district, there are many words belonging to the second type in u quality and quantity. This research demonstrates this by limiting the eld of vocabulary, and going on to show that for the most part the main dialect (especially in the mainland) is a transformation by propagation from the central district. pp. 114

SAITO Koji A Study of Voiced Consonants and Nasalised Consonants of Iwate Dialect: from the linguistic, Sociolinguistic, Psycholinguistic, Dialectological points of View, , , ,

Iwate dialect, voiced consonants, nasalised consonants, structural factors, sociopsychological and geographical factors pp. 1528

TAKAHASHI Kenji, NISHIMORI Chizu The Entry and Diusion of the Particle ki in Ochi-cho, Takaoka-gun, Kchi Prefecture-the Role of Como muting Students and Workers to Kchi City o, , , ,

gradual diusion, sudden diusion, new dialect(s), regional common language(s), code-switching

9

With major changes in social structure and the development of transportation, more attention falls on the dierences in the lifestyles of those people who spend their day in one location and their evening in another. The hypothesis of this article is that when there are linguistic dierences between the two locations, commuters (both students and workers) are the vehicle for transmitting new linguistic forms. The two locations to be dealt with here are Kchi City and Ochi-cho in Takaokao gun, Kchi Prefecture; the linguistic form under consideration is ki; the object of the o investigation is to test the hypothesis stated above. We present a detailed argument regarding the origin and spread of this new linguistic form to the community (Ochicho). At the same tine this work constitutes an observation of a new linguistic form ki in comparison with the form kara, their entry and diusion into these two linguistic communities.

170 (1992) pp. 827

TSUKISHIMA Hiroshi On the Origin of H dinten o o, , , , ,

Hd inten, Tendai Sect, Enryakuji Temple, Kgei, Nitohakaten, Ikegamiajariten o o o

Hdinten , one of the most frequently used Okototen (Old Japanese o o reading marks on Chinese writing), was developed in the early 11th century by the Buddhist scholars in Enryakuji Temple, a center of the Tendai sect. The oldest texts containing Hd inten indicate that they were used by disciples of o o Kgei (977-1O49), and that, with the decline of many other Okototen, they o became the most widely used Okototen at Enryakuji Temple from the beginning of the 12th century. This fact sheds light on the character of the language used in Kunten texts and is thus indispensable for the study of ancient Japanese. pp. 2844

10

YASUDA Akira A New Approach to the Kana Writing System in the Medieval Ages, , ,

use of Kana, Kana usage, writing system, mixture with ideographs, mixture with Kana

Factors related to the choice of the form of Kana used in texts in the Medieval ages and its motivation are presented based on an approach which includes Kanamojizukai (Kana usage). Kana usage in the utai libretto, for which the block copies were written by contemporary calligraphers, was examined to determine how Kana were used eciently. Kana which were used ideographically according to circumstances related to Kana usage are shown to have been replaced by Chinese characters in modern Japanese writing.

171 (1992 ) pp. 130

KOBAYASI Yosinori Using Stylus-impressed Documents as Historical Data for the Study of Dialect, , , ,

stylus-impressed documents, historical dialect data, openness and closedness of long o-vowels, the pronunciation of long o-vowels as long u-vowels after a glide, shortening of long closed o-vowels

11

Stylus-impressed documents are shown to be eective data for the investigation of the history of dialects, in particular, the pronunciation of long closed o-vowels as long u-vowels after a glide (jo: > ju:) and the shortening of long o-vowels (o: > o). I give an overview of the principles underlying the notation of long o-vowels in stylusimpressed Raiki text owned by Kong Din in Tottori Prefecture that o o was carved in woodblock in 1787 and stylus-impressed in 1856. Using evidence from stylus impressed documents, I demonstrate that the pronunciation of long closedovowels as long u-vowels formerly occurred in colloquial Japanese throughout Japan and still exists in Japanese dialects in Kysh and a part of Niigata Prefecture, u u and investigate the relation between uses in stylus-impressed documents andthese modern dialects. I also give evidence for the shortening of long closed o-vowels in both stylus-impressed documents and modern Japanese dialects. pp. 3143

TGOMORI Hiroshi Us of the Product Registers of Various Prefectures (Shokoku Sanbutsu-ch as Dialect Vocabulary Data: Focusing on Words for Sweet o) Potato and Pumpkin, , , ,

The Product Registers of Various Prefectures, sweet potato, pumpkin, general categories and specic categories, dialect vocabulary

We investigated the distribution of words for sweet potato and pumpkin during the Kyho-Genbun Era in the Middle Edo Period using The Product Rego isters of Various Prefectures compiled in the 1730s. A comparison of the distribution of the product names in these registers with that inThe Linguistic Atlas of Japan showed that they are similar for the most part. In addition, we discovered that the word satsumaimo was used for sweet potato in

12

Western Japan before it was used in Kant and that the word bbura pumpkin o o had already spread to the Thoku region by this time. Furthermore, it was possible o to conjecture that in the process of the words okaimo and timo coming to be used o to mean sweet potato, there was a collision in the forms of the vocabulary for taro and that the words bobura and kabocha were used to mean dierent strains of pumpkin in Eastern Japan. We conclude that data in The Product Registers of Various Prefectures is of great value for investigations of the vocabulary used for animals and plants in various dialects around the middle of the Early Modern Period. pp. 4457

EGUCHI Yasuo The Expressions to Carry on Ones Back and to Carry on Ones Shoulders, , , ,

Tensh Kygen , Mikawa Story , obu, kazuku o o 1 pp. 119

IZUYAMA Atsuko A Study of Personal Pronouns in Luchuan Dialects, , , ,

rst person pronouns, ego-type, speaker-type, hearer-inclusive/hearer-exclusive,a and wa in the Nara Period1 2 inclusive-exclusive 2 1 *a-*b-(w)a- 1 *a-*b(w)a- 1 2

Some Luchuan dialects have three series of personal pronouns: a singular series corresponding to I and two series of rst person plural pronouns that were previously explained in terms of a hearer-inclusive/hearer-exclusive distinction. Based on an investigation of the usage of these pronouns in dialects on the islands of Yaeyama and Miyako, I conclude that rst person plural pronouns are better classied in terms of the following 2 types: ego-oriented and speakeroriented. Ego-oriented pronouns correspond to I/we in opposition to they 13

and speaker-oriented pronouns to we in opposition to you. There is no singular-plural distinction nor hearer-speaker distinction in the ego-oriented pronouns. On the basis of this investigation, I reconstruct the following rst person pronoun system for the proto-language of these dialects: *a-(speaker) i-(hearer) *na-(self) *uri(the other(s)) Givens the similarities in the personal pronoun system in Luchuan dialects with the Japanese language used in the Nara Period, I suggest that *a-, *b(w)a- and *na- in the Luchuan dialects correspond to the personal pronouns a, wa and na in the Nara Period. pp. 2029

*b(w)a-(ego)

INOUE Fumiko Change in the Aspectual Expressions Aru, Iru and Oru, , ,

aspect in dialects, continuous aspect, resultive aspect. Totsukawa Dialect

The loss of the distinction between continuous and resultive aspect expressions is part of a more widespread trend in the dialects of Western Japan. In this paper, we examine changes in verbal aspect in the dialect of the Totsukawa basin on the Kii Peninsula. In this dialect the merging of continuous and resultive aspect in the -te form can be found in both spoken as well as written sources. We propose an aspect system for Japanese dialects which is plausible from the point of view of the direction of these changes, although it cannot be found in written sources Our system is not merely a hypothetical one but is shown to actually exist in the Totsukawa dialect. We give a comprehensive analysis of the history of the aspect expressions aru, iru and oru based on correspondences between various linguistic systems documented 14

in written sources and in various modem dialects. We found that the changes in written sources follow the same trends as those in dialects and propose that the same changes that are presently underway in regional dialects occurred in the past in the language of the old capital (Kyoto). Hence, the distribution of current dialects can be viewed as a condensed version of actual historical Changes. We also show that in the processes that lead to the disappearance of a form, only a limited part of the original meaning of the form is retained in a limited range of its usages.

