სემიოტიკა #4

1

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetiilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetiilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetiilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetiilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetihumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebishumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebishumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebishumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebishumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis

fakultetifakultetifakultetifakultetifakulteti

semiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centri

s e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k asamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnali

IV

S E M I O T I C SSCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Tb ilis i

Tbilisi200 8

2

mTavari redaqtoricira barbaqaZe

redaqtorebiTamar berekaSvili

Tamar lomiZe

izabela qobalava

recenzentebiguCa kvaracxelia

zaal kikviZe

manana kvaWantiraZe

UDC 81´22

misamarTi:saqarTvelo 0179 Tbilisi

ColoyaSvilis q. #3semiotikis kvlevis centri

ISSN 1512-2409

© ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti 2008

saredaqcio kolegia

Editor-in-ChiefTsira Barbakadze

EditorsTamar BerekashviliTamar LomidzeIzabela Kobalava

ReferencesGucha KvaratskheliaZaal KikvidzeManana Kvachantiradze

Editorial Board

E-mail: [email protected]

Address:Georgia 0179 TbilisiCholokashvili st. #3

Researching Centure of Semiotics

3

S i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s i

semiotikis Teoria da istoriasemiotikis Teoria da istoriasemiotikis Teoria da istoriasemiotikis Teoria da istoriasemiotikis Teoria da istoria

m a n a n a kv aWa ntiraZ e

semiologiuri kvlevebis meTodologiisaTvis 7

enisa da literaturis semiotikaenisa da literaturis semiotikaenisa da literaturis semiotikaenisa da literaturis semiotikaenisa da literaturis semiotika

cira barbaq a Z e

niSnis gazomileba poetur diskursSi 23

vinfrid boederi

fiqrebi èrTi~ da `yvela~ sityvebze 32

qeTevan bezaraSvili, Tamar lomiZe

struqtura da semiotika: galaktionis erTi leqsis analizi 42

zaal kikviZe

kidev erTxel sociolingvisturi opoziciebis Sesaxeb 49

Tam az koWlam azaSvili

terminebi _ `brZaneba~ da `moxseneba~ socialur da situaciur

konteqstebSi 60

salome omiaZ e

bunebrivi ena da kultura _ eris cocxali mexsiereba 70

kulturis semiotikakulturis semiotikakulturis semiotikakulturis semiotikakulturis semiotika

SoTa bostanaSvili, daviT bostanaSvili

niSani da naSeni (arqiteqturis semiotika) 76

levan dalaqiSvili

bibliuri teqstis karl iaspersiseuli gagebisaTvis 87

4

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

`miTiuri dro~, `miTiuri sivrce~ da `sawyisTan dabruneba~ 94

irakli mWedliSvili

abelur-kaenuri simbolizmi da kulturaTa dapirispireba 113

Tam ar oTxmezuri

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli azrovnebis istoriidan: efrem mciris

erTi sqolios interpretaciisTvis 126

gia joxaZe

sxeulis Tavgadasavali: qarTuli versia 142

semiotika da kritikasemiotika da kritikasemiotika da kritikasemiotika da kritikasemiotika da kritika

daviT andriaZe

`samSoblo~ `dedis ZuZui~ da `sxva~ 157

dian a anfimi adi

àxali esperanto~ anu `sicilakebis~ semiotika 165

gaga lomiZe

aRmniSvnelTa mineraluri amboxi 168

m alxaz xarb edi a

kritikis dabadeba 176

TargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebi

xose ortega i gaseti

ena. Sesavali axal lingvistikaSi (Targmani g. joxaZis) 181

iubileiubileiubileiubileiubile

leo kvaWaZe 100 wlisaa ! 222

reziume inglisur enazereziume inglisur enazereziume inglisur enazereziume inglisur enazereziume inglisur enaze 235

5

C O N T E N T S

History and Theory of Semiotics

Manana KvachantiradzeOn the Methodology of Semiologic Investigations 235

Semiotics of Language and Literature

Tsira BarbakadzeSign Phenomenon in the Poetry Discourse 235

Winfried BoederReflections on the words erti (‘one’) and q’vela (‘all’) 236

Ketevan Bezarashvili, Tamar LomidzeStructure and Semantics (The Analysis of Galaktion Tabidze"sOne Poem) 237

Zaal KikvidzeSociolinguistic Oppositions Revisited 237

Tamaz KochlamazashviliTerms "brdzaneba" ("to order") and "mokhseneba" ("to report") in Social and Situational Contexts 238

Salome OmiadzeNatural language and culture _ collective memory of a nation 238

Semiotics of Culture

ShoTa Bostanashvili, Davit BostanashviliThe Sign and the Built 239

Levan DalakishviliOn Karl Jaspers Approach to the Text of the Bible 239

6

Khatuna Tavdgiridze"Mythical Age," "Mythical Space," and "Returin to the Originsof the Universe" 240

Irakli MchedlishviliAbelo-Cainian Symbolism and Opposition of Cultures 240

Thamar OtkhmezuriFrom the History of Medieval Georgian Thinking: Ephrem Mtsire’sScholion on the Geocentric Vision of the Universe 241

Gia JoxadzeThe Body Adventure: Georgian Version 242

7

s e m i o t i k i s T e o r i as e m i o t i k i s T e o r i as e m i o t i k i s T e o r i as e m i o t i k i s T e o r i as e m i o t i k i s T e o r i a

d a i s t o r i ad a i s t o r i ad a i s t o r i ad a i s t o r i ad a i s t o r i a

manana kvaWantiraZe

semiologiuri kvlevebismeTodologiisaTvis*

niSnobriv movlenebs, rogorc aRsaniSnisada aRmniSvnelis urTierTobis Sedegs, jerkidev stoikosebma miaqcies yuradReba.filosofiur, logikur da lingvisturmecnierebaTa ganviTarebis kvaldakval esyuradReba momdevno saukuneebSi kidev ufrogaZlierda da me-19 saukunis bolo ocwleu-lisaTvis damoukidebeli mecnierebis SeqmniTdasrulda. semiotika, rogorc niSnebisa daniSanTa sistemebis Semswavleli disciplina,aerTianebs codnis yvela mimarTulebassignifikatorul movlenebze. TeoriulmidgomaTa garkveuli sxvadasxvaobis miuxe-davad, niSnis klasikur gansazRvrebadaRiarebulia amerikeli filosofosisa dalogikosis Carlz pirsis definicia: niSaniaxdens sagnis reprezentacias da enacvlebamas cnobierebaSi~. Carlz pirssave xvda wiladsemiotikis, rogorc axali samecnierodisci plinis, fuZemdeblis pativi, ZveliberZnebis wvlili ki terminis warmoSobaSiaRibeWda: seemion – niSani. niSanTa sistemebisSemswavlel mecnierebaTa aRmniSvnel terminad`semiotikasTan~ erTad gamoiyeneba `semio-logiac~. am ukanasknels, upiratesad, frangulstruqturalizms da poststruqturalistur

filologiis mecnie-rebaTa doqtori, SoTarusTavelis saxelobisliteraturis institu-tis qarTuli litera-turis ganyofilebis gamge,Jurnal `kritikis~mTavari redaqtori.ZiriTadi naSromebi: ,,meCems sakuTar Senobasvageb”, ,,oTar WilaZismxatvruli sistemissemiologiuri aspeqtebi”,`werilebi litera-turaze”, ,,gameoreba”.interesTa sfero:literaturaTmcodneoba,kritika, semiotika.

* naSromi dawerilia 2006 wels.

8

Teoriebs ukavSireben da sakuTriv lingvisturi meTodis aRmniSvnelterminad moiazreben, semiotika~ ki inglisur-amerikuli samecnieroskolebis gamokvlevebTan da formalur logikur-maTematikurmimarTulebasTan asocirdeba.

semiotikis ganviTareba uSualod ukavSirdeba me-19 – me-20saukuneebis did mecnierul aRmoCenebs sabunebismetyvelo, zust Tuhumanitarul sferoebSi da maT filosofiur-Teoriul ganzogadebebs.am droidan logikosebTan da maTematikosebTan erTad kvlevebSiCaebnen lingvistebi, literaturaTmcodneebi, fsiqologebi, biologebida kulturologebi. gamovlinda gansxvavebuli meTodologiebi damidgomebi. magaliTad, pirsis semiotikisagan gansxvavebiT, luielmslevis Teoria struqturalisturi iyo, mogvianebiT ki enisada literaturis semiologiaSi gansxvavebuli modgomebi Camoyalibdahermenevtikosebsa da porstmodernistebs Sorisac. kvlevebis arealigansakuTrebiT gafarTovda ukanasknel aTwleulebSi, roca sxvadasxvatipis sakomunikacio enis warmoqmnam dRis wesrigSi maTi regularuliSeswavlisa da sistematizaciis aucilebloba daayena. am etapidansemiotikis yuradRebis areSi eqceva ara mxolod bunebrivi, aramedxelovnuri enebic, signalizaciis mravalferovani sistemebi bunebasada sazogadoebaSi: sagzao niSnebidan – futkrebis niSnobriv qcevebamde;logikur-maTematikuridan _ ferwerul xatebamde; sametyveloenebidan – metaenebamde. gansakuTrebiT intensiurad mimdinareobssemiotikuri kvlevebi xelovnebisa da sociokulturul sferoebSi:dRes semiotika Seiswavlis arqiteqturis, modis, reklamis, ritualisenas. ganuwyvetliv iqmneba axali metaenebi, romlebic miznad isaxavensaxelovnebo Tu kulturuli ena-oieqtebis aRweras, miRebuliinformaciis Senaxvasa da gadacemas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom enis,xelovnebisa da kulturis movlenebze simbolur-niSnobrivikoncefciis gavrceleba dRes erTgvar drois niSnadaa miCneuli.

Tavisi interesis obieqtebs semiotika sam did jgufSiaerTianebs: pirveli – enisa da literaturis semiologia, romelicSeiswavlis da aRwers sametyvelo enasTan dakavSirebul niSnobrivmovlenebs; meore – xelovnebisa da socialur- kulturulisistemebis semiotika (ferwera, musika, arqiteqtura, kino, moda,ritualebi, wes-Cveulebebi da sxva); mesame – cxovelTa komunikaciebida biologiur kavSirTa sistemebi adamianis organizmSi.

niSanTa yvelaze srulyofilsa da gavrcelebul sistemaswarmoadgens ena. emil benvenistis mosazrebiT, igi aris yvela sxvasistemis interpretatori~. amdenad, niSnobriv movlenaTa SeswavlaSi

manana kvaWantiraZe

9

swored lingvistur semiologias xvda wilad samagaliTodisciplinaTaSorisi mecnierebis pativi.

Carlz pirsis ganmartebiT, elementaruli niSnobriviurTierTobisaTvis, anu imisaTvis, rom niSani niSnad CaiTvalos,aucilebelia, rom : 1. igi iyos gamosaxvis saSualeba (reprezentanti);2. miekuTvnebodes raime obieqts (referents) da 3. axdendes imdamokidebulebis realizacias, romelsac interpretaciuls vuwodebT(interpretanti). es ukanaskneli auvilebeli pirobaa imisTvis, romsityva niSnad vaRiaroT. interpretacia warmoadgens ganmartebas,`Targmanebas~, konceptualizacias damokidebulebisa niSani – obieqtimomdevno niSanSi, anu adamianis reaqcias pirvelad niSanze. yoveliniSani badebs interpretacias da es procesi usasruloa. ase rom,semiozisi, romelic rogorc pirsis, ise poststruqturalisturiTeoriebis erT-erTi fundamenturi cnebaa, niSnis interpretaciisdinamiur process warmoadgens.

semiotika samyarosa da obieqtebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobasmxolod maT mier warmoqmnili niSnebis SemecnebaSi xedavs da niSanTaqceva_moqmedebis sam ZiriTad sferos Seiswavlis: sintaqtika ikvlevsniSanTa urTierTobas TviT sistemis SigniT; semantika – niSnebsada obieqtebs Soris damokidebulebas; pragmatika – niSanTaurTierTobas imaTTan, vinc am niSnebiT sargeblobs.

amasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia im ori ZiriTadi midgomisdaxasiaTeba, romlebic TviT semiotikis, rogorc niSanTa Semswavlelimecnierebis, SigniT Camoyalibda: pirvels – logikur semiotikas,metalogikas, romelic Carlz pirsis saxels ukavSirdeba, ainteresebsniSani TavisTavad, niSani logikaSi, niSanTa klasifikacia da semiozisi,rogorc araniSnis gardaqmna niSnad. meore midgoma, romlismesafuZvledac Fferdinand de sosiuri iTvleba, amkvidrebs sakuTrivlingvistur xazs. semiologias igi ganixilavs rogorc mecnierebas,romelic Seiswavlis niSanTa sicocxles sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi~,lingvistikas ki – rogorc mis erT-erT Semadgenel nawils.

sosiuris azriT, `niSani warmoadgens mTlianobas, romelicgvevlineba aRmniSvnelis (akustikuri xati) da aRsaniSnis (azri,warmodgena) asociaciis nayofad~. yuradReba mivaqcioT, romsosiurisaTvis aRsaniSni sagani ki ar aris, aramed am sagnis warmodgena,idea gonebaSi. aRmniSvneli ki bgeraTa garkveuli rigis warmosaxviTixatia da ara is bgeraTa jaWvi, romelsac fonetika Seiswavlis.sosiuris kvaldakval, emil benvenistma da struqturalistebmaganaviTares mosazreba, rom aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris kavSiri

semiologiuri kvlevebis meTodologiisaTvis

10

nebismieria da ara determinirebuli. niSani akustikuri xatisa(aRmniSvneli) da konceptis (aRsaniSni) Tavisufali asociaciurikavSiris nayofia da ara aucilebloba. am koncefciis Tanaxmad,niSnis specifikas gansazRvravs mxolod misi funqcia metyvelebisaqtSi.

droTa ganmavlobaSi am or alternatiul pozicias Soris(pirsi-sosiuri) gaCnda gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegoba, romelic xanga-moSvebiT filosofiisa da semiologiis seriozuli kamaTis sagnadiqceoda da `sazRvrebis gadasinjvis~ problemas ayenebda. pirsisxazs aviTarebda hermenevtika, receptiuli esTetika da sxv. struq-turalizmis formalisturma Sexedulebebma ki poststruqtu-ralistur da postmodernistul TeoriebSi hpova gamoZaxili.marTalia, samyaros lingvisturobas orive midgoma aRiarebs, magramsxvadasxvagvarad: hermenevtikisaTvis ena warmoadgens substanciasda amitom interpretacia ontologiuri mniSvnelobis Ziebis,yofierebis ontologiuri ganmartebis, anu misi kodis amoxsnisoperaciaa. igi sxva araferia, Tu ara yofierebis Semecnebisganuwyveteli procesi, ganuwyveteli svla aSkara azridan faruliazrisken~(pol rikiori).

struqturalizmisTvis ena warmoadgens niSanTa formalursistemas, sadac sxvadasxva kategoriebi – gramatikuli, fonetikurida a.S. – calk-calke sistemebs qmnian. sistemis mTlianobasuzrunvelyofs misi nawilebis wonasworoba da urTierT Sesabamisoba.enis TiToeuli done met-naklebad mowesrigebuli sistemaa da,imavdroulad, sxva doneebTanaa dakavSirebuli. swored aseTiorganizacia qmnis enis, rogorc zesistemis, statuss. fonetikuridonis faqtebic ki, romlebic meqanikuri rigis wminda akustikur-fiziologiur movlenad ganixileba, sinamdvileSi ganuyreladaadakavSirebuli enis ufro Rrma doneebTan, maTTan struqturulmTlianobas qmnis da maT gavlenas ganicdis.

struqturalizmis pirveli talRisaTvis~ (Jenevis, kopenhagenis,praRis skolebi) amosavalia realoba. niSnis saSualebiT ena –zepiric da werilobiTic – iswrafvis asaxos realoba, moaxdinosmasze gavlena pirdapir an iribad. gasaTvaliswinebelia, romstruqturalizmi pragmatizmisa da pozitivizmis lingvisturgamoZaxils warmoadgens da masSi bevri ram aRniSnulimeTodologiebis gavleniT aixsneba. am etapze struqturalizmisaTvismeTodologiur WrilSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania sosiuris postulati,rom ena warmoadgens formas da ara substancias, da rom igi mxolod

manana kvaWantiraZe

11

gansxvavebebze dafuZnebuli wminda formaluri sistemaa. enissubstanciurobis uaryofa meTodologiurad exmianebodatranscedentaluri subieqtisa da istoriuli apriorulobisuaryofas. swored am xazis ukiduresma ganviTarebam moitanapoststruqturalistur da postmodernistul etapebze avtoris,nawarmoebis, Semoqmedis tradiciuli cnebebis gadafaseba da sabolood,maTze uaris Tqmac (magaliTad, e.w. àvtoris sikvdili~, romelicmogvianebiT TviT am azris “pioneris”, Jerar Jenetis mierve iqnaSefasebuli `gadaWarbebad~).

kopenhagenis skolis warmomadgenlebma l. elmslevma da h.uldalmaneopozitivizmis meTodologiis safuZvelze SeimuSaves e.w.glosematikuri modeli, romelmac enaTmecnierebas SesaZleblobamisca, mieRwia meti sizustisTvis aRniSvnis meqanizmisa da struqturisCamoyalibebis procesis aRwerisas. am modelis mixedviT, teqstiorplaniania: Sinaarsi warmoadgens aRsaniSns, gamosaxva ki - aRmniSvnelisplans. orive plans TavTavisi forma da substancia aqvs da orivesfunqcia yalibdeba, erTi mxriv, gamosaxvis, meore mxriv ki – Sinaarsisformis doneTa urTierTobiT.

Sinaarsis forma (aRsaniSnis plani) is gramatikuli wesrigia,romelsac aRsaniSni emorCileba, Sinaarsis substanciad ki mniSvnelobagvevlineba. Tavis mxriv, aRmniSvnelSi (gamosaxvis done) gamosaxvisforma aris TiToeuli is forma, romelsac esa Tu is bgera sxvadasxvaenaSi iZens, gamosaxvis substancia ki – bgeris materia. miuxedavadimisa, rom glosematikuri modeli ar iTvaliswinebs enis socialuraspeqtebs da metismetad formalizebuli da abstraqtulia, TavisTavad,Sinaarsisa da gamosaxvis planebis (Sesabamisad, aRsaniSnisa daaRmniSvnelis) es oTxfenovani struqtura Zalze mosaxerxebeliaRmoCnda im tipis enobrivi movlenebis zusti da mecnieruladsando analizisaTvis, romelTac humanitaruli mecniereba teqstebsuwodebs.

inglisur_amerikuli semiotikisagan gansxvavebiT, romelicupiratesad, sakuTriv referenciis problemebsa da niSanTaklasifikaciaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, struqturalizmi niSnis Sinaganagebulebas da aRniSvnis meqanizmebs Seiswavlis. amis gamo sulufro da ufro aqtualuri xdeba sakuTriv poeturi enisa damxatvruli teqstis kvleva. teqstis sistemuri struqturulianalizis pirvel nimuSad miCneulia propis naSromi `zRaprismorfologia~ (1928 w.). `praRis skolis~ warmomadgenelTadakvirvebiT, xelovneba, poezia da sxva saukeTeso masalaa, raTa


12

SeviswavloT niSnis Sinagani agebuleba, davinaxoT kavSiri simbolosada mis mniSvnelobas Soris, anu SeviswavloT mniSvnelobis srulistratifikacia~. enis sistemis yvela is done, romelic sasaubroenaSi mxolod damxmare rols asrulebs, poetur enaSi metnaklebaddamoukidebel azrs iZens. èqspresiuli saSualebebi, romlebicsxvadasxva dones ganekuTvnebian, aseve, maT Soris urTierTkavSirebi,komunikaciur enaSi avtomaturobisaken miiltvian, poeturSi ki –aqtualizaciisken~.

struqturalizmis axali talRa 50-iani wlebidan klod levi-strosis saxels ukavSirdeba. misi struqturuli anTropologiakidev ufro afarToebs semiologiis sazRvrebs da lingvisturmeTods kulturologiis obieqtebs miusadagebs. miTosurstruqturebze dakvirvebiT, igi agebs princi pulad axal,mecnierulad uaRresad sarwmuno Teorias arqauli adamianiscnobierebis tipze, aRwers e.w. mediaciis da brikolaJis meqanizmebs(mediacia – Suamavloba; brikolaJi _ inteleqtualuri amocanisamoxsna rikoSetiT), rogorc arqauli adamianis inteleqtualurida socialuri problemebis gadasaWrelad mimarTul aracnobierlogikur operaciebs.

amieridan mTeli kulturuli fenomenebi ganixileba enis, rogorcformaTwarmomqmneli princi pis prizmaSi. semiologiisgansakuTrebuli interesi niSanTa konotaciuri (faruli,asociaciuri) donisa da saerTod teqstis, rogorc integrirebuliniSnis, mimarT ganpirobebulia myar struqturebs miRma dafarulisociokulturuli Sinaarsis amokiTxvis moTxovnilebiT. ammoTxovnilebam aracnobier niSanTa kerZo sistemebis kvleva mWidroddaukavSira kulturis zogad semiotikas, romelic kulturasganixilavs, rogorc zesistemas, niSanTa kodificirebul ierarqias,teqsts, kulturis niSnebs ki – rogorc adeptebs sazogadoebisganviTarebis sxvadasxva istoriul etaps Soris.

Sesabamisad, gafarTovda semiologiuri kvlevis areali. misinayofiereba gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia humanitarul sferoSi, rocaigi gadalaxavs sakuTriv lingvisturi meTodis sazRvrebs dasamyaros xedvis zogad principad, erTgvar disciplinaTaSorismeTodologiur sayrdenad gvevlineba. `samyaros lingvisturobisuniversalurobas~(gadameri) aRiareben rogorc e.w. postklasikuri,ise postmodernistuli Teoriebi, rogorc sturqturalistebi, isepoststruqturalistebi. mas Semdeg, rac Jak lakanma enisa daaracnobieris struqturaTa msgavseba gamoavlina (àracnobieri

manana kvaWantiraZe

13

agebulia, rogorc ena~), semiologiuri kvlevebis areali kidev ufrogafarTovda fsiqolingvistikis, fsiqologiis, kulturisfsiqologiis da sociologiis, sxvadasxva komunikaciuri TeoriebismimarTulebiT. “lingvisturma imperializmma” semiotikas kvlevisaxali sferoebi Semoumata – modis, arqiteqturis, TamaSis, politikisada sxv.

niSanTa sistemebis Seswavla farTo SesaZleblobebs Slisrogorc niSanTa calkeul sistemaTa ierarqiis, ise calkeulikulturebis socialuri da istoriuli fesvebis wvdomisTvalsazrisiT. meTodologiuri midgoma aseTia: ena, rogorc erovnuli`yofierebis saxli~, simbolurad asaxavs nacionaluri daindividualuri mentalitetis gaucnobierebel intenciebs. amdenad,semiologia kvlevis arealSi aqcevs cnobierebisa da kulturis imyvelaze farul da siRrmiseul konteqstebsac, romelSic niSanTaesa Tu is sistema Camoyalibda da ganviTarda, magaliTad, droisa dasivrcis dakavSirebis xerxebs, binarul opoziciaTa gadalaxvis gzebs,Txrobis modelebis sxvadasxvaobebsa da a.S. am gziT SesaZlebelixdeba kulturis tipis gansazRvra, ramdenadac igi dgindeba aramxolod mis zogad struqturaSi Semavali saerTo elementebiT,aramed imiTac, rac TavisTavadi da individualuria calkeulikulturebis yovel enaSi~.

kulturis enis mimarT ZalaSi rCeba sosiuris debulebasametyvelo enis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac, erTeulTa is sistema,romelic enobriv niSanTa sistemad gvevlineba, imavdrouladfaseulobaTa sistemas warmoadgens~.

yovel kulturaSi, rogorc enaSi, aRniSvnis specifikuriprocesebi mimdinareobs. nacionaluri kulturebi gansxvavdebianswored kodirebis xerxebis TaviseburebebiT, magaliTad, obieqtebisSerCeviT, ierarqiiT da sxva – da ara TviT kodirebis funqciiT,romelic saerToa. Eernest kasireris azriT, sulieri kulturisnebismieri saxe sxva araferia, Tu ara niSnebi, kodebi”. garkveulmomentebSi, konkretuli istoriul-kulturuli epoqismoTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisad, kultura axdens ara mxolod kodisgaxsnas, aramed ukve gaxsnilis xelaxlad daSifvras, gasaidumloebasmisi Senaxvis mizniT. swored amis magaliTia miTi, klodlevi_strosis gansazRvrebiT – zeena~, rolan bartis azriT ki –axal-axal mniSvnelobaTa misaRebad miwyiv mzadmyofi niSani.

yvelaze faseulia niSnis àmoxsna~ axal sistemaSi gadatanisgziT, radgan esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT mniSvnelovania


14

ara gaxsnili, gaSifruli simbolo, aramed iseTi niSani, romelicwarmosaxvas amocnobis axal-axali aqtebis stimuls aZlevs. rocamniSvneloba amowurulia da sabolood dadgenilia, sityva(gamonaTqvami) konvenciur niSnad iqceva da sasaubro enaSi ikavebsadgils. Tuki niSan_simbolo zogadkulturuli kodis aucilebelielementia, faseulobaTa ierarqiis dacvis mizniT, koleqtiuriaracnobieri àvtomaturad~ axdens mis xelaxla daSifvras. aseTizogadi niSnebi garkveuli saxecvlilebebiT kulturaTa kodebismudmiv binadrebad gvevlinebian, magaliTad, miToidebi, bibliurisimboloebi, arqetipebi, binaruli opoziciebi da sxva. xelaxalikodireba aris axali stilebis, axali ti pis analitikurimdgomareobisa da interpretaciebis safuZveli.

literaturis semiologia ikvlevs mxatvruli enis im aspeqtebs,romlebic ganuyofelia enobrivi komunikaciebis zogadiproblematikisagan, magram, amave dros, mas interesTa da obieqtTasakuTari sferoc gaaCnia. mxatvruli ena iseve, rogorc adamianissulieri moRvaweobis sxva formebi, simboluri saxisaa. igiwarmoadgens msoflmxedvelobriv da kulturul-esTetikurSexedulebaTa, intenciaTa, survilTa da ltolvaTa kodirebul niSanTasistemas, romelic masSi daleqili mravalSriani sociokulturuliSinaarsis gamo, axsnasa da interpretacias moiTxovs.

literaturasa da xelovnebaSi mxatvrul-esTetikuri niSnebisganxilvisas, Tanamedrove semiologia Carlz pirsis klasifikaciaseyrdnoba. aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis kavSiris mixedviT, pirsiniSanTa sam tips ganasxvavebs: 1. ikonuri niSnebi aRsaniSnTan msgavsebasamJRavneben da masze grZnobad warmodgenas iZlevian; 2. niSan-indeqsebiaRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs asaxaven;3. niSan_simboloebi asociaciuri kavSiris Sedegad aRmocendebianda konceptualurad datvirTul informacias Seicaven. mxatvruliniSani sagnis (movlenis, azris) grZnobadi aRqmis substitutia dalangvisturi niSnisagan gansxvavebiT, swored am grZnobadistruqturis gaZlierebasa da obieqtivacias axdens. mxatvruliniSnis, rogorc kodirebuli mxatvruli informaciis gadacemis SeqmnaSimonawileobs rogorc aRsaniSnis materialur-sagnobrivi, vizualurida smeniTi, ise aRmniSvnelis azrobriv-semantikuri komponentebi.aRniSvna xdeba rogorc aSkara vizualuri msgavsebis, ise faruliasociaciuri da funqciuri msgavsebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

bartis mosazrebiT, mxatvruli teqstis SemTxvevaSi semiolo-giuri kvlevis obieqtad niSan-indeqsebi unda ganixilebodnen, radgan

manana kvaWantiraZe

15

swored isini warmoadgenen im gaucnobierebel aRmniSvnelebs, romlebicenis TviTreferenciisas spontanurad aRmocendebian semiozisis uwyvetprocesSi.

mxatvruli enis semiologiuri kvlevisas unda gaviTvaliswinoTsakiTxis ori mxare: filosofiuri da filologiuri. pirveliukavSirdeba Tanamedrove hermenevtikuli da postmodernistulifilosofiis zemonaxseneb fundamenturi mosazrebas samyarosuniversalur lingvisturobaze. haidegeris mosazrebiT, yofierebaCvenTan enis meSveobiT saubrobs, yofierebis ideas Cven mxolodenis gziT vukavSirdebiT. es imasac niSnavs, rom igi ar warmoadgens`bgeraTa akustikur jaWvs~.

samyaros, rogorc teqstis, gageba jer kidev neoplatonikosebTangvxvdeba. gvian Sua saukuneebSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia samyarosada adamianis, rogorc RvTaebrivi azrebis Semcveli wignis, modeli.alan lilskis mixedviT, `yoveli arseba samyaroSi mxolod wigniada naxati~ (sityva wignis~ etimologias korneli kekeliZe berZnulsityvas “signum” – niSans ukavSirebs. sxvaTa Soris, lilskis esfraza sayuradReboa ikonuri da simboluri niSnebis – naxatisa dawignis dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiTac).

miuxedavad imisa, rom ena yvela sxva sistemis interpretatoria~,igi mainc mxolod kerZo SemTxvevaa semiotikuri funqciisa~ (piaJe).Tavs nebas mivcemT, am midgomebis Suqze mxatvruli enis mimarTpirdapir CamovayaliboT Cveni pozicia: mxatvruli ena warmoadgensuniversalur enas aracnobieris im uRrmesi Sreebis gamosavlenad,romlebic uSualod esazRvrebian da reagireben yofierebis dafarulformebze, anu imaze, rac realobisa da aRqmis miRmaa. mxatvruli enaam reagirebis meqanizmia. igi am azriT martooden semiotikurifunqciis kerZo SemTxveva an marto `yvela sxva sistemisinterpretatori~ ki araa, aramed enis muSaobis gansakuTrebuli,afeqturi reJimi, uRrmesi Sinagani funqciiT – aRZras yofierebisada arsebobis mTlianobis gancda, gaaZlieros sicocxlis xilulda uxilav formaTa kavSiris SegrZneba zogadad da, gansakuTrebiT,cnobierebis krizisul etapebze, iqces kreaciul lokusad sicocxlisformaTa moZraoba-ganviTarebis Seferxebisa da Segubebis momentebSi.sityvisa da frazis opoziciur struqturaSi vlindeba yofierebises cimcimi, es malva da TavisCena, es Suq-Crdili erTdroulad.niSnis referenciuli funqcia masSi imTaviTve nagulisxmevorerTianobas avlens, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara yofierebisorbunebovnebis dasaxeleba erT struqturaSi.


16

roca sityvam, RvTiuri nebis niSanma, romelic pirvelTaganveiyo~- ganaRo, gaapo yofiereba orad – aRsaniSnad da aRmniSvnelad,manve imav wams gaaCina ganxeTqilebis aRmkveTi struqturac –mniSvneloba. samyaros dasaxeleba jerac ar niSnavda imas, rom adamianmaigi Seimecna, magram uTuod niSnavda am gzis dasawyiss. nagulisxmevisaxiT sityvaSi yofierebis paradoqsuli mTlianoba, mTeli sisavse,opoziciis orive sazRvari airekla, anu isic, rac sinaTleSia daisic, rac sibneleSi Zevs da mxolod xandaxan ixilveba naTelSi(`naTelxilvaSi~). niSnis mTeli gamocdileba moqceulia mniSvnelobaSi,interpretacia ki mniSvnelobis gziT samyaros Semecnebis usasruloprocesia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierTa nawili eWvqveS ayenebsbinarulobis universalurobas, Tanamedrove semiologia – rogorcstruqturalistur, ise poststruqturalistur etapze - binarulimodelidan amodis. umberto ekos azriT, òpoziciaTa meqanizmSisabolood yvelaze mniSvnelovani is aris, rom igi sistematurSesaZleblobas iZleva vicnoT is, rac ar aris, imis mixedviT, racaris~ (anu ararsebuli arsebulis mixedviT da piriqiT – m.k.)binaruloba, rogorc gansxvavebaTa kerZo da radikaluri SemTxveva,mxatvrul enaSi gadailaxeba rogorc TandaTan, mniSvnelobaTadaaxloebis, ise erTbaSad – semantikuri urTierTSeWris gziT(magaliTad, metafora, oqsimoroni).

sakiTxis meore, filologiuri aspeqti ukavSirdeba teqstis,rogorc sxvadasxva tipis lingvistur niSanTa integraciis procesiskvlevas; mxatvruli sistemis elementTa dakavSirebis xerxebisSerCevaSi mwerlis enobrivi unaris daxasiaTebas; frazis(gamonaTqvamis) Sinagani struqturuli wesrigis, asociaciurmniSvnelobaTa badis, enis aqtualizaciis vels – diskursis, naratiulifigurebis aRweras da a.S. ena ganixileba, rogorc cnobierebiszogadsimboluri unaris gamovlineba da, imavdroulad – rogorcsametyvelo funqcia. dRes ukve aRar davoben imaze, rom zustimeTodebis gamoyeneba mxatvruli Semoqmedebis sferoebis mimarT,TavisTavad, jer kidev ar niSnavs miRebuli Sedegebis sizustes.romanis enis struqturis kvlevisas a. prieto aRiarebs, rom li-teraturaTmcodneobiTi analizis dros sustdeba aRwerislingvisturi sizuste. es niSnavs, rom kvlevis sazRvrebi gafarTovda~.ai, am gafarTovebul sazRvrebSi semiologia angariSs uwevs mxatvrulienis sistemaSi Semaval im struqturebsac, romlebic warmoadgnenara referenciul niSnebs pirdapiri gagebiT, aramed fsiqologiur,

manana kvaWantiraZe

17

socialur, kulturul, eTnikur, istoriul, Janrul niSnebs. isini,garkveulwilad, inarCuneben Tavdapirvel (denotaciur) mniSvnelobasac,magram teqstSi ukve axal mniSvnelobaTa aRmniSvnelebadac gvevlinebian.cxadia, filologiuri kvlevis arealSi Semodis logikuri semio-logiis is problemebic, romlebic ukavSirdebian metyvelebaSi saganTapredikatebis gadmotanas, maT zepir Tu werilobiT gamoxatvas daa.S.

literaturis semiologiisaTvis kvlav problemad rCebaaRsaniSni da referencia, anu is, Tu ras miemarTeba niSani, ra saxistransformaciebi mimdinareobs TviT niSnis struqturis SigniT`pirveladidan~ meorad referenciaze~, anu sasaubrodan mxatvrulenaze gadasvlisas.

aRniSvnis procesSi emil benvenisti or dones gamoyofs: pirveladaRmniSvnelebs, anu sityvebs, romlebic identificirdebian aRsaniSnsagnebTan da meorad aRmniSvnelebs – winadadebebs, gamoTqmebs, romelTagagebac SesaZlebelia mxolod sxva azrebTan SesabamisobaSi. pirvelebi,martivi niSnebi, anu leqsikuri morfemebia, meoreni ki – semantikuriinterpretaciis niSnebi, anu e.w. diskursuli niSan-gamoTqmebi. sworedam ukanasknelT aRiarebs benvenisti im umcires erTeulebad,romlebTanac saqme aqvT mxatvruli teqstis mkvlevrebs. iuliakristevasaTvis teqstis aseT umcires struqturas warmoadgense.w. aRmniSvneli diferenciali, anu wertili, sadac mniSvnelobaTasimravle aRmocendeba.

mniSvnelobaTa es simravle, romelsac mxatvruli teqsti aCens,ontologiuri movlenaa da misi amowurva SeuZlebelia. yovelgamonaTqvamSi arsebobs avtomatizmis elementi, magram imavdrouladarsebobs Tavisuflebis garkveuli xarisxic. am TavisuflebiTsargeblobs rogorc avtori, ise mkiTxveli. mkiTxvelis TavisuflebaukavSirdeba warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebas, misi zonebis gafarToebas;mwerlis SemTxvevaSi ki – sityvaTa seleqcias sinonimTa didirigidan, formis arCevans, frazis konstruqcias da a.S... amdenad,literaturis semiologia upiratesad teqstis konotaciuriaRsaniSniT interesdeba da ara denotaciuriT.

semiologiis ganviTarebam daadastura, rom enis gavrcelebisiseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa miTi, mxatvruli proza, poezia, folklorida a.S. – araviTari sagangebo niSnebi ar arsebobs. roman iakobsonisazriT, `gansxvaveba SetyobinebaTa Soris gamoixateba ara erTiromelime funqciis monopoliaSi, aramed funqciaTa gansxvavebulierarqiaSi. Setyobinebis sityvieri struqtura swored imazea


18

damokidebuli, Tu romel funqcias eniWeba upiratesoba... emociurfunqciaSi vlindeba eqspresiuli da emociuri informacia – ufromniSvnelovani mxatvruli enisaTvis, vidre referenciuli(kognitiuri)~.cvetan todorovi kidev ufro Sors midis da, rogorc TviTonveuwodebs, ènis meore struqturul ganmartebas~ ayalibebs:literatura warmoadgens sistemurad organizebul enas, romelicorientirebulia sakuTar Tavze, enas, romelic TviTmiznur bunebasiZens~. rogorc vxedavT, aq ukve ufro mniSvnelovan funqciaze~ kiar aris saubari, aramed sakuTar Tavze orientirebul, TviTmiznurenaze, romelic semiologiis winaSe axleburad ayenebs referenciisproblemas.

sasaubro da samecniero enis niSnisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsacdenotaciuri gamWvirvaleba axasiaTebs, mxatvruli enis niSanibundovania da asociaciur mniSvnelobaTa Sleifs~ moiyolebs. igiuSualod ki ar gvgzavnis aRsaniSnebTan, aramed arapirdapir. ambunebis gamo mxatvruli ena axdens yvela im simboluri SesaZleblobisgaaqtiurebas, romelic sityvaSia Cadebuli.

semiotikis ganviTarebis am etapze (50-iani wlebi) funqciurilingvistika ukve uars ambobs ena-metyvelebis sosiuriseul mkveTrdapirispirebaze da aRiarebs ènis~ kvlevaSi miRweuli Sedegebisupiratesobas. ~metyvelebis~ sferosTan SedarebiT. gansakuTrebiTsagulisxmoa, rom metyvelebis~ kvleva swored mxatvruli teqstebismagaliTze xdeba.

60-iani wlebidan ukve aSkaraa, rom struqturalisturi meTodisakmarisi aRaraa enisadmi im axali midgomebis fonze, romlebic masganixilaven rogorc heterogenul arss. amieridan literaturissemiotika aRar moiazreba lingvistikis ubralo gagrZelebad, romeliclingvisturi modelebiT aRwers mxatvrul enas, aramed meTodologiad,romelic Seiswavlis imas, rac ar emorCileba struqturul kanonsda warmoadgens `gadacdenas~ enis sistematuri reJimidan.poststruqturalisturma gamokvlevebma gaaSiSvla transcen-dentaluri subieqtis problemac – cnobierebis gaxleCa da masTanerTad semiotikis struqturalisturi xazis uunaroba, gadaeWrareferenciis problema, aexsna warmosaxvisa da SemoqmedebiTi procesismTeli siRrme da mravalferovneba, romelic man formaluri daabstraqtuli struqturebis kvlevas daumorCila. adamianuriarsebobis mTeli rigi segmentebis arastruqturuloba, ukiduresiscientizmi da pozitivizmi uamrav kiTxvas badebda struqturalizmismimarT da gzas aZlevda axal midgomebsa da Teoriebs missave wiaRSi.

manana kvaWantiraZe

19

struqturalizmis meore talRa~ – adrindeli barti, fuko,eko, derida – teqsts ganixilavs rogorc kulturuli, socialuri,politikuri konteqstis Semcvel Ria sistemas da mza mniSvnelobidanaqcenti mTlianad gadaaqvs mniSvnelobaTa Camoyalibebis procesze,niSanTa gaucnobierebel sistemebze da maTi integraciis xerxebze.

am etapidan Teoriul-meTodologiuri da praqtikuli kvlevebiZiriTadad ori mimarTulebiT viTardeba: hermenevtikisaTvis, romelicpostklasikur (yofierebis filosofia, fenomenologia,egsistencializmi) filosofias efuZneba, amosavalia metafizikuriaRsaniSni, romlis gamovlenac ganuwyvetel interpretaciulprocedurebs gulisxmobs. poststruqturalizmisaTvis ki, romelicmogvianebiT postmodernistul filosofiur paradigmaSi aisaxa,aRsaniSni sxva araferia, Tu ara referenciuli iluzia. SexadulebaTarogorc erTi, ise meore sistemisaTvis samyaros lingvisturiuniversalizmi ueWvoa, magram hermenevtika klasikuri dapostklasikuri paradigmis kvaldakval, aRiarebs mniSvnelobisontologiur gansazRvrulobas, romelic garantad udgas rogorctranscendentalur subieqts, ise realobis Tundac SefardebiTkonstanturobas. postmodernizmisaTvis ki mniSvneloba piroba kiaraa, aramed procesualuri fenomeni (`mniSvnelobis qveS me yovelTvisvgulisxmobdi azris gamomuSavebis process da ara TviT am azrs~_barti). teqstis interpretaciisas postmodernizmi uars ambobsyvela tradiciul meTodologiaze da TviT semiologias moiazrebs`werilobis~ gansakuTrebuli tipis rangSi, rogorc yovelgvarigareSe aRsaniSnisgan ganupirobebel SemoqmedebiT-refleqsur aqts,romelic martooden `TamaSisa~ da `siamovnebis~ operaciebsukavSirdeba. bartisTvis semiozisi warmoadgens sistemis (=Zalaufleba, Zaladoba) daSlis, dangrevis process, maSin, rocahermenevtika saubrobs sistemis ganuwyvetel saxecvlilebaze rogorcgare, ise Sida ganzomilebaSi: enis, cnobierebisa da kulturiskonfiguraciebis saxecvlilebaze istoriis dinamiur procesSi damaT ganixilavs, rogorc yofierebis TviTgamovlenis formebs. amwinaaRmdegobaTa fonze, cxadia, simbolos mravalmniSvnelovnebahermenevtikaSi ìnterpretaciaTa konfliqts~ aRmoacenebs (polrikori), postmodernizmSi ki – interpretaciaTa ukonfliqtobas,nebismieri ti pis interpretaciis (sociologiuris, fsiqoana-litikuris, lingvisturis da a.S.) uflebamosilebas, Tuki igiteqstTan validurobis princips daakmayofilebs (rolan barti).


20

postmodernizmis mier warmodgenil samyaros suraTSi saerTodar moiazreba Tundac raime saxis araenobrivi yofiereba. semiozisi,rogorc aRniSvnis uwyveti, mizanmiumarTavi procesi da rogorcenobrivi cxovreba, yofierebis erTaderT formad cxaddeba. esmeTodologiuri strategia eyrdnoba lakanis struqturalisturfsiqologias, romlis mixedviTac aracnobieris nebismieri formaverbalur artikulacias emorCileba: aracnobierSi araferia iseTi,rac enobriv xorcSesxmas ar eqvemdebareba. subieqti mTlianad`gaxsnilia~, gabneulia enobrivi tipis formebSi. kidev erTxel:postmodernizmma uari Tqva rogorc klasikuri filosofiispirovnebis koncefciaze (`pirovneba warmoadgens depersonificirebulinstruments enis kulturuli mniSvnelobis gamosavlenad~), iseniSnis (enis) referenciul Teoriaze da maTTan erTad ukuagdomniSvnelobis yovelgvari stabilurobis gageba. es ki imas niSnavs,rom klasikuri tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRsaniSn-aRmniSvnelis opozicia – Tundac asimetriuli gagebis CarCoebSi –daiSala. amrigad, denotatTa mniSvnelobis mkacri Sesabamisobisnacvlad, miviReT damokidebuleba, romlis mixedviTac mniSvnelobaRiaa Dda usasrulo interpretacias eqvemdebareba. anu sxvagvarad:aRmniSvnelis ganpirobebuloba aRsaniSniT Seicvala aRsaniSnisRiaobiT. es Riaoba ki, Tavis mxriv, determinirebulia misi kulturuliinterpretaciebis usasrulobiT.

semantikuri gansazRvrulobis ontologiuri safuZveli, rogorcsaxel-wodebis, saxeldebis garanti, absoluturi fardobiTobissferoSi gadainacvlebs da, Sesabamisad, SeuZlebeli xdeba teqstisutyuarobis an raimesTan Sesabamisobis mtkiceba, rogorc werilobis,ise kiTxvis doneze. sityva, rogorc niSani, mxolod mimTiTebeliada ara raime Sinaarsis gamomxatveli. rogorc ukve vTqviT,referenciuli enis gageba adgils uTmobs teqstis, rogorc`referenciuli iluziis~ gagebas. Ees ki, gansxvavebuli, usubieqtoTamaSebrivi Semoqmedebaa da àvtoris sikvdilis~ paradigmulsivrceSi ganixileba. am TamaSebis ena qmnis kvazisubieqtur sivrces,ara avtoris, aramed TviT enis simarTles~. postmodernizmis mieraRiarebuli es postulati warmoadgens haidegeris im mosazrebisgadamuSavebul variants, romlis Tanaxmadac, laparakobs ena. adamianilaparakobs imdenad, ramdenadac srulyofilad flobs am enas~.postmodernizmi subieqts ganixilavs, rogorc ontologiurgansazRvrulobas moklebuls, romlis fundamentur unarebadac rCebamartooden `TamaSi da moraluri pasuxismgebloba~. aRmniSvnel –

manana kvaWantiraZe

21

aRsaniSnis asimetriulobis Temas, romelsac jer kidevstruqturalizmi amuSavebda, barti usazRvrod ganavrcobs da ayenebsopoziciis sruli daSilis mosazrebas, sadac aRsaniSni da aRmniSvnelimarto asimetriulni ki ar arian, aramed srulad CaenacvlebianerTmaneTs.

postmodernizmis Semdgomi versia aRadgens subieqturobasacda aRsaniSnsac, rogorc teqstis semantikur determinantebs (apeli,uardi). am gziT igi cdilobs, gadalaxos identifikaciis krizisi,romelic, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelobisa da obieqtis krizisma ganapiroba.igi ukve saubrobs subieqtze, rogorc komunikaciis aucilebelfiguraze (apeli), mniSvnelobis reanimaciaze (uardi) – am sityvebisrogorc denotaciuri, ise aqsiologiuri mniSvnelobiT. apelikomunikacias ganixilavs aratradiciulad: ara rogorc subieqtisda obieqtis, aramed rogorc subieqtisa da subieqtis urTierTobas,sadac informaciis mimRebica da gadamcemic Tanabaruflebianiteqstebia – verbaluri da araverbaluri. am konteqstSi ena moiazrebaara rogorc informaciis gadacemis saSualeba, aramed rogorcurTierTgagebis aucilebeli piroba. enobrivi TamaSebis mimarT, sadacmonawileebi Tanabaruflebian teqstebs warmoadgenen, es versia uSvebswakiTxvis pluralizms, interpretaciebis ara absolutur, aramedSefardebiT Tavisuflebas. Tavisuflebis xarisxs ki gansazRvravssubieqtis azris rekonstruqciis SesaZlebloba, romelicurTierTgagebis aucilebel da udavo pirobad miiCneva.

amrigad, identifikaciis krizisi gadailaxeba. komunikaciisTanamonawile meore subieqti, rogorc Cemiani~ (ara ucxos, ucnobis,aramed Cemis~, Cemianis~ statusiT), gvevlineba aucilebel pirobadda gzad imisaTvis, rom `me~-m daZlios identobis problema.hermenevtikasTan postmodernizmis axali veqtoris es principulidaaxloeba uTuod dadebiT movlenad unda CaiTvalos, radganidentifikaciis krizisi aris TviTobis damSleli faqtori rogorcpirovnul, ise kulturul da erovnul doneebze.

semiologiuri problematikis gafarToeba TviT literaturissemiologiis winaSe dRes gacilebiT farTo da seriozul problemebsayenebs, vidre Tundac aTiode wlis win. mniSvnelobis krizisi, rogorcrealobisagan gaucxoebisa da subieqturobis rRvevis xelSemwyobi,TviT teqstis~ axali versiiT unda Seicvalos. teqstis semiologiisaxali versiebi ki sadReisod aqtualuri problemuri velebisaRdgenis pirobad unda iqcnen. axleburad unda daisvas rogorcikonuri niSnebis, aracnobieri niSan-indeqsebisa da signalebis problema,


22

ise teqstis pragmatikis, recefciisa da mxatvruli enis referenciisproblemebic.

literatura

vainStaini 2002: o. vainSteini. leopardebi taZarSi. dekonstruq-tivizmi da kulturuli tradicia // «sjani, 3, 2002; 4, 2003.

barti 1989: Áàðò Ð. Èçáðàíûå ðàáîòû. Ñåìèîòèêà. ïîýòèêà.«Ïðîãðåññ», 1989.

benvenisti 1974: Áåíâåíèñò Ý. Îáùàÿ ëèíãâèñòèêà. Ì. Ïðîãðåññ.1974.

beli 1996: Áåë Ì., Áðaéñåí Í. Ñåìèîòèêà è èñêóñcòâîçíàíèå.«Âîïðîñû èñêóññòâîçíàíèÿ», ò. IX, ¹2, 1996.

vaxeki 1964: Âàõåê É.Ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü ïðàæñêîé øêîëû. Ì.ïðîãðåññ. 1964.

sosiuri 1933: Äå Ñîññþð Ô. Êóðñ îáùåé ëèíãâèñòèêè.Ì. 1933.lakani 1998: Ëàêàí Æ. Ñåìèíàðû. Êíèãà 1, Êíèãà 2. Ì. «Ëîãîñ»,

1998.levi_strosi 1983: Ëåâè-Ñòðîññ Ê. Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ.

«íàóêà», 1983.lotmani 1999: Ëîòìàí Þ.Ì. Âíóòðè ìûñëÿùèõ ìèðîâ. Ì. 1999.rikiori 1995 : Ðèêåð Ï. Êîíôëèêò èíòåðïðåòàöèè. Î÷åðêè ïî

ãåðìåíåâòèêå. «ìåäèóì»,1995;eko 1998: Ýêî Ó. Îòñóñòâóþùàÿ ñòðóêòóðà. Ââåäåíèå â ñåìèîëîãèþ.

Ì. «Ìåòðîïîëèñ», 1998.

manana kvaWantiraZe

23

e n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i s

s e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k a

cira barbaqaZe

niSnis ganzomilebapoetur diskursSi

adamianis cnobiereba warmoadgens sufTa dafas,romelzec buneba, samyaro aRbeWdavs Tavis niSnebs...~

merab mamardaSvili

semiotikaSi mniSvnelovania niSnisproblema, xolo niSnis kvlevisas sityvissemantikis gansazRvra umTavresia. LleqsemismniSvneloba SeiZleba gamovikvlioT enis(rogorc sistemis) farglebSi da metyvelebisfarglebSi. Ppirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvssaleqsikono mniSvnelobasTan, xolo meoreSemTxveva sityvis semantikis dasadgenad ufrorTulia, radgan mniSvnelobas SeviswavliTenis gamoyenebisas sxvadasxva diskursisfarglebSi(oficialur_saqmiani, sagazeTo-publicisturi, samecniero, sasaubro,mxatvruli da sxva). Sesabamisad, sityvismniSvneloba SeiZleba romelime metyvelebaSiamave sityvis saleqsikono mniSvnelobisasimetriulic ki iyos, an gauCndes uamravikonotaciuri mniSvneloba. Ppoeturidiskursi am mxriv yvelaze ufro rTulida mravalganzomilebiani sivrcea, ramdenadacena Tavis SesaZleblobebs yvelaze metadpoeziaSi avlens. radgan ena azris gaformebissaSualebaa, nebismieri enobrivi erTeuli(sityva, fraza, gamonaTqvami...) ganxiluli undaiyos konteqstSi. Cveni kvlevis mizania, gamo-

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, ilia WavWavaZiss ax elmwifo uni -versitetis humanitarulmecnierebaTa da kultu-ris kvlevebis fakulte-tis asocirebuli profe-sori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:qarTuli mWevrmetyve-lebis lingvopragmatika,folkloruli ritorika,Tanamedrove politikuridiskursis ritorikuliTaviseburebani, qarTulisakanonmdeblo stili...interesTa sfero:semiotika, ritorika, sti-listika, kritika.

24

vavlinoT aqtualizebuli enobrivi erTeulebi (romlebsac amavedros aqvT universaluri xasiaTi) poetur metyvelebaSi dadavadginoT maTi semantikuri sazRvrebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi konceptis`birTvi~ iqneba saleqsikono mniSvneloba da Semdeg yvela iskonotaciuri, maT Soris, gadataniTi mniSvnelobebi, romelsac aCensesa Tu is leqsema garkveul konteqstSi. Aam meTodiT enis aRweragamoavlens qarTuli enis potencialsa da siRrmeebs da, amave dros,sxva enebis Sesabamis masalasTan Sedareba saSualebas mogvcemsgamovavlinoT universaluri da specifikuri saxe_simboloebi poeturmetyvelebaSi.

kiTxvaze: ra aris semiotika? tradiciuli pasuxi, rom es arismecniereba niSnebze da niSanTa sistemebze, _ axals aRarafers gveubneba,radgan `niSnebi~, rogorc aseTi, samyaros gaCenidan arsebobs daiarsebebs yovelTvis, vidre sicocxle iqneba dedamiwaze, maTi axsnismcdelobac mudam eqneba adamians.

`pirvelad iyo sityva... ~, logosi da mere danawevrda samyaro,yvelafers Tavisi saxeli daerqva,… azri iqca materiad, funqciaSeiZines sagnebma, xolo Tavad azri ki gaxda dafaruli, Sefaruli,gadafaruli...…anu SeiniRba sxvadasxva SinaarsiT. ra unda hqnasmkvlevarma, romelic ar yofila qmnadobis mowme? Ddaiwyo svlapiriqiT _ materiidan (anu sagnis funqciidan, daniSnulebidan,Sinaarsidan) ideisken, azris amocnobisken. iq, sadac Cndeba moTxovna,rom gaiSifros niSani, aqtiurdeba semiotika, rogorc erTgvariuniversaluri metamecniereba niSanTa Sesaxeb.

samyaro iqca ara mxolod teqstad, aramed Zalian rTul teqstad,saWiro gaxda am teqstis wakiTxva”, interpretacia. Aaq ki saSiSroebayovelTvis iarsebebs, radgan gageba~ arc ise ioli aRmoCnda, rogorces erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes. Aar arsebobs erTi anbani, romliTacyvela teqsts wavikiTxavdiT, radgan yvelafers Tavisi èna~ aqvs,yvela struqtura gansakuTrebuli warmonaqmnia... cxovelebs dafrinvelebs warmodgenac ara aqvT semiotikaze, magram mSvenivradurTierToben da agebineben erTmaneTs. Aadamians ki ufro meti unda,vidre Cveulebrivi gagebinebaa, mas surs, gaaRwios saganTa miRma daamoicnos maTi arsebobis idumali azri, gaarkvios samyaro da sakuTariTavi am samyaroSi.

semiotika swored am perspeqtivas gvTavazobs... is eZebskanonzomierebebs niSnur sistemebSi, ikvlevs niSnis bunebas da amyvelafers erT xedvaSi aerTianebs imis gamo, rom niSani yvelganpirobiTia. swored amitom sosiuri semiologiis sagnad Tvlida

cira barbaqaZe

25

sistemaTa erTobliobas, dafuZnebuls niSnis pirobiTobaze (sosiuri1997). imis miuxedavad, rom niSani motivirebulia (romlis kvalizogjer Cans da zogjer _ ara niSanSi), es xels ar uSlis mas, rommoqmedebisas iyos pirobiTi. MmagaliTad: roca vambob, rom _ vRelav...me ar vfiqrob, rom es sityva enobrivi metaforaa da Cems cnobierebaSiam sityvis gamoyenebisas ar Cndeba `zRvis Relva~. roca saqmepoezias exeba da gansakuTrebiT Mmxatvrul metaforebs, ufrorTuladaa saqme. Aam SemTxvevaSi ena masalaa axali enis~ asaSeneblad.rogor da ratom iqmneba da ibadeba metafora? Aamaze pasuxi poetebsacara aqvT, albaT gamouTqmelis gamosaTqmelad, gancdaTa zRvarze...erTxel galaktions gadaekidnen Turme: ras gulisxmobT ama da ammetaforaSio? Ppoeti ki gulwrfelad Cioda: ise mekiTxebian, TiTqosmarTla vicode da ar veubnebodeo.

ras niSnavs: ìvlisisferi yinvis Tasebi”?... ra Sinaarsia ammetaforaSi da poetis romeli gancdis niSania? rTuliaindividualuri saxeebis kvleva, magram imgvari saxeebic arsebobs,universalur, poetur saxe_simboloebad rom SeiZleba CaiTvalos...

Tovlismetyveleba

ras aRniSnaven poeziaSi bunebis movlenebi? Ppoetis romelida rogori gancdis metaforebi arian? am mxriv, qarTuli poeziamdidar masalas iZleva. mirza gelovanis leqsSi `Tovli~ sityvaTovli mravalgvar konteqstSia warmodgenili da semantikurimravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva.

Tovli

Tovli movida, o, ara TeTri,sul sxvanairi Tovli movida.mgonia moxval, Sen moxval erTida Tovlis spetak kubos momitan.

dammarxe TovlSi, dammarxe qarSi,Torem mombezrda miwa boroti,iCqare, vidre TovliviT wavSliSenze fiqrebs da Senze molodins.

waxvedi rodis, hbrundebi rodis _damwvari Tovlis msubuqi boli,Cemken, o, Cqara, gzac aqeT modis,

niSnis ganzomileba poetur diskursSi

26

Tovli, Tovli, Tovli.maTovda wuxel, avad var axlada Tvalzec bindi Camorxeula,amdeni vneba, amdeni daRla,sad daitios Cvilma sxeulma.

Tovli mosula, romel mxareSi,sad giRamdeba dRe Tovlnarevi,davrCi mzisa da Tovlis gareSe,am Tovlze ufro namtiralevi.

waxvedi rodis, hbrundebi rodis _damwvari Tovlis msubuqi boli,wamodi CemTan, gzac aqeT modis,Tovli, Tovli, Tovli.

mirza gelovani, 1944 weli, fronti

pirvel strofSi gvaqvs aseTi opozicia: TeTri Tovli _ sxvanairiTovli. sxvanairi Tovli miTiTebaa ara ferze, aramed raRac garkveulSinaarsze. Semdeg striqonSi ki gvaqvs amgvari sintagma: Tovlisspetaki kubo, romelic satrfom unda miutanos poets, es metaforaerTdroulad aRniSnavs sicivisa da sispetakis gancdas.

meore strofSi aris poetis mowodeba: `dammarxe TovlSi,dammarxe qarSi...~, avtori aqve ganmartavs, ratom TovlSi? radganmombezrda miwa boroti~. am konteqstidan gamomdinare: miwa _ borotia,Tovli _ keTili... esec poeturi Tovlis kidev erTi semantikuriniuansi. amave strofSia sintagma: TovliviT wavSli~... poeti satrfosmimarTavs: iCqare, Torem TovliviT wavSli Senze fiqrebs da Senzemolodins~ (Tovli roca dneba, ukvalod midis).

mesame strofSi satrfo Sedarebulia damwvari Tovlis msubuqbolTan~, radgan satrfo aris Sors, radgan poeti frontzea (sadacyvelaferi iwvis, maT Soris, Tovlic...), xolo boli sinazis daumweobis simboloa. Semdegi saxe TovlTan dakavSirebuli aris gza,romelic iseve midis poetisken, rogorc Tovli,… amitom satrfosam gzisken mianiSnebs.

meoTxe strofSi striqoni: `maTovda wuxel, avad var axla~unda gaviazroT pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. xolo momdevno strofSigamoTqmuli gancda: `davrCi mzisa da Tovlis gareSe, am Tovlzeufro namtiralevi” im realobis aRniSvnaa, rom poetisTvis ucxomxareSi mze da Tovli igive ar aris, rac mSobliur mxareSi...miTumetes, rom is omSia da yoveldRe sikvdils elodeba... swored

cira barbaqaZe

27

amitom is `Tovlze ufro namtiralevia~ (anu Tovli tiris, rocadneba...). GgancdaTa zRvarze Tovlis kidev erTi mSvenieri metaforadaibada.

rodesac Tovlis saxe_simboloebze da semantikur niuansebzevsaubrobT, SeuZlebelia galaktionis iisferi Tovli~ ar gavixsenoT.rogorc zemoganxilul leqsSi, aqac Tovli satrfos saxesukavSirdeba. TovlTan iisferis dakavSireba ufro mistiurs xdisnarativs. Tova Sedarebulia qalwulebis `xididan fenasTan~ (racsiwmindis asociacias aCens). Tovlis saxes ukavSirdeba agreTve`mwuxare grZnoba civi sisovlis~ da, rac mTavaria, am striqonebiTmetaforizebulia poetis Sinagani gancda _ `siyvarulis moTmena~.

avtoris sevdiani gancdis gamoxatulebaa Zvirfaso, suli mevsebaTovliT~. sevdas Tan erTvis sispetakis, sinazis da dinamiurobisgancdac.

galaktionisTvis satrfos xelebic `TovliviT mkrTalia~,romelic uRonod daxrila TovlTa dafnaSi~. Tova, poetis TqmiT,es aris mwuxare grZnoba qrolvis, mimovlis~ (anu isev dinamikasTan,moZraobasTan dakavSireba).

Tovli `lurji da daRaluli sizmaricaa~:

`Tovs! Aamnair dRis xarebam lurji

da daRaluli sizmriT damTova, rogorme zamTars Tu gadavurCi, rogorme qarma Tu mimatova...~

aseTia galaktionis erTi leqsis `Tovlismetyveleba~. AamavepaTosis gagrZelebaa da satrfo TovlTanaa dakavSirebuli irakliabaSiZis leqsSi: pirveli Tovlis simRera~, aseTivea oTar WilaZis`marinas Tovli~:

marinas Tovli

`Tovli movida, marina, Tovli. arc ise mkacri yofila RmerTi. dedofaliviT sufTas da movlils, CemTvis agzavnis da mxolod CemTvis.

me Tovls velodi Zalian didxans, cisken garboda Tvali TavisiT. da ai, isic, mova da mkiTxavs... Tumca, ras mkiTxavs Tovli, ra vici.


28

marina, Tovli Seni sulia! da gangebaa gamogzavnili, rom amirios gzebi sruliad da gzis napiras damsvas mgzavriviT.

viTom mivdivar, Torem namdvilad ki ar mivdivar, Sen gelodebi. da TeTri sivrce fiqrs miadvilebs, morTuli naZvis mwvane totebiT.

da Tovli, civi qurqiT SefuTvnils, Tavze mevleba qaluri TrTolviT, magram me vici, rom Sen gekuTvni, garemoculic amxela TovliT.

warmodgenili konteqstebi ar aris sruli, magram SeiZlebadavaskvnaT, rom umTavresad, qarTul poeziaSi Tovli (Tova)dakavSirebulia satrfos saxesTan.

Tovli aris: satrfo, dedofali, suli, qali, gangeba, bediswera...TovlTan dakavSirebulia msazRvrelebi: Soreuli, idumali,

monatrebuli, TeTri, sufTa, spetaki, keTili...Tovli qmnis sintagmebs: TovliviT waSla, iisferi Tovli,

TovlSi damarxva, sxvanairi Tovli, Tovlis spetaki kubo, damwvariTovli, Tovlnarevi dRe, Tovlze ufro namtiralevi, sulis TovliTavseba... da sxva.

ca da miwa _ sulisa da xorcis metafora

adamianis Seqmnis bibliuri faqti, rom ufalma igi Seqmna Tixisganda Cahbera suli, anu simbolurad miwa da ca, miwieri da zeciurigaaerTiana masSi, es faqti~ poeziaSi Sesabamisad aRiniSna da bevriZebna ar damWirvebia, rom am azris Semcveli sinonimuri srtiqonebi~amomekiTxa qarTul poeziaSi sxvadasxva avtorTan...

ilia WavWavaZe

`me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis,M miwieri zeciersa..~

cira barbaqaZe

29

akaki wereTeli

`Tqven rom ggoniaT, is ar var, sxvebs rom hgoniaT, arc isa! Suakaci var ubralo, xan miwisa var, xan _ cisa!~

galaktion tabiZe

`magram mainc SedarebiT cis da miwis Sezaveba, mogonebis netarebiT Cems guls enaTesaveba.~

giorgi leoniZe

`miwa viyav da cai Seviqen.~

terenti graneli

àr vici, vina var, ar vici, sada var, me TiTqos iqa var, me TiTqos aqa var...~

muxran maWavariani

`xorci masesxa miwam, suli masesxa zecam, TxemiT terfamde sesxma,_ ra unda gavce sesxad.~

jansuR Carkviani

èrTiani ca da miwa vis upyria xelSi...~

SoTa niSnianiZe

`Tu mimzidveli eg cxovreba legendad iqca, miziduloba wesia da kanoni brZnuli, da raki srulad ekuTvnoda casa da miwas, miwam sxeuli miizida da zecam _ suli.~


30

tariel Wanturia

`xar suli da xorci _xar miwis da xar cis...me rom vfiqrob _ arc es...sxva rom fiqrobs _ arc is...xan ise gZuls Tavi,xanac gavxar narciss!xar, cxadia, miwis,

magram ufro _ xar cis...~ da a. S.

TiTqos poeti `pirveli adamiania~, qmnadobis Sedegi da amavedros, axali qmnadobis Semoqmedi, radgan poezia sityvebiT~ axalisamyaros Seqmnaa da es sityvebi ubralo, yoveldRiur metyvelebaSiinformaciis gadasacemad gamoyenebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi kiara, aramed Rrma azris gamomxatveli niSnebia, romlebsac poetisSinagani samyarodan sruliad Seucnobeli sivrceebi amoaqvT~, amitompoeturi teqsti, iseve rogorc niSani poeziaSi, mravalganzomilebiania...

erTi azri sruliad sxvadasxva SinaarsiT, gansxvavebulisintaqsiT da leqsikiT SeiZleba gaformdes sxvadasxva avtorTan.azris Zala mis gansxvavebul gamovlinebaSia. Mmagram amgvariprezentaciis drosac ki garkveuli kanonzomiereba ikveTeba. sworedniSnis es buneba unda amoicnos semiotikis mkvlevarma. Ddainaxossistemebs Soris niSnis moZraobis universaluri modeli. imismiuxedavad, rom es niSani erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos verbaluri,sxva SemTxvevaSi _ vizualuri...

gza ideidan materiisken da sagnidan azrisken niSanSi ikveTeba.sityva kvdeba, roca mas enaSi aRar gamoiyeneben, roca is funqciaskargavs. Sesabamisad, sagani roca funqcias kargavs, kargavs azrsac.mxolod funqcia, daniSnuleba amoZravebT niSnebs da sZens maT azrs.

adamianic niSania, Taviseburi simbolo da roca is ambobs, romàzri SeiZina misma cxovrebam~, niSnavs: rom funqcia ipova, romliTacis garkveuli azris, ideis msaxuri iqneba.

am msjelobaSi niSnis erTi universaluri buneba gamoikveTa,imisaTvis, rom niSanma iarsebos, aucilebelia funqcia. samyaroSiSemTxveviT arc araferi Cndeba da arc araferi kvdeba.

merab mamardaSvili Tavisi cnobili àzrovnebis esTetikis~saleqcio kursSi erTgan ambobs: tradiciulad adamianis cnobierebawarmoadgens `sufTa dafas~, romelzec buneba, samyaro aRbeWdavsTavis niSnebs, es niSnebi wesrigdeba raRac asociaciuri kavSirebiT,

cira barbaqaZe

31

Segedad ki Cven vigebT: ase igeba ena... ase igeba xelovneba da sxva~(mamardaSvili 2000:166).

samwuxarod, adamianuri cnobiereba Tavisi aparatiT SezRuduliaaRiqvas, dainaxos da Seimecnos samyaroSi yvelaferi, rac xdeba,radgan Cven mxolod imas da imdens vxedavT, ganvicdiT da aRviqvamT,ramdenic es SeuZlia adamianur cnobierebas. sinamdvileSi Cvenixedva Zalian SezRuduli da nawilobrivia, radgan Tavad varTsubieqtebic da obieqtebic, roca vcdilobT, SeviswavloT dagamovikvlioT sakuTari Tavi.

semiotika _ erTgvari mozaikuri mecnierebaa, mcdelobaa, ufrometi sistemis meSveobiT axsnas samyaro.

literatura

barti 1989: Ðîëàí Áàðò, Èçáðàííûå ðàáîòû, Ñåìèîòèêà, Ïîýòèêà,Ìîñêâà.

mamardaSvili 2000: Ìåðàá Ìàìàðäàøâèëè, Ýñòåòèêà ìûøëåíèÿ,Ìîñêâà.

eko 2004: Óìáåðòî Ýêî, Îòêðûòîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå, Ñàíêò_Ïåòåðáóðã.kasireri 1983: ernst kasireri, ra aris adamiani? (Targmna lamara

ramiSvilma), Tbilisi.benvenisti 1974: Ýìèëü Áåíâåíèñò, Îáùàÿ ëèíãâèñòèêà, Ìîñêâà;sosiuri 1977: Ôåðäèíàíä äå Ñîññþð, Òðóäû ïî ÿçûêîçíàíèþ,

Ìîñêâà.pirsi 2000: ×. Ñ. Ïèðñ, Èçáðàííûå ôèëîñîôñêèå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ,

Ìîñêâà.morisi 2001 : ×. Ó. Ìîððèñ, Îñíîâàíèÿ òåîðèè çíàêîâ, â êí:

Ñåìèîòèêà, àòîëîãèÿ, Åêàòåðèíáóðã.


32

vinfrid boederi

fiqrebi “erTi” da “yvela”sityvebze

qarTvelur enebSi cnebebs “erTi” da“yvela” nawilobriv paraleluri seman-tikuri struqtura aqvs. an Sesabamisisimravlis calkeuli obieqtia fokusSimoqceuli (“erTi qarTveli” sxva qarT-velebis gansxvavebiT; “yoveli qarTveli”yvela qarTvelis simravleSi) , anSesabamisi simravlea ganxiluli SinaganiSedgenilobis miuxedavad (“(isini arian)erTi eri”, “yvela qarTveli (erTad)”).meore SemTxvevaSi “erTi” da “yvela”,marTalia, mraval obieqts Seicavs,romlebic erT mTlians qmnian (eriSedgeba simravlis TiToeuli wevrisagan,Sesabamisad, yvela qarTveli erTad -TiToeuli qarTvelisagan), magram sim-ravlis TiToeuli obieqti fokusSi araris moqceuli. cneba “yvelas” SemTxve-vaSi orive aspeqti calke leqsemadaaleqsikalizirebuli axal qarTulSi:yoveli gansxvavebiT yvela-sgan. cneba“erT-isTvis” ki umetes SemTxvevebSi erTida igive leqsema ixmareba (magram yo-velTvis ara: marto, mxolo, cali cneba“erTi calke-s” formebia). safiqrebeliSeiZleba iyos, rom qarTvelur fuZe enaSiiseTive Sepirispireba arsebobda, rogorcindoevropul fuZe enaSi (*oi(no)- ‘erTicalke/marto’ - *sem- ‘erTi erTad’, R.Anttila). amas etyoba mxars uWers etimolo-gia. erT- albaT ekuTvnis rT- Zirs (Sdr.m-rT-el-i), maSin rodesac svanuri eSxu‘erTi’ qarTul sxva- sityvis Sesatyvisia,romelic “erTi calkesa” da “sxvebis”opoziciis arsebobas pirobad moiTxovs.– yvela-s etimologiac SeesatyvisebaTavis funqcias (“yvelani erTad”), vinaidan,

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, oldenburgisuniversitetis profesori(germania).ZiriTadi naSromebi (bolowlebis):Evidentiality in Georgian,in: Evidentials. Turkic,Iranian and NeighbouringLanguages (2000); C.Schroeder-Ta n erTad :Relational coding in Geor-gian and Turkish nounphrases: syntax, deriva-tional morphology, and“linking” by means ofparticiples, Turkic Langua-ges 4 (2000); Syntax andmorphology of polysyn-thesis in the Georgian verb,in: Problems of Poly-synthesis (2002); Speechand thought representationin the Kartvelian (SouthCaucasian) languages, in:Reported Discourse (2002);The South Caucasianlanguages, Lingua 115(2005); Depictives in Kar-tvelian, in: SecondaryPredication and AdverbialModification (2005).interesTa sfero:zogadi da SedarebiTienaTmecniereba, qarTvelo-logia.

33

rogorc Cans, es sityva udris sityva yvel-s, romelicwarmoSobiT “Seyofils” niSnavda (mz. SaniZe). – im SemTvevaSi,Tu yav/yv- “yofnas” niSnavda, yoveli (< *yv-ov-el-i) mimReobaa(n. mari; Sdr. cx-ov-eli ‘rac cxovrobs’) da adre niSnavda“rac/vinc aris/arsebobs’ (“yoveli qarTveli” = “qarTveli vincaris/arsebobs”). “yvela-s” aRmniSvneli analogiuri formebisxva enebSic gvxvdeba (magaliTad lakurSi, Turqulsa da fino-ugrul enebSi, baskurSi).

Winfried Boeder

Überlegungen zu “ein” und “all” in den Kartvelsprachen1

Die Wörter “ein” und “all” sehen wie die reine Verkörperung einerQuantifizierung aus, die in Mathematik bzw. Logik formal definiert werdenkönnen. Aber bei näherem Hinsehen zeigt sich, dass nicht alle Sprachen eineneinfachen Begriff “eins” kodieren (Gam9reli3e – Ivanov 1984: 844), und dieDifferenzierung des All-Quantors in “jeder” und “alle” in manchen Sprachen(neugeorgisch 9vela ‘all’, 9ovel- ‘jeder’) zeigt, dass die Definition durch einenAll-Quantor zur Beschreibung der sprachlichen Tatsachen nicht ausreicht (vgl.Gil 1995). Die folgenden Überlegungen sollen zeigen, dass “ein” und “all” teilweiseähnliche semantische Strukturen aufweisen. In diesem Zusammenhang werde ichmögliche Etymologien erwägen, aber keine Etymologie durch morphologischeDetails erhärten können; vielmehr werde ich nur über den Rahmen sprechen, indem nach Etymologien der entsprechenden Wörter gesucht werden kann.

1. In den indogermanischen Sprachen gibt es zwei Wurzeln, die “eins”bezeichnen: 1) *oi(no)- (vgl. lateinisch unus, englisch one, altindische éka, slavischiné usw.) und 2) *sem- (vgl. lateinisch sem-el ‘einmal’, griechisch heîs/mía/hén‘eins’, armenisch mi ‘eins’, englisch some, deutsch zu-samm-en, ge-sam-t usw.).In den verschiedenen Sprachen ist jeweils eine dieser Wurzeln verallgemeinertworden; manchmal ist die jeweils andere Wurzel in der betreffenden Sprache nurin bestimmten abgeleiteten Bedeutungen erhalten (z.B. im Deutschen undEnglischen: zu-samm-en/some neben dem Zahlwort ein/one). Anttila (1989: 366-367) hat für das Proto-Indogermanische folgenden semantischen Unterschiedzwischen den beiden Wurzeln rekonstruiert: Die Wurzel *oi(no)- bedeutet ‘onealone’ und wird auch in den Einzelsprachen oft für den Begriff ‘allein’ gebraucht.Die Wurzel *sem- dagegen bedeutet: ‘one together’. Im ersten Fall wird einGegenstand aus einer (wirklichen oder vorgestellbaren) Menge, einem Aggregat1 Nino Dobor�gini3e (Tbilisi) danke ich für vielfältige Hilfe bei der Fertigstellung diesesAufsatzes.

fiqrebi “erTi” da “yvela” sityvebze

34

abgetrennt, im zweiten Fall werden Gegenstände zu einer Einheit zusammengefügt.In beiden Fällen steht “eins” in Opposition zu “mehreren”: im ersten Fall zu anderenGegenständen der betreffenden Menge (wie in: einer von ihnen), im zweitenFall zu Gegenständen, die durch “eins” zu einer Einheit zusammengefügt sind,deren innere Konstituenz aber nicht fokussiert wird (wie in: sie sitzen an einemTisch, mit einem Wort, es war ein Durcheinander; (a8i3e 2008).

2. Es ist denkbar, dass auch im Kartvelischen die Wörter swanisch esxu‘ein’ und georgisch erti, mingrelisch arti ‘ein’ ursprünglich in dieser semantischenBeziehung zueinander standen. Entsprechungen von esxu finden sich in allenKartvelsprachen, ert- ist nur georgisch und sanisch (mingrelisch-lasisch). Diegeorgische Entsprechung von esxu ist sxva ‘ander’ (Ertelisvili 1950: 213). DieBedeutungsentswicklung von “eins” zu “ander” ist leicht zu verstehen: ert- hatursprüngliches sxva- ‘ein’ überall verdrängt, außer in einer besonderenVerwendung in der Koordination. In: einer arbeitet (und) ein (anderer) faulenzthat das zweite ein wegen des Kontrastes zwischen dem ersten und zweitenKonjunkt die Bedeutung von ‘ander’. Vgl. georgisch ertman erts ‘einer deneinen = einer den anderen’ > ertmanets ‘einander’, sowie (1) vs. (2):

(1) ver Ãel-ewifebis orTa ufalTa monebad: anu erTiigi moiZulos da sxua� igi Seiyvaros ver qel-e2ipebis ortaupalta monebad: anu erti igi moi3ulos da sxvaj igi sei9varos (M 6,24)‘Niemand kann zwei Herren dienen: Entweder wird er den einen hassen undden anderen lieben.’

(2) orni fqviden fqvilsa erTad: erTi igi waritacosda erTi igi daSTes orni pkviden pkvilsa ertad: erti igi 2ari7acos daerti igi dastes (L 17,34; griechisch: hç mía ... hç dè hetéra) ‘Zwei mahlen Mehlzusammen: eine wird weggerafft und eine bleibt.’2

Ähnlich hat das slavische Wort iné ‘eins’ (cf. vé ino ‘in einem fort’), dieBedeutung “ander” bekommen.3

2 Ertelisvili (1950) stützt sich auf ähnliche Fälle, wo in verschiedenen Handschriften sxua-und ert- miteinander wechseln: gamovida petre da sx�a� igi mowafeÃ gamovida(e7re da sxuaj igi mo2apej (DE) vs. ... da erti igi mo2apej (C) (J 20,3), sowie auf dasaltarmenische Wort für “ander”: mi-(e)ws = erti-ãa (bzw. erti-c). Ich muss es den Spezialistenüberlassen, ob die Übersetzung des Hadisch-Codex in diesem Fall ein Armenismus ist.3 Vgl. Wackernagel (1928: 38) über ähnliche Fälle im Altindischen. Auf die genaueEntwicklung kann ich hier nicht eingehen. In anderen Sprachen wird umgekehrt das Wortfür “ander” in der symmetrischen Koordination wiederholt: griechisch állos... állos,lateinisch alius ... alius, altindisch anyá ... anyá ‘der andere ... der andere...’ = ‘der eine ...der andere’; vgl. sxva da sxva ‘ander und ander’ > sxvadasxva ‘verschieden’.

vinfrid boederi

35

3. Es sind nun mindestens zwei Szenarien vorstellbar: Entweder gab es imKartvelischen wie im Indogermanischen nebeneinander die beiden Wörter: dieEntsprechung von swanisch esxu mit der Bedeutung “one alone” und dieEntsprechung von erti mit der Bedeutung “one together”; dann wurde imSwanischen esxu verallgemeinert, im Georgisch-Sanischen dagegen erti. Oderes gab zuerst nur die Entsprechung von esxu, und erti ist eine Neubildung desGeorgisch-Sanischen, welche die Bedeutung “one together” hatte und dannverallgemeinert wurde. - Wie auch immer, es stellt sich die Frage, ob esAnhaltspunkte für die ursprüngliche Bedeutung der beiden Etyma gibt. DieBedeutung des Prototypen von swanisch esxu ‘one alone’ wird durch dieBedeutung von georgisch sxva- gestützt, die einen Gegensatz zwischen einemund anderen Gegenständen derselben Menge voraussetzt. Andererseits ist dieBedeutung “one together”4 für ert- plausibel, wenn es zur Wurzel rt(-v-a)‘vereinigen’ gehört (vgl. rt-ul- ‘zusammengesetzt’ und 8ur-is-rt-v-a ‘gemeinsamessen’, wörtl. ‘das Brot vereinigen’). Ungeklärt ist dabei allerdings, ob es nochandere Wurzelbildungen wie ert- gibt. Das anlautende e- ist wahrscheinlichdasselbe wie in e-sxu; vgl. georgisch e-rt : swanisch e-sxu ‘ein’ = georgisch u-rt(i-e-rt/ert-u-rt)- : swanisch u-sxû(-ar)- ‘einander’, wo e- und u- wahrscheinlichkeine Versionsvokale sind wie in dem bekannten Toponym x-e-rt-v-is-‘Zusammenfluss zweier Flüsse, Halbinsel’ (Sani3e 1973 § 603).5 Dass auch imGeorgisch-Sanischen der Gegensatz zwischen “one alone” und “one together”vorhanden ist, sieht man daran, dass die erste Bedeutung durch spezifische Wörterkodiert wird: georgisch mxolo- ‘eine(r) allein’ (dazu in der Konjunktion xolo‘allein, aber’) und cal- ‘ein (von zwei)’.

4. Ein analoges Bild wie bei “ein” haben wir bei den “all”-Wörtern. ImAltgeorgisch bedeutet 9ovel- ‘ganz’ (M 13,2 9oveli igi eri ‘das ganze Volk’; M5,29 9oveli guami seni ‘dein ganzer Körper’), ‘jeder’ (im Singular: M 12,259ovel-i kalak-i ‘jede Stadt’; J 2,10 9ovel-man 6ac-man ‘jeder Mensch’) und‘all’ (im Plural: L 6,26 9ovel-n-i 6ac-n-i ‘alle Menschen’). Seit demMittelgeorgischen sind jedoch 9oveli ‘jeder’ und 9vela- ‘all’ nebeneinander

4 Zu dieser Bedeutung gehört wohl auch die bisher wenig beachtete idiomatische Bedeutungvon erti bei Zahlwörtern ‘etwa, ungefähr, daaxloebiT’ (“insgesamt” > “ungefähr”?);sie findet sich im Georgischen, Mingrelischen (arti ziri sa�eni ki’uapu ‘erTi orisaJeni iqneboda, es werden etwa 2 Sashen gewesen sein’, Xubua 12 apud O. Ka�aias.v.), Nordwestkaukasischen und Baskischen (Bouda 1963: 309).5 $in4arauli (1986) erklärt die Wurzel rt- umgekehrt durch Reanalyse von ert- in se-ert-eb-a > se-e-rt-eb-a und leitet mrteli aus *me-ert-el- ab. Die Wurzel rt- ist aber schon imältesten Georgisch und im Mingrelischen gut bezeugt (Klimov 1964: 156).


36

bezeugt (Mar7irosovi 1964: 226, Gigineisvili 1984).6 Wie im Fall von “one alone”,bezeichnet 9vela eine Menge, deren innere Konstituenz nicht fokussiert ist,während 9oveli die einzelnen Bestandteile einer gegliederten Gesamtmenge (Vater1979: 93-95) fokussiert, und zwar distribuitiv (Gil 1995: 349). Das Konzeptvon “all” ist mit dem von “ganz” verwandt, und “ganz” hat in vielen Sprachen dieNeigung, für “all” gebraucht zu werden, auch in der georgischen und der deutschenUmgangssprache: die ganzen Mädchen = alle Mädchen (vgl. auch Brugmann1894: altindisch sárva- ‘vollständig, heil, ganz, all, jeder’; Haspelmath 1995:364-368); es ist nicht ausgeschlossen, dass mtel- < m-rt-el- wie ert- zur obengenannten Wurzel rt- gehört (vgl. Klimov 1964: 136): “ganz” ist das, “waszusammen ist”.7 9vela entspricht also strukturell der Bedeutung “one together”von “eins”.8 – Vor diesem Hintergrund könnte 9vela- zur selben Wurzel gehörenwie 9vel- ‘Käse’. Mzekala Sani3e (1960) hat gezeigt, dass 9vel- ein deverbalesNomen zur Wurzel 9av- ist, die hier die Bedeutung ‘zusammentun’ bzw. ‘(sich)sammeln, zusammen sein’ hat.9 Vgl. die Bemerkung von Eprem Mcire: rameTuyveli Seyofil ars, Sedgenili da ganmagrebuli rametu9veli se9opili ars, sedgenili da ganmagrebuli (apud Arabuli 2001: 263, Anm. 2)‘denn “Käse” ist etwas Zusammengetanes, Zusammengefügtes und Gefestigtes’.10

Ungeklärt bleibt dabei das Suffix –a.6 Die genaue historische und die heutige Distribution der beiden Wörter bleibt allerdingszu untersuchen. Im Folgenden unterstelle ich einfach, dass neugeorgisch 9oveli deutschjeder und 9vela- all- entspricht. Diese Annahme bedarf sicher einer Korrektur (vgl. dieBeispiele bei Gigineisvili 1984). Marr (1925: 107) hält das später belegte 9vel-a- (ebenso wiedie späteren Varianten von 9ov-el-, 9ovl- / 9ol-) für ein Element aus der “Volkssprache”(“narodna� r™��”); das mag richtig sein, erklärt aber nicht viel. - Auch auf eine Diskussionvon georgisch tito- ‘je ein’, tito-tito- ‘je einzeln’ und auf die reduplizierten distributivenFormen (im Altgeorgischen im Adverbialis) kann ich nicht eingehen: miagos 6ac-ad-6ac-ad-sa sakme-ta mat-ta-ebr (M 16,27) ‘er wird jedem (Mensch-Adverbialis-Mensch-Adverbialis-Dativ) nach seinen Taten vergelten’ (vgl. Mar7irosovi 1964: 224; 364 und Gil1995 mit weiterer Literatur).7 Der Begriff “ganz” ist seinerseits oft aus dem der Gesundheit abgeleitet, wie imIndogermanischen: griechisch hólos ‘ganz’ gehört zu lateinisch salvus ‘gesund’, deutschheil zu englisch whole; cf. slavisch celé ‘ganz, heil’; Brugmann 1894 §14. Zum Suffix -el-vgl. Arabuli 2001 § 3.2.8 In diesem Zusammenhang ist auch mingrelisch ar3o ‘all’, ar3a ‘all, ganz’ (O. Ka�aia s.v.)zu erwähnen, das wahrscheinlich zu arti ‘ein’ gehört (Mar7irosovi 1964: 228). Man beachtedazu das abchasische Wort ze-g’`� ‘all’, das die nordwestkaukasische Wurzel za ‘ein’ zuenthalten scheint, sowie -g’� ‘auch’ (Deeters 1931: 302).9 Diesen Hinweis verdanke ich Nino Dobor�gini3e.10 Es ist dabei gleichgültig, ob “Seyofa, (sich) zusammentun” sich auf die Gerinnungder Milch oder auf das Zusammenfassen des geronnenen Materials bezieht (swanisch li-9el-e ‘yvelis amoyvana’, M. Cartolani apud Mz. Sani3e 1960: 63; vgl. Arabuli 2001:262-264). 9vela ist also semantisch vergleichbar mit lateinisch totus < *towetos ‘vollgestopft> vollständig > ganz > all’ (Brugmann 1894, Hoffmann 1948: 289-290) und lateinisch uni-versus ‘auf ein und denselben Punkt gerichtet’ > ‘all’ (Hoffmann 1948: 286).

vinfrid boederi

37

5. Gänzlich unsicher ist auch die Etymologie von 9ov-el- ‘jeder’, das alsmorphologische Variante von 9vela- ‘all’ gilt (Gigineisvili 1984). Seiner Bildungnach hat es dieselbe Form wie altgeorgisch cx-ov-el- ‘lebendig’ (vgl. auch denParallelismus und die weitgehende Synonymie der Kompositionsglieder von 9opa-cxovreba ‘Leben(sform)’, wörtl. ‘Sein-Leben’). Demnach wäre 9ovel- einPartizip Präsens (Marr 1925: 10711). Die heutige Bedeutung der Wurzel 9ov-(9ovna ‘verweilen’) passt nicht zur Bedeutung von 9ovel-. Wenn aber für 9ov-eine Bedeutung ‘sein’ gerechtfertigt werden kann (d.h. ein Zusammenhang zwischenden Wurzeln 9av-/9v- ‘machen, sein, haben’ und 9ov- < 9v-ov- (?); vgl. Arabuli2001: 263 Anm. 2 et passim), bietet sich eine mögliche Etymologie an: Es gibtviele Sprachen, in denen “all” durch “was ist” ausgedrückt wird (9vela adamiani‘alle Menschen’ = adamiani vinc aris ‘die Menschen, die es gibt’): im Lakkischen(Bouda 1949: 145), in den Turksprachen, den finno-ugrischen Sprachen (Beke1914: 72-76, Lewy 1931 [1961: 554 Anm. 1]) und im Baskischen (dena ‘cequi est, was ist’, Lewy ib.).

6. In den meisten Fällen sind “all” und “jeder” etymologisch verschiedenerHerkunft, aber in wenigen Fällen sieht “jeder” wie eine Ableitung von “all” aus(Haspelmath 1995: 378-379): griechisch pâs, lateinisch omnis usw. bedeutenzunächst ‘all’, dann aber auch ‘jeder’. Dies hängt wohl mit der semantischenAsymmetrie von “all” und “jeder” zusammen. Wie Gil (1995: 324-327) gezeigthat, ist “all” das unmarkierte Glied der Opposition, und “jeder” setzt immer “all”voraus, aber nicht umgekehrt (ib. 330). Unmarkierte Terme werden aber oft aufKosten der markierten verallgemeinert. (Ob es eine solche Asymmetrie auch bei“ein” in seinen beiden Bedeutungen gibt, bleibt zu untersuchen.)

Wie ist vor diesem Hintergrund die Spezialisierung von neugeorgisch 9ovel-‘jeder’ zu verstehen, das im Altgeorgischen die ganze Breite der Semantik ‘ganz,all, jeder’ abdeckte? “All” verhält sich semantisch ähnlich wie sein Gegenteil“nichts”: In beiden Fällen werden oft neue, “expressive” Ausdrücke undVerstärkungen gebildet: kein bisschen, nicht die Bohne, kein Pfifferling usw.,vollzählig, ohne Ausnahme, samt und sonders, alle Welt usw. (vgl. georgischsu(l)-9vela ganz-all > einfach all(e)’). Eine so motivierte Neubildung warmöglicherweise 9vela-, das 9ovel- in seiner Bedeutung “all”, aber nicht in derBedeutung “jeder”, verdrängt hat; auf diese Weise erklärt sich die Spezialisierungdes heutigen 9ovel- ‘jeder’ als “Restkategorie” (und nicht als Übergang von “all”nach “jeder”).

11 Marr (ib.) geht von einer sonst nicht erhaltenen Wurzel 9vl- ‘sammeln, sobirat�’ aus.Danach hätte das Etymon von 9ovel- dieselbe Semantik gehabt wie 9vela- nach der obengegebenen Deutung.


38

7. Insgesamt ergibt sich folgendes Bild (die Pfeile bedeuten Ausdehnungdes Gebrauchs):

A. “one alone” “one together”

kartvelischer Prototyp von kartvelischer Prototyp vonswanisch esxu georgisch ert-cf. indogermanisch*oi(no)- *sem-

swanisch esxu

georgisch ert-

B. “jed(er) (einzeln)” “all(e) (zusammen)”

altgeorgisch: 9ovel-

mittel-, neugeorgisch:9ovel- 9vela-

Bibliographie

Anttila, Raimo 1989: Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Secondrevised edition (= Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 6). Amsterdam – Philadelphia:Benjamins

[Arabuli, Avtandil 2001] avTandil arabuli: zmnuri dasaxeluri fuZedqmnadobis problema qarTvelur enebSi(sma, enaTmecnierebis instituti). Tbilisi: qarTuli ena

Bach, E. et al. (edd.) 1995: Quantification in Natural Languages. Editedby Emmon Bach, Eloise Jelinek, Angelika Kratzer and Barbara H. Partee (=Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 54). Dordrecht...: Kluwer

Beke, Ö. 1914: “Türkische Einflüsse in der Syntax finnisch-ugrischerSprachen”, Keleti Szemle 15: 1-77

vinfrid boederi

39

Bouda, Karl 1949: “Zur baskisch-kaukasischen Sprachverwandtschaft(baskisch-lakkische syntaktische Übereinstimmungen)”, Lexis 2,1: 144-145[dazu: “PS. des Herausgebers [Johannes Lohmann]”, pp. 145]

Bouda, Karl 1963: Besprechung von G. Dumézil, Documents anatolienssur les langues et les traditions du Caucase I (1960), ZDMG 113: 308-310

[Brugmann, Karl 1894] Ex Ordinis Philosophorum mandato renuntianturPhilosophiae Doctores et Artium Liberalium Magistri [...] inde a die primo mensisNovembris A. MDCCCLXXXXIII usque ad diem ultimum mensis Octobris A.MDCCCLXXXXIIII creati. Praemissa est Karoli Brugmann commentatiovernaculo sermone conscripta: Die Ausdrücke für den Begriff der Totalität inden indogermanischen Sprachen (eine semasiologisch-etymologischeUntersuchung). Leipzig: Edelmann

[$in4arauli, Aleksi 1986] aleqsi WinWarauli: “ricxviT saxelerT-idan nawarmoebi sityvebi qarTulSi” / Words formed fromthe numeral erti ‘one’ in Georgian [R. 57], iberiul-kavkasiurienaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli / Annual of Ibero-CaucasianLinguistics 13: 46-57

Deeters, Gerhard 1931: “Der abchasische Sprachbau”, Nachrichten derGesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Philologisch-historischeKlasse, Fachgruppe III (Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft und östlicheKulturkreise), Nr. 2

[Ertelisvili, Parnavaz 1950] farnavaz erTeliSvili: “sxva-siyvis etimologiisaTvis”, studentTa samecniero Sromebiskrebuli (Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti) 5: 211-219

Fähnrich, Heinz 2008: Kartwelisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (=Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 8: Central Asia, Volume 18 / Handbuchder Orientalistik). Leiden – Boston: Brill

[Gam9reli3e, Tamaz – V.V. Ivanov 1984] Gamkrelidze, TamazValerianovi� – V��eslav Vsevolodovi� Ivanov: Indoevropejskij�zyk i indoevropejcy. Rekonstrukci� i istoriko-tipologi�eskijanaliz pra�zyka i protoku�tury. S predisloviem R. O. �kobsona /Indo-European and the Indoeuropeans. A reconstruction and historical typologicalanalysis of a protolanguage and a protoculture by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze &Vjacheslav V. Ivanov. With a preface by Roman Jakobson (ANSSSR; ANGSSR/ Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R.; Academy of Sciences, Georgian S.S.R.;Tsereteli Institute of Oriental Studies, The Institute for Slavic and Balkan Studies).Tbilisi: Izd. Tbilisskogo universiteta / Tbilisi: PublishingHouse of the Tbilisi State University


40

[Gigineisvili, Bakar 1984] baqar gigineiSvili: “damatebaniqarTvelur enaTa saerTo leqsikur fondSi”, Tbilisisuniversitetis Sromebi 245: 30-51

Gil, David 1995: “Universal quantifiers and distributivity”, in: E. Bach et al.(edd.) 1995: 321-362

Haspelmath, Martin 1995: “Diachronic sources of ‘all’ and ‘every’ “, in: E.Bach et al. (edd.) 1995: 363-382

Hoffmann, J. B. 1948: “Die lateinischen Totalitätsausdrücke”, in: Mélangesde philologie, de littérature et d’histoire offerts à J. Marouzeau. Paris: LesBelles Lettres, pp. 283-290

[Klimov, G. A. 1964] Georgij A.Klimov 1964: Qtimologi�eskijslovar� kartvel�skix �zykov (ANSSSR, I�). Moskva: Izd. ANSSSR

Lewy, Ernst 1931: “Skizze einer elementaren Syntax des Baskischen. Th.Linschmann zum 81. Geburtstage”, Caucasica 9: 88-128 [= E. Lewy 1961:530-562]

Lewy, Ernst 1948: “Bedeutungsverwandtschaft”, Lexis 1: 194-198 [= E.Lewy 1961: 50-53]

Lewy, Ernst 1961: Kleine Schriften [ed. Wilhelm Wissmann et al.] (=Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Veröffentlichungen derSprachwissenschaftlichen Kommission 1). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag

Marr, Nikolaj Ja. 1925: Grammatika drevneliteraturnogogruzinskogo �zyka (= M�� 12). Leningrad: [Izd. RossijskojAkademii Nauk]

Mar7irosovi, Aram 1964: nacvalsaxelebi qarTvelur enebSi.istoriul-SedarebiTi analizi / Mestoimenie v kartvel�skix�zykax. Istoriko-sravnitel�nyj analiz. Tbilisi: sma gam-ba

[(a8i3e, Asmat 2008] a. papiZe: “erTi, rogorc leqsikur-frazeologiuri erTeuli” / One – as a lexical-phraseological unit[R. 341-343], in: II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi. iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba: memkvidreoba da perspeqtivebi/ II International Symposium Materials. Iberian-Caucasian Linguistics: Legacyand perspectives (saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia,enaTmecnierebis instituti. i. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisissaxelmwifo universiteti / National Academy of Sciences of Georgia,Institute of Linguistics; Iv. Javakhishivili State University). Tbilisi / Tbilisi:Tu gam-ba, pp. 336-343

[Sani3e, A6a6i 1973] akaki SaniZe: qarTuli enis gramatikissafuZvlebi. I. mofologia. meore gamocema (= Txzulebani

vinfrid boederi

41

III = Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi 15). Tbilisi:Tu gam-ba

[Sani3e, Mzekala 1960] mzeqala SaniZe 1960: “Zveli qarTulileqsikidan. 4. yveli”, xelnawerTa institutis moambe 2:60-63

Vater, Heinz 1979: Das System der Artikelformen im gegenwärtigenDeutsch. 2., verbesserte Auflage [Diss. 1962] (= Linguistische Arbeiten 78).Tübingen Niemeyer

Wackernagel, Jacob 1928: “Indoiranica. 2. Mittelind. ekacca-”, Zeitschriftfür vergleichende Sprachforschung 55: 109-111


42

qeTevan bezaraSvili Tamar lomiZe

struqtura da semantika:galaktionis erTi leqsis

analizi

qarTuli mwerlobis nimuSebis zogierTiTaviseburebis gasaazreblad SevarCieT ga-laktionis erTi teqsti, raTa misTvis, rogorcpoetis adreuli krebulis SemadgenelinawilisaTvis, Sesabamisi adgili mogveZiebinakulturuli mimarTulebebisa da epoqiskonteqstSi. vnaxoT, ra Sedegs mogvcems amteqstTan mimarTebaSi analizis struqturul-semantikuri meTodi.

W arx ali

ezoSi yefda bambura mura,ezoSi mwvane hyvaoda bao.vazis bardebSi scuravda sura,Senc bancalebdi, burulo cao.

bobri belavda kaxambals, Jolas,birkvils batebi qarma moreka,ca wamoiwyebs msxvil wvimis srolasda ablabudas krebs boborika.

Jveri, Jaltami! moWrili samxars.naxiri modis saRamo drois,uceb mohyveba Warxali xarxarsda qali hkivis im `doi-doi~-s.

ekveTa qari bardebsa da rtos,uceb aSfoTda isli, Celtebi.o, siymawvile! awi arasdros

imgvarad aRar ametyveldebi.

q eT e v a n b ez ar a S v ili

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, ilia WavWavaZissaxelmwifo universitetispumanitarul mecnierebaTa dakulturis kvlevebis fa-kultetis asocirebuli pro-fesori. xelnawerTa erovnulicentris ufrosi mecnieriTanamSromeli. grigol nazian-zelis TxzulebaTa Semswav-leli saerTaSoriso proeqtiswevri, saerTaSoriso patris-tuli sazogadoebis wevri.interesTa sfero:bizantiuri da qarTuli li-teratura, antikuri da Suasaukuneebis ritorikis Teoria,Targmanis Teoria.

T a m ar lom i Z e

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuliprofesori,ZiriTadi naSromebi:`qarTuli riTmis istoriidan~,`feris mxatvruli gaazrebisTaviseburebani n. baraTaSvilispoeziaSi~, `me~-s koncefciaqarTvel romantikosTa Semoq-medebaSi~ da sxva.interesTa sfero:literaturaTmcodneob a ,semiotika.

43

galaktionis am adreul SedevrSi (1916 w.) kolorituli bunebispeizaJi bavSviseul gancdaSia warmoCenili.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `Warxalis~ Tema aris ena _ bavSvobis,siymawvilis ena, romelic iseve specifikuria, rogorc samyarosZalze konkretuli da danawevrebuli suraTi (vgulisxmobTimas, rom leqsSi asaxulia sinamdvilis TiTqos urTierT-daukavSirebeli fragmentebi, romelTac aerTianebs mxolod maTi`bavSvuri~ xedva, teqstobriv doneze ki _ dialeqtizmebi da evfoniurikavSirebi). leqsis ena zustad Seesabameba garesinamdvilis aRqmasbavSvis mier, romelsac ar ZaluZs grZnobadi STabeWdilebebisganzogadeba (ca wamoiwyebs msxvil wvimis srolas da ablabudaskrebs boborika ... uceb mohyveba Warxali xarxars da qali kivis im“doi-dois”). ramdenadac es ena dialeqtizmebiTaa gajerebuli, amdenad,misi Sinaarsi erTgvarad `gabundovanebulia~.1

ratom uwoda galaktionma Tavis am nawarmoebs `Warxali~?sityva Warxali, erTi SexedviT, zedmetad prozaulia~ da, amitom,TiTqos uadgiloc simbolisti poetis leqsikaSi. meore mxriv, amnawarmoebis Temis Sesabamisad, bavSvobisdroindeli STabeWdilebebigadmocemulia, rogorc aRvniSneT, bavSvobisave eniT _ dialeqtizmebiT,romelTac semantikuri bundovaneba aqcevs wminda simbolisturileqsikis tolfas saxe-simboloebad.

maSasadame, leqsSi “Warxali” erTmaneTs upirispirdeba orgvari`bundovaneba~ _ is, romelic bavSvobisdroindeli STabeWdilebebisgadmosacemadaa moxmobili da is, romelic simbolizmis poetikiskanonebiTaa nakarnaxevi da Tavs iCens galaktionis mraval nawarmoebSi(SeiZleba iTqvas, rom leqsis ori ukanaskneli taepiT _ o, siymawvile!awi arasdros imgvarad aRar ametyveldebi _ avtori gvaiZulebs,wavikiTxoT `Warxali~ misi sxva nawarmoebebis konteqstSi da ararogorc damoukidebeli teqsti).

erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori samyaro _ bavSvoba (warsuli)da zrdasruloba (awmyo). meore mxriv, bavSvoba galaktionTan,erTgvarad, gaTanabrebulia zrdasrulobasTan, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi

1 gamoTqmulia azri, rom am leqsis mowesrigebuli bgeriTi forma, dialeqtizmebSigamoxatuli ganmeorebadi bgerebis evfonia mis Sinaarsobriv struqturas asaxavs.erTi mxriv, ucnobi dialeqtizmebis es bgerwera TiTqos abundovanebs Sinaarss,magram meore mxriv, es aris bavSvobis xmebis gaxseneba, vizualuri STabeWdilebisbgeriTi reproducireba; es aris cda bavSvobis ganumeorebeli samyaros xmierigadmocemisa, bgerebSi “ametyvelebuli” siymawvile (T. doiaSvili, leqsisevfonia, Tb., 1981, gv. 113-115).

struqtura da semantika: galaktionis erTi leqsis analizi

44

STabeWdilebebisa da gancdebis aRsawer adekvatur saSualebadmoxmobilia ara ~gamWvirvale~, yvelasTvis erTmniSvnelovnad gasagebi,aramed semantikurad bundovani ena.

aSkaraa, rom dialeqtizmebs am teqstSi sagangebo funqcia ekisreba,anu bavSvobis ena funqciurad (magram, ra Tqma unda, ara formalurad,e.i. ara mniSvnelobis materialuri gamoxatulebis aspeqtSi)simbolizmis enasTanaa gatolebuli. amasTan, formalurad

siymawvilis ena upirispirdeba galaktionis, rogorc simbolistipoetis enas, rogorc bunebrivi (ufro adekvaturi) _ xelovnurs(SemuSavebuls, Seqmnils). kanonzomieria sevdac, romelic gamosWvivisleqsis or ukanasknel taepSi, radgan es opozicia asimetriulia daupiratesoba (rasac mowmobs leqsis dasasruli) bunebriv (anubavSvobis) enas eniWeba.

amgvarad, teqstSi xazgasmulia bavSvobis `dabali~(dialeqtizmebiT gajerebuli) enis formaluri gansxvavebulobasimbolizmis enisgan; Tumca, msoflaRqma ar icvleba _ bavSvismsoflaRqmac, SeiZleba iTqvas, `simbolisturia~ _ gansxvavebuliamxolod ori (siymawvilisa da zrdasrulobis) ena.

leqsis Temidan gamomdinare, aq centralur saxe-simbolodkanonzomierad gvevlineba (da amitom nawarmoebis saTaurSia gatanili)swored iseTi `prozauli~, `dabali~ sityva, rogoricaa Warxali,

romelic axorcielebs mediacias bavSvobisa da zrdasrulobis enaTaSoris: is ar ganekuTvneba dialeqtizmTa ricxvs, magram maTsaviT`dabali~ stiliT gamoirCeva; arc simbolizmis leqsikas ganekuTvneba,magram saxe-simboloa. sagulisxmoa, agreTve, rom sityva Warxaliwarmoqmnis erT-erT (da erTaderT _ leqsis mTel teqstSi)ganumartav, enigmur saxes (uceb daiwyebs Warxali xarxars) imgalaktioniseul saxeTagan, romelTa racionaluri axsna, simbolisturipoetikis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia.

amasTan, Tumca leqsis enis specifikuri bundovaneba aSkaradikveTeba literaturuli enis da, miT umetes, galaktionis leqsikisfonze, is, garkveulwilad, ganmartebadia da iZleva nawarmoebissemantikuri interpretaciis SesaZleblobas.

davakvirdeT leqsis teqsts: boborikas, anu obobas qseliSeiZleba miwieri codvis simbolod gaviazroT sasuliero teqstebisanalogiiT (es mniSvneloba aqvs “dedazardals” Zvel qarTulSi,galaktioni ki, rogorc cnobilia, kargad icnobda sasulieromwerlobas). ymawvilis mier boborikas ablabudasagan daubindavi,e.i. ucodveli TvalebiT aRqmuli samyaro aramiwiers hgavs (es Tema_ yrmobis samyaros amaRlebuloba, xSirad gamoxatuli mistikuri


45

bundovanebis amsaxveli saxeebiT, kidev ufro xazgasmulia imaveperiodSi Seqmnil momdevno leqsSi, iseve, rogorc sxva leqsebSi:Semosilno gamWvirvale blondebiT, yrmobis qarno, neta, radmagondebiT?). ymawvili didi simartividan, sisadavidan WvretsamaRlebulobas da ucodvelobas.

zemoTqmuli Sinaarsi gamokveTili unda iyos mxatvrulixerxebiTac _ anaforebiT (ezoSi yefda bambura mura, // ezoSi mwvanehyvaoda bao), riTac iwyeba miwieridan (ezos mwvane molidan)2

zeciurisaken amaRleba. zeciuri amaRlebuloba ki Semdgom striqonebSiburuli cis bundovanebiT unda iyos gamoxatuli. buruli gurul-imerul dialeqtSi islis saxuravs an isliT daxurul nagebobasniSnavs da aSkarad arsebiTi saxelia.3 sagulisxmoa, rom sintagmaSiburuli ca poeti am leqsemas zedsarTavis mniSvnelobiT iyenebs.amiT igi axal Sinaarss debs masSi da qmnis kidev erT enigmurpoetur xats, romelic SinaarsiT uaxlovdeba leqsemas daburuli/burusi (iseve rogorc bgerwerulad nislis analogiuria isli, anuburulis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba). es saxeebi galaktionis mieraraerTgzisaa gamoyenebuli amave periodis sxva leqsebSi.4 amavedros, es bgerweruli analogia unda exmaurebodes poetis ltolvaspolisemantikuri gamoTqmebisken.

Seucnobel mistikur samyaroze gadasvla xdeba Suamavalistriqonis saSualebiT, sadac vazebSi mocurave suris mxatvrulisaxea warmodgenili. yovelive es gaZlierebulia aliteraciebiTac,riTac xazgasmulia mocurave surisa da buruli cis moZraobisparalelizmi: vazis bardebSi scuravda sura, // Senc bancalebdi

2 bao mols niSnavs raWulad, xolo Cvils, ZuZuTa bavSvs _ qiziyurad. am sityvisdialeqturi polisemantikuroba kidev erTxel usvams xazs bavSvis mier aRqmulsamyaros, rogorc leqsis Temas, da warmoaCens poetis Segnebul arCevans (yvaodamwvane moli da yvaoda siymawvile erTdroulad). leqsemas bao exmianebadialeqtizmebiT gamoxatuli sxva aliteraciuli sityvebi: bardebi, bobri, birkvili.vazis bardebis, bobris (qera ymawvilis) da birkvilis (saxlis rikulis, gurul-imerulad) bavSvur idilias da simyudroves upirispirdeba uecrad amovardniliqaris kveTeba da mis mier mogvrili (morekili) dabneuloba.3 ix. a. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, I, Tb., 1974, s.v. bao, buruli.4 burusis saxis metafizikur da igavur mniSvnelobaze galaktionis poeziaSi damis kavSirze adreqristianul apofatikasTan, sufiur mistikasTan da pol verlenisArs poetique-Si dasmul problemebTan ix. z. kiknaZe, galaktionis cecxli daburusi, galaktionologia, I, Tb., 2002, gv. 79-85. imave sakiTxis analizisaTvisevropuli literaturis konteqstSi ix. g. kvaracxelia, idumaleba, sicrue-TamaSi Tu ufro Rrma WeSmariteba, galaktionologia, II, 2003, gv. 62-82. dafarulisada zeciuri safarvelis, mistikurisa da gamouTqmelis Wvretis Sesaxeb qristianulegzegetikaSi da aristoteles aleqsandriel komentatorebTan ix. q. bezaraSvili,ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika, Tb., 2004, gv. 260-275.


46

burulo cao (bancali burulisa, rogorc islis saxuraviani saxlisa,aseve moaswavebs simyudrovisa da simyaris gamoxatulebis gadasvlasmoulodneli movlenebisaken). aliteraciebiT warmarTulia Semdgomistriqonebic (wamoiwyebs msxvil wvimis srolas // ablabudas krebsboborika), rac strofebis dasawyisSi gadadis aliteraciebiTgamdidrebul kvazianaforebSi (ca ... II strofi // uceb ... III strofi// uceb ... IV strofi).5 am ukanaskneli xerxiT dafiqsirebuliagawyvetili kavSiri yrmobisdroindel aRqmasa (ca) da zrdasrulsamyaros Soris (uceb), gamoxatulia tradiciuli binaruliopoziciebi: harmonia da disharmonia, zeciuri da miwieri (aRsaniSnavia,rom saxels ca upirispirdeba zmnizediT uceb gamoxatuli epoqalurimovlenebis moulodneloba).

III da IV strofebis leqsema uceb erTmaneTTan azrobrivadakavSirebs Warxalis xarxars, qalis kivilsa da qaris kveTebiT6

bavSvobasTan asocirebuli birkvilis, bardebis, islisa da CeltebisaSfoTebas, anu gamokveTs drois ukuRmarTobas, disharmonias datragedias, SesaZloa, sisxlian epoqasac7 (uceb mohyveba Warxalixarxars da qali hkivis ... // uceb aSfoTda isli, Celtebi), romelic

5 Eparonomasiisa da aliteraciis Sesaxeb am leqsSi ix. agreTve: z. SaTiriSvili,galaktionis poetika da ritorika, Tb., 2004, gv. 179. es xerxebi, klasikuriritorikidan moyolebuli, cnobili saazrovno modelebis gamokveTas emsaxurebada SemTxveviT arasodes yofila moxmobili (ix. q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisada Targmanis Teoria da praqtika, Tb., 2004, gv. 292, 589-631). sagulisxmoa, romsamecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia galaktionis mier gamoyenebuli bgerwerisxerxebis ara TavisTavadi mniSvneloba, aramed maTi saSualebiT Sinaarsis, azrisadekvaturobis miRweva. ix. T. doiaSvili, leqsis evfonia, Tb., 1981, gv. 23-34.d. werediani, “musika upirveles yovlisa”, galaktionologia, I, Tb., 2002, gv. 107-116.6 qaris saxe calke problemaa poeziaSi. igi xSirad nislTan, Camaval mzesTan damwuxrTan erTad aris warmodgenili galaktionis leqsebSi. qarTan dakavSirebulimotivebis Sesaxeb “artistul yvavilebSi”, romlebic sisxlisferi Wrilobis,sikvdilis, dakargvis, oblobis, Zveli samyaros ngrevisa da ganadgurebis gamoxatulebaa,ix. z. SaTiriSvili, “artistuli yvavilebis” erTi invariantuli motivi,galaktionologia, I, 2002, gv. 151-161.7 madlobas vuxdiT rusudan canavas, miToritualuri modelebisa da simboloebismkvlevars, romelmac migviTiTa Warxalis xarxaris analogiaze cxovelis daRebulxaxasTan. am analogiidan asociaciiT erTi safexuriRa rCeba apokalifsuriwiTeli mÃ ecis saxemde (gamocx. 17, 3), “romeli aRmovals ufskruliT” (gamocx.11, 7). egzegetikuri ganmartebis mixedviT, “mÃeci da mewamuli feri misi mZÃnvarebisada kacismklvelobisa saxÃ ars” (andria kesaria-kabadukieli, TargmanebaÃiovanes gamocxadebisaÃ, i. imnaiSvilis gamocema, Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedrisSromebi, 7, 1961, gv. 55). miuxedavad am varaudisa, Warxalis enigmuri saxe bolomdeganumartavi rCeba.


47

Tavis mxriv, asamarebs da aboloebs siymawvilis amaRlebulobas(bavSvobis daiss cxadyofs samxarisa da saRamo drois xazgasmaleqsis teqstSi). es gamoxatulia agreTve xiazmiTa da aliteraciebiTgamdidrebuli distanciuri simetriuli paralelizmiT (qarma moreka... // ekveTa qari ...). am Sinaarss unda cxadyofdes agreTve imaveperiodis momdevno leqsSi warmodgenili saxeebi, romlebic aseveukuRmarTi drois sisastikes da sulier problemebs gamoxatavs:tydeba guli, erTxel gaibzara ra, // sastikia suli uamindoTa dastriqoni: arara beds CemTvis ar aqvs arara.

vfiqrobT, aRqmis ymawviluri sicxade da sicocxlis sixalisismarTlac rom elinurad gulubryvilo gancda,8 moicavs rogorcyrmobis wlebis, ise sulieri siCvilis sixaruls (rogorckacobriobis elinuri periodis bavSvobas, oden esTetikur xedvas_ platoniseuli ganmartebiT),9 rac gardaiqneba mowifulobisperiodis sevdaSi pirvelqmnili harmoniis dakargvis gamo (anusulieri sisrulisa da uzenaesi WeSmaritebis wvdoma is mistikurigzaa, romelic miiRweva gansacdelTa gadalaxvis gziT; Sdr. ebr. 5,12-14; I kor. 3, 1-2). am TvalsazrisiT, leqsSi “Warxali” orive esgza _ sekularuli da spiritualuri _ erTgvarad, gaerTianebulia.leqsis dasasruls cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT da tanjviTmiRebuli codnis gacxadeba, rom siymawvile awi arasdros imgvaradaRar ametyveldeba, cxadyofs zemoTqmuls: yrmis siwrfeliT danaxulharmonias da mowifuli adamianis sevdas, romelsac ubiwo TvaliTaRar SeuZlia pirvelqmnili harmoniisa da mSvenierebis danaxva.poetis bavSvobis wlebi kacobriobis sulieri cxovrebis bavSvobisgamoxatulebaa, elinuri aRtacebaa yovelive mSvenieris mimarT (ezoSimwvane hyvaoda bao, vazis bardebSi curavda sura, Senc bancalebdi,burulo cao). poetis mowifuloba ki tanjvis gzaa (ekveTa qaribardebsa da rtos, uceb aSfoTda isli, Celtebi); da am gansacdeliTmiRweuli da sulieri sisruliT gamowveuli gacnobierebaa codviT

8 Â. Èâàíîâ, Äèîíèñ è Ïðàäèîíèñèéñòâî, Áàêó, 1923, ñ. 40, 188; amgvari elinuritonusi TanamedroveobaSi dakninebulad miiCneva; SeniSnulia, rom mxolod patarebSiTua SemorCenili sicocxlis sixaruliT aRsavse imgvari bavSvuri aRqma, rogoriTachomerosi cxovrebiseul STabeWdilebebs miamiturad warmoadgenda da umniSvneloyofiT detalebs mSveniers uwodebda. ix. Â. Âåðåñàåâ, Àïîëëîí è Äèîíèñ /îÍèöøå/, Ìîñêâà, 1924, ñ. 17, 27, 36.9 Sdr. platonis mixedviT, oden esTetikuri xedva berZnuli sazogadoebisbavSvobas moaswavebs. Tavis ~saxelmwifoSi~ platoni poezias, miTologias, xelovnebasbalRur garTobad, TamaSobad miiCnevs, filosofias _ gonebrivad momwifebulkacTa saqmed (Respubl. II. 377ac, 378c; X 602 b), xolo filosofoss _ mSvenieris,WeSmaritebis Semmecneblad saxavs (Resp. V 474cd, 476e; VI, 485 c, 487 c).


48

dacemuli bunebisa, romelic igulisxmeba sinanuliT naTqvamSi: o,siymawvile! awi arasdros imgvarad aRar ametyveldebi.

ra daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas gvaZlevs Catarebulistruqturul-semantikuri analizi? am analizma cxadyo leqsiskavSiri epoqaluri movlenebis amsaxvel da poetis mier imave periodissxva leqsebSi gamoyenebul saxeebTan; gamoavlina simbolistTamxatvruli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli polisemantikuroba, romelicbundovanebis Semqmnelia. ganxiluli teqsti orgvari bundovanebiTxasiaTdeba. misi enobriv-stilisturi bundovaneba samyaros elinuradgulubryvilo gancdis asociacias qmnis, semantikuri bundovanebiTki leqsi simbolistebis esTetikasTanaa dakavSirebuli. simbolizmisesTetikuri sistema da tropuli metyveleba ganmartebulia rogorcsxvadasxva gardasuli msoflmxedvelobisa da mxatvruli saSualebisrecefcia.10 amaTgan ki semantikuri bundovanebiT galaktionissimbolisturi periodis es leqsi qristianuli msoflmxedvelobisada esTetikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebTan asocirdeba.

es problema zogadad ukavSirdeba antikuri da qristianuliesTetikis aRqmis sakiTxs simbolistebis mier, iseve, rogorckonkretulad erovnuli da evropuli poeturi tradiciebisrecefciis sakiTxs galaktionTan (rac, Tavad galaktionis definiciismixedviT, aris evropuli axali poeziis formisa da qarTuli sulissinTezi _ galaktion tabiZis Jurnali, 1922).11

galaktionis erTi leqsis analizi simbolizmis msofl-mxedvelobriv-esTetikuri sistemis, axali poetikisa da stilistikisSeswavlis erT-erTi mosamzadebeli safexuria. momavali kvlevissakiTxia imis gamovlena, Tu ratom, rogor da ra saxiT xdebaqarTul poetur sinamdvileSi ori esTetikuri maxasiaTeblisSemosvla da riTia es ganpirobebuli _ inteleqtualuri Tuintuitiuri safuZvlebiT (wignieri ganswavlulobis saSualebiTTu qvecnobierSi daleqili tradiciuli miTosur-xTonuri ZirebisgziT). calke kvlevis Temaa agreTve isic, Tu riT gansxvavdeba esmsoflaRqma evropuli mxatvruli teqstebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelimsoflaRqmisagan.

10 À. Áåëûé, Ñèìâîëèçì, Êíèãà ñòàòåé, Ìîñêâà, 1910, ñ. 136.11 evropul poeziasTan galaktionis poeziis konceptualuri siaxlovis Sesaxebix. T. doiaSvili, “artistuli yvavilebis” prologi, galaktionologia, II,2003, gv. 41-61. qristianuli azrovnebisa da saxeobriobis, simbolisturi daqristianuli kodebis, rogorc galaktionis Semoqmedebis bunebrivi konteqstisSesaxeb (rac axsnilia erovnuli da modernistuli kulturuli tradiciebiT),ix. b. wifuria, galaktionis teqsti swor/mcdar konteqstSi, galaktionologia,III, 2004, gv. 218.


49

zaal kikviZe

kidev erTxelsociolingvisturi

opoziciebis Sesaxeb

statiaSi ganxilulia sociolingvisturiopoziciis cneba, ganmartebulia igi rogorcmosaubris sametyvelo repertuarSi arsebulienobrivi cvladebis wyeba, romelTa SerCevassocialuri sarCuli aqvs, da gamoyofilia maTitipebi: mikro- da makrosociolingvisturi.gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva sociolin-gvistur fardobiTobas, romlis gaTvaliswinebacaucilebelia xelovnuri universalizaciisTavidan asacileblad amgvar sakiTxebze msje-lobisas. statiis saTauri iwyeba sityvebiT„kidev erTxel”, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tavisdroze Cven erTxel ukve SevexeT am sakiTxswinaswari moxsenebis saxiT (kikviZe, 1997).

tradiciulad enaTmecnierebaSi „opo-zicia” gaigeba, rogorc enobrivad arsebiTi(Rirebuli) gansxvaveba gamoxatulebis planiserTeulebs Soris, romelsac Seesatyvisebasxvaoba Sinaarsis planis erTeulebs Soris,da piriqiT. radganac opoziciis cnebam Tav-dapirvelad ZiriTadad fonologiaSi moikidafexi (mxolod Semdeg gavrcelda igi enissxva aspeqtebzec), amitom swored am dargSiCamoyalibebuli moTxovnebidan amosvliT undadaviwyoT misi ganxilva. fonologiis fuZe-mdebeli, n. trubeckoi iyenebda ter-mins „opozicia” ara marto funqcionalur(Rirebul) gansxvavebebTan, aramed asevearafunqcionalur (araRirebul) gansxvavebaTamimarT; pirvel tips gansazRvravda, rogorc„dinstinqciurs”, xolo meores _ rogorc„aradistinqciurs” (trubeckoi 1969: 47).

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, akaki wereTlissaxelmwifo universi-tetis sruli profesori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:„Tavazianobis gamoxatvisgramatikuli saSualebebi~(1999), „Language-madeParadox: Gender Prefe-rences in Georgian~(2002), „enisa da genderiskvlevis retrospeqtiulida prospeqtiuli koordi-natebi~ (2005), „ena kul-turaSi da kulturaenaSi~ (2005).interesebis sfero:sociolingvistika, enisada genderis kvleva, kog-nituri lingvistika.

50

sxvaTa Soris, dResac mravali avtori aRniSnul termins maincdamaincfonologias ukavSirebs (ix. mag., bekaria 1996: 524; busmani 1996:342; kristali 1997: 270; traski 1996: 92, da a. S.). ase, magaliTad:„ori bgera fonologiuri opoziciis mimarTebaSia, Tu mxolod maTSeuZliaT erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaon ori, erTmaneTis mimarT sxvamxriv fonologiurad identuri, magram sxvadasxva mniSvnelobismqone sityva” (busmani 1996: 342). sainteresoa, rom l. blumfildisSemdgomi Taobis amerikelma enaTmecnierebma aRniSnuli terminisbadlad SemoiRes „kontrasti”. arsebobs mosazreba, rom praRisskolis lingvistebi, aseve a. martine da zogierTi amerikelistruqturalistic „opoziciaSi” gulisxmoben paradigmatulganzomilebebs, xolo „kontrasti” TiTqos ufro sintagmatur mxarezemiuTiTebs (traski 1996: 92-93). sinamdvileSi es ukanaskneli„opoziciis” generativistuli sinonimia (ase, magaliTad: „fonemebikontrastulia im gagebiT, rom isini warmoadgenen bgeris im nawilakebs,romelTa saSualebiTac erT sityvas gamovarCevT meorisagan”(ketfordi 2001: 187)). miuxedavad Teoriul-meTodologiurigansxvavebebisa, sxvadasxva skolis warmomadgenlebi orive terminiTZiriTadad mxolod struqturul gansxvavebebs aqcevdnen yuradRebas.da mainc, Rirssacnobia, rom jer kidev n. trubeckoim SeniSna Semdegi:fonemaTa „calkeuli variantebi gadanawilebulia sametyvelokoleqtivis sxvadasxva wevrze. mxolod gansakuTrebuli variantimiiCneva „normalur”, „karg” da „sanimuSo” warmoTqmad, danarCenebiki warmoadgenen regionur, socialur da paTologiur gadaxrasnormidan. magaliTad gamodgeba uvularuli da winaenismieri rsxvadasxva evropul enaSi. Tumca am ori bgeris Rirebulebagansxvavdeba enebSi. slavur enebSi, iseve rogorc italiurSi, espanurSi,ungrulsa da axal berZnulSi winaenismieri r normad miiCneva,uvularuli r ki ganixileba rogorc sawarmoTqmo defeqti, anrogorc snobisturi maneris gamovlineba. ufro iSviaTad igiwarmogvidgeba rogorc teritoriuli Tavisebureba, rogorc, magaliTad,es aris sloveniurSi, sadac igi gansakuTrebiT gvxvdeba korinTiiszogierT dialeqtSi. piriqiT, germanulsa da frangulSi uvularulir (ufro zustad uvularuli r-s saxesxvaobebi) normad iTvleba,xolo winaenismieri r _ an normisagan dialeqtur gadaxrad, anarqaizebuli metyvelebis niSnad, magaliTad, frangi msaxiobebis r”(trubeckoi 1969: 47). aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, avtori gvTavazobsstilisturad relevanturi da stilisturad ararelevanturivariantebis garCevas; am variantTa SerCeva ki dakavSirebuli iqneba

zaal kikviZe

51

ara marto mosaubris emociur mdgomareobasTan, aramed misi ganaTlebisdonesTan da socialuri klasis kuTvnilebasTan (trubeckoi 1969:47-48). cxadia, rom winaenismieri r da uvularuli r frangulSifonologiurad aradistinqciuria; tradiciuli gagebiT, isinilingvistur opozicias ver qmnian. da mainc, zemomoyvanil citataSifaqtobrivad warmodgenilia sociolingvisturi opoziciis

SemTxveva. am tipis opoziciisaTvis aucilebeli pirobaa erTmaneTTandapirispirebuli enobrivi erTeulebisaTvis socialuri kore-latebisa da Sesabamisi sociokulturuli konteqstis povniereba.miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari SesaZlebloba jer kidev trubeckoimSeniSna (misi „fonologiis safuZvlebi” xom pirvelad 1939 welsgamoica praRaSi germanul enaze), bgeraTa (da ara marto bgeraTa) amSesaZleblobas ar daumsaxurebia mniSvnelovani yuradReba mkvlevarTamxridan. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aRniSnuli viTareba fonemisTeoriebis garkveuli arasrulyofilebiT iyos gamowveuli. am mxriv,gamorCeulad Rirssacnobia b. jorbenaZis mosazrebebi fonemis raobisSesaxeb. aRniSnul sakiTxs igi exeba maSin, rodesac miznad isaxavsqarTuli enis dialeqtTa bgeriTi Sedgenilobis daxasiaTebas, radganacam dros mkvlevars zedmiwevniT unda hqondes gansazRvruli enisfonematuri sistema, rac, Tavis mxriv, fonemis zust, calsaxa definiciasunda efuZnebodes. rogorc cnobilia, am sakiTxze uamravi samecnieropublikacia arsebobs da uZvelesi xanidan (jer kidev im droidan,roca ar ixmareboda termini „fonema”: sxvaTa Soris, arsebobs cnoba,romlis mixedviTac, termini „fonema” pirvelad gamoiyenes naklebadcnobilma frangma lingvistebma a. diufriS-deJenetma da l. avem me-19 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi (losevi 1989: 34). Tumca am sferoserT-erTi yvelaze avtoritetuli specialisti d. jounzi pionerobasmxolod i. boduen de kurtenes akuTvnebs (jounzi 1973: 188-189))Cvens dromde fonemis nairgvari Teoria da, Sesabamisad, gansazRvraSeqmnila (vrclad ix. qobalava, 1976). aqedan gamomdinare, erTiSexedviT, TiTqos saTqmelic naklebadaa darCenili. magram, rogorcaRmoCnda, povnieria iseTi enobrivi faqtebi, romlebic saeWvod xdianzogierT aqsiomaturad miCneul debulebasac ki. kerZod, fonemisTiTqmis yvela definiciaSi Setanilia mniSvnelobis aspeqti _igulisxmeba is, rom fonemas aqvs mniSvnelobaTganmasxvavebeli(distinqtiuri) funqcia. Tuki marTlac asea, maSin fonemaTa gamoyofisTvalsazrisiT garkveuli siZneleebis winaSe vdgebiT rig SemTxvevaSi:„magaliTad, qarTlurSi (aseve kaxurSi...) taat-i da taÁt-i formaTaSedarebis safuZvelze SeiZleba daisvas sakiTxi Ã bgeris fonemurobis

kidev erTxel sociolingvisturi opoziciebis Sesaxeb

52

Sesaxeb maSin, roca igi mxolod S//s fonemis poziciuri variantia:taSti//tasti. sirTule ufro naTlad daCndeba, Tuki yvelaparalelur variants gaviTvaliswinebT: taSti//tasti//tahti//taÁsti//taÁhti. msgavsi viTareba morfemaTa zRvarzec gvxvdeba: da-i-wer-a_ da-Ã-wer-a „da-s-wer-a” (i- da Ã- gramatikuli mniSvnelobiTganasxvavebs am or formas, magram ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli am niSniTÁ-s fonematurobis Sesaxeb daisvas sakiTxi? Ã aq s-s poziciurinairsaxeobaa, sxva SemTxvevaSi igi i-s poziciuri variantic SeiZlebaiyos: de-Ã-wer-a <- de-i-wer-a). daismis sakiTxi: xom ar aris fonema(tradiciuli gagebiT) erTi dialeqtis farglebSi? ara! radgantaSti//tasti//taÃti paralelurad dasturdeba erTsa da imaveteqstSi, zogjer _ erT frazaSic ki” (jorbenaZe 1998: 6-7).zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze da ramdenime sxva specialistis (arn.Ciqobava, z. jafariZe, i. maslovi) mier gamoTqmuli argumentebismoSveliebiT avtoric kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs fonemis xsenebulfunqcias, ris Semdegac samarTlianad SeniSnavs: „rodesac fonemaTadistinqciur funqciaze laparakoben, Sedegs ureven mizezSi: qor-i,qar-i, qer-i formebSi gansxvaveba mxolod xmovnebiT gamovlinda,magram amis mixedviT ar SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom es xmovnebiam sityvebSi monawileoben imisTvis, rom mniSvneloba ganasxvavon”(jorbenaZe 1998: 7). uxv dialeqtur masalaze dayrdnobiT(bgeraTganviTareba (urcxo „ucxo”, povet-i „poeti”, imjavra „ijavra”),metaTezisi (zrug-i „zurgi”, Zriel „Zlier”, rRma „Rrma”), substitucia(Tebz-i „Tevzi”, samse „savse”, xnan-s „xnavs”), regresuli asimilacia(da-iwer-a -> de-i-wer-a), regresuli disimilacia (Se-a-ty-o -> Si-a-ty-o), naCvenebia, rom sityvis mniSvnelobis gamoxatva da aRqmamTlianobaSi xdeba, rom sityva (forma) warmoadgens fonemaTastruqturul mTlianobas da ara calkeul fonemaTa ariTmetikuljams. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SemoTavazebulia Semdegi definicia:„bgera, romelic mxolod poziciiT ar aris Sepirobebuli, warmoadgensfonemas, anu: bgera, romlis arseboba enaSi mxolod poziciaze araris damokidebuli, unda ganisazRvros, rogorc fonema” (jorbenaZe1998: 11). maSasadame, fonemisa da bgeris mimarTeba ar unda iqnesdayvanili calsaxa urTierTobaze. rac mTavaria, zemoaRniSnuli midgomaobieqturia, radganac emyareba faqtobriv enobriv masalas, da efeqturia,radganac igi saSualebas gvaZlevs adekvaturad aRvweroT enis rogorcfonematuri struqtura, ise misi sxva doneebic.

swored konkretuli empiriuli masalis safuZvelze xdebaSesaZlebeli visaubroT, kerZod, sociofonologiuri da, zogadad,

zaal kikviZe

53

sociolingvisturi opoziciebis Sesaxeb. sxvaTa Soris, varirebis,fakultatiurobis principis gamovlenis saintereso SemTxvevas Tavisdroze qarTul enaTmecnierebaSic mieqca yuradReba: maSin rodesacTanamedrove qarTveli inteligenciis bevri warmomadgeneli mxolodmagar l’s warmoTqvams sityvebSi qalma, Calma, „xSirad SexvdebiTrogorc rbil, ise magar l-s sityvebSi palma, palto... aseve sxvaenaTa gavleniTaa i-s �-d SesaZlo warmoTqma iseT sityvebSi, rogoricaaiarusi, iardi, biuro (Sdr. �arusi, �ardi, b�uro, magram i xmovnissavaldebulo SenarCunebiT _ iara, ziani, miutana da a.S., racmowmobs, rom � araa i-s savaldebulo poziciuri varianti)” (jafariZe1979: 105). rogorc vxedavT, zemomoyvanil msjelobaSi empiriulimasalis Taviseburebam aucilebeli gaxada socialuri komponentisSemotana da damateba, radganac am SemTxvevaSi avtori marTlacerTgvari sociolingvisturi opoziciis SemTxvevebs exeba.

radganac opoziciebs ara mxolod fonemebi qmnian, Sesabamisad,sociolingvisturi opoziciebis cneba enis sxva doneebis erTeulebzecSeiZleba gavrceldes.

am mxriv, sociolingvisturi opoziciis TvalsaCino magaliTebadmiviCnevT mimarTvis formebSi familaruli da Tavaziani mniSvnelobebisgarCevis formobriv SesaZleblobas. zemoaRniSnulis Tqmis safuZvelsSemdegi garemoeba gvaZlevs: aseT dros erTmaneTis paraleluradgvaqvs: (a) erTi da igive referenti, (b) gansxvavebuli formebi, (g)gansxvavebuli socialuri tonaloba. niSandoblivia, rom (g)komponentis gareSe naklebad gveqneboda safuZveli raime saxisopoziciaze sasaubrod (es rom asec xdeboda, imiTac kargad Cans,Tu rogor msjelobda n. trubeckoi frangulSi arsebulisociofonologiuri opoziciebis Sesaxeb, rogorc es ukve vaCveneTzemoT). mniSvnelovania isic, rom mimarTvis zmnuri da nacvalsaxeluriformebis ganxilva sxvadasxva enasa da kulturaSi TvalsaCinodxdis ara marto zemoxsenebuli socialuri tonalobis povnierebas,aramed garkveuli, sociolingvisturi fardobiTobis principismoqmedebis danaxvis saSualebasac gvaZlevs. vgulisxmobT imas, romsxvadasxva sazogadoebis rolebrivi matricebi Seicavs erTmaneTisaganara marto raodenobrivad, aramed Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul elementebs.amasTanave, isini nairgvarad korelireben koduri matricis aseveraodenobrivad da Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul elementebTan, rasac amerTeulTa funqcionirebis specifikuri wesebic emateba. swored esgansxvavebebi qmnian sociolingvistur opoziciebs da asevewarmoaCenen sociolingvisturi fardobiTobis princi pis


54

moqmedebis nairgvar Taviseburebebs. qvemoT swored amgvarifardobiTobis arss unda SevexoT saTanado empiriul masalazedayrdnobiT.

rogorc wesi, Tavazianobis enobriv formebs ukavSirebenmocemuli kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel komunikantTa Taviseburfsiqosocialur urTierTobebs (ix. mag., brauni da gilmeni, 1960).sxvadasxva enaSi (da kultura/sazogadoebaSi) am urTierTobaTaenobrivi gamosaxulebis wesebi gansxvavdeba sociolingvisturad(xSirad es gansxvavebebi radikaluria). baskeTSi saqmro da sacoleerTmaneTs mimarTaven SenobiT hi (T nacvalsaxeli), xolo qorwinebisSemdeg gadadian Tavazian formaze zu (V nacvalsaxeli) „Tqven”;mSobeli umcrosi asakis Svilebs TqvenobiT mimarTavs, xolo mozardisasaks miRweul, Tavisive sqesis Svils ukve SenobiT esaubreba; esimas niSnavs, rom mama kvlav TqvenobiT mimarTavs sakuTar qaliSvils,xolo deda vaJs (sturua 1992: 347). qarTulSi arsebuli mdgomareobadiametrulad gansxvavdeba zemoaRniSnulisagan; e. i. Sen/Tqvendapirispirebis wevrebi qarTulsa da baskurSi sociolingvisturiopoziciis polarul wertilebze imyofebian.

msgavsi polarulobis TvalsaCino magaliTebis dasaxelebamravlad SeiZleba. CvenTvis savsebiT bunebrivia is, rom Tavazianobisformebi yvelaze xSirad inteligenciis saubarSi gvxvdeba. magramaris Tu ara es sociolingvisturad relevanturi niSaniuniversaluri? ungrul etiketSi aris is, rasac f. papi da k. kiSi„Tavisebur garTulebebs” uwodeben: „SenobiT mimarTva yvelaze metadgavrcelebulia inteligenciaSi da yvelaze naklebad _ glexobaSi:inteligenciis SigniT _ yvelaze farTod pedagogebs Soris” (papida kiSi 1976: 212). naTqvami ar niSnavs imas, rom ungruli inteligenciiswarmomadgenlebi erTmaneTis mimarT familarul damokidebulebasusvamen xazs. ubralod, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sociolingvisturiopoziciis wevrebi relevanturobis TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxvapolarobiTaa ganlagebuli qarTulsa da ungrulSi. amgvariSepirispirebebi ki saSualebas gvaZlevs warmovaCinoT aRniSnulopoziciaTa distinqciuroba da aseve davafiqsiroT sxvaoba rogorclingvistur, aseve sociolingvistur opoziciebs Soris.

am mxriv, TvalSisacem da sagulisxmo viTarebas qmnis sxvadasxvaenisa da kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli modelebis Sexvedra-gadakveTa. iaponursa da rusulSi mimarTvis Tavazian formaTagansxvavebuli sociolingvisturi fardobiTobis ilustrirebisasv. alpatovi wers: „iaponur enaSi gansakuTrebuli sociolingvisturi

zaal kikviZe

55

wesebis arseboba Cans, magaliTad, iaponuri da rusuli Tavazianiformebis Sepirispirebisas. erTi SexedviT, -mas-sufiqsiani iaponurizmnebisa da rusuli nacvalsaxelis âû-s mniSvnelobebi identuria:gadmogvcemen Tavazian damokidebulebas Tanamoubris mimarT(Sesabamisad, araTavaziani mniSvneloba aqvs -mas- sufiqsis armqoneformasa da òû nacvalsaxels)” (alpatovi 1988: 57). Semdeg avtorigvTavazobs amgvar magaliTs: maqsim gorkis piesis „vasa Jeleznovas”mTavari gmiri mmarTvels, ganaTlebul adamians mimarTavs TqvenobiT,xolo ufros Zmas, romelsac pativs ar scems _ SenobiT; piesisiaponur TargmanSi igi araTavazianad esaubreba mmarTvels, rogorcTavis xelqveiTs, da Tavazianad mimarTavs Zmas, rogorc ojaxisufros wevrs. amave piesaSi vasas Tavisi erTi qaliSvili TqvenobiTmimarTavs, meore ki SenobiT; iaponur TargmanSi es sxvaoba waSlilia:orive Svili dedisadmi mimarTvaSi Tavazian formas iyenebs.zemoaRwerili socialuri konteqstis TvalsazrisiT, iaponurSialternativa ar arsebobs: Svilma mSobels mxolod Tavaziani formiTSeiZleba mimarTos.

rasakvirvelia, msgavsi magaliTebis moyvana dausrulebladSeiZleba, Tumca amjerad mTavari aris ara maTi raodenoba, aramed imumniSvnelovanesi kanonzomierebebis danaxva, rom, sociolingvisturiopoziciebis TvalsazrisiT, enebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebianraodenobrivad (ama Tu im sociolingvisturi opoziciis povniereba-arapovnierebisa da, povnierebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi struqturuliTaviseburebebis mixedviT) da Tvisebrivad (sociolingvisturiopoziciis Rirebulebis mqone erTeulTa moxmarebis nairgvarilingvokulturuli wesebis mixedviT). am mxriv, rogorc monokul-turul konteqstSi, iseve erTmaneTisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuliena-kulturebis gadakveTis wertilSi Cndeba e. w. „Tavis aridebis”(avoidance) problema. Cveni azriT, aucilebelia am cnebis ganmarteba:„Tavis arideba” aris mocemul enaze metyvelis bunebrivi qmedeba anmcdeloba, gaeqces sakuTari Tavisa Tu Tanamoubris enobriv (ufrozustad, sociolingvistur) identifikacias, rodesac igi ar arisdarwmunebuli sakuTari gadawyvetilebis marTebulobaSi. magaliTad,ase xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ar viciT, SenobiT mivmarToT TuTqvenobiT konkretul pirovnebas. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebuli, sakmaodTvalSisacemi da, SeiZleba iTqvas, radikaluri SemTxveva aRweriliaspecialur literaturaSi: „erTi Tailandeli kaci (budisti) quCismeore mxareze gadavida, raTa Tavidan aecilebina Tavis erT-erTnacnobTan Sexvedra, radganac ar iyo darwmunebuli imaSi, Tu rogor


56

unda miemarTa misTvis sworad” (Tomasi 1992: 128). es SemTxvevasaerTod komunikaciisaTvis Tavis aridebis magaliTia. ra xdeba imdros. rodesac metyveli komunikacias ar aridebs Tavs da sworedam komunikaciis procesSi mas problemas uqmnis enaSi arsebulimimarTvis markirebuli formebi? misi qcevis zogierTi, mosalodneliTavisebureba garkveulwilad damokidebulia imaze, Tu romel enazemetyvelebs igi, ufro zustad, rogori agebulebis enaze metyvelebs.am mxriv inglisuri mosaxerxebeli „TavSesafaria”, radganacTanamedrove inglisurSi TiTqmis aRar aris Sen/Tqven tipis opozicia(arc nacvalsaxelebisa da arc zmnis doneze). es imas ar niSnavs,rom inglisurad molaparakes ar SeuZlia erTmaneTisagan Tavazianida familaruli mimarTvebis garCeva, Tumca isic marTalia, rom maTiganmasxvavebeli saSualebebi ufro leqsikuria, vidre gramatikuli.amitomac, zemoganxiluli gansxvavebebi Tavazianobis gamoxatvisgramatikuli saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT ara mxolod struqturuligansxvavebebia. isini maTze molaparake adamianebis sociolingvisturikompetenciis uSualo Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenen. aqve undaSevniSnoT, rom termini sociolingvisturi kompetencia (vrcladix. kikviZe, 2003) gulisxmobs im faqtsac, rom mosaubrem icis aramarto mocemuli enis struqturuli wesebi, aramed enobriv erTeulTasworad moxmarebis wesebic socialurad da situaciurad gan-pirobebulÁviTarebaSi. maSasadame, inglisuris gramatika naklebformalur wesebs gvTavazobs Tavazianobis aRniSvnis TvalsazrisiT,igi sociogramatikulad naklebad kodirebulia. es faqti kicxadyofs, rom masSi meti gasaqania saimisod, rom Tavi avaridoTTanamoubrisÁsociolingvistur (ufro zustad, socio-gramatikul)aRniSvnas mimarTvis dros.

qarTulsa da inglisur Soris am mxriv arsebuli gansxvavebebiSesabamis enobriv erTeulTa gansxvavebul pragmatul semantikasacgulisxmobs, rasac kanonzomierad mivyavarT iqamde, rom mimarTvisformaTa sociolingvistur opoziciebs ZaluZT saTanado wvlilisSetana ama Tu im socio-kulturuli situaciis TaviseburebaTasistemis CamoyalibebaSi.

zemoTqmulis paralelurad, sociolingvisturi opoziciismagaliTebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mravalgzis SemCneuli gansxvavebebiqalTa da mamakacTa metyvelebas Soris. rac gamorCeuladmniSvnelovania, saopozicio erTeulebi xSirad TviTonve asrulebenara mxolod marTulis, aramed mmarTvelis rolsac socialurifaqtorebis mimarT. sailustraciod SeiZleba ganvixiloT r. fleneris

zaal kikviZe

57

(1946) mier moyvanili masala, romelSic warmodgenilia aSS-ismontanas StatSi mosaxle indielTa enaSi arsebuli specifika: aqqalTa da mamakacTa metyveleba ZiriTadad sawarmoTqmo Tavisebure-bebiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qalebiwarmoTqvamen velarul xSul /k/-s, mamakacebTan warmoiTqmis afrikati;Sesabamisad, qali warmoTqvams: /wakinsihièa/ (Cvili), /kya’tsa/ (puri),mamakaci ki /wajinsihièa/, /ja’tsa/. indielTa am tomSi warmoTqma adamianisgenderuli identobis maCvenebelia; amitomac, is, vinc umarTebuloformas gamoiyenebs, biseqsualad miiCneva tomis uxucesTa mier.zemoaRniSnuli naSromis avtoris varaudiT, uneburi SecdomiTgamowveuli SesaZlo dacinvisadmi SiSis gamo tomis axalgazrdaTaoba Tavs aridebs mSobliur enaze saubars (gv. 134). ra Tqma unda,xsenebul gansxvavebebs garkveuli eqstralingvisturi safuZveliaqvs, rac imas niSnavs, rom enam ganicada garkveuli zemoqmedebagaredan da es aisaxa kidec masSi garkveulwilad; amasTanave, enaSidamkvidrebuli Taviseburebebi gavlenas axdens masze molaparakesazogadoebis wevrTa sociolingvistur arCevanze da, Sesabamisad,qcevazec.

garkveuli paralelis gavleba SeiZleba tanzaniaSi arsebulmdgomareobasTan; iq arsebul enobriv situaciaSi wamyvani poziciauWiravs or enas: suahilis, romelic qveynis erovnul faseulobaTasimboloa, da inglisurs, romelic teqnikur siaxleebTan da ucxofaseulobebTan asocirdeba. intervius dros erT-erTma tanzanielmamamakacma mkvlevars uTxra, rom kamaTisas Tavis orenovan meuRlesZiriTadad suahilize esaubreba, maSin roca coli inglisuradpasuxobs. mecnieri gvTavazobs am movlenis Semdeg savaraudo axsnas:„suahiliSi arsebuli normebi gansxvavebul rolebs miakuTvnebsqmarsa da cols (socialurad ufro gamokveTilad?), inglisurSisxva normebia (socialurad naklebad gamokveTili da ufrokonvergentuli?). arCevanis SemTxvevaSi romelime erTi enisadmiupiratesobis miniWeba SeiZleba iyos garkveuli xerxi sasurvelirolis gasacxadeblad” (mkilifi 1978: 142).

aSkaraa, rom msgavs SemTxvevebSi zemoxsenebuli ‘Tavis aridebis’ganzraxvis sisruleSi moyvana imdenadaa SesaZlebeli, ramdenadacenis agebuleba iZleva amis saSualebas. Rirssacnobia, rom amgvariganzraxvis gaCenis logikas warmarTavs saTanado socialur-fsiqologiuri konteqsti, xolo misi ganxorcielebis sazRvrebsgansazRvravs mocemuli enis gramatikuli da semantikuri arsenali.


58

ganxiluli masala gviCvenebs, rom sociolingvisturi opoziciiskomponentebad gamodian rogorc enis Sidastruqturuli erTeulebi,aseve mTlianad idiomebi. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonili iqneba,erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT mikrosociolingvisturi da makro-sociolingvisturi opoziciebi. pirvelis gaTvaliswineba saWiroamocemuli enis struqturis erTeulTa funqcionirebis garkvevisas,xolo meore _ enobrivi situaciis kvlevisas. aqve unda aRiniSnosisic, rom xelovnuri universalizaciebis Tavidan asacilebladusaTuod unda iqnes mxedvelobaSi miRebuli zemoxsenebulisociolingvisturi fardobiTobis faqtori rogorc mikro-, isemakrosociolingvisturi opoziciebis kvalificirebisas.

literatura

alpatovi 1988: Àëïàòîâ Â. Ì. ßïîíèÿ. ßçûê è îáùåñòâî. Ìîñêâà:Íàóêà, 1988.

bekaria 1996: Dizionario di linguistica e di filologia, metrica, retorica.Diretto do G. L. Beccaria. Torino: Einaudi, 1996.

brauni da gilmeni 1960: Brown, R. W. & Gilman, A. The pronouns ofpower and solidarity. Style in language, ed. by T. A. Sebeok. New York &Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1960: 253-276.

busmani 1996: Bussmann, H. Routledge Dictionary of Language andLinguistics. Tr. and ed. by G. Trauth & K. Kazzazi. London & New York:Routledge, 1996.

Tomasi 1992: Thomas, D. A review of Hy V. Loung, Discursive practicesand linguistics meanings: The Vietnamese system of personal reference.Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1990. Language in Society,21/1, 1992: 128-132.

ketfordi 2001: Catford, J. C. A Practical Introduction to Phonetics.2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

kikviZe 1997: z. kikviZe, sociolingvisturi opoziciebis gamo-yofisaTvis//saenaTmecniero Ziebani, VI, 1997: 4-6.

kristali 1997: Crystal, D. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics.4th ed. Oxford (UK) & Cambridge (MA): Cambridge University Press,1997.

losevi 1989: Ëîñåâ À. Ô. Â ïîèñêàõ ïîñòðîåíèÿ îáùåãî ÿçûêîçíàíèÿêàê äèàëåêòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû. Â êí.: Òåîðèÿ è ìåòîäîëîãèÿ ÿçûêî-çíàíèÿ: Ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÿçûêà. Ìîñêâà: Íàóêà, 1989: 5-92.

zaal kikviZe

59

mkilifi 1978: Abdulaziz Mkilifi, M. H. Triglossia and Swahili-Englishbilingualism in Tanzania. Advances in the Study of Societal Multilingualism,ed. by J. Fishman. The Hague: Mouton, 1978: 129-152.

papi da kiSi 1976: Ïàïï Ô., Êèøø Ê. Ý. Âîïðîñû ñîöèàëüíîéëèíãâèñòèêè â Âåíãðèè. Â êí: Ñîöèàëüíî-ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèå èññëå-äîâàíèÿ. Ìîñêâà: Íàóêà, 1976: 208-218.

sturua 1992: Ñòóðóà Í. Í. Áàñêñêèé ïîëèïåðñîíàëüíûé ãëàãîë, II // iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli, t. XVIII-XIX, Tbilisi, 1992: 355-362.

traski 1996: Trask, R. L. A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology.London & New York: Routledge, 1996.

trubeckoi 1969: Trubetzkoy, N. S. Principles of Phonology. Berkeley& Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969.

fleneri 1946: Flannery, R. Men’s and women’s speech in Gros Ventre.International Journal of American Linguistics, 12, 1946: 133-135.

qobalava 1976: i. qobalava, fonemis cneba enaTmecnierebaSi. Tbilisi:mecniereba, 1976.

jafariZe 1979: z. jafariZe, enis fonemuri SedgenilobisdadgenisaTvis (saliteraturo qarTulis magaliTze)//arnoldCiqobavas (dabadebis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli).Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1979: 104-113.

jorbenaZe 1998: b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, 2. Tbilisi:qarTuli ena, 1998.

jounzi 1973: Jones, D. The history and meaning of the term ’phoneme’.Phonetics in Linguistics. A book of reading, ed. by W. E. Jones & J.Laver. London: Longman, 1973: 187-204.


60

Tamaz koWlamazaSvili

terminebi _ `brZaneba~ da`moxseneba~

socialur da situaciurkonteqstebSi

`brZaneba~ da `moxseneba~, maT Sesabamispirian formebTan erTad (`brZanebs~,ùbrZanebs~, mogaxseneb~, moaxsenebs~ da sxv.),sruliad garkveuli moqmedebis aRmniSvneliterminebia. qegl-is mixedviT, `brZaneba~ _xelisuflebis an uflebamosili pirisgankargulebaa; meore mniSvnelobiT _ risameTqma, magram ara nebismieri adamianis, aramedraime Zalauflebis mqone piris mier (`brZa-nebs~ _ iTqmis mdgomareobiT an xniT ufrosadamianze, an iseT pirze, vis mimarTac Tava-zianobis gamoxatva surT); `moxseneba~ ki _vinmes mimarT raimes Tqmaa pativiscemiT(igulisxmeba: mokrZalebiT) [qegl I 1950: 1145;qegl V 1958: 605]. amrigad, `brZanebac~ da`moxsenebac~ _ Tqmaa, oRond pirveli maTgani(`brZanebs~, ùbrZanebs~) maRali socialurimdgomareobis piris Tqmas gulisxmobs (ufrodabali mdgomareobis pirisadmi), meore ki(`moaxsenebs~) _ qvemdgomis mimarTvas zemdgo-misadmi.

`brZanebisa~ da moxsenebis~ socialuriSinaarsi mkveTradaa aqcentirebuli sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konaSi~. avtorissityviT _ sam-saxe arian Tqmani: Tqma iTqmis,swors (= Tanaswor) kacs etyodes, xolomo� seneba _ uaRresisadmi, da brZaneba _

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, ilia WavWavaZissaxelmwifo universi-tetis humanitarulmecnierebaTa da kultu-ris kvlevebis fakulte-tis profesori. mTavariredaqtori samecnieroJurnalisa _ `qristia-nul-arqeologiuri Zie-bani~.ZiriTadi naSromebi:samociqulos ganmartebisefTvime mTawmideliseuliTargmani, 2003.tipikoni SiomRvimis mo-nastrisa (e. giunaSvilTanerTad), 2005.wmida grigol noselis`didi kateqeturi sity-vis~ Zveli qarTuli Tar-gmani: qristianul-arqeo-logiuri Ziebani~ I, 2008.statiebis seria: litur-gikuli SeniSvnebi~.interesTa sfero:qarTuli patristika, bi-zantiur-qarTuli lite-raturuli urTierToba,qristianuli Teologia,liturgika, kodikologia,teqstologia, leqsiko-logia.

61

umcrosisadmi~ [sulxan-saba 1991: 315, Sdr. 116].Zvel qarTul teqstebSi `brZanebasa~ da `moÃsenebas~, garda

`Tqmis~ mniSvnelobisa da socialuri determinaciis funqciisa,rogorc irkveva, araerTi sxva mniSvnelobac hqonia.1

magaliTad, grigol xancTelis cxovrebaSi~, iq, sadac aRweriliaaSot kurapalatisa da netari febronias saubari, vkiTxulobT:`...viTar iloca kurapalatman eklesiasa wmidisa RmrTismSobelisasada miiRo locvaÃ dedisa febroniaÃsi, maSin iwyo sityuad: uwyi-mea,dedao, raÃsaTÃs moved aw?~

kurapalatis SekiTxvaze febronia pasuxobs: ùfalman icis,raÃsaTÃs hbrZane aqa~ [abulaZe 1963: 297].

kiTxva-pasuxis SedarebiT aSkarad Cans, rom `hbrZane~ amkonteqstSi niSnavs: moxvedi~, mobrZandi~. swored aseve ganmartaven`hbrZane~-s `grigol xancTelis cxovrebis~ komentatorebi[sarjvelaZe 1986: 114, 155].

Zvel qarTul teqstebSi brZanebis~ sxva mravali mniSvnelobacaadafiqsirebuli ilia abulaZis leqsikonSi~: ganweseba~, mivlineba~,`miwera~, Tqma~, daTqma~, Serisxva~, mcneba~, sityva~, Tqmuli~,`sazRvari~ [abulaZe 1973: 36]

vnaxoT, ra mniSvnelobiT ixmareba `brZaneba~ liturgikulteqstebSi, saxeldobr, iq, sadac RmrTismsaxurebis zogierT momentSidiakoni xmamaRla warmoTqvams: brZane!~ (an: brZaneT!~).

es sityva iTqmis, magaliTad, siwmidis ganaxlebisas, anupirvelSewirulis liturgiaze, SeqmnaTa~ sakiTxavisa da wardgomisSemdeg, sanam mwirveli mRdeli, sacecxuriTa da sasanTliT xelSi,warmoTqvamdes: sibrZniT, aRemarTeniT; naTeli qristesi gananaTlebsyovelTa~ [kondaki 1899: 278].2

aseve, iovane oqropiris Jamiswirvaze, wmidao RmerTos~ galobisaRsrulebis Semdeg, diakoni mimarTavs mwirvel mRdels anmRdelTmTavars: brZane, meufeo~ [kondaki 1899: 130. kekeliZe 1908:44].

jer brZane~, Semdeg ki brZaneT~ _ iTqmis diakvnis xelTdasxmisdros, rodesac kerZo-diakvnebs xelTdasxmadi mihyavT aRsavliskarTan [kekeliZe 1008: 167],

1 `brZanebis~ polisemantikur saxiaTs (liturgikuli Zeglebis mixedviT) adreSevexeT werilSi _ `brZaneT!~ (`liturgikuli SeniSvnebis~ seriidan)[koWlamazaSvili 1999: 7-10].2 Tu mwirvelia mRdelTmTavari, am sityvebis warmoTqmisas xelT upyria sacecxurida trikiri [kekeliZe 1908: 141].

terminebi _ `brZaneba~ da `moxseneba~ socialur da situaciur konteqstebSi

62

`brZane, meufeo!~ _ aseve mimarTavs mRdelTmTavars protodiakonisxva xelTdasxmaTa Sesrulebis Jamsac, gansazRvrul momentSi.

ras gamoxatavs `brZaneba~ aq moyvanil konteqstebSi da raliturgikuli Sinaarsi aqvs mas?

rogorc sruli liturgiisa da siwmidis ganaxlebis, isexelTdasxmaTa dros am sityviT diakoni mRvdels an episkopossiwvevs saTanado moqmedebis Sesasruleblad. saxeldobr, siwmidisganaxlebisas am sityviT xdeba mRdelis mowveva aRsavalTan, raTasacecxuriTa da sanTliT ers jvari gadasaxos da warmoTqvas:`naTeli qristesi gananaTlebs yovelTa~; aseve, basili didisa daiovane oqropiris liturgiaze `wmidao RmerTos~ galobis SemdegtipikoniT dadgenilia mwirveli mRdelisa Tu mRdelTmTavris asvlae. w. ùzedaes saydarTan~, sadac unda moisminon samociqulosa dasaxarebis kiTxva. amitomac diakoni mimarTavs maT _ brZaneT~, e. i.mobrZandiTo. xelTdasxmaTa Sesrulebis drosac amave sityviTmoiwveva mRdelTmTavari trapezTan, raTa iq xelTdasxmis locvebiwarTqvas da saTanado rituali Seasrulos. amrigad, yvelazemoxsenebul konteqstSi brZane~ da brZaneT~ niSnavs: mobrZandi~,`mobrZandiT~.

berZnul da slavur teqstebSi saTanado adgilas ikiTxebaimave mniSvnelobis sityvebi: `kelevson~ da `kelevsate~; `Ïîâåëè~da `Ïîâåëèòå~ (`brZane~ da `brZaneT~), e. i. maTac analogiurimniSvneloba eniWeba aRniSnul konteqstebSi.

liturgikis specialistTa azriT, qristianul RmrTis-msaxurebaSi ritualuri miwvevis amgvari forma romis (konstan-tinepolis) saimperatoro karis ceremoniidan iqna nasesxebi. iq`kelevsate~ (laT. jubete) warmoiTqmoda, rodesac sasaxleSi mosulstumrebs iwvevdnen sadilze an miuTiTebdnen erTi darbazidan meoreSigadasvlas; imave sityviT cxaddeboda imperatorTan audienciisdamTavreba, ris Semdegac yvela tovebda darbazs [uspenski 1978: 83].n. uspenskis azriT, samonastro RmrTismsaxurebaSi `kelevsates~damkvidreba saba ganwmedilis (IV s.) iniciativiT SeiZlebodamomxdariyo [uspenski 1978: 65].

`brZaneba~, `mobrZanebis~ mniSvnelobiT, SesaZloa, sworedliturgikuli wyaroebis gavleniT iyos damkvidrebuli qarTulSi.amgvari mniSvnelobiT brZaneba~ mravalgan gvxvdeba, rodesac surT,xazi gausvan, rom saubari exeba didad pativsacem adamianebs:

XIII saukunis kanonikur ZeglSi, romlis saTauria `gangebadarbazobisa~, vkiTxulobT: `brZanos qarTlisa kaTalikozman da


63

dajdes marjueniT mefisa, taxtsa zeda mokidebiT, natiTa da baliSiTa~[doliZe II, 1965: 47]

mRdelTmTavrebis Sesaxeb iqve naTqvamia:`Semovides Wyondideli da dajdes...~`Semovides mawyuereli da dajdes...~`Semovides amba alaverdeli da dajdes...~ da a. S.yoveli mRdelTmoZRvari Semodis da jdeba. bolos unda

`modgnen yovelTa monasterTa moZRuarni da winamZRuarni~ da Tav-TavianTi wesiT dasxdnen. rogorc vxedavT, `gangebis~ Tanaxmad,mRdelTmTavrebi da monasterTa moZRvar-winamZRvarni Semodian anmodgebian. mxolod qarTlis kaTalikoszea naTqvami: `brZanos~,rac aRebul konteqstSi niSnavs: `SemobrZandes~.

es rom namdvilad asea, mowmobs aRniSnuli Zeglis zogierTnusxaSi SemCneuli gansxvavebuli formulireba: mobrZandes qarTlisakaTolikosi da dasjdes marjuÃniT mefisa, taxtsa zeda mokidebiT,natiTa da baliSiTa~ (xelnaweri S 5050, 2v) [metreveli 1973: 35.]

sxva magaliTebi:ùfalo efrem, brZane sakurTxevelad~ [amfiloqe ikonieli X:

151r].`Zmano, romelTa hbrZaneT da moxu�diT da guamsa mogzaur

eqmneniT...~ [iovane oqropiri XVII: 273v].`viTxov Sengan, ufalo RmerTo Cueno, raÃTa hbrZano wyalobiTa

SeniTa zeTsa amas zeda, da _ romelni icxeben saxeliTa SeniTa...~[gangebaÁ XI: 16r]

`brZane, RmerTo, ZaliTa SeniTa...~ (fs. 67, 29) da a. S.amrigad, `brZane~ `mobrZandi~-s mniSvnelobiT iTqmoda ara

marto liturgikuli wes-gangebebis dros, aramed yofacxovrebaSic.rogorc sasuliero, ise saero mwerlobis ZeglebSi brZane~ mravalgangamoxatavs Tavazian miwvevas.

garda miwvevisa, brZane~-s sxva mniSvnelobebic hqonia, da sazogadoTavazian mimarTvas warmoadgenda Zvel qarTulSi. situaciisSesabamisad, mas sxvadasxva moqmedebis gamoxatva SeeZlo: `modi~,`wadi~, adeqi~, dajeqi~, Tqvi~, neba damrTe~, Wame~, svi~ da a. S.sainteresoa, rom `brZane~, `Wame~-s (`miirTvi~) mniSvnelobiTgvianobamde SemorCa zogierT dialeqtSi. brZane~-s amgvari mniSvnelobadafiqsirebuli aqvs qarTvel mweral parmen lorias aWariscxovrebisadmi miZRvnil erT-erT romanSi [loria 1980: 300],`nebarTvis~ mniSvnelobiT ki es sityva gvxvdeba saxarebaSi (iovane19,38), `saqme mociqulTa~-Si (21,39) da sxv.


64

`brZanebis~ msgavsad, situaciis Sesabamisad mniSvnelobis cvlaaxasiaTebs `mo�seneba~ (`mo�seneba~) zmnasac, im gansxvavebiT, rom`brZaneba~ _ socialurad zemdgomi adamianis moqmedebaa, `mo�seneba~_ qvemdgomisa.

erTi da igive adamiani erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba `brZanebdes~(qvemdgomis mimarT), sxva SemTxvevaSi ki moaxsenebdes~ (socialuradzemdgoms). aseve, erTsa da imave kacs erTni moaxseneben~ (qvemdgomni),sxvani (zemdgomni) _ ùbrZaneben~. aseTi SemTxvevaa aRwerili,magaliTad, vefxistyaosanSi~:

`Semovida mis winaSe (igulisxmeba avTandili) TinaTinis monazangi,

moaxsena: gibrZanebso tani alva, piri mangi~ (v-t 120).avTandils zangi mona `moaxsenebs~, rogorc socialurad

qvemdgomi piri (`moaxsena~ aq niSnavs: acnoba; mefe TinaTinis danabarebigadasca), magram imave avTandils ùbrZanebs~ (e. i. mouwodebs,

uxmobs) TinaTini, rogorc socialurad ufro warCinebuli(ùbrZanebs~, Tundac mona zangis piriT!)

analogiuri situaciaa, roca monis piriT rostevan mefe uxmobstariels:

(monam) `moaxsena: gibrZanebso. axlos midga, dauwynarda~ (v-t 87).

axla ganvixiloT `moxsenebis~ sxva mniSvnelobebi, romelTacigi sxvadasxva konteqstSi iZens:

nikolaos kaTalikozisadmi (1562-1588) mirTmeul erTgulebiswignSi~ gabriel alaverdeli episkoposi termin mo�senebas~ orgzisxmarobs, ramdenadme gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebiT: `Cuen, qristesmier kurTxeulma[n] amba alaverdelman gabriel ese wigni moga�seneTTquen, Cuensa makurTxevelsa qarTlisa kaTalikoz-patriaqsa patronsanikolaozs, mas Jamsa, odes cotas saqme[sa] zed[a] gaguiwyer daSeundoblad gaguxade. ama[s] zeda Cuen SemogexueweniT da SendobaguiboZe. aw, dRes da dReis ukan viyvneT Tqueni da Tquenisa saydrisaerTgulni, da arca raÃ Tqueni winaaRmdgomi vqmnaT da TquenisasityÃsa morCilni viyvneT Cuen, da Cueni saydari Tquens ÃelT-queSiyos... Tavsmdebad RmrTi da sueti cxoveli mogui�senebia~ [doliZeIII, 1970: 351-352].

konteqstidan aSkaraa, rom pirveli `moÃseneba~ (`wignimogaÃ seneT~) `mirTmevas~, mowiwebiT micemas niSnavs, meore`moÃ senebas~ ki (`Tavsmdebad RmerTi da sueti cxovelimoguiÃsenebia~) _ Tavmdebis wardginebis mniSvneloba aqvs. orive


65

moqmedeba (Tavmdebis wardginebac da wignis mirTmevac) kaTaliko-zisadmi mowiwebiT, misi upiratesobis aRiarebiT xdeba da sworedamis niSania orive moqmedebis gamomxatvelad `moÃseneba~ terminisxmareba.

`moÃseneba~ mirTmevas niSnavs sxva, analogiur èrTgulebiswignebSic~. erT-erTi aseTia gerasime mawyuereli episkoposis mierdawerili miqael kaTalikozisadmi (1414-1426): èse wigni gkadreda moga� sene ATquen, wmidasa da qristes mier kurTxeulsamRdelTmTavarT mTavarsa qarTlisa qaTalikozsa miqaels; gkadreTda moga�seneT mas Jamsa, odes mcxeTas move[d] da makurTxeT~[doliZe III, 1970: 183]. aseve, saba mtbevaris mier mirTmeuli wignidomenti kaTalikozisadmi (1556 w.): èse ukunisamde gasaTavebeliwigni moga�sene me, mtbevarma[n] saba, Tquen, wmidasa kaTolikesamociqulosa saydarsa, Tquensa saWeTmpyrobelsa qarTlisakaTalikozsa patriaqsa domentis, mas Jamsa, odes guakurTxeT. Tquenissaydris erTguli da Tquenisa brZanebisa morCilni viyvneT... amisagaTavebisa Tav[sm]debad Tavad[i] RmerTi da yovelni misni wmidanida sueti cxoveli mogui�senebia~ [doliZe III, 1970: 262]. aqbolo `moÃseneba~, ise, rogorc gabriel alaverdelis werilSi,Tavmdebis wardginebis mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari.