172 (1993) pp. 114

KARASHIMA Mie Derivation and Development of the Honoric Uses of -ru and -raru: Based on Examples taken from the Komonjo and other Ancient Texts, , , ,

-ru, -raru, honoric, passive, komonjo, hentai kanbun, Heian Period

In this paper we argue that the honoric uses of -ru and -raru are primarily derived from passive sentences whose subjects correspond to the speakers of these sentences. Our analysis is based on a close investigation of ambiguous honoric/passive and ambiguous honoric/jihatsu spontaneous examples in the komonjo ancient documents and other ancient texts. In particular, we considered 1) the location of the examples in the text (e.g., dialogue vs. description), 2) the person using the honoric, 3) the person referred to by the honoric. In contrast to previous analyses in which the honoric uses of -ru and -raru were derived from jihatsu, we conclude that these honoric uses are derived from the passive, given needs to use an honoric and the fact that jihatsu only occurs in sentences that refer to the speakers actions. Our analysis also helps explain several other features of the honoric uses of -ru and -raru in the Heian Period which have been pointed out by other scholars.

15

We conclude with a comparison of our analysis with Daizaburo Matsushita and Masatoshi Kinoshitas passive honoric theory. pp. 1528

NUMOTO Katsuaki On the Origin of Dakuten, ,

dakutenjibo (), dakuten (), dakushten () o

It is a commonly accepted view that dakuten voice sound marks were originally, used for Dran () readings in Kunten Materials () in the early 11th a century. I address the question of why they were rst used in Dran readings. a Based on observations that dakuonjibo (), such as (ga), (za), (da), were used to distinguish voiced from voiceless sounds in Dran readings in a the 9th11th centuries, I conclude that dakuten were added to the upper right of katakana letters and on the side of shten accent marks in order to eliminate o dakuonjibo and make the katakana writing system uniform. pp. 113

HANZA WA Yasushi An Analysis of Factors Related to the Use of Standard Japanese in Krimachi, Fukushima Prefecture o, , , ,

use of standard Japanese, causal relation, path analysis, attitudes towards dialects, Fukushima dialect

16

I investigate the causal relation between the use of standard Japanese and factors related to the speakers experience (i.e., exposure to television, trips to Tokyo during the language acquisition period and academic achievement), and linguistic attitudes towards Fukushima dialect using path analysis. Results show that younger speakers and women tend to use standard Japanese more than older speakers and men in Krimachi. An investigation of the causal reo lation between these dierences and the use of standard Japanese showed that the tendency for younger speakers to use standard Japanese was due to higher degrees of experience and increased hesitant/embarrassed attitudes in younger speakers. The tendency for women to use standard Japanese was related to increased hesitant/embarrassed attitudes among women speakers. 3 pp. 1427

UENO Kazuaki Retrogressive Investigation of the Accent of Kyoto Dialect: The Analogical Change of 3-mora Verbs, , , ,

Kyoto dialect, history of accent, verb accent, analogical change, accent system3 3 2 5 1 2

Analogical change occurred in the accent of 3-mora verbs in Kyoto dialect from the late Edo Period. We traced this change in accent and investigated the underlying analogical principles through a comparison of verb accent in the Kyoto dialect with dialects in older stages, e.g., K chi, Tanabe, Ry jin, Tokushima, Oso u aka, etc. Using this approach we demonstrate that this analogical change was a result of the reorganization of verb accent to the extremes of high-initial accent and low-initial accent which was spurred on by the opposition of accent patterns of 3-mora 2nd-accent-type 5-dan-conjugating verbs and 3-mora 2nd-accent-type 1dan-conjugating verbs when the change of HHL>HLL and HHLL>HLLL occurred. We also show that there was a similar change in some of the accents of 2-mora verbs.

17

173 (1993) pp. 114

FUJII Toshihiro The Inuence of Hokke Genki () on the Style in Konjaku Monogatari-sh () Focusing on the saraninasi() u Construction, , , ,

stylistic tone, writers favorite words, saraninasi(), typical style, individual style

In Japanese texts such as Genji Monogatari () sarani () is used as a stative adverb () and can be interpreted to mean koto atarasiku/sore ij o not more than that when it modies a negative. In contrast in Hakushi Monj ( u) sarani () makes the negative (nasi and zu , respectively) stronger in

the expressions saraninasi, () and saranizu (). Saraninasi ( ) occurs frequently in kanbun, particularly in Hokke Genki. In Konjaku Monogatari-sh , the expression saraninasi () (as above, u sarani () is used as a modal adverb ( )) is used frequently. This usage, typical of kanbun, reects the inuence of Hokke Genki. In addition, the percentage of occurrences and examples of saraninasi ( ) in Konjaku Monogatarish is similar to that in Hokke Genki. Thus, we conclude that expressions in Hokke u Genki strongly inuenced the stylistic composition of Konjaku Monogatari-sh . u pp. 1527

TAKEDA Juntaro On Katsuy ogen no Sasshi The Book of Conjugation ( ), , , ,

Katsuy ogen no Sasshi, Motoori Haruniwa, Katsugo Danzokufu, Kotoba no Yachimata, Mikuni Kotoba Katsuy o osh

18

Katsuy ogen no Sasshi The Book of conjugation ( ), stored in the Museum of Motoori Norinaga in Mie Prefecture, cannot be regarded as the original of Mikuni Kotoba Katsuy o The Concise Book of Conjugation ( ), osh its so-called popular edition, either chronologically or in terms of its contents. Given the advanced level of the grammatical contents of Katsuy ogen no Sasshi, it is highly questionable that Motoori Norinaga was its sole editor. I demonstrate that the grammatical contents of Katsuy ogen no Sasshi and Kotoba no Yachimata The Theory of Verbal Conjugation (), written by Motoori Haruniwa, are related. If we view Kotoba no Yachimata as based on Katsuy ogen no Sasshi, it was most likely not dependent on the theory of Katsugo Danzokufu The Table of Conjugation (), written by Suzuki Akira. Furthermore, the contents of Kotoba no Yachimata do not support the theory of Katsugo Danzokufu. Given the nature of the grammatical contents and other aspects of Katsuy ogen no Sasshi, I conclude that the fundamental parts of Katsuy ogen no Sasshi were written by Haruniwa, rather than by Norinaga. pp. 2840

SUZUKI Hiroshi The Process of Development of the Particle nari, , , , ,

enumeration, addition, alternative, incomplete ending, nari, Early Modern Japanese1

2

3

1

Based on an investigation of Japanese language materials from the Edo era, I demonstrate that the particle nari (henceforth PN, alternative) developed as follows. 1) Before PNs appearance, nari was used as an auxiliary verb in Chikamatsus jruri () in the expression (pro)noun + nari + (pro)noun + nari as a o

19

kind of parenthetical remark. I classify examples of the above expression into the following two types. [a] Examples that combine (generally two) attributes, characteristics, etc., [b] Examples that enumerate (generally two) items (primarily persons) in a given situation. [a] and [b] continued to be used after Chikamatsu primarily in kabuki and Jruri , and nari gradually began to loose its auxiliary quality in examples of o the [b] type. 2) The set phrase dnari-k nari rst appeared in the Kamigata region in the o o middle of the Edo era (the Meiwa period). This expression closely resembled dnari-knarito and was inuenced by narito alternative until PN appeared. o o 3) PN gradually began to be used in place of narito and its use was extended to include [b] as evidenced in Edo ninjbon ( ). o pp. 114

ISHII Masahiko The Relationship between Nonce Formation and Text Condensation in Japanese, , , ,

nonce word, text analysis, word formation, text condensation, summarization (1) (2) (3)