`moÃseneba~ rom mirTmevas gamoxatavdes, Sewirvis niuansiT,amis magaliTebic uamravia Zvel sigel-gujrebSi:

1) aseTia, pirvel yovlisa, 1029-33 ww-iT daTariRebuli`dawerili~ melqisedek kaTalikozisa sveticxovlisadmi, romelSicvkiTxulobT: èse dawerili mova� sene da Sevswire yovelTaveCrdiloeTisa kedarTa Soris uaRressa da uaRmatebules-udidebulessa,wmidasa da kaTolike da samociqulosa saydarsa mcxeTisasa~ [doliZeIII, 1970: 18]. zustad aseTsave formulirebas imeorebs SewirulebisSesaxeb dawerili~ malaqia kaTalikozisa sveticxovlisadmi (daaxl.1532 w.) (ix. iqve, gv. 253).

2) aseve, Sewirulebis `dawerili~ Wiaberisa SiomRvimisadmi(1189-1192 ww.): `vhkadre da mova�sene RmrTisa sworsa mefeTamefesa Tamars da maT mier brZanebiTa da kiTxviTa gkadre da

moga�sene Sen, wmidasa mamasa Sios da SenTa cremlTa mier aRSenebulsaudabnosa mRuimesa da mun Sina damkuidrebulTa mamaTa da ZmaTaJinovniT mixiTarais Zeni daviTis Svilni~ [doliZe II, 1965: 29].`vhkadre da mova� sene RmrTisa sworsa mefeTa-mefesa Tamars,raiTamca igi glexni mis wyaroisa mkazmavad uboZnes da moa�sennesmonastersa~ (iqve, gv. 33).


66

3) Sewirulebis dawerili~ meWurWleTuxuces kaxa Torelisarkonis monastrisadmi (1259 w.): `mogui�senebia sofeli xovlezuriTa, xodabuniTa, tyiTa, veliTa, wyliTa, wisquiliTa da yovliTasamarTlianiTa zRvriTa... ori miwaÃ metexTa RmrTismSoblisa iyoSewiruli: beyeurTi da gorgaiTi. maT kide gaeyida da me egrecmetexTa RmrTismSobels mova�sene Cemis sulisaTÃs~ [doliZe II,1965: 59].

4) Sewirulobis dawerili~ gelaTis dekanoz iakobisa xaxulisRmrTismSoblisadmi (1259-1293 ww.): `karedi xati xaxulisaRmrTismSoblisaÃ, Tualian-margalitebiani, miniTa misiTa kuboÃTa, _ese TviT xaxulisa RmrTismSobelsa winaSe sasuenebeladmomi�senebian~ [doliZe III, 1970: 173]. iqve, imave dokumentSi: amas,Cemgan sasoebiT qmnilsa da xaxulisa RmrTismSoblisaTuismo� senebulsa da Sewirulsa, ...salocavad da saaRaped [Cemda]gaCenilsa, vinca Slad Ãel-yos, ...hrisxavs-mca mamaÃ, Ze da suliwmidaÃ~ (iqve, gv. 174).

5) malaqia kaTalikozis mier dawerili `zesTaarsisa dazeaRmatebulisa da caTa mobaZavisa didisa saydrisa Cuenisa axlisaierusalimisa genaTisa gujari~ (1529 w.): `Cuen, qristes mierkurTxeulman didman mamamTavarT-mamamTavarman, aRmosavleTisa dayovlisa Crdilos da afxazeTis kaTalikoz msoflio patriaqmanmalaqion ese gujari da sigeli mogaxseneT Tquen, wmidasa saydarsagelaTisa da TualTSeudgamsa da ganucdelsa yovladbrwyinvalesaxatsa dedoflisa xaxulisa RmrTismSobelsa~ [doliZe III, 1970:249]. imave dokumentSi `moxsenebas~ `darwmunebis~ SinaarsiceZleva aseT konteqstSi: didad saxelovanman da saxelganTqmulmanRmrTismsaxurman da RmrTivgÃrgÃnosanman mefeT-mefeman bagratmoguaxsena (= dagvarwmuna) da daguajera, raÃTamca genaTi saydradda saepiskoposod Segueqmna; vismineT moxseneba misi, rameTu RmrTisamier aRmarTul iyo~ (gv. 249-250).

mo�seneba (`vedrebiTi moÃseneba~) upiratesis mimarT mowi-webiT Txovnasa da ajasac gamoxatavs; am mniSvnelobiT es terminigvxvdeba, magaliTad, aznaur giorgi maRalaSvilisadmi naboZeb wyalobiTsigelebSi~, romelic mas anton II kaTalikos-patriarqisaganaraerTgzis miuRia:

1) èse wyalobiTi werili giboZeT Sen, Cvens erTguls ymasaznaur-Svils maRalaSvils giorgis maszed, romel moxvediT da racaxmetasa da TianeTs Cvenis eklesiisa mcxeTisa sakaTalikosonisamwysoni arian, imaTis mamaTmTavrobis boZebas gvevedreniT. Cvenca


67

vismineT vedrebiTi moxseneba Tqveni da giboZeT, rac axmetas daTianeTs Cvenni samcxeToni sakaTalikosoni samwysoni arian, imaTimamaTmTavroba~ (1801 w.) [doliZe III, 1970: 1064]

2) moxvediT da erwos Cvenis didis eklesiis mcxeTis saxasossoflis Cekuris mouravobis wyalobas da boZebas gvevedreniT...Cvenca vismineT vedrebiTi Txovna da moxseneba Tqven-mieri~ (1802w.) [doliZe III, 1970: 1070-1071].

`moxseneba~ rom vedrebas gamoxatavs, anton II-is mier gacemuliori sxva dokumentis SedarebiTac irkveva:

`moxvediT da mamulis wyalobas dagveajeniT; Cvenca vismineTaja da moxseneba Tqveni da giboZeT somxiTs Cvens saxasoSidarbazs ori komli kaci~ (wyalobis wigni anton II-isa svimonTaziSvilisadmi, 1803 w.) [doliZe III, 1970: 1064]. Sdr.: `vismineTaja da vedreba Tqveni da giboZeT sofelsa Sina goms Cveni Zvelinamarnali~ (wyalobis wigni anton II-isa nikoloz da iosebeliozisZeebisadmi, 1807 w.) [doliZe III, 1970: 1101].

aq erT dokumentSi àja da moxseneba~ weria, meoreSi ki,analogiur konteqstSi _ àja da vedreba~, rac moxsenebisa davedrebis sinonimias usvams xazs.

msgavsi formulireba ufro Zvel dokumentebSic gvxvdeba:1) `Cuen vismineT haja� maTi da mo� seneba�...~ (mamulis

mflobelobisa da Seuvalobis ganaxlebis sigeli giorgi III-isaSiomRvimisadmi, 1170 w.) [doliZe II, 1965: 21].

2) `daguajera RmerTman da vismineT hajai da mo� senebai

vazirisa Cuenisa anton Wyondidel mTavarepiskopozisa, mwignobarT-uxucesisa da protohipertimosisa~ (Sewirulobis sigeli Tamarmefisa SiomRvimisadmi, 1201 w.) [doliZe II, 1965: 31].

3) ...da mas wyaroisa saTavesa iyo kuamli ori sasefoi, saxeliTafxazTani, da vhkadre da mova�sene RmrTisa sworsa mefeTa-mefesaTamars, raiTamca igi glexni mis wyaroisa mkazmavad uboZnes damoa�sennes monastersa~ (iqve, gv. 33). aq pirveli moÃseneba~ vedrebasgamoxatavs, meore _ Sewirvas.

4) àwca movida Cuenda sula qarTlis erisTavi, guehaja damogua�sena, raÃTamca SeviwyaleT da qarTlis sofeli sueleTi...monastersa missa qvaTaÃevs SevswireT~ (Sewirulobis sigeli laSagiorgisa qvaTaxevisadmi, 1213-1222 ww.) [doliZe II, 1965: 35.]

5) `Cuen vismineT mo� senebai da hajai iovane qarTlismTavarepiskoposisa...~ (sigeli laSa giorgisa SiomRvimisadmi, 1222w.) [doliZe II, 1965: 36].


68

6) `Cueni didad erTguli Toreli ivane gueaja da mogua�sena,raÃTamca koJrisa Zirisa monasteri aTenagueni migueboZa~ (wyalobissigeli giorgi brwyinvalisa ivane Torel-javaxiSvilisadmi, 1338w.) [doliZe II, 1965: 97].

7) `vismineT ajaÃ da moxsenebaÃ misi...~ (wyalobis sigeligiorgi VII-isa guguni mayaSvilisadmi, 1377 w.) [doliZe II, 1965:100].

8) ùrdoeli da maTi Svili sumbat gueajnes da mogua�senes,raTamca maTTa erTguloba-namsaxurTa sanacvlod, sigliTa amiTSeguewyalnes~ (wyalobis sigeli aleqsandre mefisa urdoelisadmi,1438) [doliZe II, 1965: 124] da a. S.

amrigad, `brZaneba~ da `moxseneba~ terminebi, romlebickonteqstisagan mowyvetiT savsebiT garkveul moqmedebas aRniSnaven,calkeul situaciebsa da konteqstebSi iZenen sruliad sxvadasxvamniSvnelobas: socialurad zemdgomi adamianebis yovelgvari moqmedeba(wasvla, mosvla, dajdoma, adgoma, Wama, sma, micema, moxmoba, mowodebada sxv.) SeiZleba brZaneba~ zmniT gamoixatos (calkeul SemTxvevebSimis mniSvnelobas situacia da konteqsti gansazRvravs), xolosocialurad qvemdgomi adamianisa _ `mo�seneba~ zmniT (Txovna,vedreba, micema, mirTmeva, darwmuneba, Tavmdebis wardgineba da a. S.).

Zvel qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi es ori termini Zalzepolisemantikuria, socialuri da situaciuri konteqstebisSesabamisad.

literatura

abulaZe 1963: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi,wigni I, ilia abulaZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1963.

abulaZe 1973: il. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb.,1973.

amfiloqe ikonieli X: amfiloqe ikonieli, wm. basilis sakiTxavi,xelnaweri A 19, X s.

gangeba�XI: gangebaÃ zeTsa zeda sneulisasa, xelnaweri A1110, XI s.doliZe II 1965: qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, teqstebi

gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb.,1965.

doliZe III 1970: qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, teqstebigamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb.,1970.


69

iovane oqropiri XVII: wm. iovane oqropiri, locvaÃ nugeSiniscemad,micvalebulsa zeda sakiTxavi, xelnaweri A 450, XVII s.

kekeliZe 1908: samRudelTmTavro kondaki, gamosacemad moamzadesdek. k. kekeliZem da mR. k. cincaZem, tf., 1908.

kondaki 1899: kondaki, Tb., 1899.koWlamazaSvili 1999: e. koWlamazaSvili, liturgikuli SeniSvnebi:

Jurn. religia~, # 7-8-9, 1999 w., gv. 7-10.loria 1980: parmen loria, ganTiadi xevSi (romani), baTumi, 1980.metreveli 1973: qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, qarTvelTa Soris

wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis (S) yofili koleqcia,t. VII, el. metrevelis red., Tb., 1973

sarjvelaZe 1986: iakob xucesi, SuSanikis wameba; giorgi merCule,grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, saskolo gamocema; teqstigamosacemad moamzades, leqsikoni da gamokvleva daurTes zurabsarjvelaZem, korneli daneliam da elguja giunaSvilma, Tb., 1986.

sulxan-saba 1991: sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli I,avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva daganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem, Tb.,1991.

uspenski 1978 : Í. Ä. Óñïåíñêèé, ×èí âñåíîùíîãî áäåíèÿ íàÏðàâîñëàâíîì Âîñòîêå è â Ðóññêîé Öåðêâè, Áîãîñëîâñêèå Òðóäû,ñá. 18, Ì., 1978.

qegl I 1950: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, prof. arn.Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT, t. I, Tb., 1950.

qegl V 1958: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, prof. arn.Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT, t. V, Tb., 1958.


70

salome omiaZe

bunebrivi ena da kultura_ eris cocxali mexsiereba

ènis mecnierul Seswavlas arasodesar hqonia da arc axla aqvs ufro mniSvne-lovani mizani, vidre enis Seswavla, erTimxriv, enobrivi koleqtivis cxovrebasTankavSirSi (ena _ tomis, xalxis, eris arsebiTiniSania), xolo meore mxriv, azrovnebasTankavSirSi (statikaSic da dinamikaSic), e. i.kulturis istoriasTan, azrovnebis isto-riasTan kavSirSi~, _ werda arn. Ciqobava(Ciqobava 1966:182). didi mecnieris miergamoyofili enis Seswavlis ori mxaremTlianad faravs uaxlesi disciplinis _lingvokulturologiis kvleviT sferos,sadac Seiswavleba kulturisa da enisurTierTqmedeba sinqroniasa da diaqroniaSi,TviT kultura ki ganixileba rogorcazrovnebis sazrisul konceptTa sistema daazrovnebis struqturaTa warmomqmneli.

humanitarul mecnierebaTa mTel rigdargSi dRes aqtualuria azrovnebis is-toriis dakavSireba kulturis istoriasTan,aseve aRiarebulia enis wamyvani roliorivegan. ena erTsac da meoresac Tavis TavSiikrebs, amasTanave, enis meSveobiT xorcieldebaZiriTadad socialuri urTierTqmedebasazogadoebaSi. ase rom, swored enis (teqstis,dikursis) analizi iZleva SesaZleblobasgavigoT adamianTa azrovneba da qceva. enisSeswavla ara ,,vakuumSi~, aramed relevanturisocialuri konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiTsinqroniaSic da diaqroniaSic, enaswarmogvidgens ara mxolod rogorc kods,

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, ivane javaxiSvilissaxelobis Tbilisis sa-xelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:`SeuZlebeli Sexamebani~Tanamedrove poeziis enaSi;qarTuli diskursis ligvo-kulturul SemadgenelTastruqtura, semantika dafunqcionireba; qarTulienis ganmartebiTi leqsi-konis rvatomeuli _ lin-gvokulturologiur kvle-vaTa fundamenturi wyaro;erovnul-kulturuli kon-ceptebi: ‘bedi~, ‘wuTisofe-li~; Targmanis adekvatu-robis Sesaxeb kognitiurimidgomis TvalsazrisiT.interesTa sfero:stilistika, ritorika,kognitiuri lingvistika,semiotika, lingvokul-turologia.

71

aramed, rogorc kods plus kulturas. amis Sesaxeb sainteresodmsjelobs cnobili semiotikosi da kulturologi i. m. lotmani.misi azriT, termini ,,kodi~ Seicavs warmodgenas axlaxan Seqmnilstruqturaze, xelovnurze da myisieri SeTanxmebiT miRebulze. kodiistorias ar gulisxmobs, fsiqologiurad igi xelovnur enazemigvmarTavs, romelic, saerTod, enis idealur modeladac ki ivarau-deba, xolo ,,ena~ aracnobierad gviCens warmodgenas istoriuladgangrZobiT arsebobaze (lotmani 2004:15). amdenad, kodi ,,umexsierebostruqturaa~, radgan igi, rogorc xelovnuri ena, istorias argulisxmobs. aseve arn. Ciqobavac, ganixilavs ra xelovnur enasrogorc kibernetikuli lingvistikis obieqts, wers, rom massrulebiT ar sWirdeba enis istoria da masSi ar daismis sakiTxi,ra mimarTebaSia bunebrivi enebis faqtebi azrovnebasTan~ (Ciqobava1983:423-424). bunebrivi ena ki, iseve rogorc kultura, eriskoleqtiuri da cocxali mexsierebaa. am saerTo mexsierebis gareSewarmoudgenelia saerTo kulturisa da saerTo enis arseboba, aqedangamomdinare _ calkeuli eris arsebobac. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, romenis mexsiereba yvela mexsierebaze ufro tevadia, is TavisTavadmoicavs kulturis mexsierebasac, maSin rodesac, kulturis mexsierebamxolod ,,kulturulis~ xsovnas inaxavs.

amgvarad, Tu kultura koleqtiur inteleqtsa da koleqtiurmexsierebas warmoadgens, igi yofila raRac teqstebis Senaxvisa dagadacemis meqanizmi, romelic, amasTanave, axal teqstebsac qmnis. amgvarsaerTo mexsierebas kulturuli sivrce SeiZleba ewodos, romlisfarglebSic inaxeba da aqtualizdeba xalxisaTvis saerTo teqstebi,amasTanave, maTi aqtualizacia xorcieldeba garkveuli azrobriviinvariantis farglebSi, rac saSualebas iZleva, axali epoqebiskonteqstSi teqstma SeinarCunos Tavisi Tavis identoba, miuxedavadimisa, rom misi ganmartebebi (wakiTxva, interpretacia) mravalgvariSeiZleba iyos da icvlebodes droTa viTarebaSi. i. lotmani Tvlis,rom mocemuli kulturuli sivrcisaTvis saerTo mexsierebasuzrunvelyofs, erTi mxriv, swored am mudmivi teqstebis arsebobada, meore mxriv, an kodebis erTianoba, an maTi invariantuloba, andauwyvetoba da maTi transformaciis kanonzomieri xasiaTi (lotmani2004:673).

unda aRiniSnos, rom mexsierebis meSveobiT kulturisgansazRvreba Zalian gavrcelebulia Cvens droSi, romelic, rogorcamboben, mexsierebis dakargviTaa daavadebuli. magram es seni ukurnebeliar aris, Tu Sesabamisi neba eqnebaT adamianebs.

adamiani im kulturas akuTvnebs Tavs, romelTanac igidakavSirebulia warmoSobiT, sacxovrebeli adgiliT, garemoTi, aRzrdiT,

bunebrivi ena da kultura _ eris cocxali mexsiereba

72

tradiciiT, eniT, romelzec laparakobs da azrovnebs. magram mxolodtradiciasa da mexsierebaze dayrdnoba nebismier kulturasistoriul reliqtad gadaaqcevda, rom ar xdebodes masSi bevriramis ,,gadaazreba~, xelaxla Seqmna an sxva xalxTagan sesxeba. esrom ase xdeba, amas yvelaze ukeT da TvalsaCinod ena gvidasturebs.roca vcdilobT gaverkvioT Cvens kulturul identobaSi, gverdsver avuvliT sxva kulturaTa Sesaxeb mecnierul codnas iseve,rogorc dedaenis individualobas, unikalurobas ver vigrZnobTsxva enasTan Sedarebis gareSe.

dRes bevrs msjeloben im ori tendenciis Sesaxeb, romelicmokled ase SeiZleba gamovxatoT: kulturaTa, enaTa unikalurobisdacva da moZraoba kulturaTa sinTezisaken, anu moZraoba gankerZoebidankacobriobis kulturuli erTianobisaken. ar gveCveneba utrirebulad,rom zemoTqmuli niSnavs Widils mexsierebis SenarCunebasa damexsierebis Ddakargvas Soris, roca iSleba yvelaferi specifikurida ganmasxvavebeli gaerTmniSvnelianebisa da gaerTferovnebisaTvis,rac TiTqosda sayovelTao mSvidobisa da urTierTgagebis safuZveliiqneba. ,,informaciis gadacema ,,umexsierebo struqturaSi~ namdviladaris sawindari identurobis maRali xarisxisa~, _ wers lotmani,romlis Semdgomi msjelobidan irkveva, ra fasi aqvs aseT identurobas:,,Tu warmovidgenT gadamcemsa da mimRebs, romelTac erTnairi kodebiaqvT da sruliad moklebuli arian mexsierebas, maSin gageba maTSoris idealuri iqneba, magram gadacemuli informaciis Rirebuleba_ minimaluri, TviT informacia ki _ mkacrad SezRuduli. idealuraderTnairi gadamcemi da mimRebi kargad gaugeben erTmaneTs, magram maTsaubris sagani aRar eqnebaT. aseTi informaciis ideali sinamdvileSiaRmoCndeba brZanebebis gadacema~ (lotmani 2004:15). amgvarad,informaciis adekvaturi gadacemisaTvis, romelic mxolod erT-erTi,da ara erTaderTi, funqciaa enisa, saWiroa xelovnuri ena da xelovnuradgamartivebuli komunikacia, aseve xelovnurad gamartivebulikomunikantebiT, sxva yvelaferi ugulebelyofilia, rac enasa daadamianebs bunebriv mdgomareobaSi aqvT.

enis Seswavla mis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi gulisxmobsyuradRebis gamaxvilebas im kulturul sivrceze, romelsac asaxavsda romelSic moqmedebs es ena, rogorc garkveuli erovnul-lingvo-kulturuli erTobis ena. es sivrce erovnul-kulturulia, igi amenis matarebelTa masobrivi (koleqtiuri) cnobierebiT asaxulikulturaa, romelic eris sametyvelo moqmedebis, enobrivi cnobierebisada komunikaciis Taviseburebebs avlens.

enis Seswavlisadmi amgvari midgoma mTlianad TavsdebaTanamedrove humanitarul codnaTa paradigmaSi, romelic anTro-

salome omiaZe

73

pocentruli, funqcionaluri, kognitiuri da dinamikuria, rac imasniSnavs, rom mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSi dgeba enisa da kulturis,enisa da eTnosis, enisa da xalxis mentalitetis urTierTmimarTebaTaSeswavla da aRwera. axali samecniero disciplina, romlis amoca-nebic aq CamovTvaleT, lingvokulturologiad iwodeba. rogorcaRniSnaven, igi e. benvenistis prognoziT aigo: ena, kultura, pirovneba_ triadis safuZvelze. amitom mis bazisur terminTa sistemaSiyvelaze mniSvnelovania enobrivi pirovnebisa da kulturuli

konceptis cnebebi.jer kidev neogramatikosebis _ g. osthofisa da k. brugmanis

sityvebi imis Sesaxeb, rom enaTmecnierebi didi gatacebiTa da mondomebiTikvleven enebs, magram naklebad _ molaparake adamians (osthofi,brugmani 1960:153), mecnieruli paradigmis Secvlis aucileblobasmianiSnebda. swored adamianisa da adamianis samyaros axali ontologiismiReba gaxda safuZveli Tanamedrove lingvistikuri kvlevebisaTvis,romlebic komunikaciur paradigmaSi moiazreba. magram komunikaciurienaTmecnierebis poziciis dawinaureba, kerZod, pragmatikul kvlevaTaintensiuroba, jer kidev ar niSnavs axali diskursuli ontologiissayovelTao gaziarebas. dRemde SeimCneva azrovnebis inercia, roca enasganixilaven rogorc sivrcesa da droSi arsebul obieqts, romelsacmolaparake iaraRiviT iyenebs, riTac ugulebelyofen im faqts, romenaTmecnierebaSi adamianis faqtoris SemoyvaniT icvleba TviT mecnierebisobieqtis buneba da sagani. enaTmecniers am SemTxvevaSi saqme aqvs araganyenebul, ganivTebul konstruqtTan, aramed uSualod adamianiskomunikaciur moqmedebasTan. molaparake adamianze (Homo loquens)orientacia TavisTavad ganapirobebs enis Seswavlas farTosociokulturul konteqstSi.

adamianis, rogorc arsis, adekvaturi aRwera SeuZlebelia misienis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, aseve, enis ramdenadme sruli aRweracmiuRwevelia, Tu ugulebelyofilia adamianis faqtori, radgan enaSiyvelaferi adamianuria, adamianSic yvelaze adamianuri _ enaa. yoveliveamas gansazRvravs ara marto enisa da azrovnebis urTierT-ganpirobebuloba, aramed adamianis emociur-eTikuri mimarTebebicsamyarosadmi, sinamdvilis faqtebisa da movlenebisadmi, ramdenadaces yvelaferi enaSi da enis meSveobiT aris gamoxatuli, ufrozustad ki, yovel jerze gamoixateba komunikaciis procesSi. ,,yoveljerzeo~, _ vambobT imitom, rom komunikaciis cnebisa dakomunikaciuri aqtis axali gaazreba gavxazoT, rac radikaluradgansxvavdeba maTi tradiciuli gagebisagan. komunikaciis ganaxlebulikoncefcia komunikacias aRar ganixilavs rogorc enobrivi sistemis,kodisa Tu adamianis enobrivi unaris mxolod aqtualizacias, aramed


74

rogorc formirebas komunikaciis procesSi; ,,anu veRar ganvixilavTise, rom komunikaciis aqtamde sityva, winadadeba ... arsebobda mzasaxiT da komunikaciis procesSi xdeboda maTi aqtualizacia.komunikaciur-lingvisturi Tvalsazrisi gulisxmobs, romkomunikaciis procesSi xdeba yoveli enobrivi erTeulis formirebaan xelaxla formireba ... xdeba yoveli enobrivi erTeulis axladdabadeba da ara mza saxiT mocemulis gamoyeneba~ (lebaniZe 1998:52).komunikaciis cnebis amgvari gagebis Sedegia koncentrireba adamianze,molaparake, metyvel subieqtze, agreTve, msmenel subieqtzec, racaranakleb mniSvnelovania. yovelive es qmnis komunikaciis dinamikas,rac diskursis, rogorc komunikaciur sametyvelo aqtTa mimdevrobis,dinamikaze aisaxeba.*

farTo sociokulturul konteqstSi enis Seswavla axalikomunikaciuri Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebasac gulisxmobs.

enas eTnosociokulturul konteqstSi ori mecnierulimimarTuleba ikvlevs: eTnofsiqolingvistika da lingvokulturologia.**pirveli fsiqolingvistikis ganStoebaa, romelic damoukidebeldisciplinad Camoyalibebas cdilobs, xolo meore _ lingvo-kulturologia _ eTnofsiqolingvistikur kvlevaTa wiaRSi iSva. arces mimarTuleba qceula jer calke mecnierul sferod da misTvis,,disciplinis~ wodebas ufro deklaraciuli xasiaTi aqvs. aRniSnulmimarTulebebs saerTo zogadTeoriuli debulebebi udevT safuZvlad.erT-erTi postulati, romelsac isini eyrdnobian, sayovelTaod cnobilisepir-uorfis hipoTezaa enis fardobiTobis Sesaxeb.

am hipoTezis arsebiTi debulebebi mokled SeiZleba asegavixsenoT: ena ganapirobebs misi matareblis azrovnebis tips,samyaros aRqmis xerxi damokidebulia enaze, romliTac azrovnebaxorcieldeba. aqedan gamomdinare, yoveli xalxis msoflxedvisa damsoflgagebis safuZvelia sagnobriv mniSvnelobaTa sakuTari sistema,socialuri stereotipebi, kognitiuri sqemebi, es ki imas niSnavs,rom adamianis cnobiereba yovelTvis ganpirobebulia eTnikurad.

* sayuradRebod gveCveneba am TvalsazrisTan mimarTebiT m. mamardaSvilis msjeloba:,,saidan gavigo, ras vfiqrob, Tu ar daviwye laparaki? am winadadebaSi, me axla romavage, igulisxmeba, rom laparaki ar aris imis gamoTqma, rasac dalaparakebamdevfiqrobdi: TiTqos winaswar mqonda CemTvis azris raRac cxadi Sinaarsi da axlamxolod saSualebas, instruments veZeb am Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad da sxvisTvisgadasacemad. am SemTxevevaSi ena aseTi instrumenti iqneboda. ara! gageba imisa,rasac vfiqrob, me SemiZlia imiT, rom vlaparakob... es Tviseba enisa saxarebis bevrteqstSi ganisazRvreba rogorc enis Zala, an Rone” (mamardaSvili 1992:79).** jer kidev sosiuri werda: ,,enaTmecnierebas mWidro kavSiri aqvs sxva mecnierebebTan,romlebic mas xan daesesxebian, xanac piriqiT, miawvdian xolme masalas” (sosiuri2002:18).

salome omiaZe

75

eTnosociokulturuli faqtori vlindeba, kerZod, azrisCamoyalibebisa da formulirebis nacionalur-eTnikur TaviseburebebSi.am zogad debulebebSi ikveTeba enis (dedaenis) roli adamianisSemecnebiT moRvaweobaSi: cnobierebis struqturaTa Sesaxeb Cvenicodna mxolod enis wyalobiTaa, rac nebismier bunebriv enaze amstruqturaTa Sesaxeb laparakisa da maTi aRweris saSualebas iZleva(kubriakova 1997:21). ena komunikaciur sistemaTa Soris yvelazeZlieri da daxvewilia, radgan igi ara marto informaciis, codnaTada misT. miRebisa da gadacemis gamaSualebeli saSualebaa, aramedadamianSi gare samyarodan miRebuli informaciis gadamamuSavebelic,rac mexsierebaSi arsebul codnaTa simravlis mowesrigebisa dasistematizaciis unarSi vlindeba. ama Tu im eTnokulturulikoleqtivisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli samyaros enobrivi suraTis agebacenobriv codnaTa aRniSnuli mowesrigebisa da sistematizaciisspecifikiT ganisazRvreba.

amgvarad, kodisgan gansxvavebiT, bunebrivi ena, iseve rogorckultura, eris koleqtiuri da cocxali mexsierebaa, romlis gareSewarmoudgenelia saerTo kulturisa da saerTo enis arseboba, racTavisTavad ganapirobebs bunebrivi enis Seswavlis aucileblobasfarTo sociokulturul konteqstSi.

literatura

kubriakova 1997: Å. Ñ. Êóáðÿêîâà. ×àñòè ðå÷è ñ êîãíèòèâíîé òî÷êèçðåíèÿ. Ì., 1997.

lebaniZe 1998: g. lebaniZe, anTropocentrizmi da komunikaciurilingvistika, Tbilisi, 1998.

lotmani 2004: Þ. Ì. Ëîòìàí. Ñåìèîñôåðà. Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã. 2004.mamardaSvili 1992: m. mamardaSvili, filosofiis safuZvlebi

(leqciebis cikli), Tbilisi, 1992.osthofi, brugmani 1960: Ã. Îñòãîô, Ê. Áðóãìàí. Ïðåäèñëîâèå ê

êíèãå «Ìîðôîëîãè÷åñ-êèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â îáëàñòè èíäîåâðî-ïåéñêèõ ÿçûêîâ // Â.À. Çâåãèíöåâ. Èñòîðèÿ ÿçûêîçíàíèÿ XIX è XXâåêîâ â î÷åðêàõ è èçâëå÷åíèÿõ. Ìîñêâà. 1960. Ñ. 153-164.

sosiuri 2002: ferdinand de sosiuri, zogadi enaTmecnierebiskursi (qarT. Targm.), Tbilisi, 2002.

Ciqobava 1966: arn. Ciqobava, Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebisgzebi // Tanamedrove zogadi da maTematikuri enaTmecnierebissakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1966, gv. 170-189.

Ciqobava 1983: arn. Ciqobava, zogadi enaTmecniereba, II, Tb., 1983, gv.423.


76

k u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k a

SoTa bostanaSvilidaviT bostanaSvili

niSani da naSeni

niSeni da naSani warmodgenilia,rogorc arqiteqturis semiotikis prob-lematika da amave dros, rogorc enobriviTamaSi _ erTi morfemis dekonstruqcia.

arqiteqtura sivrcis diskursTanerTad sainteresos dikursia. interesi (interesse) - yofna Soris _ ganxilulia, rogorcg/axsnili (opoziciebs Soris) sazRvris

paradigma; sazRvris moSla warmodgenilia,rogorc diskursuli praqtika, _ qarTulienobrivi faqti; sivrcis problema ganxi-lulia Secvlili problemuri velis kon-teqstSi; momZlavrebuli saamSeneblo prag-matizmi aRniSnulia axali diskursiT _ nan-grevis niSani. naSromSi SemoTavazebuliaarqiteqturis fenomenis dekonstruqcia-rekonstruqciis problemis daZlevisa da misimetakulturis sivrceSi CarTvis ori mi-marTuleba: metapoetika da semiotika.

dasawyisSi SeiZleba ase vTqvaT (dav-weroT) - arqiteqtura sivrcis diskurss

ganekuTvneba _ da davijeroT, rom am yaidisfraza, dRes - metakulturis epoqaSi, jerkidev (an: ukve) sinqronulad muSaobs; amas-Tanave ki ar vilaparakoT diskursze, aramedCaverToT diskursSi da vecadoT, rom droiskvalobaze g/avigoT (moviazroT, ganvicadoTda sistemurad warmovadginoT) sivrce,rogorc teqsti da teqsti, _ rogorc sivrce.

SoTa bosta n aS v ili :

saqarTvelos teqnikuriuniversitetis arqiteq-turis fakultetis sruliprofesori; arqiteqturissaerTaSoriso akademiisprofesori; poeti.ZiriTadi Sromebi:„arqiteqturis poetika”;„Tbilisis ritualebis sa-saxle”; “sazRvrebis kon-fliqti da urbanuli kon-fliqtis sazRvrebi”; “uri-dod da uderidod”; “pro-toposti, anu gavTend-i”.interesTa sfero:filosofia, filologia,literatura.

da v iT bosta n a S v ili :

arqiteqtori. stu-s arqi-teqturis doqtoranti.ZiriTadi Sromebi:“arqiteqtura da xelisuf-leba”,“arqiteqturis semio-logia”, “casaxle”interesTa sfero:kulturologia, lingvis-tika, literatura.

77

danarCeni, rogorc ityvian, TavisiT d/alagdeba (Tavis adgils moZebnisda odesme gadaadgildeba arqivSi): is, rom Tavad arqiteqturulinageboba, qalaqi _ zogadad naSeni _ sivrculi teqstia, romelsacTavisi gramatika (poetika da semiotika) da Tavisi didi xnisistoria aqvs; rom yoveli istoria aseve teqstia _ niSanTa garkveulikombinaciaa da mxolod am saxiTa gvaqvs Tvalwin, rogorc mudmiviawmyo; rom arqiteqturis istoria amave dros aris sivrcis

istoria da, rac sainteresoa, arqiteqturis istoria aris Tavadsainteresos istoria .

aRniSnuli terminebi: saintereso, sivrce, poetika, semiotika,ageba, niSani da naSeni arqiteqturis sazRvrebia. ganvixiloT essaxelebi amave TanmimdevrobiT.

sainteresos istoria

sivrcis diskursTan erTad arqiteqtura sainteresos

diskursia, rac Tavis mxriv ramdenime mimarTulebad* SeiZlebawarmovadginoT:

1. kulturologiuri; 2. fsiqologiuri (sulieri); 3. fizikuri(TavSesafari); 4. ekonomikuri; 5. socialuri. arqiteqturis poetikasda semiotikas Tavad saintereso ainteresebs _ sainteresoobisfsiqologiuri aspeqti, arsi, fenomeni da definicia.

saintereso aRmocendeba (amoifrqveva) nebismieri saxis teqstis(saerTod yofnis, rogorc teqstis) yvelaze ufro moklemonakveTebze, roca Tavad molodini jer kidev ar aris formirebuli[epSteini 2004:493].

saintereso (interesi _ inter esse) niSnavs yofna Soris, an/da garkveul monakveTSi. SeiZleba asec vTqvaT: saintereso ibadebabinarizmis SuaSi _ opoziciebs Soris _ sazRvarze da davimowmoTcneba, rom kulturis yvelaze daZabuli da nayofieri sicocxlegadis misi calkeuli sferoebis sazRvrebze [baxtini 1979:329].radgan sazRvari da saintereso identuri cnebebia, SeiZleba asemovniSnoT: sicocxle gadis sainteresoze. am cnebis perifraziiqneba _ sicocxle ar gadis uinteresoze an/da _ uinteresozesikvdili gadis. (samwuxarod, Cveni arqiteqturis didi nawiliamis magaliTia).

* aq, termini mimarTuleba jobia, vidre nawili, an raime sxva, radgan diskursimoZravi sityvaa polisemantikuri transformaciebiT.

niSani da naSeni

78

Jil deliozi da feliqs gvatari sainteresos mkveTradupirispireben codnas da WeSmaritebas, rogorc moZvelebulepistemes. sxvani varaudoben, rom azrovnebis Semdgomi epoqa aRadgensinteress WeSmaritebis mimarT, magram ukve sainteresos farglebSi_ misi, bevrad ufro farTe kategoriis SemadgenlobaSi [epSteini2004:492]. Secvlili problemuri veli upirvelesad opoziciebs(polusebs) Soris sazRvris gauqmebiT aRiniSneba. sazRvris gauqmebaniSnavs akrZalvis (tabus) gauqmebas.

akrZalva iwovs da amZafrebs interess, zrdis mis intensivobas.akrZalvis moxsna ki daukmayofilebeli interesis energiasanTavisuflebs da afrqvevs. Sewova _ amofrqveva sainteresos

umTavresi niSania, amitom mis simbolod miCneulia Rrubeli.saintereso, es aris TamaSi or poluss Soris, romlebsac erTi

modaloba aqvT [epSteini 2004:487].SeiZleba warmovadginoT am azris diskursuli praqtika. sintaqsi

_ sazRvari iSleba (an/da saintereso iSleba) ori gansxvavebulikodiT aris aRWurvili, ori wakiTxva aqvs (dekonstruqcia): 1.sazRvari (an/da saintereso) iSleba _ qreba, uCinardeba, ikargeba,

imaleba, ifareba da a. S. 2. sazRvari (an/da saintereso) iSleba

_ ixsneba, warmoCndeba, gvenaxeba, aqtiurdeba da a. S.am magaliTSi diseminaciis Sedegi ara mxolod gansxvavebebia,

aramed sapirispiro da urTierTgamomricxav mniSvnelobaTa erTianoba.pirveli mwkrivi pasiuria, damamTavrebelia _ post (kulturis)

niSania. meore mwkrivi aqtiuria, damwyebia _ proto (kulturis) niSania.am diskursul praqtikaSi aRmocenebuli proto-s da post-is _

SeuTavsebelTa SeTavsebis lingvisturi hibridi _ protopost-igansazRvravs axal (Secvlil) problemur vels da Sesabamisrefleqsiebs [bostanaSvili 2008].

sainteresos diskursi gadajaWvulia sivrcis diskursTanda vidre am jaWvis rgolebs SevexebiT, davasaxeloT sainteresosltolvisa da Zalisxmevis sagani da mimarTuleba.

sainteresos Tvali uWiravs iqiT, saiTac aris saidumlo _

akrZaluli dafaruli da damaluli.am semantikuri jgufis istoria ase iwyeba: “...da Suagul baRSi

rom xe dgas, imis nayofs nu SeWamT, gviTxra RmerTma; ar gaekaroT,Torem mokvdebiT.” [dab. 3 : 3].

... Suagul baRSi rom xe dgas, ... _ inter esse-s, sainteresosparadigmaa, sakraluri toposis centria; xe _ msoflio xis

da SvidsanTlovanas (menora) konceptia.


79

.., imis nayofs nu SeWamT, ... ar gaekaroT, ... _ akrZalvis

pirveli precedentia. (rac akrZalulia _ saidumloa).... Torem mokvdebiT... _ pirveli saSiSi.

semantiuri mwkrivi ase yalibdeba:saintereso _ saidumlo _ saSiSi.

“... da daemalnen ufal RmerTs adami da Tavisi coli baRisxeTa Soris” [dab. 3 : 8].

... daemalnen _ swrafva samalavisken, dafarulisken,saidumlosken.

... baRis xeTa Soris _ pirveli samalavi _ yudro, privatulitoposis (sivrcis) koncepti, (agreTve inter esse-s paradigma).

semantiur mwkrivs daemata yudro, rogorc toposi edemisbaRSi (ebr. gan eden) _ sivrce sivrceSi.

samoTxeSi Tavad adamianic saidumloa, miTumetes maSin, rocais damalulia baRis xeTa Soris. baRidan gamoZeveba _ samalavidangamosvla sxva gamosvlaTa paradigmaa; samalavis gareT ki Cndebasakraluri sivrcis opozicia _ profanuli sivrce.

sivrcis genezisi, misi struqtura ase yalibdeba:sakraluri sivrce _ baRi edemSi (profanuli sivrce _ baRis

gareT)sakraluri dro _ meSvide dResakraluri sivrcis centri _ xe Suagul baRSiakrZaluli obieqti (tabu) _ xis nayofisemantikuri mwkrivi ase moiniSneba:saintereso _ saidumlo (akrZaluli, damaluli, dafaruli...)

_ saSiSi _ yudro.

ase gadadis sainteresos diskursi sivrcis diskursSi.rac ufro didia saidumlo, miT ufro didia interesis

intensivoba, _ miT ufro mniSvnelovania sivrce.sivrcisa da sainteresos Soris mainc ar aris mxolod

mizez-Sedegobrivi, ierarqiuli urTierTmimarTeba. xazgasmiT undaavRniSnoT, rom saintereso sainteresoa sainteresoobis gamo.

gamoTqma _ ra saitereso arqiteqturaa! _ pirvel rigSi sworedaseT uangaro sainteresos gulisxmobs da ara analizis Sedegs,manifestacias sivrcis funqcionalur-teqnologiur, socialur-ekonomikur, an sxva problemebTan mimarTebaSi, (romlebsac ra Tqmaunda Tavisi adgili da mniSvneloba aqvT). cxadze cxadia, Tunawarmoebi (movlena) saintereso ar aris, mas ara aqvs motivaciaganxilvisaTvis.

niSani da naSeni

80

kulturis sxva sferoTa Soris (da maTTan erTad), arqiteqturamudidesi wvlili Seitana sainteresos, rogorc fenomenis daterminis avtoritetis CamoyalibebaSi.

menhirebi, dolmenebi, kromlexebi da piramidebi; aqvedukebi daxidebi; taZrebi, sasaxleebi da caTambrjenebi, upirveles yovlisa,swored sainteresos sazRvrebs avseben da afarToeben; adamianSiCaTesili gaocebisa da aRtacebis Zalebis gamowvevas pasuxoben;nergaven rwmenas “dedamiwaze adamianis arsebobis didebulebisa”(e. saarineni), rom sicocxle sainteresoze gadis.

sivrcis istoria

sivrce - reg _ xazis gasma, gaWra, Semoxazva (regiones) warmoiSvaindoevropulidan [miTebi 1988:340]. am mxriv sainteresoa qarTuligayofa _ ga/yof(n)a (ganwvalva, gavToma).

sivrce, rogorc termini (laT. terminus – sazRvari) xSiradCaenacvleba sxva terminebs: samyaro, kosmosi – usazRvroeba. iserTis mxriv, Tavis sazRvrebSi moicavs samyaros usazRvroebas –fizikur da metafizikur saganTa da movlenaTa usasrulo ierarqiulwyobas, xolo meores mxriv Tavad aris moculi sagnebiT dadayofili sagnebSi (niJara, saxli, ...).

da/yofili sivrce, sivrcis yof(n)is gansxvavebul saxeebsgan/agebs da gansazRvravs sivrcis mravlobiTi ricxvis saxels –sivrceebi. (profanuli, sakraluri, mentaluri da sxva).

arqiteqtura, sivrceebis simravleTa da saxeobaTa Soris, imerT-erTi gansakuTrebuli fenomenis saxelia, romlis prerogativaswored kulturuli sivrcis g/agebaa, sivrcis codna da mowyoba,misi saxismetyvelebaa.

kulturis istoriis sxvadasxva etapze adamians gansxvavebuliwarmodgenebi hqonda sivrceze _ samyaros mowyobaze. ase iqmnebodnensamyaros modelebi, samyaros suraTebi _ teqstebi samyaros Sesaxeb,miTebi da legendebi.

miTSi dafaruli gzebi (rasac qvemoT gavadevnebT Tvals)daukiTxavad cxaddebian kulturis yvela sferoSi da ra Tqma undamaterialur kulturaSi. arqiteqturaSi es gaxlavT: gza, zRurbli,

kari, kibe, xidi, fanjara. sxva saqmea maTze refleqsireba, _saganTa qmnadobis da Sefasebis procesis konceptualizacia. sworedaseTi konceptualizacia gaxlavT arqiteqturis (poetikis dasemiotikis) saqme, romlis prerogativaa naSeni moiazros, rogorcniSani _ samyaros modelis Semadgeneli nawili.


81

garkveuli azriT sivrce gzis paradigmaa. (momTabare xalxi,monadire, moxetiale raindi, mogzauri raime sivrces gadian). sivrce-gzas upirispirdeba statikuri, anu radialuri sivrce, romelicwarmogvidgeba, rogorc sakraluridan radialurad gamomavalikoncentruli talRebi. am aRniSvnaTa sistemuri erTianoba qmnissamyaros models.

samyaros modeli ganisazRvreba rogorc mocemuli tradiciisSigniT arsebul warmodgenaTa mTeli jamis ganzogadoebuli dasqematuri anarekli. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT samyaros modeli

yalibdeba samyaros moxelTebiT, misi moqceviT niSnuri sistemis

badeSi. ufro sxartad ki asec SeiZleba iTqvas: samyaro

modelirdeba semiotikis sivrceSi .

samyaros miTo-poeturi, igive kosmologiuri modeli imepoqas ganasaxierebs, romlis Sesaxebac SeiZleba vilaparakoT, rogorcerTianze, sinkretulze _ daunawevrebelze da stabilurze, sadacmiTologia gulisxmobs ara mxolod miTebsa da legendebsgancalkevebulad, aramed azrovnebis sistemas, mis gansakuTrebultips.

kosmologiuri teqstebi emyareba sami ti pis sqemas: 1.sakuTriv kosmologiuri sqemebi, romlebic muSaoben qaosis

aTvisebaze _ afiqsireben sakralur dReebs da adgilebs. 2. sqemebi,romlebic aRweren naTesaobiT da qorwinebiT kavSirebs, agrZelebenda amravleben sakraluris mmarTvel Zalebs. 3. miTo-istoriulitradiciebis sqemebi, romlebic orientirebulni arian sakralurismTlianobis da erTianobis statusis dacvaze.

sakraluris erTianoba samyaros yvela modelis mTavari RerZida safuZvelia. idealuri SemTxvevaa, rodesac sxvadasxva sagnebsada movlenebs, aseve maT nawilebs, erTi warmoSoba aqvT, erTi centrida semantikuri niSnebis ierarqiaSi arian CarTulni. aseTi mmarTvelobaqmnis sakralur toposs, romelTan mimarTebaSic danarCeni, yofiTisivrce _ profanuli toposia. ase g/a/igeba semantiuri sivrceda ase iwyeba sivrcis semantikuri damkvidreba (gasacxovriseba).

sakraluri toposis centrs aRniSnavs sakurTxeveli da taZari.misi simboloebia msoflio xe an/da msoflio mTa; zog SemTxvevaSiorive erTad _ xe mTaze an xe mTasTan. aseTi aRniSvna warmoadgensmsoflio Wi ps .

msoflio xe da msoflio mTa samyaros miTo-poeturi modelisyvelaze gavrcelebul simboloebia.

niSani da naSeni

82

sakraluri sivrce marTavs profanul sivrces da es mmarTvelobaxorcieldeba gzis saSualebiT. am kavSiris simboloa agreTvemdinare. ase ibadeba gzis miTologema, romlis xuroTmoZRvrulisaxeebiT dafarulia yofiTi toposi. Tavis mxriv damfaravi gzaTavad aris dafaruli. (horizontaluri gza dafarulia zRaprebSi,vertikaluri miTSi).

zRapris gmiri gadaadgildeba sakraluridan profanulisken,an profanulidan arasivrcisaken (qaosisaken, uaryofiTi da saSiSiadgilisaken); gadalaxavs sazRvars. zRapris gmiri imarjvebs da esgamarjveba aris sivrcis aTviseba (qaosis mowesrigebis paradigma).

SiSvel geografiul garemoSi aRmocenebuli nebismieri naSeni(miTumetes sakulto), sivrcis aTvisebis, an dauflebis analogiuriniSania.

miTo-poeturi epoqis bolo etapze Cans analitikuri azrovnebisCanasaxic. am etapze mniSvnelovania, ara imdenad esTetika, an poeturisityva, aramed gazomva aRniSnavs v. toporovi [miTebi 1988:341].

sivrce samyaros arqaul modelSi gansulierebulia. racmTavaria aq sivrce ar aris Tavdapirveli, _ winmswrebi, romelSicSemdeg sagnebi iqmnebian da avseben mas, aramed piriqiT _ arqaulisivrce sagnebiT modelirdeba. arqauli sivrce sagnobrivia.sivrcis ararseboba saganTa gareSe _ arasivrce [miTebi 1988:220]_ usivrcoba qaosia. sivrce iwyeba opoziciis gaCenasTan erTad:naTeli _ bneli, sivrce _ usivrcoba, ...

sainteresoa imis gaxseneba, rom XX saukunis didi amerikeliarqiteqtori luis kani ase aRniSnavs parTenonis poetikas, _svetebisa da interkoloniumebis monacvleobas: sinaTle _ ar

aris sinaTle _ sinaTle _ ar aris sinaTle... am mwkrivisanalogiebi, an perifrazebi usasrulo semantikur mwkrivebswarmoSoben: sivrce _ ar aris sivrce _ sivrce _ ar aris

sivrce... (igive SeiZleba iTqvas, stounhenjiT dawyebuli, sxva mravalnaSenze).

es, erTi SexedviT martivi da ubralo mwkrivebi faqtobrivadmTeli kulturis genetikuri kodebis (arqetipebis) da simboloebiswiaRia.

am CanarTis did Tematikas aq aRar gavyvebiT da mxolodmTavars avRniSnavT: pirvelyofili, arqauli cnobierebisaTvis sivrcearis aq da axla (am aRniSvnas poststruqturalizmis sivrcisanalizis dros gamoviyenebT).


83

aq da axla miTis niSania da luis kanis SeniSvnis gaxsenebiTgvinda movigonoT (an: ga/mo/vi/gonoT) miTis dabrunebis poetika,romelic gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan Semodis kulturisyvela sferoSi.

kidev erTi diskursuli praqtika: ga/mo/vi/gonoT _ SevTxzaT,gavixsenoT, movisminoT, movigonoT, gaviazroT.

samyaros bibliuri modeli ebrauli miTologiidan dauZvelesi droidan iRebs saTaves. ebrauli ena sivrces moiazrebsda gamoxatavs ara mxolod drosTan erTad, aramed erTdroulad daerTniSnad _ olam, rac ar gaxlavT qronotopis msgavsi lingvisturihibridi. olam - terminia, magram drosa da sivrces Soris gamyofisazRvris da mcvelis gareSe.

samyaros bibliuri modeli, amave dros zogad kulturologiurimodelia, romelic gacxadda sityvad bgerad, ferad da formad. ismTlianad emTxveva Cvens mier sainteresos diskursSi moniSnulsivrcis semantikas, im arsebiTi gansxvavebiT, rom sivrcis models _aq da axla _ gansazRvraven iq da mere da iq da maSin _ imedisada xsovnis metaforebi.

aq davjerdebiT zedmetad Semoklebul eqskurss bibliissamyaroSi, radgan Cveni ZiriTadi Temis kvalobaze movixmobT impasaJebs, romlebsac pirdapiri kavSiri eqnebaT miTologemebTan dasivrcis poetikasTan.

samyaros filosofiuri modeli tradiciuliad ori saxiTwarmosdgeba: erT SemTxvevaSi dro da sivrce moiazreba, rogorcmateriis moZraobis forma (demokrite, aristotele, _ marqsi) _materialisturi (laT. materialis – nivTieri) modeli. meoreSemTxvevaSi droze da sivrceze warmodgena efuZneba azris primats,rom samyaros pirvelsawyisi sulia (cnobiereba, goni) _idealisturi modeli (platoni _ hegeli). kantis filosofiaam sapirispiro SexedulebaTa SeTavsebas warmoadgens.

gamoricxavs ra gnoseologiur da ontologiuri problemebisprimats, egszistencializmis (laT. existentia _ arseboba) yuradRebakoncentrirdeba Tavad adamianze (iaspersi, m. haidegeri da sxv.), misSinagan moZraobaze. adamiani aris is, vinc svams problemas, adgensmisi gadaWris meTodebs da akeTebs daskvnebs; amdenad adamianSi, misegzistenciaSi unda veZeboT problema da ara mis gareT arsebulsivrceSi. sivrce daikarga.

niSani da naSeni

84

sivrcis problemam da samyaros modelma Tavad adamianSigadainacvla, amitom egzistencializms mesame xazsac uwodebenfilosofiaSi.

egzistencializmis “samyaro rogorc nebeloba da warmosaxva”(a. Sopenhaueri) ucxo da saSiSia da gamosavalic ar arsebobs. aseCndeba absurdis sivrce (kafka, kamiu, sartri, ...), romelic dakargulsivrces Caenacvla.

egzistencialuri gaucxoeba mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba meoremsoflio omis Sedegad dangreulma sivrcem. mitovebulobis,miusafarobis da martosulobis gancdam didxans ver gaZlo adamianSi,verc axladaRmoCenil mis aracnobierSi da ufro metad gazarda dagaamZafra TavSesafaris Ziebis energia. TavSesafari teqstSi aRmoCnda...

sivrcis istoriis dasasruli

TavSesafari isev sityvaSi aRmoCnda _ Zvelis-Zvel da TiTqmisdaviwyebul sivrceSi, romelic d/alagda, Camoexsna metafizikisaRkazmulobani da teqstad gadakeTda. sityvis dekonstruqcia-adaptaciaze sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT da Tavad poststruqtu-ralizmis avtoritetebs davimowmebT: teqstis gareT araferia

(J. derida).ase damTavdra samyaros modelebis istoriac (da saerTod

istoria), romlis refleqsiis sagani mudam mis gareT iyo _ ansivrcis modelebSi (xe, mTa), an modelebis sivrceSi (naSeni _arqiteqtura) . egzistencializmis a b surdis s i vrces

poststruqturalizmis teqstis sivrce Caenacvla, romelic TavisiveTavze axdens refleqsias (metateqsti), Tavis gramatologiur wesrigsemorCileba da ara filosofiur, an gravitaciul kanonebs.egzistenciuri mzeris velSi (gnebavT badeSi) moqceuli adamianihumanitarul mecnierebaTa mTavar xarvezad gadaiqca (m. fuko).filosofias ki, romelic arqivs Cabarda, diskursi Caenacvla;nawarmoebs _ teqsti da “avtoris sikvdili” (arqiteqturaSinaSenis teqsti, an/da urbanuli teqsti).

istoriis dasasruli niSnavs cnobierbis im tipis dasasruls,romlis simbolo iyo xe. axali, Secvlili epistemes _ problemurivelis simbolo gaxda rizoma _ juja mcenare, romlis fesvi dayvavili erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian. gzis miTologemas CaenacvlalabirinTi .

yvela filosofiuri sistemis, Tavisi sawyisidan XX s.-is 60-iani wlebis bolomde, miuxedavad maT Soris struqturuli


85

gansxvavebisa, struqturaluroba amsgavsebda erTmaneTs.poststruqturalisturi eqsplikacia (saxelebi) sworedstruqturis dauswrebloaze metyvelebs.

sivrcis problematikis da saerTod problemuri velis aseTimkveTri da radikaluri transformacia (1960-iani wlebidan rommodis) isev diskursuli praqtikiT warmovadginoT: samyaros

modeli an/da sivrcis modeli dekonstruqciis Sedegad SeiZlebaasec Caiweros _ sivrcis medali (niSani, tvifri). aqve gavixsenoT,rom poststruqturalizmis mTavari Teza: dro gaCerda (sivrcisarqauli modelSi aq da axla-s formaluri analogi), “dro sivrcultvifrad gadaiqca” (f. jeimsoni) exmianeba sivrcis niSnurobas,sivrce _ medali.

es opusi yvelaferTan erTad semiotikis sainteresoobaze, misartistobaze miuTiTebs.

kidev erTi lingvisturi opusi:miTo-poeturi da filosofiuri sivrce warmodgeba teqst/iT.diskursis sivrce warmosdgeba teqst/ad.teqst_iT wyvets moqmedebas da kargavs moqmedebiT brunvis

niSans.teqst_ad qmnis axal viTarebas da iZens viTarebiTi brunvis

niSans.sintaqsi _ sivrce aris teqst/i aRadgens saxels da saxelobiT

brunvas. zogadad ki, saxelis aRdgena, logosis aRdgena _ dabruneba(misi, an masSi) yvela sxva dabrunebaTa paradigmaturi wiaRia(saxlSi dabruneba, pirvelsaxeSi dabruneba, “mudmivi dabruneba”),romlis erTianoba warmosdgeba samwevrad: saxe, saxli da saxeli.am samwevrSi saxli, rogorc koncepti, aRniSnavs arqiteqturisadgils faseulobaTa ierarqiis saTaveSi. arqiteqturis uzomoracionalizacia (pragmatizmi), niSnavs sasicocxlo wiaRis ngrevasda ganadgurebas; verdabrunebas, uZraobas da sikvdils.

nangrevis niSani

momZlavrebuli saamSeneblo pragmatizmis pirobebSiarqiteqtura servisis da komerciis sagani gaxda. Tu metaforaTaZalisxmevas droebiT davabrunebT, asec SeiZleboda gveTqva:arqiteqtura _ “xelovnebis deda” _ namdvili dedinacvali gaxda.is gadaiqca im “saqmianobad”, romlis mamoZravebeli Zala mxolodda mxolod biznesinteresebi da sasargeblo farTebis gamravlebaa.arqiteqtura ki yovelTvis kulturis sivrceSi poulobs sakuTar

niSani da naSeni

86

Tavs da kulturologiuri paradigmis gareSe mxolod funqcionalurTavSesafars warmoadgens. martod darCenili ekonomikuri Zala damSeneblobis logika verasdros qmnian metyvel sivrces, mniSvnelovanfaseulobebs. rodesac naSeni uniSnoa, (arakomunikabeluri, usaxo)is kulturis sivrcidan gadis. ase Cndeba nangrevis niSani.

n a ngrevis poetika , rogorc sainteresos istoriisgansakuTrebuli nawili, calke gansjis da diskursis sagania.

kulturologiuri ganzomilebis gareSe ukve arqiteqturasTanki ara, aramed zedroiT struqturebTan gvaqvs saqme (futkris ska,Citis bude, termitebis koloniebis mier Semnili struqturebi).swored kulturis mier Seqmnili cvalebadi situaciebi qmnianstilebis Tu mimarTulebebis cvalebadobas; es cvalebadobaganapirobebs qalqebis warmoqmnas, ngrevas, ganaxlebas, mutaciebssocialuri konvenciebis safuZvelze.

kulturis yvela movlena simboloebiTa da niSanTa sistemiTaris mocemuli: “simboloebi warmarTaven kulturas” (klod levi-strosi). nangrevi erT-erTi aseTi simboloa, igi i/naxavs wesrigs.

metaarqiteqturuli refleqsiebi aris is aucilebeli damateba_ samecniero da SemoqmedebiTi komponenti, rac arqiteqturas CarTavsSecvlil problemur velSi _ metakulturis sivrceSi damoawesrigebs.

arqiteqturis kulturologiuri rekonstruqcia (sazogadodsivrcis rekonstruqcia) erTdroulad ori mimarTulebiT SeiZlebawarimarTos: 1. arqiteqturis poetika (Cangreuli poetikis*rekonstruqcia) _ metapoetika; 2. arqiteqturis semiotika.

orive mimarTulebas aqvs rogorc gansakuTrebuli da xelaxlaganxvavebuli, aseve Semxvedri da saerTo problematika.

literatura

biblia 1996: biblia, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo, Tbilisi, 1996.enciklopedia 1985: qarTuli enciklopedia, Tbilisi, 1975 - 1985.baxtini 1979: baxtini m. Ýñòåòèêà ñëîâåñòíîãî òâîð÷åñòâà, Mmoskovi,

1979.miTebi 1988: Ìèôû íàðîäîâ ìèðà, moskovi, 1988.epSteini 2004: epSteini m. Çíàê ïðîáåëà. moskovi. 2004.bostanaSvili 2008: bostanaSvili S, protoposti, anu gavTend-i,

Jurn. “sjani” 8. 2008.


87

levan dalaqiSvili

bibliuri teqstis karliaspersiseuligagebisaTvis

cnobil filosofossa da fsiqologs,karl iasperss leqciaTa ciklSi Setaniliaqvs Tavi saTauriT: “bibliuri religiisdasacavad.” avtori iwyebs imis aRniSvniT, romracionaluri midgomisas bibliaSi Tavs iCensukiduresi winaaRmdegobani:

biblia, erTis mxriv, kultis religiaa,magram winaswarmetyvelni mgznebare sityviTgamodian kultis winaaRmdeg;

bibliaSi gvaqvs kanonis religiisdamaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, magram ieremiailaSqrebs dawerili kanonis winaaRmdegsaerTod _ RvTis kanoni ars ara dawerilsityvaSi, aramed morwmunis gulSi;

bibliis ufali rCeuli xalxis ufalia,magram xalxebs Tanaswori Rirseba aqvT, iahveisraelis RmerTicaa da yvela xalxisac, erTsada imave dros;

ieso RmerTia, magram amas ewinaaRmdegebamisive sityva: “ratom miwodeb me keTils?aravin aris keTili, garda erTi RmerTisa.”(markozi 10,18);

bibliaSi gvxvdeba TviT rwmenis mkveTradsapirispiro azrebi da ganwyobilebani: demo-nologiis urwmunoba, adamianTa gaRmerTeba,nihilizmi (es ukanaskneli _ eklesiasteswignSi).

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, Tbilisis iliaWavWavaZis saxelmwifouniversitetis humani-tarul mecnierebaTa dakulturis kvlevebisfakultetis asistent-profesori; savle wereT-lis filosofiis insti-tutis TanamSromeli.ZiriTadi Sromebi:èrovnuli kulturisRirebulebebis ori aspeq-ti~, èkologiuri prob-lema da enaTa monacemebi~,`samyaroSi yofna xedviserTi kuTxiT ganxilvisas~,`samyaro da misi scientis-turi modeli~ da sxva.interesTa sfero:filosofia, sociologia,xelovneba, enaTmecniereba.

88

aseT winaaRmdegobebze miTiTebis Semdeg iaspersi daaskvnis: “...bibliaSi, Tu mas mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT, yvelaferi polaruldapirispirebaSi arsebobs ... sityviT gamoTqmul yovel ideas moeZebnebasawinaaRmdego Sinaarsis gamonaTqvami”[3,gv.467].

rogorc iaspersis mier motanili argumentebidan Cans, bibliisracionaluri, “logikuri” gageba SeuZlebelia. daismis kiTxva:arsebobs Tu ara bibliis wakiTxvis iseTi gza an xerxi, romelicmas azrian mTlianobad warmoadgens, ra SeunarCunebs gonebis TvalSiSinagan simwyobresa da mniSvnelobas am racionalurad gaugebarteqsts? iaspersi cdilobs upasuxos am kiTxvas. misi pasuxisSinaarsSi garkvevisTvis cota metis Tqmaa saWiro bibliuri teqstisdasaxasiaTeblad, misi specifikis gamosakveTad.

bibliisTvis niSandobliv Sinagan winaaRmdegobriobas iaspersidadebiTad afasebs, roca wers: “bibliis am polarobaTa SedegiaRmoCnda is, rom yvela partias da Semdgomi istoriis sxvadasxvatendenciis gamtarebels SeeZlo bibliis damowmeba. iq mkafiodganviTarebuli polarobani mudmivad gvibrundebian _ ebrauliTeokratia qristianul eklesiaSi, winaswarmetyvelTa TavisuflebamistikosebTan da reformatorebTan, rCeuli xalxis idea mravalqristian erSi (agreTve seqtebsa da saZmoebSi), romelic TavsgamorCeulad Tvlis. gamudmebiT xdeba aRdgena, fiqsirebulTandapirispireba, cocxali qmna bibliuri religiis safuZvelze. TiTqosdasavleTs bedad rgebodes Tavisi wminda wignis uryevi avtoritetisgamo, xelT hqondes cxovrebis yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis winaswarimonaxazi da amis wyalobiT gaTavisuflebuliyos nebismieriSesaZleblobisaTvis, xel-fexi gaxsnodes mudmivi brZolisaTvisadamianis asamaRleblad” [3,gv.468].

amrigad: iaspersis mixedviT, bibliis Sinagani winaaRmdegobriobasaazrovno Tavisuflebas aniWebs misiT dakavebul gonebas dadasavleTSi arasdros ganelebula azrTa Widili, ideebis moZraobawminda werilis axleburad gagebis mizniT. magram mxolod amazemiTiTeba ar kmara bibliis irgvliv ganviTarebuli goniTi procesebisSinaarsis gasaTvaliswineblad. iaspersi gvTavazobs am mxrivsaintereso Semdeg daxasiaTebas wminda werilisa:

bibliaSi ver vxvdebiT _ Zlivs SesamCnev CanasaxTa garda _filosofiur TviTcnobierebas. azrovnebiT aq araferi mowmdeba;daSvebulia mudmivi gadaxrebi urTierTsapirispiro mimarTulebebiT,magram am, ase vTqvaT, “logikuri mowesrigebulobis” ararsebobisgamo bibliaSi gvaqvs metyveli eqsistenciis mkafio da Zlieri

levan dalaqiSvili

89

gamovlineba; biblia _ esaa sazRvriT situaciaTa aTaswlovaniadamianuri gamocdilebis sacavi [3,gv.469].

gavixsenoT: sazRvriTi situacia aris viTareba, romlidanacSeuZlebelia gamosvla radikaluri da Seuqcevadi cvlilebis gancdisgareSe. sazRvriT situaciaSi Zireul cvlilebas ganicdis masSimoxvedrili individi Tu pirovneba, amitom sazRvriTi situaciamudam yvelaze pirdapir da uSeRavaTod mexeba me mTlianad damasxvaferebs meve erTian, anu mis mimarT SeuZlebelia viyo gulgrili.

sazRvriTi situaciis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT viTareba,roca romelime Tavgadasavali mTlianad micvlis msoflgancdas,amis bibliur nimuSad gamodgeba saulis qceva pavled, magram ufromkafio da “Zlieri” magaliTi sazRvriT situaciaSi yofnisa arisdabadeba da _ masze ufro metadac _ sikvdili, radgan sikvdilispiras mdgomni vgrZnobT CvenSi mimdinare sxeulebriv kolafsebs,“Cangrevebs”da cnobieradac naTlad vxedavT gardauvali cvlilebisudides siRrmes.

iaspersi laparakobs bibliis ucvlel WeSmaritebaze, romelicrogorc wesi, ifareba da kvlav povnas saWiroebs. amasTan avtoriarafers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra Sinaarsis winadadebiT (anwinadadebebiT) SeiZleba gamoixatos es WeSmariteba, ra teqstiTSeiZleba misi gamoTqma. amitom unda iTqvas, rom Cven erTgvaradTavisufali interpretaciis ufleba miveciT Tavs, roca bibliaZiriTadad sazRvriT situaciebze mosaubre teqstad davsaxeT; magramaseTi “TviTnebobis” safuZvels namdvild qmnis Tavad iaspersisnaSromi; magaliTad, misi amgvari gamonaTqvami: “... racionalur kritikasar Seswevs Zala am WeSmaritebis wvdomisa. adamiani movalea TviTonaRmoaCinos TavisTvis WeSmariteba, anu Tavis sakuTari bedisa datradiciis Sesabamisad aiTvisos igi” [3,gv.474-475].

iaspersis am ukanaskneli azris gageba Zneli ar aris imisgaTvaliswinebiT, rom sazRvriTs situaciaSi saqme mexeba sakuTrivme, am situaciaSi moxvedrils da ara adamians saerTod. am situaciaSiaras margebs mecniereba misTvis Cveulebrivi ganzogadebebiT. is, Turas niSnavs Cemi sikvdili, SemiZlia gavigo mxolod me TviTon Ceminacxovrebis mTlianad gaTvaliswinebiT. sxvas Cemi cxovreba aseTisisruliT arasdros eZleva, amisTvis xom “Signidan xedvaa”aucilebeli, rac mxolod me SemiZlia?! amdenad da am azriT zemoTiaspersis mier “sakuTari bedis” xseneba savsebiT gasagebia. magramras niSnavs iqve avtoris is naTqvami, rom WeSmaritebis aRmosaCenadme mas Cems tradiciis Sesabamisad unda vwvde?

bibliuri teqstis karl iaspersiseuli gagebisaTvis

90

am kiTxvis dasmiT iaspersis mier sakmao gulmodginebiT ganxilulsxva Temas SevexeT. saqme isaa, rom eqsistenci sazRvriTs situaciaSic,_ vTqvaT sikvdilis piras, _ dgas ara rogorc mxolod sasicocxloZalamilevadi tani, aramed rogorc konkretul kulturul tradiciaSi“Canergili,” mniSvnelovan wilad am tradiciisagan gaformebulicnobiereba. sikvdilis Semdgom sulis ukvdavebis morwmuneadamianisTvis sicocxlis Sewyveta sxvagvarad ganicdeba, mas sxvamniSvneloba aqvs, vidre aTeistisTvis, visac amqveyniuri arsebobismiRma yofnis gangrZobis aranairi SesaZleblobisa ar sjera. rocaiaspersi wers, rom adamianma WeSmariteba TavisTvis TviTon undaaRmoaCinos, Tavisi tradiciis Sesabamisad, aq cnobierebis sworedamgvari kulturuli determinirebulobaa sagulisxmebeli.

qmediT tradiciasTan cnobierebis kavSiris Temis wamoweviTiaspersi adamianis Yyofnis istoriulobas gaxazavs. avtori Tvlis,rom istoriul, anu kulturul epoqaTa mixedviT cvladia yoveliSinaarsiani teqstis gageba. kulturul-istoriul epoqaTa mixedviTicvleba cxovrebis realuri pirobebic. es cvlilebebigansakuTrebuli siRrmiT xasiaTdeba Cvens droSi da am siRrmesunda Seesabamebodes religiur warmodgenaTa damajereblobisTanamedrove gagebac. iaspersis azriT, cvlilebebia Sesatani bibliurireligiis calkeuli dogmebis gagebaSi; zogi maTgani saerTodukusagdebia Cvens drosTan ukve Seusabamobis gamo. avtori wers:

“uari unda vTqvaT erovnul religiaze im saxiT, rogoric iyoigi bibliuri religiis adreul stadiaSi, rogorc iahves israelisreligia da rogoradac is ganmeorda, pirvel yovlisa, protestantul,kerZod, kalvinistur mimarTulebebSi, romlebic Tavis qristianobaSiufro Zveli aRTqmis calkeul nawilebs eyrdnoboda, vidre masmTlianad da axal aRTqmas”[3,gv.470].

“uarsayofia qristes is religia, romelic iesoSi RmerTsxedavs da imarjvebs ra iesos msxverplad misvlis ideas,... masTanakavSirebs xsnas ... qriste CemSi araa dakavSirebuli sakuTriv damxolod im odesRac mcxovreb ieso qristesTan da ieso rogorcqriste, rogorc RmerTkaci _ miTia”[3,gv.470-471].

ufro vrclad aRar Sevexebi bibliis teqstis calkeulinawilebis iaspersis mier SemoTavazebul gagebas. Cemi mizania imisgarkveva, Tu ra xasiaTis, ra tipis teqstia biblia saerTod, rogorunda mivudgeT mas ise, rom wminda werilSi erTian Sinaarseulsimwyobres mouklebeli mTeli davinaxoT. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebulerT mniSvnelovan moments zemoT iq Sevexe, sadac iTqva, rom bibliis

levan dalaqiSvili

91

mTavar TemaTagania adamianis yofna sazRvriTs situaciaSi. am TemasTandakavSirebiT iaspersis teqstSi gvxvdeba aseTi adgilebi:

“bibliaSi Cven vxedavT adamians misi daRupvis ZiriTadsaxeobebSi. magram ise, rom swored daRupvaSi ganexvneba (ecxadeba-l.d.) mas yofna da Sedgomis SesaZlebloba.” [3,gv.469].

“bibliis wignebSi SeiZleba gamovavlinoT daZabulobis igiveZiriTadi saxeebi, romelTac dRemde moZraobaSi Semoinaxes dasavleTi;RmerTi da samyaro, eklesia da saxelmwifo, religia da filosofia,kanonis religia da religia winaswarmeyvelTa, kulti da eTosi.

amitom ucvlel-igiveobriv WeSmaritebas SeiZleba mivwvdeTmxolod saxeze myofobis gadauWrel problemaTa mimarT RiaobiTda yoveli realizebuli movlenisadmi eWviT ise, rom mudmiv vxedavdeTsazRvriTs: daRupvas”[3,gv.471].

Tavi rom movuyaroT bibliuri teqstis Sesaxeb aqamde naTqvams,aseTi Sinaarsisa gamogviva saTqmeli: biblias Temad aqvs RmerTi,samyaro da adamianis yofna samyaroSi, metadre mis yvelaze sagulisxmo,krizisul momentebSi _ sazRvriTs situaciebSi.

RmerTze, samyarosa da masSi sazRvriTs situaciebSi myofadamianze biblia Taviseburi, xatovani da ara “logikuri” (cneburi),eniT laparakobs. bibliis ena xatovani eqspresiuli saSualebebiTmigvaniSnebs gamosaxat Sinaarsebze, es aZlevs nicSes imis safuZvels,rom ieso qristes “didi simbolisti” uwodos [2,gv.659].

bibliis enis xatovan-simboluri xasiaTi SesaZlebels xdiswmnda werilis teqstSi iseTi nawilebis Tanaarsebobas, romelTacufro “logikuri” enobriv-gamomsaxvelobiTi strategia ver iguebda;amitomaa, rom magaliTad: wigni ezekielisa, romelsac iaspersiSizofrenikad Tvlis, bibliur teqsturaSi uproblemod zis dafsiqologis TqmiT, odesme msoflio-istoriuli zemoqmedebis Zalacki SeiZleba aRmoaCndes[3,gv.469].

amrigad: biblia is teqstia, romelic sazRvriTs situaciebzelaparakobs xatovan-simboluri eniT. mas Tematuri da enobriv-gamomsaxveli profiliT “saqme aqvs” esTetikur cnobierebasTan,romelsac azrovnebis Taviseburi, “iracionaluri” logika gaaCnia.aseTi xedva gasagebsa xdis im faqts, rom miuxedavad misTvisdamaxasiaTebeli Sinagani winaaRmdegobriobisa, “logikuriSeusabamobebisa”, biblia erTgvar Sinagan simwyobres mouklebelteqstad rCeba, romelsac filosofiur sakiTxebze fiqris waxalisebaSeuZlia.


92

aq mokled unda SevexoT sakiTxs, Tu ris safuZvelze SeiZlebaTvlides iaspersi ezekiels suliT avadmyofad. ezekielis wignismixedviT, iahve despoturi bunebis umaRles xelisufals hgavs, romliserTaderTi mizani wesrigis damrRvevi israelis samagaliTod dasjada maTTvis sakuTari saSineli Zalis demonstrirebaa. Znelia RmerTissaxelis Rirsad vcnoT iahve qvemore dialogSic ezekielTan; xoloezekieli _ vis xilvaSic Cans iahve amgvarad _ sulier sisaResarmoklebul vinmed:

_ me dagadeb Sen borkilebs da ver gadatrialdebi erTigverdidan meore gverdze Seni alyis dReebis dasrulebamde.

Sen ki, aiRe SenTvis xorbali da qeri, cercvi da ospi, fetvi daasli da Cayare erT WurWelSi da gaikeTe isini Sen purad. imdReTa ricxvis mixedviT, ramdensac iwvebi Sens gverdze, samasoTxmocdaaT dRes, Wame igi.

saWmeli, romelsac Sen SeWam, woniT oc Sekels dReSi, JamidanJamze Wame.

da wyali wyviT svi, meeqvsedi hini, Jamidan Jamze svi.da qeris kverad Wame igi da adamianis ganavalSi gamoacxve maT

Tvalwin.da Tqva ufalma: “ase SeWamen israelis Zeni TavianT uwmindur

purs im xalxebSi, romlebTanac ganvdevni maT”.da vTqvi: “oh, ufalo, RmerTo! aha, Cemi suli ar Sebilwula da

mZori da namxecevi ar miWamia Cemi siWabukidan dRemde da CemspirSi ar Casula binZuri xorci.”

da man miTxra: “naxe! me mogeci Sen Zroxis skore adamianisganavalis nacvlad da maTze moamzade Seni puri.”

da kidev miTxra: “Zeo kacisav! aha, me davlewav puris argansierusalimSi da isini SeWamen purs woniT da dardiT, da wyalswyviTa da sasowarkveTilebiT Sesvamen.”

raTa moakldeT maT puri da wyali, da SeZrwundnen kaci damisi maxlobeli da dalpnen TavianT urjuloebaSi”[1,gv.792].

miuxedavad imisa, rom ezekielis xilvebis Sinaarsi aeWvebsfsiqolog iasperss maTi mxilvelis sulier sisaReSi, biblias maincar sWirdeba dacva _rasac iaspersi cdilobs_ im ubralo mizezisgamo, rom wminda werili xatovani eniT metyveli miniSnebaa samyaroSiadamianis yofnis ragvarobaze, metadre ki, rogorc zemoT iTqva, igiaminiSneba yofnis ragvarobaze sazRvriTs situaciebSi. amitom rCebabiblia filosofiuri fiqris mastimulirebel teqstad dResac,Cvens desakralizebul epoqaSi. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa zeobis

levan dalaqiSvili

93

droSi, rogoric Cvenia, bibliur teqsts aRar SerCenia ontologiuriwona da damajerebloba; mecnierebis avtoritets dandobilcnobierebas uWirs seriozulad aRiqvas RmerTi, romelic Tavisxalxs, israels Savi WiriT, SimSiliT, maxviliTa da sayovelTaosiqaCliT emuqreba, magram Tu bibliis teqsts simboloTa enazemetyvel qmnilebad gavigebT, masSi advilad davinaxavT saTanadomTlianobas da filosofiuri azrovnebis wamaxalisebel Zalas.

literatura

biblia 2001: biblia. Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi, saqarTvelosbibliuri sazogadoeba, Tbilisi, 2001.

nicSe 1990: Ôðèäðèõ Íèöøå. Àíòèõðèñò. Ñî÷èíåíèÿ â äâóõ òîìàõ.Òîì 2. Èçäàòåëüñòâî «Ìûñëü». Ìîñêâà, 1990.

iaspersi 1991: Êàðë ßñïåðñ. Ôèëîñîôñêàÿ âåðà. Ñìûñë èíàçíà÷åíèå èñòîðèè. Èçäàòåëüñòâî ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû.Ìîñêâà, 1991.


94

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

,,miTiuri dro’’, ,,miTiurisivrce” da ,,sawyisTan

dabruneba’’

miTi yvelaze idumali da amave drosyvelaze gamWvirvale msoflmxedvelobrivideklamaciaa, risi gamoTqmac kacobriobamSeZlo Tavisi transcedenturi warsulisSesaxeb. miTi iwyebs samyaros da samyaromiTSive gasruldeba, masSia ganfenilikosmosis da winarekosmiuri, yvela realis-turi Tu mistiuri realia. Tumca aq SeuZ-lebelia saganTa da movlenaTa Sefasebanamdvilobis niSniT, raki Cveneuli ,,rea-lobebi” ar emTxveva miTosur ,,realobebs”.RvTiur sibrZnegamotarebuli miTi Tavadgadaalagebs sagnebs da movlenebs, miuCensmxolod maTTvis gankuTvnil adgils dastatuss, migvaniSnebs miTiur samyaroze,rogorc yofierebis erTaderT realur dauniversalur formaze, yvelaferi danarCenimxolod misi ,,aCrdilebia”. sinamdvilisspecifiuri aRqma da gageba miTs gamoarCevsyvela danarCeni azrovnebis sistemebisagan.arqauli adamiani, romlis azrovnebiserTaderT formas miTosuri azrovnebawarmoadgenda, misTvis samyaro mxolodmiTiuri SeiZleboda yofiliyo, anu imgvari,rogoradac misi yofiereba yoveli aRqma-gagebis jerze miTis miToSemoqmedebiTiuwyveti tendenciiT gadamuSavdeboda da ukanbrundeboda yofierebis axali formiT. esTvisobrivad axal samyaros, axal yofierebasniSnavda, da marTlac, rogorc wers o.

filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, baTumis SoTa rus-Tavelis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis asocirebuliprofesori; baTumis nikoberZeniSvilis institutisufrosi mecnieri TanamSro-meli.ZiriTadi naSromebi:,,miTologiuri gadmocemebi

aWaraSi(weraqveTas miTi, ukv-davebis maZiebeli luymani)”(baT.2001); ,,aWaruli samo-nadireo miTosi” (baT.2004);gamoqveynebuli aqvs statiebiqarTul miTo-ritualur,miTo-sociogoniur sakiTxebze:,,qarTuli kosmogonia-Sesaqmisfragmentebi (gveleSapisa daxaris brZolis cikli)”(2005); ,,qarTuli sociogonia_ qalis gvelTan qorwinebismiTosi”(2007); ,,graalisTasebi da varskvlavT-qvebiqarTul miTologiaSi”(2007);,,sawyisTan dabrunebis” qar-Tuli kosmogoniuri miTo-ritualuri modelebi”(2008)da sxva.mxatvruli proza:,,Samani da dedofali”

(2007); ,,HOMO TATUS homoTaTusi”(2008).interesTa sfero:semiotika, miTis poetika,

arqaul kulturaTa kvlevebi,analizuri fsiqologia.

95

freidenbergi, ,,samyaro, danaxuli pirvelyofili adamianis mier, misisubieqturi cnobierebiT xelaxla iqmneba, rogorc meoredamoukidebeli, obieqturi yofiereba, romelic amieridan, realuricnobierebisaTvis SeumCneveli sinamdvilis gverdiT iwyebssawinaaRmdego cxovrebas” (freidenbergi 1978:21). magram es arniSnavs adamianis sinamdvilisagan mowyvetas, piriqiT, es ufro did,ufro namdvil realobaSi gadasvlas gulisxmobs, raki mxolod aq,miTSi SeiZleba sasicocxlo universaluri modelebis povna, mxolodmiTi iZleva im maradiul ,,realobebs”, romlebic arsebobenmaradisobaSi, arseboben samyaroSi droisa da sivrcis miRma, anu,,aradrosa” da ,,arasivrceSi”.

miTiuri ,,ara-dro” da ,,ara-sivrcec”, isev imaves, _ miTiurdrosa da miTiur sivrces niSnavs, raki Yswored usazRvroebaa misisazRvari, raki araarsebobaa misi maradiuli arseboba: miTi yvelganaada aris yovelTvis, raki is yvelaferia. miTosuri yofiereba SigniT,SuagulSia moqceuli da Tavis irgvliv atrialebs dro-sivrces,dro-sivrciT modusebs Tavad yofiereba gansazRvravs, am SemTxvevaSi_ miTosuri. amitom, ,,ara-dro” da ,,ara-sivrce”, an drois ,,gaCerebaan mdinareba ar Slis yofierebas, aramed, ukve Tavadve SemosazRvravsmas maradiuli wrebrunviT Tavad mis irgvliv” (losevi 1991:87).levi-strosi miTis ormag struqturaSi mesamis _ ,,raRacabsolutur” doneze miuTiTebs: miTs gaaCnia ormagi struqtura,istoriuli da araistoriuli, magram gaaCnia kidev mesame done,romelic SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc raRac absoluturi. miTiiyenebs mesame droiT sistemas, romelic TavisTavSi orive dasaxelebuldroiT sistemas iTanxmebs. miTi yovelTvis dakavSirebulia warsulismovlenebTan: ,,samyaros Sesaqmemde” an ,,sawyis drosTan” _ yovelSemTxvevaSi ZvelisZvelTan”. magram miTis mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs,rom drois gansazRvrul momentSi adgilis mqone movlenebi arsebobenaradroSi. miTi Tanabrad xsnis rogorc warsuls, aseve axlandelsada momavals. miTis safuZvelSi mravalplanianoba Zevs. amitom miTiuridro erTsa da imave dros Seuqcevadi da Seqcevadia (levi-strosi2001:217-220).

amdenad, miTiuri ,,ara-dro” da ,,ara-sivrce” isev miTiuri droda sivrcea, mxolod _ ,,absoluturi” miTiuri dro da sivrce. igiyofierebis imgvari formaa, romlis garRvevac SeuZlebelia, Tundacimis gamo, rom mas ara aqvs sazRvrebi, farglebi, CarCoebi; raki igiarsebul yvela ujreds msWvalavs Tavisi mkvrivi sakraluri,kanonmdebeli substanciiT, ar tovebs gaunivTebels arcerT

,,miTiuri dro’’, ,,miTiuri sivrce” da ,,sawyisTan dabruneba’’

96

samyaroseul ,,WuWrutanas”. es ,,ganivTeba” da ,,gamkvriveba” gadamwyvetiaRmoCndeba miTosuri samyaros gansazRvrisas. miTSi yoveliveganivTebuli da gasagnobrivebulia. miTologiisaTvis ,,yvelaferisxeulebrivia, xolo yvelaferi sxeulebrivi amasTanave droa”(losevi1991:87). pirvelyofili azrovneba yovelgvar zRvars Slis sivrcesada dros Soris da maT fizikur, sxeulebriv formas aniWebs. dro,iseve rogorc sivrce, upirvelesad fizikuri, mkvrivi, sagnobrivisxeulia, ,,dro vlindeba fizikur sxeulSi, rogorc moZraoba ansimSvide”(losevi 1991:87). dro aris ,,monakveTebis mqone sivrce’’,sivrce ki _ ,,sagnebi’’(freidenbergi 1978:20). Aamitom dro dasivrce arqauli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis aris saerTo substanciismqone raRac erTiani sagnobrioba. es ,,sagnobrioba”, anu ,,miTosurisxeuli”, anu ,,dro” aris miTologiuri fesvebidan amozrdiliplatoniseuli ,,ideis maradisoba”, ,,romelic erTdroulad yvelganaada arsadaa, romelSic Sedegi mizezs uswrebs, anu romelic arisabsoluturi miznebis samefo, da romlis idealuroba fizikuradgaiazreba mxolod rogorc sxeuli”(losevi 1991:87).

miTis ,,ara-droisa” da ,,ara-sivrcis” ,,absolutizmSi” dakargulidro da sivrce yofierebis Suagulisaken, ,,sawyisisaken” miemarTeba,iq kvlav sxeulebriv formas iZens, kvlav aRdgeba miTisave,,damabrunebeli” meqanizmiT, rom samyaroSi wonasworoba, kosmiuriwesrigi SeinarCunos. misi kreaciuli ,,warsuli”, iWreba ra,,axlandelSi’’, Tanabrad gadaswvdeba ,,momavals”, rom isev ,,warsulSi”dabrundes da adamianic, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva samyaroseuligamovlineba, am mojadoebul wreze ataros. swored am ,,wreze”gacxaddeba Taviseburi miTosuri ontologia, romelSic ,,warsuli”kargavs pirdapir mniSvnelobas, gamoavlens ra ,,mudmivarsebulis”Tvisebas, romlis ganmeorebadobac, rogorc ,,mudmivarsebulis”SeuZlebelia, swored imis gamo, rom mudmivarsebulia. es ontologiayofierobs miTSi da miTis gareTac, magram miTi mas xilvad,sagnobriv formas sZens da miTisagan gancalkevebisas kvlav vualirdeba,TumcaRa ganagrZobs Tavis ,,arasxeulebriv” arsebobas. miTosuriontologia aris ,,sawyisi”, romelsac ,,Riaobas” mxolod miTi sZens,misi gancda da misiT ganmsWvalva mxolod miTSi da miTiT arisSesaZlebeli. am azriT, miTi kosmosis da winarekosmiuri istoriaa,romelic ,,sawyisis” movlenebiT iwyeba da mudmivad ,,Riaobs” magiur-ritualur TanaqmedebaSi. miTiur droSi ganxorcielebuli yvelaqmedeba sagangebo miTo-ritualuri da magiuri meqanizmiT aris

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

97

amuSavebuli. aq arsebiTad gansazRvrulia miTis, ritualisa damagiis kosmogoniuri xasiaTi, rac mudmivad, uwyvetad gasdevs mTelseqsplicitur da implicitur miTologiur tradicias.

miTiuri warsuli _ ,,winare’’, gvevlineba pirvelmizezTa ubnad,yovelives wyarod rac iyo ,,Semdeg’’. aq arsebiTad mocemulia droismizezobriobis interpretaciis Canasaxi (meletinski 1976:173).miTiuri drois mizezobrioba am droSi Seqmnil nebismierpirvelgamovlinebaTa genezisis dadgenas gulisxmobs da ramdenadac,,,miTis, gansakuTrebiT pirvelyofiluris, kardinalur niSans saganTaarsis maT genezisamde dayvana warmoadgens’’ (meletinski 1976:172),imdenad, miTis umTavres funqciad, saganTa da movlenaTa genezisisdasadgenad, maTi Sesaqmis ,,sawyis’’ droSi dabruneba da TaviseburimiTosuri etiologizmis ganxorcieleba gvevlineba. amitom miTi,romelic “Tavisi warmoSobiT etiologiuria’’ (tokarevi 1962:348),,,sawyisTan dabrunebasTan’’_ rogorc miTis kidev erT umniSvnelovanesfunqciasTan mimarTebas saWiroebs. cxadi xdeba, rom ,,mizezTan’’Sexeba ,,sawyisTan’’ gvaaxloebs. ,,sawyisSi” gacxadebuli ,,mizezi’’aris swored Taviseburi miTosuri etiologizmi (TiToeuli terminisukan konkretuli miTosuri epoqa da aspeqti dgas). igi upirvelesad,kosmosisa da misi Semadgeneli elementebis aRweras emsaxureba.rogorc e.meletinski miuTiTebs, pirvelyofil miTologiebSi samyarosmodeli aRiwereba misi calkeuli elementebis warmoSobaze TxrobisgziT. am azriT etiologiuri miTebi arsia miTebisa _ par excellence(zeupiratesi), Tumca ar daiyvaneba axsnebamde. miTiuri droismovlenebi gvevlineba Tavisebur metaforul kodebad, romlissaSualebiTac modelirdeba samyaros bunebismieri da socialuriwyoba (meletinski 1976:172). amdenad, miTosuri etiologizmi

aris ,,sawyisSi” gacxadebuli ,,mizezi”; , ,mizezi”, romelic

emsaxureba upirvelesad genezisis gadmocemas, sadac ,,axsna”

funqciuri metonimiis niadagze warmoSobili meoreuli

movlenaa .

,,miTosuri etiologizmi’’ mxolod mizezs (sawyiss) armoicavs. pirvelyofili azrovnebisaTvis pirobiTia mizezobrivikavSiri. Cveni kauzaloba (mizezidan miRebuli Sedegis formalur-logikuri mizezobrioba) misTvis ucnobi iyo. ,,erTi gamovlinebismizezi misTvis momijnave gamovlinebaSi ido. agvarad warmoiqmnebodamizezebisa da Sedegebis jaWvi, Caketili wris saxiT, sadac wyobisTiToeuli wevri iyo mizezic da Sedegic” (freidenbergi 1978:20).warmodgeniT azrovnebamde mizezobrioba ar gacnobierebula.


98

,,mizezis’’ nacvlad iyo ,,danaSauli’’ an ,,sawyisi’’. Aantikurenebsac ki jer ar gaaCniaT terminebi ,,mizezi’’ da ,,Sedegi’’ganyenebuli mniSvnelobiT (iqve) . amitomA , , m iTosurietiologizmi’’ aris ,,mizezic’’ da ,,Sedegic’’, anu ,,sawyisic’’

da ,,sasrulic’’. igi mTel samyaros moicavs, moicavs kosmoss

rogorc mTels da miTosuri realiebis sazRvrebSi (ufro

zustad-usazRvroebaSi, dausabamobaSi) pasuxs scems yvela

zementalur da transcedentur kiTxvas. Aamdenad, ,,sawyisTandabruneba’’ (anu ,,miTiur droSi’’ dabruneba), miTis erT-erTifunqciaTagania, romelic etiologizms, rogorc miTis arsebiTmaxasiaTebel niSans eqstensiurad gafarToebul farglebSi gaiazrebs.,,sawyisis miTi’’ sawyisSi, SesaqmeSi, ,,miTiur droSi’’ gvabrunebs dadasabamiseul movlenebTan participaciis gziT, sakralur-vitaluriZalebiT agRvWurvavs, romlis mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedebiT samyarossxvadasxva sferos daqvemdebareba da konkretuli miznebis miRwevaxdeba SesaZlebeli.

kosmosis mTeli istoria or umniSvnelovanes droiT monakveTSiaganfenili: ,,miTiuri dro’’ da ,,istoriuli dro’’_ im samyaroseulrealobebs gansazRvravs, romlebsac istoriul da preistoriulepoqebSi hqonda adgili. am ,,istoriulobaSi” da ,,preistoriu-lobaSi” movlenaTa emanacias ,,sawyisi” gansazRvravs, raki m. fukossityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ,,sawyisi wertili erTdroulad realuridrois miRmac mdebareobs da SigniTac: igi aris is pirveli niSnuli,romelic aZlevs dasabams nebismier istoriul movlenas” (fuko2004:395). yofierebis am sxvadasxva formebSi, sadac dro-sivrciTimodusebi sxvadasxvagvarad ganicdeba, ,,istoriulobisaTvis” droisSeuqcevadobis, drois ,,wrfivi” koncefciaa misadagebuli, xolo,,miTiur epoqaSi”, _ drois cikluri, ,,maradiulad brunvadi”(eliade1998) meqanizmi muSaobs. Tumca aris mcdelobebi aborigenebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebel ,,Zvelisa” da ,,axlis” dapirispirebaSi drois wrfivida ara cikluri interpretaciis danaxvisa (cnobili avstralielimecnierebis col-qmar berndtebis SexedulebiT) (meletinski1976:176). drois miTiur models, viTarca diqotomias _ ,,sawyisidro / empiriuli dro”, gaaCnia linearuli xasiaTi, magram es modeliTandaTanobiT ivseba sxva, gadaizrdeba sxva _ drois ciklur modelSi(meletinski 1976:176). papuasebisa da sxva ,,pirvelyofili” eTnikurijgufebisaTvis misaRebia e. liCis Teoriac drois arqaul grZnobaze,rogorc raRac or poluss Soris meryevze: sicocxlesa da sikvdils,Ramesa da dRes da a.S. Soris. msgavsi gaorebuli warmodgena

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

99

harmonizirebs miTiurisa da empiriuli drois dapirispirebas(meletinski 1976:176). ,,istoriuli dro’’, rogorc empiriuli da,Sesabamisad profanuli, principulad aramiTosuria da miTiuriepoqebis dasasrulis zRvarze Cndeba. miTologiuri azrovneba,,ignorirebs istoriul heterogenizms. profanuli, empiriuli droisyvela mravaljeradi cvlileba dahyavs Sesaqmis erTjerad aqtamde,romelic transcendentur sakralur miTiur droSixorcieldeba”(meletinski 1976: 177). ,,miTiuri dro”, rogorcmiTiuri yovlismomcveli warsulis transcendenturi realia, erTiani,mTliani miTosuri substanciaa, magram masSi ori izomorfuli,Tanaarsebuli droiTi aspeqtis gancalkevebac aris SesaZlebeli(Tumca es gancalkeveba ukiduresad formaluria). miTiuri dro,,sawyis’’ da ,,sizmris’’ dros moicavs, romelTac sakuTar ,,droiTintervalebSi’’ ganxorcielebuli ,,Sesaqmis aqtebi’’ mijnavs: pirveliwminda kosmogoniuria, igi winarekosmosur (qaosur) da kosmogenezisperiodebs gulisxmobs. es qaosis meufebisa da Semdgom misi kosmosadgardaqmnis epoqaa, Sesabamisad, _ yvelaze adreuli, ,,sawyisi dro’’.,,sizmris dro’’ (drem time) pirvelyofil sazogadoebebSi farTodgavrcelebuli terminia, gansakuTrebuli sakralur-paradigmulimiTiuri epoqis aRsaniSnavad. avstraliel aborigenTa adgilobriviterminologia, arandaSi _ alTira, alCera; alurijaSi _ juguri,karajerSi _ bugari, ungarinebSi _ lalau, ungudi, varramungaSi _vingara, binbingaSi _ mungami, gunvigaSi _ bunami da a. S (meletinski1976:174; levi-briuli 1937:269), _ yvela SemTxvevaSi ,,sizmrismdgomareobisa’’ da ,,miTiuri drois’’ saerTo niSan-TvisebebzemiuTiTebs, rac gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT miTosuri dro-sivrciTikategoriebis erTian, ganucalkevebel konteqstSi vlindeba.

,,sizmris droc’’ Sesaqmeebis epoqaa, magram arakosmogenezis. aqsamyaro imTaviTve mocemuli, mudmivyofieri ,,mza” kosmiuri produqtia(amitom ,,sizmris droSi’’ ar daismis kiTxvebi samyaros warmoSobisirgvliv). miTologiuri azrovnebis specifika ganapirobebs immoulodnel qronologias, romlis mixedviT, pirvelyofilimiTologiebi, swored, ,,sizmris droiT” iwyeba, sadac samyaro ukveSeqmnilia. swored aq Cans yvelaze cxadad platoniseuli ,,ideismaradisoba”, roca ,,mizezi uswrebs Sedegs”. sizmris drois mzakosmosi ,,Sedegia”, ,,mizezi” ki maSin gamoCndeba roca mocemulikosmosis ,,arakosmiuri” substancia gacnobierdeba da genezisSi _,,sawyisTan”, romelic ,,mizezia”, dabruneba gaxdeba aucilebeli.


100

kosmosis mdgomareoba ,,organizebul mTels’’ gulisxmobs, xolo,,sizmris droSi” mocemuli ,,mza kosmosi” ,,araorganizebulimTlianobaa”. rogorc levi-briuli miuTiTebs, papuasebisa daavstralielebis zebunebrivi samyaro ar aris agebuli wesrigze.Zalebi, romelTa arsebobasac isini grZnoben am zebunebriv samyaroSi,moqmedeben TiToeuli TavisTvis. ar arsebobs aranairi subordinaciamaRali da dabali Zalebis urTierTdamokidebulebaSi. isini Tanabarniarian rogorc nebismier maTganTan, aseve erT romeliRac umaRlesZalasTan. yvela es Zala miTebSi figurirebs uwesrigomdgomareobaSi(levi-briuli 1937:292). amdenad, ,,sizmris droSi”mocemuli ,,mza kosmosi” specifiuria _ igi Taviseburad,,arakosmiuria”, qaosisagan gamocalkevebuli gansakuTrebuli kosmiurimdgomareobaa, romelsac ,,kosmosis mcdeloba” _ SeiZleba vuwodoT.levi-strosis sityviT, ,,TiToeuli didi struqturuli erTeuliTavisi bunebiT aris raRac ,,urTierToba”(levi-strosi 2001:219).am azriT, kosmosi(rogorc mTeli) romelic yvelaze didistruqturuli erTeulia aris ,,urTierToba”, erTis mxriv, qaosTanda ,,kosmosis mcdelobasTan”, xolo, meores mxriv, ,,urTierToba” _,,sizmris drosTan” da ,,sawyis drosTan”, rasac saboloo jamSi,pirvel SemTxvevaSi,kosmosis cnobil qaosur-wesrigovan dualurbunebasTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, kosmogoniisa da sociogoniisgaigivebasTan mivyavarT. ,,qaosis mcdeloba’’, did kosmiurstruqturaSi is damatebiTi, SedarebiT ,,mcire struqturulierTeulia”, romelic qaossa da kosmoss Soris gardamaval safexurad,mediaciur rgolad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. levi-strosi aRmoaCensmediaciur, gardamaval safexurs miTis struqturul wyobaSi daSesaZleblad Tvlis sami tipis logikuri operaciis gamoyofas.miTi Cveulebriv aperirebs dapirispirebulobebze da iltvis maTiTandaTanobiTi moxsnis, _ mediaciisaken (levi-strosi 2001:234-241). miTis struqturaSi ganxorcielebuli amgvari logikurioperaciebiT ixsneba mravali ,,ulogiko” miTosuri aspeqti. amavegziT aixsneba ,,sizmris droSi” mocemuli kosmosis ,,arakosmiuri”,uwesrigo xasiaTi.

ramdenadac ,,sizmris drois’’ ,,mza kosmosi” ,,arakosmiuria”da ramdenadac miTis arsebiT niSans kosmologizmi, anu kosmiuriwesrigisaken swrafva warmoadgens, imdenadve arsebobs yovelgvarilogikuri winapiroba kosmogenezisaTvis. magram genezi Tavisipirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar xorcieldeba. ,,sizmris dro’’ imeorebsTavisebur ,,Sesaqmeebs’’, oRond es ukve Seqmnil (mzad mocemul)

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

101

saganTa da movlenaTa ,,srulyofis’’, nawilobrivi ,,gardaqmnis’’epoqaa, raki, ,,mza kosmosis’’ ,,mza produqtebi”, miuxedavadparadigmulobisa, ,,daumTavrebelia’’. es iTqmis rogorc calkeulobieqtebze, aseve Tavad samyaroze da adamianebze. amitom ,,sizmrisdrois’’ miTiuri gmirebi _ pirvelwinaprebi, kulturuli gmirebida demiurgebi moRvaweoben samyaroseul gamovlinebaTa, maT SorisadamianTa modgmis ,,dasamTavrebel-dasaxvewad’’. xSirad am motivaciiTmiTebSi Zvelis ganadgurebisa da xelaxali Sesaqmis aqtebsac vxvdebiT.gansakuTrebiT bravaljeradi Sesaqmis obieqtia adamiani, rasac,Cveulebriv, win uZRvis ,,daumTavrebeli’’ (magaliTad: burTiseburi_ uxel-fexo, ucxvir-piro, uyuro da a.S. adamianebi) kacobriulimodgmis esqatologia.

garda ,,mza kosmosis’’ Taviseburi kvlavSesaqmisa, ,,sizmrisdro’’ sociogoniuri SesaqmeebiT gamoirCeva. faqtobrivad amSemTxvevaSic sociogoniac, anu meore kosmosis _ mezokosmosisSeqmna, kosmogoniuri xasiaTisaa, SeiZleba iTqvas, aseT SemTxvevaSi,,sawyisi drois’’ kosmogenezur funqcias ,,meore kosmosis’’ _mezokosmosis Sesaqme asrulebs. aq kosmogonia sociogoniiT arisCanacvlebuli, Tumca, es ,,Canacvleba’’ wminda formaluri xasiaTisaa,raki, sociogonia Tavisi ,,Sesaqmeebis’’ dros kosmogoniur eskizsimeorebs, xolo kosmogonia, piruku, xSirad bunebis gamovlinebaTasocializacias axdens. e.meletinski miTis specifiur kosmologizmzesaubrobs: miTi aRiqmeba, rogorc ,,Sesaqmis droSi Sesvla” (meletinski1976:175), miTi principulad kosmiuria da, rom, kosmiuri modeliqmnis miTologiuri ,,samyaros modelis’’ birTvs gacilebiT farTogagebiT (meletinski 1976:225 ). es srulebiT ar ewinaaRmdegebakosmosis modelSi anTropomorfuli elementebis arsebobas.samyarosa da adamianis Sesatyvisobas upiratesad gaaCnia socialurixasiaTi; miTebi mogviTxroben qaosisagan bunebismieri da socialurikosmosis Seqmnaze, maT urTierTSeRwevadobasa da nawilobrivgaigivebaze(iqve).

bunebismieri da socialuri kosmosis ,,urTierTSeRwevadobis”ZaliT ,,sawyisisa’’ da ,,sizmris’’ droc Tvisobrivad izomorfulia.amitom aris, rom, sxvadasxva miTologiur sistemaSi maTiTanmimdevroba sxvadasxvagvarad aris gansazRvruli, an, yvelaze xSirSemTxvevaSi, erT-erTi maTgani amovardnilia, raki meores SeuZliapirvelis funqciiT aRWurva. ganviTarebuli miTologiebi ZiriTadadkosmogenezze _ ,,sawyisi drois’’ movlenebze aperirebs. pirvelyofilmiTologiebSi piruku: ,,amovardnilia’’ ra kosmogenezis aqti, sawyisad


102

,,sociogenezi’’ gvevlineba. rogorc Cans, aq saqme uda gvqondes, araimdenad erTimeoris uaryofasTan, ramdenadac aspeqtebis ,,wamowevasa’’da ,,gadawevasTan’’. erTi konkretuli miTologiuri sistema, mag.pirvelyofiluri, win wamoswevs miTis sociogoniur aspeqts ,,sizmrisdrois’’ movlenaTa TxrobiT, ise rom ar uaryofs ,,sawyisiskosmogonias’’, aramed es ukanaskneli CarTulia ,,sizmris drois’’movlenebSi rogorc periferiuli motivi. ufro ganviTarebulmiTologiur sistemaSi ki, kosmogoniuri aspeqtia aqtualizirebuli,raki masSi samyaros gancda ukve logikur ierarqiul struqturasefuZneba, sadac kosmogenezi, Cveulebriv pirveladi aqtia da mxolodmisi ganxorcielebis Semdgom xdeba SesaZlebeli sxva, nebismieritipis Sesaqme. am ,,mcire Sesaqmeebs’’ (romlebic kosmogenezis eskizzeaagebuli), rogorc miTiur gmirTa moRvaweobis Sedegs, mxolodsociogoniaSi SeiZleba hqondeT adgili. amdenad, miTi, romelic

yvela SemTxvevaSi kosmogoniuria amave dros, yvela SemTxvevaSi

sociogoniuric aris . es erTi da igivea . anu _ miTi

princi pulad socio-kosmogoniuria. Sesabamisad, ,,sawyisi dro’’da ,,sizmris dro’’ TavianTi kosmo-sociogoniuri sawyisebiTizomorfulia da erT, gansakuTrebul dro-sivrciT kategoriamdedaiyvaneba, romelsac erT sazogado termins _,,miTiuri dro’’, an,,miTiuri epoqa’’, mivusadagebT. es miTiuri epoqa profanuli, Tvladiistoriuli drois mijnazea SeCerebuli da miTis, ritualisa damagiis saSualebiT maradiulad imeorebs arqetipul modelebs. igivemiTur-ritualur-magiuri meqanizmiT momavalSi gadasrolili esmodelebi istoriuli epoqis ,,araistoriul zonebSi’’, moTosurSreebSi xvdebian da iqac, ,,wrfiv’’ istoriulobaSic qmnian ra ,,wriul,’’,,brunvad’’ miTosur realiebs, agrZeleben TavianT cxovelmyofelur,samyaros momawesrigebel funqcias.

raki yofierebis TiToeuli forma mxolod sakuTar dro-sivrciT modusSi ganicdeba, isini ar qmnian ,,uwyvet rigs’’. miTiuridro da sivrce upirvelesad vlindeba warmosaxuli samyarosCaketilobaSi; am TvalsazrisiT iWers ,,kunZulis mdgomareo-bas’’(nekludovi 1975:183). Tumca es warmosaxuli ,,kunZuliseburi’’samyaro Tavad mTeli samyaroa (kosmosi rogorc mTeli) da misi,,Caketiloba” mTel samyaros gadaswvdeba. igi erTi didi dayovlismomcveli ,,Sinaa’’, raki arqaul sazogadoebaSi, upirvelesad,Tavad adamianma ,,gadawyvita’’ bunebasTan participacia da masTanukidures familarul damokidebulebaSi yofna. aqedan CndebasamyaroSi ,,saxlad yofnis’’ simSvidis momgvreli gancda da SiSi

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

103

,,kosmosis gareT’’, qaotur ,,gareSi’’ moxvedris winaSe. samyarosamgvarma diqotomiur modusSi warmodgenam mniSvnelovanwiladgansazRvra pirvelyofili sazogadoebebis Siga fratrialur-tomobrivi wesrigi, dafuZnebuli miTiuri droidan miTiuri winaprebismier mowodebul tradiciul doqtrinaze, romlis umciresi gadaxvevacki, moaswavebs ara konkretuli ,,damrRvevi” individis ganadgurebas,aramed saerTo socialuri da upirvelesad, kosmiuri wesrigisdamxobas da ,,qaosis mobrunebas” (Tumca, rogorc samarTlianadSeniSnavs i.surgulaZe, ,,garesa” da ,,Sinas” problemaSi miTosi srulwesrigs ver amyarebs, radgan maT Soris sademarkacio xaziyoveldRiurad irRveva praqtikuli mizezebis gamo (surgulaZe 1987:134). sociumis ,,arasrulyofili wesrigi” srul izomorfizmsamJRavnebs im gansakuTrebul kosmiur mdgomareobasTan, romelsacCven ,,kosmosis mcdeloba” vuwodeT. isini, orive, ,,sizmris drois”kategoriebia, mxolod ToToeuli maTgani formalurad sxvadasxvaaspeqts _ sociogoniurs an kosmogoniurs gamoxatavs. amgvaradTematizirebuli ,,wesrigi” da amgvarad gagebuli kosmologizmiwarmoSobs im sisastikes romelsac pirvelyofili sazogadoebaiCens wesis damrRvevis mimarT. sakuTari sociumidan gaZevebuliindividi yvela SemTxvevaSi ganwirulia, raki mas mxolod sakuTarsazogadoebaSi, sakuTar teritoriaze aqvs ,,saxlad yofnis’’ daSesabamisad, yofierebis gancda. upirovno sociums individi ki argansazRvravs, aramed, Tavad sociumi gansazRvravs individs. TiToeulimaTganis mTeli arseba mxolod sakuTari da saerTo ,,SinaTi” arisgamsWvaluli, risi sxva ,,SinaTi”, sxva ,,saxliT”, sxva sociumiTCanacvleba SeuZlebelia, raki `sxva Sina~ ar arsebobs. arsebobsmisi alternatiuli sivrce _ `gare~. ,,Sinas” mowyvetili adamianimomentalurad aRmoCndeba ,,gareSi’’, qaosur wyvdiadSi, sadac igiyvela sasicocxlo Zalas aris CamoSorebuli da rac sabolood

misi fizikuri sikvdiliT sruldeba. ,,Sina”( a ) da ,,gare” (

b

)

miTis sociogoniuri aspeqtis diqotomiuri struqturis dro-sivrciTi kategoriebia (udaod Secdomaa ,,Sinasa” da G,,gares” droiTikonteqstidan moglejiT, ganyenebulad, mxolod sivrciT kategoriadganxilva). sociogoniur(socio-kosmogonia) miTosSi ,,Sina” da ,,gare”samyaros horizontaluri wyobis models qmnis. es horizontalobawriulobaSia formatirebuli, sadac ,,Sinas” wriul gancdas (eswriuli zRvari uxilavia da mxolod sociumis Tvalsawiers moicavs)wris gareT yvela mxridan horizontalurad ganfenili qaoturi,,gare” upirispirdeba. samyaros wyobis amgvar wriul-horizontalur


104

diqotomiur struqturas miTis kosmogoniur aspeqtSi samyarostrixotomiuli, vertikaluri struqturis kosmiuri modeli:

zeskneli( x )-skneli( )-qveskneli( ), Seesabameba (triqotomiuli

dayofa gvevlineba ufro rTuli ierarqiuli modelebis safuZvlad,sadac figurireben 1,3,4,5,7,9,10 da ufro meti ciuri sferoebi, an2, 3, 7 qveda samyaroebi (meletinski 1976:213). kosmologiuritriqotomia Sesaqmis aqtis _ cisa da miwis gankveTis Sedegad maTSoris kosmiuri sivrcis warmoSobas gulisxmobs. kosmiuritriqotomiuli modelis paralelurad, mogvianebiT kidev erTikosmiuri modeli Cndeba, romelic ukve ganvlil diqotomiur principsefuZneba, Tumca, igi ,,Sinasa” da ,,gares” wriul-horizontalurmodelSi wriulobis moxsnis xarjze horizontalur binarulobasaZlierebs: ori horizontalurad dapirispirebuli opoziciisdiqotomiuri gafarToebiT (gaorkecebiT), oTxi horizontalurisferoa miRebuli, sadac TiToeuli horizontaluri xazi qveynierebis

romelime mxares Seesabameba: _ aRmosavleTi( ) _ dasavleTi( ) _

CrdiloeTi( z ) _ samxreTi( ). gafarToebuli ori, romelic udrisoTxs, Tvisobrivadac sawyis ors imeorebs, amitom, erTis mxriv,aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi igivea rac CrdiloeTi da samxreTi

( ), xolo, meores mxriv, aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi udris

vertikaluri wyobis qvesknels ( ), xolo dasavleTi da

samxreTi _ zesknels ( ). sabolood ki: ,,Sina” aris _

zeskneli-dasvleTi-samxreTi ( ), xolo ,,gare’’ _ qveskneli-

aRmosavleTi-CrdiloeTi ( ). sferoebs Soris adgili

kosmiuri sivrciTaa amovsebuli. rogorc vxedavT, ,,gare” qaosisisparalelurad, qvesknels emTxveva, xolo ,,Sina” anu adamianTasacxovrisi _ zesknels. da marTlac, ,,miTiur droSi” adamianebida miTiuri winaprebi ,,SinaSi” gverdigverd cxovroben, xolo ,,Sinadan”gasuli individi, ,,gareSi” moxvedris Semdeg eufleba ra gardauvalisikvdili, qvesknelSi, saiqioSi gastumrebulia. amdenad, miTosurimsoflmxedvelobis arqaul safexurze ,,Sina”-zeskneli da ,,gare”-qveskneli samyaros wyobis universalur models qmnian, sadacerTmaneTTan horizontalur mimarTebaSi imyofebian. ,,samyarosvertikaluri RerZis boloze ,,suleTis qveyanam” SedarebiT gviangadainacvla” (baxini 1965:26, surgulaZe 1987:145). ,,miTiuri droidan”miTis ,,sawyis droze” aperirebam samyaros struqturishorizontaluri gancda, triqotomiuli vertikaluriT Secvala. esaxleburad gaazrebuli, axleburad _ kosmiurad ,,gadalagebuli”

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

105

dro-sivrciTi modusebia, sadac ,,miTiuri drois” xarjze ,,kosmiurisivrcis’’ miTosuri xati gamoikveTeba (ix. sqema 1.).

c i kl i sociogonia kosmogonia I kosmogoni a I I

dro (epoqa) ,,sizmris” ,,sawyisi” ,,sawyisi”

sivrce

mod eli

gr af i k uli

g a mos a x v a

struqtura diqotomiuri triqotomiuri diqotomiuri

(sqema1). droisa da sivrcis kategoriebi sociogoniasa da kosmogoniaSi

detalurad SemuSavebuli kosmologiuri sivrcobrivi modeliswarmoSoba adasturebs miTologiaSi dro-sivrciT warmodgenaTaerTianobas (miwa wylis qaosis SuagulSi, RmerTebisa da titanebisopozicia, rogorc droSi, aseve sivrceSi da a.S.) da miTis ZiriTadprincips _ aRwera genezisze Txrobis saSualebiT. ufro mkveTrikosmosis sivrcobrivi modeli ganviTarebul miTologiebSikorelirebs naklebad mkveTr warmodgenebs miTiuri drois sazRvrebze.warmoiSveba Taviseburi ,,ganusazRvrelobaTa Sesatyvisoba’’, im gagebiT,rom urTierTdakavSirebuli da urTierTamsaxveli spatialuri datemporaluri aspeqtebi erTmaneTSi damatebiT urTierTobaSiimyofebodnen (meletinski 1976: 217).

miTebSi deklamirebuli kosmologiuri dro-sivrciTi erTianimodeli cxadyofs, rom dro, romelSic aRniSnuli kosmogonizmi(Sesaqmis aqti) xorcieldeba, ,,sawyisis’’ droa, xolo adgil-sivrce_ samyaros Suaguli, centri. Mm. eliades dakvirvebiT, wes-CveulebebSinebismieri ganwmendili sivrce samyaros centrs emTxveva, iseve rogorcnebismieri ritualis dro emTxveva, ,,sawyisis’’ miTiur dros (eliade

,,Sina” da ,,gare”(Agvaris,

tomis,fratriis

SigniT da gareT)

horizontaluri

(wriulobaSi

formatirebuli

horizontaloba)

kosmiuri sivrce

(casa da miwas

Soris)

kosmiuri sivrce

(oTx sferos

Soris)

vertikaluri horizontaluri


106

1998:9). miTi Tavs uyris am or, kosmosisTvis umniSvnelovanes _miTiuri droisa da miTiuri sivrcis poluss da gvTavazobs maTigadakveTis wertilSi warmoqmnil movlenebs, arsebebs, sagnebs, obieqtebs,romlebic swored am gadakveTis _ ,,miTosuri pirveljvaredinis’’meoxebiT rCebian ara Tu obieqturi, aramed TviT miTiuri droisada sivrcis miRma da arqetipebad, saxe-simboloebad iqcevian. rogorclevi-strosi aRniSnavs, ,,es movlenebi, romelTac drois gansazRvrulmomentSi aqvT adgili, arseboben aradroSi. (levi-strosi 2001:217).Aarqetipebis, modelebis warmoqmna da mdgradoba mxolod da mxolodmiTiuri droisa da sivrcis gadakveTis SemTxvevaSi arisganxorcielebadi. Nnebismieri maTganis gamoricxva imTaviTvegamoricxavs maT Sesaqmes. miTiuri droisa da miTiuri sivrcisgadakveTa aseve uzrunvelyofs mis wiaRSi warmoqmnili movlenebismudmivobasa da ganmeorebadobas, rac pirvelgadakveTis Sedegad,,aradroisa’’ da ,,arasivrcis’’ miRebiT aris ganpirobebuli. Aamdenad,kosmosSi movlenaTa ganmeorebadoba Seuqcevadi procesia, imisgandamoukideblad, adamiani ritualis saSualebiT gamoixmobs Tu aramaT kvlavdakvlav. maS ra daniSnuleba aqvs adamians miTTan daritualTan mimarTebaSi, Tuki kosmosSi imTaviTve gadawyvetiliamovlenaTa amgvari wyoba? ufro metic, ,,adamiani ar aris Tanadrouliimisa, rac mas aiZulebs arsebobas an imisa, ris safuZvelzec igiarsebobs; aramed igi upyria Zalas, romelic mas ganabnevs, ganaridebsSors sakuTar pirvelsawyiss da Tan adamians am ukanasknels hpirdeba.es Zala ucxo ar aris adamianisaTvis, igi masSi mkvidrobs da aramis miRma im maradiul sawyisTa simSvideSi, romlebic gamudmebiTganaxldebian” (fuko 2004:401). adamiani intuitiurad ganicdis,magram ar aRiarebs, sawyisTan daSorebas, masTan miaxloebis mcdelobisyovel jerze. magiur ritualebSi adamiani ver imeorebs sawyisismovlenebs, mxolod maT imitirebas axdens. Tumca ,,simulaciuri”Sesaqme mas namdvil Sesaqmes ganacdevinebs. adamiani motyuebuliada igi SecdomaSi upirvelesad sakuTari azrovnebisa daTvalsawieris iluzur maStabebs Sehyavs, roca mas surs iazrovnosda nawilobriv imoqmedos (amisTvis Wirdeba magia) umaRlesi gonisdarad. ,,adamianisaTvis samyaros Semoqmedi umaRlesi gonis arsebobagansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac adamiani Tvlis, rom igi,iseve rogorc umaRlesi goneba(samyaros Sinagani naTesaobis mizeziT)aRWurvilia warmoebis, azrovnebis, Seqmnis unariT, Sesabamisad,adamianisaTvis Zalzed mniSvnelovania RmerTis mdgomareoba SeqmnilkosmosSi “(platonova 1989:25). RmerTis mdgomareobas kosmosSi

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

107

adamiani miTis saSulebiT gansazRvravs. amitom miTi adamians yovelivearsebulisa Tu SesaZlo arsebulis damadasturebel mtkicebulebadWirdeba. amdenad, miTi adamians Wirdeba da ara kosmoss. kosmosiisedac miTSi Tanamyofobs. garkveuli azriT miTi da kosmosigaigivebulia, maTi xilvadi Tu uxilavi konturebi mudmiv TanxvedraSimodis. maTi gancalkevebis SemTxvevaSi maTi funqciuri gamosaxvavualirdeba, magram ar anulirdeba. miTSi adamianma RmerTTan erTadTavisi Tavic aRmoaCina, aRmoaCina anTroposopi, raki misi embrionulixati masSi imTaviTve iyo mocemuli. maSasadame, adamianma miTissaSualebiT sakuTari Tavi kosmosis movlenebSi ganicada. amitomswored miTis saSualebiT ikmayofilebs adamiani Tavis Tandayolilambicias, erTis mxriv, Tavi movlenaTa centrSi daayenos, xolo meoresmxriv, kosmosis umniSvnelovanes movlenebs eziaros da maTi monawilegaxdes. Kkosmosis movlenebTan participacia ki miTis, ritualisada magiis TanaqmedebaSi aris SesaZlebeli. Mm.eliade aRniSnavs, rom,,kosmogoniuri movlenebis perioduli ganmeorebadobis saWiroeba,kosmogoniur momentebTan adamianuri gamocdilebis gaigivebiT,gvevlineba uZvelesi pirvelyofili azrovnebis damaxasiaTebel niSnad’’(eliade 2002:95). kosmogoniis gancdiT, rac magiuri ritualebisgziT miiRweva, adamiani sawyis droSi ,,gadaityorcneba’’, Tundac essawyisis imitacia iyos, rac adamians, erTis mxriv, axali vitaluriZalebiT aRWurvavs, xolo meores mxriv, RmerTTan miaxloebis ambiciasdaukmayofilebs. iqneb es sulac ,,RmerTis nostalgiaa” da araambicia, bibliuri samoTxis datovebis Semdeg rom gauCnda kacobriobas.rogorc ar unda iyos, admianis cnobiereba erTsa da imave drossami ganzomilebisaken aris mimarTuli: igi cxovrobs da uSualodaRiqvams awmyos, magram misi yvela mizani da idea momavalSi arisganxorcielebadi, romlis asagebad, arqiteqtonikis gadmosaRebadis mimarTavs warsuls. adamiani ,,ver eteva SemosazRvrul droSi.momavali misTvis principulad Riaa, amitom ,,siviwrovis” gancdisgamo drois sazRvris gadalaxvis intencia masSi warsuliskenmiimarTeba”(dalaqiSvili 2001:51). amdenad, adamians warsulimomavlisTvis Wirdeba, magram sad aris aq awmyos adgili? am sameulSiawmyo dominantobs, raki igi mudam aris. warsuliviT arc ,,gamoxmoba”Wirdeba da arc momavaliviT ,,gadatyorcna”. swored amitom, adamianisyofierebis am gzaze erTaderT dabrkolebad awmyo gvevlineba. igiadamians mudmivad TiSavs, erTis mxriv, momavlisgan, da, warsulisganac_ meores mxriv. magram swored awmyos akisria ,,centris” funqcia,mxolod mas SeuZlia gaawonasworos da moawesrigos Tavis irgvliv


108

yofierebis is forma romelSic adamiani mkvidrobs. amitom, maSinrodesac warsuli agebs momavals, awmyo erTsa da imave droswarsulad da momavlad gvevlineba, xolo am konteqstSi adamianuriarseboba aris ,,maradiuli ganmeorebadoba”, romelic ,,miTismaradiuli kvlavdabrunebis”(m.eliade) pirdapirproporciulia.haidegeris sityviT, ,,munyofiereba ,,aris” misi warsuli Tavisiyofierebis saxiT, rac, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, mudam misi momavlidan,,xdeba”(haidegeri 1989:41).

amdenad, adamiani romelic cxovrobs awmyoSi, mimarTavs warsuls,rom gadaswvdes momavals. am gzaze miTis, ritualisa da magiisroli unikaluria. maTi saSualebiT, pirvelmovlenebi, pirvelarsebebi,pirvelsagnebi kvlavdakvlav cocxldebian awmyoSi da momavalSi,rasac eliadem ,,miTis maradiuli kvlavdabruneba’’ uwoda. levi-strosi saubrobs ,,aracnobier struqturaze’’, romelic ZevsTiToeuli tradiciis, wes-Cveulebisa Tu socialuri wyobissafuZvelSi (levi-strosi 2001:31). ,,aracnobieri struqturidan’’momdinare saxe-simboloebi, romlebic iungisaTvis ,,arqetipebi’’ an,,pirvelyofili saxeebia’’, gvevlinebian tendenciebad ,,motivebis aseTiwarmosaxvebis warmosaqmnelad. warmosaxvebi romlebic SesaZloameryeobdnen detalebSi, magram amasTanave, ar kargavdnen TavianT bazisursqemas’’(iungi 1991:65 ) . miTiuri warsuli gvevlineba aramxolod,,paradigmul’’ moTxrobad, aramed, igi aris rogorc pirvelsaxeTasaRmrTo sacavi, aseve sacavi magiuri da sulieri Zalebisa, romlebicritualebisa da miTiuri epoqis movlevaTa inscenirebis daxmarebiT,sadac Sesaqmis miTebis recitaciebia CarTuli, ganagrZoben wesrigismxardaWeras’’(meletinski 1976:174).

miTosuri teqsti sawyisTan dabrunebis teqstobrivideklamaciaa, magram igi Tavad, damoukideblad moklebulia,,damabrunebel ’’ meqanizms. Ddabrunebis meqanizmSi miTi aucilebeli,magram erT-erTi (da ara erTaderTi) komponentia. miTiuri sawyisimovlenebis ,,asamuSaveblad’’ arsebobs urTierTdamokidebulebaTasamwevriani formula:

miTi/rituali/magia.anTropologTa amerikuli skolis mkvlevarTa (harneri, kastaneda,

eliade, malinovski, elkini, evanspriCardi) TvalsazrisiT, ,,miTi, ritualida magia[Zala] erTmaneTisagan ganuyofelia...’’ ,,magiuri ritualisdabadebas aucileblad axlavs ambebis rkali, romelic xsnisyvelafers.swored es ambebia miTebi. Aam azriT, miTi warsul saukuneTa

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

109

mkvdari memkvidreoba ki ar aris, aramed cocxali Zala, romelicmudmivad iwvevs axal movlenebs’’(canava 2001:115).

miTi _ teqsti, rituali _ qmedeba da magia _ Zala, is samikomponentia, romelTa mTlianobaSi amuSavebas droisa da sivrcisganzomilebaTa garRveva da warsulSi, sawyisSi moxvedriT, maTikvlavgamoxmoba, kvlavdabruneba SeuZlia. Arqaul sazogadoebaSi,,sawyisTan dabruneba’’ miTis ZiriTadi funqcia iyo, romlisganxorcielebac _ xeldasxmulTa (qurumebi, Samanebi, tomis beladebi,mefeebi) prerogativa. tradiciuli sazogadoebis daSlis SemdegmiTis pirveladi funqciac Sesustda da danarCen komponentebsac _ritualsa da magias gaeTiSa.

pirvelyofil tradiciul sazogadoebaSi ,,sawyisTan dabrunebis’’tendencia aucilebel saxes atarebs, sadac Taobebi gandobis wes-CveulebebiT ecnobian tomis saidumlo doqtrinasa da samyaroseulmistiur istorias, risi miRebac neofitisaTvis mxolod ,,sizmrisdroSi’’ gadasvliT da uSualod miTiuri winaprebisagan gadmocemiTaris SesaZlebeli. avstraliaSi miTiur winaparTa Tavgadasavlebidaiyvaneba xangrZliv gaseirnebaze, romlis drosac ,,sizmris drois’’arsebebi sCadian sxvadasxva qmedebebs, xolo axalbedebma gandobisasunda gaimeoron es mistiuri marSrutebi. am gziT isini aRadgenen imZveli drois movlenebs, romlebic avstralielebisaTvis SeicavenTavisebur kosmogonias. Tumca saubaria ,,nawarmoebis’’ dasrulebasada srulyofaze da ara mis Seqmnaze. miTiurma winaprebma gadaitanessawyisi drama, ris Sedegadac Seiqmna samyaro da adamiani amJamindeliformiT, _ da Sesabamisad, swored isini floben am codnas daSeuZliaT maTi gadacema. Tanamedrove terminologiaSi es ase JRers_ saRmrTo codna, naklebad dakavSirebuli ontologiasTan, magramdakavSirebuli, mxolod mistikur istoriasTan (eliade 2002:101-102).

,,sawyisTan dabrunebis’’ tendencia, dRevandel folklorulsinamdvileSi, yvelaze TvalSisacemad magiur poeziaSi _ SelocvebSiaris gamJRavnebuli. marTlac, Selocva dReme inarCunebs Tavdapirvel,arqaul bunebas, sadac dRemde logikur TanamyofobaSia kulturul-tradiciuli yofis sami sfero: teqsti (ambavi, miTi),rituali damagia. e.meletinskis dakvirvebiT, ubralo SelocvebSic ki, Cveulebriv,mocemulia mokle Sesavali miTiuri pirvelwinapris, RmerTis Sesabamisparadigmul moRvaweobaze (meletinski 1976:173). maSinac, roca,,sawyisTan dabrunebis’’ tendencia sxva Janris (samonadireo, Sromis,saakvno-saZeobo da a.S.) teqstebSi cxaddeba, igi ar kargavs


110

Tandayolil magiur substanciasa da mizanmimarTulebas. ,,sawyisovanidroebi aRiqmeboda, rogorc kosmogoniuri droebi. amitom yovelgvarritualur iniciaciebs, maT Soris koronaciebsa da saaxalwloceremoniebs, SeiZleba acilebdes kosmogoniuri miTebis recitaciebi,an kosmogoniuri aqtis simboluri CarTva (meletinski 1976:218 ).amitom aris, rom xSirad, Sromis, samonadireo, saakvno-saZeobo dasxva JanrebSi, erTi SexedviT gaugebari mizezebis gamo, Sinaarsobrivadsruliad gansxvavebuli _ kosmogoniuri motivebi iCens Tavs. sworedes kosmogoniuri motivebi gvevlineba im arqaul reliqtebad, romlebicteqstis ritualur da magiur bunebas (da funqcias) aqtualizireben.Sromis processa Tu nadirobis win Sesrulebuli sasimRero-saferxulo teqsti, romlis Sinaarsobrivi birTvi kosmogoniuria,sawyisis miTs gaacxadebs da erTaderT mizans _ konkretul sferoSi(Sroma-nayofiereba, nadiroba da a. S.) magiuri zemoqmedebis gziTwarmatebis miRwevas emsaxureba. aseve, imTaviTve gansazRvruliaSelocvebSi Sesaqmisa Tu samyaros wyobis modelebis, esqatologiurida sxva kosmogoniuri siuJeturi rkalis SeWra. TiToeul teqstSi,,sawyisis miTia’’ kodirebuli, romlis saSualebiT Semlocvelisneuls ,,sawyis’’ miTiur drosa da sivrceSi abrunebs, rom samyarosxelaxali Sesaqme ganaxorcielos. xelaxal SesaqmeSi sneuli Tavadacxelaxla ibadeba, mxolod janmrTeli da uvnebeli. sneulis sawyisdroSi mibruneba imitom aris aucilebeli, rom, rogorc m.eliadeaRniSnavs, ,,cxovrebis gamosworeba SeuZlebelia’’, SesaZlebelia mxolodmisi xelaxla Seqmna, kosmogoniis xelaxali ganmeorebis saSualebiT.marTlac, mraval pirvelyofil xalxebSi gankurnebis ZiriTadelementad gvevlineba kosmogoniuri miTis artikulireba’’(eliade1998: 30.).

sneulis sawyis movlenebSi gadayvanas mkurnali-magi, Samaniaxorcielebs. mniSvnelovania, rom igi yoveli axali magiuri,,samedicino proceduris’’ win, Tavdapirvelad, Tavad undagadaityorcnos miTiur, sawyis droSi, xelaxla unda aRiWurvosmagisa Tu Samanis unariT (ZaliT),risTvisac Tavisi Tavdapirvelixeldasxmis (Samanad qcevis) sawyis movlenebs unda daubrundes. ammizniT Samani Sneulis winaSe ,,imeorebs im pirvel ,,mowodebas’’, e.i.,,pirvel dacemas’’ romlis drosac mas gaucxadda Tavisi mowodeba.’’es movlenaTa imitireba ar aris. am dros Samani xelmeored, mTelisicxadiT ganicdis xeldasxmis, ,,Samanad qcevis’’ mdgomareobas (levi-strosi 2001:187 ).

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

111

,,sawyisis miTi ’’ sawyisi drois movlenebze mogviTxrobs, magrammxolod samyaros Sesaqmes ar gulisxmobs. igi yovelgvaripirvelmovlenis, pirvelarsebis, pirvelsagnis ,,Sesaqmeebs’’ moicavs,Tumca amgvar Tematur mravalferovnebaTa miuxedavad, struqturuladyovelTvis kosmogoniur models imeorebs, raki ,,kosmogoniuri miTigvevlineba yovelgvari ,,Sesaqmis’’ arqetipul modelad’’ da gvabrunebsra ,,sawyisSi’’, arsebiT rols asrulebs saqorwino, sanayofiero,dabadebis, savele samuSaoebisa da sxva ritualebSi (eliade 1998:10). qarTuli Selocvebis, aseve Sromis, nadirobis, saakvno-saZeoboda a.S. poeziis is nawili, romelTac jer kidev ar daukargavTgenetikuri sawyisi _ ritualur-magiuri buneba, struqturuladisev inarCuneben ,,sawyisTan dabrunebis’’ tendenciebs da sxvadasxvakosmogoniur miTo-ritualur modelebs ayalibeben; amasTanave, miTis,ritualisa da magiis erT konteqstSi, ufro zustad, erTobliobaSigaazrebis saSualebas iZlevian, rac ZiriTadi Tezaa miTisdefiniciisaTvis (soc. anTropologTa amerikuli skolis mixedviT).

qarTuli kosmogoniuri siuJetebi sxvadasxva folklorulJanrebSi arian mimobneulni, Tumca romel JanrSic ar unda iyvnengacxadebulni, yovelTvis inarCuneben ,,sawyisovnobis’’ funqcias.

literatura

baxtini 1965: Áàõòèí Ì.Ì. Ôðàíñóà ðàáëå è íàðîäíàÿ êóëüòóðàðåíåññàíñà, Ì. 1965.

dalaqiSvili 2001: dalaqiSvili l. istoriuloba da miTismaradiuli kvlavdabruneba, kreb. ,,ena da kultura”, #2Tb.2001.

eliade 1998: Ýëèàäå Ì. Ìèô î âå÷íîì âîçâðàùåíèè.Àðõåòèïè èïîâòîðÿåìîñòü, Ì.1998.

eliade 2000: Ýëèàäå Ì. Àñïåêòû ìûôà, Ì.2000.eliade 2002: Ýëèàäå Ì. Òàéíûå îáùåñòâà.Îáðÿäû èíèöèàöèè è

ïîñâÿùåíèÿ,Ì.2002.lev i - br iuli 1937 : Ëåâè-áðþëü Ë. Ñâåðõúåñòåñòâåííîå â

ïåðâîáûòíîì ìûøëåíèè, Ì. 1937levi-strosi 2001: Ëåâè-Ñòðîñ Ê. Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ,

Ì.2001losevi 1991: Ëîñåâ À. Ô. Äèàëåêòèêà ìèôà, âêí: Ôèëîñîôèÿ.

Ìèôîëîãèÿ. Êóëüòóðà, Ì. 1991meletinski 1976: Ìåëåòèíñêèé Å.Ì. Ïîýòèêà ìèôà, Ì.1976.


112

nekludovi 1975: Íåêëþäîâ Ñ.Þ. Ñòàòè÷åñêèå è äèíàìè÷åñêèå íà÷àëàâ ïðîñòðàíñòâåíío-âðåìåííîé îðãàíèçàöèè ïîâåñòâîâàòåëíîãîôîëúêëîðà, ÑÁ: Òèïîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ôîëêëîðó, Ì.1975.

platonova 1989: Ïëàòîíîâà Ý.Å. Äåñÿòü ëåêöèé ïî ìèôîëîãèè, Ì.1989;

surgulaZe 1987: surgulaZe i., sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi qarTvelTareligiur da miTosur warmodgenebSi, kreb. masalebi saqarTveloseTnografiisaTvis, XXIII, Tb.1987.

tokarevi 1962: Òîêàðåâ Ñ.À. ×òî òàêîå ìèôîëîãèÿ? Ñá: Âîïðîñèèñòîðèè ðåëèãèè è àòåèçìà, Ò 10, Ì.1962

iungi 1991: Þíã Ê.Ã. Àðõåòèï è ñèìâîë, Ì.1991freidenbergi 1978 : Ôðåéäåíáåðã Î.Ì., Ìèô è ëèòåðàòóðà

äðåâíîñòè, Ì.1978.fuko 2004: fuko m. sityvebi da sagnebi, frangulidan Targmna

d.labuCiZe-xoferiam, Tb.2004;canava 2001: canava r. miTis, ritualisa da magiis urTierT-

mimarTebisaTvis, kreb. ,,ena da kultura”, #2, Tb.2001.haidegeri 1989: haidegeri m. yofiereba da dro, Tb.1989.

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

113

irakli mWedliSvili

abelur-kaenurisimbolizmi da kulturaTa

dapirispireba

yoveli individis, yoveli CvenganisuSualo da pirveladi sinamdvile, anucnobierebaSi “Cawnuli” organuli erTianobabunebriv Tu socio-kulturul faqtorebaddanawevrebul da Semdgom maTive gaerTianebiTSedgenil obieqtur-mecnieruli warmodgenisganZalzed gansxvavdeba. adamianTa urTierTobacocxali intenciebiT imdenad gajerebuliucnauri movlenaa, rom igi formaluri,pirobiT-obieqturi gadmosaxedidan sruladar aRiqmeba, ganyenebul-mecnieruli xedviTmxolod zedapirulad aRiwereba.

amitomac, sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebisnebismieri, socialur jgufTa did frag-mentebze orientirebuli, rogorc wesi,ideologizirebuli modeli yovelTvisnakluli bunebisa iyo da axlac, Tundacteqnologiuri mani pulirebis usazRvroSesaZleblobiT SeiaraRebuli _ aseTad rCeba.yvela im “gaugebrobasa” Tu komfliqts,romelic Tanamedrove msoflios erTgvarepidemiad iqca siRrmiseul safuZvlad sworedes, sxenebuli “nakluloba” unda edos.

bolo drois “kulturaTa Sexvedris”problemis gansakuTrebiTi an akviatebiTiybadaReba, kvlav Tvalsawieris simoklis an“nakluli xedvis” gamovlena unda iyos. esproblema Zalzed calmxriv-pragmatuligagebis zogierT “eqsperts” yvela ubedurebis

filosofiis mecniereba-Ta doqtori, kinomcodne,inJiner-fizikosi.ZiriTadi naSromebi:`cifruli gamosaxulebada eidosuri xati~, kos-mosi, sivrce-dro davirtualuri realoba~,`perspeqtiva _ aRorZi-nbidan cifrul gamosa-xulebamde...~...samecniero interesebi:amJamad ori mimarTule-biT vmuSaob: pirveli,xmelTaSua zRvis kul-turaTa da civilizacia-Ta safuZvlebSi gan-msazRvreli da dReisaT-visac sagulisxmo msofl-SegrZnebiTi, anu dro-sivr-ciTi xasiaTis koncepte-bis gamovlena-Sepiris-pireba . da meore _àrTroni”, anu elinuriazrovnebis is simboluriwinaforma, romelmac Sem-dgomi, dasavluri kul-turis msoflSegrZnebiTimimarTeba ganapiroba.

114

mizezad miaCnia1 _ inteleqtualuri aberacia dapirispirebiskonstataciur dones siRrmiseulad gaumWolav saburvelad aRiqvams.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavad kultura, anu “meore buneba” umteswilad,Tu srulad ara, swored garemomcvel sinamdvilesTan Sejaxebisas“individualur samyaroebSi” aRZrul warmosaxviT fenomenTarealobaSi “gadmodinebis” Sedegia...

sworee amitom, “kulturaTa dapirispirebis” faqtoris winwamowevas xels, garda aRniSnuli Tvalsawieris simoklisa an“gadafarvisa”, yovelTvis bolomde amoucnobi adamianuri arsismaradiuli problemis sirTulec uwyobs. Torem, imis danaxva, romnebismieri kultura, Tu is namdvilad kulturaa, miuxedavad cvalebadda ganbnevad pozitiur sinamdvilesTan “gadanaskvisa”, mainc adamianisimanentur bunebas efuZneba, rom misi garkveul kanonzomierebazedamyarebuli “aRnagoba” ganpirobebuli sulieri wyobiT aris Zneliar unda iyos.

sirTules ki swored is warmoSobs, rom Tavad adamianis Sidarealoba gare, sagnobrivi samyarosgan Zalzed gansxvavdeba. TavisTavSi arsebulis, nivTierisgan gansxvavebulis, gaurkvevlisa damiuwvdomlis ara marto wvdomas, aramed gare, sasicocxlodmniSvnelovan sinamdvilesTan adeqvatur (sadag an farsag) morgebasadamiani isev Sida unariT, warmosaxviT cdilobs. sayrdeni, TundacdroebiTi, romelic mouxelTebel, ucnob teritoriasTan miaxlebissaSualebas gvaZlevs, rogorc nicSe aRniSnavda, warmosaxvis anfantaziis nayofia da aseTad simbolo an metafora warmosdgeba.

simbolo ki yovelTvis ormagi bunebisaa (Zvel berZnebTan sityvasymbolon-is Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobac _ orad gadatexili joxisaTu Cxiris naWeri _ “orobiTobas” gulisxmobda). is, e. i. cnobierebaSi“Camjdari” simbolo, rogorc wesi, ori, gare da Sida sinamdviliserTdroulad gawvdomas cdilobs. mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, rogorc

1 kulturaTa dapirispirebis problema gansakuTrebiT mZafrad da katastrofuladsocio-ekonomikur mecnierebasa da saerTaSoriso biznesis sferoSi aRiqmeba _90-iani wlebidan axali mimarTuleba, Cross-Cultural Management-ic ki Seiqmna. espanel-amerikeli sociologi manuel kastelsi (Manuel Castells) ki Tvlis, romkulturuli gansxvavebulobidan amosuli hipoTeza, im SemTxvevaSic, roca israsistul elements ar moicavs (igulisxmeba, rom Cveulebrivad es, rasistulielementi kulturaSi Tanaobs) problemas ver xsnis. mTavari, misi azriT,teqnologiuri ganviTarebaa: ‘...erTsa da imave kulturas, sazogadoebasa dasaxelmwifos Soris mimarTebis struqturidan gamomdinare sakmaod gansxvavebuliteqnologiuri traeqtoriebi SeuZlia warmoSvas.” (Ìàíóýëü Êàñòåëüñ.Èíôîðìàöèîííàÿ ýïîõà: ýêîíîìèêà, îáøåñòâî è êóëüòóðà)

irakli mWedliSvili

115

Cans, am universaluri mentaluri warmonaqmnis aRnagobaTa anuCamoyalibebis wesTa Soris unda idos. Tu winarefleqsiuri, yovliserTianad momcveli miTosuri azrovneba amgvar, rogorc wesi, qimerulwarmonaqmnebs grZnobad-emociuri muxtiT, gasulierebuli kvanZiT~kravda, ukve Semdgomi, anu sxva yvelafrisgan gankerZoebuli adamianuricnobiereba samyaroSi “Caweras” Sida, imanenturi wyobis mixedviTformirebuli simboloebiT cdilobs.

imanenturi Tviseba an Zireuli intuicia kvlav simboloa,iseTi, romelic im meta-, RvTiur Tu sxva saxis farul, adamianuriarsebisaTvis miuwvdomel kanonzomierebis WvretiT moxilvasgulisxmobs. da aq, amgvar midgomaSi erTgvari ganuzRvreloba Semodis_ erTi simbolo meores efuZneba, meore kidev sxvas da a. S.usasrulod... Tu samyarosa da adamianis WeSmariti arsis sabolooamocnobis miamitur, sworxazovan gezs mivyvebiT, maSin, marTlac mxolodganuzRvrelobis, wamxeduri fardobiTobis, ganbnevisa da “jojoxeTuriganmeoradobis” velSi davrCebiT...

religiuri simbolo amgvari ‘usasrulobiT gzadaketilobisa”an idumal da amoucnob “RvTisagan alyaSi moqcevisa” iobis moTqma-vaebaa: “risTvis eZleva sinaTle tanjuls da sulgawamebuls _sicocxle?” (iob. III, 20). azris aseT Slegur sulier traeqtoriazedausrulebel srbolasac da kiTxvasac: “saidan modis sibrZne dasad aris Semecnebis adgili?” (iob. XXVIII, 20), religiaSi erTiSemaCerebel-damsazRvravi instancia da pasuxi aqvs _ yovladsruliRmerTi.

filosofosisaTvis mTavari mainc formaa. im SemTxvevaSic ki,roca is yvelafris sawyisad yovladsrul RmerTs miiCnevs, demiurgosimisTvis mainc absoluturi forma da formismimcemi instanciaa. aq,e. i. filosofiuri azrovnebis velSi, damsazRvravi da usasruloganmeorebadobis Semakavebeli mxolod forma SeiZleba iyos. merera, rom aseTi warmonaqmni simboluria, mere ra, rom is mxolodSualeduri, “droebiTi sayrdenia” _ cvalebad gare samyarosaca daspontanur-qaoturad monacvle miswrafebebiT gajerebul sulierwiaRsac adamiani swored amgvari warmonaqmniT awesrigebs. Sida dagare xdomilobaTa SeuCerebeli, zRvardaudebeli dinebis, maTi uazroganbnevis Sekaveba da aseve, maTi mocva-gaazrebis SesaZlebloba, anuadamianur “me”-s mier sakuTar Tavsa da samyaros Sesaxeb raRacisgagebis piroba mxolod amgvari, kantiseuli saxeldebiT,“inteligibeluri kvanZebis” wyalobiT xorcieldeba.

abelur-kaenuri simbolizmi da kulturaTa dapirispireba

116

kantis “trancendentaluri kategoriebic” savaraudod arsebulsiRrmiseul, aSkarad da naTlad gamouvlenel kanonzomierebaTaWvretiTi wvdomis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli da amitomac simboluriformebia. garkveuli zewesrigis intuicia, ra Tqma unda,winarefleqsiul, miTosur azrovnebaSic arsebobs (miTur simboloTagagebas an gaSifvras amitomac vaxerxebT), magram racionalurad“gawerili” Zireuli formebi ufro garkveuli saazrovno-logikurioperirebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. am TvalsazrisiT, kantiskategoriebi, aprioruli formebi _ sivrce, dro, mizezobrioba,aucilebloba da a. S. _ ze- Tu meta- wesrigis “mravawaxnagovani”gamovlinebaa.

Zireul forma-intuiciaTa swored amgvari mravlobiTobisa dakidev istoriul garemo-pirobaTa gamo xdeba ise, rom calkeul-adamianuri cnobierebis wyoba mowesrigebuli upiratesad romelimeerTi kategoriuli formis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos. da Tu calkeulindividTa Sejaxeba-Seyris Sedegad sazogadoebriv ganzomilebaSikvlav romelime kategoriuli mimarTebis upiratesoba ikveTeba, maSinmocemuli eTnosis, Temisa Tu eris kulturis daxasiaTeba sworedam upiratesi formis mixedviT SeiZleba moxdes.

kerZod, Cems wina naSromSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom “abeluri”tradiciis xalxis arseboba da saqmianoba upiratesad sivrciTi,xolo “kaenurisa” _ droiTi mowesrigebis niSniT xasiaTdeba2.winamdebare werilSi, amjeradac, yuradReba gamaxvilebuli kvlavdro-sivrciT maxasiaTebelze iqneba. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, romdroisa da sivrcis kantis kategoriebi moxmobili metwiladTvalsaCinoebis mizniT aris. Torem, karga xania mecniereba drois ansivrcis cnebas calcalke aRar ganixilavs.

amas garda, kantTan es ori cneba “aratolZalovania”, dromiCneuli gare da Sida movlenebis, xolo sivrce _ mxolod garemovlenebis apriorul pirobad aris. amitomac, adamianuri cnobierebisTanamedrove aRweras, fenomenologiur Tu “qrono-toposur” wyobaskantis urTierT gancalkevebuli kategoriebi mTlad kargad veresadageba. imis TvalsaCino magaliTad, Tu ramdenad daSordadRevandeli azrovneba kantis models Jil delezis “membranulitopologia” gamodgeba.

2 ix.-T, irakli mWedliSvili _ “abelur da kaenur tradiciaTa dro-sivrciTisimbolizmi”, kreb. “semiotika”, Tb. 2007, gv. 142.

irakli mWedliSvili

117

delezis xedviT, aracnobier zedapirze (gamyofze, membranaze)warmoSobili singularuli movlena (xdomiloba), romelic arcpirovnuli da arc individualuri xasiaTisaa Zvradobisa da TviT-SekavSirebis imanenturi SesaZleblobiT xasiaTdeba. amasTan, sainteresoda sagulisxmoa isic, rom Zvradobaca da TviTSekavSirebac, misiazriT, nomadur (momTabare) ganawilebas eqvemdebareba da iscnobierebis sinTezis pirobisagan, fiqsirebuli da dafuZnebuliganawilebisagan radikalurad gansxvavdeba. “roca Cvens winaSe anonimur,nomadur, upirovno da wina-individualur singularobaTa fuTfuTasamyaro ixsneba transcendentalur vels mxolod maSin vaRwevT.”3

singularoba _ “es WeSmaritad transcendentaluri movlena”gagebuli ori mizezobriobis, neitralobisa da warmomSobipotencialis koniunqciuri (logik. AND) kavSiris mixedviT undaiyos. kanti ki transcendentalur vels apercefciis sinTezurerTianobad warmoadgens, rac masSi, am velSi “me”-s SetaniTdaunintereseblobis (neitralobis) pirobasa da genezisisSesaZleblobas spobs. amgvari midgomiT, transcendentaluri imis(cnobierebis) msgavsebad da xatad warmodgeba, risi dasabuTebacTavad unda moexdina. Tumca, Tu xsenebul or kauzalobas yuradRebasar mivaqcevT da mxolod transcendentalur pirobaTa sferoTiSemovifarglebiT kantis xedvam, garkveuli miaxloebis doneze, sakmaodkoreqtuli Sedegi SeiZleba mogvces.

da aq, albaT, mainc mcire dazustebaa saWiro. transcendentaluriveli, delezis aRweriT, arsobrivad gamyofi, gardamavali an sasazRvroareSi warmoSobili metastabiluri bio-fizikuri sistemaa daterminebs, “nomaduri” da “dafuZnebuli” (an “abeluri” da “kaenuri”)aq, am konteqstSi mxolod metaforuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondeT.xolo, socio-kulturul velSi ki, rogorc iTqva, es terminebiswored transcendentaluri pirobebis, dro-sivrciTi kategoriebisgamovlenas an maTi meSveobiT aRweris mcdelobas asaxavs. ase rom,ori xedvis, ori aRweris terminuli analogia, am SemTxvevaSi, maTSoris pirdapir da uSualo korelacias ar gulisxmobs...

amrigad, rogorc iTqva, ganxilul, ukve Camoyalibebul adamianur“me”-Ta dapirispirebaSi, iq, sadac sazogado mimarTebebi isaxebatranscendentalur pirobaTa gamovlena miaxloebis an “sizustis”kantiseul donezec SeiZleba xdebodes. ukve naxseneb Cems winanaSromSi aRniSnulia, rom TiToul (abelur da kaenur) tradiciaSigare realobis romelime, droiTi an sivrciTi niSniT mowesrigebis

1 Æèëü Äåäåç. Ëîãèêà ñìûñëà. Ì. Åêàò., 1998. ñòð. 143


118

prevalireba Sida an sulier wiaRSi, swored am ori kategoriisZireuli kavSiris gamo, sapirispiro tendenciis TanaobiTkompensirdeba.

ase rom, raime socialuri jgufisaTvis saxasiaTo dagansakuTrebuli kulturul-tradiciuli erTianoba calkeuliindividis garkveul, pirvelad intuiciebsa Tu simbolur formebzeorientirebas efuZneba. ori “adamianuri samyaros” Seyra-Sejaxebaki, rogorc Cans, amgvari erTeuli xedvis gavrcobisa da sazogadomocvis erTerTi aucilebeli pirobaa (aq heraklitec SeiZlebagagvaxsendes _ “omi sayovelTaoa, uTanxmoeba simarTlea, yvelaferibrZoliTa da aucileblobiT warmoiSveba”).

xolo, Sepirispirebisa da uTanxmoebis pirobas, garda xsenebuliZireul formebze gansxvavebuli orientaciisa da aqedanve warmomdgarikulturul-mentaluri Seusabamobisa kidev erTi mudmivi, amjeradbunebrivi warmomavlobis faqtoric emateba. ortega erTgan aRniSnavs:“TviTCaRrmaveba, iseve, rogorc yvelaferi adamianuri sqesiT xasiaTdeba_ mamakacuri TviTCaRrmaveba qalurisagan gansxvavdeba”4. aq, amgvarimimarTulebiT azris warmarTva gnostikur tradiciisken mibrunebas,adamianuri arsebis or sawyisad dayofas sulac ar gulisxmobs5.sqesi, albaT, erTi arsis iseT gansxvavebul modalobad undawarmovidginoT, romelic adamianur individTa Seyris albaTobaszrdis da maT urTierT mizidva-ganzidvas daZabulobas matebs6...

amitomac, pirvelad da uSualo realobaSi vaSli rogorc aseTian “vaSli TavisTavad” ar moicema. adamianuri aRqmis yovel fiqsirebul“suraTSi”, Tu dasabamiseul simbolos mivmarTavT, mxolod “vaSliadamisaTvis” an/da “vaSli evasaTvis” arsebobs. da es vaSlebinamdvilad gansxvavdebian _ Tundac imitom, rom adamica da evac

4 citata aRebulia naSromidan, “adamiani da adamianebi”. SegiZliaT ix.-T wignSi,Õîñå Îðòåãà-è-Ãàññåò, «Äåãóìàíèçàöèÿ èñêóññòâà», Ì., 1991, ñòð. 252.5 “Rosarium Philosophorum”-is XIII saukunis anonimi avtori wers: “mamakacisagan daqalisagan mrgvali wre gaakeTe, misgan oTxkuTxedi amoiRe, xolo misgan ki _samkuTxedi. Tu mrgval wres gaakeTeb, filosofiur qvas miiReb”. am saocari qvissimbolos srulyofili cocxali arseba, “axali adami”, “meore adami” an “adamkadmoni” warmoadgens, romelic qalur sawyissac moicavs. alqimiur moZRvrebaSiTiTqmis yvelaferi “Corpus Hermeticum”-dan da sxva adreuli wyaroebidan arisTavmoyrili: piTagoras “tetraqtis” (oTxeba), empedokles “sfero”, platonis“androgini”, gnostikuri “adami”, da a. S.6 daZabulobas sqesTa Soris e. w. “animosity”-c, anu “mtrobac” warmoSobs.gaRizianeba, romelsac es faqtori iwvevs fsiqozuri xasiaTisaa da amitomac isara Cvens mier ganxilul Cveul, normalur urTierTobaTa, aramed paTologiissferos ganekuTvneba...

irakli mWedliSvili

119

yovelTvis vaSlis mxolod erT mxares xedavs. Tu erTi mis wiTel“loyas” ucqers, meores xedvis areSi vaSli ara mxolod fermkrTali,aramed Wiani, Wiisgan gamoWmulic ki SeiZleba iyos. amas garda,damokidebuleba Tu mimarTeba am naxevrad gamovlenil obieqtTanaseve gansxvavebulia: ueWvelia, rom, Tu “codvis vaSli” adams marTlacevam SesTavaza, maSin es obieqti evas samyaroSi Tavidanve gansakuTrebul,surviliTa Tu vnebiT Seferil adgils unda ikavebdes. xoloadamisaTvis ki, vnebisa Tu survilis momcvel sagnad es obieqtimxolod dagemovnebis Semdeg SeiZleba iqces.

zogadi warmodgena mTliani vaSlisa iseTi mentaluri obieqtian fiqciaa, romelic or gansxvavebul, Tundac mxolod droSidaSorebul xedvaTa an “STabeWdilebaTa” SeTavsebiT yalibdeba.konkretuli (da ara idealuri) vaSlis mTlianoba Cvens cnobierebaSiplatonis im “sityvieri msgavsebis” gvarad unda yalibdebodes,romelic warmoTqmulis uSualod danaxvis saSualebas gvaZlevs daromelic Tavisi bunebiT “Zveli urCxulebis _ qimeras, skilasa dakerberis _ analogiuri aris”7.

ase rom, vaSli, rogorc mentaluri obieqti (da vimeoreb, ararogorc platonuri, idealuri obieqti) Sedgenili, qimeruliwarmonaqmnia _ vizualur an qrono-toposur rigis anabeWdTa gardamis kompozicias uSualo, kerZo gamocdilebisa da kulturul-tradiciuli “naWdevebis” erTobliobac SeiZleba qmnides. an,sxvanairad _ “mentaluri vaSli” iseTi simboloa, romlis erT,obieqturi realobidan momdinare mxaresTan “bmaSi” meore _subieqturi fiqcia an warmodgena aris.

rogorc Cans, “sityvieri msgavsebis” kvlavwarmoqmnamaradmimdinare, dausrulebeli procesia. Cveni cnobiereba,“struqturalisturi qmedebis” analogiurad yovelTvis iseTwarmodgenas agebs, romelic pirveladi samyaros “anabeWdi” an asliar aris, Tumca, swored imitom, rom pirveladis msgavsia, aseTikonstruqcia am samyaros inteligibelurs xdis8. magram sakmarisia

7 platoni, “saxelmwifo”, IX, 588. ise ki, dazustebisaTvis, unda aRiniSnos, romnaxevradxiluli vaSli, anu vizualuri xati sokrates mixedviT sagnis ideismesame qvedonea, mibaZvis mibaZva an “Crdilis Crdilia” (ix. iqve, X, 597). xolo,mosaxilvelad Seqmnili “sityvieri xati”, unda vivaraudoT, iseTi “mentaluriqimeraa”, romelic ara grZnobad-vizualur anabeWdTa SeTavsebiT, aramed pirvelirigis realobaTa, idealur formaTa arakoreqtuli SekowiwebiT iqmneba... zogadad,platonis moZRvrebis es momenti, mimarTeba “mentalur moxilvasa” da “vizualurxats” Soris calke, gansakuTrebul ganazrebas saWiroebs...8 “struqturalisturi qmedebis” Sesaxeb ix.-eT: Ðîëàí Áàðò. Ñòðóêòóðàëèçì êàêäåÿòåëüíîñòü. wignSi, Èçáðàííûå ðàáîòû. Ñåìèîòèêà. Ïîýòèêà. Ì., 1989, ñòð. 253.


120

ki mxolod calmxrivi, isic naxevrad gamovlenili sensualuriwarmomavlobis obieqtTa “msgavseba” koreqtuli warmodgenisSeqmnisaTvis? iqneb inteligibeluroba enobrivi gamoTqmis, nebismier“sityvier msgavsebaTa” an semiotikur niSanTa, diskursul sazrisTapluralizms gulisxmobs?

Tu asea, maSin koreqtulobaze laparaki an zedmetia, an, piriqiT,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli niSani, simbolo an metafora damTlianobaSi ki, reprezentacia koreqtulia, radgan sazrisi aqvs.magram aseT SemTxvevaSi dgeba kiTxva, ra movuxerxoT istorias,xsovnas an waruval Rirebulebebs? pluralur gamoTqmaTa simravlidanrogor gamovarCioT is gansakuTrebuli, romelic gardamavali dadasaxsruli Tanmimdevbrobis, anu erTian-kulturuli ganzomilebisqaosuri ganbnevis Semakavebel, gamWol elementad gamodgeba?

“dedamiwaze uamravi sagania, romelTagan erTis nebismiermeoresTan Sedarebac SeiZleba. ... Sedareba an xati, romelicmofiqrebuli mxolod erTi adamianis mier aris, aravis aRelvebs. ...da piriqiT, iseTi adamiani ar arsebobs, romelsac erTxel mainc arSeegrZnos, rom bediswera mZlavri da Clungia, rom is udanaSaulosTanerTad Seubralebelic aris. zuxairam leqsi swored am, wamieri Tuakviatebuli, magram yvelasaTvis auridebeli azris gamo dawera”9.

borxesis moTxrobis gmiri, averoesi am sityvebs Zveli, momTabarebeduinebis periodis poeziis, ufro sworad, poeturi metaforisdacvis mizniT warmosTqvavs. zuxairam ori, brma aqlemisa dabedisweris xati Seapirispira (“bediswera, rogorc brma aqlemi...”).didi xnis winaT gardacvlili arabis Seqmnili es metafora dResacgvaRelvebs, radgan adamianuri sevdisa da Wir-varamis Tanaziar xvedrsSegvaxsenebs.

da es “Tanaziaria” swored is, rac nebismier, SesaZlebelSedarebisa Tu Sepirispirebis wyvilidan swored im “bmas” gamoarCevs,romlis energiac cnobierebaSi Sesabamisi gancdiT “daRarul” kvalsgaivlis da CvenSi sicocxlis paradoqsuli da dramatuli TamaSispaTosur melodias aaJRerebs.

gansxvavebiT gare samyarosTan percefciulad gaSualebulimimarTebisa, anu fardobiT da cvalebad warmodgenaTa donisa uSualo,ueWveli da “cocxali” swored es, gancdiTi ganzomilebaa. amitomac,protagoras msgavsad, ufro sworad, perifrazulad SeiZlebaganvacxadoT, rom yvelafris sazomi adamianuri ganzomilebaa da am,

9 Õîðõå Ëóèñ Áîðõåñ. Ïîèñêè Àâåððîýñà. wignSi, Íîâûå ðàññëåäîâàíèÿ. Ñ-Ï. 2000,ñòð.275.

irakli mWedliSvili

121

araobieqturi, SeiZleba zogjer mcdari, magram (dekartes cogito-smsgavsad da masTan erTad) Cveni arsebobis namdviladdamadasturebeli, tkivil-gancdis ueWvelad SemgrZnebi erTaderTidonidan unda amovideT...

imas, Tu ras davarqmevT an ras davukavSirebT am saerTos an“Tanaziars” am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar unda qondes.

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom adamianur ganzomilebas swored aseTi,maradiulad sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis an egzistenciur problemaTagancda, sasrulisa da usasrulos SeTavsebis, maTi Tanaobis yovelTvisTavidan dasadgeni Zalisxmeva, anu sulieri aqtebi qmnis. “Tanaziaroba”ki, SeiZleba aseTi Sinagani “gzebiT svlis”, topologiur-struqturuli analogiis gamovlenad miviCnioT.

an, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom nomadurad ganawilebuli raRacsingularobaTa, winaindividualur transcendentalur xdomilobaTaseria paradoqsuli rezonansis gamo Tavs erT, SemTxveviT wertilSiiyris, anu misi realizacia kamaTlis erT gagorebaSi xdeba (isevaluzia herakliteseuli xatisa _ “samyaros marTavs bavSvi koWebiTmoTamaSe”). magram aseTi, delezis sityvebiT, sazrisis warmomSobi“dionisuri manqana” subieqts gamoricxavs. aseT modelSi subieqtisadgils Tavisufali, anonimuri da nomaduri singularoba ikavebs,romelic, rogorc adamians, aseve mcenaresa da cxovels erTnairadgamWolavs.

da swored es anomimuri, brma da dauinteresebuli movlenaa is,ris gamoc sxva yvelafrisgan gamorCeuli, ‘RmerTis mier gandidebuli”adamiani iobiviT mosTqvams, ris gamoc is ucnaurad cnobad metaforebsqmnis. da am, “ganxorcieleba-gamovlenis” doneze imas, saidan amovalT,trascendentaluri filosofiis pirvelad da SemTxveviT realizebad“singularul sazrisTa” Tu sxva, yofierebis naturfilosofiurian evoluciuri poziciidan, ganmsazRvravi mniSvneloba ar unda qondes.ganxilvis subieqtur-individualur, anu grZnobad-gancdiT donesgansakuTrebulad pirovnuli, metafizikuri konteqsti, anu adamianismier daviwyebuli RvTiuris an/da RmerTSi gasxvisebuli adamianurisnagulisxmebi Tu aSkarad gamoTqmuli koncepti mainc Semoaqvs.

ase rom ar iyos, sxvadasxva dros, adgilsa da kulturulsivrceSi Tanaziari xvedris gamo amoTqmul sityvaTa, amqveyniuramaoebaTa CiviliTa Tu morCilad miRebis amdeni magaliTi argveqneboda. albaT rusTavelsac igive Tanaziar-egzistenciurma gancdamaTqmevina: “va, sofelo, raSigan xar, ras gvabruneb, ra zne gWirsa!”.


122

aSkaraa, rom arabi avtoris msgavsad rusTavelis es sityvebic imave,usamarTlo, muxTali da “brma bedisweris” gamo wuxils gadmogvcems.

Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, yuradReba erT mniSvnelovan momentzeunda SevaCeroT. poeturi, anu droiTi niSniT mowesrigebuliSemoqmedeba ufro damaxasiaTebeli, rogorc wina naSromSi aRiniSna,ukidegano sivrcis areals “mindobili” abelur-nomaduritradiciisaTvis aris. adreuli, arsobrivad “abeluri” civilizaciebis(gansakuTrebiT ki, siriul-sparsulis) gavlenasTan erTad qarTulkulturas (saerTod ki, im drois msofliosac) Tavisi Rrma kvalizeobis periodis arabul-islamurma samyaromac daamCnia. da es imdenadaSkara, naTeli, dadasturebuli da sayovelTaod miRebuli Sexedulebaa,rom inerciulad “vefxis tyaosani” zogjer mxolod aRmosavlurimotivaciis mixedviTa da igive saazrovno poziciebidan ganixileba...

ara da, rusTavelis moyvanili citata arabulidan gadmoRebuli,im drois erTerTi mowinave kulturis “wvdomiTi” monapovarisgameoreba an misi gamoZaxili, eqo namdvilad ar unda iyos. gacilebiTadreuls, vTqvaT, Tundac egvipturs, Tavi rom davaneboT, msgavsigancda-ganwyoba arabebze adre sxva xalxsac gamouTqvams. magaliTad,semituri modgmis sxva tomebma nomaduridan dafuZnebul cxovrebiswesze gadasvlisas igive gancda religiurad mkacr formaSi moaqcia_ “vinaidan mdgmurni da xizanni varT Sens winaSe, ... aCrdiliviTaris Cveni dReni am qveynad, araferia saimedo” (I neSt., XXIX, 15).

drtvinva amqveyniuri amaoebis gamo, romelic “Zvel aRTqmqmaSi”gamoTqmuli mravlad aris asaxvas, ra Tqma unda, “vefxis tyaosanSic”hpovebs (“va, sofelman sofels myofi yovli dasva cremlTa denad”,“ver gaZRa sofeli, va, sisxliTa CemTa xvretiTa!”, “awya vcan, saqmesoflisa zRaparia da Cmaxia!”, “cocxali davxvde ukvirdes, sicocxlears saTuebi” da sxv.). magram, amas garda, rusTavelis msoflgancdiTpoziciasa Tu inteleqtualur stils igive qristianuli naazrevidanda albaT, ufro adreul “SeyraTa bilikebidan” Semosuli antikuriformebic apirobeben.