Based on a statistical investigation of 13 text types, I demonstrate that nonce formation, the provisional coinage of a single word to substitute for a sequence of words, and text condensation, the use of fewer words to convey more information typically found in newspaper texts, are related as follows. 1) Nonce formation contributed strongly to the creation of Japanese condensational texts. There was a clear tendency for nonce words to be used more in condensational texts (e.g., scientic abstracts, newspaper leads, etc.) than in non-condensational texts (e.g., descriptive sections of novels, daily speech, etc.). In particular, the frequency of nonce words increased with the amount of condensation. 2) Nonce formation functioned more to simplify sentence structure and Increase the amount of information incorporated ii the texts rather than to simply

20

reduce the number of words used. This result indicates that there is a need to distinguish nonce formation from text summarization (reduction of text size through the omission of less signicant words) and text reduction (grouping redundant expressions together in longer more complex sentences). 3) Nonce formation is integrally connected with summarization and reduction in the creation of condensational texts. I demonstrate that text type and the type of text condensation used are related, e.g., reduction and nonce formation were used similarly in texts of city news pages and newspaper lead articles, while summarization tended to be used more in the former than in the latter. Further clarication of the relationship between text type and text condensation will make it possible to classify text types in terms of the type of text condensation used. pp. 1528

OGINO Tsunao When Do Researchers in Japanese Linguistics Write their Papers? Age Structure in The Bibliography of Japanese Research Papers: Journals Section, ,

authors research publication age, research paper production, average author research publication age by eld 8 46 48.41 30 3 6070

The Bibliography of Japanese Research Papers, Journals Section contains more than 80,000 papers written by more than 90,000 authors. I identied authors, checking for name changes, pen names and discrepancies in orthography and calculated the age each author published his/her papers by subtracting the authors year of birth from the year each paper was published. Analysis of these age data revealed the following: 1) Paper production peaked at age 46, 2) The average authors age was 48.41, 3) The authors age at the time of paper publication has gradually increased over the past 30 years, 21

4) Productive authors continued to publish papers in their 60s and 70s, 5) While younger authors were active in the eld of Japanese information processing older authors were active in elds related to Japanese language problems, the annotation of classical works, and general Japanese linguistics.

174 (1993) ( ) pp. 115

MORI Masamori On the Phondogical Syllables and Composition of the Manysh o u Poems, , , ,

hypermeter, phonological syllable, line-medial vowel sequence, Sound groups, composition of Manysh poems o u (a) (b) (a) (b) (b) (a)

This paper addresses the question of how the 5-7-5-7-7 syllable lines of Manysh o u poems were composed. Although the extent to which Japanese poems reected the daily conversation of the time is not clear, I interpreted UWANO Zendos unit of tension to relaxation of the vocal organs as one phonological syllable and analyzed the composition of the lines in the Manysh tanka poems, grouped as follows: o u Group A: odd numbered lines (lines 1, 3, 5 etc.) Group B: even numbered lines (lines 2, 4, etc.) Based on a comparison of hypermetric lines (lines with excess vowels) with nonhypermetric lines and an analysis of the lines that were composed of only CV syllables (i.e., lacked vowel syllables), I demonstrate that lines in Group A were composed as one of Hashimotos bunsetsuunits and lines in Group B were composed in one of the following 2 ways: 1- in groups of 2-5,3-4,4-3 syllables. 2- similarly to the lines in Group A, as a single bunsetsu unit. 22

I base my analysis of the second type of reading of lines in Group B on the nature of the vowel after the second vowel in the 5th syllable and other criteria. pp. 1627

SAEKI Tetsuo On the Divergence of the Functions of Auxiliary /y and dar o o o, , , ,

history of modern grammar, auxiliary of will, auxiliary of conjecture, change of joining form, Kokutei Tokuhon Using the Kokutei Tokuhon as data, I analyze how the uses of the auxiliary u (/y ) came to be used to express will and darau (dar ) to express o o o conjecture since the Meiji Period.

I demonstrate that the use of u to express will gradually increased while the use of u to express conjecture decreased from the rst to sixth issues of the Kokutei Tokuhon. The conjectural use of u was replaced by darau or deseu (desy o) which had a similar meaning and could be used interchangeably with u.

Although the use of u for conjecture persisted throughout the issues in sentencemedial position, it was gradually replaced by darau in sentence-nal position. I describe the chronology of this replacement process as the following change of joining forms: 1. verb + u verb + darau verb + mase + u verb + deseu 2. adjective + u adjective + darau In addition, the use of darau which could not be replaced by u, e.g., noun + darau, increased slightly. I conclude that the divergence of the functions of auxiliary u and darau occurred as a result of u being replaced by darau and an increase in the uses of darau which could not be replaced by u. 23

pp. 2841

ISHIGAMI Teruo Epistemic Modality and Syntax, , , ,

conjecture, judgement, daroo, conversion to dictum, modality [] [[ ] ][[] ]

I classify epistemic modal auxiliaries in terms of the Sentence Modality System ( bun no handan no kz) into the following two types: 1. Daroo ( oo) which has the core function of setting up a supposed world and 2. secondary

modal forms, e.g., rashii () and yooda (), which lack this function. The structure of the predicative daroo is DAROO [proposition] DAROO + , where indicates assumption and indicates zero-form acknowledgement.

Rashii and yooda extract the probability and thus propositionalize the probability by converting epistemic modality into dictum. Rashii is an adjectival sux as in [[proposition] RASHII] and yooda is a formal noun which creates a noun as in [[proposition] YOO]. The structure of the predicative rashii is [[proposition] RASHII] + and the structure of the predicative yooda is [[proposition] Yoo] + DA.

175 (1993 ) pp. 111

MAEDA Tomiyoshi The Way to the Semantic Description of Words; For a Meta-language System to Describe the Meaning of Contemporary Japanese Words, , , ,

semantics, meta-language, semantic feature, semantic eld, lexical mass

24

Generally speaking, we are not yet in possession of well-established linguistic method for the semantic description of words, especially so, in Japanese linguistics. In this paper, the author presents a way to describe the meaning of Japanese words, using a system of meta-language discriminated from the target language. This system is to be supported with a group of basic words belonging to a certain semantic eld. Here, a sample of the systematic description is shown for the meaning of a noun ashi (foot or leg). For the development of semantic studies, some theories in the structural semantics, the contrastive studies for the purpose of semantic description, and other linguistic problems are discussed here. pp. 1225

NOBAYASHI Masamichi Things and Words: the Complex of Meaning Hidden in the Complication of Word-indications, , , ,

complex of meaning, contradictory words, lattices of synonyms, negative word, word understanding

If an object is the which we experience in daily life, speakers are clearly conscious of whether a word indicates the object or not. A word is recognized to exist only when it indicates the object. It is a matter of common knowledge that a word has only its armative form and meaning. A pair of distinctive features, armative and negative can be assumed as a premise of the formation of word meaning. Word meanings are formed by the selection of the armative features alone. Let us suppose that words at the level of langue take armative features as their component of word meaning. Then, 25

words with negative features can also be assumed at the deeper level of langue. Therefore concurrence of two lineages of the words, armative and negative ones which are contradictory beach other, can be assumed as a premise of the formation of a word. It is said that contradictions constitute reality. Indeed, there is a fact that using armative and negative lineages of synonyms together which are brought by crossing of contradictory concepts hits an ob ject. The contradictory words which are hidden in the complication of word indications must be found. That is the one called lattices of synonyms. In this paper, the author intends to make the description, of lexical structures ob jective on the scheme of the binary and complementary structure of cognitive language, that is, the lattices of synonyms with which speakers constitute their reality. pp. 2638

NIINO Naoya On the Misuses of Japanese Word yakubusoku (dissatisfaction to ones assigned part), , ,

yakubusoku, change of meaning, misuse, Japanese dictionary (1) (2) (2) (1) (2)

The word yakubusoku, when it is used correctly, must contain two parts of semantic component, as follows. (1) His assigned part is too light, compared to his ability. (2) And he has dissatisfaction in his mind with such situation. But, in these days, we look at many cases in which this word is used out of place (case of misuse). These cases of misuse arc divided into two types. Type 1 (1) His assigned part is too heavy, compared to his ability. (2) And, he has anxiety or perplexity to such situation. Type 2