“vefxis tyaosnis” rig striqonebSi uTuod neoplatonuriwarmodgenidan Semosuli xedva, anu samyaros harmoniuli wyoba damasTan ziari mimarTebac igulismeba _ “miT viswavlebiT, mogvecesSerTva zesT mwyobrTa wyobisa”. warmavali da amoucnobi xvedrisgamo drtvinvis garda rusTavelTan igive antikur-harmoniuli xedvidanmomdinare adamianis “renesansuli adgilis” winaTgrZnobac SeiZlebadavinaxoT _ “...igia lxini soflisa, igia nivTi da vali.”

sulxan-sabasTan vkiTxulobT: “nivTi ewodebis oTxTa kavSirTa:miwasa, wyalsa, airsa da cecxlsa.” da radgan sityva “nivTi”,

irakli mWedliSvili

123

rogorc Cans, ara rusTavelis an sulxan-sabas kerZo warmodgenas,aramed enaSi damkvidrebul Zireul ganazrebas unda gamoxatavdes,maSin mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom adamiani, moyvanili citatis mixedviTpirveladi elementebis sadaria da amitomac mas samyaros harmoniulwyobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs sakmaod sarwmuno undaiyos.

ra Tqma unda, rusTavelis Semoqmedeba am mimarTulebiTacSeswavlil-gamokvleuli sakmaod kargad aris. mocemul statiasaTu kvlevas ki ufro sxva mizani da mimarTuleba aqvs. kerZod,zemoT iTqva, rom arsebobs raRac iseTi, mudmivad problemuriadamianuri ganzomileba, sadac egzisteciur-sasicocxlo xasiaTisgancdiTi TviTCaRrmaveba xdeba da rom, Sedegi amgvari sulieriaqtebisa sxvadasxva drois, kulturisa da tradiciis moazrovneTaSemoqmedebaSi sakmaod sacnauri analogiiT vlindeba. rusTavelisyoveli, aforizmad qceuli gamonaTqvamic, ara mxolod romelime,aRmosavluri an dasavluri tradiciis gavlenidan, aramed da pirvelrigSi, swored am Zireuli ganazrebidan unda modiodes.

magram, yovelTvis da dResac, ufro aqtualuri mainc “gamovleniszedapiria”, anu is donea, sadac kulturul tradiciaTa gansxvavebaaSkara da TvalSisacemia. aseT velSi ziari azris gavlisa daqmedebaTa SeTanadebisaTvis aucilebeli xsniloba, rogorc wesi,TiTqmis gauvali, gansxvavebul saazrovno formaTa barierebiT ixergeba.dasabams aseTi mdgomareoba ara guSindeli dRidan an SedarebiTSoreuli warsulidan, aramed “pirveladi dayofis”, e. i. “abelur”da “kaenur” cxovrebis wesTa gancalkevebis periodidan unda iRebdes.

isev arabi avtoris metaforasa da rusTavelis citatas TudavubrundebiT da davakvirdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom arsobrivaderTidaigive azri gamoxatuli swored Zireuli dayofidan momdinare,TiTqos urTierTSeuvali simboloebiT aris. “beberi aqlemisa” da“soflis brunvis” ori xati or gansxvavebul, sayovelTao donezejer isev dapirispirebul kulturul tradiciaTa wiaRs ganekuTvneba.

cnobilia, rom adamiani metyvelebis, gamoTqmis Semadgenel niSanTaan simboloTa SeqmnisaTvis aucilebel “inventars”, Tavdapirvelad,mxolod gare, fizikur-sagnobriv samyaroSi poulobda. magram arCevamniSvnelovani, sasicocxlo sazrisTan erTad utilitarulimniSvnelobis mqone faqtorebisa da sagnebisa im “krebulidan”xdeboda, romelsac mas cxovrebis wesi, anu TviTSenaxvis aucileblobakarnaxobda. ase rom, amgvari, ragind farTo mocvis, magram, maincSezRuduli da gamoyenebiT-funqciuri niSniT gamorCeul obieqtTa


124

mixedviT “Sedgenili” simbolo-niSanTa erToblioba cxovrebis wesisier-saxes TavisTavad atarebda.

amitomac, im adreuli periodidan moyolebuli, dRemde, yovelisimbolo an niSani, farulad Tu aSkarad, romelime cxovrebis wesisan Sesabamis msoflSegrZnebiTi warmodgenis “damRasac” atarebs.udabnoSi mcxovreb da moRvawe beduinisaTvis aqlemi ara martogadaadgilebisa da Tavis rCenis saSualeba, aramed samyaroSi, rogorcSeuzRudavi sivrcis arealSi “Caweris” organuli simboloc aris.aqedan cxadia, rom “beberi da brma aqlemis” simbolo an metaforaamgvarad warmodgenili samyaros usasrulo Zalmosilebis gancdispirobasac inarCunebs da SezRuduli, sasruli ganzomilebis arsebisadamianur xvedrsac migvaniSnebs.

xolo, rusTaveliseuli xati, “sofeli” ki, swored arabulissapirispiro tradiciis kvals, niSansa Tu konotacias atarebs. Tuisev sulxan-sabas mivmarTavT, aRmoCndeba, rom am sityvis ganmartebisTvalis gadavleba or mniSvnelovan moments erTbaSad da aSkaradavlens. erTi mxriv, sulxan-sabas mixedviT, “sofeli” “kacriels”niSnavs, xolo, meore mxriv, is “sam saxed iTqmis: saukuno igi sofelida wuTisofeli da kacis bunebac soflad iTqmis”.

“kacrieli”, rogorc Cans, berZnuli “oikumenas” qarTuliSesatyvisi unda iyos. aki “kacriels”, iqve, sxva ganmartebac mosdevs_ “sofeli ewodebis sruliad sawuTrosa”. xolo “sawuTro”,sulxan-sabas mixedviT, igive “msoflioa”. amrigad, Tu gavixsenebT,rom berZnuli “oikumena”, gansxvavebiT usasrulo da SemousazRvravinomaduri sivrcisa, dedamiwis mxolod dasaxlebul arealTa, anuSemosazRvrul adgilTa, toposTa erTobliobas gulisxmobda, maSin,SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Sesabamisi qarTuli terminic _ “sofeli”,“kacrieli” an “msoflio” _ igive datvirTvas unda atarebdes.

zemoT ukve naxseneb Cems wina naSromSi aRiniSna, rom sivrcisSemosazRvrul arealSi dafuZnebuli “kaenuri” tradiciis xalxiTavianT warmodgenebs, arsebobasa da saqmianobas droiT mimdevrobasukavSirebs da amave niSnis mixedviT awesrigebs. sulxan-sabasganmartebaSi “kaenuri” tradiciis orive mxare saxezea: “sofeli”,“kacrieli” rogorc SemosazRvruli toposi an amgvar toposTaerToblioba da droiTi ganzomileba, “sofeli”, rogorc maradiuloba-warmavaloba _ “saukuno sofeli”, “wuTisofeli” (an “sawuTro”)10.

10 gamoTqmac: “kacis bunebac soflad iTqmis”, sulxan-sabasTan isev droiT sazriss,moklevadian “adamianur sawuTros” unda gulisxmobdes.

irakli mWedliSvili

125

ase rom, am erTob mcire da SezRuduli analizisa da albaTkidev sxva, cnobili Tu jer bolomde gamoukvleveli, magram sacnauradmimaniSnebeli monacemebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTulikulturuli tradiacia, rogorc Cans, dasabamidan (yovel SemTxvevaSi,iqidan, saidanac gadmocemani, Zeglebi da wyaroebi Cvenamde aRwevs)“kaenur” tips ganekuTvneboda. enaSi davanebul tradiciul formaTalingvisturi, semiotikuri Tu sxva saxis gamowvlilviTi Seswavla,albaT, gamoTqmuli mosazrebis utyuar dasabuTebas mogcems.

Tumca, aqve, safuZvliani Seswavlis gareSec SeiZleba iTqvas,rom kaenuri tradiciis amsaxveli enobrivi formebi qarTulkulturaSi Semosuli antikur civilizaciebTan “Sexebis” Sedegadar unda iyos. Tundac mxolod elinebis mier odindel qarTvelTasaxeldebis miwaTmoqmedebasTan uSualod dakavSirebis faqti(“georgia”) swored kaenuri tradiciis ara garedan Tavsmoxveul,aramed adgilobriv warmomavlobas unda migvaniSnebdes11. ase rom,kaenuri cxovrebis wesidan momdinare enobrivi Tu sxva saxis simboloendemuri warmomavlobis gamo, unda vigulisxmoT, rom qarTulienisa da zogadad, kulturis sruliad organuli Semadgeneli iyoda Semdgomac axeTad darCa.

Tavis mxriv, aRniSnuli tradiciis formebs verc mxoloddRevandlamde mosuli qarTuli saazrovno kulturis ganmsazRvraviqristianuli konteqsti daamkvidrebda. imitom, rom aRmosavlur dadasavlur tradiciaTa Sexvedris sivrceSi warmoSobili‘qristianuli paradigma~ im drois elinisturi sinkretizmisdaZlevis garda da ufro, ‘pirveladi dayofis~ kulturultradiciaTa urTierTmorgebis mcdelobacaa (jvarcmis aqtiTdasabamiseulTan erTad kaenis codvis gamosyidvis simbolizmicamas migvaniZnebs). Tu asea, Tu qristianuli naazrevis sayovelTaobaromelime, kaenuri Tu abeluri tradiciis prioritets gamoricxavs,maSin qarTuli kulturisa da sityvierebis kaenur formebzeupiratesi orientireba swored adreuli, pirveli aRmosavluricivilizaciebisgan gansxvavebuli xmelTaSua zRvis Crdilo arealSigavrcelebuli da Rrmad gamjdari tradiciis gamovlena unda iyos...

11 igulisxmeba, rom elinebi, Tavadac SemosazRvrul miwis nakveTebze intensiurimiwaTmoqmedebis mimdevari xalsi sxva, ucxo tomel adamianTa daxasiaTebisasswored rom analogiurobis principidan unda amosuliyvnen. analogiis ararseboba ki sxva dasaxelebiT, “barbarosebi”, xasiaTdeboda...


126

Tamar oTxmezuri

Sua saukuneebis qarTulisamecniero azrovnebis

istoriidan: efrem mcirissqolio samyaros

geocentrulobis Sesaxeb

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli azrovnebisCamoyalibebis kvlevaSi gansakuTrebuliadgili eTmoba pirvelwyaroebis _ qarTulxelnawerTa kolofonebis Seswavlas,romlebsac sxvadasxva epoqis qarTvelimwignobrebi winaSesavlebis, boloTqmebisa Tumarginaluri SeniSvnebis saxiT urTavdnenTavianT naSromebs.

qarTul xelnawerebSi marginaluriSeniSvnebi _ eqspoziciuri xasiaTis mcireteqstebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor undawavikiTxoT da gavigoT sxva, ufro mniS-vnelovani teqstebi _ adreuli periodidanCndeba, Tumca marginalur SeniSvnebs, rogorcteqstis interpretaciis Camoyalibebulsistemas, pirvelad XI saukunis Savi mTis(antioqiis regioni) elinofili mwignobris,efrem mciris Targmanebis Semcvel krebulebSivxvdebiT.1 es arc aris gasakviri, radgan, Tavisi

1 efrem mcires Tavis kolofonebSi Teoriuli mosazrebebicaqvs gamoTqmuli teqstis komentirebis meTodebis Sesaxeb.efremis mixedviT, arsebobs marginaluri ganmartebis(`kidesa warwerili Targmanebis~) ori tipi: ‘zepiriTdawerili~ SeniSvna, romelic teqstis mTargmnels ekuTvnis,da berZnuli dednidan (`dedidan~) momdinare SeniSvna.rogorc kolofonidan irkveva, xelnawerTa aSiebzeSeniSvnebis darTvis es wesi efrems svimeonwmidismonastris biblioTekis berZnuli xelnawerebidangadmouRia. ix. ioane damaskelis dialeqtikis~ qarTulTargmanze darTuli efrem mciris Sesavali, damaskeli1976:67-68.

filologiis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, xelnawerTa erov-

nuli centris mTavari

mecnieri TanamSromeli.

grigol nazianzelis Txzu-

lebaTa kvlevis saerTaSo-

riso jgufis wevri.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

grigol RvTismetyvelis

TxzulebaTa komentarebis

publikacie b i seriiT

Corpus Christianorum,Series Graeca 36, 45, 52.Corpus Nazianzenum 5, 12,17 (1998, 2001, 2004).Pseudo-Nonniani in IV ora-tiones Gregorii Nazianzenicommentarii (CorpusChristianorum. Series Grae-ca, 50, Corpus Nazianzenum,16), Turnhout-Leuven, 2002.interesTa sfero:

Sua saukuneebis qarTul-

bizantiuri literatu-

ruli urTierTobebi ,

mTargmnelobiTi skolebi,

bizantiel avtorTa Txzu-

lebebis Zveli qarTuli

Targmanebis gamocema.

127

specifikidan gamomdinare, swored berZnulis adekvatur, literalurTargmanebs ùÃ ms SematebaÃ reca ganmacxadebelad sityÃsa.~2

xelnaweris aSiebi ki is Tavisufali sivrcea, sadac mwignobars _mTargmnels, redaqtors Tu gadamwers _ SeuZlia gamoTqvas, gamosaxos,mianiSnos is, risi Tqmisa da gamoxatvis saSualeba mas ar eZlevaZiriTad teqstze muSaobisas. am Tavisufali sivrciT mudamsargeblobdnen bizantieli mwignobrebi _ bizantiuri xelnawerebisaSiebze uxvad vxvdebiT Sua saukuneebis mwignobarTa komentarebs.3

berZenTa mibaZviT efrem mcirec xSirad urTavda xolme TavisTargmanebs ganmartebiTi xasiaTis SeniSvnebs.4 is xom elinofili _`berZenTa moyvaruli~ mwignobari iyo am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiTac,razec berZnebis mimarT mis kolofonebSi araerTxel gamoxatuligansakuTrebuli mowiweba da aRfrTovaneba mianiSnebs.

marginaluri SeniSvnebis daniSnulebaa, ZiriTadi teqstisgaazrebasa da gagebaSi daexmaros mkiTxvels, Tumca maTi analizixSir SemTxvevaSi mravalmxrivi daskvnebisa Tu mosazrebebis gamoTqmissaSualebas iZleva. marginalur SeniSvnaTa Seswavla cocxladwarmogvidgens im garemos, romelSic muSaobdnen qarTveli mTargmnelebi,im gavlenebsa Tu tendenciebs, romlebic zemoqmedebdnen qarTvelimwignobrebis muSaobis stilisa Tu azrovnebis Camoyalibebaze.5

am kuTxiT ganvixilavT sqolios, romelic dasturdebaadrebizantiuri sasuliero mwerlobis umniSvnelovanesi

2 damaskeli 1976:67.3komentarebis ganlageba xelnaweri wignis aSiaze wminda bizantiuri movlenaa.Tu elinisturi epoqis xelnawerebSi aSiaze mxolod mokle miniSnebebi dapirobiTi niSnebi iyo dasmuli, xolo teqstis komentari calke wignSi iyomoTavsebuli, bizantiur xelnawerSi uncialuri damwerlobis minuskuliT SecvlisSedegad (asaxeleben sxva mizezebsac) SesaZlebeli gaxda komentarisaTvis sqoliosformis micema _ misi ganlageba xelnaweris aSiaze, vilsoni 1984:103; nimo smiTi2000:76-77.4 efrem mciris muSaobam bizantiuri mwignobruli meTodebiT gansazRvra XI-XIIsaukuneebis qarTuli xelnaweri wignis mkveTrad gamoxatuli bizantinizebulisaxe, ix. oTxmezuri 2005: 54-63.5 qarTul samecniero literaturaSi dasturdeba efrem mciris kolofonebisanalizze dayrdnobiT Sua saukuneebis mwignobrobis istoriis rekonstruqciisaraerTi cda (qarTul literaturul-Teoriuli azrovnebisa da mTargmnelobiTikoncefciebis Camoyalibeba, gramatikuli da literaturis Teoriis terminologiisSeqmna, berZnul-qarTul xelnawerebze muSaobis teqnikis SemuSaveba, antioqiiswignTsacavebi da qarTul-berZnuli mwignobruli urTierTobebi da a. S.), ix.bezaraSvili 2001: 134-157; 2002: 87-107; 2003: 103-117; 2004: 147-155. TvalTvaZe1989: 68-77; 1997: 78-84; oTxmezuri 1997: 78-80; 1999: 227-234; 2004: 194-206;sarjvelaZe 1984: 198-252.

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli samecniero azrovnebis istoriidan...

128

warmomadgenlis, kapadokieli mamis, grigol RvTismetyvelisliturgikuli sakiTxavebis qarTuli Targmanebis Semcvel oTx ZiriTadnusxaSi: Jer. Iber. 43 _ XII-XIII ss; Jer. Iber. 15 _ XII s.; Jer. Iber. 13 _XIII s. da Tbilis. A-109 _ XIII s.6 oTxive xelnaweri warmoadgens grigolRvTismetyvelis 16 liturgikuli sityvis komentirebul krebuls.komentarebis avtoria X saukunis bizantieli mwignobari, kesaria-kapadokiis episkoposi, basili minimusi. mTlianad krebuli _grigolis sakiTxavebi basili minimusis komentarebiT _ qarTuladefrem mciris mier aris Targmnili. am xelnawerTa aSiebze bizantielimwignobris komentarebTan erTad vxvdebiT SeniSvnebs, romlebic,ZiriTadad, efrem mcires ekuTvnis.7

sqolio erTvis grigol nazianzelis 43-e sakiTxavis, basilididis epitafiis~ basilis minimusis komentars. Tavis mxriv, basiliminimusis komentari ganmartavs èpitafiis~ im pasaJs, sadacgavlebulia paraleli basili didis saTnoebasa da mzes Soris,romelic `kidiT kidemde sworpativobiT gananaTlebs~ mTelsamyaros.8 basili minimusis komentarSi ganmartebulia meqanizmi, Turogor anaTebs samyaros mze; ganmartebisas naxsenebia `yovelisofeli~, sferi~ da kerZosferi~. basilis komentaris swored ampasaJs erTvis sqolio:

rameTu `yoveli sofeli~ raJams Tqua, yovlisavexilulisaTÃs ityÃs cisa da queyanisa da maT SorisraÃca ars zRuaÃ da Ã meli, romeli-ese ars sofelixiluli. xolo uxilavi sofeli ars, raÃca raÃme arszena kerZo cisa amis, Cuen mier xilulisa, da queSe kerZoÃ melisa da zRÃsa. amas Tana uwyode, viTarmed sfer

uwodian berZulad eseviTarsa qmnulebasa gumbadisa

da kamarisasa, romel yovliT kerZo mrguali iyos;

gumbadis saxe da karvis saxe ara xolo zeda�T,

aramed _ queSeTca. da eseviTarsa ityÃan saxesa cisasa,viTarmed simrgule ese, romel ars zena kerZo zRÃsa daÃmelisa, caÃ ese, romelsa vxedavT, eseviTarive CahvlisgareSemcveli zRÃsa da Ã melisaÃ da iqmnebis queSe kerZo

6 bregaZe 19881: 133-138, 144-158, 159-167; BbregaZe 19882: 79-81.7 grigol nazianzelis sakiTxavTa efremiseuli krebulebis qarTul SeniSvnaTa

avtorobis Sesaxeb ix. oTxmezuri 2004: 194-206.8 wJ~ ajp j a[krwn ta; a[kra ijsotivmw~ katafwtivzein (PG 36, 584 C 4-5). qarTuliteqstisaTvis ix. grigol nazianzelis Txzulebebi 2004: 272, l. 5-6; pasaJi, Tavismxriv, eyrdnoba Psal. 18, 6.

Tamar oTxmezuri

129

maTsa simrgule eseviTarive, romelsa gareSeni uvarskulaodcad uwoden. da amas yovelsa, zenasa da quenasa

erTsimrgulesa, sfer uwoden. xolo martod zenasa

amas casa _ imisferon saxel-sdeben, ese igi ars

naxevarsferi, rameTu sruli sferi ars yovliTkerZo

swori simrgule cisa�. raÃRa ars zena kerZo zRÃsada Ãmelisa da raÃ ars queSe kerZo maTsa? yovliTurTSemcveli maTi. xolo me, vina�Tgan ZueliTgani saxeli

qarTulad vera� vpoe visgan, igive berZuli sferi

davdev. amis sferisa simrgulesa Sina, zedasa da queSesa,viTarca wertili raÃme karakiniTa momrgulebulsa SinaSua oden ars queyanaÃ.9

amgvarad, sqolioSi erTmaneTs enacvleba leqsikologiuri dakosmologiuri xasiaTis msjeloba: yoveli sofeli~ aris xilulida uxilavi soflis erTianoba. xiluli sofeli aris yvelaferi,rac ki ram xilulia _ ca, qveyana (anu dedamiwa), zRva da xmeleTi.xolo uxilavi sofelia is, rac aris, erTi mxriv, xiluli ciszemoT da, meore mxriv, xmeleTsa da zRvis qvemoT. amis SemdegsqolioSi warmodgenilia berZnuli leqsikuri erTeulis, sfaira-sganmarteba. sfaira aris gumbaTi~, kamara~, romelic yoveli mxridanmrgvalia; gumbaTs da karavs hgavs ara marto misi zeda, aramedqveda nawilic. Semdeg sqolioSi kvlav grZeldeba saubari samyarosagebulebis Sesaxeb: xiluli ca mrgvalia da zRvisa da xmeleTiszemoTaa. is Semouvlis zRvasa da xmeleTs, moicavs maT da zRvisada xmeleTis qvemoTac simrgvales qmnis. am cas gareSeni~ uvarskvlavocas uwodeben. amis Semdeg sqolios avtori kvlav ubrundebaleqsikuri erTeulis, sfai`ra-s ganmartebas da masTan erTadganmartavs hJmisfaira-sac: mTel simrgvales, zedas da qvedas, sferoewodeba, xolo hemisferoa cis zeda sfero; Semdeg isev meordebasferos ganmarteba _ es aris mrgvali ca mTlianad. msjelobagrZeldeba kiTxva-pasuxis formiT: maS, ra aris xmeleTisa da zRviszemoT da qvemoT? is, rac moicavs maT (igulisxmeba ca). da kvlavleqsikologiuri xasiaTis SeniSvna _ qarTveli mwignobari ganmartavsmis mier berZnuli leqsikuri erTeulis berZnulidan pirdapir(transliteraciiT) gadmotanis mizezs _ sqolios avtors berZnulileqsikuri erTeulisTvis sfaira qarTul enaSi ver upovia Sesatyvisida amitom es sityva berZnulidan pirdapir gadmoutania. komentars

9 Cods. Tbilis. A-109, 61r, Jer. Iber. 15, 66v, Jer. Iber. 43, 65v (non leg.), Jer. Iber. 13, 319r.


130

asrulebs isev kosmologiuri xasiaTis msjeloba, amjerad ukvemxatvrul aspeqtSi gaazrebuli: rogorc wertili fargliTSemoxazul wreSi, isea qveyana (dedamiwa) moqceuli sferos centrSi.

amgvarad, sqolioSi, erTi mxriv, mocemulia berZnuli leqsikurierTeulebis ganmarteba, meore mxriv, Tanmimdevrulad, mwyobrad arisCamoyalibebuli warmodgena samyaros agebulebaze, kerZod,kosmologiuri koncefcia samyaros sferulobisa da misigeocentrulobis Sesaxeb.

qarTul TargmanSi berZnuli leqsikuri erTeulis translite-raciiT gadmotana da misi ganmarteba elinofiluri mTargmnelobiTitradiciisaTvis da, gansakuTrebiT, efrem mciris mTargmnelobiTimeTodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa. am xerxis gamoyenebis mizeziefrem mciris kidev erT marginalur SeniSvnaSi aris axsnili: efremsqarTulSi ver upovia xelobis aRmniSvneli berZnuli leqsemebisSesatyvisebi, amisTÃs dagdebasa, anu tyuviliT dawerasa, berZuladvedaweraÃ virCie~,10 _ SeniSnavs mTargmneli. am mxriv misabaZi efremisTvis,rogorc yovelTvis, berZnebi arian, romlebsac aseT SemTxvevaSi ucxosaganTa aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeulebi pirdapir gadmoaqvTucxouri enidan. magaliTad, arabulidan Saqari _ saxarad, yulyasi_ kulkasad, zafrana _ zafarad. igivea naTqvami Cvens sqolioSi:`xolo me, vinaÃTgan ZueliTgani saxeli qarTulad veraÃ vpoe visgan,igive berZuli sferi davdev.~ ase rom, es efremis mier araerTxelganxiluli sakiTxia.

rac Seexeba kosmologiur koncefcias samyaros sferulobisada geocentrulobis Sesaxeb, is, rogorc cnobilia, saTavesantikurobaSi iRebs. piTagora da misi mimdevrebi, samyaros harmoniulixedvidan gamomdinare, miiCnevdnen, rom dedamiwa da planetebi sferulia;samyaros sferulobis Sesaxeb miniSnebas vxvdebiT platonis`respublikaSi~; TxzulebaSi `cis Sesaxeb~ aristotelegamokveTilad saubrobs cis da, sazogadad, samyaros sferulobisSesaxeb. sabolood samyaros geocentruli modeli kosmologiurisistemis saxiT Camoayaliba elinisturi epoqis astronomma, klavdiusptolemaiusma. mecnierebaSi samyaros geocentruli xedvaptolemaiosis, zogjer ki aristoteluri modelis saxelwodebiTaacnobili.

rogorc cnobilia, bizantiurma azrovnebam imemkvidra antikurimecnierebis (rogorc humanitaruli, ise sabunebismetyvelo) ZiriTadi

10 basili didis asketikoni~ (cod. Tbilis. A-1115, XII s., 223r.).11 starostini 1975: 386.

Tamar oTxmezuri

131

mimarTulebebi da disciplinebi, maT Soris _ antikuri epoqiswarmodgenebi samyaros agebulebis Sesaxeb.11 bizantiur epoqaSisamyaros xedvis iseTi modelis gverdiT, rogoricaa wylebSimotivtive oTxkuTxedi formis dedamiwa (kosma indikopleustesis`Cristianikh; topografiva, VI s.), arsebobda samyaros xedvisgeocentruli modelic, romelic savsebiT misaRebi iyo bizantiisinteleqtualTa wreebisaTvis. samyaros sferulobis Sesaxeb saubrobsioane damaskeli Tavis enciklopediur naSromSi `gardamocema~,romelic antikur filosofosTa naazrevsa da maT komentarebzedayrdnobiT aris Seqmnili. interesi antikuri samecnieromemkvidreobis mimarT Tavs iCens IX saukuneSi _ dasturdeba amperiodSi gadawerili ptolemaiosis, evklidesa da sxva antikuriavtorebis araerTi xelnaweri, rac maT popularobaze mianiSnebs.sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebSi SeiniSneba interesi damoukidebelikvleva-Ziebebis mimarTac (leon maTematikosis moRvaweoba). xoloX-XII saukuneebi (makedonuri da komnenuri renesansis epoqa)gamoirCeva Tavisi ganmanaTlebluri tendenciebiT, azrovnebismecnieruli stiliT, antikuri kulturuli memkvidreobis mimarTinteresiT (svidasa da fotiosis moRvaweoba da maTi bibliografiulixasiaTis naSromebi). gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia XI saukunis IInaxevris cnobili bizantieli moazrovnis, miqael fselosis damisive drois antioqieli mwignobris, konstantinopolis samefokaris swavlulis, simeon seTis Sexedulebebi samyaros agebulebisSesaxeb.12 orive berZen naturfilosofosTa mimdevria, maTikosmologiuri Sexedulebebi mTlianad efuZneba ptolemaiosisgeocentrul models.13 orive avtori samyaros agebulebaze saubrisasxSirad axdens ptolemaiosis parafrazs, axsenebs aristarqes,ptolemaiossa da sxva antikur avtorebs. sazogadod, miqael fselosiXI saukunis bizantiis inteleqtualuri cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesfigurad da saazrovno procesebis ganmsazRvrelad aris miCneuli.14

12 gavriuSini 1983: 327-338.13 miqael fselosis kosmologiuri Sexedulebebi, ZiriTadad, Camoyalibebulia misTxzulebaSi Didaskaliva pantodaphv (PG CXXII, col. 688-784); xolo simeon seTisa _Suvnoyi~ twn fusikwn. am Txzulebis nawili gamoqveynebulia miqael fselosisSromebSi (PG CXXII, col. 784-809); mTliani gamocemisaTvis ix. delati 1939:1-89.jer kidev gamoucemeli da Seuswavlelia miqael fselosis sabunebismetyveloxasiaTis Txzulebebi, romelTa Seswavlac samomavlod gaaRrmavebs Cvens warmodgenasbizantiuri samecniero azrovnebis Sesaxeb, gavriuSini 1983: 336.14 sartoni 1972: 750.

~


~

132

amdenad, mis TxzulebebSi kosmologiuri problematikis gamoCena amsakiTxis mimarT gansakuTrebul interessa da, zogadadac, bizantiurisamecniero azris ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs XI saukunis II naxevarSi,15

efrem mciris Sav mTaze moRvawobis periodSi. ar aris gamoricxuli,rom miuxedavad antioqiaSi im dros Seqmnili rTuli politikuriviTarebisa,16 Savi mTa garkveulwilad exmaureboda bizantiis sataxtoqalaqSi mimdinare saazrovno procesebs. gvianbizantiuri periodidanam kuTxiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs Teodore metoqitis astronomiulixasiaTis traqtati, romelic ptolemaiosis modelzea agebuli.amgvarad, Sua saukuneebis azrovnebam, romelic antikurobasa daaRorZinebas Soris gardamaval safexurad aris miCneuli, kargadSemoinaxa samyaros geocentruli modelis idea da Tavis mxriv,garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyo me-16 saukuneSi samyaros axali xedvis_ kopernikis heliocentruli modelis SemuSavebas.

vfiqrobT, qarTuli sqolio samyaros geocentruli agebulebisSesaxeb swored am konteqstSi gaazrebas da Seswavlas saWiroebs.dReisaTvis uSualo wyaro, romelsac SeiZleba dayrdnoboda efremiTavis sqolioSi samyaros geocentruli modelis Camoyalibebisas,ar iZebneba. Tumca SesaZlebeli aRmoCnda ramdenime teqstis dadgena,romelTa gavlenac am sqolioze aSkarad SeiniSneba.

1 . basili minimusis komentarebi

idea samyaros sferulobis Sesaxeb upirveles yovlisa ikveTebaTavad basili minimusis im komentarSi, romelsac erTvis qarTulisqolio. rogorc aRvniSneT, komentatori ganmartavs dedamiwis mziTganaTebis meqanizms, rac, Tavis mxriv, bizantiis inteleqtualTa wreebSiarsebul sabunebismetyvelo codnas unda efuZnebodes.17 basiliskomentarSi vkiTxulobT:15 qarTuli mTargmnelobiTi tradiciisTvis miqael fselosi naklebad aris cnobili(grigol nazianzelis me-40 sakiTxavis miqael fselosis komentaris qarTuliTargmanis Sesaxeb ix. grigol nazianzelis Txzulebebi 2007: 321-329 _ m.mWedliZis gamoc.), Tumca am pirovnebis gavlenis Sesaxeb XI saukunis II naxevrisqarTul azrovnebaze, kerZod, efrem mcireze, mainc SesaZlebelia saubari, bezaraSvili2004: 156, sq. 212, 196-198.16 969-1084 wlebSi antioqia bizantiis imperiaSi Sedioda, ramac didad Seuwyoxeli am regionis kulturul aRmavlobas. Tumca Turq-seljukTa SemotevebisSedegad 1084 wels bizantiis mflobelobis xana siriaSi dasrulda, ix. metreveli2007: 88-89.17 basili minimusi grigol nazianzelis Txzulebebis komentirebisas xSiradexeba iseT sakiTxebs, romlebic Sua saukuneebis samecniero-sabunebismetyveloazrovnebasTan aris kavSirSi, rac dReisaTvis naklebad Seswavlil sakiTxs _basili minimusis komentarTa wyaroebis kvlevas ukavSirdeba. am kuTxiT niSandobliviagermaneli mecnieris, T. Smidtis naSromi _ grigol nazianzelis 38-e sakiTxavisbasili minimusis komentarebis publikacia da misi kvleviTi xasiaTis Sesavali,Smiti 2001: xxiv-xxviii.

Tamar oTxmezuri

133

yovlisa soflisa mimarT wertilis saxe damokide-bulebaÃ aqus queyanasa, rameTu yovelsa queyanasa wertilissaxe damokidebaÃ aqus simaRlisa mimarT mzisa da garemoÃsmissa momrgualebulisa sferisa (Com. 43, 188).komentaris mixedviT, dedamiwa (`queyana~) wertilad aRiqmeba

rogorc mzis, ise mTeli samyaros (`yovlisa soflisa~) mimarT,romelic, Tavis mxriv, sferoseburad gars ertymis dedamiwas. esgansja aSkarad avlens kavSirs qarTul sqolioSi gatarebul azrTansamyaros sferulobis Sesaxeb da gansakuTrebiT sqolios bolonawilTan, sadac dedamiwa warmodgenilia, rogorc wertili fargliTSemovlebuli sferoSi: àmis sferisa simrgulesa Sina, zedasa daqueSesa, viTarca wertili raÃme karakiniTa momrgulebulsa SinaSua oden ars queyanaÃ.~ am frazaSi mxatvruli saxis (Sedarebis)saSualebiT aris Camoyalibebuli samyaros geocentruli xedva.aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad mxatvrul saxes _ wertili, romelic fargliTSemoxazuli wris centrSia _ wyaro eZebneba isev basili minimusiskomentarebSi. kerZod, grigol nazianzelis 42-e homiliaSi naxsenebiasamefo qalaqi konstantinopoli _ qristianuli sarwmunoebiscentri. basili komentarSi konstantinopolis Sesaxeb wers:

rameTu esreT ars igi yovlisa soflisaTÃs, viTarcawertili , romlis a g a n moi mrguleb i s s i mrgule

karakiniTa. rameTu misgan ganvlen da kualad missaSemovlen yovelni kideni. (Com. 42, 63).amgvarad, vfiqrobT, mxatvruli saxe qarTul sqolioSi momdinareobs

basili minimusis komentaridan (konstantinopoli _ samyaros centri= wertili fargliT Semoxazul wreSi), oRond am SemTxvevaSi masSigansxvavebuli, axali Sinaarsia Cadebuli (dedamiwa _ sferosebri samyaroscentri = wertili fargliT Semoxazul wreSi).

grigol nazianzelis teqstidan Tu basili minimusiskomentarebidan aRebuli mxatvruli saxis gansxvavebuli SinaarsiTgansxvavebul konteqstSi gamoyeneba efrem mciris mwignobrulimuSaobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xerxia. Tavis kolofonebSi efremixSirad sargeblobs grigolis an misi komentatoris mxatvrulieniT da maTi leqsikisa da frazeologiis gamoyenebiT xSirad qmnismxatvrul saxeebs, romlebic mis teqstebSi ukve gansxvavebul Sinaarssda datvirTvas atareben. magaliTad, basilis epistoleSi konstantineporfirogenetis mimarT vxvdebiT mxatvruli saxes: pevSebiTa amiTwyalsa erTgulebiT mi pyrobad~,18 sadac `wyali~ grigolis

18 epistolis qarTuli Targmani gamoqveynebulia, oTxmezuri 1989: 18-31; berZnuliteqstisaTvis ix. Smiti 2001: 2-6.


134

homiliebis sibrZnis metaforaa. efremi kvirike aleqsandrielisadmimiZRvnil epistoleSi, romelic man warumZRvara grigol nazianzelisliturgikuli sakiTxavebis qarTuli Targmanebis krebuls, eqvTimesSesaxeb aRniSnavs: ùrwyulobasa Zlierisa amis RmrTismetyuelisawignisa RÃnisasa ganhzavebda wyalTagan sulierTa.~19 aq sulieriwyali~ _ grigolis TxzulebaTa eqvTimeseuli eqspoziciuri Targmani_ eqvTimeseuli egzegesia, romliTac is grigolis sibrZnes (ùrwyul~e. i. ganuzavebel Rvinos) ganazavebs litoni mkiTxvelisaTvis. oriveSemTxvevaSi mxatvruli saxeSi, romelic grigolis sibrZnes exeba,figurirebs wyali~, Tumca mas calkeul SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulidatvirTva aqvs. an kidev, grigol nazianzeli Tavis me-15 sakiTxavSiase ixseniebs makabelebs: gancxadebulad uÃorconoÃ ÃorcTa Sina~(T. VIII),20 Sdr. efremis mimarTva kvirike aleqsandrielisadmiepistoleSi kvirikes mimarT: `jereT ÃorcTaRa Sina yofasa Sen,ÃorcTzeSTaÃsasa ...~ 21 da sxv.22

2. ioane damaskelis `gardamocema~.

qarTuli sqolio kavSirs avlens aseve ioane damaskelis`gardamocemasTan~, kerZod, am Txzulebis meoce TavTan cis Sesaxeb~.es Txzuleba qarTulad orjer aris naTargmni _ Tavad efremmciris mier da efremis mimdevris, elinofili mTargmnelis, arseniyalToelis mier. damaskelis Txzulebis me-20 TavSi vkiTxulobT:

yovelsave soflis Sesaqmesa Sina cisa dabadebaÃgÃswavies, romelsa-igi gareSeni brZenni uvarskulaodsimrguled [sferad, arseni] uwoden miparviTa mosesmierisaSjulisdebisaÃTa... kualad ukue, vieTme hgonies, viTarmedyovlisave garemoÃs caÃ ars, viTarca iyo igi mrgualsaxed k a m arisa [sferis saxeobaÁ misi, arseni] ... awukue romelni-igi ityÃan casa kamaris saxed momrgulebulsa[sferissaxeobaÁ Tques cisaÃ, arseni], amas gamoaCenen, viTarmedsworad ganSorebul ars igi queyanisagan simaRled dasivrced da simaRled... vinaÃTgan Semdgomisaebr sityÃsayovelive zenaÁ-kerZi yovliT-kerZo casa ganukuTnebies,rameTu saxed kamarisa [sferis saxed, arseni] gare-Seicavsqueyanasa da simaliTa miT moZraobisa misisaÃTa Tana-iyvanebs mzesa da mTovaresa da varskulavTa ... xolosxuaTa vieTme k e r Z od k a m a r i s a eocna caÎ (sferisna-xevrobaÃ eocna cisaÃ, arseni), sityÎsa misgan RmrTivswavlu-lisa daviTissa, viTarmed: `romelman gardaarTxna cani,

19 grigol nazianzelis Txzulebebi 1998: xxxiv.20 grigol nazianzelis Txzulebebi 2000:43.21 grigol nazianzelis Txzulebebi 1998: xxxiii.22 `siCCoebisa~ da `sZis~, `lomisa~ da `cidamtkavelis~, `Znisa~ da `TavTavis~mxatvruli saxeebisa da maTi gaazrebis Sesaxeb grigolis homiliebSi da efremmciresTan ix. bezaraSvili 2004.

Tamar oTxmezuri

135

viTarca k ar a v n i ~ [tyavi, arseni] (fsal. 103, 2), da kualadsityvisaebr esaiaÎsa, viTarmed: `romelman daadgina caÃ,viTarca kamaraÃ~ [kamaraÃ arseni] (esaia 40, 22).23

ioane damaskelTan warmodgenilia samyaros orgvari xedva. erTiaantikuridan momdinare samyaros geocentruli modeli, romelicdedamiwas cis sferos cenrtSi moiazrebs, xolo meorea samyarosbibliuri xedva, romlis mixedviTac ca naxevarsferulad, karvis saxiTgadaefareba dedamiwas. azrobrivad qarTuli sqolio ukavSirdebadamaskelis teqstSi warmodgenil geocentrul models, magramsqolioSi warmodgenili msjeloba ar misdevs damaskelis teqstsimdenad, rom gardamocemis~ me-20 Tavi am sqolios wyarod miviCnioT.magaliTad, ùvarskvlavo ca~ damaskelTan da qarTul sqolioSisxvadasxvagvarad aris ganmartebuli; qarTul sqolioSi aris yovelisoflis~, `xiluli da uxilavi soflis~ ganmartebebi, rasac vervxvdebiT damaskelTan; saerTodac, qarTuli sqolio ufro vrcladda detalurad aRwers samyaros geocentrul models, vidre damaskeli.Tumca, vfiqrobT, sqolios Sedgenisas efrems unda esargebla imgamocdilebiT, romelic mas miRebuli hqonda damaskelis Targmnisas.

magaliTad, samyaros sferulobaze saubrisas efremi xazgasmiTmiuTiTebs, rom cis simrgulis~ Sesaxeb sxvebi ityÃan~, uvarskvlavocis raobasac gareSeni~ ganmartaven. damaskelTanac gareSeni brZenni~saubroben uvarskvlavo cis Sesaxeb, cis sferulobis Sesaxebacsxvebi _ `romelni-igi ityÃan~. orive SemTxvevaSi `sxvebsa~ da`gareSeebSi~ antikuri epoqis filosofosebi igulisxmebian.24

SeiniSneba garkveuli kavSiri gardamocemis~ qarTuli Targmanisda qarTuli sqolios leqsikas Soris. is leqsikuri erTeulebi,romlebiTac damaskelis efremiseul TargmanSi berZnuli terminebisfaira da hJmisfaira aris gadmotanili (`kamara~, karavi~), sqolioSiam terminTa transliteraciiT gadmotanili berZnuli formebis _

23 damaskeli 2000: 81-84. mTeli qveynierebis dabadebis Jams Seiqmna ca, rasacuvarskvlavo sferod amboben moses dogmatebis mimTvisebeli gareSe brZenni.zogierTebis TvalsazrisiT, ca wriulad garemovlis yovelives, sferosebria ...vinc ambobs, rom ca sferosebria, igi mas miwisagan Tanabrad dacilebulad dadaSorebulad warmoaCens zevidanac, gverdidanac da qvemodanac ... amboben, agreTve,rom ca sferosfer wres uvlis dedamiwas da misi uswrafesi moZraobisas, masTanerTad wres Semoivlis mze, mTvare da varskvlavebi... sxvebma naxevarsferuladwarmoidgines ca, Tanaxmad RvTismetyveli daviTisa, romelic ambobs, vinc ganavrcoca, viTarca tyavi (Psal. 103, 2), rac karavs cxadyofs... netari esaia ambobs: vincdaafuZna ca, rogorc kamara~ (Isa. 40, 22), damaskeli 2000: 347 (e. WeliZisTargmani).24 `gareSes~ ganmartebisaTvis Sua saukuneebis mwerlobaSi ix. siraZe 1975: 217-218, 234; bezaraSvili 2001: 134-157.


136

`sferisa~ da imisferonis~ _ ganmartebebSia gamoyenebuli (`karvissaxe~ da `yovliT kerZo mrguali kamara~).

am or teqsts Soris sxvaobas, erTi SexedviT, qmnis am terminTaqarTulad gadmotanis gansxvavebuli wesi, Tumca am movlenas Tavisiaxsna eZebneba. rogorc cnobilia, efrems `gardamocemis~ TargmaniSesrulebuli aqvs Tavisi mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis pirvel etapze,rodesac jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli misi elinofilurimTargmnelobiTi koncefcia.25 am etapze is elinofili mwignobrisaTvisdamaxasiaTebel gansakuTrebul precizulobas ar iCens terminTaTargmnisas. sfaira-s gadmotanisas erTmaneTs anacvlebs or sityvas_ `kamara~ da `simrgule~, an iyenebs sityvaTSeTanxmebas `mrgualsaxe kamarisa~, xolo rTul sityvas hJmisfaira Targmnis Semadgenelinawilebis mixedviT _ hJmi-sfai`ra `kerZod-kamara~. terminTagadmotanis es xerxebi (aRweriTi da etimologiuri Targmani) sworedim met-naklebad Tavisufali mTargmnelobiTi meTodisTvis arisdamaxasiaTebeli,26 romliTac efrems naTargmni aqvs damaskelis`gardamocema.~ rac Seexeba grigol nazianzelis liturgikulsakiTxavebs da maT komentarebs, isini efremma Targmna TavisimoRvaweobis gviandel etapze,27 rodesac ukve mTlianad iyoCamoyalibebuli misi, rogorc mTargmnelis, elinofiluri koncefcia.am TargmanebSi efremi ukve maqsimalur sizustes icavs terminTagadmotanisas.28 basilis komentaris Targmnisas termini sfairaefrems, rogorc elinofils, pirdapir berZnuli formiT gadmoaqvs,xolo mis ganmartebas sqolioSi iZleva.29 aRsaniSnavia, rom basiliminimusis komentarebis efremisul TargmanSi terminebi sfaira dahJmisfai`ra sxva SemTxvevebSic berZnuli formiT aris gadmotanili(mag. Com. 40: 18).

amgvarad, sqolio samyaros agebulebis Sesaxeb Sedgenilia efremismier im codnaze dayrdnobiT, romelic am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebobdabizantiel inteleqtualTa wreebSi, da im gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT,romelic qarTvel mwignobars cnobili bizantieli avtorebisTargmnisas hqonda miRebuli.

calke yuradRebas imsaxurebs qarTuli sqolios stili _ azricxadad, mkafiod aris formulirebuli, erTi da igive azri, misigamokveTis mizniT, gamoTqmulia ramdenjerme sxvadasxva formiT;25 efrem mciris mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis etapebis _ Tavisufali mTargmnelobiTimeTodidan literalur meTodze gadasvlis Sesaxeb ix. WeliZe 19962: 548-559.26 broki 1979: 69-87.27 efrem mciris mier grigol RvTismetyvelis liturgikuli sakiTxavebis TargmnisTariRTan dakavSirebiT ix. WeliZe 19962: 548-559; oTxmezuri 1997: 78-81.28 WeliZe 19961: 506-508.29 berZnuli leqsikuri erTeulis transkrifciiT gadmotana da ganmartebis(ufro xSirad etimologiuri xasiaTis) darTva efrem mciris mTargmnelobiTi

meTodis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa, ix. oTxmezuri 2002: xxxviii.

Tamar oTxmezuri

137

teqstSi CarTulia leqsikuri erTeulebis ganmarteba; moyvaniliaSedareba, romelsac, Tavisi yofiTi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, eqspoziciuridaniSnuleba ufro aqvs, vidre mxatvruli; gamoyenebulia kiTxva-migebis (erotes-apokrisisis) xerxi _ Sua saukuneebSi damkvidrebuliswavlebis tradiciuli forma (kiTxva: raÃRa ars zena kerZo zRÃsada Ãmelisa da raÃ ars queSe kerZo maTsa?~ migeba: `yovliTurTSemcveli maTi~). yovelive es sqolios Sua saukuneebis sacnobaro-enciklopediuri xasiaTis teqstis formas aZlevs.

amgvarad, rogorc Tavisi SinaarsiT, ise formiT, grigolnazianzelis TxzulebaTa efremiseul xelnawerebSi daculi qarTulisqolio samyaros agebulebis Sesaxeb exmaureba XI saukunis bizantiaSimimdinare saazrovno procesebs, xolo misi avtori, efrem mcire imwinarenesansuli suliskveTebiT Cans gamsWvaluli, romliTacgansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian am epoqis inteleqtualebi.30 azrovnebismecnieruli stiliT, antikurobisadmi interesiT, racionalisturimidgomiT, naturfilosofiuri ideebiTa da ganmanaTleblurimizandasaxulobiT efrem mcire msgavsebas avlens Tavisi epoqismowinave bizantiel moazrovneebTan.

am ti pis azrovnebis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli undaSeesrulebina im garemosac, romelSic efrem mcire moRvaweobda. esaris XI saukunis bolo periodis axlo aRmosavleTi _ antioqiaTavisi mdidari biblioTekebiT, inteleqtualuri cxovrebiTa da,rac mTavaria, multikulturuli garemoTi, sadac erTmaneTis gverdiTmoRvaweoben sxvadasxva erovnebis mwignobrebi.31 vfiqrobT, sworedamgvari wre da garemo iqneboda gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli axali,ùcxo~ codnis dagrovebisaTvis; swored aq, berZen, siriel, arab

30 XI saukunis II naxevris bizantiaSi inteleqtualuri moZraobis humanistur-renesansuli xasiaTisa da am moZraobaSi konstantinopolis filosofiuri skolisrolis Sesaxeb ix. mWedliZe 2006: 16-21.31k. kekeliZis azriT, efrem mcires Sav mTaze urTierToba unda hqonoda berZenenciklopedist nikon SavmTelTan, ix. kekeliZe 1980: 252; bregaZe 1959: 014.sayuradReboa efremis urTierToba antioqiis sapatriarqosa da antioqiispatriarqTan, ioane oqsitesTan, romelsac efremi daxmarebisaTvis mimarTavda amaTu im Txzulebis Targmnisas, oTxmezuri 1997: 78-81. rac Seexeba kontaqtebsaraberZen moRvaweebTan, k. kekliZis azriT, efrem mcires urTierToba SeiZlebahqonoda XI saukunis 80-ian wlebSi svimeonwmidis monasterSi moRvawe arabberTan, miqaelTan, romlis mier arabul enaze dawerili ioane damaskelis cxovrebis~berZnuli Targmani efremma gadmoTargmna qarTulad, kekeliZe 1980: 252. jobaZe argamoricxavs TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobas qarTvelebsa da sirielebs SorisSav mTaze Zelicxovlis eklesiis mSeneblobisas, jobaZe 1986: 118. am rigis sakiTxebisamomavlo Seswavlas saWiroebs da vfiqrobT, exmaureba siriuli mwerlobiscnobili mkvlevris, s. brokis mier dasmul sakiTxs imis Taobaze, rom àmsaintereso regionis istoria namdvilad imsaxurebs, mTlianobaSi iyos gaazrebuli,~broki 1990: 59-60.


138

mwignobrebTan urTierTobis Sedegad unda gamokveTiliyo efremismravalmxrivi interesebi da misi mwignobruli saqmianobis maZieblurixasiaTi. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos isic, rom samecniero tipiscodna qarTul azrovnebaSi garkveulwilad Semodis swored axloaRmosavleTidan _ qristianuli da muslimuri kulturebisurTierTgadakveTis adgilidan, sadac intensiurad mimdinareobdadasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris samecniero codnisa Tukulturuli faseulobebis gacvla-gamocvla.32

vfiqrobT, am tipis pirvelwyaroebis warmoCena da kvlevaqarTuli saazrovno procesebis Seswavlis mizniT, safuZvelsumtkicebs qarTul samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss,rom XI-XII saukuneebis qarTveli moazrovneebi TavianTi samecniero-Teoriuli azrovnebiTa da saswavlo-enciklopediuri mizandasa-xulobiT idgnen im magistralur xazze,33 romelsac mogvianebiTgahyva evropuli inteleqtualuri samyaro. magram samwuxarod,qarTuli azrovneba, saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mZime istoriul-politikuri viTarebis gamo, ver CaerTo da gamTlianda imumniSvnelovanes procesSi, romelic evropuli renesansis saxeliTaris cnobili.34

literatura

abulaZe 1990: T. abulaZe, vaxtang meeqvsis mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba,Tbilisi, 1990.

bezaraSvili 2001: q. bezaraSvili, `gareSe~ sibrZnisadmidamokidebulebisaTvis efrem mciris kolofonebSi, macne, enisada literaturis seria, 1-4, 2001.

bezaraSvili 2002: q. bezaraSvili, `Rrma wignuri sityvis~gagebisaTvis efrem mciris kolofonebSi, macne, enisa daliteraturis seria, 1-4, 2002.

32 rogorc cnobilia, siriulma kulturam gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula Suasaukuneebis msoflio istoriaSi. swored siriuli Targmanebis saSualebiTgaecno islamuri samyaro antikur naazrevs _ platons, aristoteles, maT Sorisptolemaiosis geocentrul modelsac. am modelis siriuli versia ukve VIsaukuneSi arsebobda.… es Sromebi arabuli Targmanebis gadamuSavebuli versiebissaxiT miiRo evropam, viperi 1974: 9; kraCkovski 1957: 20, 373; pigulevskaia 1979:21-29.33 XI saukunis Semdgom qarTuli astronomiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis Sesaxebix. SaniZe 1975; TevzaZe 1979; abulaZe 1990.34 meliqiSvili 2003: 566-569.

Tamar oTxmezuri

139

bezaraSvili 2003: q. bezaraSvili, efrem mciris kolofonebimTargmnelobiTi meTodebisa da elinofiluri TargmanismaxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb, literaturuli Ziebani, XXIII, Tbilisi,2003.

bezaraSvili 2004: q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoriada praqtika. grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTuliTargmanebis mixedviT, Tbilisi, 2004.

bregaZe 1959: uwyebaÁ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa, Tu romelTawignTa Sina moiÃsenebis, T. bregaZis gamoc., Tbilisi, 1959.

bregaZe 19881: T. bregaZe, grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa SemcvelqarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, Tbilisi, 1988.

bregaZe 19882: T. Bregadzé, Répertoire des manuscrits de la versiongéorgienne des Discours de Grégoire de Nazianze, in Versiones orientales,repertorium ibericum et studia ad editiones curandas, ed. B. Coulie (CorpusChristianorum. Series Graeca, 20. Corpus Nazianzenum,1), Brepols-Turnhout, 1988.

broki 1979: S. Brock, Aspects of Translation Technique in Antiquity, Greek,Roman and Byzantine Studies, 20, 1, 1979.

broki 1990: S. Brock, Syriac Manuscripts Copied on the Black Mountain,near Antioch, in Lingua Restituta Orientalis: Festgabe für T. Assfalg (Aegyptenund Altes Testament), 20, R. Schulz and M. Görg eds., Wiesbaden, 1990.

gavriuSini 1983: Í. Ê. Ãàâðþøèí, Âèçàíòèéñêàÿ êîñìîëîãèÿ â XIâåêå, Èñòîðèêî-àñòðîíîìè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, âûï. XVI, ðåä. Ë.Å. Ìàéñòðîâ, Ìîñêâà, 1983.

grigol nazianzelis Txzulebebi 1998: Sancti Gregorii NazianzeniOpera, Versio iberica I, Orationes, I, XLV, XLIV, XLI, ed. a H. Metreveliet K. Bezarachvili, Ts. Kourtsikidze, N. Melikichvili, Th. Othkhmezouri, M.Raphava, M. Chanidze (Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca, 36.Corpus Nazianzenum, 5), Turnhout-Leuven, 1998.

grigol nazianzelis Txzulebebi 2000: Sancti Gregorii NazianzeniOpera, Versio iberica II, Orationes XV, XXIV, XIX. ed. a H. Metreveliet K. Bezarachvili, Ts. Kourtsikidze, M. Machavariani, N. Melikichvili, M.Raphava (Corpus Christianorum, Series Graeca, 42, CorpusNazianzenum 9), Turnhout - Leuven, 2000.

grigol nazianzelis Txzulebebi 2004: Sancti Gregorii NazianzeniOpera, Versio iberica IV, Oratio XLIII, ed. a B. Coulie, H. Metreveli et K.Bezarachvili, Ts. Kourtsikidze, N. Melikichvili, Th. Othkhmezouri, M.Raphava (Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca, 52. CorpusNazianzenum, 17), Turnhout-Leuven, 2004.


140

grigol nazianzelis Txzulebebi 2007: Sancti Gregorii NazianzeniOpera, Versio iberica V, Orationes XXXIX et XL, ed. a B. Coulie, H.Metreveli et K. Bezarachvili, Ts. Kourtsikidze, N. Melikichvili, M. Raphava(Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca, 58. Corpus Nazianzenum, 20),Turnhout-Leuven, 2007.

damaskeli 1976: ioane damaskeli, dialeqtika, m. rafavas gamoc.,Tbilisi, 1976.

damaskeli 2000: wm. ioane damaskeli, marTlmadideblurisarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gadmocema, r. miminoSvilisa da m.rafavas gamoc., Zv. berZnulidan qarTulad Targmna e. WeliZem,Tbilisi, 2000.

delati 1939: A. Delatte, Anecdota Atheniensia et alia, vol. 2, Paris, 1939.vilsoni 1982: N. G. Wilson, The Relation of Text and Commentary in

Greek Books, Atti del convegno internazionale, Urbino 20-23settembre1982, a cura di C. Questa e R. Raffaeli, Urbino, 1984.

viperi 1974: Ð. Ô. Âèïïåð, Èñòîðèÿ ñðåäíèõ âåêîâ, Ìîñêâà, 1974.TevzaZe 1979: g. TevzaZe, rusTavelis kosmologia, Tbilisi, 1979.TvalTvaZe 1989: d. TvalTvaZe, efrem mciris leqsikografiuli

sqolioebisa da sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonismimarTebisTvis, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1989, 3.

TvalTvaZe 1997: d. TvalTvaZe, efrem mciris literaturulTeoriuli naazrevidan, krebuli miZRvnili z. WumburiZis dabadebis70 wlisTavisadmi, Tbilisi, 1997.

kekeliZe 1980: k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria,I, Tbilisi, 1980.

kraCkovski 1957: È. Þ. Êðà÷êîâñêèé, Èçáðàííûå ñî÷èíåíèÿ, ò. IV,Ìîñêâà – Ëåíèíãðàä, 1957.

meliqiSvili 2003: d. meliqiSvili, Savi mTidan gelaTamde (SavimTis qarTuli mTargmnelobiTi skolis ZiriTadi principebi),naTeli qristesi. saqarTvelo, I, Tbilisi, 2003.

metreveli 2007: e. metreveli, Savi mTis mwignobruli kerisistoriisaTvis XI saukunis I naxevarSi, filologiur-istoriuliZiebani I, Tbilisi, 2007.

mWedliZe 2006: m. mWedliZe, miqael fselosis filosofiuri pozicia,saazrovno da pedagogiuri meTodi, Tbilisi, 2006.

nimo smiTi 2000: J. Nimmo Smith, The Early Scholia on the Sermons ofGregory of Nazianzus, Studia Nazianzenica I, edita a B. Coulie (CorpusChristianorum. Series Graeca, 41. Corpus Nazianzenum, 8), Turnhout –Leuven, 2000.

Tamar oTxmezuri

141

oTxmezuri 1989: T. oTxmezuri, grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTakomentirebis istoriidan, mravalTavi, XV, 1989.

oTxmezuri 1997: T. oTxmezuri, efrem mciris avtografuli nusxis,S-1276-is, erTi mTargmnelobiTi sqolios Sesaxeb, istoriul-filologiuri krebuli miZRvnili ivane javaxiSvilis dabadebidan120 wlisTavs, 1997.

oTxmezuri 1999: T. oTxmezuri antikur avtorTa wignebi bizantiurepoqaSi: efrem mcire da gareSeTa wignebi, ANAQESIS. akad. T.yauxCiSvilis iubilesadmi miZRvnili krebuli, Tbilisi, 1999.

oTxmezuri 2002: Th. Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes GregoriiNazianzeni commentarii (Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca, 50, CorpusNazianzenum, 16), Turnhout-Leuven, 2002.

oTxmezuri 2004: T. oTxmezuri, grigol nazianzelis qarTuliTargmanebis Semcveli krebulebis marginaliebi, korneli kekeliZe125, 2004.

oTxmezuri 2005: T. oTxmezuri, grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTakomentarebi qarTul mTargmnelobiT tradiciaSi (disert.), 2005.

siraZe 1975: r. siraZe, Zveli qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuliazrovnebis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1975.

pigulevskaia 1979: Í. Â. Ïèãóëåâñêàÿ, Êóëüòóðà Ñèðèéöåâ â ñðåäíèåâåêà, Ìîñêâà, 1979.

sartoni 1972: G. Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, vol. 1,Baltimore, 1972.

sarjvelaZe 1984: z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enisistoriis Sesavali, Tbilisi, 1984.

starostini 1975: Á. À. Ñòàðîñòèí, Âèçàíòèéñêàÿ íàóêà â êîíòåêñòåñðåäíåâåêîâîé êóëüòóðû, Àíòè÷íîñòü è Âèçàíòèÿ, ðåä. ÔðåéáåðãË. À., Ìîñêâà, 1975.

SaniZe 1975: ètlTa da SÎdTa mnaTobTaTÎs~, a. SaniZis gamoc.,Tbilisi, 1975.

Smiti 2001: Th. S. Schmidt, Basilii Minimi in Gregorii Nazianzeni orationemXXXVIII commentarii (Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca, 46.Corpus Nazianzenum, 13), Turnhout - Leuven, 2001.

WeliZe 19961: E. Chelidze, The Two Georgian Translations of the Works ofSt. Gregory the Theologian, Studia Patristica 33, 1996.

WeliZe 19962: e. WeliZe, Zveli qarTuli saRvTismetyveloterminologia I, Tbilisi, 1996.

jobaZe 1986: V. Djobadze, Archeological Investigations in the Region Westof Antioch on-the-Orontes, Stuttgart, 1986.


142

gia joxaZe

sxeulis Tavgadasavali:qarTuli versia

Sua saukuneebi adamianis sxeulisdaviwyebisa da istoriidan misi gandevnisepoqaa. iq da imxanad mxolod macxovrissxeuli prevalirebs: iq mxolod iesosgankaceba da mis mier kacobriobis codvaTagamosyidva axsovT. sikvdiliTa sikvdilisadamTrgunvelis aRdgoma safuZvlad daedodogmats sxeulTa aRdgomis Sesaxeb, romlisTanaxmadac qalebi da mamakacebi saiqioSikvlavac Seimosebian xorciT, raTa itanjonjojoxeTSi an inetaron samoTxeSi, sadacxuTive grZnobas kvlav miecema gasaqani: TvaliTmaradiulad ganWvreten RmerTsa da sasu-fevlis naTels, ynosvas yvavilTa surnelidauamebT, angelosTa galobiT datkbebian,zeciur sakvebs igemeben da uwmindes haersSeexebian.

Sua saukuneebSi sxeulisadmi araerT-gvarovani da urTierTgamomricxavi damoki-debuleba arsebobda: mas xan adidebdnen, xan_ amdablebdnen. roca adamianis idealadxorcis damTrgunveli beri cxaddeboda,TavSekaveba da umankoeba uzenaes saTnoebadmiiCneoda, xolo avxorcoba da gemoTmoyvareba_ sasikvdilo codvad. Tavdapirveli Secodebamxolod adamianis ampartavnobaze ki armigviTiTebda, aramed seqsualur codvasacganasaxierebda. yovelive amaSi damnaSavemokvdavi sxeuli iyo da isve emsxverpla:

istoriis mecnierebaTadoqtori, ilia WavWava-Zis saxelmwifo univer-sitetis humanitarulmecnierebaTa da kultu-ris kvlevebis fakul-tetis asistent-profe-sori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:“XIII_XIV saukuneebissaqarTvelos istoriidan”,“avgustineseuli provi-dencializmi da JamTa-aRmwerlis religiurimsoflmxedveloba” da“istoriuli esseebi”.interesebis sfero:eklesiisa da religiisistoria da istoriulianTropologiis proble-mebi.

143

pirveli qali da pirveli mamakaci Sromisa da tkivilisTvis gaiwirnen.Tumc, XIII saukunis Teologebi mTlad ver aRweven sxeulis

nihilizebas:amboben, rom fexze dgoma adamianis saukeTeso pozaa, radgan

sulis swrafvas ganasaxierebs qvevidan zeviT, miwidan RvTisken;sqesobriv gansxvavebulobaSi ikiTxeba adamianuri bunebis midrekilebasrulyofisaken; aRdgomis Semdeg samoTxeSi rCeulTa srulyofilebada mSveniereba unda warmoCndes; xorciel tkbobaSicaa madli: isadamianur gonebas unda daemorCilos, radgan xorcieli grZnobasulier miswrafebebs aZlierebs.

amgvarad, Sua saukuneebSi mcxovrebi da moazrovne adamianisganxilvisas iolad gavarCevT, erTi mxriv, sulieri xsnis moimedexorciel vnebaTa damTrgunvel eriskacs da, meore mxriv _ sixarulisada sicilis maRiarebel monazons.

Tumc, winaaRmdegobebs bolo ar uCans: gvams xan xrwnilad daferflad warmoidgenen, xanac micvalebulTa pativsacemad ceremoniebsgamarTaven... marto evqaristiis kulti rad Rirs! nurc isdagvaviwydeba, rom Sua saukuneTa evropaSi sxeuli mTavar metaforadaciqca, romlis SemweobiTac aRiwereboda sazogadoeba da misiinstitutebi. sxeuli SesaZloa yofiliyo erTianobisa da konfliqtis,wesrigisa da aRrevis, bunebiTi cxovrebisa da harmoniis simbolo.

amdenad, SesaZloa aRarc gagvikvirdes, rom saxelmwifo religiadqceuli qristianoba Tan Trgunavda nebismier xorciel gamovlinebas,Tan adasturebda, rom RmerTi adamianuri sxeuliT Seimosa, adamianisuliwmidis taZrad iqca. Sua saukuneTa mkvidri Tavs marxviTwvrTnida, magram wregadasul karnavalebsac awyobda. seqsualoba,Sroma, brZola, sizmari, tansacmeli, Jestebi, sicili... Sua saukuneebSimcxovreb adamians yovelive es sxeulTan abrunebda da SesaZloa,xelmeoredac aRmoaCeninebda mas.

evropuli saazrovno orientirebi

Sua saukuneTa evropaSi cocxlobs samonazvno sulierebislozungi wuTisoflis biwierebis Sesaxeb, rac, uwinaresad, sworedsxeulis, xorcis ugulebelyofiT gamoixateba. eklesia krZalavsda mkacrad gansjis nayrovanebas, avxorcobas, ukanono seqsualururTierTobebs... mkvidrdeba sisxlisa da Teslis tabu. bolos dabolos, naxevari evropa swored sisxlis problemebTan dakavSirebulmadaavadebebma moceles!

sxeulis Tavgadasavali: qarTuli versia

144

sisxli gansazRvravda sazogadoebis ori umaRlesi fenis _mlocvelTa (oratores) da meomarTa (bellatores) kriteriumebs. meomrebi,romlebic mudam etoqebodnen sasuliero fenas, iZulebulni iyvnen,sisxli daeRvaraT, maSin, roca berebs _ viTarca sarwmunoebisdamcvelT _ brZola da, Sesabamisad, sisxlisRvra ekrZalebodaT.maT socialur gansxvavebulobas Sesabamisi tabu gansazRvravda:macxovari krZalavda sisxlisRvras.

paradoqsi iyo, rom qristianuli kulti im sisxlian msxverplsemyareboda, romelic kvlav da kvlav meordeboda evqaristiisas:“aiReT, WameT. es Cemi sxeulia.” “yvelam SesviT aqedan, vinaidan esaris Cemi sisxli axali aRTqmisa...” (maTe, 26, 26-28). qristianuliliturgiis umniSvnelovanesi epizodi erTgvarad sisxlianimsxverplSewirvacaa.

Sesabamisad, Sua saukuneebSi sisxli ara mxolod sasulieropirTa da eriskacTa socialuri ierarqiis safuZvlad iqceva, aramedsaero pirTac ganasxvavebs da aucxoebs erTmaneTisgan. samxedrowodeba TandaTanobiT imsWvaleba miTiT sakuTari keTilSobilebisSesaxeb, rac misi, rogorc socialuri jgufis, saarsebo niadagicaa.

sisxlis tabuireba erT-erTi mizezia Sua saukunebSi qalismeorexarisxovani rolisa da am sisxlisfer koliziebSi “dedaTawesic” igulisxmeba. Sua saukuneTa Teologiam aaRorZina qalisTvisdawesebuli Zveli aRTqmiseuli akrZalvebi, romelTa darRvevaSesaZloa keTrovani Cvilebis dabadebasac dasdeboda safuZvlad.amgvarad, Cvens winaSea sxeulis sqesobrivi bunebis devalvaciisniSnebi. TviT qristianuli qorwinebac ki vnebaTa SemcirebaTa xarjzeunda kurTxeuliyo. sqesobriv siaxloves mxolod modgmis gagrZelebisperspeqtiva amarTlebda. “colis zedmetad vnebiani siyvarulimruSobaa”, _ ambobdnen saeklesio pirebi. adamians Tavisi sxeuliunda aelagma da am saqmeSi yovelgvari “gadacdoma” mkacrad isjeboda.aqac mamakaci iyo warmmarTveli. sodomia sasikvdilo codvadganixileboda. mis gansakuTrebulad mkacr Sefasebas albaT isicganapirobebda, rom bosuelis mtkicebiT, “mxiarulebis” (gay) kulturaXII saukuneSi swored eklesiis wiaRSi iSva.

pap grigol VII-is (1073-1083) pontifikatisas safuZveli daedoSidasaeklesio cxovrebis radikalur cvlilebas, Sewyda simonia,konkubinati, zRvari gaivlo sasuliero da saero wodebebs Soris.lateranis pirveli saeklesio krebis Tanaxmad, sasuliero pirebsaekrZalaT colebisa da mxevlebis yola, raTa suli damaxinjebisaganexsnaT da suliwmidis gardamosvlisTvis xeli ar SeeSalaT. ase

gia joxaZe

145

iqmneboda dauqorwinebel mamakacTa fena. saeroebsac undaekontrolebinaT sakuTari neba da vneba, eRiarebinaT patriarqaluri,monogamiuri da samudamo qorwineba. Camoyalibda sqesobrivurTierTobaTa erTgvari ierarqia, sadac pirvel safexurs qalwuloba(umankoeba) ikavebda, meores _ qvrivobis umankoeba, mesames ki _qorwinebisa.

Tumc, Teoria praqtikasTan arc Tu ise axlos idga: sasulieropirebi qorwindebodnen, ibrZodnen, mxevlebs iCendenen... aristokratiabarbarosobisdroindel poligamias misdevda. keTilSobilTa feniswarmomadgenelTa col-qmroba warmoudgeneli iyo ukanono kavSirebisgareSe. ubiwoba Zalze iSviaTi saTnoeba gaxldaT. magram eklesiismier sazogadoebisaTvis Tavsmoxveuli seqsualuri eTika mainc ikavebdaadgils Sua saukuneebis evropelis warmosaxvasa da yoveldRiurcxovrebaSi.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom miSel fukosa da pol veinis mtkicebiT,aseTi seqsualuri morali ar SeiZleba qristianobis know how-dCaiTvalos. puritanul simamaces jer kidev romis imperiaSi icnobdnen.

qalisTvis meorexarisxovani rolis miniWeba didwiladganapiroba bibliuri teqstebis eklesiis mamebiseulma ganmartebebma.adamianis Seqmnis pirvel bibliur versias _ “Seqmna RmerTma kaci,Tavis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini” (dabadeba,1, 27) _ iolad Caenacvla saeklesio avtoritetTa mierpopularizebuli meore versia _ “ufalma RmerTma ZilquSi mohgvaraadams da ra eZina, gamouRo erTi nekni da mis adgilas xorci Caudo.neknisagan, adams rom gamouRo, dedakaci Seqmna ufalma RmerTma daadams miuyvana” (dabadeba, 2, 21-22). es debuleba imgvaradinterpretirdeboda, rom Tavdapirvelad, sxeulTa qmnis procesSi,qali ar iyo mamakacis Tanaswori. TeologTa erTi nawili avgustinesdarad amtkicebda, rom qalis daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba codviTdacemidan momdinareobs. adamianuri arseba orad gaiyo: maTgan umaRlesi(goni da suli) mamakacs ganekuTvna, umdablesi ki (sxeuli, xorci)_ qals. Toma akvinelma (daaxl. 1225-1274) aristoteles debulebagaixsena: suli xorcis formaao da aseTi opozicia Camoayaliba:suli _ mamakaci; xorci _ qali; RmerTma isini erTdroulad Seqmna.RvTiuri suli oriveSia ganfenili; magram, amave dros, mamakaci ufromet gonebriv simkvircxles avlens, misi Tesli ukvdavyofskacobriobas da es RvTis mier kurTxeulia. Tumc, imave Toma akvinelsgamouTqvams aseTi Tezisic: Tu RmerTi qalis umaRles arsebadSeqmnas izraxavda, mas adamis Tavisagan Seqmnida; Tu qals umdables


146

arsebad moiazrebda, maSin mis Sesaqmnelad fexebs gamoiyenebda. RmerTmaqali adamis Sua nawilidan Seqmna, raTa maTi Tanasworobadaedasturebinao. qorwinebas saeklesio reglamentic orive mxarisTanxmobiT amtkicebs.

qalis mdgomareoba gaaumjobesa RvTismSoblis kultisgavrcelebam. RvTaebrivi qaluroba ganamtkica qalis, dedis, anassaxiT ki _ bebiis avtoritetmac.

da mainc: iman, rom pirvelyofili codva seqsualur codvadgardaisaxa, qals mTeli cxovreba sazRaurad uqcia. Sua saukuneebimamakacTa epoqad warmogvidgeba. am drois (da ara marto amdroindeli)yvela dokumenti mamakacis Sedgenilia. qali erTguli colisa dadedis pativiT unda dakmayofilebuliyo. Sesabamisad, sasulieroadeptebi mamakacs boWavdnen, ukrZalavdnen meZavebTan urTierTobas.uZvelesi profesiis warmomadgenlebi, cxadia, idevnebodnen, magrammainc axerxebdnen sazogadoebaSi socialuri regulatoris rolisSesrulebas. metaforulad, meZavis sxeuli ganasaxierebda Sua saukuneTasazogadoebriv winaaRmdegobriobas [le gofi, triuoni 2008: 5-52;mosi 1996: 242-263; diubi 2005: 20-45; fuko 1996: 105-108; baxtini1990: 106; le gofi 2002: 142-169];

aswlovani drama

XIII saukunis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebas yvelazesrulad JamTaaRmwerlis aswlovani matiane asaxavs. is, praqtikulad,Sua saukuneTa evropis yofisa da saazrovno orientirebis Tanxmieria,Tu cxadia, imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qalis kulti qarTvelismentalobaSi saqarTvelos RvTismSoblis wilxvedrobaze saeklesiogadmocemam, wminda ninos Rvawlma da deeficirebul TamarTandakavSirebulma saistorio tradiciam gaaZliera.

da mainc, Cven Suasaukuneobriv Targze aWrili saistorionarativis wamkiTxvelebad vrCebiT.

daviwyoT imiT, rom JamTaaRmwerelic, Sua saukuneTa evropelavtorTa umravlesobasaviT, sasuliero piria. yovel SemTxvevaSi, masberad miiCnevs mkvlevarTa umravlesoba [joxaZe 2003: 6-7].JamTaaRmwereli providencialisti qristiania da misi rwmeniT, samyaroCadenili codvebisTvis isjeba, Tumc, TviT borotebac RvTis mieradamianis gamosasworebladaa daSvebuli. JamTaaaRmwerlis dramispersonaJebi _ qarTveli saero da sasuliero ierarqebi, monRoli

gia joxaZe

147

xelisufalni, qalebi da kacebi _ RvTis gangebis instrumentebiarian. dramis avtori RmerTia [joxaZe 1998:].

JamTaaRmwerelma Tavis epoqas upasuxa da aseTi teqsti Seqmna.Cven vcdilobT, misi sityvebidan is amovikiTxoT, ris Tqmasac arapirebda: XIII saukunis qarTuli elitis warmomadgenlebs sxeulimosavT; isini adamianebi arian da ara _ sqemebi; maTac axasiaTebTzogadadamianuri seqsualoba, sqesobrivi unikaloba; maTi cxovrebaaRsavsea adamianuri sisusteebiT; bolos da bolos, maT uyvarTerTmaneTi, radgan uerTmaneTod verc RmerTis Seyvarebas SeZleben...ara, amis Tqma Sua saukuneTa istoriografs arc surda da arcSeeZlo. magram iqneb mainc wamoscda rame?

qali da mamakaci

JamTaaRmwerlis teqstSi bevri qali personaJia: mefeebi Tudedoflebi, mefeTa satrfoebi Tu eriskacTa da monRol noinTaasulebi, debi, Svilebi, mxevlebi... aq yvela qali (an TiTqmis yvela)“qmnulkeTilia”, “siturfeaRmatebuli” da “xilviTa Svenieri”... daTu es sami epiTeti am qalTa garegnobas ramdenadme srulad maincar aRwers, es JamTaaRmwerlis uyuradRebobis brali ar aris: isiniavtors mxolod imdenad sWirdeba, ramdenadac moraluridaskvnisaTvis unda gagvwiros . Tanac isini mxolodmeorexarisxovnobamisjili sqesis warmomadgenlebi arian. mxolodmaTi qmedebebiTa Tu TavgadasavliT SeiZleba imis mixvedra, risiTqmac JamTaaRmwerels maTma “sakvirvelma” saqcielma aiZula.

miuxedavad zemoT argumentad moyvanili qalis gakultebis“qarTuli variantisa”, XIII saukunis elitarul mamakacebs maincaxsovT, rom qali maTi Tanaswori ar aris.

teqstSi pirvelad amas sasikvdilod ganwiruli laSa-giorgiexeba, roca qarTvel warCinebulebs misi dis taxtze asvlis “nebarTvasTxovs”. rogorc Cans, aq dedis faqtori gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs,magram mainc sagangebod gaxazavs, rom rusudani, qalobis miuxedavad,brZenia da samefo saqmeTa mcodne. laSa imaSic arwmunebs SekrebilT,rom rusudani “wyalobis, niWisa da pativis” iseTive uSurveligamcemi iqneba, rogorc _ RvTivkurTxeuli Tamari. Zneli amosacnobiar unda iyos, rom imdroindel saqarTveloSi qalis damcrobiliroli oden Tamaris avtoritetiT unda gafersavsdes da isic _bedis ironiiT nakarnaxeb am erTaderT SemTxvevaSi. sanacvlod _pativdebas unda elodon [qarTuli proza 1982: 293];


148

sxvaTaSoris, rusudanis sqess jalaledinic iTvaliswinebs: Cvenki is gaviTvaliswinoT, rom xvarazmeli princi muslimia da yuraniserTguls qalis rolze gansakuTrebiT mdabali warmodgena undahqonoda. mis saubarSi avag aTabagTan daufaravad sWvivis rogorcmsoflioSi saxelganTqmuli samefos winamZRolis, ise _ mamakacisambicia: “masmies, rome mefe Tqveni dedakaci ars. da myoT qmar misada mefe Tqven zeda da vsZloT yovelTa mterTa...” [qarTuli proza1982: 299]; iqneb gadaWarbebulic ki ar iyos fiqri imaze, romjalaledinis rusudanze daqorwinebis gegma meyvseulad mofiqrebulshgavs. aq mTavari monRolebisTvis qmediTad SewinaaRmdegebaa. rusudani,viTarca mefe saqarTvelosi, jalaledinisTvis mxolod miznismisaRwevi saSualebaa. da es kidev ufro akninebs Sua saukuneebSiqalis, rogorc aseTis, rolsa da mniSvnelobas.

qalis wamgebian mdgomareobas JamTaaRmwereli kidev erTxelmaSin Seexeba, roca sargis Tmogveli daviT narinis gamefebasgaaprotestebs:

“ara jer ars, raTamca naSobman dedakacisaman daipyras mefobada ara Zeman TviTmpyrobelisa mefisa mamakacisaman”. sargisispretenzias is asazrdoebda, rom narinis mama ar iyo mefe (sxvaTaSoris,sainteresoa misi bedic. JamTaaRmwereli muslimobisa Tu sxva mizezTagamo rusudanis qmars saerTod aRar ixseniebs). meorec: imdroindelsaqarTveloSi, rogorc Cans, mxolod kanonieri mamis Svilebs hqondaT“Svilobis” ufleba. Tu mefe-qalis Svilsac ki “ar indobdnen” damisi taxtze asvla skepsisis sagnad eqciaT, ioli warmosadgenia, rabarierebi SeeqmnebodaT arawarCinebul dedaTa naSobT! es epizodipirdapir exmianeba Sua saukuneTa evropul morals, romlis Tanaxmad,qalisa da mamakacis Tanayofobisas mamakacis sqesi, misi warmmarTveliroli da funqcia cxovelmyofelia da ganmsazRvreli.

sargiss daviT narinis TanaaRzrdilebi upasuxeben, rom qalobismiuxedavad, rusudani kanonieri mefe iyo, romlis Zes, diaxac, ekuTvnodataxti [qarTuli proza 1982: 337]; aq rusudanis, rogorc qalis,Seryeul statuss mxolod mefoba Svelis da isic _ monRoleTSi,rom aRaraferi vTqvaT sayaenos politikur miznebze.

JamTaaRmwerlis teqstSi gvxvdeba erTi saintereso epizodi,romelic qalTa megobrobas asaxavs. cxadia, es mcire fragmentiSorsmimavali daskvnebis gakeTebas ar gvaZlevs, magram mainc SeiZlebavTqvaT, rom XIII saukuneSi qalebs aqvT urTierTsolidarobis gancdada urTierTndoba.

gia joxaZe

149

Turanis mflobeli Tegudari abaRa yaens ganudga. Zmas, baraxayaens Seezraxa kidec mis dasamxobad. Zalze komikuri mizezis gamoSeTqmulebis ambavi gaxmaurda da Tegudari iZulebulia dasavleTsaqarTveloSi gaiqces. swored aq, quTaisSi xvdebian erTmaneTsdaviT narinisa da Tegudaris meuRleebi. narinis cols qmrisdaradpativi ucia Tavisi sqesis warmomadgenlisTvis. “da gauSinaurdesurTierTas da miendves” [qarTuli proza 1982: 371-372]; nariniscoli aq pativs miagebs ltolviladqceul dedakacs, romelsacegeb sxva Rirsebebic gaaCnda _ gaSinaureba da mindoba amasac moiTxovs.Tumc, teqsti ufro Sors wasvlis nebas ar gvaZlevs.

sagangebod aRsaniSnia JamTaaRmwerlis personaJ qalTaSvilosnobis sakiTxi, romelic sruliad standartuli gamoTqmebiTgamoixateba: “miudga da Sva”, “mucel iRo” da sxv. JamTaaRmwerelsSeuZlebelia, Tavis winaswar dasazRvrul dramaSi adgili daeTmoqalisaTvis, Tu is imdroindel morals ar Selaxavda. kanonisfarglebSi mcxovrebi dedakacebisaTvis bunebrivi mdgomareobagaxldaT Soba, modgmis gangrZoba... amdenad, am movlenis erTi sityviTgamoxatvac arabunebrivad ar unda mogveCvenos.

JamTaaRmwerlisaTvis mTavari moqmedi pirebi, rasakvirvelia,mamakacebi arian: mefeni, erismTavarni, sasuliero pirebi, monRolinoinebi da yaenebi... saxeldobr erTaderTxelaa naxsenebi dabalifenis warmomadgeneli _ daviT laSas Zis gadamrCeni, vinme sosani,romelic vaJisTvis laSas eboZebina.

mamakacTa sxeulis aRwerisas avtori im garegnul niSnebs gamoyofs,romelTa gareSec brZola warmoudgenelia: Zliereba, axovaneba,goliaTuroba, sviani mklavi, uSiSroba (jalaledinzec ki ambobs,iyo uSiSi, viTarca _ uxorcoo...)... es rainduli epoqis kanonia daJamTaaRmwerlis mier daxatuli garegnuli xat-saxenic masTanSeTanadebulia.

sasuliero pirTa garegnobaze istorikosi saerTod arafersgveubneba: aq yovelive suliT gasxivosnebuli unda iyos. mag.,saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi nikolozi aRwerilia, rogorc“kaci mxilavi suliTa, angelozTa mobaZavi” da a.S. Tumc, roca yaenihulagu Sexvda, “gankvirda wessa da xilvasa Sesaxedavsa missa”[qarTuli proza 1982: 337];

“wess” sulxan-saba ganmtkicebul Cveulebad ganmartavs da CvensSemTxvevaSi, qristianul wesze unda iyos laparaki. teqstSi arweria, ra gansakuTrebuli wesi aRasrula nikolozma. Tumc, racunda eqna, es hulagusaTvis ucxo ar unda yofiliyo: Tu gadmocemas


150

verwmunebiT, igi dabadebidanve nestoreli qristiani iyo da coladacam sjulis qali hyavda. maS ram gaakvirva ase? wesiT, Tu qristologiurmsjelobas ar gamarTavdnen da marTlmadideblobasa da nestorelebsSoris arsebul winaaRmdegobebs ar gaixsenebdnen, yaensa da patriarqserTmaneTis xilva gasakvirad ar unda darCenodaT. SesaZloa, yaenisgaoceba gamoiwvia marTlmadidebeli beris habitusma: grZelma Tmamda wverma, sigamxdrem, saxis ferma, romelic mxolod marxviTa damRviZarebiT gamorCeul sulier mamebs adevT... SesaZloa. TumcJamTaaRmwereli sxvas aras ambobs.

yuradReba mivaqcioT or detals, romelTac JamTaaRmwereli“imetebs” daviT laSas Zisa da daviT narinis garegnulidaxasiaTebisas: daviT laSas Ze yofila “taniTa did da axovan dasxvil” [qarTuli proza 1982: 340]; am xatis daviwyeba SeuZlebelia:daviT laSas Ze, SecdomiT “ulud” wodebuli, saqarTvelos mefe1247-1270 wlebSi, laSa-giorgis ukanono Svili maRali, axovani damsuqani yofila. da kidev: “enamZime mcired”.

narini biZaSvilis antipodia: zomieri tanis, xmeli mamakaci(sic!)... aq JamTaaRmwereli sruliad umniSvnelo niuanss amxels: “TmiTaTxel” _ da narinis garegnuli portretic daxatulia. da kidev:“enatkbil da sityvier”, anu narini, biZaSvilisagan gansxvavebiT,tkbilmoubari brZanebula. samwuxarod, JamTaaRmwereli mismWevrmetyvelebas arafriT asabuTebs.

kidev erTi: JamTaaRmwerels swored daviTebze saubrisasaxsendeba, rom metoqe ufliswulebsac ki SeuZliaT erTurTissiyvaruli: “ornive daviT da daviT siyvarulsa zeda egnes da arawinaaRudgebodes erTmanerTsa” [qarTuli proza 1982: 339]; es niuansisagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsi arc iqneboda, rom mxolod saqarTvelostaxtisaTvis mebrZol konkurentebsa da maT mimdgom pirebs argulisxmobdes. am konteqstSi cneba “siyvarulis” gamokrTomapirdapir cis gaxsnasa hgavs!

JamTaaRmwerlis dramaSi aris erTi personaJi, romlisTvisacsaxis feris gamo zedwodebac ki gamouZebniaT: es gaxlavT hereTiserisTavi SoTa, “romelsa manisi ferobisaTvis kuprobiT uxmobdes”[qarTuli proza 1982: 312]; zogi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, “kupri”misTvis saxis kanis siSavis gamo uwodebiaT.

Cven SevexeT JamTaaRmwerlis mier ramdenadme gamorCeuladdaxatul personaJebs da aq sityva “ramdenadme” zedmeti ar undaiyos: Sua saukuneTa istoriografiis palitraSi ferebi mxolod

gia joxaZe

151

RvTis erTgulebiTa da TavSewirviT gamorCeulTaTvis moiZebneba.da es ferebic oden sulis feradovnebas warmoaCens.

qali + mamakaci

XIII s-s saqarTvelos mkvidrni _ qalebi da mamakacebi iseTiveseqsualobiT gamoirCevian, rogoriTac imave epoqis evropelebi anSesaZloa ... Cveni Tanamedrove qarTvelebi da evropelebi. undagaviTvaliswinoT, rom maTze sasuliero piri gviambobs, romelicSua saukuneTa istoriografiis adeptia. codvili kacobriobisCvenebasac imitom riskavs, rom gaaazrebinos codvisaTvis miRebulisasjeli da saRvTo gzisken moabrunos dacemulebi. Tu am problemebsgaviTavisebT, mivxvdebiT, rom striqonebs miRma ikiTxeba cocxalisamyaro, icnobian cocxali adamianebi TavianTi aviTa da kargiT,madliTa da codviT, borotebiTa da saTnoebiT...

Sua saukuneTa istoriografiuli konteqsti gulisxmobda, rommefe xams “uxvi, mlocvel, mmarxvel da ganmkiTxvel da mowyale...”amave dros, “mxned moisari, winambrZoli” da a.S. [qarTuli proza1982: 283]; aseTic iyoo laSa-giorgi, gvarwmunebs JamTaaRmwerelida Semdeg aRgviwers, rogori Seiqna mas mere, rac ymadnaficebidaacxro da xarki gainaRda: “Tanamihyva uwesoTa kacTa, ... viTarganisvenebda nadirobiTa da msmurTa Tana, midrka siborotedmi...”“smaman mRerasa da siRodasa da nayrovanebaman sibilwesa, umetesgardaria...” [iqve]; am pasaJis gagebisaTvis wamiT daviviwyoT, raSedegebi moaqvs xelisuflebis zneobriv (Tu uzneo?) magaliTs:amis Taobaze ukve vwerdiT [joxaZe 2003: 25]; swored am mamxilebeltiradaSi JamTaaRmwereli uneblieT gviambobs imaze, risganac vercerTi sazogadoeba ver izRvevs Tavs. metic: rac mis funqciobazemigviTiTebs. laSas Tavi gamouCenia “dedaTa uwesoTa Tana aRreviTa”.STabeWdilebis gasaZliereblad JamTaaRmwereli “dedebis miernacTunebi” bibliuri solomonis magaliTsac iSveliebs da kideverTxel miuTiTebs, rom imdroindeli saqarTvelos mamrobiTi sqesiselita gulgrili ar yofila uZvelesi profesiis warmo-madgenlebisadmi: “ganZRes da iSvebdes da uwesobad midrkes siZvaTaSina” [qarTuli proza 1982: 285]; laSa-giorgis uqorwineblobasJamTaaRmwereli dedaTa mimarT mis mwvel gulisTqmas abralebs. e.w.veliscixis epizodi yvelasaTvis cnobilia da aq kidev erTxel arcSevexebodiT, rom ara is komikuri siswrafe, romliTac JamTaaRmwereliTxrobas aviTarebs: laSa kaxeTis sofel veliscixes ewvia. ixila


152

qali “friad qmnulkeTili da myis aRtacebul iqmna gulisTqmiTamier. mswrafl Tvisad miiyvana da Seiyvara friad. da muclad iRodedakacman da Sva yrma” [qarTuli proza 1982: 283-284]; aseTi“kadrireba” mxolod Sua saukuneTa meistories SeeZlo da kidev...sabWoTa kinos, sadac morcxv ambors Sezrdilmucliani qalis asevemorcxvi Rimili mosdevda. morali naTelia, da Tanac ormagi: mefemdabali warmomavlobis qali ar unda SeirTos (sisxlisa da Teslistabu!); qorwineba kanonieri unda iyos (igive tabu!); qristianma arunda imruSos (veliscixeli qali manamde gaTxovili iyo); magramCvenTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxi farulad swored am daweril Tudauwerel sentenciebSi “feTqavs”: mefe Secda, codviT daeca, radganmefec adamiania, magram kacobriobis istoria xom xSirad Secdomebsada SemTxveviTobaze igeba. mkvdaria ena, romelSic Secdomas ar uSveben.cocxali ena Tavisi SecdomebiT cocxlobs. bolos da bolos, romara es Secdoma, arc daviT laSas Ze, SecdomiT “ulud” wodebulidaikavebda Tavis adgils qarTul basilografiaSi! magram... mefebolomde cdeba, rogorc adamiani: arc sulier winamZRvrebs usmens,arc sakuTari gulisTqmis ayola ZaluZs. qali qmars daubrunes.laSas ki coli ar SeurTavs. aravin icis, ra ganicada qalma, rocaqmars wartaces da sasaxlisken aqnevines piri. aravin icis, rasfiqrobda maSin, roca laSam “friad Seiyvara”da bavSvi STausaxa, anmere, roca daorkecebuli pirveli qmrisken gaaqanes. arc is icisvinmem, ra sulier mdgomareobaSi Cavarda erTi naxviT Seyvarebismeufeca da msxverplic! Sua saukuneTa istoriografia amas gvimalavs.

rusudan mefes Tvisi Ze daviT narini erTpirovnul samefokandidaturad miaCnda da laSa giorgis Zis _ konkurentis mocilebagadaewyvita. sxva mraval ukadris saqcielTan erTad, saqarTvelosxelisufals incestualuri kavSiric daubralebia ZmiswulisTvisada qaliSvilisTvis. ai, ras wers rusudani Tavis siZes, yiasdins:“amisTvis meneba moklva Zmiswulisa Cemisa daviTisi, rome colsaSensa da asulsa Cemsa Zmiswuli Cemi daviTi Tanaeyofvis...”[qarTuliproza 1982: 318]; JamTaaRmwereli amtkicebs, rusudans politikuriinteresi alaparakebdao, da es simarTlesac waagavs, magram arc imfiqris gamoricxva SeiZleba, rom aseTi maniakaluri kavSiri(romlebzec saubrobs safrangeTis istoriis mkvlevari J. diubi)arc imdroindeli qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis yofila ucxo.

rusudani dedamisiviT mSvenieri yofila. misi col-qmrulicxovreba ramdenjerme unda dawyebuliyo, magram ucnob mizezTa gamogadadebula. jer xlaTis sultans mouwadinebia misi SerTva. Semdeg

gia joxaZe

153

“didis SemoxvewiTa” Sarvanis mflobels uTxovia dedoflis xeli.Sarvans qarTlis erisTavi gamgzavrebula. TviT laSa-giorgi bagavanswasula. aTi dRec da rusudani SarvanSas daumSvenebda mxars (anpiriqiT!). JamTaaRmwerlis mier moyvanili qorwilis gadadebismizezi ufro saRvTismetyveloa, vidre _ adamianuri: mowyale RmerTsar mousurvebia qristiani qalis muslimze daqorwineba: diax, amkonteqstSi swored sityva “qalis” gamoyeneba sjobs, radgangauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebi rom ara, rusudani gamefebas vermoaxerxebda.

bolos mainc muslimi irCia. RvTis nebas gadavida da maincalahs eymo: jalaledinis urdoebis pirveli SemoWris Semdeg qmradrumis sultnis _ ToRrul Sahis Ze _ moRis ed-dini moiyvana. esukanaskneli erTgulobisTvis daumZevlebia rusudans: “viTar ganicada,sTnda mefesa rusudans da ineba qmrad miyvaneba misi, romeliaRasrulaca...” [qarTuli proza 1982: 297]; is, rom mefem ymadnaficiqveynis ufliswulis qmrad moyvana gadawyvita, uCveulo arafriTaa.Cveni azriT, am pasaJs is acocxlebs, rom rusudanma gaicno, ixila,SeaTvaliera (“ganicada”), moewona da ineba (“sTnda”). sqesTaurTierTobac xom am gradacias emyareba.

XIII s-s saqarTveloSi gansxvavebul socialur kategoriaTadapirispirebuloba seqsualur sferoSic aRwevs. TviT samefo ojaxicki ver aridebs Tavs ukanono kavSirebsa da poligamias.

daviT laSa-giorgis Zis pirveli coli, jigda-xaTuni uSviloaRmoCnda. es sayovelTao mwuxarebas iwvevda. mefem umemkvidreodgadaSenebis safrTxe gadaWra: meuRled moiyvana erovnebiT osi alTuniim pirobiT, rom SvilTa Sobis Semdeg, ganutevebda. SemdegJamTaaRmwereli gviambobs, rogor gaaCina alTunma ori Svili darogor “ganiSora daviTma sayvareli Tvis alTun..., friadqmnulkeTili” [qarTuli proza 1982: 347]; es mcire fragmentic kiuamrav kiTxvas aRZravs; iqneb is aRTqma, romelic daviTs alTunismoyvanisas daudia, sulac jigda-xaTuns miemarTeboda: Svilebs gamiCensda maSinve gavuSvebo. jigda-xaTunisagan gansxvavebiT, alTuns dedofladar ixsenieben da Cvenc ubralo mxevlad miviCnevT, romelTa “Rvawli”samefo ojaxebSi cnobilia, magram ratom wers JamTaaRmwereli:“amisTvis ineba mefeman moyvana, Svilierebisa ZliT, alTun, naTesaviTovsi, meuRled...?” sagangebod xom ar gaxazavs JamTaaRmwereli jigda-xaTunis dedoflobas: “Seiyvana Svilad dedofalman jigdaxaTun?”;ratom ver ikavebs Tavs da rad avlens sinazes JamTaaRmwereli amubralo mxevlisadmi: “aqa ganiSora sayvareli Tvisi, romeli friad


154

qmnulkeTil iyo?” am kiTxvebze pasuxs JamTaaRmwerelTan ver vpovebT.is mkacrad dasZens, rom jigdaxaTuni gardaicvala da qvrivi mefeaxali colis mosaZebnad arc Tu ise Sors wavida: imxanadgardacvlili avag aTabagis qvrivi, raWis erisTavis asuli gvancaSeirTo. ra Tqma unda, isic qmnulkeTili. qalebs, ise Cans, daviTisgulis mosagebad didi dro ar sWirdebodaT: gvancasac “etrfialada Semdgomad mciredisa miiyvana igi colad da dedoflad dawarmoiyvana samefod Tvisad” [qarTuli proza 1982: 347]; CvenswinaSe kidev erTi blic-romania. JamTaaRmwerlis pedalireba “coladda d e d o f l a d” moiyvanao, egeb, zemoT dasmul kiTxvaTa iribpasuxebadac gamogvadges!

daviT laSas Zis morigi qorwineba morigmave daqvrivebam gamoiwvia.esuqni monRoli noinebis daa da egeb, es politikuri qorwinebac kiiyo! yovel SemTxvevaSi, aq nefe-patarZlis raimenair satrfialourTierTobaze laparakic ki zedmetia. magram es epizodi sainteresoimiTaa, rom swored esuqnis ukavSirdeba pirveli adiulteri mTeliteqstis (asi da cota meti xnis wlis) manZilze. daviT laSas ZemonRolTa samsaxurSia TveobiT, xandaxan _ wlobiTac ki. qveyanasbasil ujarmel-Wyondideli marTavs. Tanac ise, rom samefo miwa-wyals saTavisod iyenebs. aq JamTaaRmwereli sazogadod gavrcelebulxmas ixsenebs: “sityvaca esreT iyo...” mokled, imasac ambobdnen, basilsada esuqns seqsualuri urTierToba hqondaTo (“viTarmed esuqnsTanaeyo”) [qarTuli proza 1982: 363]; adiulters azarts“sasiyvarulo samkuTxedis” mesame monawilis CarTva matebs xolmeda arc JamTaaRmwereli ayovnebs: Sesmenil iqmna basili mefis winaSe,romelman mswrafl moiyvana da brZana Zelsa damokideba”. mefe,bunebrivia, Seuracxyofilia. amitomac “damohkides Zelsa Sua qalaqsa”.

magram yvelaferi amiT rodi mTavrdeba. muclis sneulebasemsxverpla daviT mefe. JamTaaRmwereli kvlav moarul xmebs eyrdnoba:“Tqmul ars eseca...”, TiTqos esuqns moewamlos daviTi da asegadaexados samagiero sayvarlis mkvlelisaTvis. am sevdian ambavsmosdevs JamTaaRwerlis _ sasuliero pirisa da moralistis mkacriSefaseba: basilma ara rida sawolsa patiosansa da uwesobisTvisdaisajao. Tan Wyondidisa da ujarmis mTavarepiskoposs, TiTqos,sasuliero wodebisTvisac eRalatos (“Coxanica aRixadna”) da saeroxelisuflebas daxarbebodes [qarTuli proza 1982: 377];

XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi ucxo arc poligamiis SemTxvevebia,Tumc, wminda dimitri II-is cxovrebaSi ar Cans, rom mefes romelimemeuRlisadmi gansakuTrebuli grZnoba anu “gulisTqma” amoZravebda.

gia joxaZe

155

aq mTavari politikaa. coli ki sami hyavda: trapizonis keisrisa dabeqa jayelis asulebi, aseve _ monRoli solRaric. iqneb es sityvebi:“gulis sityvisa ukana Sedgomilman moiyvana colni samni” sinanulsacki niSnavdes!

JamTaaRmwereli monRolebs abralebs, magram dimitris siZvissaqmeebSic rom edo wili, ver uaryofs [qarTuli proza 1982: 390-399];

poligamias amxedrebia mTeli qarTveli samRvdeloeba:kaTolikos-patriarqi, aToneli basili (SesaZloa, pimen salosicada anton naoxrebelisZec), magram _ uSedegod.

poligamiasTan erTad dimitri politikuri miznebis gamo arcsaqorwino vaWrobaSi monawileobaze ambobda uars: sadunmankaberdelis Txovnas, rom monRolis nacvlad TviTon SeirTavdamefis das, Tamars (“daevaWra, raTa mihyidos dai misi”), dimitridaTanxmebia (“xolo igi erCda da mohyida”) [qarTuli proza 1982:386]; TviT sadunsac sami coli, albaT, socialur-politikuri gavlenissacTurma SearTvevina.

epilogi axali prologis win

Cvens winaSea XIII saukunis qarTvelTa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiserTi waxnagi, romelic metnaklebi tevadobiT ase SeiZlebaCamoyalibdes _ sqesTa Soris urTierTobani. gadaWriT arc imisTqma gvicdia, rom yvelaferi zustad ise iyo, rogorc JamTaaRmwereligviambobs. magram Cven mxolod es versia gvaqvs. man, Cveni azriT,ufro dagvaaxloa istoriis personaJebTan da ramdenime wuTiTmainc dagvajera, rom maTac ZaluZT sunTqva, urTierToba, siyvaruli,codviT dacema da ... sinanuli. Cven qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivielitis warmomadgenlebs SevexeT da, samwuxarod, mxolod imitom,rom sxva socialur jgufebis intimur cxovrebaze ara viciT ra.arada, sxvadasxva socialur kategoriaTa sxeulebrivi praqtika,iseve, rogorc _ tabuireba, didad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.

literatura

baxtini 1990: Áàõòèí Ì.Ì., Òâîð÷åñòâî Ôðàíñóà ðàáëå è íàðîäíàÿêóëüòóðà Ñðåäíåâåêîâüÿ è Ðåíåññàíñà, Ìîñêâà.

diubi 2005: J. diubi, raindi, qali da mRvdeli, Tbilisi.


156

le gofi, triuoni 2008: Æ. Ëå Ãîôô, Í. Òðþîí, Èñòîðèÿ òåëà âñðåäíèå âåêà, Ìîñêâà.

le gofi 2002: Æ. Ëå Ãîôô, Äðóãîå ñðåäíåâåêîâüå, Âðåìÿ, òðóä èêóëüòóðà Çàïàäà, Åêàòåðèíáóðã.

mosi 1996: Ìîññ Ì., Îáùåñòâî. Îáìåí. Ëè÷íîñòü. Òðóäû ïîñîöèàëüíîé àíòðîïîëîãèè, Ìîñêâà.

fuko 1996: Ôóêî Ì., Âîëÿ ê èñòèíå. Ïî òó ñòîðîíó çíàíèÿ, âëàñòè èñåêñóàëüíîñòè, Ëåíèíãðàä.

qarTuli proza 1982: qarTuli proza, wigni III, meTerTmete-meToTxmete saukuneebis mwerloba, JamTaaRmwereli,monRolTadroindeli matiane, Tbilisi.

joxaZe 2003: XIII-XIV saukuneebis saqarTvelos eklesiisistoriidan, Tbilisi.

joxaZe 1998: avgustineseuli providencializmi da JamTaaRmwerlisreligiuri msoflmxedveloba, Tbilisi.

gia joxaZe

157

s e m i o t i k a d a k r i t i k as e m i o t i k a d a k r i t i k as e m i o t i k a d a k r i t i k as e m i o t i k a d a k r i t i k as e m i o t i k a d a k r i t i k a

daviT andriaZe

`samSoblo~ `dedis ZuZui~da `sxva~

(winaswari SeniSvnebi sakiTx(av)isaTvis:sadoavangardi da postmodernistuli

resentimenti)

`dekonstruqcia~ _ es deridaseuli

sityva ukve CvenSic bevrs akeria pirze.

da mainc, pirvelad iyo sityva _

`destruqci a ~ . adreulm a h a id e g er m a

gamoiyena igi `metafizikis gaqvavebuli

tradiciis Sesarbileblad~ moxmobili

cnebad, tradiciisa, minimum kantidan _

kohenamde rom aRniSnavda kacobriul

ide a s .

am `Humanitat~-is mze raxania Caesvena;da am `daisma~ im ti pis azrovnebamde

migviyvana, klasikuri racionalizmisa da

tradiciuli Teoretizmis kontrformad

rom ganixileba .

ai, alternatiuli monologizmi, romliskarnavaluri `xmauri da mZvinvarebac~,kanonmdebeli gonebis oreulad, anu gaukuRmar-Tebul idealizmad gvefeTeba.

cotac da, Cvens winaSe andergraundi _dialogizmis~ _ XX saukunis am Zireulikonfiguraciuli diskursis aCrdili wamoi-marTeba.

ase warmoisaxeba hegeliseuli ubeduricnobierebis~ modernuli varianti, _

filosofiis mecniere-baTa doqtori, Jurnalàrtefaqtis~ mTavariredaqtori, iv. javaxiS-vilis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis profesori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:ferwera da imaginacia(monografia), ikonolo-giuri marginaliebi (mo-nografia), leviaTanisdaRupva (monografia)da sxva.interesTa sfero:kulturis filosofia,literaturis kritika,artkritika, xelovnebissociologia, semiotika.

158

resentimenti, Tu dostoevSCina~, romelsac m. baxtini ganmartavs,rogorc izolirebuli pirovnebis gaorebis kults.

mokled, klasikuri monologizmis wanamZRvari: `cnobierebarogorc aseTi~, WeSmariteba rogorc aseTi~ da a. S., anu wanamZRvari:ìse, me rom ar vyofiliyavi~ (ras hqvia _ ar vyofiliyavi~?) cotaar iyos gulubryvilod JRers.

arada, faqtia, rom idealistur-humanisturi sityvis realuriavtoroba am “sityvis” monawiles angariSs aRar uwevs.

`dekonstruqtivistul apofatikaSi~, anu alternatiulmonologizmSi, klasikuri gonebis aracnobieri sawyisi nihilizmSiiwyebs TviTgamoxatvas; sxvagvarad: esaa refleqturi ganwyobaàrafrisadmi~.

problema ase Semotrialdeba kontrforsiT: ise, TiTqos sxva~ar yofiliyos~; da es kontrforsi sadoavangardul poetikaSiSiSvldeba.

kulturis istoria adasturebs, rom ulmobloba da libidoerTimeoresTanaa dakavSirebuli; TumcaRa, froidisamebr, araerTiavtori libidoSi agresiuli momentis miRma veRar gavida. erTnivaraudoben, rom seqsualuri ltolvis Tanamdevi agresiulobakanibalizmis gadmonaSTia. isic ivaraudeba, rom nebismieri tkiviligulisxmobs siamovnebis moments.

ase Tu ise, sadizmis namdvili fesvebi seqsualuri grZnobisdeformaciaSi ar unda veZeboT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mxolod amgvarigrZnobis deformaciaSi... mocemuli gadaxra~, iseve, rogorc mazoxizmi,Rrma pirovnul damRas atarebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamians surs(nebavs), daamciros sxva~, gaakontrolos rogorc ekzotopia. magram,vinaa es `sxva~? tani _ tani tatani, gulwamtani, ucxod marebi~,romelic sul laSqarSia~, rac kia ZuZus maswyvita dedama... axla,isic vikiTxoT es ucxod marebi~ da ZuZus mowyvetili~ tani xomaraa sadisturi gan-sxvavebis~, obieqti?!

sadizmi `sxvisi~ realobis xelyofaa, amasTan, Znelia eWvisSetana imaSi, rom realuri sxvaoba~ anu baxtiniseuli äðóãîñòü~dasavluri humanitaruli azrovnebisaTvis _ postmodernis am`samSoblosaTvis~, vTqvaT, levinasisa da blanSosaTvis, dedis ZuZu~iyo.

mokled, `äðóãîñòü~ _ es baxtiniseuli terminus _ Tavisiprotopostmodernuli implikaciebiT dasavleTisTvis gacilebiTgasagebi (da misaRebic) aRmoCnda, vidre _ xelovnuri rZiT nakvebisabWoTa humanitariisaTvis.

daviT andriaZe

159

swored aseTia, magaliTad, ruseTSi postmodernizmis tipurfigurantad miCneuli d. savinis `tankas~ diskursiul-konteqs-tualuri foni, romelic mxolod gveCveneba postmodernistulad;gveCveneba da sxva araferi (isev `sxva~?!).

Cvens winaSea kulturis istoriaSi kargad cnobilipostromantikul-nicSeanuri miTologema `geniisa~, romelic XIXsaukuneSi modernistul eqstremad, namdvil `provokaciad~ _`provokaciad~ im gagebiT, ra gagebiTac xmarobs mas andrei beliTavis peterburgSi~ _ mogvevlina da Tanabrad ganmsWvala sxvadasxvadiskursuli praqtikebi _ esTetikidan politikamde.

ase vuaxlovdebiT dasavluri baxtinistikis im ìntimur~punqts, Tundac èrogenul zonas~, romelsac postmodernistulidionisurobis absurdi SeiZleba ewodos.

iqneb, es ufroa dRevandeli dasavluri kulturologiur-esTeziologiuri metafora, vidre karnavaluri qveskneli. yovelSemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom sadoavangardsa da postmodernsSoris sxvaobas~ isev da isev sxvaobis~ fenomenologia ganapirobebs.

postmodernistuli dionisurobis absurdi `resentimentia~,romlis protagonistadac gvevlineba Zveli, magram, ukvedekonstruirebuli ìatakqveSa adamiani~. Tumca, aq erTi `magram~mainc saWiroa. saqme isaa, rom postmodernistuli dekonstruqciis~oponentebi, mowinaaRmdegni Tavad mimarTaven xolme dekonstruqcias,roca `karnavalizacias~, rogorc dekonstruqciis radikalurwinaaRmdegobas, sakuTar oreulad~ aqceven, oreulad, andergraundislogikis (Tu dia-logikis) Tanaxmad rom modificirdeba. bolosda bolos, sxvis~ dekonstruireba sakuTari oreulis terminebSi,a. uxtomskisa ar iyos, niSnavs `sxvaTa~ imgvar gansjas, romelic`åñòü, âìåñòå ñ òåì, è òàéíîå î÷åíü òîíêîå, òåì áîëåå ÿäîâèòîåñàìîîïðàâäàíèå, ò. å. óñïîêîåíèå íà ñåáÿ è ñâîèõ òî÷êàõ çðåíèÿ!..`Àóòèñò ñî ñâîèì äâîéíèêîì íå õî÷åò óñòóïàòü ìåñòî äåéñ-òâèòåëüíîñòè~.

ai, dostoevskis `gmir-ideologTa~ darad, sworedac amgvarambivalentur, anu seriozul-sasacilo dauTmoblobaSi, sakuTarialibis mtkicebaSi, sakuTari Seucvlelobis gamudmebul mtkicebaSiagantotvili dekonstruqtivistuli resentimentis fesvebi.

sxvaTa Soris, iatakqveSa adamianis~, rogorc gmiri-ideologis~(baxtini), anda antiideologis (dostoevski) aCrdili, anu aCrdilisaukunis liberalur-totalitaluri kulturisa, xan aSkarad, xanaclatenturad gamokrTeba g. morsonisa da k. emersonis teqstebSi.

`samSoblo~ `dedis ZuZui~ da `sxva~

160

ase mimarTavs andergraundis mkvidri postTanamedroveadamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gadagvarebul qcevaTa, ufro zustad,saqcielTa damkvidrebas.

ase iqmneba skandaluri situacia, romelic SeiZleba gagebuliqnes, rogorc dasavluri postmodernuli resentimentis sabWouriimitacia.

ase yalibdeba `gabriyvebis poetika TviT gabriyvebulTapoziciidan~ (k. isupovi). amgvari poetika, marTlac, Camohgavsbodleriseul jojoxeTis reklamas~, araklasikuri meTodologiisfilosofosTa Soris ki, dRes saxezea baxtiniseuli parakate-goriuli organonis mzardi satanizacia, im baxtinisa, visi _ rogorcm. gasparovi ityoda _ `gamomwvevad arazusti~ terminebicfilosofiur Jargonad iqceva, antikulturis aRmwer metaenadyalibdeba. am terminebiT aRiwereba amgvari àntikulturis~aramxatvruli faqtura, Zalovani struqturebi~, socialuri sugestia,da mTlianobaSi, esTetizebuli bolSevizmis socialuri simbolizmi;da swored esaa postmodernistuli resentimentic _ erTsa daimave dros, cnobieric da aracnobieric, centralizebulic damarginaluric.

postmodernul resentimentamde ki iyo modernuli resentimenti.risi gamoxatulebaa sadoavangardi Tavisi `sxvis~ waSlis~strategiebiT. sadovangardis paradigmad dRes ukve `Riad~gvTavazoben vl. maiakovskis _ am poeti-teroristis poezias.

Tavis droze, e. fromma moixmo nekrofiliis nimuSad`futuristuli manifestebi~; a. Jolkovskis mierac ase iqna dasaxulimaiakovskis leqsebi sadizmis paradigmebad. da ara mxolod leqsebi_ piradi cxovrebac da yofiTi realiebic... magram, a. Jolkovskimdeiyo b. livSici romlis memuarebic _ saTauriT “Ïîëóòîðîãëàçûéñòðåëåö~ _ 1933 wels daiwera. misi avtori kvalificirebulfroidistad Tvlida Tavs, da arcTu ambiciurad... da kidev: livSicsara mxolod a. Jolkovski, aramed a. siniavski da i. karabCevskicàmarTleben~.

mokled, esaa ara mxolod klasikis demiTologizacia, aramedkonkretuli poetur-artistuli figuris (implied author) resen-timentic...

da mainc, maiakovskis sadoavangarduli fizionomia oficialurisabWouri modelis (percovi) sapirispirod, v. xodaseviCis cnobilnekrologSi iqna gaSiSvlebuli. misi gagrZeleba, da imavdroulad,faruli `polemikaa~ roman iakobsonis nekrologi, nekrologi-

daviT andriaZe

161

semiozisi (semiozisic Taviseburi nekrologia, nekrologi ki,semiozisi!). mTavari isaa, rom M~-s iakobsoniseuli modeli (SemdgomganviTarebuli l. stolbergeris monografiaSi, mogvianebiT ki _ z.papernisTan, v. terasTan, e. braunTan da a. S.) `me~-sa da àra-mes~antinomiazea agebuli. es ara-me~ ki, Tavis mxriv, qalSi _ am mens-trualur invalidSi Casaxlebuli simaxinjiTaa reprezentirebuli.

`Ì~- sTvis qali, yvela sxva ubedurebasTan erTad, uxamsisentimentalurobis, tradiciuli, mtruli da ragindara uvargisixelovnebis socialuri damkveTia. TviT venera miloselic amgvarisaqalTanos reprezentantia (...è âîò çàëà, è â íåé Âåíåðèíî/ äåçîáèëüå// ...íó áóäåò! Êîí÷åíî ñ îôèöèàëüíîé ÷àñòüþ/ Ìàäàì, àäüþ...).

qali _ negatiuri metaforikis wyarocaa. Ì~-is mizoginizmi,marTlac, usazRvroa; sadoavangardisti poeti cinikurad uTvlisbebruxanas tanze xalebs da ise aSiSvlebs mis sxeuls, rogorcrodeni Tavis mSvenier omierSi~, oRond, ufro gamomwvevad... metic,`Ì~ TviT SemoqmedebiT processac, kerZod, sakuTars _ qalis`gamyidvelobasTan~ aigivebs: `Êàæäîå ñëîâî/ äàæå øóòêà /...âûáðàñûâàåòñÿ, êàê ãîëàÿ ïðîñòèòóòêà/ èç ãîðÿùåãî ïóáëè÷íîãî äîìà;ïîýò, êàê áëÿäü ðóáëåâàÿ, æèâåò ñ ñëîâöîì ëþáûì~... aq aRar arisadgili Ì~-is, ase vTqvaT, qalofobiis sademonstraciod. miT ufro,rom Cemi mizani arc `Ì~-is mizoginizmis interteqstualurikorelatebis daZebnaa, arc paralelebis moZieba, magaliTad,lermontovTan (`ß íå óíèæóñü ïðåä òîáîþ~). arc misi artistulantipodebTan (magaliTad, blokTan da mSvenieri qalis miseulkultTan) polemika... amjerad arc im mZulvarebis konsistenciaminda avwono, ramac gansazRvra Ì~-is rkiniseburi leqsebis simZime;mokled, axla CemTvis mTavaria am paradigmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliara `Âåðáà èçáèåíäè~ anda `Âåðáà ïëåâàíäè~, aramed misisafuZvlmdebare Tu implicituri markerebi, romlebic jgufdebian,erTi mxriv, sintaqtur markerebad, meore mxriv ki, Zalauflebismarkerebad. oriveni ki, erTad gamoxataven `ndobis lingvistikas~.orive SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs literaturasTan, rogorc sadisturipirovnebis, fsiqoavtoreprezentaciasTan.

axla ki sareklamo pauza: `qarTuli wamali “salxino~

`salxino~ gamoiyeneT sarZeve jirkvlebis daavadebis

samkurnalod. kistozur-fibrozuli mastopaTia , mastiti;

mSobiarobis Semdeg aicilebT mastits da gaaumjobesebT

bavSvis kvebas sakuTari rZiT.


162

isini gamojanmrTeldnen .

Tqven? ikiTxeT afTiaqebSi” .

fsiqoanalizSi sakmaodaa deSifrirebuli pirveladi sadisturitravmis sindromi, romelsac bavSvi dedis mkerdTan mocilebis Semdeg,ufro farTo gagebiT ki _ mozrdilTa meurveobisagan ganTavi-suflebis wiaR ganicdis da mravalgzis dasturdeba avangardistuliepoqis naratiul teqstebSi; SeiZleba gavixsenoT sadis Jiustinas~finali, sadac protagonisti qali iRupeba mkerdze dacemuli elvisSedegad; esaa sadisturi esTetikis fantasmagoriul reJimSidasaxuli simbiozis kulminacia. momavalSi ki, gvecxadeba ra samyarodTavisTavSi~, esa ukve literaturaa, TandaTan rom aRbeWdavs avtorisSinagan realobas, rogorc diskurss, individualur fsiqikur aqtsgaregan, socialur da intersubieqtur gamocdilebad anzogadebs, daase marTavs siuJets, rogorc ojaxursa da socialurs Sorisekvivalentobas. sadoavangardisti (igive `Ì~) aRwers gmiris,sxvadasxva juris aqtiur-sadistur qmedebebs. es ùkanaskneli~amyarebs wesrigs samyaroSi, am mizniT ayenebs seqsualur obieqtstkivils, es obieqti~ ki eqsistencialur maqsimumad hyavs dasaxuli.sadisturi sindromis gamovlena imiT motivirdeba, rom mag., gmirsmiatovebs Seyvarebuli. es ukanaskneli maiakovskis poemaSi Îáëàêîâ øòàíàõ~ asocirdeba dedasTan, RvTismSoblis saxels rom atarebs,Txovdeba, iZens potenciuri dedis rols, mere imave gmirisaTvisgvevlineba TavSesafrad, rodesac mas ukve aRar sWirdeba, iyosmozrdili da a. S. sadizmi am konteqstSi dedis mkerdisagan bavSvisgaucxoebis aspeqtSi iSifreba. sxva SemTxvevaSi, mag., a. flakerismier mSvenivrad interpretirebul, vs. ivanovis novelaSi `Äèòå~amgvari kavSiri eqsplicirebulia; daaxloebiT analogiuri situaciaaiseT teqstebSi, rogorebicaa zamiatinis Ìû~, a. tolstois Àýëèòà~,babelis `Ëþáêà Êàçàê~, kaverinis `Êîíåö õàçû~, eseninis `ÌîñêâàÊàáàöêàÿ~, kruSCionixis `Ðàçáîéíèê Âàíüêà-Êàèí è Ñîíüêà-Ìàíèêþðùèöà~, kamenskis Ñòåïàí Ðàçèí~, xlebnikovis leqsSi Íåøàëèòü~ da a. S.

sxvaTa Soris, swored es ukanaskneli iyo, vinc Seecada(pirvelad) Seeqmna samyaros imgvari scienturi modeli, romelickoordinirebuli iqneboda primarul sadistur travmasTan.xlbnikovTan (statiaSi `Îïûò ïîñòðîåíèÿ îäíîãî åñòåñòâåííî-íàó÷íîãî ïîíÿòèÿ~) wamoyenebulia winadadeba, cnebas `simbiozi~daematos cneba `metabiozi~, ris magaliTicaa `ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíîåâûðàñòàíèå íà ìåñòå èñ÷åçíóâøåé ëåñíîé ïîðîäû êàêîé-íèáóäü

daviT andriaZe

163

îïðåäåëåííîé äðóãîé~. xedavT, sxvis~ metamorfoza, aqac sadisturkonsteqstSia dasaxuli?! rac Seexeba, oralur sadizms, aqac bavSvispiri-saxiTaa igi dasaxuli (da dasaxsruli) da warmoadgenssimbiozis sxvas~ _ simbiozs cocxlisa da TiTqos, gardacvlilisac,romelic abstrahirebulia da arafsiqikuri realobis sibrtyezeagavrcelebuli.

momdevno motivia samyaros Sesansvla _ es gorgon-tualuriaqcia, mag. qalaqis mier kosmosis STanTqma (Sdr. p. filonovismetamorfozebi); fsiqoanalitikosisaTvis Zneli ar unda iyos amgvaraqtSi zekompensaciis motivis implikacia, zekompensaciisa, romelsaceltvis individi, da visac aRar ZaluZs mtanjveli mogonebebisaganemansipacia; amasTan, esaa mogonebaca da ga-mogonebac (invencia) imiswil, Tu individi rogor moswyda misTvis erTaderT (momavalSi ki_ universalizebul) `kvebis wyaros~. STanTqmisaTvis ganwiruliuniversumis xati xom saerTodaa futuristuli (Tu kubo-futuristuli) egzersirebis motivi. magaliTad, SeiZleba movixmoTi. severianinis Âëàäèìèð Ìàÿêîâñêèé~, b. pasternakis Ïèðøåñòâà~,m. cvetaevas satira...

darRveuli simbiozis _ sul erTia, eqstravertuli iqneba igiTu intravertuli _ sadisturi restavracia iTvaliswinebs, romòbieqtur~ gansacdelSi Cavardnil samyaros daubrundeba dakargulisubieqturoba; bavSvic, agre agresiulad rom eqceva dedas, rZe romwaarTva pirmSos, aseve cdilobs obieqtobisagan mSoblisgaTavisuflebas. simbiozis dasasruli ki, bavSvisTvis teleolo-giurobis dasawyiss niSnavs. diax, pawia sadisti teleologistia,mas subieqtoba Semoaqvs garemomcvel samyaroSi, ise, rogorc maleviCis`patara ufliswuls~, romelmac filonoviseuli qalaqis miersamyaros STanTqma kulminaciamde miiyvana da Savi kvadratis~ saxiTdaabnela samyaro (`xom dagabnele~?!)...

diaxac, dedis ZuZus mowyvetili, anu mkerdTan gaucxoebuli(gan-sxva-vebuli) usuaria obieqtis subieqtivirebis mowadineca damacnec...

axla, ki ori daskvna: samomavlod (potenciurad)subieqtivirebuli obieqti an xdeba damokidebuli misTvis am TvisebisdamTmobi subieqtisagan, sxvisgan~ gancalkevebulad rom arsebobs,anda, piriqiT, samudamodaa damokidebuli masze, vinc Seqmna misisubieqturoba (Sdr. sadis JiustinaSi~ scenaTa monacvleoba, sadacprotagonist qalze xan Zaladoben, xanac, igi axerxebs ZaladobisaganTavdaRwevas). ai, saidan momdinareobs is fsiqologiuri kontroverza,


164

romlis kvalobazec, avangardistuli poezia futuristul daakmeistur fraqciebad daiSala. futurizmi asuraTxatebs saganTajanys, obieqtTa amboxs, subieqtebisadmi damorCileba rom ar surT(Sdr. pasternakis `Íî âåùè ðâóò ñ ñåáÿ ëè÷èíó~), akmeizmSi ki, eslaitTema aRar `muSaobs~ (Sdr. janyis daTrgunva gumiliovTan)akmeizmi gamosaxavs sagnobriv samyaros, rogorc kulturis samyaros,adamianis mier Seqmnil samyaros (es aspeqti renate laxmans aqvsgaanalizebuli akmeistebis kulturfilosofiis Sesaxeb dawerilnaSromSi).

mokled, akmeizmisaTvis obieqti mxolod subieqtTan kavSirSiiZens mniSvnelobas. da mainc akmeizmi sadisturia _ da, erTi SexedviT,rac unda paradoqsulad JRerdes es Tezisi, igi mainc araa rezonsmoklebuli, radganac akmeizmis sadisturoba ganixileba im azriT,rom igi Tavis garSemo verafers naxulobs imgvars, rac ar iqnebodakultura, rac ar iqneboda adamianisagan momdinare (Tu momarTul~)nebaze, Tundac intenciaze damokidebuli. akmeisturi ontoteqsticamitomacaa kulturuli artefaqtebiT konstituirebuli.

rac Seexeba oralur agresiulobas, man avangardSi Tavi immotiviT iCina, rom sametyvelo kreaciaSi, gamoTqmaSi unda dasaxuliyosaSualeba referentTa samyaroze gamarjvebisa, misi gauqmebisa, dafuZnebasityvisa, rogorc aseTisa (xlebnikoviseuli `ñëîâî êàê òàêîâîå~).

ase dakarga futuristul poeziaSi faqtiurma universummagansxvaveba enobriv universumTan mimarTebiT. amasobaSi,postsimbolizmis metonomiuri poetika (sinekdoqes CaTvliT) isevfsiqikur sarCuls amogvibrunebs da sadoavangardistul konotaciaTamaraos sapirispirod gadagviSlis. pars pro toto da totum pro parte-srelaciaTa avangardistuli absolutizaciac sxva araferi iyo, Tuara kulturkreatorTa mogoneba imis Sesaxeb, rom yovelive (simbiozi)ikargeba da xelaxla moipoveba nawilis _ dedis ZuZus saxiT,xolo es dedis ZuZui~, rogorc CvenebianT samSoblo xevsurisas~didgvarovani avtoris erT qrestomaTiulad kitCizirebul teqstSia,àr gaicvlebis sxvazeda~.

iqneb, cxonebuli rafiel erisTavic am sxva~-Si baxtin-levinis_ blanSoseul ekzotopias winaTgrZnobda, da saerTod, egeb, isicsadoavangardisti iyo, vin icis?!

daviT andriaZe

165

iv. javaxiSvilis sa-xelmwifo universitetiszogadi da gamoyenebiTienaTmecnierebis kaTedrisdoqtoranti, poeti(literaturul konkurs‘wero~s(2008) I premiismflobeli) eleqtro-nuli literaturulibiblioTekis lib.ge_s Ta-n a a vtori , litera -turuli Jurn alis“l’il” redaqtori,araerTi literaturuliproqtis avtori daTanaorganizatori, ramde-nime samecniero da li-teraturuli publi-kaciisa da erTi poeturikrebulis _ “Sokoladi”_ avtori.interesebi – yvelaferi,rac ki enis -YyofierebissaxlSi cxovrobs,niSani – Seqmnis procesSida Semdeg...…

diana anfimiadi

”axali esperanto” anu”sicilakebis” semiotika

Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi kompiuteruliteqnologiebisa da internetis funqciisgazrdam warmoSva e.w. virtualuri enis qvetipi,sadac verbaluri narativis garda, mniSvnelovaniaiseTi semiotikuri niSnebic, rogoricaa sici-lakebi (Rimilakebi) da sxvadasxva saxispiqtogramebi.

xSirad, virtualuri urTierTobisassityva Canacvlebulia aseTi niSnebiT, metic,dialogic ki mimdinareobs aseT niSanTagamoyenebiT . am niSanTa fsiqologiuri ,xasiaTobrivi, Tematuri da konteqsturimravalferovneba kidev ufro amartivebs am saxiskomunikacias.

xsenebul niSanTa ase aqtiurad gamoyenebismizezi enis ekonomiurobisaken midrekilebaSiunda veZioT, garda amisa, azrovnebisa dametyvelebis urTierTmimarTebis TaviseburebaTamravali aspeqti ganapirobebs aseTi niSnebissaWiroebasa da xSir SemTxvevaSi Seucvlelobas.

ganvixilav am niSnebs niSnis rolanbartiseuli sami - simboluri, paradigmatulida sintagmaturi ganzomilebiT.

sanam am niSnebze konkretul saubarsdaviwyeb, ramdenime ZiriTad definicias ga-vixseneb, rac SemdgomSi gaaadvilebs konkretulisakiTxis ukeT gaazrebas.

semiotikaSi arsebobs uamravi definicianiSnis Sesaxeb, magram yvela maTgani or ZiriTadganmartebas eyrdnoba da maT metnakleb Sevseba_ interpretacias warmoadgens.

166

pirveli aris pirsis ( semiotikis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis) midgoma,romlis mixedviTac, “ niSani warmoadgens raRacas, rac aRniSnavs raimesvinmesaTvis raime mimarTebiT an moculobiT arsebobas.”

meore gaxlavT ferdinand de sosiuriseuli modeli niSnisa, rogorcaRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis erTianobisa, romelsac mxolod sistemissxva elementebTan erTianobis Sedegad eniWeba funqcia.

saintereso interpretacia warmoadgina rolan bartma, romlismixedviTac nebismieri niSani gulisxmobs sami tipis damokidebulebas:Sinagani damokidebuleba, romelic akavSirebs aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSnsda ori garegani damokidebuleba, pirveli virtualuria, igi miakuTvnebsniSans sxva niSanTa gansazRvrul sistemas, meore damokidebulebaaqtualuria, is aerTianebs niSans sxva niSnebTan, anu gamoiyofasimboluri, paradigmaturi da sintagmaturi ganzomileba.

virtualuri komunikaciebisas, eleqtronuli gzavnilebis,forumebisa da Catebis enaSi xSirad gamoyenebuli sicilakebi, anugarkveuli emociis grafikulad amsaxavi niSnebi, mravali funqciiTada interpretaciT gamoiyeneba.

es sicilakebi asaxaven subieqtis emocias, obieqtisadmi misdamokidebulebas, raime movlenis analizs, raime faqtis aRweras.....

nebismieri saxis emocia Tu movlena warmoadgens aRsaniSns, romlisaRmniSvneli am emociis grafikuli xatia. romelic xSirad cvlisverbalur narativs.

amis mizezi, garda ekonomiurobis principisa, SeiZleba iyos xSirSemTxvevaSi verbalurad SeuZlebloba emociis sruli saxiT gadmocemisa,an gadmosacemad uxvi leqsikuri masalis gamoyenebis aucilebloba.

am saxiT, adamianis emocia da mimika iZens grafikul gamosaxulebas,gadaiqceva niSnad, xolo Semdeg, xSirad es niSani – piqtograma kvlavbrundeba mimikis saxiT.

mimarTebaTa gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa monopersonalurisicilakebi, romlebic mosaubris, anu subieqtis emocias gamoxatavsda bipersonaluri: mosaubris TanamosaubresTan, subieqtis obieqtTanmimarTebis gamomxatveli niSnebi.

monopersonaluri niSnebma SeiZleba gamoxaton Semdegi saxisemociebi :

mikvirs, kmayofili var, mowyenili var, davmarcxdi, vfiqrob, Tanaxmavar, gavbrazdi....

bipersonaluri niSnebi ori saxisaa, erTi, rodesac gamoxatavssubieqtis damokidebulebas gansazRvruli obieqtisadmi da rodesacmimarTvis obieqti ganusazRvrelia.

diana anfimiadi

167

bipersonaluri jgufis niSnebi gamoxataven Semdeg Sinaarss:duelSi giwvev, gkocni, ar geTanxmebi, gelodebi, damireke.....aq aucilebelia subieqtisa da obieqtis urTierTarseboba,

damokidebuleba gadadis subieqtidan Tanamosaubreze an emociis obieqtze.arsebobs erTgvari usubieqto sicilakebi, isini aRweren iseT

faqts, romelic xdeba mosaubreTagan damoukideblad,mag: Tovs, wvims da.a.S.Tumca aseTma niSnebmac SeiZleba miiRon damatebiTi, obieqtTan

mimarTebiTi Sinaarsi: wvims, imitom rom vtiri, Tovs, imitom rom mcivada a.S. , aq niSans emateba gadataniTi Sinaarsi, niSani xdeba metaforulida iZens simbolos datvirTvas.

es sicilakebi aerTianebs semiotikuri niSnisaTvis damaxasiaTebelyvela Tvisebas, warmoadgens aRsaniSnis grafikulad gamoxatul emociurxats, da qmnis aRsaniSn-aRmniSvnelis damokidebulebis models.

aseT simboloTa erTianoba warmoadgens virtualuri enis qvetipniSanTa sistemas, xolo am niSanTa gamoyeneba erT horizontalursibrtyeze, dialogsa da saubarSi, saintereso sintagmaTa magaliTebsgvaZlevs, rasac SesaZloa ikonuri winadadebebic ki vuwodoT.

amgvari ikonuri winadadebebiT SesaZloa saubris awyoba ise, romsruliad ar gamoiyenebodes verbaluri narativi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom es niSnebi, erTgvar esperantos funqciasasruleben, zogadenobrivni arian da erTnairad gasagebi nebismierienobrivi garemos mkvidrisaTvis, rac zrdis maTs funqcias, vinaidanglobaluri eleqtronuli qselis mTavari mizani swored erebsa daenebs Soris martivi komunikaciebis damyarebaa.

,

”axali esperanto” anu ”sicilakebis” semiotika

168

gaga lomiZe

aRmniSvnelTa mineraluriamboxi

cxovreba Teatrs gavs, sadac yvela Tavisrols asrulebs – ambobda berZeni poeti-epigramisti paladasi. ”cxovreba cirkia” _mReroda gundi (ZvelberZnuli qoros esTanamedrove versia) devid bouis simReraSi.cxovreba cirks, scenaze gaTamaSebul epizodebsmogvagonebs, sadac TiToeul Cvengans Tavisiroli aqvs. ufro ki maSin, roca zaza burWulaZis”mineraluri jazis” pirveli epizodi, sadacuSualod moqmedeba xdeba – cirks – am kar-navalur sanaxaobas – ukavSirdeba. yvelaferi eski Tanamedrove romanis, an gnebavT, postmo-dernuli romanis erT-erT mTavar princips –TamaSis princips iTvaliswinebs. miT umetes,rom am multivalentur romanSi/teqstSikarnavalicaa, Tavisi mezalansebiTa da pro-fanaciebiT, dekonstruqciac – Tavisi binaruliopoziciebiTa da gramatologiuri elementebiTda avtoris sikvdili Tu avtoris ”me”-shipertrofirebac (avtoris cnebasTan dakavSi-rebuli ormagi kodireba). magram mivyveTTanmimdevrobiT.

daviwyoT imiT, rom avtori (am cnebasversad gaveqceviT) Tavis romans qarvas adarebs,vinaidan romani, iseve rogorc qarva, TavisTavSisaukuneebis ”gamocdilebas” aerTianebs – imisgaTvaliswinebiT, rom yvelaze Zveli qarvadaaxloebiT 30-90 milioni wlisaa da masSiuxrwneli saxiT, Cakirulia yvelaze Zveli

SoTa rusTavelis qar-Tuli literaturis ins-titutis TanamSromeli.literaturaTmcodne.Targmna wignebi:iuri lotmani. “kulturada afeTqeba” (2004), piterbiorki “renesansi” (2001).avtoria statiebis:“melanqoliuri diskursida uxilavi subieqti”, -“panTeisturi katafatika”da sxv.interesTa sfero:literaturaTmcodneoba,kulturis istoria.

169

organizmebi – mcenareebi Tu mwerebi. Tan, saberZneTSi mas xom mzisRmerTTan aigivebdnen, ramdenadac am sityvis berZnuli Sesatyvisi iyoçëåêôñïí, xolo mzis RvTaebis zedwodeba ”gamomafxizlebeli” pirdapiriyo dakavSirebuli masTan. amis paralelurad, ”mineraluri jazi”, TavisibrikolaJuri teqnikiT, romelic literaturuli Tu vizualurixelovnebis interteqstebiT Tu citatebiTaa gajerebuli – plutarqes”paraleluri biografiebidan” (romulusis aorTqleba da a.S.),”danaSauli da sasjelis” epizodis parodizebis (fokos da Samugiasepizodi) Tu prustiseuli erTgvari diatribuli narativis CaTvliT(sadac mwerali dauswrebel mosaubres elaparakeba), goias ofortebiT(Samugias xilva), ”adamsebis ojaxiT” (moWrili xeli ) Tu felinis “8½”-iT (romanis alternatiuli saTauri ”SemoqmedebiTi klimaqsi” gvidoanselmis SemoqmedebiT kriziss Segvaxsenebs) damTavrebuli, _ imazemiuTiTebs, rom is msoflio kulturis gamocdilebas moicavs da qarvis(da aqedan gamomdinare, paundiseuli definiciiT, ideogramis _ ”mze-RmerTis”) kvalad, ”gamomafxizlebeli”, samkurnalo daniSnuleba aqvs.swored aqedan momdinareobs romanis saTauris avtoriseuli definiciac_ ”mineraluri jazi”: ”mineraluri”, rac samkurnalo Tvisebebsgulisxmobs da, ”gurjebis” sayvarel saqmianobasTan, nabaxusevis SemdegloginSi uqmad kotrialTan asocirdeba; xolo jazi _ ”seiri, dardisgaqarveba, zurna-duduki, saseiro”-s mniSvnelobis matarebelia. aqedanukve semantikuri TvalsazrisiT wyvildeba ori cneba: sawadeli dasaseiro.

imavdroulad, qarva erTgvarad ukavSirdeba Taflsac, rac romanSiaraerTgzisaa moxseniebuli da ikvreba metaforuli wyvilebi – goleuli/futkari da mwerali/teqsti, rac Tavis mxriv, ukve pirdapir ukavSirdebateqstis, rogorc qarvis gagebas. axla, Tuki avtoris sityvebsgavixsenebT, rom yoveli didi qmnileba unda iyos sazogadoc da viwrodnacionaluric (romanSi is pasaJi, sadac kuTxurobis Sesaxeb anekdotzeasaubari) , maSin futkrisa da Taflis konteqstSi sruliad samarTlianadSemova romanis erT-erTi personaJi – daTvi – diadi ruseTis xati. miTumetes, misi tambovuri warmoSoba gvibiZgebs amisken. axla ukve romanipolitikuri pamfletis saxes iRebs da aseT SemTxvevaSi asociaciuricTunebisTvis Tavis daRweva Znelia: Samugias ”kiserze ZaRlis mZori”xom igive Teimuraz xevisTavTan gvagzavnis ”jayos xiznebidan”, xolo”qarTveloba, rogorc didi tvirTi” – Teimurazis da ivanes dialogsmogvagonebs imave romanidan; an Tundac fraza _ ”wamovwvebodi CemTvisleRvis CeroSi da aRaraferze ar vifiqrebdi... zafxulia da misidadgomisTanave WerSi imodena buzi Cndeba, SegiZlia Tvalo da

aRmniSvnelTa mineraluri amboxi

170

Semodgomamde mainc ver daTvli”, romelic ilias ”kacia-adamians”Segvaxsenebs. TviT ”SemoqmedebiTi krizisic” – romanis alternatiulisaTauri TiTqos migvaniSnebs, rom ”gurjistanSi” araferi Secvlila:”davijero, sabolood dabruvdiT da sakuTari xeliT naWediTanamdeboba-wodebulebaTa Tanmimdevrobaca da xeli-xel SekowiwebulfaseulobaTa wesrigic TviTon moSaleT? momkaliT da ar mjera.” miTumetes, rom avtoriseuli festina lente-c amis erTgvari dadasturebaa,roca TiTqos romani ver sruldeba (rogorc prustis gmiri, romelicromanis daweras apirebs, magram ar gamodis da romanic maSin mTavrdeba,roca personaJi ukve weras iwyebs), rasac avtori gamudmebiT gvimtkicebs.Tumca Cven viciT, rom es avtoris niRabia da romanis dausruleblobamxolod xerxia – karnavaluri xerxi. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiTdaTvi-personaJi kidev ufro amZafrebs am STabeWdilebas, roca avtoriuneblieT, TiTqos sasxvaTaSorisod, axsenebs ”olimpoel kneinas” –heras, romelmac xseni daRvara, saidanac rZiani gza, anu didi daTvisTanavarskvlavedi gaCnda. es ki, Tavis mxriv, viskontis ”didi daTvisdanislul varskvlavs” Segvaxsenebs da gzis gamouvalobaze migvaniSnebs.dabolos, mdgomareobis gamouvalobas kidev ufro amZafrebs oCigavebissaxlSi daTvis stumroba da am Caketil sivrceSi eqstatiuri rokva.miT umetes, personaJebi am dros jaWvur geranoss cekvaven, rac Tezevsisada labirinTidan Svidi qalwulis gaTavisuflebis miTs ukavSirdeba .

Tumca, Tu ufro farTo perspeqtividan SevxedavT, yvelaze rTuli,zogadad, adamianis xvedria samyaroSi, sadac biblia, felini da zolebianikbilis pasta TanabarmniSvnelovan cnebebad iqcnen; sadac Cvenshiperrealur samyaroSi omi pirdapir eTerSi gadaicema, SualedebSihigienuri tamponebis reklamebiT ; sadac masobrivi kvlavwarmoebis xanaSisulieri kultura meorexarisxovnad iqca, rac gacxadebulia romanisbolos tyavis savarZlebSi Cafluli prezidentebisa da andazis, rogorcsulieri kulturis nimuSis, dapirispirebis metaforaSi. adamianis miersakuTari bedis mowyobis mcdeloba TviTneburad an RmerTTan SeTanxmebisgareSe – uRmerTobis xanis niSania, rac kidev ufro cxadad Cans SamugiasxilvaSi – Tavisi valpurgis RameebiT Tu homunkulusebiT (goeTes”faustis” citirebiT da faustur civilizaciaze miTiTebiT). iqnebamitomac axsenebs zaza burWulaZe piTagoraseul siyvaruls , romelzecTiTqos unda gvesaubros da aviwydeba. iqneb amitomac gvris nostalgiastambovel daTvs qolTreinis kompozicia, _ ”afrikis” SemTxveviTigagoneba.

Tuki, rogorc avtori amtkicebs erTgan, ”dRevandel dRes, sabazroekonomikis junglebSi... literatura, rogorc dargi, male iseve

gaga lomiZe

171

amowuravs TavisTavs, viT, vTqvaT, sqolastikam amowura”, raRa saWiroa– avtoris, rogorc mTavarsardlis da sasveni niSnebis, rogorc alyis,militaristuli metafora? aseT dros swored tropuli xerxebi damniSvnelobebi iqceva ”xeli-xel Sekowiwebul faseulobaTa wesrigis”dekonstruqciis iaraRad. amgvari teqnika ki uxvadaa ”mineralur jazSi”– upirvelesad, prustiseuli metateqstiT Tu mkiTxvelTaninterpelaciiT, aRmniSvnelTa TamaSiTa (erTi da igive sagnis an movlenisdasaxasiaTeblad binaruli opoziciebis CamoTvliT maT Sorispolaruli sxvaobis gageba uqmdeba) Tu aporiulobiT; kulturiskodebis ironizebiT (sadac myari gamoTqmebis, erTgvari gnomuri kodebiserovnuli saunjidan avtori cdilobs sikvdilis Sesatyvisi gamoTqmaSearCios) Tu uneblie etimologiiT (Senoba/SeCemoba, sadac ”SeCemoba”etimologiuri TvalsazrisiT seqsualur kavSirTan wilnayar siaxloves,rogorc WeSmarit siaxloves mogvagonebs); molodinis horizontisgacruebiT (fraziT _ ”aq albaT mkiTxveli elodeba, rom...” ) Tu cnobilliteraturul teqstebze parodiiT (rodesac ”mineralur jazSi”samaSvelo rgoli Cndeba, rom Samugia sxva romanebis personaJebiviTwyalSi ar daixrCos).

Tumca aq yvelaze mTavari mainc jazis cnebaa, vinaidan is”Tavisuflebis postulatia” da ”axla da aq” iqmneba . amdenad kavSiriikvreba rogorc romanis saerTo struqturasTan, ise karnavalurobisgagebasTan – teqstTan ierarqiis gareSe da es aSkaraa Tundac imitom,rom ”mineralur jazSi” ar arseboben mTavari da aramTavari gmirebi,tradiciuli gagebiT. magram arsebobs teqsti, romlisTvisac ”droisaraviTar xangrZlivobas ar aqvs mniSvneloba” da Tanmimdevruli, xazovaniTxrobis sistema mis Tavisuflebas veRar SezRudavs. misTvis mxolod”maradiuli awmyoa” ; da rac mTavaria – arsebobs avtori, romelic TavisteqstTan erTad ”ibadeba” da evolucias ganicdis; romelic TanamedroveromanSi ”avtoris sikvdilis” miuxedavad, kvlavac agrZelebs arsebobasda winaaRmdegobas gamZafrebuli ”me”-s SegrZnebiT upirispirdeba. aqedanmomdinareobs ”mineralur jazSi” galaktioniseuli interteqsti _”maqvs mkerds midebuli qnari rogorc minda”, rac imavdroulad,sistemisgan da kanonikisgan gaTavisuflebuli avtoris ganuzomelTavisuflebas gulisxmobs; meore mxriv, isev galaktioniseuli ”CemTvisdResaviT aris naTeli, ras ityvis Cemze STamomavloba” – gulisxmobshi pertrofirebul ”me”-s da SemoqmedebiT potencias iTvaliswinebs.

rogorc derida ityoda, yvelaferi teqstobrivia da araferiarsebobs teqsts gareSe. maT Soris, Cveni cxovrebac. Cven ki, mkiTxvelT,isRa dagvrCenia, vifiqroT, niSnebs Soris qveteqstebi vikiTxoT da


172

viocneboT; viocneboT sodomamdel samyaroze, sadac aRar iqnebaierarqiuli wesrigi; arc mniSvnelobebis sistema SezRudavs adamianisTavisuflebas da aRarc mTavar da meorexarisxovan personaJebad dayofenadamianebs – swored ise rogorc ”mineralur jazSi”. an, sulac gaviRimoT– romans xom TiTqos refreniviT gasdevs avtoris uwyinari (Tuironiuli) sicili _ ”exe-xe”, romelic Tavisi bunebiT dionisuria,an, gnebavT, karnavaluri da Tavis TavSi aerTianebs imave binarul wyvilebs:qebas da lanZRvas, dacinvas da aRtacebas, kvdomas da aRdgomas.

literatura

1. devid bouis es simRera (Life is a Circus) butlegeruli CanawerebissaxiT gavrcelda. Sesulia butlegerul albomSi The Forgotten Songsof David Robert Jones da mas jon haTCinsonTan erTad asrulebs.

2. sagulisxmoa, rom jer kidev romaeli swavluli plinius ufrosi(ax.w. 23-79) miiCnevda, rom qarvis amuletebi adamianis sulier simSvidesuwyobs xels da borotisgan ifaravs mas.

3. moWrili xeli, rogorc simbolo, ”hari poteris” meore wignSicgvxvdeba, rodesac is meoreklaselTa saxelmZRvaneloebis wamosaRebadmidis. aseve, wignis bolos marjvena xeli Zvreba dambldors, romelicdauRalavad ebrZvis lord voldemorts. niSandoblivia, rom ioanenaTlismcemlis mimdevarTaTvis mTavari siwminde – ioane naTliscemlismokveTili marjvenaa.

4. gavixsenoT Taflis da futkris da aqedan gamomdinare, maTimzesTan kavSiri. Zvel egvipteSi Tafli mze-RmerTis, ras cremlebadmiaCndaT. futkari, ieroglifis TvalsazrisiT, qvesknelis sauflosacganasaxierebda. futkrebis gamoCena ki sicocxlis, ganaxlebis simbolodiTvleboda. amdenad, futkari kvdoma-aRdgomis simboloc iyo daorfikosebis msgavsad, mas sulTan aigivebdnen. (es sagulisxmoakarnavaluri xasiaTis roman ”mineraluri jazis” mimarT, vinaidanbaxtinis TqmiT, ”karnavalis yvela saxe ormxrivia, TavianT TavSi cvlisada krizisis orive poluss aerTianebs: dabadebasa da sikvdils,kurTxevas da wyevlas, qebas da lanZRvas, siymawvilesa da siberes, qvenasada zenas, winasa da ukanas, sicruesa da sibrZnes”). induisturmiTologiasa da ikonografiaSi ki samkuTxedis wverze mjdomi futkariSivas gansaxierebaa. kriSnas xSirad gamosaxavdnen cisferi futkriTSublze. siyvarulis RmerT kamas ki, kupidonis msgavsad, xelT upyriamSvildi, romlis laric futkrebisganaa damzadebuli. erT-erTiargonavti, periklimene, poseidonma lomad, gvelad da futkrad

gaga lomiZe

173

gardasaxvis unariT daajildova, vinaidan futkari gazafxulis daaRdgomis simbolo iyo. sagulisxmoa agreTve qalRmerT demetresTandakavSirebuli elevsinuri ritualebi, sadac bunebis kvdoma-aRdgomisscenebi TamaSdeboda, sadac demetres qaliSvils, persefones hadesiitacebda miwisqveSeTis saufloSi. persefones, anu koras ki xSiradTaflis msgavssac uwodebdnen. rituals atarebdnen hierofanti, hiera,hierofantidebi (ori qali) da yovldawmida qurumi qalebi, an melisebi,rac futkrebs niSnavs. Cvenamde SemorCenilia me-5 saukunis monetebiefesodan, romlebzec gamosaxulia futkarTa dedofali, rogorc dididedis, demetres simbolo; xolo mormonebTan futkari idealurisazogadoebis simbolo iyo.

5. am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia romauli ritualebi, sadacasaxuli iyo iniciaciis sxvadasxva safexuri. erT-erT maTgans ewodebodalomis safexuri. neoplatonikosi filosofosi porfiri werda:”Teologebi Tafls sxvadasxva simbolur datvirTvas aniWebdnen, vinaidanmas mravalgvari Tviseba aqvs – is ganwmends, gankurnavs kidec adamiansda Semnaxveli Tvisebac gaaCnia. Taflis wyalobiT, bevr rames icavengafuWebisgan da is Wrilobebsac malamod edeba”. ebraul da qristianullegendebSi, magaliTad, samsonis istoriaSi – samsoni klavs loms, xoloSemdeg gamoSignul loms aTvalierebs, sadac futkrebis gunds da Taflsdainaxavs da Taflis Wamas iwyebs (msaj.14).”

6. aq uneblieT gvaxsendeba ”vefxistyaosnis” akakiseuliinterpretacia, roca man personaJebis warmomavloba lokaluramdedaaviwroa da tarieli, avTandili da fridoni kuTxuri warmoSobisTvalsazrisiT ganixila. meore mxriv, kosmopolituris da nacionalurismimarTebaze saubaria ”mineraluri jazis” im epizodSi, sadac ukudokata asociaciurad dawyvilebulia ”gurjistanTan” da es erTi mxriv,qarTvelebis gandidebis maniaze (”qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai”)migviTiTebs, xolo meore mxriv – ilias ”bednier ers” da javaxiSvilis”jayos xiznebs” Segvaxsenebs.

7. ironiuli miniSneba bodhis xeze, romlis qveSac gautama buda”gaciskrovnda”. swored leRvis xeze CamoixrCo Tavi iudaiskariotelmac. da Tuki jazi musikaluri bgerebis Tavisufaliinterpretaciaa, teqstSi aseTia mniSvnelobebis Tavisufali TamaSi.amdenad, romanis saerTo konteqstidan gamomdinare, sagulisxmoa, romfonetikuri da semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, garkveulwilad wyvildebabuda/iuda.


174

8. es cekva asociaciurad gadmoscems xveuli labirinTidan Tezevsisgamosvlas – mis erT-erT gmirobas. geranoss, zogadad, Sereuladasrulebdnen aseTi mimdevrobiT: biWi-gogo-biWi...

9. aq aSkara aluziaa bodriiris wignTan ”sparseTis yures omi armomxdara”, romelic 1991 wels gamovida.

10. piTagoraseuli siyvarulis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia imissiyvaruli, rac adamians aqvs. is ufro raimes miuwvdomlobidanmomdinareobs, vinaidan siyvaruli aris Zala, romelic raime obieqtisdauflebisken an wvdomisken gvibiZgebs. rogorc ki obieqts veuflebiT,siyvaruli sixaruliT da kmayofilebiT icvleba. magram raime obieqtismimarT siyvaruli sikeTis mimarT arasworad mimarTul siyvaruladiTvleboda. sikeTe ki mxolod da mxolod RmerTia, erTi, absoluturisinamdvile. sikeTe – samyaroa, romelSic yvelaferi harmoniaSiaerTmaneTTan.

11. qolTreini qristianul ojaxSi aRizarda. 1950-iani wlebisbolos man colad SeirTo xuanita naima grabi, romelsac muslimurisarwmunoeba hqonda miRebuli. amitomac, qolTreini islamiTdainteresda. rogorc amboben, swored islami daexmara qolTreins,rom alkoholisa da heroinisadmi midrekileba daeZlia. es periodimisi SemoqmedebiTi da sulieri gamofxizlebis dasawyisia. swored amperiodSi, 1961 wels aris Cawerili kompozicia Africa, romelicmusikosis sulieri gamocdilebiTaa gajerebuli.

12. roca avtori velosipeds axsenebs da romanSi misi saWiroebisSesaxeb saubrobs, uneblieT SeiZleba gagvaxsendes Cexovis sityvebi,rom nawarmoebSi uqmad dakidebulma Tofma boloSi mainc undagaisrolos da teqstSi Tavisi arseboba gaamarTlos.

13. barti ”avtoris sikvdilSi” wers: ”Tanamedrove mweralisakuTar teqstTan erTad ibadeba... yoveli teqsti iwereba aq da axla”.”mineralur jazSic” zaza burWulaZe wers: ”ai, swored esaa am wignissayrdeni wertili: warsuli da momavali erTad mocemuli axla, maradawmyoSi.”

14. baxtinis Tanaxmad, ”karnavali aris sanaxaoba rampisa daSemsruleblebad da mayureblebad dayofis gareSe. karnavalSi yvelauSualo monawilea, karnavaluri qmedebis Tanaziaria. karnavals arucqeren da, mkacrad rom vTqvaT, mis gaTamaSebas ki ar axdenen, aramedcxovroben masSi, cxovroben misi kanonebiT, vidre es kanonebi moqmedeben,anu karnavalur cxovrebas ewevian. TviTon karnavaluri cxovreba arisiseTi cxovreba, romelic amogdebulia Cveulebrivi kalapotidan, anuerTgvari ”ukuRma cxovrebaa”, ”gadmobrunebuli samyaroa”. karnavalis

gaga lomiZe

175

dros uqmdeba wesebi, akrZalvebi da SezRudvebi, romlebic Cveulebrivi,anu arakarnavaluri cxovrebis dinebasa da wyobas gansazRvraven;upirvelesad uqmdeba ierarqiuli wyoba da masTan dakavSirebuli SiSis,mokrZalebis, pietetis, etiketis da a.S. formebi, anu yovelive is, rasacadamianTa socialur-ierarqiuli da yvela sxvagvari (maT Soris –asakobrivi) uTanasworoba ganapirobebs.”

15. avgustines Tanaxmad, maradiuloba drois gagebas areqvemdebareba, is ”dgas da ucvlelia da maradiulobaSi yvelaferiawmyoSia”.

16. galaktioniseuli sityvebi aluziaa horaciusis cnobilileqsis “Exegi Monumentum”, romliT STagonebulma puSkinmac dawerastriqonebi: ”ß ïàìÿòíèê ñåáå âîçäâèã íåðóêîòâîðíûé...”, sadac sakuTarTavs da sakuTar poezias asxams xotbas.


176

malxaz xarbedia

kritikis dabadeba

mcire eqskursiT daviwyeb da Janstarobinskis 1967 wels daweril da 2001 welsgadamuSavebul erT statias gavixseneb, sadacavtori kritikis Z alze sai nteresoetimologias gvTavazobs. statias “kritikismimarTeba” hqvia da avtori am sityvis ZirismosaxelTeblad JorJ blenis wignsac imowmebs:cnobilia, rom sityva “kritika” ZvelberZnulizmna krinein-dan modis (laT. cerno), romlisTavdapirveli mniSvnelobac gayofas, garCevasukavSirdeba, aqvea gafantvisa da ganiavebissaxeebic da rac mTavaria , starobinskigamohyofs e.w. “kritikul dReebsac”, krizisisperiods, roca, hipokrates medicinis Tanaxmad,avadmyofis bedi wydeba.

Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturisa dakritikis mdgomareoba da zogadad, kulturuliviTareba swored am erTi Zalze moqnili daTiTqosda SiSismomgvreli sityviT, krizisiTSeiZleba daxasiaTdes. anu, avadmyofi cnobilia,masze ukve bevri dawerila, zogs aseTiveavadmyofuri paTosiT aRsavse werilebiSeuTxzavs mis gamo, sxvebs ki Wkvianuri, magramarafrismTqmeli gansjebiT daumZimebiamkiTxvelis goneba. iyo maxvilgonivruliSeniSvnebic. didi Sansebi arc am werils aqvs,arc am erTi statiiT gairkveva rame, magram imedia,fiqrs mainc mivayolebT imas, rac dRevandelCvens literaturaSi xdeba.

ar minda mowuwune nihilistad CamTvalosvinmem, magram krizisi dRes yvelgan igrZnoba,

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifouniversitetis humanitarulmecnierebaTa da kulturiskvlevebis fakultetisdoqtoranti, SoTa rusTa-velis literaturis ins-titutis TanamSromeli.Jurnal cxeli Sokoladis~literaturuli redaqtori.ZiriTadi naSromebi:galaktionis qalaquri teq-sti, poeturi narcisizmi dainterteqstualoba, piradibiblioTeka~ (esseebi).interesTa sfero:literaturaTmcodneoba,kritika, mxatvruli Targ-mani.

177

da am dros mniSvneloba ara aqvs, vin ufro metni arian dRes saqarTveloSi,profesionali, mondomebuli da muyaiTi avtorebi Tu gulgrili anxelgautexavi mwerlebi. dRes rom literaturuli procesi cota vinmesainteresebs, cxadia. cxadia isic, rom arc kritika aRelvebs bevrs.xSirad daiCivleben xolme amaze, magram sinamdvileSi erTeulebi TuaRiareben, ra aris aucilebeli sisxlsavse literaturulicxovrebisTvis.

am momCivanTagan umravlesobas, samwuxarod, arafris ufleba aqvsda verc kaTedraze Sedgeba saqadagod, imitom rom es kaTedrebic(literaturuli gamocemebi) aRar arsebobs da Tavadac yovelTvis ukanixeven, roca raime sajaro Sexvedraze iwveven. samagierod qadageben amaTu im literaturuli kavSiris pirmSoni, romlebsac jgufebi pirobiTadhqviaT, Torem sinamdvileSi arc SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebia eseni da arcraime Rirebulis aRmsarebelni, aramed garkveuli mentaluri Tufinansuri erToba, adamianebi, romelTac an fuli aerTianebT, an Senoba,anda sulac xaTri. qadagebs am jgufebis mier (Tu piriqiT) “gawamebuli”kulturis ministri, erTi xelis mosmiT rom Seuwyvita Tavis drozedafinanseba uklebliv yvela gamocemas, da mravali sxva… saqmeze kiaravin dardobs, aravin fiqrobs imaze, rom ori profesionaliprozaikosi da oric popularuli poeti ver Seqmnis Tanamedroveliteraturas. arc kafeebis Tavyrilobebi eyofa amas da arc miT umetes,presaSi mimofantuli abzacebi, am Tavyrilobebs rom aRwers.

amaswinaT, yurZnis SarSandel mosavalze CavekiTxe meRvineebs,kompaniis warmomadgenlebsa da glexebs da verc erTisgan ver miviRepasuxi yurZnis xarisxis Sesaxeb, imaze, Tu rogor Rvinos unda elodosmomxmarebeli 2006 wlis mosavlidan. erTni mxolod rusul embargozemoTqvamdnen, meoreni ki socialur problemebze, imaze, rom kompaniebiZalian iafad ibarebdnen yurZens da a.S. xarisxze fiqriT ki araviniwuxebda Tavs. literaturac aseT dReSia CvenTan, mxatvrulRirebulebebze vinRa dardobs, roca honoraris maZiebeli avtori,RmerTma uwyis, romeli redaqciis kars ar miadga; roca mweraliminimalursac kia moklebuli, maT Soris dabeWdvas, Tundac uhonorarod;roca mwerlis bediT aravin interesdeba, TiTo-orola gamonaklisisgarda.

bolo wlis manZilze Zalze iklo mxatvruli literaturis wilmasagamomcemlo saqmeSic. sul oriod romani gamovida, sami-oTxi poeturikrebuli da ramdenime Targmani. xSiri gaxda klasikis gadamRerebuligamocemebi, romelic arsebuli xarvezis daZlevis iluzias qmnismxolod. SeCerebuli literaturuli perioduli gamocemebis gamo

kritikis dabadeba

178

“bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba” wels pirvelad daarRvevs tradiciasda ver Seadgens Tavis “15 saukeTesos”, wlis rCeuli moTxrobebiskrebuls, radgan moTxrobebi TiTqmis aRarsad ibeWdeba (leqsebze romaraferi vTqvaT).

kidev erTi problema avtorebis cnobadobaa. naxeT bolo aTwleulismanZilze gamoqveynebuli interviuebi klasikosebTan, cnobil an Tundacaxalgazrda mwerlebTan, da Tavad darwmundebiT, rom maT yovelTvisZalian uWirT gvarebis dasaxeleba, jer erTi ar icnoben kolegebis nawersda Tuki icnoben, sityva ar emetebaT maTTvis. anda piriqiT, asaxelebenmxolod TavianT megobrebs, maT “qaCaven”.

maxsovs ramdenime wlis win gamomaval erT literaturul gazeTSi,sadac yovel nomerSi ibeWdeboda interviuebi, kiTxvaze, vis gamoyofdiTTanamedrove mwerlebidan, sul erTsa da imave avtorebs asaxelebdnenda ase grZeldeboda gamudmebiT. gansakuTrebuli problema eqmnebaTTanamedrove klasikosebs. Tavis droze erTi korespondenti samjer,sami sxvadasxva kiTxviT Seecada daecdeninebina saxelovani mwerlisTvisTundac erTi saxeli umcrosi Taobidan, da mainc verafers gaxda. icoda,magram ar Tqva, wakiTxulic hqonda zogierTi maTgani, magram veraTqmevines.

ukve ramdenime welia vcdilob, xandaxan Zalian agresiuladac, romsaqarTveloSi recenzirebis, mimoxilvisa Tu kritikis sxva, ufroTanamedrove wesebi damkvidrdes. bevrjer miTxovia mwerlebisTvis,Tavisi kolegis wignis Sesaxeb azri gamoeTqva, ubralod mimoexila mainc,magram ar maxsovs vinme gamoxmaurebodes am Cems Txovnas. arada dasavleTSi,kritikosi sul sxva rames gulisxmobs, pirvel rigSi ki esaa mwerali,romelic Tavisnairze wers, mniSvneloba ara aqvs es Tavisnairi ufroniWieri iqneba Tu uniWo. iq yvelas kargada aqvs gacnobierebuli, romusafuZvlo Rrenas an uTavbolo sadRegrZeloebs aravin dabeWdavs.

magaliTisTvis, gadaxedeT The New Yorker-is, Guardian-is, TheLondon Review of Books -is, The London Review of Books -is an nebismiersxva saxelovani amerikuli Tu evropuli literaturuli gamocemisbolo nomrebs da Tavad darwmundebiT, rom nobelis premiis laureatida orgzis bukeris gamarjvebuli, j.m. kutzee norman meileris boloromanze wers, milan kundera ki salman ruSdize, jon apdaiki orhanfamuqis bolo nawarmoebs mimoixilavs, julian barnsi ki miSeluelbekisas. arada aseTi kargi sakbilo maT iSviaTad aqvT xolme,ZiriTadad debiutantebis an yvelasTvis ucnobi avtorebis recenzirebauwevT xolme gasagebi mizezebis gamo.

malxaz xarbedia

179

saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs kargi literaturuli gadacemac, arcerTi arxi ar zrunavs amaze, arada yvelam kargad icis, ramxela Zalaaqvs televizias, gansakuTrebiT ki zarmaci, monebivre qarTvelimkiTxvelisTvis.

saqarTveloSi literaturuli Jurnalistikisa da kritikis mwvavekrizisia , aRaravin wers portretebs , mimoxilvebs , wignisprezentaciebidan ki zogierT Jurnalists avtoris saxeli da gvaricki ar amaxsovrdeba.

sxva saqmea kritika, romelic Zalze ukuRmarTad esmiTsaqarTveloSi, romelic saerTod moklebulia pasuxismgeblobisgrZnobas da Casafrebulis poziciebidan danaxul process ufro aRwers,vidre realur suraTs, sadac erTmaneTs unda Seerwyas garkveulimeTodologiuri simkacre da refleqsiuri miukerZoebloba. aradakritikas namdvilad SeuZlia garkveuli periodi mxatvruli teqstebisgareSe gaZlos, piriqiT provocirebac ki moaxdinos maTi Seqmnisa,literaturul process ki kritikis gareSe umal ucnauri warmoSobissnobebi an provincialebi daepatronebian.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi kritikas sul sxva problemebi udgas.literaturis Teoriis mravalwliani batonobis Semdeg, iq sxva saxemiiRo am saxis mwerlobam. formaluri analizidan bevri RirebulebissakiTxebze da literaturis sazrisis Ziebaze gadavida, struq-turalizmis, poststruqturalizmisa da dekonstruqciis klasikosebmaki literaturuli eTikis problemebzec ki daiwyes wera (todorovma,kristevam da mravalma sxvam). saqarTveloSi sxva problemebis winaSevdgavarT, aq arc Zlieri literaturaTmcodneobiTi skola yofila daarc realur Teoretikul kritikas uarsebia rodisme. saqarTveloSiTavis droze Cveulebriv movlenad iqca literaturuli nawarmoebis,vTqvaT vefxistyaosnis~, daviT guramiSvilis an baraTaSvilis teqstebisanalizisisas Staineris, Siuresa da sxva sinTezuri sibriyvis citireba.saqmes ver Svelis geronti qiqoZis an guram asaTianis saxelebsamofarebac. CvenTan, rogorc Cans, yvelaferi Tavidan unda daiwyos, Tumcadainteresebuli, yuradRebiani mwerlebisa da mkiTxvelebis gareSearaferi gamova da vin icis, iqneb saqarTveloSic dadga dro, rocaSeuZlebelia kritika mxolod teqstis analiziT Semoifarglos. iqnebpirveladaa qveyanaSi viTareba, roca literaturam da kritikam undaikisros is roli, romelsac samwuxarod verc politikiT dabrmavebulimas-media arTmevs Tavs da verc e.w. inteleqtualebi.

bolodroindeli qarTuli kultura xom rituals daemsgavsa,aranair kritikas rom ar uSvebs (ver uZlebs da imitomac ar uSvebs),

kritikis dabadeba

180

Tanamedrove kritika xom arsebiTad kafiobaa, sadac mxolod ori mxareCans. kritika CvenSi xom mxolod saxeldaxeloa, kritika wakiTxvisgareSe, e.w. Wor-kritika.

moris blanSo erTgan aRniSnavda, “kultura racionaluridiskursis universalizaciisken miiswrafis, literatura ki piriqiT,yovelTvis uars ambobs amgvar gawonasworebulobaze”-o. Tamamad SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom literaturis sferoSi xSirad racionalobazeorientirebuli amgvari “kulturuli gmiris” funqcias kritika daliteraturaTmcodneoba kisruloben xolme, Tumca maT kidev erTimTavari niSani gamoarCevT, esaa Tavisufleba da mxolod am or, erTiSexedviT urTierTgamomricxav mxareTa SerwymiT xdeba teqstis Tuzogadad literaturis sazrisis dazusteba. imiT davamTavreb, raTacdaviwye, anu kritikis etimologiiT da am sityvis yvelaze RrmamniSvnelobiT, krizisis periods rom exeba. dRes qarTuli kultura(literatura da sxv.) marTla avadaa da marTla wydeba misi bedi, magramam sityvebSi negatiurze metad, Cemi azriT, ufro saqmiani mowodebagaismis, romelic gvTxovs kargad davimaxsovroT es dro, mware dReebi,saidanac raRac axali unda daiwyos. igi arc movla-patronobas gvTxovsda arc qadagebas, aramed mxolod yuradRebas, dakvirvebas da aRweras.kritikac aqedan ibadeba da erTi mxriv winaaRmdegobis, meore mxriv kigawonasworebulobis am usasrulo davaSi vinZlo gulgrilobisa daganurCevlobis monstric gaqres.

malxaz xarbedia

181

T a r g m a n e b iT a r g m a n e b iT a r g m a n e b iT a r g m a n e b iT a r g m a n e b i


ena. Sesavali axal lingvistikaSi(leqciaTa kursidan “adamiani da xalxi”)

Znelad mosaZebnia imaze ufro adamianuri urTierToba, romelicdeda-Svils an Seyvarebulebs akavSirebs. uaRresad unikaluri arseba_ deda xom Tavisi unikaluri qmnilebis _ Svilis gamo cxovrobs.Seyvarebulobis dros ki swored am konkretul mamakacs uyvarsswored es konkretuli qali _ Seudarebeli, Seucvleli, erTaderTi.maTi qceva, maTi erTmaneTisadmi damokidebuleba pirovnebaTSorisiurTierTobis Zalze naTeli magaliTia. barem aqve SevniSnoT:Seyvarebuli wyvili yvelaze xSirad da yvelaze metad saubriTaadakavebuli. ra Tqma unda, sasiyvarulo alerssac eZlevian, Tumc,esec saubris gagrZelebaa, oRond _ sxva formiT. amas dazustebaaRar sWirdeba. siyvaruli, romelsac mzera da alersi asuldgmulebs,ufro metad cocxldeba saubriT, dausrulebeli dialogiT. siyvarulimgalobeli frinveliviT stvens da WikWikebs, siyvarulimWevrmetyvelia da, Tu romelime Seyvarebuli mainc dums, es imasniSnavs, rom mas sxvagvarad ar SeuZlia. is bunebiTaa gamorCeuladmdumari.

es uaRresad individualuri qmedeba, romelsac orive monawilemTel Tavis pirovnul siRrmes axmars, originaluri Sesaqmis esuwyveti aqti _ siyvaruli _ Suamavlad metyvelebas irCevs. laparakigarkveuli enis gamoyenebas niSnavs, Tumc, Seyvarebulebs ar SeuqmniaTigi. ena, romelzec mijnurebi saubroben, maTTan erTad arsebobda,sazogadoebaSi feTqavda. bavSvobaSive Casaxlda masSi adamianTasametyvelo aRqmasTan erTad. rameTu enas _ imTaviTve da samudamodmarad mSobliurs _ iTviseben ara gramatikidan an leqsikonidan,aramed _ mxolod adamianuri metyvelebidan. yvela mijnurs sursraRacis Tqma, bevris gamoTqma, magram sinamdvileSi es survilimxolod erTs niSnavs _ giamboT sakuTar cxovrebaze, TiToeulisganumeoreblad individualur yofaze. roca erT-erT pirvel leqciaSiaRvniSne, adamianTa cxovreba Tavidan bolomde radikaluri metyvelebaa-meTqi, davamate, rom siyvaruli ori martoobis gacvla-gamocvlis,

182

ori idumali Sinagani samyaros Serwymis cdaa da Tu is warmatebiTdasrulda, ori nakadi gaerTiandeba, ori cecxli erTurTs SeeduReba.ai, ratom eubnebian Seyvarebulebi erTmaneTs: “Cemo siyvarulo!” ansxva maT dar sityvebs.

magram erTmaneTisgan unda gavarCioT, ris Tqmas lamoben amsityvebis meSveobiT da is, rasac amboben. is, risi Tqmac SeyvarebulebssurT, erTurTisadmi rom ganicdian, is grZnobaa _ WeSmariti, aRmvsebi,maTi pirovnuli siRrmidan momdinare, maT mier gancdili dagacnaurebuli. sapirispirod is, rasac amboben anu gamoTqma, romliTacerTurTs mimarTaven, siyvarulSi utydebian, grZnobaSi arwmuneben _“Cemo siyvarulo!” _ maTTan garedan movida. maT ar esmiT misi arsi.aq zustad igive viTarebaa, rac _ misalmebisas. mSvenivrad mesmis,rom misalmebisas Semxvedrs xeli unda gavuwodo, magram srulebiTver gamigia, ratom unda moviqce swored ase da ara sxvagvarad.Seyvarebulebma Seumcdarad ician, rom grZnobaTa gacvlisas mTavariaamgvar an analogiur sityvaTa darTva. magram isini ver xvdebian, radhqvia maT grZnobas “siyvaruli”, rad gamoixatvis bgeraTa sworedamgvari TanmimdevrobiT da ara sxvagvarad. maT survilSi, grZnobaSi,gamoutydnen satrfos, da gamoTqmis aqtSi anu garkveulbgeraTwarmoebaSi, kavSiris danaxva SeuZlebelia. da Tu mijnurebiam bgeraTSeTanxmebas irCeven, mxolod imitom, rom smeniaT: Seyvarebulebiase iqcevian. da ara sxva romelime mizezis gamo, razec migviTiTebssityva “siyvaruli”.

ena socialuri Cvevaa, ori adamianis, ori samyaros Suamavali daTiToeuli individis mier misi gamoyeneba uaRresad individualuria.da am faqtis SemaZrwunebel, TiTqmis komikur dadasturebas imaSivxedav, rom Cveulebriv, “racionalursa” da “logikurs” veZaxiTCvens ukiduresad gonivrul saqciels. maSin, roca TviT es sityvebi_ “racionaluri”, “logikuri” _ warmodgeba sityvebisagan ratio dalogos, romlebiTac Tavdapirvelad laTinursa da berZnulSi“metyvelebas” aRniSnavdnen. sxvagvarad rom vTqva, am sityvebiTgamovTqvamT iracionalur qmedebas, Tanac iSviaTad – erT-erTgadamwyvet momentSi, yvelaze xSirad ki _ sxva danarCenSi.

vimeoreb: Cven met-naklebad kargad gvesmis ideebi, romelTagamoxatvas warmoTqmuli sityvebiT vcdilobT, magram ar viciT, rasgamoxatavs Cveni metyveleba, TavisTavad ras niSnavs Cveni gamoTqmanianu sityvebi. yovelive zemoTqmuli misalmebasac exeba. TviT xelisgawvdis faqti mxolod maSin cnobierdeba, roca misalmebis SemdegviwyebT Teoriul msjelobas imaze, rac moxda da Sedegad Cvevis


183

etimologias aRmovaCenT xolme. igive xdeba sityvis SemTxvevaSi.xSirad masSi azrs ver vpoulobT da gaugebari rCeba. ase moxda“siyvarulTan” dakavSirebiT. es sityva romaelTagan gvergo, magramara romauli, aramed _ etruskulia. etruskTa gamocdilebidan iSva(sakiTxavia, rogori gamocdilebidan?), Tu maTac sxva xalxebisganisesxes? samwuxaroa, magram ar viciT siyvaruls _ agrerigad didiadgili rom uWiravs Cvens cxovrebaSi _ maincdamainc ase ratomveZaxiT? magaliTad, vambobT: “SiSma ganmgmira”. TavisTavad am gamoTqmasazri ara aqvs. gaugebaria, grZnoba, romelic CvenSi iSva da sivrcesTangaucxoebulia, rogor aRmoCnda Cvens miRma da Semdeg “gangvgmira”kidec! Tumc am SemTxvevaSi yovelives naTels hfens etimologia,romlis Tanaxmadac berZnulsa da sxva indoevropul enebSic arsebobdaswored aseTi gamoTqma. pirvelyofil indoevropelebs sjerodaT,rom vnebebi, sneulebaTa darad, kosmiuri, garemomcveli, adamianTamiRma arsebuli Zalebia, romlebic drodadro CvenSi iWrebian.