26

(1) His real position is too light, compared to his role. (2) And so, the unbalance is to be pointed out in the situation. Cases of type 1 belong to the utter misuse (the tting word in such case would be chikarabusoku). On the other hand, cases of type 2 do not belong to the utter misuse, they are rather appreciated to be the case diverged from the correct use. What process these cases come to pass through? Such processes are analyzed in this paper from some social viewpoints. pp. 112

HAYASHI Shiro Discussions on the Meaning Process; from the Meaning of a Word in Itself to the Specied Meaning in the Context, the Circulation of Them, , , ,

case-oriented meaning, Ayuisho, hyper-syntax, fukujoshi, contextual meaning

The meaning of a word is not only the static being but a whole process starting from the static state in a separated word into the nal state in the contextual meaning in a certain discourse. This whole process is called meaning process here. In this process, we nd following four stages. 1. Meaning in the lexical stage: the meaning in the state of possibility, which is only found in dictionaries. 2. Meaning in the syntactic stage: the meaning specied by the position of the word in a sentence. This is called the case-oriented meaning. 3. Meaning in the hyper-syntactic stage: the meaning specied in the hypersyntactic unit in a sentences. 4. Meaning in pragmatic stage: the meaning specied by the context in a certain discourse. The meaning of each word, passing through four stages, goes back again to the rst stage. As a result, the meaning of every word is thought to be always changeable, however slight it might be, through the social processes. In the considerable parts of this paper, Fujitanis linguistic opinion in Ayuisho are inspected, and they are highly estimated from the very viewpoint of the meaning process. pp. 1326

27

YAMADA Susumu Word Form and Word Meaning, ,

semantic description of words, polysemy stance, monosemy stance

It will bring forth a great dierence to the semantic description of words how to grasp the relationship between word form and word meaning. Here, we have two extremely dierent stances on the word meaning. They are polysemy and monosemy stances. In the former, a word is thought to have so many dierent meanings in so many structures or contexts. In the latter, it is grasped to have a single general meaning independent of its possible structures or contexts. When it is on the polysemy stance, a semantic description of words will take the course toward over-specication or concretion, and on the monoserny stance, toward abstraction. I assume that, in many cases, especially in verbs, their meanings are apt to be general and abstract. On this assumption, the semantic description of words should naturally go for a description on the monosemy stance rather than on the polysemy one. pp. 2739

MORITA Izumi From Objects to Sub jects; The Focus Shift in the Acting Area of Loan Words in Modern Japanese, A Report of a Semantic Structure Analysis , , ,

Modan-go, dictionaries, semantic area analysis, subjects and objects pp. 4053

MIYAZAKI Kazuhito On the Function of daroo in Discourses, , ,

daroo, janaika, domain of information, inferential judgment, requiring conrmation

28

Japanese auxiliary form daroo is usually regarded as the form for the expression of inferential judgment, so, it has been principally treated as an object of the study of modality. However, daroo-expressions meaning of inferential judgement depends on the discourse condition as to the viewpoint on the discourse information. It is possible to say, the usage of daroo as the inferential judgement is complementary to its usage as the requiring conrmation. In other words, daroo generally means inferential judgment at the non-opposite viewpoint, and in this case, the information of the discourse is out of speakers domain and also out of hearers. On the other hand, the daroo-expression of requiring conrmation realizes at the opposite viewpoint, and the information is in the hearers domain. It seems supercially there are few similarities between inferential judgment and requiring conrmation. But, it is not the case. The fact is thus; at the opposite viewpoint, the information in the hearers domain is necessarily out of the speakers domain. Consequently, the meanings in both cases are integrated into the discourse function to indicate that the information is out of the speakers domain.

176 (1994) pp. 114

KAWABATA Yoshiaki Forms in the Kakari-Musubi System, , , ,

Kakari-Musubi (KM) in Keiyoshi predicate, KM in Noun Predicate, Joshi to Joshi KM, KM in non-endstop predicate, structure of declaration that is KMoriented pp. 1528

FUJIWARA Hiroshi On the Meanings of Kango Verb goranzu in the Heianperiod, , , ,

goranzu, miru, Kango verb of su-form, honoric verb

29

An honoric verb goranzu is not a mere honoric form of miru (see, look at), goranzu and miru have their own meanings which are dierent from each other. Apart from goranzu, mitamoo is recognized to be a mere honoric form of miru. Where can we nd the dierences of meaning between goranzu and mitamoo? To answer this question, the author had a research on the usage of these words in several stories at the Heian-period. Following are the points in the research: in goranzu 1) A person who looks at something sees a whole scene in one look, without any attention focus. He is looking down it. 2) The looker position of a ruler. He is looking something which is under his administration. 3) The lookers social authority is expressed in this word. The lookers authority is the matter being out of the expression. There are no high-low relationship between the looker and the object. in mitamoo There are attention focuses in his looking activity. He is looking into each object.

In the Heian-period, the discrimination between the higher society and the lower society has already manifested itself. The narrator of a story had to express the dierence in social status of the characters. Especially, the behaviors of the Emperor were described by the most appropriate words. A group of Kango verbs were used for this. The dierence between goranzu and mitamoo has been formed in this way. pp. 2942

YAJIMA Masahiro End-forms of Adjectival Verb Sentences in the Broad Keihan Dialect in the Edo-period Upper and Middle SectionWhat is expressed in na-ending Sentences, and What in ja-ending Sentences, , ,

adjectival verb sentence, emotional and exclamatory expression, na-form ending, ja-form ending

30

At the upper and middle section of the Edo-period, adjectival verbs of nari-form had two kinds of non-nari forms in the endstop position of declarative sentences. One of them was na-form, another was ja-form. Most of the sentences of na-ending describes some objects and projects the emotion of speakers toward them in the exclamatory style. Most of the sentences of ja-ending, on the other hand, takes up the speakers topic and declares his own judgement about the topical events. I have researched into the source facts in the Kyogen texts, the Chikametsu Joruri texts and other texts, which have revealed these characteristics. The principles which produced each expressiveness of na-form and ja-form are as follows. The expression equipped with na-ending form holds the basic characters of the adverbial ni-form, and the one with ja-ending form holds the characters of nite-form or de-form which were used as forms for the predicative words in sentences. W.D. pp. 113

SUZUKI Hiromitsu The inuence of Whitney, W. D.s linguistic theory on Kazutoshi UedasThe foundation of the national language policy in modern Japan, , , ,

Kazutoshi Ueda, Whitney, W. D., national language policy, kokugo (national language), history of Japanese linguistics , W. D.

(1)

(2) 22 , A. H. Introduction to the Science of Language The Life Growth of Language

31

(3)

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that Kazutoshi Uedas theory of language and national language policy were under the inuence of Whitney, W. D. which regarded language as a social institution, and dened it as an instrument for the communication. The sources are as follows: (1) In a lecture at Toky Imperial University, Ueda presented three linguistic o standpoints, setting a kana orthography: the history of literature, natural product, and rationalism. He based on rationalism, and referred to Whitney from the standpoint stated above. (2) Uedas speech at Meiji 22, Gengoj no henka o ronjite kokugokyju no koto o o ni oyobu (Considering the changes in language, and referring to a method of teaching the Japanese national language) was majorly using Sayce, A. H.s Introduction in the Science of Languageand Whitneys The Life and the Growth of Language as the original. (3) Ueda adopted Whitneys idea, the conservative forces in language into his theory of standard language.

pp. 1425 HIDAKA Mizuho The System of Benefactive Verbs in Gokayama Dialect: the Process of Change from non Empathical Verbs to Empathical Verbs, , , ,

Gokayama Dialct, Benefactive Verbs, kureru, Empathy, absolute honorics

In some dialects of Japan, kureru is used with the meaning of both yaru and kureru of the Standard Japanese. When we call the former kureru a non Empathical verb, and the latter kureru a Empathical verb, we can nd that kureru of the Standard Japanese has changed from non Empathical verb to Empathical verb according to the investigation of the geographical distribution of Benefactive Verbs. In this paper, we have systematized the Benefactive Verbs of Gokayama Dialect (one of the dialects in Toyama prefecture) that have non Empathical kureru, 32

and then examined the process by which the so called non Empathical verb has changed into Empathical verb in Standard Japanese. In the rst place, we nd that, in the Gokayama Dialect as well as in the Standard Japanese, the use of kureru indicates the awareness of the receiver to the fact of having received a favor. However, in the Gokayama Dialect, as we do not have a form correspondent to yaru in the way it is used in the Standard Japanese, we can say that there is a blank particularly in the system of auxiliaries of the Benefactive Verbs. Furthermore we have studied the phenomenon where the Benefactive Verbs have gained the Empathical feature when they have a kind of emotional meaning. On the other hand, such non Empathical features of the Gokayama Dialect have remained on the basis of its absolute honorics.