Cveulebis meore niSani isaa, rac gvaiZulebs mis dacvas, mismorCilebas. metyvelebaSi rogor xdeba yovelive es? vin gamibrazdebaan vin damemuqreba, Tu me ara sityvebs, aramed Cems mier gamogonilbgerebs gamoviyeneb?

roca misalmebaze saubrisas erTgvar iZulebaze mivuTiTebdi,mxolod sanqciis is ti pi giCveneT, romelic warmoiqmnebodaCveulebis ugulebelyofisas. magram rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT,Cveulebis yvela tipSi iZuleba mxolod am tipisTvis niSandoblivformas iRebs. gansxvaveba maT Soris ukiduresad arsebiTia. esformebi yvelaze ukeT arkeveven funqcias, romelsac CveulebisTiToeuli tipi asrulebs ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi. maqsimaluriiZuleba fizikuri xasiaTisaa. socialuri garemocva mas maSinmimarTavs, roca adamianebi uaroben CveulebaTa Zalze niSandoblivitipis _ “samarTlis” dacvas. Tu ratom, qvemoT vnaxavT. amjeradki mxolod SeniSvniT davkmayofildeT: im iZulebasTan SedarebiT,romelic misalmebis Cvevis ugulebelyofas mosdevs, samarTaligacilebiT mZlavrad, uxeSad da mkveTrad mogveCveneba. warmovidginoTaseTi viTareba: viRacam saaTi moipara da daiWires in fraganti(danaSaulis adgilas); policieli maSinve akavebs damrRvevs daZalis gamoyenebiT iq mihyavs, sadac jer ars. am SemTxevevaSi romeliRackerZo piris borot qmedebaze sazogadoebis pasuxi fizikurixasiaTisaa, maqsimalurad intensiuri da swrafi. es magaliTi kideverTxel gvaTqmevinebs, rom Cveuleba SeiZleba davyoT Zlierad dasustad. CvevavaTa intensivobiT miTiTebuli ori xarisxi ganisazRvreba

ena. Sesavali axal lingvistikaSi (leqciaTa kursidan “adamiani da xalxi”)

184

saiZuleblad gamoyenebuli Zalis odenobiT. misalmeba da yoveliveisic, rasac “znes” veZaxiT, sust CveulebaTa saxeobania. samarTali,piriqiT, Zlieri Cveulebaa. da vimedovneb giCvenoT, misi yvelazexSiri forma da prima facie (aq: sawyisi saxe, Taursaxe) ratomaa sxvaCveulebebTan SedarebiT gansakuTrebuli; swored ukanasknelmagaremoebam SeuSala xeli iuristebsa da samarTlis filosofosebssamarTalSi is ganeWvritaT, rac sinamdvileSia: samarTali mravalTaganerT-erTi Cveulebaa. ukve giTxariT: ramdenadac Cveni garemocvasocialuria, Tavs avlens, rogorc mudmivi da sayovelTao iZuleba.ai, dadga xelsayreli momenti sityvis uTqmelad gamovasworoTgavrcelebuli mcdari Sexeduleba socialur da koleqtiur iZulebaze!

Cveulebriv miiCneven, rom koleqtiuri iZuleba igulisxmebasxvebis mier Cvendami gamoxatul dadebiT Tu uaryofiT qmedebaSi.es ase ar aris. sinamdvileSi es im iZulebis erT-erTi formaa,romlis ori saxeoba ukve ganvixileT: sxvebis aRSfoTeba, roca maTar vesalmebiT (rac megobruli damokidebulebis, pativiscemisa daurTierTobis survilis ubralo ugulebelyofaa) da meorec,policielis energiuli Careva maSin, roca viRacam, vTqvaT, saaTimoipara an anderZi gaayalba. savsebiT bunebrivad meCveneba “Cemssaqcielze iZulebiT zemoqmedebad” ganvixilo nebismieri mZime Sedegi,rac imiT iqneba gamowveuli, rom me ise ar moviqeci, rogorc es Cemssocialur garemocvaSia miRebuli.

magaliTad, Wabuks surs siyvarulSi gamoutydes satrfos, magramuarobs romelime cnobili enis gamoyenebas. ra Tqma unda, es policiisCarevis sababi ar aris, magram erTi ram ki ueWvelia: am SemTxvevaSimisi mijnuri Wabukis zraxvebs ver amoicnobs da verc Wabukietyvis sawadels. Cveuleba, romelsac ena warmoadgens, mSvidad,auRelveblad, yovelgvari gareSe Zalis gamouyeneblad zemoqmedebsadamianebze, aiZulebs maT am Cveulebis ubralo da, amave dros,pirwmindad avtomatur da ucilo gamoyenebas. am Cveulebaze uarisTqmisas ena SeuZlebels xdis gagebas da gagebinebas, ZirSive adamblavebsnebismier nayofier da normalur Tanagancdas. aq Cvens winaSea iZuleba,romelic ar Seicavs visime pozitiur Tu negatiur qmedebas (es, asevTqvaT, winaswarganzraxuli utyvobaa), radganac Cven “qmedebad” vermovixseniebT “gaugebrobas” an raRacas, rac uindividod xorcieldeba.amgvarad, iZuleba yovelgvar pirobebSi formalurad unda miviCnioT,roca ki Cven dausjelad ZalgviZs qcevis im wesis arCeva, romelicsayovelTaod miRebulisgan gansxvavdeba. dasja an SurisZiebasxvadasxva zomas an xarisxs gulisxmobs. magaliTad, imis


185

Seusrulebloba, rac Cvens garemocvaSia miRebuli, gacilebiT Znelia,vidre _ misi Sesruleba. ai, erTi martivi da, amdenad, Zalze TvalsaCinomagaliTi: sakmarisia sauzmeze imisgan gansxvavebuli ram moviTxovoT,rac Cvens yoveldRiur meniuSia, rom udides winaaRmdegobebs wavawydeT.ramden xaTabalas ukavSirdeba am trivialuri moTxovnilebisdakmayofileba mogzaurobisas an adgilis Secvlisas! piriqiT,sazogadoeba gvaTavisuflebs sauzmis Cven mierve mogonebismovaleobisagan da gvTavazobs windawin aprobirebul meniuTaganerT-erTs. yovelive es _ dramatizebis gareSe _ mxolod wvrilmaniada mainc, sazogadoebis arsebobis, ufro sworad, misi simyarisgadamwyvet mizezad gvevlineba. xom yvela Cvengans mondomebia, erTxelmainc gahqceoda sazogadoebas! Tumc sakmarisi iyo im Zalisxmeviswarmodgena, rac marto yofnas dasWirdeboda _ roca sruliadmarto unda gaisarjo _ rom gaqcevisadmi vneba maSinve Cagvekla.naTqvamia, adamiani bunebiT sazogadoebrivi arsebaao. es gansazRvrebasakmaod bundovania, magram drois uqonlobis gamo mis kritikas verSevudgebi. sabolood, mzadac ki var daveTanxmo mas, Tu erT ramesdavamatebdi: adamiani bunebiT martoxelacaa da masSi gamudmebiT xanTvlems, xan iRviZebs sazogadoebisgan gaqcevis survili. periodulades survili istoriuli masStabiTac gamovlenila. ukanasknel xans_ xan erT, xan meore qveyanaSi _ mTels msoflioSi ifeTqa gaqcevisavadmyofuri swrafvis epidemiam, wyurvilma, miatovo sazogadoeba,romelSic cxovrob da SeZlebisdagvarad _ yovelive sxvac. magaliTad,am wlebis ganmavlobaSi uamrav evropels uocnebia ukacrieli kunZulisbinadrobaze.

roca napoleoni germaniaSi SeiWra da misi jari veimarsmiuaxlovda, goeTem Tqva: “netav yovelive amis miRma vyofiliyavi!”,magram aseTi “miRma” ar arsebobs. romis imperiis pirvel saukuneebSiyovelgvari kulturuli da samoqalaqo cxovrebiT ganxibluliadamianebi udabnoSi garbodnen, raTa CaZiruliyvnen sasowarkveTilmartoobaSi. qristiani berebi rodi arian martoobis gamomgonebelni.isini mxolod baZavdnen maT, vinc siriasa da egvipteSi jer kidevori aswleulis win gamxdariyo meudabnoe da gandegili, raTa eqadagaTmone _ martooba. amitomac daarqves maT monakhoi _ monazvnebi.cxovrebis aseTma wesma maT uzarmazari popularoba SesZina dawarmoqmna erTgvari epidemia. udabnoebi aivso aTasobiT gandegiliT,romlebic amis gamo ukve aRar iyvnen martoxelebi da daarses Temi_ kinovia, monasteri (sityvidan koinos – saerTo). maT ki, vinc ufroradikalur ganmartoebas eswrafoda, gadawyvites, vertikalis meSveobiT


186

Camoscilebodnen axloblebs _ aSenebdnen maRal svets, romlismwvervalzec cxovrobdnen. maT mesveteebi uwodes. Tumc arc amanuSvelaT. imperatori Tavis kariskacebs rCevisTvis agzavnida wmindasimonTan. isini qvevidan asZaxodnen da TavianT Txovnas acnobdnenmas.

ena, romelic ufro rTuli warmonaqmnia, vidre _ misalmeba,sxvebze mkafiod da zustad agnebs socialuri relobis niSan-Tvisebebs. amitomac masSi yvelaze naTlad vlindeba socialuriyofa. sazogadoeba arsebiTad Tanacxovrebaa, gansazRvruli koleqtiurierTobis uwyveti da udreki arseboba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, esaris Tanarsebobis gansakuTrebuli forma, romelic gansxvavdebasxva koleqtiuri gaerTianebebisa da erTobebisagan. rogorc kiadamianTa romelime jgufi gamoeyofa koleqtiur erTobas, romelSicsxvebTan erTad cxovrobs, imave wams avtomaturad visime nebisgandamoukideblad icvleba ena, romelzec esa Tu is jgufi adrelaparakobda da TandaTanobiT yalibdeba gansxvavebuli, axali ena.Tuki romelime tragikuli mizezis gamo darbazSi msxdomni sxvaespanelebs movwydebodiT da ramdenime wlis Semdeg kvlavSevuerTdebodiT Cvens Tanamemamuleebs, didad gagvikvirdeboda, rom,SeumCnevlad, zogadmosaxmari espanurisgan gansxvavebul enazeavmetyvelebulvarT! am gansxvavebas SevamCnevdiT zogi sityviswarmoTqmisas, gansxvavebuli iqneboda zogis semantika, sintaqsuriforma, frazeologizmebi. Cven mier warmosaxuli SesaZleblobaaraerTxel gansxeulebula istoriaSi. aq Tavs iCens sapirispirodamokidebulebac: es araerTxel gameorebuli faqti adasturebs,rom romeliRac erTobis arsebobas win ucilod uZRvis romeliRacgancalkeveba. es ukanaskneli SeiZleba sxvadasxva mizezebma warmoSvas.maTgan yvelaze naTelia geografiuli winaRobebi, romlebsac jgufisizolaciamde mivyavarT. dro rom mqondes, giambobdiT axali gvineiserT xalxze, romelic axlaxan aRmoaCines da Seiswavles. saukuneTawiaRSi, Soreul warsulSi moxda geologiuri katastrofa, risSedegadac mTis xeobebSi momwyvdeuli es xalxi samyaros mowyda.magram gankerZoebis mizezi SeiZleba iyos mxolod politikuric anaixsnas sxva, ufro rTuli motivebiT. sociologiuri kvlevebisaTanadod rom mimdinareobdes, uTuod Rrmad Seiswavlidnenizolaciis gavlenas koleqtiur cxovrebaze _ rogorc warsulSi,ise _ awmyoSi. am sakiTxis gansavrcobad davumatebdiT, rom warsulSicda momavalSic SesaZlebelia mkafiod mivadevnoT Tvali sxvadasxvakerZo magaliTs, uaRresad fersavse suraTs. es didad gvargebda,


187

Tanac imaze metad, vidre warmogvidgenia. magaliTad, SetyobinebisTanamedrove saSualebaTa ganviTarebam iqamde migviyvana, rom adamianTaumravlesoba Zalze xSirad midis mSobliuri qveynidan sxva, maTSoris, yvelaze dacilebul adgilas _ da es istoriaSi pirveladiqca normad. es movlena, albaT, kvlavac intensiurad ganviTardeba.sakiTxi mxolod sivrceSi moZraobiT rodi amoiwureba. presiswyalobiT SegviZlia sazRvargareT mimdinare yvelaze mniSvnelovanimovlenebis Tanamonawileni gavxdeT. bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva: rasmoutans es sazogadoebriv cxovrebas? jer xom isev gaurkvevelia,upirobod keTilad imoqmedebs Tu ara es? xom SeiZleba am procesisdaCqarebam Tundac droebiTi, yvelaze ufro mZime da sabedisweroSedegi mogvitanos?

sociologebsa da eTnografebs am problemisTvis saTanadoyuradReba ar miuqceviaT. isini arasodes dafiqrebulan, vTqvaT,aseT faqtze.

erTmaneTisgan rasobrivi niSniT _ eniT, C v e u l e b e b i T ada sxv. _ sruliad gansxvavebuli nigeriis mravalricxovani tomebiiseT siviwroeSi cxovroben, rom gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba Tqma:erTmaneTs Tavze asxedan. miuxedavad amisa TiToeuli tomiswarmomadgeneli mijaWvulia Tavis konkretul sazogadoebas damkafiod acnobierebs sxvebis ucxo tomTaTvis mikuTvnebulobas. daradgan wminda dolebi sakuTari tomisa da sakuTari sazogadoebriviCveulebis gamomxatvelia, velurebi nebismieri ucxoelis gamoCenisasamboben: “sxva dolis xmaze cekvavs”, rac niSnavs: sxva rwmena, ena, tabuda a.S. aqvs.

rogor avxsnaT, rom gansxvavebulobis amgvar TanagancdaSi arikargeba tabusa da sxva fenomenebis msgavseba, romlebic am tomTaSigniT mWidro socialur erTianobasa da darazmulobasuzrunvelhyofs? tabus erTgvaroba iwvevs socialur erTobas,romelic ganmakerZoebel gavlenas axdens yvelaze aqtiuradTanamcxovreb xalxebzec.

imis wyalobiT, rom ena Zalze zustad reagirebs socialurpirobebze, Tvals vadevnebT enobriv sxvaobas ara marto gansxvavebulsazogadoebaSi, aramed _ gansxvavebul socialur jgufebSic. uZvelesicnobis Tanaxmad, romelic daaxl. Cv. w-mde 3000 wliTaadaTariRebuli, Sumerul-aqadur qalaqebSi ori gansxvavebuli enaarsebobda: erTi _ mamakacTa _ eme-ku , meore _ qalTa _ eme sal,romelsac, amave dros, frTxilTa enasac eZaxdnen. mainc ram ganapiroba,rom am kacebma da qalebma erTmaneTs ver gauges? msgavs Sexedulebas


188

icavda TviT eduard meieri! magram ramdenime wlis winaT, rocahroznim gaSifra xeTuri lursmuli warwera da xeTebis monaTesavesxva xalxis ieroglifuri warwerac, am daskvnas wyali Seudga.gaugebrad rCeba, ratom ver Seegua am movlenas es SesaniSnavienaTmecnieri: axlac xomaa xalxi, romelSic arsebobs kacTa daqalTa enebi! karlo alberto bernuli, kerZod, yuradRebas amaxvilebsiseT qalur enaze, romlis gageba arc erT mamakacs ar ZaluZs daromelic gamoiyeneba mxolod qalTa saidumlo wes-CveulebaTaaRsrulebisas (magaliTad, suahilis enaSi). am enis Taviseburebebida gavrcelebis areali Seiswavla flora krausmac.

Cveni espanuri, im formiT, _ nawilobriv idealurad an utopiurad,magram sabolood, sakmaod safuZvlianad _ romliTac ZalgviZs masnormatiuli vuwodoT, gansxvavebuli socialuri klasebisTanamSromlobis meqanikuri Sedegia. rogorc cnobilia, yovel klassaqvs Tavisi ena. amis mizezia ara SemTxveviTi sxvaoba maT Soris,aramed _ erTgvari fundamenturi garemoeba, romelic sxvadasxvasazogadoebriv klasebs erTgvar organoebad aqcevs, romelTaganTiToeuli gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs normaluri enis myofobaSi.klasebi, romelTac Sesabamisad, saxalxos, saSualos da umaRlessuwodeben, laparakoben savsebiT gansxvavebul enebze. rogorc lerxiaRniSnavs, laparakis manera, anu enis gamoyeneba sam gansxvavebul,socialur jgufad iyofa; magaliTad, arseboben adamianebi, romlebiclaparakisas ar msjeloben TavianT maneraze; isini enas daudevradiyeneben da haiharad epyrobian _ es saxalxo jgufia. arsebobeniseTebic, romlebic gansjian sakuTar metyvelebas, magram es refleqsiamcdaria; mas mivyavarT salaRobo dawindvamde, roca natifi ganaTlebiTTavmomwone romeliRac qalbatoni acxadebs, rom misi qmari “importulenebs flobs”. da bolos, arsebobs umaRlesi jgufi, romelic mkacradadevnebs Tval-yurs Tavis metyvelebas.

angariSSi nu CavagdebT saSualo jgufs, romelic iSviaTadaxerxebs normatiul enaze zemoqmedebas. rCeba xalxi da kulturuliaristokratia. maTi damokidebuleba enisadmi mxolod kerZogamovlinebaa saerTo, cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobisadmi. mxolod orisaSualebaa, rom cxovrebisadmi damokidebuleba gamoxato. erTi imasgulisxmobs, rom Tavi ar SeizRudo da nebismieri survili aisrulo.meore midgoma isaa, rom CaviklaT sulSi swrafvani da miveltvodeTimas, rom Cveni qceva normebSi movaqcioT. lerxi miuTiTebs,“kulturuli” individi, Cveulebriv, umaRlesi klasebidan, Tu rogorlaparakobs alingvisturi “normebis”, Tavisi enisa da, zogadad, enis


189

saxeliT. plebei, piriqiT, ise laparakobs, rogorc RmerTi inebebs.amitomac, lerxi, romantikuli interpretacis sapirispirod, amtkicebs,rom rCeulni (anu aristokratia), normis erTgulni rCebian, amyarebenda icaven enas, xels uSlian imas, rom fonetikuri kanonebis amaradarCenili ena, sadac ganuyoflad batonobs xalxuri metyveleba,ukiduresad ar gaRaribdes. marTlac didi gavlena iqonia frangulSiTanxmovnebis dakargvam, vidre umaRlesi klasebi gons ar moegnen daTavianTi mkacri kontroli ar daaweses: pediculum-idan (tili), mxolodpou darCa, parabolare-dan (saubari) _ parler, cathedra-dan (savarZeli)_ craire an chaise, oculus-dan _ (Tvali) _ oeil, augurium- dan (saaTi)_ heur. aqedan gamomdinareobs mravali konvergencia, romlebmacfranguli ena orazrovani bgerebiT daxunZles: san momdinareobsiseTi gansxvavebuli laTinuri sityvebidan, rogorebicaa centum(aseuli), sanguem (sisxli), sine (gareSe), se inde (s’en) (saidan),sabolood, ecce hoc inde (c’en); aqedanve momdinareobs gamoTqma, romlisetimologiis dadgena didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ver xerxdeboda:c’endessus dessous (yiramala), romelic sruliad suleluradgardaqmnila axla sens dessus dessous, ufro adre, voJla da madam desevinie werdnen: sans dessus dessos.

roca is sityvebi mokldeboda, romelTac maxvili boloswinamarcvalze moudiodaT: tepidus, tiede (Tbili), rCeboda mxolodmaxviliani marcvlebi basri an blagvi maxviliT: portum (porti) –port; porta - porte (kari). Tumc, bolo sityvaSi e munjia, da rom arakulturosanTa Careva, ra Tqma unda, e gaqreboda da porte port-Siagvereoda, ori sityvisagan reducirebul forma port-s miviRebdiT.abstraqtuli sityvebisa da uamravi uaRresad sasargeblo enobrivisaSualebis arsebobas, magaliTad, zogierTi kavSirisa, sworedganaTlebul sazogadoebriv fenebs unda vumadlodeT.

XVI saukuneSi franguli enis ganviTareba jer kidevemorCileboda individualuri gamoyenebis kaprizs. XVII saukunisdasawyisSi igrZnoba normis zemoqmedeba, rac maRali klasebisaganmomdinareobs. personaJi, romelic am normis gamosaxatad SeirCa,arc brZenia da arc pedanti, romelic mxolod sakuTari saxeliTlaparakobs. es gaxlavT Tavazianad moubari adamiani, anu is, vincmsmenelis Tvalsazriss iTvaliswinebs da pasuxs iZleva, radganlaparakobs ara rogorc martosuli mwerali, aramed _ rogorcformalurad saubris monawile. amgvarad, iReben normas, romelsacyvelaze mTavari enobrivi Tavisebureba gvkarnaxobs _ es arisTanaziaroba. da swored adamiani, rogorc urTierTobiT mcxovrebi


190

arseba, daadgens kanons. magram TviT am cnebis sazRvrebSic kiupiratesoba eniWeba imgvar Tanaziar adamians, romlisTvisacmetyveleba _ saubari _ pirwminda formalobaa, sakuTari TavisTvisganxorcielebuli, anu upiratesoba eniWeba Tavazian “maRali wrisadamians” _ I’honnete homme, I’homme de bonne compagnie. samarTliania,rom zepiri saubrisas, roca mTavaria sworad gagigon, metyvelebisformas ganapirobebs swored aseTi tipis adamiani, vinaidan is iselaparakobs, rogorc saWiroa. werilobiTi metyvelebisas, piriqiT,formas is irCevs, vinc wers.

roca metyveleba fonetikuri kanonebis amara rCeba, iseTi enawarmoiqmneba, romelSic Zalze bevri orazrovani Tanabrad rTuligamoTqma iyris Tavs; zogi maTgani emsgavseba erTmaneTs, miuxedavadimisa, rom es sityvebi sxvadasxva sityvidan arian warmoqmnilni. asedaemarTa inglisur da Cinur enebs. aqedan momdinareobs es sevdianixvedri inglisuri enisa, romelic avalebs mis matarebelT xSirspelling-s (asoebiT gamoTqma sityvisa), roca xan erTma, xan meoreTanamosaubrem Tavis adresats unda gauSifros warmoTqmuli sityva.xandaxan eWvic ki ibadeba, rom erT inglisels meorisa mxolodimdenad esmis, ramdenadac maTi saubari yvelaze xSirad “saerToadgilebisagan” Sedgeba da TiToeulma windawin icis, ras upasuxeben.CinurSi gamoTqmis rTuli problema gadaiWra gansxvavebuli simaRlistonebiT, romlebmac aqcies es ena arc Tu amod sasmen musikad daxeli SeuSales mis laTinuri asoebiT transkripcias anda nebismierisxva araideografiuli anbaniT Caweras.

“Cemo siyvarulo!” arc Tu cudi dasawyisia! kidev kargi,SeuZlebelia imis gaTvla, kerZod vis miemarTeba es sityvieri amooxvra!roca am sityvebs aTaskaciani auditoriis winaSe warmovTqvam, amTavxedur gamoTqmas arqimoridebulobad vaqcev xolme; moridebuloba,rogorc cnobilia, imas gulisxmobs, rom gamotovo is, razec laparakiar egebis. amgvari Tavmdabloba mainc gulisxmobs im pirobas, romuTqmelis Tqma namdvilad SeiZleboda, radgan is gacnobierebulia.magram ori zemonaxsenebi sityva, imis miuxedavad, rom maT sityvissaxe da ganusazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvT, ar warmogvidgeba gamoTqmad,anu arafers amboben. ratom? maTi Semadgeneli bgerebi xom sruladda sworad gamoiTqva? isini arafers amboben, radgan aravis miemarTebian,maT hyavT gamgzavni _ me _, _magram ar Cans adresati da amitomac,roca bageebs amoscdebian im mtrediviT, romelsac daaviwyda, saiTmifrinavs da caSi trialebs, es sityvebi ar misdeven sakuTarbiliks, aravisTan midian, arafers amboben. Cems mier warmoTqmuli


191

“Cemo siyvarulo!” axla haers gamoekida; ise arsebobs, TiTqosleqsikonSi iyoso. leqsikonSi moTavsebuli sityvebi ki mxolodSesaZlo mniSvnelobebia, magram arafers gamoTqvamen. uCveulodsqelkaniani wignebi, romelTac “leqsikonebs” veZaxiT, sakmaodsaintereso fenomenia: maTSi Tavmoyrilia enis yvela sityva da mainc,leqsikonis avtori erTaderTi adamiania, romelmac es sityvebiCawera, magram imave dros, ar gamoTqva isini.

zedmiwevniT Cawerili iseTi sityvebiT, rogorebicaa, vTqvaT“suleli”, “briyvi”, igi aravis mimarTavs, maT aravis usabamebs daaravin hyavs mxedvelobaSi. ai, moulodneli paradoqsi _ ena, anusityvaTa krebuli, leqsikoni pirdapir upirispirdeba metyvelebas.xolo sityvebi aseTebi mxolod maSin arian, roca isini viRacamviRacas uTxra. mxolod konkretuli qmedebisas, sxvagvarad _ cocxaliqmedebisas, romelsac erTi adamiani meoris mimarT axorcielebs,sityvebi Tavis realobas iZenen. vinaidan adamianebi, romlebicerTmaneTs esityvebian, adamianuri sicocxleebia. yvela adamianurisicocxle ki nebismier wams gansazRvrul situaciasa Tu garemoebaSia.savsebiT mkafioa, rom imgvari realoba, rogoric “sityvaa”, ganuyofeliamTqmelisagan, romelic mas warmoTqvams. nebismieri sxva midgomaimTaviTve abstraqciad aqcevs sityvas, amputacias utarebs mismniSvnelobas, ris Sedegadac misgan mxolod usicocxlo nasxepirCeba.

amgvarad, Tu vambob “Cemo siyvarulo” da amasTan, am sityvebsaravis vusabameb, aravisken mivmarTav, ar iqmneba gamoTqma, rac imasniSnavs, rom am sityvebSi ar aris WeSmariti sityvieri qmedeba. CvenswinaSe mxolod bgeraa, is, rasac lingvistebi fonemas uwodeben.miuxedavad amisa, mocemul bgeras, rogorc Cans, mniSvneloba maincaqvs. ra mniSvnelobas vgulisxmob? rasakvirvelia, Cven ar vcdilobTsarisko amocanis gadaWras _ ganvsazRvroT siyvarulis Semadgenelirealoba. sabolood, Cveni mizania _ vipovoT am gamoTqmis sazrisi,anu ganvsazRvroT gageba, romelic myisierad warmoiqmneba Cvens gonebaSi,roca ki vambobT “Cemo siyvarulo!” da Tuki mainc vecdebodiT amsakiTxis gadaWras, aRmovaCendiT, rom Cveni gonebrivi mzeris winaSemetnaklebad mkafiod warmoiqmneba sxvadasxva konkretulimniSvnelobebi, romlebiTac es sityvebi warmoiTqmis vinmes mier davinmes mimarT. amgvar SemTxvevaSi maTi mniSvnelobebi gansxvavebuliaimis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra situaciaSi imyofebian misi monawileni.magaliTad, SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rom sityvebiT “Cemo siyvarulo!”deda mimarTavs Svils an Seyvarebuli _ satrfos. dedobrivi


192

siyvaruli gansxvavdeba qalisa da mamakacis grZnobisgan. es naTeliada Cveni ganxilvis sagans ar warmoadgens. ufro sainteresoa amori mniSvnelobis Sedareba: imisi, romelsac iZens sityva “siyvaruli”,roca is marTlac konkretul cxovrebiseul situaciaSi warmoiTqmisda imisi, romelic mas hqonda, roca is pirvelad amovTqvi. Tu saqmeexeba dedaSvilur siyvaruls an satrfoTa urTierTobas, sityva“siyvaruli” migviTiTebs qmediT, realur, yovlismomcvel grZnobaze,misTvis niSandoblivi arsebiTi Tu meorexarisxovani niSan-TvisebebiT.uxeirod gamovTqvi: saqme isaa, rom orive SemTxvevaSi es sityvawarmoadgens an aRniSnavs ara erT realur grZnobas, aramed orerTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuls. amgvarad, gamodis, rom erTi sityvagamoiyeneba ori da Tanac, Zalze gansxvavebuli realobis aRsaniSnad.msgavsi movlena araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gavaigivoT orazrovansityvaTa arsebobis faqtTan, romelTaTvisac niSandoblivialingvistebis mier “polisemiad” wodebuli termini anumravalmniSvnelovneba. bgeraTa erTi da igive SeTanxmeba sityvaSiLeon aRniSnavs afrikul mtacebelsac, espaneTSi mdebare qalaqsac,romis mraval papsac da or skulpturasac, romlebic Cveni parlamentisSenobis kibes icaven. is faqti, rom erTi da igive fonema leon Cvensmier moyvanil magaliTSi aRniSnavs yvela am realobas, _ wmindaSemTxveviTobaa da yoveli damTxveva aixsneba raRac gansakuTrebulida konkretuli mizeziT. saxeli Lleon (“lomi”) cxovelissaxelwodebis SemTxvevaSi, ubralod, warmodgeba laTinuri ZiridanLeon-Leo-Leonis, xolo qalaq leonis saxelwodeba momdinareobslaTinuri sityvidan Llegio (romauli samxedro SenaerTi), racimaze mianiSnebs, rom am adgilas iyo romis jarebis samxedro daadministraciuli sardloba. Sesabamisad, Leon, rogorc cxovelisada qalaqis saxelwodeba, erTi da igive sityva ki ar aris, aramederTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli ori sxvadasxva sityvaa.ubralod, ori fonetikuri rigis gamoTqmisas momxdari SemTxveviTitransformaciis Sedegad, romlebiTac iwyeboda Leon da Legio, isinigaigivdnen da marTlac warmoqmnes orazrovneba. visargebleb SemTxveviTda davumateb axlandel dakvirvebas. zemomoyvanili magaliTi naTladadasturebs: fonetikur cvlilebaTa anabara mitovebuli enasabolood ivseba msgavsi orazrovnebiT, rac SeuZlebels xdisurTierTgagebas, vinaidan laparaki wminda sityvier TamaSadgardaiqmneba. rac Seexeba Leon-ebs, romlebic parlamentis wingamouqandakebiaT, aq metaforam Secvala sityvis mniSvneloba daimis nacvlad, rom aReniSna sisxlxorcieli cxoveli, brinjaos an


193

marmarilos naWers ewoda, rac ramdenadme Tu mogvagonebs loms(Leon).

Tumc, lingvistTa azriT, sityva “Cemo siyvarulo”, romelsacwarmoTqvams deda da sityvebi, warmoTqmuli satrfos mier,igiveobrivia. saqme exeba erTsa da imave gamoTqmas daEerTsa daimave mniSvnelobas. miuxedavad amisa, orive am gamoTqmis SemTxvevaSisityvebi udavod sxvadasxva grZnobebs gamoxataven _ sityva“siyvaruli” TavisTavad da, rogorc aseTi, unda niSnavdes an dedobrivsiyvaruls, an satrfoTa urTierTobas. rogor unda gamoxatavdesorive am grZnobas erTdroulad, Zalze gaugebaria. magram yovelivenaTeli gaxdeba, rogorc ki yurad viRebT, rom sityva “siyvaruli”,calke aRebuli, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, im cxovrebiseuli situaciisaganmoSorebuli, sadac iTqva, sinamdvileSi, arc erTs, arc meores, arcromelime realur, konkretul da, Sesabamisad, srulyofil siyvarulsar niSnavs, is aRniSnavs mxolod TvisebaTa nakrebs, romlebicaucileblad unda arsebobdes yovelgvar siyvarulSi _ adamianebis,sagnebis, RmerTis, samSoblos, mecnierebis siyvarulis da a.S., _ Tumcim pirobiT, rom am Tvisebebis arseboba sakmarisi ar arissiyvarulisaTvis. igive exeba sityva “samkuTxedsac”. mniSvnelobebi,romlebsac Cveulebriv, Seicavs es sityva, sulac ar aris sakmarisidafaze romeliRac samkuTxedis dasaxazad. amisaTvis saWiroa,TviTonac daumato kidev ramdenime Tviseba, romelnic cnebaSi ararian CarTulni, magaliTad, iseTebi, rogorebicaa _ gverdebis zustisigrZe da kuTxeebis zusti sidide; mxolod es damatebebi aqcevssamkuTxeds samkuTxedad. sityvebs _ “siyvaruli”, “samkuTxedi” _xistad rom mivudgeT, ar gaaCniaT mniSvneloba, Cvens winaSe mxolodmaTi Canasaxi, azrobrivi sqemaa. es erTgvari algebraistuli formulagaxlavT, romelic, rogorc aseTi, jer kidev ar aris angariSi, aramedSesaZlo varaudis sqemaa, _ sqema, romelSic asoebis nacvlad unda“Caisvas” gansazRvruli ricxvobrivi mniSvneloba.

ar vici, SevZeli Tu ara, Tqvenamde mometana es ucnauriTaviseburebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs sityvebs da, Sesabamisad, mTelsenas, rom aviRoT sityva, rogorc aseTi (siyvaruli, samkuTxedi),aRmoCndeba, rom mas sakuTari mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia, aramed mismxolod erT fragments gamoxatavs. is mxolod maSin SeiZens namdvilda srul mniSvnelobas, roca Cven mas gamovTqvamT. Tumc, saidan iZenssityva da ena im raRacas, romlebic saWiroa maTi Cveuli rolisgansasaxiereblad, kerZod ki, mniSvnelobis, azris qonisaTvis? Cans,rom es Tviseba sityvebs sxva sityvebis saSualebiT ar gadaecema da


194

ar momdinareobs imidan, rasac aqamde “ena” erqva da rac preparirebulisaxiT arsebobs leqsikonSi da gramatikaSi. enis es Taviseburebaibadeba TviT enis farglebs miRma, is momdinareobs am eniT moubariadamianebisagan, adamianebisagan, romlebic gansazRvrul viTarebaSilaparakoben. adamianebi, wesisamebr, sityvebs saWiro toniT warmoTqvamen,saxis ama Tu im gamometyvelebiT, maT metyvelebas sdevs esa Tu is_ TavSekavebuli Tu sarisko _ Jestikulacia, romelic Tavis mxriv,“laparakobs da gamoTqvams”. e.w. sityvebi realobis rTulikompleqsis mxolod erTi nawilia da aseTni mxolod imdenad arian,ramdenadac monawileoben am realur kompleqsSi da mas ar scildebian.magaliTad, bgeraTSeTanxmeba “wiTeli” asxivebs SesaZlo mniSvnelobaTagansxvavebul rigs, magram namdvili arc erTi ar aris. Tumc, sakmarisia,am sityvam duqanSi gaiJReros, rom es sivrce aivseba usityvomomentebiT, “duqnisTvis damaxasiaTebeli atmosferoTi” da msgavsisityva mxolod maSin asrulebs Tavis funqcias, mizanSi maSin axvedrebszust mniSvnelobas. mag., am frazaSi: “dausxi wiTeli!” naTqvamsudidesi mniSvneloba aqvs swored banalobis gamo, radganmWevrmetyvelurad adasturebs, rom situaciis yvela sxvagansxvavebuli komponenti, romlebic verafriT CaiTvleba sityvebadda romlebic sensu stricto saerTod ar ukavSirdebian enas. ena gamoTqmisganusazRvreli SesaZleblobebiTaa savse, amitom metyveleba Sedgebaara mxolod imisagan, rasac TavisTavad ambobs, aramed amSesaZleblobebis aqtualizaciisagan, gamoTqvas rame mTeli situaciismniSvnelobis gacnobierebiT. warmogidgeniaT: sityva, rogorc aseTi,sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, roca is Tavis ZiriTad rols asrulebs _gamoiTqmis _, garduvalad erwymis MmTel situacias, sagnebsa daadamianebs, anu yovelive imas, rac TavisTavad utyvia. sityva TavisTavadZalze cotas niSnavs, misi roli zemoqmedebis moxdenaa, rogorcuZlieresi detonatorisa, romelic gamayruebeli gruxuniT afeTqebsyvela danarCenis kvazisityvier muxts. ra Tqma unda, werilobiTenaSi saqme ramdenadme sxvagvaradaa. es arc ise mniSvnelovania, radganwerilobiTi metyveleba zepirs emorCileba, mTlianad mas efuZneba.jer kidev goeTem Tqva, rom werili zepiri sityvis mkrTali aCrdilida uRirsi memkvidrea.

rogorc ukve davrwmundiT, “me”, “Sen”, “aq” da “iq” _ gansxvavebulimniSvnelobis mqone sityvebia, romlebic damokidebulia gamoTqmissubieqtsa da mis adgilmdebareobaze. magaliTad, gramatikaSi aseTsityvebs “okazionaluri mniSvnelobis sityvebi” hqviaT. kidev erTxelgavxazavT, rom swored am punqtSi SeiZleba lingvistebTan SekamaTeba.


195

Cemi azriT, ufro swori iqneboda gvefiqra, rom msgavs sityvebsaqvT ara mxolod erTi okazionaluri mniSvneloba, aramed _ uTvalavi.moyvanili magaliTebi araorazrovani daskvnis gakeTebis uflebasgvaZlevs: swored es Taviseburebebi aRmoaCens yvela sityvas, anunebismieri sityvis zusti mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba im garemoebebiT,im situaciiT, romlebSic isini gamoiTqva. amgvarad, TiToeuli sityvissaleqsikono mniSvneloba WeSmariti azris mxolod ConCxia; sityvisazri yoveli gamoyenebisas raRaciT gansxvavebulia da axalia, misiConCxi konkretuli mniSvnelobis cocxali xorciT metyvelebisswrafmaval da marad cvalebad nakadSi imoseba. rac Seexebasaleqsikono mniSvnelobas, termin “ConCxis” nacvlad, albaT, undagvesaubra Wedadi masaliT Seqmnil namzadze, romelic TavisStampirebul formas maSin iRebs, rodesac sityvebi TavianT Tavsubrundebian anda rodesac maT vinme gamoTqvams da vinmes mimarTavs,aseve, rodesac gansazRvruli mizezebis gamo da konkretuli miznismisaRwevad gamoiTqmis.

lingvistikam imiT daiwyo, rom realur enaSi gamoyo zemoTnaTqvami sqematuri da abstraqtuli momenti. amis SedegadSesaZlebeli gaxda gramatikisa da leqsikonis Seqmna _ amocana,romelic enaTmecnierebam brwyinvaled Seasrula, magram, rogorc kipirveli siZnele gadalaxa da Cvens winaSe leqsikoni da gramatikaaRmoCnda, naTeli gaxda, rom es mxolod dasawyisia, radgan WeSmaritimetyveleba da wera sruliad ewinaaRmdegeba yvelafers, rasac kileqsikoni da gramatika gvaswavlian. es dakvirveba, ucilod, marTaliada Cven sruli ufleba gvaqvs, vamtkicoT: metyvelebis arsi sworedgramatikul wesTa da saleqsikono normebis mudmiv darRvevaSia.mkacrad formaluri mniSvnelobiT, “kargi mwerloba”, sxvagvaradrom vTqvaT, sakuTari stilis qona niSnavs, xSirad da mudmivadSeiWra leqsikasa da gramatikaSi. swored amitom cnobili lingvistivandriesi mkvdars im enas uwodebs, sadac Secdomis daSvebis uflebaaravisa aqvs. cocxali ena ki, sapirispirod, Tavisi SecdomebiTcocxlobs. swored am garemoebiT aixsneba is saxaliso mdgomareoba,romelSic dRes lingvistikaa: adre mis mier Seqmnili gramatika daleqsikoni garduvalad ivseba im gamokvlevaTa farTo speqtriT,romlebic SecdomaTa mizezebsa da maTi daSvebis SesaZleblobebseZRvneba, vimeoreb, Secdomebisa, romelTac, rasakvirvelia, sadReisoddadebiTi roli iTamaSes. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, msgavsi gamonaklisebiimgvaradve niSandoblivia enisaTvis, rogorc _ wesebi. tradiciullingvistikas Semokruli kvlevaTa es velia stilistika. moviyvan


196

mxolod yvelaze gasageb da trivialur magaliTs. roca viRacyviris “xanZari!” _ is gramatikas Seuracxyofs da ai, ratom: msgavsiamoZaxiliT Cven yovelTvis raRacas gamovTqvamT. yvela gramatikuladswori gamoTqma ki, Cveulebriv, realizaciisaTvis iTxovs srulfrazas (rogorc jer kidev aristotele SeniSnavda, calkeuli sityvaarafers gamoxatavs). Cvens magaliTSi motanili fraza, SesaZloa,asec amoeTqvaT: “cecxlma gamoiwvia xanZari da saxli iwvis”. magrampanikam da sicocxlis uSualo safrTxem, rac am situacias mohyvebaxolme, aiZula adamiani, uari eTqva im grZeli frazuli formisgamoyenebaze, romelsac tradiciuli lingvistika iTxovs. amis Sedegad,mTeli winadadeba erT sagangaSo sityvad SeikumSa.

rogorc vxedavT, stilistikam, gramatikisagan gansxvavebiT,samecniero kvlevis sferoSi CarTo iseTi utyvi elementi, rogoricaaemociuri mdgomareoba da konkretuli situacia, romelSic viRaclaparakobs, sxvagvarad, swored is, rac, rogorc adre davrwmundiT,sruliad ganuyofelia sityvisagan da amis miuxedavad, mas ZaliTmowyvites leqsikonebsa da gramatikaSi. es ki niSnavs, rom stilistika,moaruli azris sapirispirod, sulac ar aris gramatikis erTgvaridanamati. piriqiT, is axladaRmocenebuli lingvistikaa, romelmacgabeda, enas konkretul realobasTan miaxloebuli poziciiTmidgomoda. gavriskavdi kidec da vivaraudebdi, rom mTavaridaniSnuleba stilistikisa, romelic cota xnis win warmoiSvaleqsikisa da gramatikis ucnaur damatebad, isaa, rom SeiTavsos esori disciplina da barem, mTeli lingvisturi problematikacxelyos. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi me vaviTareb axali filologiisdebulebas, romlis ucilo upiratesobas vxedav enis erTian realobadSeswavlaSi. anu im saxiT, rogorSicaa, roca cocxali, WeSmaritigamoTqma ganixileba da ara _ mkvdari, Tavis cocxal sxeulsdacilebuli anasxepi. axali filologia, magaliTad, movalea, formalurlingvistur principad Camoqnas erTi Zveleburi wesi (aq is mxolodmisi SedarebiT simartivis gamo momyavs), romelic yovelTvispraqtikuli hermenevtikis orientiri iyo da romelic ase JRers:Duo si idem dicunt, non est idem _ “roca orni erTsa da imaves gamoTqvamen,sinamdvileSi sxvadasxva rames amboben”.

lingvistikam _ fonetika iqneba es, gramatika Tu leqsika _enis, rogorc aseTis Seswavlis niRbiT, gamoikvlia erTgvari abstraqcia,romelsac “ena” uwoda. ena ki, Tuki misi formalurad dasazRvrisnebas mogvcemen, sulac ar aris abstraqcia, aramed rogorc giTxariT,namdvili saswaulia, romelsac unda Cawvde, vidre adamianTa da


197

sazogadoebis Semswavleli mecnierebis romelime fenomens Seswavlide.Tumc, lingvistebi enas jer mxolod miuaxlovdnen, radgan is, rasacisini am cnebaSi gulisxmoben, sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs, aramedmxolod erTgvari xelovnuri da utopiuri sqemaa, TviTenaTmecnierebisave mier Seqmnili. sinamdvileSi ena arasodesaa raRacSeqmnili, dasrulebuli, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, “faqti”, radgan isarasodes “uqmniaT”, arasodes “sruluyviaT”. ena mudmivad qmnissakuTar Tavs, qmnis da amave dros, angrevs, spobs. sxvagvarad romvTqvaT, ena, erTsa da imave dros mudmivad TviTqmnadobis procesSicaada TviTganadgurebasac ganicdis. ai, ratomaa, rom didiinteleqtualuri gmiroba, gansaxierebuli Tanamedrove lingvistikismier, avalebs am ukanasknels _ keTilSobilebas xom Tan sdevsmovaleoba _ amjerad meored, energiulad da zustad miuaxlovdesenis realobas. es disciplina amas mxolod maSin miaRwevs, rocaTvisi sagnis seriozul Seswavlas daiwyebs, magram ara rogorcmzadmyofisa da dasrulebulisa, aramed, rogorc CamoyalibebisprocesSi arsebulisa, anu myofisa in statu nansendi. es imas niSnavs,rom lingvistikam ena Seiswavlos Tavisi siRrmiT, romelic misZirebSia mimaluli. Secdoma iqneboda imis fiqri, rom dasaxulimiznis misaRwevad lingvistikisTvis sakmarisi iqneboda yvelawinamavali enobrivi formis rekonstruqcia anda _ ufro zogadad_ formebis aRdgena maTi gansazRvruli tipis kvalobaze, romelicodesRac Camoyalibda. es amocana lingvistikam warmatebiT gadaWrada didad faseuli codnac daagrova. amasTan mTeli es e.w. “enisistoria” mxolod gramatikaTa da leqsikaTa im formiT mocemuliwyebaa, romelic enis yvela adreuli mdgomareobisaTvis iyoniSandoblivi. arsebiTad, enis istoria mxolod enaTa rigia, romelicerTmaneTs mosdevs. Camoyalibeba, rac enas, rogorc aseTs, axasiaTebs,sruliad ukvlevi darCa.

am problemis SeswavlisaTvis saWiro ar aris warsulSiCaRrmaveba, Tumc es yovelTvis uaRresad sasargebloa. ena mudmivadqmnis sakuTar Tavs da TviTve anadgurebs. amitom misi Camoyalibebismikvleva Tanabari warmatebiTaa SesaZlebeli rogorc warsulSi,ise _ awmyoSi. erTi ram udavoa: warsuli mTavaria, magram umTavresiisaa, rom lingvistikam Tavs idos enis macocxlebeli Zirebis mikvleva,im momentebisa, sadac TviT sityva jer ar srulqmnila, sxvagvaradrom vTqvaT, mikvleva misi genezisisa.

Cemi axali lingvisturi moZRvrebis SekumSulad warmodgenaase ZalmiZs: laparaki _ ZiriTadad niSnavs (Tu ratom “ZiriTadad”,


198

mogvianebiT vnaxavT) enis ise Senaxvas, rogorc _ Cveulebisa. magramenis dacva, rogorc Cveulebisa, adasturebs, rom ena ukve srulqmniliada Tavs Cvens garSemo arsebulma sazogadoebam mogvaxvia. sxvagvaradrom vTqvaT, ena ukve Seqmnilia. magram qmnadoba ar aris ubralolaparaki. piriqiT, qmnadoba enis gamogonebas gulisxmobs, misi axalimodusebis aRmoCenas da, Sesabamisad, misi absoluturi, Tavdapirveliqmnadobis mikvlevas. axali modusebi da gamoyenebis saSualebebiwarmoiqmneba mxolod imitom, rom enis gankargulebaSi arsebuliukve arsebuli modusebi sakmarisi ar aris yvelafer aucileblisgamosaxatad da gamosaTqmelad. gamoTqma anu TviTgamoxatvis, axsna-ganmartebis neba gansakuTrebuli moRvaweobaa, is funqciaa, romelicwin uswrebs TviT laparaks, TviT metyvelebasa da enis im arsebobas,romelSic is warmodgeba.

gamoTqma qmnis yvelaze Rrma enobriv fenas, romelic laparakzegacilebiT Rrmaa. da am uRrmesi plastebis moZieba lingvistikispirdapiri amocanaa. adamiani, arsebiTad, gamomTqmeli arseba rom ariyos, anu is, visac eTqmis, maSin araviTari ena ar iarsebebda. amitomgTavazobT axali disciplinis Seqmnas, romelic enis Sesaxeb yvelaarsebuli codnis qvakuTxedad unda iqces, da mimaCnia, rom kvlevisam sferos unda ewodos gamoTqmis Teoria. magram mainc ratomuCndeba adamians gamoTqmis moTxovnileba, ratom ar dums, rogorcsabolood duman sxva danarCeni cocxali arsebebi da ifarglebianmxolod signalis micemiT msgavsTa mimarT yvirilis, simReris, RmuilissaSualebiT, signalTa erTianobiT praqtikul situaciebSi, bunebamerTxel da samudamod rom dausazRvraT? magaliTad, fon friSmasakmaod zustad moaxerxa naxatebis seriis Seqmna, romelnicgamoisaxeba haerSi futkrebis frenisas da romelTac Tan sdevssruliad gansazRvruli bzuili da xmauri. am qmedebaTa erTianobisSemweobiT futkari mocemuli situaciis Sesabamis signals “aZlevs”sxva futkrebs. Tumc, mocemuli signalebi SeuZlebelia futkris“gamonaTqvamebad” miviCnioT, saqme gvaqvs mxolod sxvadasxvasituaciebiT gamowveul avtomatur refleqsebTan.

erTi im dabrkolebaTagani, romelic nebas ar gvaZlevsvilaparakoT gamoTqmis, rogorc sakuTriv adamianuri funqciis Sesaxeb,is midgomaa, romlis drosac ena ganixileba imis gamoxatulebad,ris Setyobinebaca da sityvebiT gadmocema gvsurs, maSin, roca didinawili imisa, ris Setyobinebasa da sityvebiT gadmocemas vlamobT,ori ganzomilebiT gamouTqmeli rCeba. pirveli ganzomileba TviTenobrivi moRvaweobis zemoTaa, meore _ qvemoT. zemoTaa yovelive is,


199

risi gamoTqmac ar SeiZleba, anu rac ar gamoiTqmis. qvemoT _yovelive is, rasac ar vambobT da TavisTavad igulisxmeba. da sworedmaSin msgavsi TavSekaveba mudmivad moqmedebs enaze, mis axal formebswarmoqmnis. jer kidev humboldti aRniSnavda: “nebismier enaSi erTimisi nawili yovelTvis eqspresiuladaa aRniSnuli da mkafiodgamoxatuli, meore ki, damatebiTi, yovelTvis ganze rCeba, igulisxmeba.Cinur enaSi pirvelsa da meores Soris urTierTSesabamoba Zalzemcirea”. da Semdeg ganagrZobda: “nebismier enaSi sametyvelo konteqstiwin uswrebs gramatikas. CinurSi is saerTo safuZveliaurTierTgagebisa da, xSirad, TviT konstruqcia mxolod misganmomdinareobs. TviT zmnac ki SesaZlebelia gagebul iqnas zmnisSesaxeb arsebuli cnebis wyalobiT.” anu zmna ibadeba zmnuriqmedebebis ideidan, romelic, Tavis mxriv, konteqstidan momdinareobs.mxolod zemomoyvanili daskvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZlebauqvemdebareo winadadebis gageba, daaxloebiT, am tipisa: „cris!”,aseve, aseTi wamoZaxilebisa: „xanZari!”, „qurdebi!”, „wavediT!” magramTu adamiani gamomTqmeli arsebaa, sruliad aucilebelia imis garkveva,kerZod ras gamoTqvams, agreTve, ra aiZulebs, gamoTqvas, an _ piriqiT,gamoTqmisagan Tavi Seikavos, dadumdes. aSkaraa, rom gamoTqmis sworedaseTma moTxovnilebam _ Tanac es moTxovnileba savsebiT garkveulida konkretulia, radgan qmnis imis mkafio sistemas, ris gamoTqmacegebis, _ Seqmna da Semdgomad ganaviTara enebi. da mxolod axlaZalgviZs adamianis mier Seqmnili gamoTqmis am iaraRis gansja.

yovelTvis, roca adamiani laparaks iwyebs, Tan sdevs Segneba,rom SeZlebs nafiqralis gamoTqmas. magram es iluziaa, radgan amisTvismxolod ena ar kmara. ena xom, ase Tu ise, imis mxolod mcirenawils gadmoscems, rasac Cven vfiqrobT da qmnis dabrkolebebssxva danarCenis gadmosacemad. magaliTad, ena vargisia maTematikurTeoriaTa da mtkicebaTa gadmosacemad. magram rogorc ki saubarifizikas exeba, is maSinve amCnevs sakuTar orazrovnebas da naklulobas.da rac ufro savse, adamianuri da realuri xdeba Tema, miTintensiurdeba enobrivi uzustoba, idumaleba da ugergiloba. CvenSeveCvieT damkvidrebul crurwmenas, TiTqos, „saubrisas erTmaneTisgvesmis”, da imdenad gvjera yvelaferi Tqmulis, rom saboloodiseTi motyuebulni vrCebiT, sjobda, saukunod davmunjebuliyaviTda ubralod, sxvaTa azrebis kiTxva SegvZleboda. metic: radganTviT azrovneba didwilad enas efuZneba _ Tumc, sxvaTagan gansxvavebiT,es damokidebuleba absoluturi ara mgonia _ sabolood gamodis,TiTqos, fiqri sakuTar TavTan laparaks niSnavdes da, Sesabamisad,


200

sakuTari Tavis cudad gagebas. sakuTari Tavis gaugebrobas kisabediswero Sedegebi mosdevs.

1922 wels parizSi Sedga filosofosTa sazogadoebis Sekreba,romelic enis ganviTarebis problemebs mieZRvna. senis napirebismkvidri filosofosebis garda monawileobdnen frangulilingvisturi skolis, msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze avtoritetuliorganizaciis wevrebic. da ai, vkiTxulob diskusiis mokle mimoxilvasda SemTxveviT wavawydi meies zogierT gamoTqmas _ meie Tanamedrovelingvistikis Seudarebeli korifea _, romelTac pirdapir Tavzaridamces. „yvela ena, _ amtkicebs meie, _ gamoxatavs sazogadoebisaTvisyovelive aucilebels; ena am sazogadoebis organoa. nebismierifonetikuri wyoba da gramatika vargisia imisTvis, rom is gamoTqva,rac saWiroa.” miuxedavad meies xsovnisadmi didi pativiscemisa, amsityvebSi bevri ram gadaWarbebulia. ra aZlevs uflebas meies, Tavisikategoriuli msjeloba WeSmaritebad miiCnios. TviT problemac kiscdeba lingvistikis viwro sazRvrebs. lingvistma xom ama Tu imxalxis mxolod ena icis da ara _ azrovneba. msgavsi dogma romamtkico, saWiroa, jer erTi, azrovneba enebiT gansazRvro da, meorec:maTi igiveobis konstatireba moaxdino, magram am pirobis Sesrulebacki imis samtkiceblad, TiTqos, nebismieri eniT nebismieri azrisgamoTqma SeiZlebodes, sulac ar aris sakmarisi. aucilebelia imisdamtkicebac, rom es erTnairi sisadaviTa da uSualobiT ZaluZsyvela enas. ena ki aramxolod xels uSlis zogi azris gamoTqmas,aramed amave mizezis gamo arTulebs sxvis mier maT gagebas, gagebiszogi mimarTulebis paralizebas axdens.

jadosnuri realobis wvdoma, ena rom hqvia, SeuZlebelia imueWveli faqtis sruli gacnobierebis gareSe, rom metyveleba sworedTavSekavebidan, siCumidan ibadeba. arsebas, romelsac ar ZaluZs bevriramis gamoxatvaze uaris Tqma, saerTod arafris Tqma ar SeuZlia.amgvarad gansxvavebuli enebi SesaZloa sxvadasxvagvarad warmodgnengamoxatulsa da gamouxatavs Soris gaTanabrebis TvalsazrisiT.yvela xalxi raRacas malavs, raRacis gamoTqmisgan Tavs ikavebs,raTa danarCeni Tqvas. radgan absoluturad yvelafris gamoxatvaSeuZlebelia. amitomaa gansakuTrebiT Zneli nebismieri Targmani, radganswored esaa cda, gamoxato romeliRac enaze is, risi Tqmisganacsxva ena Tavs ikavebs. yvela gamoTqmis Sesaxeb gamoTqmis Teoriaunda iqces aseve Teoriad im gansakuTrebul miCumaTebaze, romelicsxvadasxva xalxisTvisaa niSandoblivi. magaliTad, ingliselebi bevriseT rames ar amboben, rac Cven, espanelebs, gamudmebiT pirze gvakeria.


201

da piriqiTac! Tumc arsebobs bevri ufro seriozuli mizezi, romelTagamoc lingvistika „gamoTqmis Teorias” unda miubrundes. aqamdelingvistika arsebul enas swavlobda, anu iseTs, rogoric warmogvidga.sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, lingvistika swavlobda enas, rogorc momxdarfaqts. magram ena, xistad rom vTqvaT, arasodesaa rame dasrulebuli,is yovelTvis qmnis Tavis Tavs da TviTonve angrevs, radgan eszogadad, kacobriobis Taviseburebaa. lingvistebs swamT: es sakiTxiise unda gadawydes, rom Seswavlil iqnas enis aramxolod Tanamedrovemdgomareoba, aramed ganxilul iqnas misi evolucia, istoriuliganviTareba. saqme exeba sosiuris mier lingvistikis danawilebas,anu dayofas sinqroniad, romelic sistemas Camoyalibebuli saxiTikvlevs da, diaqroniad, romelic yuradRebas apyrobs droSi enobrivimovlenebis transformacias. magram msgavsi dayofa didad utopiuriada veranairad ver gvakmayofilebs. utopiuria Tundac imitom, romenis Semadgenloba arasodesaa dune, usicocxloo. xistad rom vTqvaT,enaSi saerTod ar SeimCneva misi yvela komponentis sinqronulisuraTi. meorec, utopiuria imitomac, rom igive diaqronia sxvaaraferia, Tu ara rekonstruqcia enis sxva SefardebiTi„Tanamedroveobebisa” Tanac im saxiT, rogoriTac isini warsulSiarsebobdnen. amgvarad, diaqronia gviCvenebs mxolod enobrivcvlilebebs da, Sedegad, Cven vamCnevT mxolod erTi axlandelidrois meoriT Secvlas, anu TvalnaTliv vxedavT enis zog statikursuraTs, romelTa Sedareba SeiZleba romeliRac filmTan, sadacerTmaneTis monacvle uZravi saxeebi mayurebels moZraobis iluziasaRuZraven. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, diaqronias ZaluZs, gvacnobos eniskinematuri xedva da ara misi dinamikuri gageba, romelTan erTadacaaSesaZlebeli cvlilebaTa wvdoma. nebismieri cvlileba _ zemoTaRniSnuli qmnadobisa da ganadgurebis mxolod Sedegia, enis mxolodgaregnuli mxare. CvenTvis ki aucilebelia enis Sinagani koncefciisSeqmna, sadac aRmovaCendiT ara dasrulebul enobriv formebs, aramed_ uSualod mis mamoZravebel Zalebs.

enis warmoSobis sakiTxs lingvistebma tabu daades. esgamarTlebulia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Zveli enobrivi monacemebissrul ararsebobas. magram ena, simarTle rom vTqvaT, arasodesaaraime dasrulebuli, datum (mocemuli), dasrulebuli lingvisturiformebi, ufro piriqiT, is gamudmebiT qmnis sakuTar Tavs. am Tu imsaxiT enis cxovelmyofeli SesaZleblobani amJamadac arsebobs.amitomac rezonulad ZalgviZs am enobrivi SemoqmedebiT potenciisgamoyofa Tanamedrove enaSi da maTi aRwera. winaswar uaris TqmiT,


202

amgvari cdebisagan TavSekavebiT, TviTonve vagebT SeuvalwinaaRmdegobebs enis genezisis ramdenadme wvdomis gzaze.

am mizezis gamo enis warmoSobis yvela Teoria or ukiduresobasSoris meryeobda: erTi mxriv, miiCnevdnen, rom ena saRvTo madlia,meore mxriv _ cdilobdnen cocxali arsebisTvis niSandoblivimoTxovnilebebisagan mis gaTavisuflebas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi adamianTa ena uTanabrdeboda an yvirils,oxvras, mowodebas (swored amas amtkicebda arc Tu didi xniswinaT g. reveSi), an _ simReras, Citebis analogiiT (darvini, sfenseri).amave ideas adasturebs TiTqos iseTi movlenebi, rogorebicaaSorisdebulebi, bgeraTa mibaZva da sxv. am SemTxvevaSi iseve, rogorcsxva dros, Teologiuri axsna yvela axsnis sawinaaRmdegoa, rameTumtkiceba, TiTqos, RmerTma adamiani „gonier cxovelad” Seqmna anuubralod mianiWa mas e.w. „racionaloba”, romelic Tavis mxriv, enisflobasac niSnavs, an ufro martivad , debuleba, TiTqos, ena adamiansRmerTma uboZa _ imis tolfasia, aRiaro: arc „racionaloba” saWiroebsraimenair ganmartebas da arc _ ena. sinamdvileSi gadauWarbebladSeiZleba iTqvas: TviT adamiani arasodes yofila racionaluri daarc axla SeiZleba aseTad misi miCneva. arsebiTad, laparakia romeliRacbiologiur saxeobaze, romelic warmoiSva _ ukanaskneli monacemebiT_ daaxloebiT milioni wlis winaT. udavoa, evoluciisas, anu Tavisiistoriis ganmavlobaSi, adamiani daadga gzas, romelmac aTaswleulebisSemdeg, SesaZloa, WeSmarit racionalobamde miiyvanos. magram sadReisodmxolod Zalze primitiuli inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebiT undadavkmayofildeT, romlebic, vimeorebT, mxolod fardobiTad SeiZleba„racionalurad” CaiTvalos. amasTan enis warmoSobis axsnis cda,gamomdinare cxoveluri Taviseburebebidan, uxeS Secdomad miiCneva,radgan am SemTxvevaSi sruliad gaugebaria, sxva danarCenma biologiurmasaxeobebma ratom ver miaRwies ganviTarebis iseT safexurs, rocasakuTari enis Seqmnas TviTve SeZlebdnen. faqtobrivad, msgavsi„biologiuri” Teoriebi miaweren adamianuris tolfas Taviseburebebsyvela sxva arsebas, magram sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom cocxalarsebaTa amgvari SesaZlo enebi aseve danawevrebul sametyvelosistemas warmoadgendnen. principSi, amas yvirilis enac SeZlebda.cxovelTa bevr saxeobas xom _ ara marto primatebs _ aqvT tviniserTgvari „eleqtronuli” mowyobiloba, romelsac dauZabavad ZaluZsmexsierebaSi SeinarCunos aTasgvari yvirilis sistema, Tanac iseTirTulisac, romelic Tavisuflad SeiZleba „enas” SevadaroT, Tumc,


203

am SemTxvevaSi metyvelebis organo ara imdenad enaa, ramdenadac _yeli.

savaraudoa, rom adamianSi „adamianurobis” gaCenis wamidanwarmoiqmna urTierTobis dauokebeli moTxovnileba, romelicabsoluturad aRemateba yvela sxva cxovelis msgavs survils. daes sagangebod im cxovelSi unda Casaxlebuliyo, romlidanacmogvianebiT adamiani warmoiSva, vinaidan swored am cxovels surdaZalian bevris, aranormalurad bevris Tqma. amgvarad, adamianSimkvidrobda raRac, rac ar gaaCnda romelime sxva cxovels: es avsebdamis „Sinagan samyaros”, romelic mas raRacnairad unda gamoexata,gamoeTqva. migaCndes, rom es racionaluri samyaro iyo _ uxeSiSecdomaa. xistad rom vTqvaT, amJamindel „racionalobaSi” garduvaladaRwevs inteleqtualuri Cvevebi, romlebic kacobriobis mTeliistoriis ganmavlobaSi kolosaluri daZabulobis SedegadgamomuSavda da romlebic, radgan Tavdapirvelad ar arsebobdnen,uSualod mohyvnen gadarCevas, aRzrdas, Sinagan disciplinas. imcxovelSi, romelic Semdeg „adamianad” iqca, unda warmoqmniliyogansakuTrebiT mdidari da uCveulod ganviTarebuli warmosaxvisoriginaluri funqcia anu fantazia. istoriulad mtkicdebodaswored es funqcia, viTardeboda, xangrZliv savarjiSoebs uZlebda,ramac, Tavis mxriv, fantazia imad gadaaqcia, rasac Cven rixiT „gonebad”vixseniebT. ra Zalam amoxeTqa am romeliRac zoologiur saxeobaSifantaziis uSreti wyaro anu gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebuli warmosaxva_ amaze gakvriT visaubre wina leqciaze, amasTan, Cems erT-erT SromaSic.am Temis gasaSlelad axla ubralod dro ara gvaqvs. da maincmcired gadavuxvev saTqmels da mogaxsenebT: Teologebissapirispirodac, romlebic adamians RvTis gansakuTrebul qmnilebadmiiCneven da, zoologiuri koncefciisgan gansxvavebiTac, romeliccxoveluri samyaros normalur farglebSi cdilobs Cvens CaduRabebas,adamians erTgvar aranormalur cxovelad miviCnev. adamianisaranormaluroba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi aRsavsea xat-saxeebiT,fantaziiT, romelmac moicva igi, mZlavr nakadad mimoiqca masSi,Seqmna is, rasac „Sinagani samyaro” ewodeba. ai, ratomaa adamiani _ amsityvis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT _ fantastikuri cxoveli. am saunjem,romelsac adamiani atarebs da sxva cxovelTaTvis ucxoa, mianiWaadamianur Tanagancdas, adamianuri urTierTobebis tips sruliadaxali xasiaTi. amieridan laparakia ara mxolod situaciidangamomdinare utilitarul signalTa miRebasa da gacemaze; saqmeexeba gadaudebel moTxovnilebas, gamoxatos sakuTari sanukvari


204

samyaro, romelic Sinaganad xeTqs adamians, simSvides stacebs, aRagznebsda SfoTiTa da ZrwoliT avsebs. es Sinagani samyaro adamianisagandaJinebiT iTxovda gareT gasaRwevs, masSi urTierTobis WeSmaritimonawileobis _ erTi sityviT _ axsna-ganmartebis wyurvils Sobda.enis genezisis gasagebad zoologiuri utilitarizmi sakmarisi araris. aq ar SeiZleba Semofargvla ubralo signalebiT, romlebicasocirdeba raRac Cvens miRma momxdarTan, anu situaciasTan, romlisaRqmac ZalgviZs.

absoluturad aucilebelia, warmovidginoT, rom yvela idumalarsebaSi sakuTari sulis sxvisTvis Cvenebis uzarmazari vnebaa, imisTqmis Jinia, rac „SigniT” momwifda da, kerZod _ sanukvariwarmosaxviTi samyaro; erTi sityviT, iq suldgmulobda aRsarebisdidi lirikuli moTxovnileba, magram radganac Sinagani samyarosxat-saxeni uSualo aRqmas ar eqvemdebareba, maTi gadmocema „signaliT”SeuZlebelia; vinmes Sinagani samyaro meoremde rom miitano, signaliTavisi wminda saxiT, garduvalad unda iqces garkveul gamoxatvad,sxva sityvebiT, amgvari niSani TviTve unda gulisxmobdes raRacazrs, raRac mniSvnelobas. mxolod cxoveli, romelsac marTlacsurda „bevris Tqma,” da swored imaze, rac „aq” ar aris, garesamyaroSiar arsebobs, ambobs uars signalTa ubralo erTianobaze, radganzustad esmis misi SezRuduloba. am aRmoCenam, uciloa, es cxoveliaiZula kavSiri gaewyvita komunikaciis msgavs naklul saSualebasTanda ecada misi gadalaxva. sainteresoa, rom aRniSnuli „wyveta,”rogorc Cans, ara mxolod uSualod ukavSirdeba enis „gamogonebas,”aramed udavod dRemde grZeldeba da mcire qmnilebaTa seriadgardaiqmneba. esaa individis maradiuli konfliqti, romelic eswrafisraRac axlis gamoTqmas, rac mis sulSi iSva da sxvaTaTvis ucxoa;esaa pirovnebis konfliqti ukve dadgenil da winaswargansazRvrulenasTan, an ara da, gamoTqmis nayofieri Sejaxeba metyvelebasTan.

am garemoebebma momaniWes ufleba, winaswar meTqva, rom eniswarmoSobis problema nawilobriv, axlac SeiZleba vikvlioT. ena,metyveleba, an is, rac gamoiTqmis, _ kolosaluri sistemaa im sityvierCveulebaTa, romlebsac gansazRvruli sazogadoeba aRiarebs. individi,pirovneba am CveulebaTa saxiT imTaviTve ganicdis enobriv iZulebas.amitom mSobliuri enaa yvelaze naTeli da tipuri sazogadoebrivimovlena. swored is aZlevs saSualebas „sxvebs”, SemoaRwion CvenSida saukunod dafuZndnen, rac TiToeul individs „xalxis” kerZoSemTxvevad aqcevs. mSobliuri metyveleba axdens Cveni sanukvarisamyaros uRrmes fenaTa socializacias, da amitomac nebismieri


205

individi, am sityvis xisti mniSvnelobiT, sazogadoebas ekuTvnis. raTqma unda, calkeul adamians SeuZlia im sazogadoebidan gaqceva,romelSic daibada da aRizarda, magram maSinac ki sazogadoebagaafTrebiT daedevneba ltolvils, radgan yvela individisazogadoebis maradiuli matarebelia. ai, WeSmariti arsi debulebisa,romlis Tanaxmadac, adamiani sazogadoebrivi cxovelia (Tumc,aristotelem Tqva „politikuri cxovelia” da ara „sazogadoeb-rivio”;). adamiani socialuria, sazogadoebas ekuTvnis maSinac ki,roca mas didad ar xiblavs urTierToba. misi socialoba, anu amaTu im sazogadoebisadmi kuTvnileba mis gulRiaobaze ar arisdamokidebuli. mSobliuri ena saukunod tvifravs adamians. daradganac yvela ena gulisxmobs samyaros absoluturad TviTmyofsuraTs, is garduvalad ajildoebs adamians ramdenime gansazRvruliSesaZleblobiT, da amasTan, arsebiTad zRudavs kidec mas. ai, sadvxedavT mkafiod, Tu rogor xdeba movlena _ „esa Tu is adamiani”umaRlesi klasis abstraqcia! yovelive, rac adamianSi sanukvaria,winaswar aris gansazRvruli da formulirebuli ama Tu imsazogadoebiT.

magram esec simarTlea: is, visac uaRresad pirovnulisa da,Sesabamisad, sruliad axlis gamoxatva surs, wesisamebr, adamianTametyvelebaSi, enaSi ver poulobs im sityvier Cvevas, adekvaturadrom eTanadebodes mis gamoTqmas. maSin individi axal gamoTqmasqmnis. da Tu gaumarTla da sxva bevric gaimeorebs, es gamoTqma,SesaZloa, axal enobriv Cvevad Camoyalibdes. amgvarad, yvela sityvada frazeologiuri saqcevi imTaviTve iyo calkeul adamianTa mierSeqmnili, romlebic Semdgom meqanikur yofiT Cveulebad gardaisaxnen.msgavsi degradacia aucilebelia, radgan sityvaTa da saqcevTa enaSiSemosvlis mTavar pirobad gvevlineba da mainc, am pirovnul aRmoCenaTadidi nawili Sedegs ver aRwevs, anu ramdenadme SesamCnev kvals artovebs enaze: pirovnuli Semoqmedebis es aqtebi bevrisTvis gaugebaria.pirovnuli gamoTqmebisa da adamianTa metyvelebis es brZola enisyofis normad iqca. calkeuli adamiani yovelTvis sazogadoebistyvea, Tumca ki, xandaxan, misgan gaqcevis SesaZleblobiT suldgmulobs,raTa cxovrebis damoukidebel, sakuTar formas misdios. amgvarcdaTagan cota Tu sruldeba warmatebiT _ da maSin sazogadoebaauqmebs ama Tu im Cvevas da pirovnebis mier gamomuSavebul axalformebs aitacebs xolme. Tumc, xSirad, Cven mainc msgavs pirovnulsasoebaTa msxvrevis mowmeni vxdebiT; amgvarad enaSi Cven vxedavTnebismieri socialuri faqtis paradigmas. eTnografTa monacemebis


206

Tanaxmad, velurebSi, axlac pirvelyofili wyobiT rom cxovroben,xSirad gvxvdeba iseTi movlena, roca romelime axali situaciaindividisagan moiTxovs mSobliur enaSi ararsebuli fonemebiswarmoqmnas. es fonemebi Semoqmedebis Sedegia, radgan maTi bgeriTiforma warmoTqmis momentSi srulad upasuxebs imas, rasac ganicdisda ris gamoTqmasac lamobs esa Tu is individi. kacobriobisganviTarebis adreul etapze es fenomeni, savaraudod, ufro xSiradgvxvdeboda, radgan adamianuri metyveleba mxolod maSin idgamdafesvs da arsebobda enis, rogorc aseTis _ Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas_ „Savi monaxazi”.

magram gvaqvs ki safuZveli vamtkicoT, rom swored fonetikuriformaa mTavari, gadamwyveti momenti sityvaTqmnadobis zemoaRniSnulprocesSi, rogorc amas dRevandeli lingvistika varaudobs.sinamdvileSi, myarad mwams: TviT fonetikac ki ucilod enis uRrmesSreebs unda efuZnebodes.

enis „dayvana” sityvamde _ sensu stricto, anda _ mis bgeriT mxaremdeabstraqciaa, anu raRac, konkretul realobas rom ar emTxveva.Tanamedrove lingvistikis safuZlad qceuli es abstraqciadabrkolebad ar aRmarTula im farTomasStabiani da erTgvarad,mkacrad sanimuSo kvlevisas, „enad” rom movixseniebT. magramenaTmecnierebis udavo warmatebebi im plastis Rrma damuSavebasada detalur Seswavlas gvavalebs, romelic sul axlaxan ganxiluliabstraqciis farglebs miRmaa. lingvistikam, rogorc davrwmundiT,ucilod unda CarTos metyvelebis analizSi imis nawili, rac TviTmasSi ar gamoixata, gamouTqmeli darCa. da aq araorazrovnad msursganvacxado! Cveni metyveleba Sedgeba ara mxolod sityvebisagan,bgeraTSeTanxmebaTagan an fonemaTagan. danawevrebul bgeraTa warmoTqmaxom metyvelebis mxolod erTi nawilia. misi meore mxare moicavsmTeli adamianuri sxeulis srul Jestikulacias, romelicTviTgamoxatvas eswrafis. da es Jestikulacia, bunebrivia, Sedgebaara mxolod mkafiod gamoxatul moZraobaTagan, aramed, magaliTad,Tvalebis, Rawvebis da a.S. tonusis SesamCnev cvlilebaTagan.enaTmecnierebi msgavsi movlenebis faseulobaTa aRiarebisTvis didixania mzad arian, magram amis miuxedavad, maT seriozulad ar aRiqvamen.gana umjobesi ar iqneba simarTles Tvali gavusworoT da vaJkacuradvaRiaroT: metyveleba Jestikulirebas niSnavs? am frazis arsi ufrokonkretuli da pirquSia, vidre SesaZloa, erTi SexedviT mogveCvenos.

calkeulma xalxma, didwilad, dasavleTis mkvidrebma, praqtikuladori aswleulis ganmavlobaSi mkacrad disciplinuri gaxades TavianTi


207

metyveleba, ris Sedegadac maT imas miaRwies, rom arsebiTad SezRudes,gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi ki, saerTod akrZales yvelazeTvalSisacemi Jestebis gamoyeneba. magaliTad moviyvanT ingliselebs.Merry England-is („keTili, mxiaruli inglisi”) xanaSi saubrisasisini im simSvidiTa da udrtvinvelobiT ver daikvexnidnen, dResrom maT NniSandobliv Taviseburebad miaCniaT. falstafsa damister idens ufskruli acilebT, romelmac uamravi Jesti STanTqa.rogor imoqmeda aman gamoxatvaze, arafers vityvi. magram Tuistoriuli ganviTarebis adreul etapebs davubrundebiT,Jestikulaciis intensiur matebas SevamCnevT. afrikaSi dResacSexvdebiT pirvelyofil xalxebs, romelTac ar esmiT eTnografebisada misionerebisa, arada, maT srulyofilad ician iqaurTa enebi,Tumc metyvelebas gamZafrebul Jestikulacias ar urTaven. metic:centraluri afrikis zogi tomi SebindebasTan erTad saubars wyvets.ar laparakoben, radgan erTmaneTs ver xedaven _ vinaidan ukanaskneligaremoeba Jestikulacias sabolood aucxoebs metyvelebisagan.

magram moyvanili magaliTebi jer kidev ar aris sakmarisisafuZveli formulisa: „metyveleba Jestikulacias niSnavs.”

gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, romelsac kantma „mecnierebissaimedo gza” uwoda, lingvistika maSinve Seudga enis im mxrivSeswavlas, romelic ufro sasurveli gaxldaT zusti kvlevebisaTvis.sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, yuradReba miapyres kacobriobis ZiriTadsametyvelo aparats, romelic bgerebis artikulacias axdenda. asewarmoiSva fonetika. mkacri mniSvnelobiT, es termini WeSmaritebasar Seesabameba. TviTon gansajeT _ es mecniereba sulac ar swavlobsenobriv bgerebs, rogorc aseTs; mxolod sametyvelo organoebismuSaobas ikvlevs. amitom klasifikaciisas enobriv bgerebs aniWebdnenmoqmedi organos saxels; ase gaCnda qveynad bagismieri, kbilismierida sxv. bgerebi. sruliad ueWvelia, rom am meTodma brwyinvaleSedegebi mogvca. da mainc, artikulaciisTvis sruli upiratesobisminiWeba arasakmarisad gaazrebulia, radgan enaze dakvirveba mTqmelisplanSi mimdinareobs da ara _ msmenelisa. magram Cven mSvenivradgvesmis: sityva amgvari maSin ki ar xdeba, roca iTqmis, aramed mxolodmaSin, roca esmiT, roca mas yurmaxvili adamiani igebs. TviT mTqmelicki mudmivad cdilobs sruliad garkveuli bgeris mkafioartikulirebas, swored im fonemis gamoTqmas, romelic manTavdapirvelad ucxo bageTagan moismina. winaswar gansazRvrul damza enaSi sityvebis smeniT moxelTebis samuSao yovelTvis pirveladia;Sesabamisad, ena, uwinaresad, akustikuri faqtia. roca ocdaTxuTmetiode


208

wlis winaT Tavadma trubeckoim metyvelebis bgerebis, rogorcaseTTa, Seswavla daiwyo imis gasarkvevad, Tu fonemis kerZod romelinawili aqcevs bgerebs ganmasxvavebel, madiferencirebel, anu sametyvelomoRvaweobis yvelaze efeqtur Tvisebad, _ TavSi marjve azrma gauelva(radgan imjerad termini adekvaturi aRmoCnda), TavisidisciplinisTvis fonologia daerqmia.

udavoa, trubeckois meTodma, gansxvavebiT tradiciulifonetikisagan, SesaZlebeli gaxada bgeris pirvelsawyisTan ufromiaxloeba. da mainc, rogorc Cans, arc Tu didi xnis winaTSemoTavazebuli arc es Tvalsazrisia sakmarisi enis mTavari, sawyisidaxasiaTebis misakvlevad. fonologia swavlobs bgerebs, rogorcaseTT. magram mza enaSi damkvidrebuli es bgerebi TavdapirveladodesRac ucilod viRacis mier warmoiTqva.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gamoTqma xelaxla iqceva pirveladad,magram fonetikasTan SedarebiT, sruliad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT.saqme elementaruli gamoTqma rodia, romelic mTlianad emyarebawinaswargansazRvruli, winaswar cnobili bgeris warmoTqmis swrafvasan, rom gavamartivoT, mibaZvaze damyarebul gamoTqmas.

am SemTxvevaSi im artikulacias vgulisxmobT, romelsac saerTodar gaaCnia, romelime winaswargansazRvruli bgeriTi modeli, nimuSi...saqme exeba movlenas, romelic ar gaxlavT ubralo mowyobiloba,rodesac moZraoba warimarTeba mTqmelisTvis ukve cnobili sityvisgaregani bgeriTi xatis Sesabamisad. da radganac yvela ena fonemaTagansakuTrebuli sistemaa, fonemaTa miRma garduvalad moiazrebaraRac gansakuTrebuli, saartikulacio moZraobis TviTkmari sistema,romelic stiqiuria da ara _ winaswarganzraxuli an mibaZviTi. amTaviseburebebiT aRbeWdili moZraoba iwodeba gamomxatvelad,sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Jestebad. es sruliad ewinaaRmdegeba immoZraobebs, romelTa SemweobiT, ama Tu im miznis miRwevas vlamobT.

ra gasakviric unda iyos, veWvobT, rom enis nebismieri bgeramarTlac metyvelebis aparatis organoTa Sinagani Jestikulaciisaganwarmodgeba, maT Soris _ bageebisac. yvela xalxSi iyo gavrcelebulida axlac gavrcelebulia winaswarganuzraxveli, arasaCvenebeli, magramsruliad gansazRvruli artikulaciis tipi, romelic gamoxatavsmisTvis damaxasiaTebel da yvelaze xSirad, TviTmyofi Sinagani samyarosTaviseburebebs. da vinaidan sametyvelo aparatis mier artikulirebulbgerebs yovelTvis Tan axlavs Cveni sxeulis Jestebi, yvela enisbgeriTi sistema garkveuli proeqciiT garduvalad gulisxmobs amenaze molaparake xalxis suls. TviT lingvistebi gvkarnaxoben:


209

romelime enis saswavlad jer sxeulis sruliad konkretuli pozaunda miviRoT. magaliTad, inglisur enaze sasaubrod, pirvel rigSi,nikapi win unda wamovwioT da kbili kbils davaWiroT, Semdeg kivcadoT bageTa praqtikulad uZrav mdgomareobaSi moyvana, amgvarad,da mxolod amgvarad yalibdeba ingliselebSi is naklebgamomxatvelida zizRiani knavili, risganac Sedgeba maTi mSobliur enaze metyveleba.amis sapirispirod, Tu frangulis swavlas gadawyvetT, saWiroamTeli sxeuli erTgvarad bageebisken midrikoT, TiTqos vinmes kocnasapirebdeT, da mxolod mere asrialoT tuCebi ise, rom erTmaneTsexebodnen. swored ase miiRweva usazRvro TviTkmayofileba, aseniSandoblivi romaa rigiTi frangisaTvis. zedmeti TviT-dajerebulobis meore saxesxvaoba gamoixateba nazalizaciiT, romelicinglisurs amerikelebma SesZines. nazalizacia bgeris „gadaylapvaa”,romelic Tan sdevs zeaweul bgeras (mxolod imitom, rom cxvirisRruSi misi mJReri gamoZaxiliT datkbeT). mJReri sityvebis amgvarimopyroba ufro meti TviTmyofadobis SesaZleblobas iZleva, iseTi,TiTqos, sakuTar Tavs „Signidan” usmende. lingvistTa SorisacgamoCndeba xolme romeliRac marjve vaJkaci; amerikelebs argauWirdebaT imis gageba, rom ingliselma leopold steinma TaviswignSi „metyvelebis Cviloba da Cvilis metyveleba” (The Infancy ofSpeech and the Speech of Infancy) nazalizaciis damkvidreba piTekanTropsdaukavSira.

amrigad, ena _ dafuZnebuli gamoTqmaze _ adamianuri Jestebisnakrebs (SesaZloa, aq ufro Sesaferisi termin „sistemis” gamoyenebaiyos) ganekuTvneba. Tumc TiToeuli individis JestTa es krebulimisi pirovnebis mxolod minimaluri nawilia. yvela Cveni Jesti,praqtikulad, sazogadoebisgan warmodgeba, sxvagvarad, es gaxlavTCven mier gamoyenebuli romeliRac moZraobebi, romlebic miRebuliasazogadoebaSi. amitom sakmarisia ama Tu im adamianis Jestikulaciisdanaxva, rom davadginoT, romel ersa Tu xalxs ganekuTvneba.Jestikulacia im CvevaTa erTianobaa, romelic hgavs Cven mier winaleqciebisas ganxilulT. maTi analizisas kvlavac vexebiT ukvenacnob problemaTa wres. da aq nebismieri individi ganicdisgaremocvis zegavlenas. da Tu odesme Jestikulaciis istoriadaiwereba, isini garduvalad dasruldeba am strofebiT: Jestebisgamoyeneba, daucveloba da gauqmeba CvevaTa arsebobis saerTo kanonebsemorCileba. nebismieri sazogadoeba Tavisi CveulebebiT, TavisiJestebiT cxovrobs da swored maTSi gamoixateba yvelaze naTladam sazogadoebis xasiaTi. amitom esa Tu is xalxi uZlieres Soks


210

ganicdis, roca sxva xalxis TviTmyofad Jestikulacias awydeba.xSirad msgavsi Soki dauokebel siZulvilSi gadaizrdeba xolme,ris Sedegadac iseTi wvrilmani, rogoric gansazRvruli adamianurisazogadoebis gamomsaxveli moZraobebia, xdeba urwmunobis,siZulvilisa da, xandaxan mtrobis, Zlieri faqtori.

adamianTa gamoTqmani. “sazogadoebrivi azri”.socialuri moTxovnilebani, samoqalaqo Zalaufleba

mSobliuri ena yovelTvis arsebobs. is aq aris, Cvens uSualosazogadoebriv garemocvaSi da bavSvobidanve meqanikurad iWrebaCvenSi, roca adamianTa laparaki gvesmis. Tu sityva “laparaki”, mkacrimniSvnelobiT, gansazRvruli enis gamoyenebas aRniSnavs, metyvelebaenis aTvisebis mxolod meqanikuri Sedegia. sametyvelo aqti, “ubnoba”moqmedebaa, romelic garedan SigniT moemarTeba. garedan iracionaluradda meqanikurad aTvisebuli metyveleba gareTve brundeba. amissapirispirod, gamoTqma _ qmedeba, romelic safuZvels TviTsubieqtidan iRebs _ raRac sanukvaris gamocxadebis cdaa. amracionaluri da Segnebuli miznis misaRwevad adamiani yvelaxelmisawvdom saSualebas iyenebs, romelTagan ena mxolod erT-erTia. magaliTad, natifi xelovneba sxva araferia, Tu ara _ gamoTqmissaSualeba. laparakis SesaZlebloba individs ase Tu ise dadgeniliaqvs, Tu igi ase Tu ise flobs erT an ramdenime enas. metyvelebagramofonis firfitaTa erTgvari seriaa, romelsac SinaarsisgaTvaliswinebiT “ukravs” adamiani. aseTi dapirispireba uflebasgvaZlevs, naTlad davinaxoT, rom Tu gamoTqma an gamoTqmis ganzraxvasakuTriv adamianuri, an individis, rogorc aseTis, qmedebaa, metyvelebaCvevaa, romelic sxva CvevaTa msgavsad individidan ar iRebs saTavesda ar aris srulad gacnobierebuli. is arc nebayoflobiTi aqtia.is sazogadoebis mier CvenTvis Tavs moxveuli aqtia. da amitomac,metyvelebis saxiT, romelsac Zvelad ratio-s da logos-s uwodebdnen,Tvalwin warmogvidgeba sxva socialuri faqtebiviT ucnauri realoba;igi marTlac saocaria, vinaidan Cvens winaSea rogorc adamianurirealoba _ mas qmnian da iyeneben TviTon adamianebi, romlebsac essruliad Segnebuli aqvT; da amave dros, rogorc _ araadamianurirealobac, vinaidan TviT sametyvelo aqtebs meqanikuri xasiaTi aqvT.magram Tu vecdebiT, piruku SeviswavloT TiToeuli sityvis istoria,piruku gavadevnoT Tvali TiToeul sintaqsur konstruqcias,SegveZleba _ Tanac araerTxel _ mainc mivakvlioT maT warmoSobas.