178 (1994) pp. 16

HAYATA Teruhiro The Syllable in Japanese, , , ,

syllable, mora, ancient Japanese, accent, abstractness

It is widely believed that the ancient Japanese knew only the syllable type (C) V, and not the types (C) VV or (C) VC. There seem to be no languages around Japanese having only (C) V type syllables except the Lolo language whose phonemic syllable structure as exclusively open syllables with only short vowels. Lolo, however, has the distinction between constricted and non-constricted vowels, which correspond to former closed and open syllables. From the universal point of view it is quite doubtful that the ancient Japanese knew only (C) V type syllables. There may have been a distinction between long and short vowels which Chinese characters (Manygana) could not convey. The Otstu syllables in e and i were perhaps o diphthongs, as were possibly the K syllables in o. o Geographical distribution of and generational dierences in accentuation, and the pitch assignment in the Kagoshima dialect show that the carrier of accent in 33

Japanese seems to have shifted historically from the syllable to the mora. pp. 717

KUBOZONO Haruo On Syllable Weight in Japanese, , ,

syllabic structure, syllable weight, onbin, mora 2

This paper argues that the syllable as well as the mora is an indispensable unit for the phonological description of Japanese. It claims specically that the notion of syllable weight allows us to generalize a number of seemingly unrelated phenomena by demonstrating that various synchronic and diachronic processes of Japanese conspire to establish the heavy syllable as an unmarked syllable structure. pp. 1828

KIDA Akiyoshi A Supplement to the History of Syllable Structure in Japanese, , ,

syllable structure, mora, syllabeme, Hokuo dialect

The structure of the Japanese syllable has not changed from ancient times to the present age. It has always been a mora-rhythm one. The phenomenon which was regarded as syllabeme structure was caused when the mora-rhythm structure took on special new sounds in the phoneme system. In the Hokuo dialect, the special sounds were taken in a syllable and were lost. On the other hand, in the Central dialect, these had to be pronounced clearly in the system because there were many Sino-Japanese words already. In consequence, sokuon and hatsuon had to be detached. We can nd the basic properties of Japanese in the Hokuo dialect. It has always been a mora-rhythm one. pp. 2937

34

YANAGIDA Seiji Dierences between the Western Dialect and the Eastern Dialect: When, Why and How Did They Come About?, , , ,

Eastern and Western accents, vowel predominance and consonant predominance, type 2 two-morae verbs, special syllables, onbin

It is a well-known fact that the following dierences are observed between the western dialect and the eastern dialect of Japanese: western dialect onbin of verbs (the h series )2 1

eastern dialect soku-onbin (e.g. katte ) original form (e.g. akaku ) da() Tokyo type

u-onbin (e.g. kte ) o u-onbin (e.g. ak or ako ) o ja() Keihan type

onbin of adjectives copula accentual systems

3 4

When and why did the Japanese language split into the two dialectal groups? This paper is concerned with a hypothetical view of this question. The second section treats the dierences in onbin and the copula ( ( 4 above). pp. 17 1

3

above). On the basis of these

considerations, the third section deals with the dierence in the accentual systems

GUNJI Takao Generative Grammar and Traditional Grammar, , , ,

Generative Grammar, descriptive adequacy, constraints, information, lexicon

This article discusses some characteristic aspects of generative grammar and attempts a comparison with traditional grammatical theories. First, some notable aspects of generative grammar are summarized in terms of its objects of research and its methodology, among others. Next, past generative theories are briey reviewed from the viewpoint of computation. Finally, recent generative grammar in characterized in terms of its attitude toward information, and some possible 35

convergent points with traditional grammar, such as the static nature of its theory and its reliance on lexical information, are pointed out. pp. 817

YOSHIMOTO Kei The Formalization of a Prosodic Information Inclusive Grammar according to Typed Unication Grammar, , , Head-driven Phrase Structure

Grammar, bracketing paradox Typed Unication Grammar, Japanese prosody, Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar, bracketing paradox (TUG) TUG c- a-

A formal framework is proposed that can both analyze and generate surface phonological information, including prosody, by means of Typed Unication Grammar (TUG). Since in TUG grammar can be constructed in a highly modularized way, it oers an ideal way to deal with Japanese prosody, which is inuenced by various levels of language. A double-structured syntax consisting of C-STRUCTURE reecting semantic structure and A-STRUCTURE, composed on the basis of accentual phrases, is proposed. Both of these two mutually independent modules in syntax contribute to the construction of prosodic information for an utterance. pp. 1824

KINSUI Satoshi On the Structure of the Stative Form in Japanese, , , ,

generative grammar, stative form, aspect, non-accusative intransitive verbs, lexical conceptual structure

Though the aim of generative grammarians and that of traditional Japanese linguists are very dierent, to exchange their opinions and the fruits of their labor with each other is not only possible but also very useful to vitalize their own studies. This paper proposes a hypothesis of the structure of the Japanese stative form as an application of generative grammar on the side of Japanese linguists. 36

This hypothesis helps Japanese linguists to elucidate the semantic structure of the stative form, and brings about some desirable predictions. pp. 2535

KUBO Miori On Action and Stative Predicates in Japanese, , , ,

stative verb, stativity, case-marking, verb-movement, gerund pp. 3639

TAKUBO Yukinori The Interface between Generative Grammars and Traditional Grammars (Summary Remarks) , , , ,

workshop aims, principles and parameters, Hashimoto grammar, Tokieda grammar, constraint-based grammar

The workshop was originally designed to promote interaction and hopefully mutual understanding between Japanese philological traditions and generative approaches In the Japanese language, thereby contributing to the healthy development of the two approaches. The four papers presented at the workshop show how generative linguists are attempting to solve traditional problems of Japanese philology. They indicate possible ways in which linguists in the philological tradition can contribute to the generative studies of the Japanese language, suggesting at the same time how generative linguists can learn from the rich traditions of Japanese philology. pp. 4048

TOYOSHIMA Masayuki Sharing Philological Resources in Electronic Form Internationally (with Summary Remarks), JIS , 10646-1, SGML, TEl, (e-text)

coded character set, e-text, SGML, TEl, JIS kanji, 10646-1 5 C

37

1. ISO 10646

2. SGML SGML TEI

Text resources in electronic (machine-readable) forms (henceforth e-texts), have become considerably popular, with the advent of the Internet. The author discusses three major problems in sharing Japanese philological e-texts internationally: 1. coded character sets The encoding of coded character sets such as ISO 646 or ISO 8859 assumes that the character set is nite but this assumption fails to hold for the Kanji character set because of allographs. 2. methods of markup The SGML, the most widely accepted protocol for document interchange, on which the TEl encoding scheme relies heavily, maintains a clear distinction between elements and their values (ATTRIBUTEs), hence its deciency in describing structures inherent in values. Such descriptions are called for occasionally in Japanese philological resources. 3. distribution and copyright The free distribution e-texts and their quality have long been considered to be, and in fact in some cases are, contradicting. But the so-called GNU-ish copyleft manifesto enables maintaining copyright and quality at the same time, which can be witnessed in some Japanese e-texts currently freely distributed on-line. pp. 4956

YABE Masafumi Text in Books and Computer-stored Text Data, , , , WYSIWYG

text data, book form, portability of data, markup, WYSIWYG

When encoding the contents of a book, the text data string of characters does not contain any information about its logical structure or its physical forms in the original document. Some encoding standard that takes into account the text as 38

well as its structure and layout in a document will enable us to construct portable data of the text in its original form. At the same time, given the selective nature of the encoding of multifarious aspects of a document, it will become all the more necessary to prepare and/or remake the data for specic purposes of research. pp. 5765

IKEDA Shoju A Database for Tenrei-bansh-meigi o, JIS , ISO/IEC 10646-1, Unicode,

Tenrei-bansh-meigi, JIS kanji, ISO/IEC 10646-1, Unicode, Han-unication o JIS JIS JIS ISO/IEC10646-1 JIS ISO/IEC10646-1

This database le contains useful information about the kanji characters in Tenrei-bansh-meigi, which is a kanji dictionary compiled by Kkai (774-835) in o u the Heian period. This database contains: The volume and page number in Tenrei-bansh-meigi. o The index number used in Daikanwajiten. The volume number and radical number in Y -pien. u The KUTEN value for JIS X 0208-1990 characters and JIS X 0212-1990 characters. The major distinction of this database is that it makes the simulated compilation of a kanji dictionary possible and gives authenticity to the kanji characters in JIS character sets. (ISO/IEC 10646-1) JIS pp. 6674

SHIBANO Koji The Adaptation of the Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (ISO/IEC 10646-1) to the JIS and Future Extensions, , JIS ,

Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set, Character Code, JIS code, kanji Character dictionary

39

179 (1994 ) pp. 114

YUZAWA Tadayuki The Promotion of Kan-on () to Buddhists Early in the Heian Era, , , ,

promotion of Kan-on, Go-on, Buddhist, Daigakury o

Early in the Heian era, the Court set Buddhists Kan-on as part of a Nenbundo () examination. But later on, for the promotion of each Buddhist sect, the Court came to attach more importance to a full understanding of the Buddhist scriptures, and at last decided to exempt Buddhists from a Nenbundo examination in Kan-on. Consequently, in the realm of Buddhists, the pronunciation at issue simply fell into disuse. pp.

1526 HONDA Kumiko Adverbial Clauses in Metaphors: How do Adjectival Clauses Acquire Degree-quantity?, , , ,

metaphor, subordinate clause, adverbial modication, adjectival modication, degree-quantity

40

In this paper, I will discuss how subordinate clauses can be analyzed as demonstrating both adjectival modication and adverbial modication (degree - quantity modication) in reference to metaphorical identication. The metaphorical identication sentence X A-wa B-de-aru. exists when A and B are dierent in substance and X is meaningful; in other words, a sentence X is understood as metaphor when X is false and yet meaningful. The same relationship is obtained where the metaphorical identication clause is a subordinate clause. For this reason, some -te- clauses can be understood as metaphorical. The -te- clause functions as descriptive adjectival modication in its literal meaning on the one hand, and as adverbial modication in its degree-quantity meaning on the other. Why do metaphorical subordinate clauses often function as adverbial modication? This is because a metaphorical subordinate clause involves extremes in its literal meaning, by being essentially dierent from the real world. The extremes are shown in their very degree-quantity. When these extremes exist, metaphorical identication subordinate clauses function as adverbial modication. Moreover, we nd the same metaphorical relationship in some -to- phrases: for example, the identication structure A-ga B-to naru. is mostly used as metaphor in Kokin-shuu. This is because to connects two essentially dierent substances. Some noun-to-phrases in metaphor, therefore, function as degree-quantity modiers, the same as subordinate -te -clauses. pp. 112

IWASAKI Takashi On Tense in Node and Kara Clauses, , ,

ru-node/kara expressing events followed by those in the main clause, lexical property, syntactic property, observation

Though there is much literature dealing with tense in subordinate clauses in Japanese, we can see some phenomena in node and kara clauses which cannot be

41

explained by it: with the verb in the subordinate clause in the ru-form, events in it are followed by those in the main clause. Sentences with ru-forms in node and kara clauses, however, are not always grammatical when events in the subordinate clause are followed by those in tine main clause. In order for them to be grammatical, it is necessary that they have two properties as a rule. One is lexical in nature: the verb in node and kara clauses expresses action with process. The other is syntactic: the sub ject in the subordinate clause is dierent from the one in the main clause. These two properties are deduced from the fact that events in the node and kara clauses stand for the observation by the person expressed as the subject and that he or she makes the action described by the verb with the observation being the reason for it. pp. 1325

HIKOSAKA Yoshinobu On the History of Suppositional Forms in the Tkai o Area, , ,

suppositional forms, dialect histories, T kai dialect. Kinki dialect o

(1) (2) (3) (1)(2) (1) (2)(3) (3) (2) (3) (2)(3) (1) (3) (2) (1) (3)

The distribution of suppositional forms in the Tkai Area today is as follows: in o the western part, there are (1) jar yardar in the central part, (2) dara(a)zuo o o, dara(a) , in the eastern part and along the periphery of the central part, (3) zurazura. When we analyze these forms, we need to focus on two distinctive features they have which reect Japanese language history: [A] (1) and (2) are combinations with jayada forming new types of suppositional forms, while (3), which includes old types of the form, does not have jayada in it, and -zu in (3) is used as a volitional form as well. [B] (1) has [] g-on at the end while (2) and (3) have [ ] kai-on. (When -zu in (3) o o o is combined with a verb, [] may appear). The form (1) is new and the forms o (2) and (3) are old, reecting the historical process [ ]/ []>[]. o o o In the materials about Nagoya (the center of the Tkai Area) written in the o modern period (Kinsei), we nd that the same types as (2) and (3) (except for 42

zura) were used among ordinary people, while (1) was used among the upper class or in the brothel (y ri) districts. This shows that, as for suppositional forms, (2) u and (3) were stable but at the same time, possibly being exchanged for (1), which were used among upper class people at the time in the central part of the Tkai o Area. From these studies, we can draw a conclusion about the history of these forms: at rst (3) (except zura) was introduced from the Kinki Area (the center of Japan) to the T kai Area, next came (2) and nally (1). Each time a new from came o into the Tkai Area, it pushed the former forms to the east and eventually settled o into todays distribution. Zura in (3) is found occasionally in materials about the dialect of the eastern part of the Tkai Area in the modern period. Thus this form o must have been created in the district. 3 pp. 2639

KAMEDA Hiromi A Structural Description of Free Variation in the Tone of the Minamiizu-cho Dialect, Shizuoka Prefecture: on Three-Mora Nouns, , ,

Minamiizu-cho dialect, free variation, regression of falling positions, destruction of accent patterns

180 (1995) pp. 3346

SHIMADA Yasuko On the Origin and Development of the Adjectival Sux -tarashii, , , ,

adjectival sux, -tarashii, -rashii, expansion of sux

43

This paper claries what the sux -tarashii (which forms adjectives such as mugo-tarashii, iyami-tarashii, miren-tarashii etc.) is derived from, and when each stage of the changes occurred, and how it became established as an adjectival sux. In order to clarify these questions, I describe the conditions of the usage of this sux, by examining instances of words ending in -tarashii from such points of view as their structure, their correspondence to words ending in-rashii, and the meanings of the words preceding the sux, taking into account the date of appearance of each instance. The following conclusion is drawn. The use of words ending in -tarashii which are still in general use dates back to the middle of the 17th century. It is suggested that when we discuss the origin of the -tarashli form, we must pay attention to nagatarashii, which is quite exceptional in light of the above points. The rest of the words ending in -tarashii may be considered to have been coined as emphatic forms of the -rashii form. The form nagatarashii served as a model for their coinage. The -rashii form became widespread during the Edo period. Finally, -tarashii became established as an adjectival sux in the period dating from the end of the Edo period to early in the Meiji period. pp. 113

KUNO Mariko, KUNo Makoto, ONO Makio, SUGIMURA Takao The Merger Process of the Yotsugana Phonemic System: the Case of the Nakamura and Aki Dialects of Kchi Prefecture o, , , , ,

yotsugana, consonant change, phonetic environment, aricate, fricative, Kchi o dialect

This article considers the merger process of the yotsugana phonemic system in the Nakamura and Aki dialects of Kchi prefecture to be composed of two successive o processes. First, the aricate consonant phoneme changes into a fricative in the word-medial position, and then the fricative consonant phoneme changes into an aricate in the word-initial position. Under conditions such as rendaku (sequential voicing) or reduplication, suppressive inuences against merger are observed. The merger in the Aki dialect seems to have reached completion about 10 years earlier than in the Nakamura dialect.

44

181 (1995) pp. 1829

WATANABE Minoru On Certain Words Specifying Location and Time: A Semantic Perspective, , ,

wagakoto/hitogoto, temporal perspectives, saki/ato/mae/ushiro, uchi/soto/naka/aida, kondo/tsugi

In Japanese, some spatial/locative expressions are derivatively used as temporal expressions. In the latter usage, semantic properties of the former are still eective and characterize their basic properties. This spatial-temporal parallelism will be rst veried on the basis of two groups of expressions: (i) saki, ato, mae, ushiro, and (ii) uchi, soto, naka and aida. When used as temporal expressions, certain words, including saki and ato, have a dual function, denoting relations both of before and after in time. I will argue that this phenomenon reects distinct modes of the sneakers conceptualization concerning the way time goes by. Specically, three kinds of time conceptualization will be distinguished. These types turn out to reect whether and to what extent the speaker recognizes the time ow as being foreign to him/herself or as involving him/herself as a reference point. pp.

114 KUSHIMA Shigeru A Unied Theory of Japanese Dimension Adjectives: The Relation between Shape and Orientation, , , ,

dimension adjectives, contrast between object and place, relation between shape and orientation, contrast between tate and yoko, cognitive semantics

45

2

Japanese basic dimension adjectives are divided into two classes: those that pertain to objects such as k sai big/little, nagai/mijikai long/short, atsui/usui o /ch thick/thin (e.g. a board), futoi/hosoi thick/thin (e.g. a stick), and those that pertain to places, such as takai/hikui high/low, fukai/asai, deep/shallow, hiroi/semai broad/narrow. The dierences among the words in the former class are based on the shape of the object, whereas the dierences among the ones in the latter class are based on the orientation of the place (cf. Kushima 1993). Thus the two ways of dierentiation are based on the dierent criteria, but an analysis of the diversication of the meanings of tate vertical or lengthwise dimension, yoko horizontal or widthwise dimension, massugu upright, straight, and taira, level, even reveals that shapes and orientations are closely related semantically; namely the straightness of ob jects is related to the uprightness of places, and the evenness of objects to the levelness of places. If we consider furthermore that the linear dimension and the planar dimension are mutually perpendicular, it becomes clear that the set of nagai/mijikai and takai/hikui, that of atsui/usui and fukai/asai, and that of k/ch o sai (e.g. a carpet) together with futoi/hosoi and hiroi /semai follow the same principle. pp. 1528

HASHIMOTO Osamu Types of Relative-Tense Clauses, , ,

relative-tense clause, relative-tense phenomena, tense and aspect in subordinate clause, quasi speech time, empathy perspective a b

a

46

b a a

Traditional frameworks have only posited one type of relative-tense clause in temporal interpretations. In this paper, we argue that relative-tense clauses can be divided into two heterogeneous types as follows: Type A: The main-clause time (the reference time of the main clause) serves as a quasi speech time, whereby the original speech time (speech time of the main clause) undergoes defocusing. Type B: The main-clause time merely serves as a reference point in the temporal ordering of events, with no defocusing of the original speech time. The two types dier on the following points, supporting our argument: (1) Deictic time adverbials (e.g. kin yesterday) can occur in type B, not type o A. (2) Ru-form clauses (clauses that contain ru-form predicates) tend to be type A. Especially, Ru-form clauses that represent volitional action or planned event are almost always type A. On the other hand, ta-form clauses tend to be type B, (3) Regardless (2), nonrestrictive clauses are almost always type A. pp. 2942

INOUE Fumio The Number of Years Necessary for Language Standardization: Real Time Surveys at Tsuruoka and Yamazoe, , , ,

language standardization, rate of linguistic change, real-time survey, phonological change, Tsuruoka city Yamagata Prefecture 3 2 S 2 5 100 100

In this paper the process of the language standardization of phonetic items is discussed on the basis of actual surveys conducted several decades apart. In the graphs presented here, it appears as if sound changes take more than 100 years to

47

be completed. But observation of individual phenomena showed that sound change can be completed in less than 100 years. Various aspects of linguistic changes have been observed on the basis of real time surveys in Tsuruoka city and the nearby Yamazoe village. Results of ve surveys at the two localities were analyzed according to the hypothesis that all linguistic changes follow the so-called S-curve. Various steps of change including the incipient, middle, and nal stages have been actually observed. By applying a method of arranging the partial curves of changes in order to form ideal S-curves, hypothetical periods of more than 120 years for linguistic change were proposed. However observation of individual phonetic items showed that the changes are often completed within 100 years. Thus in some ideal circumstances phonetic changes need less than 100 years to be completed. It is argued that in language standardization, where various phenomena are treated at the same time, change appears to take more than 100 years. 2 pp. 4356

SHIMIZU Seiji Distribution and Historical Change in the Accents of Two-More Nouns in the Nanyo Region of Ehime Prefecture, , , ,

context-dependent accent, geographical distribution, geographical isolation, shift in kernel position, loss of high/low register contrast 2 9 3

In this survey I examine the accent systems of two-mora words in the western Nanyo region of Ehime prefecture, classify them into nine types, and reconstruct their origin. I compare the systems among each other and with dialects examined in previous studies, paying particular attention to such features as the variation of the accents of individual words according to their immediate grammatical environment. Based on their geographical distribution, the location of the lowering kernels, and the contrast between high and low registers, I conclude that the accent systems found in the Nanyo and adjoining regions all derive from a single system, and that divergences in the speeds of shifts in the positions of lowering kernels, and in the loss of the high/low register contrast have resulted in the complex geographical distribution torn today. 48

182 (1995 pp. 1527

TAKAYAMA Tomoaki The Prosodic Role of Sokuon and Compound Construction, , , ,

sokuon, dakuon (voiced obstruent), rendaku (sequential voicing), compound, mora consonants

In many compounds (including stem-and-sux formations and word-and-postposition phrases), sokuon appears before a non-initial morpheme: hito-Q-tobi, ocha-Q-pa, tsuki-Q-kiri, hokori-Q-poi, migi-Q-kawa, saisho-Q-kara, etc. In this paper, it is argued that the mechanism of these compound constructions is based on the distributional constraint of sokuon, which cannot appear at an initial position. This situation is parallel to the case of dakuon (voiced obstruents). As is well known, dakuon usually does not appear at the initial position of a normal native-Japanese morpheme, but is often introduced to that position either in a non-initial element of a compound by means of rendaku (sequential voicing), or in a sux or a postposition. This holds also for sokuon although this point requires some modication. This paper also discusses the prosodic role of sokuon. A native-Japanese morpheme usually has at most one sokuon, therefore the long syllable that contains the sokuon can fulll the morphemes culminative representation. This funcitonal status of sokuon plays an important part in the case of the compounds mentioned above as well.

183 (1995) pp. 111

MIYAKE Tomohiro On Conjecture, ,

conjecture, epistemic modality, dar o 49

// [/]

The aim of this paper is to examine the concept of conjecture in this study, conjecture is dened as perception that a proposition is true in the speakers mental picture of the world. Conjecture is expressed by daro (desh), mai, or the cono jugational forms for conjecture [-u/-y]. We distinguish the foregoing from other o forms that concern the judgement truth, such asrashii, kamoshirenai, hazuda and the like. We conjecture as being included in the system of epistemic modality. In this paper, we compare conjecture with other sub-types of epistemic modality such as evidentiality, judgement of possibility, and conviction, and prove by various linguistic criteria that conjecture belongs to a semantic type distinct from the others just mentioned. pp. 1225

KUSHIMA Shigeru The Semantic Relation between Words Representing Object Boundaries and Shape-Based Orientations: The Semantic Analysis of Omote/Ura and Yoko , , ,

object boundaries, shape-based orientation, meaning of omote/ura, meaning of yoko, semantic system

50

The words ue/shita top/base, mae/ushiro front/back, and yoko side which represent boundaries of places (e.g. a phone booth) also represent orientations in space, so it seems reasonable to suppose that expressions for the boundaries of a place are lexicalized according to their orientation relative to that place. The same maybe said of boundaries of objects (e.g. a coin): omote/ura face/reverse and yoko side represent boundaries of objects, and omote/ura are related to ue/shita and mae/ushiro, to say nothing of yoko which represents orientation. Omote/ura and yoko which represent boundaries of objects relate to a at object, whereas tate/yoko lengthwise/widthwise which represent shape-based orientation refer to a long object. Omote/ura and yoko, and tate/yoko are distributed complementarily, so it follows that all these words form a single system. Omote/ura and yoko, and tate/yoko are systematized based on the orientations of objects. pp. 2639

SAKURAI Takehito The Compiling Process of Sango Benran: Using a FrenchDutch Thesaurus Published in the Netherlands, , ,

Sango Benran, western studies materials, history of dictionary compiling, thesaurus word groups

It has been reported that Sango Benran, a Japanese-French-English-Dutch thesaurus edited by Murakami Eishun at the end of the Edo period, was compiled using as a reference An English and Japanese and Japanese and English Vocabulary compiled by W. H. Medhurst in 1830. This paper makes it clear that there was another source book for Sango Benran: Nouvelle Mthode Famili`re edited e e by Charles Cazelles and published in the Netherlands, and that about 80 % of Sango Benran owes the order of its entries to this source. Additionally, although Sango Benran is considered a thesaurus belonging to the tradition of Oriental thesauri from the point of view of lexicography, it is also inuenced by an Occidental thesaurus.

51

pp. 4053

ISHIKAWA Sachiko Heikemabushi () and Accent, , ,

sources for accent research, Heikemabushi, kyokusetsu (), bokufugun()

In the modern period, the study of accent has made remarkable progress with Heikyoku. In previous accent studies, only a few types of passages from Heikyoku were treated: shiragoe and kudoki. When we examine other parts of Heikyoku, we need a new method. I have developed a method for examining bokufugun (groups of notes). By correlating the notes and words in those groups, I have identied the accents of nearly seven hundred new words.

184 (1996) pp. 113

KOYANAGI Tomokazu On the Expressions of Prohibition and Restraint in Ancient Japanese, , , ,

prohibition, restraint, prevention, na, soI II III IV IIII IV

The function of prohibition is expressed in ancient Japanese by four patterns: I naso, II nasone, III na, IV na. Prohibition in the broad sense can be divided into two classes depending on whether the prohibited action is already

52

underway or not. We will call the former Restraint and the latter Prohibition in the narrow sense. The dierence between Prohibition and Restraint is reected in syntax. There is an intermediate use which comes between these two, which we will call Prevention. Patterns IIII can be used for Prohibition, Restraint o Prevention, while Pattern IV is used solely to express a strong sense of Prohibition. pp. 1427

ABE Seiya Vocabulary History and the Study of Primary Sources: On the Date of Authorship of Takamura monogatari, , , ,

adjectives, lexicon size, word histories, early and late Heian period, Takamura monogatari ()

The date of authorship of Takamura monogatari has not yet been established. This paper examines the vocabulary and the number of adjectives contained in Takamura monogatari in order to determine its year of origin. Takamura monogatari contains some words (approximately 20) which were used prior to the end of the 10th century, and this probably reects the vocabulary of the original author. The work also contains a few words which came into use during the 12th century, indicating that it underwent revision some time during or after the 12th century. In addition, a study of the frequency of use of old and new adjectives in the kanagaki-sanbun materials from the Heian period reveals a dierence in percentages between the early and late Heian periods. Especially in the early Heian period the frequency of use gradually changes. When viewed against this backdrop, the level of adjective usage in Takamura monogatari indicates that the work originates in the latter part of the 10th century. The vocabulary and the number of adjectives used in Takamura monogatari reveal that the work originates in the latter part of the 10th century. In addition, this research reveals a correlation between the date of authorship of written materials and the level of adjective use. pp. 114

53

TAKAMOTO Joji Explicature Interpretation of So-called Unagi-sentence Utterance and its Recording Form , , , ,

unagi-sentence, explicature, paraphrase notation, structure expansion, structural preservation pp. 1528

INOUE Masaru, HUANG Lihua Yes-no Questions in Japanese and Chinese, , , , ](ma)

questions, interrogative sentences, negation, ka, maP P ] P P

Simple yes-no questions P ka? (Japanese) and P ma? (Chinese) are used to ask about the truth value of the possibility of P which does not conict with assumptions established in the preceding context. In Japanese, the speaker can use negative questions P naika? to reintroduce a possibility of P into contexts where it has been negated. In Chinese, however, the function of negative questions is limited because the reintroduction of possibility can be partly carried out by the alternative questions P-notP. pp. 2941

JIANG Chuidong The Basic Sound System of Ribenguan yiyu: Initial [ ] [v-] and [ ], , ,

Ribenguan yiyu, basic sound system, loss of initial consonants [ ] and [v-] 1

[ ] [ ] [] [ ]

54

2

2

Ribenguan yiyu is of great important as a primary source for the study of the Japanese language. It is included in Huayi yiyu , a series of bilingual dictionaries of Chinese and the languages of neighboring peoples and countries. It was compiled by the oce of Huitongguan in the Ming Dynasty for use in training interpreters. However, some words in Ribenguan yiyu are unclear or not explained correctly. In this paper, the following two points are made: 1. The basic sound system of Japanese is phonetically represented in Ribenguan yiyu using Chinese characters. In order to interpret these representations, one must take into account changes in the Northern Chinese (Mandarin) Dialect subsequent to the sound system reected inZhongyuan yinyun (compiled in 1324), such as [ -] > [ -] and [v-] > [ -]. With this method, many of the unclear or mistakenly explained words can be made clear. 2. In Ribenguan yiyu there are some Japanese words invented by Chinese writers which do not in fact exist in Japanese.

186 (1996 () pp. 114

SHIROTA Shun On Benefactive Expressions in Contemporary Japanese, , ,

yaru, morau, kureru, person, voice 3 3 3 3 3 3

The forms -te kureru, -te yaru and -te morau have the function of situating an action with respect to the speech-act participants. This is done relative to a system in which the participants in the action are characterized by their distance from the speaker. A third party is conceptualized as outer, while a third person closely related to the speaker, the listener, and the speaker are progressively inner. In the 55

case of expressions with -te kureru, the subject, which expresses the performer of the action, is outer relative to the dative complement, which expresses the beneciary of the action. For both -te yaru and -te morau the sub ject is inner relative to the dative complement, but the direction of the transfer of benet is dierent. That is, -te yaru may be characterized as an inner-subject outward-directed-benet expression, while -te morau may be characterized as an inner-subject inner-directed-benet expression. Thus, the three forms characterize the relation between the narrated event and its participants with reference to the speaker and hearer, and moreover indicate whether the performer on the one hand, and the recipient of the action on the other, are inner or outer persons. pp. 114

MIYAKE Tomohiro On benefactive Constructions in Japanese, , , ,

benefactive constructions, lexical conceptual structure, schema, auxiliary verbs, -te yaru 3 1 2 3

The aim of this paper is to examine benefactive constructions in Japanese, focusing on the occurrence of dative noun phrases in these constructions. The conclusions may be summed up in the following three points: (1) The semantic type of verb that allows the occurrence of dat