211

davinaxavT, rom nebismieri sityva an saqcevi, romelTac ki mniSvnelobaaqvT maTi Semqmnelisa da uSualo msmenelisaTvis, warmoSobiT,etimologiurad SemoqmedebiTi aqtia. Sesabamisad, sityvebica dagamoTqmebic odesRac adamianur qmedebas gamoxatavdnen, romlebmacenaSi Cvevad damkvidrebisas dakarges TavianTi pirvandeli mniSvnelobada iqcnen gramofonis erTgvar firfitebad, erTi sityviT, dehumanizebaganicades, sulisgan daicalnen.

espaneTis samoqalaqo omisas viRacam moigona sityva “zedmetadmarTavs” (mandamas). vfiqrob, am gamoTqmis SemoqmedisTvisac ki ariyo naTeli, ratom moxda, rom cneba “marTva” maincdamainc sityvamandamas-iT gamoixata. arc isaa gasagebi, Tu ratom gadmoicemamniSvneloba “meti” sityviT mas.1

da mainc, ori sityvis amgvari Sewyoba viRacis Semoqmedebisoriginaluri produqtia, romelsac mniSvneloba hqonda rogorcavtoris, ise _ msmenelisaTvis. is naTels hfenda sazogadoebrivicxovrebis romeliRac faqts, romelic maSin arsebobda. metic, essityva marjved SerCeulicaa, raSic iolad davrwmundebiT, Tu aseTu ise zustad aRvwerT mis tragikomikur arss: xazs vusvam, amsityvis orive komponentis aRweras vgulisxmob.

maS, Tu amas vizamT, miviRebT im situaciis yvelaze zustgansazRvras, romelSic maSin espaneTis samoqalaqo xelisuflebaCavarda. am mdgomareobis dasrulebisTanave _ es iseTi aranormalurisituacia gaxldaT, rom misi metnaklebi stabilizeba, gamyarebaSeuZlebeli iyo _ sityva mandamas-is xmarebac gaiSviaTda dasavsebiT mosalodnelia, male saerTod gaqres kidec. amgvarad, CvenswinaSe Cvevis magaliTia _ zemoT moyvanili sityva ramdenime wlisganmavlobaSi lingvisturad dakanonda da praqtikulad, ukve modidangadis. Tumc, isic warmovidginoT, rom es sityva ama Tu im mizeziTadamianTa metyvelebas SerCes, ramdenime Taobas gauZlos... savsebiTSesaZlebelia, rom gamoTqma manda-mas gardaiqmnas gamoTqmad malmasan raRac amgvarad. maSin am sityvis jiutad gamomyenebeli saerTodver mixvdeba, mas, vinc areul droSi sxvebze metad irjeba (metadmarTavs, metad ganagebs), ratom hqvia malmas.

1 sityva mandar espanurSi polisemiuria da niSnavs: mbrZaneblobas, meTaurobas,anderZis micemas (uanderZa), uaryofas, dapirebas, marTvas (cxenis gaZRola), davalebas,gadawyvetas, dartymas, miwvevas, aRZvras, gamowvevas, signalis micemas, batonobas, Zirsdagdebas, mosrolas, gagzavnas, CamoTvlas, instruqtaJs da a.S. mas uaryofiTinawilakia. amgvarad, mandamas-ma uneblieT miiRo aseTi mniSvneloba: “umarTaoba,uxelmZRvaneloba” (is, vinc ar marTavs, ar ganagebs) (mTargmn. SeniSvna)


212

adamianurma qmedebam Cveni Tanamemamulisa, romelmac es sityvagamoigona, malmas wminda enobriv Cvevad aqcia, enis WanWikad gardaqmna,misi dehumanizeba moaxdina. igive ram mosdiT dRes sityvebs mandarda malmas. es procesi ise garTulda, rom TviT gamoCenilma lingvistmameiemac ki bolomde ver gaigo zemoT naxsenebi gamoTqmis arsi.aucilebeli mgonia am procesisaTvis yuradRebis mipyroba, radganzemoT moyvanili sityva ara marto sulisgan daclis kidev erTimagaliTia, aramed miSvnelovan problemaze saubris nebasac gvaZlevs.

espanuri mas warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan magis, romlismniSvnelobas maSin gavigebT, Tu, magaliTad, vityviT magis esse (metadyofna). igive fuZe aqvs sityvas magnus (didi). meie aq damatebiTor SeniSvnasac gvTavazobs, Tumc, es, mgoni, misTvis umniSvneloa.yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini mas araviTari daskvnisken ar ubiZgeben. meieambobs: cneba “meti”-s (mas) gadmosacemad laTinurSi kidev orisityva gamoiyeneboda: grandis , romelic sivrcis sidides ukavSirdeboda,da plus, romelic raodenobriv, ricxvobriv siWarbeze miuTiTebda.da piriqiTac, ganagrZobs meie, magnus da, Seabamisad magis, xSiradZalis, Zalauflebis damatebiT mniSvnelobebsac iTavseben, rac argaaCniaT arc grandis-s, arc _ plus-s. meie sxvas aras ambobs, magramTqmuli saSualebas gvaZlevs fuZeebSi mag da mai raRac mniSvnelovansmivakvlioT. magis esse (metad yofna) safuZvels udebs sityvasmagister (magisteros), misgan ki sityvebs _ magisteratus, magistratus. magramromSi “magistrati” “mmarTvels’, “ZalauflebiT aRWurvil adamians”niSnavda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, magistrati isaa, vinc sxva moqalaqeebzemniSvnelovania, vinaidan is marTavs, is ganagebs. zemoT ukve vnaxeT,rom mandar, romelic warmodgeba sityvidan manu-dare, romelic imSesaZleblobas gulisxmobs, roca sxvisTvis sakuTari nebis Tavsmoxveva ZalgiZs: viRac Zalis mflobelia, Zalisufalia. meies Secdoma,rogorc aq, ise _ sxvagan, isaa, rom igi ganixilavs sityvadqceulsagans, movlenas, rogorc _ arsebuls. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, meiesar esmis is naTeli WeSmariteba, rom yvela sagani mxolod Sedegiamisi warmomSobi energiisa; platonis TqmiT, imisa, rac “mis myofobasganapirobebs”. magistrati sxvaze metobas aRniSnavs, magram sxvazemetoba met Zalauflebazec miuTiTebs. swored es migviZRvis fuZemag-is Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobebisaken sityvebSi magnus da magis.es fuZe krTeba sityvaSic majestad (“didebuleba”). marTlac,germanulSi igive fuZe miuTiTebs ara mxolod imaze, rom viRac“metia”, aramed cinikurad da orazrovnad aRniSnavs TviT Zalauflebas_ magcht. zemogermanulSi magan-s Seesatyviseba “Zala”, ZvelfrankulSi


213

amoier (“SeSineba”, “Zrwolis mogvra”) gadasxvaferda sityvad esmoi,ris Sedegadac Tanamedrove frangulSi damkvidrda emoi. inglisurSigvaqvs may – “SeZleba” da might – “Zala”. sasaubro germanulSimogen aRniSnavs “Zalas”, “SeZlebas”, moglich _ “SesaZleblobas”, mas,visac SeuZlia iyos an mas, rasac yofna ZaluZs. berZnulSic kigvxvdeba analogiuri magaliTebi: megale ara mxolod didi zomisada raodenobis aRmniSvnelia, aramed raRacis keTebis SesaZleblobacaa;mechane “meqanizmicaa”, “meqanikac” da “manqanac”.

yovelive es imis konstatirebis saSualebas gvaZlevs, romindoevropuli evoluciis romeliRac etapze “mag-nas” “Zlierebas”,“Zalas” niSnavda, da vinaidan gansazRvrul Zalasa da Zlierebasnebismieri adamiani flobs, SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom es fuZe aRniSnavda“Zlierebas” an “potencias”, rac aRemateboda sxva danarCen Zalasada Zlierebas da, Sesabamisad, aRniSnavda “upiratesobas”, “metSesaZleblobas”. radgan Zalaufleba Zlierebaa, gamodis, rom magistratzemoT Tqmuli manda-mas-ia. am sityvis sxva garegnul niSnebzemogvianebiT mogaxsenebT. sityvis magistrat gamoTqmisas Cven ar vfiqrobTzemoTqmulze, magram dRes damtkicebulia, rom sityvebi pirvandelmniSvnelobaTa gaqvavebuli gvamebia. Tu vimsjelebT ara sityvaze,aramed realobaze, romelsac ewodeba magistrat, ufro sworad imrolze, romelsac dRes es sityva asrulebs, maSinve gagvaxsendeba,rom magistrati aseTi imitomaa, rom swored mas emorCileba policia;rom aRaraferi vTqvaT Zvel romze, sadac magistrati, konsuli, imavedros, umaRlesi mTavarsardalic gaxldaT.

aq raime saxaliso TamaSi gamoricxulia, radgan etimologiaTiTqmis yovelTvis aSiSvlebs adamianuri cxovrebis mkacr realobas,romelic ufro midrekilia SeniRbvisa da farisevlobisaken daCvengan bevr rames aidumalebs. Tavs ufleba miveci, dro dameTmomorigi etimologiuri analizisaTvis ara mxolod imitom, rom amansaSualeba mogvca, TvalnaTliv dagvenaxa, Tu gansazRvruli individisSemoqmedebas dacilebuli da enobriv sistemaSi CarTuli sityvebirogor kargaven TavianT mniSvnelobas da sulierebadaclilni, rogorganagrZoben meqanizmis detalad yofnas. ase mxolod imitom moviqeci,rom Semexsenebina: yvela es fenomeni gvexmareba im kidev ufromniSvnelovani problemis gaazrebaSi, romelic aralingvisturia daromelsac axla ganvixilavT.

am meqanikuri detalebis anu im sityvebis SemweobiT, romelTacTavianTi zedmiwevniTi mniSvneloba dahkarges, Cven ase Tu isegamovxatavT imas, rasac vfiqrobT. marTlac, socialuri garemo,


214

adamianebi, romlebic bavSvobidanve gvatexinebdnen sazogadoebaSimiRebul enas, im ideebiTac gvavseben, romlebic sityvebs am enisavesaSualebiT gamoxataven: ideebi arsze, imaze, Tu rogorebi ariansxvebi da rogorebi varT Cven _ erTi sityviT, imaze, Tu ra ariscxovreba _ Cveni siRrmiseuli Semadgeneli nawilebia da, Tu sagnebsTavianT saxelebs davarqmevT, am ideebSia is, rac sinamdvileSi varT.sicocxle dramaa da, rogorc aseTi, yovelTvis emorCilebagansazRvrul siuJets, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aseve icvleba samyarosada xalxze Cveni Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad. ueWvelia, morwmuniscxovrebis siuJeti usazRvrod gansxvavdeba misi cxovrebissiuJetisagan, vinc darwmunebulia, rom mxolod materia arsebobs.amgvarad, azrebis umravlesoba, romlebiTac da romelTa gulisTvisacvcxovrobT, ar aris Cven mier mogonili da kargad gaazrebuli. maTmeqanikurad viyenebT, vsesxulobT im sazogadoebisagan, romlebSicvcxovrobT; swored misgan, misi zegavleniT SemoaRwies CvenSi, iseve,rogorc sapoxi aRwevs avtomobilSi.

saintereso iqneboda, dagveTvala (sinamdvileSi amis saSualebaara gvaqvs) sazogadoebis, Tu gnebavT, mTeli naciis ramdeni wevridafiqrebula erTxel mainc _ am sityvis namdvili mniSvnelobiT _ratomaa ors + ori oTxi da amova Tu ara xval mze. am gamoTvlisSedegad miviRebdiT, rom Cveni ideebis umravlesoba, miuxedavad imisa,rom isini ideebia anu rwmenac, absoluturad iracionaluria. isiniiseTive Cvevebia, rogorc _ ena an misalmeba. sabolood, maT vervacnobierebT, aramed meqanikurad gvaqvs akviatebuli. magram udavoa:Cven yurad viRebT gamoTqmis mxolod zedapirul mniSvnelobas,romelsac Cvens irgvliv usasrulod imeoreben; varCevT orianssamianisagan da, es gvaZlevs Zalze gaugebar warmodgenas imaze, raczemoT moxmobil frazaSi imaleba. oRond, yuradReba miaqcieT, romgamoTqma 2+2 = 4, ideas Seicavs, radgan am ricxvebze raRac azrsgvawvdis, Sesabamisad, iseTs, romelsac WeSmaritebis pretenzia aqvs.idea yovelTvis raRacis an raRacaze idea anu mosazrebaa (mcdariTu marTali). amrigad, idea mxolod maSin SeiZleba aseTad CavTvaloT,misi uSualo mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, Tu sxva SexedulebebsacgaviTvaliswinebT, romelTac emyareba misi WeSmariteba an piriqiT _mcdaroba, araadekvaturoba. idea racionaluri mxolod maSinaa, rocayvela es Sexeduleba dasabuTebulia. ase rom, msgavsi arafris Tqmaar ZalgviZs im ideebze, Cven rom yoveldRiurad gamovTqvamT.yvelaferze vlaparakobT, azrebs vsesxulobT garSemo myofTagan,TiTqos bankidan usasrulod gamogvqondes fuli, romlis angariSi


215

TvaliTac ki ar gvenaxos. ineteleqtualur urTierTobaSi adamianiCveulebriv sargeblobs im sazogadoebis kreditiT, romelSiccxovrobs da es inteleqtualuri krediti misTvis problemasarasodes warmoadgenda. es ki niSnavs, rom adamiani sazogadoebriviavtomatia. mxolod ama Tu im ganyenebul sakiTxze msjelobisasvinebebT xolme sabanko angariSis Semowmebas, aTvisebuli ideisgakritikebas, rom mere an uarvyoT, an kvlav avitacoT, Tumc, amjeradmxolod imitom, rom yvelam yovelmxriv gaiazra, skrupulozuradSeiswavla misi safuZvlebi.

Cveni socialuri garemo aRsavsea sityvebiT, gamoTqmebiT anuSexedulebebiT.

roca ganvixilavT uazrod daxvavebul ideebsa da azrebs,romlebic adamianuri metyvelebis skidan gamofrenili futkrebiviTdagvzuzuneben Tavs, vacnobierebT, rom maTi or did klasad dayofaSeiZleba. erTT Cven gamovTqvamT, rogorc _ TavisTavad nagulisxmevT;aq mniSvnelovani isaa, rom “qveynad yvela ase fiqrobs”; meoreklasSi CvenTvis mniSvnelovani is metnaklebad gamoxatuli raRacaa,rac sazogadod miRebul azrs ar emTxveva da xandaxan, piriqiT,ewinaaRmdegeba kidec. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, visaubroT gabatonebulSexedulebebze, meoreSi ki kerZo azrebze. ama Tu ima adamianisgamoTqmis maneris gaanalizebisas ucebve vityviT, rom kerZo azrebi,rogorc wesi, ufro mgznebared gamoiTqmis, TiTqos, maTi yovelnairadgaZliereba, maTi mniSvnelobis xazgasma surdeT; anda piriqiT, maTgamoTqvamen undilad, frTxilad, TiTqos, Tanamosaubris riTimeganawyenebas eridebiano, magram mainc _ damajereblad, mimzidvelad;aris maT Soris iseTi msjelobac, romelic gakvriT, magram maincyovelTvis gamoxatavs imas, rac mas safuZvlad udevs. is, vinc msgavsgansakuTrebul azrs gamoTqvams, srulad acnobierebs, rom mis kerZoSexedulebas, vidre sayovelTaod gaqveyndebodes, mtkiceba damxardaWera sWirdeba. Tanac, Tavis TanamoazreTa mxardaWeris, dacvisada propagandis msgavsi. naTqvams naTeli rom movfinoT, bolo SemTxvevaSevadaroT sayovelTaod aRiarebuli azrebis gamoTqmas. TavSic kiaravis mouva, rom isini sakuTrad gaasaRos an mxardaWeras dadadasturebas daelodos. aseT “zogad, saerTo nawils” Cven energiulad,mRelvared rodi gamovTqvamT, ubralod _ mas veyrdnobiT, ufrosworad, masze mivuTiTebT. mokled imis nacvlad, rom damcvelispoza miviRoT, piriqiT viqceviT: saerTo, zogad azrebs gamovTqvamTda maTve veyrdnobiT, WeSmaritebis ukanasknel instanciasaviT viyenebT,TiTqos, romelime brZanebulebas, kodeqssa Tu kanons movixseniebdeT.


216

da marTlac, aseTi Sexedulebebi dadgenili Cvevebia. sityva “dadgenili”ki imas niSnavs, rom isini ar saWiroeben individTa romelime nawilisaan gansazRvruli jgufebis mxardaWeras da dacvas. piriqiT, yvelasTavs exvevian da yvelaze zemoqmedeben. swored es maiZulebs, maTsocialuri moTxovnilebebi vuwodo. am moTxovnilebaTa xarisxs _xandaxan didi gaavebiT _ mkafiod xvdeba yvela, vinc ki maTTanSewinaaRmdegebas gabedavs. koleqtiuri arsebobis nebismier momentSisocialur moTxovnilebaTa Zala Sobs uamrav aseT gavrcelebulSexedulebas, romelTac Cven “saerTo, zogad adgilebs” veZaxiT.sazogadoebas an adamianTa erTobas ar gaaCnia azrebi, zustad damkafiod gaazrebuli ideebi. sazogadoebas aqvs mxolod “saerTo,zogadi adgilebi” da TviTonac maT efuZneba. amiT imas ki arvamtkiceb, TiTqos, es ideebi mcdari iyos _ isini SesaZloagenialuradac ki mogveCvenos. ubralod, roca es azrebi iqceviansocialur moTxovnilebad, gavrcelebul Sexedulebebad, “saerTo, zogadadgilebad”, verafriT SeZleben TavianTi gamorCeuli SesaZleblobebisganxorcielebas. mTeli maTi aqtivoba daiyvaneba individebze meqanikurzemoqmedebamde, sulgamoclil Zaladobamde. sainteresoa, romyoveldRiur enaSi amgvar azrebs “gabatonebul Sexedulebebs”uwodeben. maTi sazogadoebrivi yofis modusi Zalze magonebsmTavrobiseuls: mbrZanebloben, anu batonoben. ai, ra arissazogadoebrivi azri, romelic, paskalis TqmiT, marTavs samyaros damainc ar SeiZleba Tanamedrove cnebad miviCnioT. jer kidevqristeSobamde V saukuneSi protagora iyenebs zustad aseT gamoTqmas:dogma poleon (sityvasityviT: qalaquri azrebi) (es faqti imitommomyavs, rom naklebcnobilia); IV saukuneSi mas imeorebs demosTene,romelic Tavis XVIII sityvaSi acxadebs, rom arsebobs “samSoblossazogado xma”. amrigad, szogadoebrivi azri imgvaradve gvmarTavs,rogorc _ misalmeba da sxva Cvevebi, rogorc gvmarTavs ena. is, racWeSmaritad socialuria, rogoricaa _ Cagvra, iZuleba da, Sesaba-misad, batonoba, yovelTvis zeindividualuria. amrigad, arsebobsprincipuli gansxvaveba, romeliRac jgufsa da sazogadoebriv azrsSoris, anu imas Soris, romelic Camoyalibebulia da momTxovni.mniSvneloba ara aqvs, es jgufi Tavis azrs energiulad da Semtevadgamoxatavs Tu ara. sazogadoebrivi azris gansamtkiceblad saWiroar aris sxvebis ramdenadme gansakuTrebuli mxardaWera. isZalauflebiTaa aRWurvili da TviTve batonobs gonebaSi, ganagebssxva azrebs. sxva damcveli mas ar sWirdeba. kerZo mosazrebebi ki,


217

piriqiT, mxolod imdenad arseboben, ramdenadac ama Tu im raodenobisadamianebi uWeren mxars.

wignebSi, narkvevebSi da, upirvelesad, aTasgvar anketebSi,romlebsac gansazRvruli institutebi inglisurenovani qveynebissazogadoebrivi azris Sesaswavlad iyeneben, sazogadoebrivi azri,wesisamebr, adamianTa mcire an msxvili gaerTianebebis SexedulebebSiaareuli. iseTi fundamenturi movlena, rogoricaa socialurimoTxovnileba, romelsac vamCnevT ara mxolod azris sferoSi, aramedyovelgvar CveulebaSi da romelic am mizezis gamo uarsebiTesidaxasiaTebaa sazogadoebrivi faqtisa da sazogadoebisa, rogorcfaqtebis erTobliobisa, ar daiyvaneba ama Tu im raodenobis adamianTaubralo mxardaWeramde. Tu sociologias sizuste surs, es naTladunda warmoadginos. Cveuleba individebis mier misi mxardaWeriTrodi mtkicdeba; piriqiT, es imitomacaa Cveuleba, rom TviTonimorCilebs yvelas. swored amitom, yovelive socialuri is realobaa,romelic didad gansxvavdeba yovelive individualurisagan. rocamisalmebas ganvixilavdiT _ Cvevas, magaliTad rom aviReT _ ganvacxade,rom yvela stumrad mowveuli adamiani in pectore (sulSi) xelisCamorTmevis winaaRmdegic rom yofiliyo, es Cveva mainc ibatonebdamaTze, vidre aSkarad ar SeTanxmdebodnen TavianT garemoSi misgauqmebaze. magram vinaidan Cveva yalibdeba ara am mcirericxovanierTobisagan, aramed adamianTa uzarmazari masis mier, ismis kiTxva:nuTu mis gasauqmeblad an piriqiT, romelime Cvevis gansamtkiceblad,sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, misi ZlierebisaTvis aseve saWiroa mocemulisazogadoebis yvela wevris Tanxmoba?

ra Tqma unda, ara. Tu asea, sazogadoebis romel nawils ZaluZsCvevis dadgena? maSin vTqvi, rom Cvevis dadgena ar ganisazRvrebaumravlesobis azrTa erTianobiT da xSirad, arcaa amis Sedegi. Cvenaq erTgvari optikuri tyuilis msxverpli vxdebiT, romelsac migvaCviapraqtikulad mTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebuli azrismoqmedebam. laparakia sxva Tvalsazrisze mobatone “saerTo adgilze”,maJoritarul sawyisze, romlebisac briyvulad swamdaT Cvens papebsada peperebs _ maT es idea garduvalad demokratiidan momdinareegonaT. amgvarad, Cvens winaSea problema, romelic TviTve iZlevagansjis sababs, radgan unda ganisazRvros piroba, romlis ZaliTacraRac _ azri Tu sxva romelime Cveva _ socialuri moTxovnilebisspecifikur xasiaTs iZens. samwuxarod, iZulebulni varT, am sakiTxisganxilva gadavdoT. arafriT vamcirebT mis mniSvnelobas, magrammainc unda aRvniSno, rom CvenTvis ufro arsebiTia socialuri


218

moTxovnilebis sworad gageba, romelic, udavod, mTeli sociologiisalfa da omegaa. masze dakvirveba Zalze Znelia, radgan yovelTvisCvengan gasxltomas cdilobs. amitom, uwinares yovlisa, davasaxelebnebismieri socialuri moTxovnilebis uarsebiTes Taviseburebebs.

1. socialuri moTxovnileba, rogoric unda iyos misi genezisi,warmogvidgeba, rogorc Cveni mowonebisa Tu dawunebisagan raRacdamoukidebeli (is Cvens winaSea, iZulebulni varT, angariSi gavuwioTda amitomac gvaiZulebs. iZuleba xom is ubraloa faqtia, roca _gvinda es Tu ara _ iZulebulni varT, gaviTvaliswinoT).

2. da piriqiT, Cven yovelTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT socialurmoTxovnilebas, rogorc Zalauflebis im instancias, romelsacdaveyrdnobiT.

gamoTqma “socialuri moTxovnileba” iuridiul terminologiasganekuTvneba, sadac erTmaneTisagan ganirCeva moqmedi da gauqmebulikanonebi. moqmedi kanonis arsi isaa, rom Tu adamianebs dasWirdaT,avtomaturad amoqmeddeba, rogorc _ Zalauflebis meqanikurimowyobiloba. miaqcieT yuradReba: ara mxolod gamoTqma “socialurimoTxovnileba”, aramed misTvis miwerili ori Taviseburebac pirdapiremTxveva imas, rac tradiciulad yovelTvis samarTalsa da saxelmwifofunqciebs eTanadeba. es garemoeba kidev erTxel adasturebs samarTlisfilosofosTa saerTo Secdomas _ mosazrebas, rom mxolod samarTalsaxasiaTebs piradi monawileobis gareSe Cvenze zemoqmedeba. an TiTqos,is koleqtiuri instancia iyos, romelsac mivmarTavT an SegviZliamivmarToT. sinamdvileSi es Taviseburebebi warmoCnda Cvens mierganxilul pirvelive CveulebaSi _ arada, sakiTxi exeboda sustCveulebas _ misalmebis martiv ceremonias.

amgvarad, Cven vsaubrobT nebismieri socialuri faqtebiskrebiTobaze. sazogadoeba, rogorc CvevaTa erTianoba, erTi mxriv,sakuTar arsebobas gvaxvevs Tavs da meore mxriv, sakuTar TavsgvTavazobs im instanciad, romelsac SegiZlia mimarTo dacvisa damxardaWerisaTvis. erTica da meorec, mxardaWeraca da iZulebac,imas gulisxmobs, rom sazogadoeba, arsebiTad, Zalauflebaa, sxvagvaradrom vTqvaT _ individis mowinaaRmdege gadaulaxavi Zala.sazogadoebrivi azri anu gabatonebuli Sexeduleba swored amZalas eyrdnoba da aiZulebs, imoqmedos sruliad gansxvavebuliformebiT, romlebic Seesabameba koleqtiuri arsebobis sxvadasxvadoneebs. da es koleqtiuri Zalaa swored “samoqalaqo Zalaufleba”.miuxedavad amisa, srulad ar gamqrala da zemoqmedebas ganagrZobsubadruki inteleqtualuri crurwmena, romelic xels uSlissazogadoebrivi fenomenebis naTlad gagebas. laparakia imaze, rom


219

ver varCevT romelime sazogadoebriv funqcias, Tu ar arsebobs misiSemsrulebeli socialuri organo. magaliTad, sul axlaxan, eTnografebi,romlebic im primitiul sazogadoebebs swavlobdnen, romelTac argaaCndaT arc sakanondeblo organoebi, arc mosamarTleTa korpusi,arc calkeuli kanonmdeblebi, miiCnevdnen, rom iq samarTali ararsebobda, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, iq ar SeimCneoda arc iuridiuli,arc saxelmwifoebrivi funqciis arsebobis faqtebi.

igive ram xdeba samoqalaqo ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebiT. masmanam ver amCneven, sanam socialuri evoluciis ufro gviandel etapzesamoqalaqo Zalaufleba ar SeiZens mbrZaneblebisadmi sruladdamorCilebuli mxedarTmTavrebiTa da wesdebiT aRWurvili sagangebosamxedro organizaciis elfers. Tumc, marTali rom vTqvaT, samoqalaqoZalaufleba mudmivad zemoqmedebs nebismieri sazogadoebisindividebze; warmoSobisTanave axdens zegavlenas adamianTa nebismiergaerTianebaze. ase rom, am SemTxvevaSic, misi gavlena udavoa, yuradRebacrom ar mivaqcioT Cvens cxovrebaSi armiisa da policiis Carevisfaqtebs. aseT yvelganmyof da maradiul Zalauflebas Cven vervgrZnobT. am TvalsazrisiT, is SeiZleba SevadaroT atmosferulwnevas an fexqveS _ niadagis simyares, rasac Cveulebriv, ver vamCnevTxolme. samoqalaqo Zalauflebis qmediToba TandaTan aisaxeba Cvensqcevaze, radgan es ukanaskneli TviTonve regulirdeba sworedsamoqalaqo Zalauflebis mier. Tanac ise, rom sakmarisia, Cveni nebiT,daudevrobisa Tu SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT, gavcdeT Semofarglulsivrces, rom maSinve Tavs dagvatydes garSemomyofTa mZvinvareprotesti. maT is aRaSfoTebT, rom Cveulebas ar vicavT.

pirvelyofil adamianebs, ra Tqma unda, ar hyavT policia, romelicmaT unda akvirdebodes, Tvalyuri adevnos. nuTu es imas niSnavs, romsazogadoeba Tavis funqciebs ar asrulebs? swored piriqiT _ esfunqciebi zedmiwevniT zustad sruldeba da bevrad ufro mkacradac,vidre amas policia SeZlebda.

erT Tavis wignSi “melaneziis binadarTa gaqroba” (Thedepopulation of Melanesia) sfeiseri aRniSnavs, rom kunZulTa jgufaxal hebridebze yvela mamakaci dRes erTad atarebs, qalebisagangancalkevebiT. saxlis erTi nawili qalebs uWiravT, meore _ kacebs.Tu kacebi TavianT adgilas ar imyofebian, yovelTvis SesamCnevia da,Sesabamisad, rogorRac Tavi unda imarTlon, rom aRaraferi vTqvaTqalTa Soris maT yofnaze.

ucnobia, ratom moixsenieben zne-Cveulebebs yovelTvis “keTilad”.adamianTa sazogadoeba dauRalavad akvirdeba _ ise, rom adamiansazrsac ar ekiTxeba _ Tavisi wevrebis piradi cxovrebis yvela


220

gaelvebas. aseT dros ra saWiroa policia? roca evropelebismosvlasTan ertad melaneziis kunZulebze pirvelyofilisazogadoebebi daiSala da mamakacebs industriasa Tu soflismeurneobaSi muSaoba SesTavazes, koleqtiuri erTobis stiqiurimeTvalyureoba policiiT Canacvlda. da ra miviReT? kunZulis zemoTaRwerili zne-Cveulebani maSinve “dagonjda”.

sxva magaliTebis moyvanac SemeZlo, magram mgoni, erTic sakmarisia,rom naTlad warmovidginoT is funqciebi, romelTac ganuxrelad dauCumrad asrulebda nebismieri sazogadoeba.

amrigad, samoqalaqo Zalufleba sxva araferia, Tu arasazogadoebrvi azris energiuli emanacia, romelSic moiazreba daromelsac efuZneba yvela sxva Cveva Tu moTxovnileba. iZulebisforma da xarisxi, romlebiTac sazogadoebrivi Zalaufleba moqmedebs,damokidebulia imaze, ra mniSvnelobas aniWebs sazogadoebrivi azriCvevaTa rRvevas. Tanamedrove afrikel xalxebSi, romlebic bantusenaze laparakoben, cneba “danaSaulis” gamomxatveli sityva iTargmneba,rogorc “yovelive is, rac toms sZags”. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,yovelive is, rac sazogadoebriv azrs ewinaaRmdegeba.

magram Tu es mtkiceba sworia, maSin sawinaaRmdego mosazrebacswori yofila. kerZod: nebismieri samoqalaqo Zalaufleba yovelTvisefuZneba Sexedulebas, romelic marTla sazogadoa, anu yvelasaTvissaerToa da zemoqmedebis uzarmazari Zala aqvs. Tu es ar SeimCneva,Tu sazogadoebrivi azris nacvlad mxolod kerZo da jgufurSexedulebebs vawydebiT, romlebic, wesisamebr, urTierTsawinaaRmdegoTvalsazrisTa or konglomerats qmnis, sazogadoeba ixliCeba, iSleba,samoqalaqo Zalaufleba arss kargavs da partiebad nawevrdeba.dgeba revoluciebisa da samoqalaqo omebis Jami.

TvalsazrisTa aseTi gansxvavebuloba im faqtis ukiduresigamoxatulebaa, romelic nebismier sazogadoebaSi SeimCneva da amukanasknelis ganuyreli niSan-Tvisebaa; vgulisxmob zogi individis_ saxeldobr, qurdebis, gamcemebis, moZaladeebis, uwesrigobaTamomwyobebis _ antisocialur xasiaTs; roca amas SevignebT, imasacgarduvalad mivxvdebiT, rom adamianTa Tanarsebobis “sazogadoebad”monaTlva niSnavs evfemizmis gamoyenebas. e.w. “sazogadoeba” arasodesSeesabameba imas, rasac saxelmwifo gvpirdeba. asea Tu ise, sazogadoeba,imave dros, gaTiSuloba da mtrobacaa. da vinaidan es warmonaqmnimainc acxadebs pretenzias sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebze, srulipasuxismgeblobiT unda ganvacxadoT, rom sazogadoeba, arsebiTad,sneuli, nakluli realobaa; is marTlac mudmivi, uwyveti brZolaaqcevis im sawyisebisa da tipebisa, romelTac gamaerTianebeli,


221

socialuri xasiaTi aqvT da im Tvisebebs Soris, romlebicgaTiSulobisa da antisocialurobis tendenciebs avlenen. da amsamyaros simSvidis minimumi rom gavunaRdoT, romlis wyalobiTacsazogadoeba, rogorc aseTi, sakuTar myofobas inarCunebs, absoluturadaucilebelia sazogadoebis Sinagani “samoqalaqo Zalauflebis”Zaladobis formiT gamoyeneba. dabolos, rodesac sazogadoebaviTardeba da Zlevs sakuTar primitivizms, iZulebulia Svas sagangebowarmonaqmni, romlis mTavari movaleobaa, uzrunvelhyos am Zalisgamoyeneba yvelaze aucilebeli formiT. swored am warmonaqmnsveZaxiT saxelmwifos.

Targmna gia joxaZem

mTargmnelis SeniSvnebi :

• eduard meieri (1855-1930) _ germaneli istorikosi,siZveleTmcodne; uaRresad rTul da mravalsaxa arqeologiur,epigrafikul, literaturul, numizmatikur da sxva wyaroebzedayrdnobiT Seiswavla Zveli aRmosavleTi, saberZneTi da romi. misiyvelaze cnobili naSromia xuTtomeuli “uZvelesi drois istoria”.meieri iyenebda modernizmis ciklurobis Teorias.

• bedrJih hrozni (1879-1952) _ Cexi xeTologi, ZveliaRmosavleTis xalxTa da enaTa mkvlevari; Seiswavla SumerulimiTologia, Zveli babilonis kultura da ekonomika, Sumeruli daaqaduri enis lursmuli Zeglebi. xeTur enaSi indoevropuli xasiaTiSeamCnia. Targmna da gamoaqveyna xeTuri teqstebi.

• karlo alberto bernulisa da flora krausis moRvaweobisdamadasturebel cnobebs ver mivakvlieT.

• feliqs sfeiseri (1880-1949) _ amerikeli eTnologi.• Jozef vandriesi (1875_1960) _ frangi lingvisti, keltologi

da indoevropeisti.• antuan meie (1866_1936) _ frangi lingvisti. aRsaniSnavia

misi naSromebi SedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi, indoevro-peistikaSi, slavistikaSi, laTinur da berZnul enebSi, iranistikaSi,armenistikaSi.

• karl riter fon friSi (1886_1982) _ avstrieli eTologi,nobelis premiis laureati (1973w.).

• nikolai trubeckoi (1890_1938) _ rusi lingvisti, eTnologi,kulturologi.

• leopold sTeini _ amerikeli fsiqoanalitikosi.


222

i u b i l ei u b i l ei u b i l ei u b i l ei u b i l e

leo kvaWaZe 100 wlisaa!

`gariJraJidandabindebamde~

_ batono leo, maqvs pativi, saukunis mecniers mivmarTo

da gkiTxoT, rogoria samyaro Tqveni gadasaxedidan? fsi-

qologiurad Tu icvleba rame, Tu “guli arasodes berdeba”?

M_ adamianis TvalTaxedva asakTan erTad icvleba. sibere

sikvdil-sicocxlis gayris maaxloebeli macnea. Tu ra tkivilianiamoxucebuloba, amis naTelsayofad davimowmeb Cvens did winaparTagamonaTqvamebs: `me gardasrulvar, sibere mWirs, WirTa ufroZnelia~(SoTa), sibere yvela Wirze ufro Zneli Wiria~(ilia), amWirisWirma siberem SeWama guli, tvinia, ar mosdevs Rone, arc muxli,rom miT movikla Jinia~(vaJa).

davsZen, rom moxucebuloba erTpirovnuli sasamarTlocaa, sadacbralmdebeli, braldebuli, damcveli da mosamarTle erTi da igivepirovnebaa.

_ gaixseneT Tqveni bavSvoba, siWabuke, Tqveni pirveli

nabijebi mecnierebaSi... rodis da rogor daiwyo es yvelaferi?

_ Tu rodis da rogor daiwyo Cemi pirveli nabijebi mecnierebaSi,rTuli Temaa, radganac igi dakavSirebulia im gulSemzarav faqtebTan,romlebic saqarTveloSi XX saukunis I naxevarSi moxda.

Cemi bavSvobis sami weli damoukidebel da TavisufalsaqarTveloSi gavatare. 1921 wels saqarTvelos didi ubedureba

223

daatyda Tavs. `TeTri daTvis~ me-11 armiam `sasaxelo~ qarTvelTaTanagrZnobiTa da gverdSi dgomiT daipyro saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos`saamayo~ Svilma sergo orjonikiZem moskovs acnoba, rom Tbiliszefrialebs sabWoTa xelisuflebis wiTeli droSa~. wuxdnen ufrosebida vwuxdiT Cvenc, bavSvebi. 1923 wels obolaZem guriaSi sisxlistba daayena da zogisac saxlic daawvevina Tavis razmelebs. GgogiaRlontma mokla obolaZe da xelisuflebam sapasuxod 91 patriotipatimari daxvrita, maT Soris, erT-erTi skolis gamge Tu maswavlebeli,gvarad TargamaZe. Amas mohyva 1924 wlis ajanyebis damarcxeba daxelisuflebis mier ajanyebulTa xocva_Jleta, Sorapnis sadgurSivagonebSi gamoketil patriotTa daxvreta. gvesmoda, ilias disSvili,vaJas, kita abaSiZis Svilebi daxvriteso. mezoblebma sTxovesorjonikiZes, vaJas Svils nu gaswiravT dasaxvretado. Ppasuxi iyogulSemzaravi: vaJas Svili ki ara, TviTon vaJa rom iyos, imasacdavxvretTo.

ai, aseTi saSineli ambebi gvesmoda cxrawledis moswavleebs,ramac mtrulad da siZulviliT gangvawyo moswavleTa umravlesobaxelisuflebis mimarT. Ddasaxelebul faqtebs Soris piradad CemTvismniSvneloba hqonda Semdegs: mamaCems Tofi ar sWeria xelSi, magramajanyebulTa TanamgrZnobi iyo, moxsnes maswavleblobidan. zemo svaneTSiwavida da iq ganagrZo pedagogiuri moRvaweoba.

cxrawledis me-8 klasis moswavle viyavi, 1925 wlis gazafxulzeskolis ezoSi ori ufrosklaseli movida CemTan, SemomTavazes, romaxalgazrda marqsistTa aralegaluri organizaciis wevrigavmxdariyavi. daveTanxme... Cekam gaigo am organizaciis arseboba,zafxulSi ramdenime vaJi mowafe dagvapatimres, wagviyvanes ozurgeTSi(lanCxuTi da Coxatauri ozurgeTis mazraSi Sedioda), dagvacalkevesda Cekas kamerebSi Cagvsves... ar davukiTxivar. 33 dRe vijeqiozurgeTis CekaSi da gamaTavisufles. Cemi lanCxuTSi darCena aRarSeiZleboda. Zmam wamomiyvana TbilisSi, Caviricxe Tbilisis me-2cxrawledis me-9 klasSi.

1926_30 wlebSi vswavlobdi universitetSi, 1928 welsdaapatimres Cemi Zma da 6 wliT gadaasaxles cimbirSi. stipendiasmaSin swavlis mixedviT ar uniSnavdnen studentebs, moTxrobiliTavgadasavlisa da Zmis represirebis gamo CemTvis stipendiis daniSvnada aspiranturaSi Caricxva gamoiricxa, miuxedavad imisa, rom kargadvswavlobdi. TbilisSi fexi ver movikide. sadac mivedi, yvelganuariT gamomistumres da raionSi wasvlas mirCevdnen. asec moxda,wavedi zemo svaneTSi. erT weliwads mSobliuri soflis _ laxamu-


224

lis arasruli saSualo skolis direqtori viyavi, sam saswavlowels _ mestiis pedagogiuri saswavleblis gamge. vaswavlidi ramdenimesagans.

1936 wels ganaTlebis saministrom (maSin komisariatma)daakmayofila Cemi Txovna da gamaTavisufla pedsaswavleblis saswavlonawilis gamgis Tanamdebobidan da damniSna qarTuli enisa daliteraturis maswavleblad Tbilisis 55-e saSualo skolaSi.imedi momeca, rom aspiranturaSi Caviricxebodi, magram Cvens ojaxsubedureba daatyda Tavs (1937 wels Zma isev daapatimres) da imedigamicruvda.

1959 wels daibeWda akaki SaniZis `qarTuli enis gramatika~.1944 wels Tbilisis pirveli saSualo skolis SenobaSi CatardaqarTuli enis saxelmZRvaneloebis garCeva. Ddasaxelebul gramatikazemoxsenebis dawera me damevala. moxsenebam kargi STabeWdileba datovada ganaTlebis saministrom SemomTavaza, qarTuli enisa daliteraturis saxelmZRvaneloebis kontrolior_redaqtorad memuSavasaxelmwifo gamomcemlobaSi skolaSi gakveTilebis datovebiT.davTanxmdi, kargi samuSao iyo da raRac imedi momeca, rom umaRlesisaswavleblis aspiranti gavxdebodi. es imedic gamicruvda da ratom:erT kvira dRes Sin vkiTxulob romeliRac saxelmZRvanelos daviRacam dareka, gavaRe kari, idga erTi saxelgatexili filologi.oTaxSi rom SevediT, Tvalebs aqeT-iqiT acecebda, raRac wigni mTxovada wavida. gamikvirda da ver amexsna, risTvis movida CemTan. biZamissCemze meti wigni aqvs da ratom imasTan ar mivida, Tu marTla wigniundoda meTqi. marTlac, gavida ori kvira da diliT Tavs damadgasami kaci, erTi axalgazrda Cekisti da ori _ xanSiSesuli. Ddajeqio,_ mibrZana Cekistma, wignebs dauwyo burjgna. Oori wigni aiRo dawaiRo. wamiyvanes im avadsaxsenebel organoSi, sadac ùsazRvropativiscemiT~ gamimaspinZldnen da mxolod 5 dRis SemdeggamaTavisufles.

im xanebSi Tbilisis universitetSi adgili gaCnda aspiranturaSiqarTuli enis specialobiT. movikribe Zala da Sevitane gancxadeba.konkurenti aravin iyo. qarTul enaSi gamomcades akaki SaniZem davarlam Tofuriam. Bbatonma akakim miTxra, somxuri ena unda iswavloo.es naTqvami CemTvis sabediswero gaxda. ori Tu sami dRis Semdeguniversitetis derefanSi reqtoris kabinetis maxloblad mxvdebasomxuri enis specialisti, romlis mimarT pativiscemiT viyaviganmsWvaluli. mkiTxa, rogoraa saqmeo. vupasuxe: gamocdebi yvelasagamocdo saganSi Cavabare da ukve aspiranti var-meTqi. Aar moulocavs.

225

saubrisas isic vuTxari, rac batonma akakim miTxra (somxuri undaiswavloo!). mereda, visTan unda iswavloo? Tqvenze ukeTesi vinaris-meTqi? Ees rom vuTxari, saSinlad gabrazda da Tqva: àxlaveSeval proreqtorTan(reqtori ar iyo TbilisSi)~, batono, ardamRupoT, ar damRupoT-meTqi... magram ar mismina da SevidaproreqtorTan (xaWapuriZesTan). gavida ramdenime dRe da meubnebian,aspiranturaSi ara xar Caricxulio. ra unda meqna? Carxi ukuRmadatrialda da misi waRma gadmomtrialebeli veravin aRmoCnda.

Semdeg daiwyo II msoflio omi. 1942 wlis SeTqmulTa Sorisiyo erTi Cemi uaxloesi megobari, ZmasaviT sayvareli zurabmisabiSvili.

erT-erT SeTqmuls, romelTanac Cemi urTierToba salams argascilebia, gamomZiebel marqarovisaTvis miucia Cveneba, rom leokvaWaZe zurabma Caaba SeTqmulebaSio da damapatimres. 1942 wlisseqtemberSi amierkavkasiis samxedro tribunalma gagvasamarTla 33braldebuli. samxedro tribunalma 17 braldebuls (maT Soris,Cems megobars) daxvreta miusaja.

patimrobidan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg daviniSne Tbilisis me-8saSualo skolis qarTuli enisa da literaturis maswavleblad.1944_47 saswavlo wlebSi viyavi Tbilisis qalTa me-7 saSualoskolis saswavlo nawilis gamge, Tan vaswavlidi qarTul enasa daliteraturas.

1945 wels Caviricxe pedagogiur mecnierebaTa institutSiaspirantad qarTuli enis swavlebis meTodikis specialobiT. 1948wels davamTavre aspirantura da 1949 wels davicavi sakandidatodisertacia Temaze: rTuli winadadebis swavlebis Tanamimdevroba~da momeniWa pedagogikur mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero wodeba.aqve davsZen imasac, rom amave periodSi iwyeba Cemi pedagogiurimoRvaweoba umaRles saswavlebelSi.

_ rogor SeafasebdiT mecnierebis dRevandel mdgo-

mareobas, ras TvliT, ra unda gakeTdes da rogor, rom

qarTuli gramatikuli azrovneba CixSi ar Sevides... rogorc

sintaqsis aRiarebul mkvlevars, rogor warmogidgeniaT am

dargis Tanamedrove problematika da ganviTareba?

_ mecnierebis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba rom saTanadod Sefasdes,amisTvis saWiroa detalurad vicnobde yvela Sromas, romlebicbolo wlebSi gamoica. rac CvenTvis aris cnobili, imis mixedviT


226

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom damakmayofilebelia, oRond erTi mokrZalebuliSeniSvna mainc gvaqvs: kargi iqneba sakiTxebis ganxilva maRalfardovanieniT ar damZimdes da ucxourTan mimarTebaSi zomiereba davicvaT.rac Seexeba sintaqsis sakiTxebs, sasurvelad mimaCnia, saTanado donezewarimarTos teqstis sintaqsis sakiTxebis Seswavla, rac ramdenadmegaTvaliswinebulia Cveni sintaqsis bolo gamocemaSi, romelic maleixilavs dRis sinaTles.

_ vici, rom amJamadac ganuwyvetliv muSaobT sintaqsis

sakiTxebze, kerZod, romelia es sakiTxebi?

_ saqarTveloSi predikatul gansazRvrebaze saubari CvenigamokvleviT daiwyo. TandaTan gamoikveTa da dazustda misiTavisebureba qarTul enaSi. Ddadginda, rom igi winadadebisdamoukidebeli wevria, romelic Semasmenlis mewyvilea da brunvasada ricxvSi eTanxmeba pirmimarT wevrs. Tu Semasmeneli erTpirianizmniT aris gadmocemuli, saxelobiTSi dgas da eTanxmeba qvemdebaresbrunvasa da ricxvSi, orpiriani gardauvali zmniT gadmocemulSemasmenelTan _ saxelobiTSi an micemiTSi; orpiriani gardamavalizmniT gadmocemul SemasmenelTan _ pirveli sami brunvidan erT-erTSi. gamoyenebis sixSiriTa da sizustiT sxvadasxvaoba SeiniSnebaaxali da Zveli qarTuli enis mixedviT, es sakiTxi ganxiluligvaqvs Cvens SromebSi. zogma SemTxvevam interesi aRZra, gamogverkvia,Tu rogori viTarebaa am mxriv saSual qarTulSi. amas mieZRvnaSemdegi gamokvlevebi: predikatuli gansazRvreba vefxistyaosanSi~;predikatuli gansazRvreba visramianSi~; predikatuli gansazRvrebaàmirandarejanianSi~.

garda dasaxelebulisa, daiwera vrceli gamokvleva SemdegisaxelwodebiT: predikatuli gansazRvrebis Seswavlis istoriidan.vfiqrobT am naSromebis gamoqveynebas.

amJamad vmuSaob avtobiografiul wignze `gariJraJidan

dabindebamde~. erT TveSi albaT davamTavreb.

_ Tqven brZandebiT agreTve gamorCeuli pedagogi, romelic

yovelTvis fiqrobs im gzebs a da m eTodebze , romelTa

meSveobiT codna myarad miva msmenelamde. . . iqmneba uamravi

axali saxelmZRvanelo, maT Soris, qarTul enaSic.. . rogor

fiqrobT, aris princi pulad axali midgoma gramatikis swavle-

bisas, Tu ubralod, interpretaciebia da sxva araferi, Tu

gamoarCevdiT romelime saxelmZRvanelos am mxriv. . .

227

_ iyo dro, roca vfiqrobdi im gzebsa da meTodebze, romelTameSveobiT codnas advilad daeuflebodnen axalgazrdebi. SeZle-bisadagvarad ganvaxorciele kidec saSualo skolis V_IX klasebisqarTuli enis saxelmZRvaneloebSi, romlebic 1964 wlidan gamodis(drodadro mniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT).

rac Seexeba sxvaTa saxelmZRvaneloebs, maTgan zogierTs vicnobda zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini ufro samuSao wignebia,vidre saxelmZRvaneloebi.

_ batono leo, amas winaT, kerZo saubarSi gaixseneT,

rom axlac guli gtkivaT imis gamo, 6 wlis asakSi kaklis

xes rom qva esroleT kaklis Camosagdebad da iqidan ki

mkvdari Citi Camovarda... vici, rom Tqvens cxovrebaSi bevri

mZime da emociuri wuTi iyo... axla kidev ras gaixsenebdiT?

minda, rom sasiamovno wuTebic gaixsenoT.. .

_ Cemi bavSvobis periodidan bevri ram maxsovs, rac aravisTvisar miTqvams, drodadro wamoyofs xolme Tavs da ar maviwydeba,mravalTagan gagimxelT or SemTxvevas:

oTxi Tu xuTi wlisa viyavi. erT saRamos, dabindebisas, raRacSemTxvevis gamo naRvliani Sevedi oTaxSi... marto var... mivujeqiTunuqis Rumels da yofna_aryofnis sakiTxma SemaSfoTa. var daaRar viqnebi! sikvdil_sicocxlis problemam amatira. cremlma loyebidamisvela, minda davwynarde, magram rogor? Tavi odnav imiT davimSvide,rom es satkivari marto me ar mexeboda da mas, sxvebsaviT, mec undaSevurigde-meTqi. sofelSi WaRara moxucebi iyvnen, sanam maTsaviTgavxdebi, didi dro gava-meTqi. avdeqi, logins mivaSure, davweqi dadaviZine.

erTi Savi cxeni gvyavda _ dabali, Casuqebuli. Svidi Tu rvawlisam hamaSSi (adgilis saxelia sofel laxamulaSi) fafarSixelCakidebulma, gavaWene. cxeni moulodnelad gaCerda da me zRarTanigavadine, cotaTi daviJeJe, magram tkeniT araferi mtkenia. cxens kiim adgilidan fexi ar moucvlia. mivedi, Sevajeqi da Sin mSvidobiTmimiyvana. maxsovs, Zalian gamikvirda, ratom ar daiZra, roca Camomagdo.

sasixarulo da sasiamovno bevri ganmicdia bavSvobisas daSemdegac. me tkbilad vigoneb mowafeobis xanas, universitetSi


228

gamocdebis warmatebiT Cabarebas. baton ivane javaxiSvils,universitetidan rom gaaZeves, gamocda Sin, Tavis samuSao magidasTanCavabare. dResac vgrZnob im siTbosa da siamovnebas, rac maSin ganvicade.Semdeg iyo daojaxeba, Svilebis SeZeniT gamowveuli sixaruli...damsaxurebuli maswavleblisa da mecnieris damsaxurebuli moRvawiswodebaTa moniWeba, saxelmwifo premiis miReba da sxva.

_ batono leo, ra aris Tqveni yvelaze didi saTqmeli,

romelsac gagvimxeldiT axla?

_ yvelaze didi saTqmeli, satkivari amJamad saqarTvelosbed_iRbalia. Cveni eris istoria sisxliTa da cremliT iwereboda.samwuxarod, axlac ase iwereba. Eeri gadaurCa katastrofismomaswavebel qartexilebs, SeinarCuna TavisTavadoba, erovnuli sulida mdidari kulturuli memkvidreoba. DdRevandeli mdgomareoba kiSemaSfoTebelia... ZmaTa Soris mtroba da Suri, ciliswameba,skamebisTvis brZola da bilwsityvaobaa. ganukiTxaoba mZlavrobs.yovelive es Rirseul mamuliSvilTa satkivaria. naTqvamia, kaci imediTcxovrobso, vimedovneb, rom Cveni niWieri eri yvelafers gaisigrZeganebs,goniereba gaimarjvebs, daWrili erovnuli suli ganikurneba.

_ didi madloba, batono leo, saintereso da gulisxmieri

saubrisaTvis, bavSvobis saidumlos gamxelisaTvis, imisTvis,

rom arsebobT amqveyanaze da Tqveni samuSao oTaxidan isev

sikeTis da siyvarulis msaxurad rCebiT. . . imisTvis, rom

Tqven Tqveni cxovrebiT, SromiTa da moRvaweobiT namdvili

n i muS i d a m a g aliTi brZ a nd e b iT g arS e mo m yofTaTv i s ,

kolegebisTvis, axalgazrdebisTvis . . .

Jurnal `semiotikis~ saredaqcio kolegia kidev

erTxel gilocavT saukunovan iubiles da simbolurad aRiqvams

Tqve nTan Sexvedras da intervius , saukunis mecnierTan

gasaubrebis pativs .

Eesaubra cira barbaqaZe

229

milocvebi

Rvawlmosili mecnieri

qarTuli enis did moamages, TvalsaCino mecniersa da sazogadomoRvawes, profesor levan (leo) kvaWaZes 100 weli Seusrulda.Tavisi samecniero, pedagogiuri da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobiT manRirseulad ganagrZo da dResac agrZelebs saxelovani maswavleblebis_ akaki SaniZis, giorgi axvledianis, varlam Tofurias da sxvaTagzas.

60 welze metia, rac batoni levani intensiur samecnieromuSaobas eweva. nayofic am muSaobisa metad STambeWdavia _ ramdenimemonografia da asze meti sxva gamokvleva qarTuli enaTmecnierebissaganZurSi.

qarTuli enis gramatikuli struqtura prof. l. kvaWaZiskvlevaZiebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa. gansakuTrebulia misi RvawliTanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsis Seswavlis saqmeSi. yvela isZiriTadi sakiTxi, rac sintaqsTan dakavSirebiT daismis, mecnierisgamowvlilviTi da safuZvliani analizis sagania: iqneba es martiviTu rTuli winadadebis agebuleba, winadadebis tipebi Tu winadadebiswevrebi... amasTan, saTanado yuradReba eTmoba sintaqsis swavlebissakiTxebs.

sintaqsis sferoSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi Sejamebuliaprof. l. kvaWaZis cnobil monografiaSi `Tanamedrove qarTulienis sintaqsi~, risTvisac avtors damsaxurebulad mieniWa saqarTvelossaxelmwifo premia.

aqve unda aRiniSnos umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis gankuTvnilisaxelmZRvanelo qarTuli ena~, romlis ramdenime gamocemam samecnierosazogadoebis maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura.

sruliad gansakuTrebulia prof. l. kvaWaZis roli qarTulienis gramatikis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnis saqmeSi. mismier akad. a. SaniZesTan da prof. i. imnaiSvilTan erTad SeqmnilisaxelmZRvaneloebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi aZlevda moswavleebs qarTulienis agebulebis safuZvlian codnas.

prof. l. kvaWaZe qarTuli saSualo da umaRlesi skolisgamorCeuli pedagogia. igi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi moRvaweobdasaSualo skolaSi, rogorc qarTuli enisa da literaturis saukeTesomaswavlebeli, xolo Semdeg, 60 wlis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc qarTuli


230

umaRlesi skolis gamorCeuli leqtori. baton levans savsebiTsamarTlianad aqvs mopovebuli moswavleebis, studentebisa dakolegebis gulwrfeli pativiscema da siyvaruli.

prof. l. kvaWaZes friad nayofieri saqmianobisaTvis miniWebuliaqvs saqarTvelos mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawisa darespublikis damsaxurebuli maswavleblis wodeba.

dasafasebelia prof. l. kvaWaZis marTali da mtkice moqala-qeobrivi pozicia, romelsac is avlens cxovrebis yovel etapze.

vusurvebT baton levans kidev mravali wlis sicocxles,mxneobasa da nayofier cxovrebas.

arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis instituti

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis

fakultetis profesorebi

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitaruli fakultetis profesorebi

batono leo!

mTeli suliTa da guliT gilocavT am uaRresad mniSvnelovansaiubileo TariRs _ dabadebis 100 wlisTavs. Tqven brZandebiTamJamad qarTuli enaTmecnierebis nestori; Cven yvelas gveamayeba,rom qarTvel mecnierTa Soris mtkice burjad dgaxarT cocxalimematiane qarTuli lingvisturi skolisa, qarTuli enis gramatikiscnobili mkvlevari, romelic warmatebiT uTavsebT erTmaneTs nayofiersamecniero da aqtiur pedagogiur moRvaweobas.

minda didi madloba mogaxsenoT Tqveni RvawlisaTvis qarTulimecnierebisa da qarTveli eris winaSe. mowiwebiT gixriT Tavs dasaqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis saxeliT kidev erTxelmogilocavT saukunovan saiubileo TariRs, gisurvebT simxneves,janmrTelobasa da kidev didxans, didxans sicocxles!

Tamaz gamyreliZe

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiisprezidenti, akademikosi

231

batono leo!

g. wereTlis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis mTelikoleqtivi, gansakuTrebiT ki aRmosavlur enaTa tipologiisganyofileba, didi sixaruliT gilocavT saukunovan saiubileo TariRs!

Tqven bevri Cvenganis maswavlebeli da ufrosi kolega brZandebiT.ganuzomelia Tqveni Rvawli qarTuli gramatikuli azrisCamoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi. TqvenTan yoveli Sexvedra,Tqveni yoveli sityva Tu SeniSvna dauviwyari da sasargebloaTiToeuli CvenganisaTvis. mTeli guliT gvixaria, rom dRevandelimolocvis SesaZlebloba gvaqvs da vimedovnebT, rom kidev araerTxelmogilocavT saiubileo TariRebs.

didi siyvaruliTa da uRrmesi pativiscemiT,institutis TanamSromelTa saxeliT,

giorgi sanikiZe

g.wereTlis aRmosavleTmcodneobisinstitutis direqtori,

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

eTer soselia

aRmosavlur enaTa tipologiis ganyofilebisgamge, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

batono leo!

Cemo Zvirfaso da sayvarelo, gamorCeulo!var amayi, rogorc kolega,var amayi, rogorc Tanamemamule,var amayi, rogorc erTi axlobelTagani,amayi da bednieri var imiT, rom 100 weli SegisruldaT.gmadlobT imisTvis, rom yovelTvis giyvardaT adamiani.RmerTi gfaravdeT!

Mmarad Tqveni guCa kvaracxelia


232

Zvirfaso batono leo!

rogor mogilocoT Tqveni, kavkasielisTvisac ki uCveulo,dabadebis dRe, romliTac Tqvens Zvel TanamoRvawes, akaki SaniZes,warmatebiT baZavT? radgan Sesabamisi Tamadiseuli sityva ar vici,ubralod getyviT, rom Cven, enaTmecnierebs, Zalze gvixaria, Cven Sorisrom brZandebiT da amdeni wlis ganmavlobaSi amSvenierebT Cvensmecnierebas. Ppiradad me ki gansakuTrebuli madlobis mizezi maqvs,vinaidan mec im Tavisebur samyaroSi vmuSaob, romelSic Tqven mefobT.rodesac sintaqsuri sakiTxi mainteresebs, Tqveni saxelmZRvaneloyovelTvis pirveli wyaroa, saidanac solidur informacias vRebulob,da kiTxva: qarTuli tradicia ras ambobs? upirveles yovlisaTqvenTan momiyvans.

batono leo, suliTa da guliT gisurvebT yovelive kargs,kidev idRegrZeleT da ixareT da icodeT, rom am dResaswaulSigermaneli qarTvelologi TqvenTanaa Tavisi fiqrebiT.

Tqveni vinfrid boederi


mogesalmebiT gamoCenil mecniers, pedagogs, sazogado moRvawes,gilocavT didebul saiubileo TariRs da gisurvebT janmrTelobas,dRegrZelobas, bednierebas, did warmatebebs pirad cxovrebaSi,samecniero_pedagogiur moRvaweobaSi. Kkvlavac didxans Rirseulad,energiulad, mxned da SemarTebiT gekeTebinoT WeSmaritad didimamuliSviluri saqme, ramac sayovelTao siyvaruli, pativiscema daaRiareba mogitanaT saSualo da umaRlesi saswavleblebis pedagogTa,moswavleTa da studentTa Soris. Tqveni umcrosi kolegebisaTvis,romlebsac aqvT pativi da bedniereba, TqvenTan erTad emsaxuronqarTul enas, saqarTvelos awmyosa da momavals, Tqven SesaniSnavimagaliTi da orientiri brZandebiT: fizikuri da sulieri aqtivobisxangrZlivobiTa da intensivobiT optimizmsa da xaliss unergavTmaT. RmerTma Zalian didxans gamyofoT aseT orientirad! miiReTCemi gulwrfeli siyvaruli da saukeTeso survilebi!

Tqveni guram kartozia

233


Tqveni wignebiT ganiswavlebian qarTvelTa Taobebi saSualoda umaRles saswavleblebSi, Tqven SeqmeniT samagido wignebi qarTulienis momxmarebelTaTvis Sin da gareT.

batono leo, Rvawlmosilo da madlmosilo mamuliSvilo,gilocavT didebul iubiles, gisurvebT xangrZliv sicocxlesa dakvlavac mraval warmatebas mecnierebaSi.

Tqveni Tedo uTurgaiZe

kidev didxans sicocxles vusurveb

friad iSviaTi SemTxvevaa, roca TvalsaCino moRvawe, mwerali Tumecnieri Tavisi dabadebis asi wlis TariRs mxned egebeba da piradadiRebs milocvebs kolegebisa da mowafeebisagan. swored aseT iSviaTSemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme amJamad, roca SesaZlebloba gveZleva piradadmivulocoT dabadebis asi wlisTavi Cvens maswavlebels da ufroskolegas, mecnierebis damsaxurebul moRvawes, ilia WavWavaZissaxelmwifo universitetis profesors, leo kvaWaZes.

zemo svaneTis maRalmTian sofelSi dabadebulma axalgazrdamumaRlesi ganaTleba Cvens deda-universitetSi miiRo, ris Semdegackargaxans pedagogiur asparezze moRvaweobda Tavis mSobliur mxareSi.Semdeg profesor varlam Tofurias xelmZRvanelobiT gaiaraaspiranturis kursi qarTuli enis meTodikis specialobiT, daicvasakandidato da sadoqtoro disertaciebi da im droidan dRemde,rogorc ityvian, muxlCauxrelad emsaxureba qarTuli enis mecnierulikvlevisa da swavlebis saqmes. gansakuTrebiT didia leo kvaWaZis damsaxureba qarTuli sintaqsiskvlevis saqmeSi. Mmisi wigni `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsi~,romelic ramdenjerme gamoica, marTlac samagido wignia rogorcqarTuli enis SemswavlelTaTvis, ise mkvlevarTaTvis. Aam wignisaTvisavtorma savsebiT damsaxurebulad miiRo saqarTvelos saxelmwifopremia. meTodikuri xasiaTis naSromebidan gansakuTrebiTmniSvnelovania monografia qarTuli winadadebis swavlebis meTodika~(1950w.).


234

aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTuli enis gramatika saSualoskolis V_IX klasebSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iswavleboda akakiSaniZisa da leo kvaWaZis mier Sedgenili saxelmZRvaneloebiT. sagangebod aRsaniSnavia leo kvaWaZis pirovnuli Rirsebebi _misi patriotuli SemarTeba da princi puloba. TavisiprincipebisaTvis mas arc mZime politikuri represiebis drosuRalatia da arc bolo wlebSi, roca damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZolCvens qveyanas zedized araerTi gansacdeli daatyda Tavs. Mmagondebamisi gamosvlebi televiziiT zviad gamsaxurdias dasacavad (ramdenimesxva enaTmecnierTan erTad). bednierebaa, roca Cven gverdiT cxovroben da kacurkacobismagaliTs gviCveneben iseTi adamianebi, rogoric leo kvaWaZea. maTrac SeiZleba didxans unda icocxlon!

zurab WumburiZe

batono leo,

Tqven mravalmxriv unikaluri movlena brZandebiT qarTulkulturaSi. Aamis dasturad, Tundac momarTvis es forma ikmarebs,romelic aerTianebs oficialur-Tavaziani mimarTvis batono_s Tqvenisaxelis levanis saalerso-kninobiT formasTan leo, rac nebismiersxva SemTxvevaSi funqciuri stilistikis uxeS darRvevad aRiqmeboda,TqvenTan mimarTebaSi ki es gamonaklisia, saerTo_saxalxo siyvarulisada pativiscemis manifestacias warmoadgens. qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi Tqveni saiubileo TariRiT ixsnebaàsianTa klubi~, romlis wevradac jerjerobiT mxolod Tqven daTqveni maswavlebeli da Tanaavtori didi akaki SaniZe SedixarTnamdvili wevris uflebiT (sapatio wevrad 102 wlis wm. grigolxanZTeli ivaraudeba, sapatiod _ raki am didi saeklesio dainteleqtualis sakuTriv lingvisturi naSromebi CvenTvis ucnobia). Aai, aseT sazogadoebaSi migiCinaT RmerTma adgili da mogcaTsaSualeba orives aRematoT ganvlil welTa simravliT da sicocxlisxangrZlivobis axali orientiri dausaxoT Tqvens kolegebs. WeSmaritad: vinc azrovnebs, is mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSicxovrobs!

Mmixeil qurdiani

235

Manana Kvachantiradze

On the Methodology of Semiologic Investigations

The paper discusses conceptual and theoretical foundations of semiologyas a science for the study of sign systems, a brief history of its inception anddevelopment. It presents definitions of sign based on Peirce"s and de Saussure"stheories, and a classification of signs. It provides the structure of a sign, domainsof its behavior, and the process of semiosis.

The paper describes the structuralist and post-structuralist stages of thedevelopment of the sign theory, conceptual contradictions between hermeneuticand post-modernist versions of the sign theory, having emerged in our days.

The paper also addresses specific problems of semiotics of literature, asdifferent from those of linguistic semiology, presents specific features of signbehavior in the language of a fiction text, and various approaches to interpretationat the present stage.

Tsira Barbakadze

Sign Phenomenon in the Poetry Discourse

The sign problem is tremendous in semiotics while researching the signdetermination of the word semantics is essential. Lexem meaning is researchedaccording to the language system dealing with dictionary meaning and speechthat is rather difficult to identify semantics.

Consequently, the word meaning, that is studied due to various discourseswhile language functioning accordingly the style, appears to represent differentmeanings or forms lots of connotations.

Poetry discourse in this approach is rather difficult and has huge range ofspace as the language performs various possibilities in the poetry language aswell. Language forms the idea, however, each language unit envisages the context.We target to reveal actual language units in the poetry and establish semanticmargins that indicates the Georgian language opportunities and thoroughness.

A B S T R A C T S

236

Winfried Boeder

Reflections on the words erti (‘one’) and q’vela (‘all’)

In the Kartvelian languages, the concepts of “one” and “all” have partiallyparallel semantic structures. It is either an individual object of a correspondingset that is focussed (erti kartveli ‘one Georgian (alone)’, as different from otherGeorgians; q’oveli kartveli ‘every Georgian’ in the set of all Georgians), or acorresponding set is viewed, irrespective of its internal composition (erti eri‘(they are) one nation (together),’ q’vela kartveli ‘all Georgians (together)’). Inthe latter case, it is true, “one” and “all” are a set of objects making up an integralwhole (“one nation” consists of its individual members, and “all Georgians(together)” are opposed to each Georgian, one after the other), but the individualobjects of the set in question are not focussed. As for the concept “all”, both ofits aspects are lexicalized as separate lexemes in Modern Georgian, whichdifferentiates q’oveli ‘every’ vs. q’vela ‘all’. For the concept “one”, on the otherhand, one and the same lexeme is used in most cases (but not always: mart’o‘one alone’, mxolo ‘single, one, only’, cali ‘one of two’ are forms of the concept“one alone”). For Proto-Kartvelian, the same opposition may be posited as forProto-Indo-European “one”: *oi(no)- ‘one alone (taken separately)’ vs. *sem-‘one together’ (R. Anttila). Etymology seems to support this approach: ert- seemsto belong to the root rt- ‘to unite’ (cf. m-rt-el-i ‘whole’), while Svan ešxu ‘one’corresponds to the Georgian word sxva ‘other’, which presupposes an oppositionbetween “one (alone)” and “other(s)”. The etymology of q’vela ‘all’ alsocorresponds to its function (“all together”), since it seems to contain the sameroot as q’vel- ‘cheese’, originally meaning ‘(material) put together’ (Mz. Shanidze).On the assumption that q’av/q’v- could mean ‘to be’, q’oveli (*q’v-ov-el-i)‘every’ can be interpreted as a participle (N. Marr; cf. cx-ov-el-i ‘(someone)who lives’) which meant ‘what/who existed’ (q’oveli kartveli ‘every Georgian’– ‘the Georgians that exist’). Similar forms denoting “all” occur in other languages(for instance, in Lak, Turkic and Finno-Ugric languages, Basque).

237

Ketevan Bezarashvili, Tamar Lomidze

Structure and Semantics (The Analysis of GalaktionTabidze"s One Poem)

The article touches upon the problem of structural and semantic interpretationof one poem of the most prominent Georgian poet of the 20th century - GalaktionTabidze. The polisemantic lexics characteristic of the language of symbolists isrevealed in this poem that makes the images obscure and enigmatic. Two kindsof obscurity are studied as the peculiarities of this poem. One is linguistic-stylistic,based on the dialectisms, and another is semantic, close to the symbolisticviewpoint. The semantic obscurity is the reason for using the dialectisms in thispoem as the images that are equal to the lexics spread in the writings of thesymbolists. Thus, the dialectisms as the language of childhood (being the maintheme of the poem) functionally are equal to the language of symbolists; thoughformally the “low” style of the childish lexics is different from the language andimages of symbolist poets. However the viewpoint of child seems also “symbolistic”revealing the difference of the language of childhood from the language of edaltery.Finally, the unity of the characteristic features of Classical and Medieval aestheticsin Galaktion Tabidze"s poetry and its relation to the aesthetics and poetics ofsymbolists becomes obvious on the basis of mentioned method of analysis.

Zaal Kikvidze

Sociolinguistic Oppositions Revisited

The paper addresses the notion of sociolinguistic oppositions and explainsit as a set of linguistic variables, contained in a speaker"s verbal repertoire, thechoice of which has been socially conditioned; it also distinguishes its types: micro-and macro-sociolinguistic oppositions. Special attention is paid to sociolinguisticrelativity, the consideration of which is necessary to avoid artificial universalizationswhile addressing such issues. The title of the paper includes the word "Revisited,"implying that earlier the issues in point was touched upon as a preliminary note inKikvidze 1997.

238

Tamaz Kochlamazashvili

Terms "brdzaneba" ("to order") and "mokhseneba" ("to report") in Social and Situational Contexts

In old Georgian literature, the terms "brdzaneba" ("to order") and"moxseneba" ("to report") could have been used in the senses that had nothing incommon with "saying" and "reporting".

Based on the analyses of literary texts, it has been concluded that "bradzane"(imperative of to order) was used in different situations to refer to various kindsof action (e.g. "come", "go", "sit down", "get up", "eat, help yourself", "give it tome", "take", "put down", etc.) when an individual belonging to a higher socialclass addressed a representative of a lower status. Hence, "brdzaneba" couldhave been used in any kind of statement uttered by a person whose social positionwas inferior to that of an addressee.

Corollary, "mokhseneba" ("to report") was used to denote various kinds ofaction performed by a socially superior individual addressing a socially superiorone.

The particular denotations of these terms are context-ridden.

Salome Omiadze

Natural language and culture _ collective memory of a nation

“The scholarly study of language has never had and does not have noweither a more important aim than the study of language, on the one hand, withrespect to the life of a linguistic collective (language is an essential feature of atribe, people, nation), and, on the other one, in connection with thought (both instatics and dynamics), i.e. in relation to the history of culture, the history ofthought”, - Arn.Chikobava wrote. The two aspects of the language study singledout by the great scholar cover completely the research sphere of the newestdiscipline – linguoculturology, in which the interaction between culture and languagein synchrony and diachrony is studied, and culture proper is viewed as a systemof concepts and a generator of thought structures.

The study of language with the consideration of the relevant social contextrepresents language not only as code but code plus culture. The well-knownculturologist I.Lotman refers to code as “structure without memory”, for it, asartificial language, does not imply history. Similarly, Arn.Chikobava, viewing

239

artificial language as the object of cybernetic linguistics, notes that it [cyberneticlinguistics] does not need the history of language at all and in it “the question isnot posed as to in what relation with thought facts of natural language are”.

Thus, unlike code, natural language, as well as culture, is the collectivememory of a nation, without which the existence of the common culture and thecommon language is inconceivable. This in its turn necessitates the study of naturallanguage in a broad sociolinguistic context.

ShoTa Bostanashvili, Davit Bostanashvili

The Sign and the Built

The Built and the Sign are presented, as an issue of semiotics ofarchitecture, and, at the same time as a linguistic play – deconstruction of onemorpheme. Architecture, being discourse of space, is at the same time discourseof the Interesting. Interest (inter esse) – to be between – is presented as aparadigm of boundary (between oppositions). Blurring of boundaries ispresented as a discursive practice – a linguistic fact of the Georgian Language.The problem of space is examined in the context of shifted problematic field.Overwhelming pragmatism in architecture is denoted by new discourse – signof ruins. In order to overcome the problem of deconstruction-reconstruction ofphenomenon of architecture and to engage it in the realm of metaculture, twopaths are offered: metapoetics and semiotics.

Levan Dalakishvili

On Karl Jaspers Approach to the Text of the Bible

Based on Karl Jaspers approach, that the Bible can not be viewed as arationally intelligible text, the paper attempts to detect proper ways of understandingof the Scripture. It has been stated that the Bible speaks of God and humanexistence in the Universe using figurative language; thus stirring to activity aestheticconsciousness based on "artistic-imaginative" logic. The inner coherence andintelligibility of the Bible has been founded on such logic.

240

Khatuna Tavdgiridze

"Mythical Age," "Mythical Space," and "Returin to the Origins of theUniverse"

"Returin to the Origins” has been one of the functions of a myth, which infact is homologous with etiology, whilst the etiology, as the main characteristicfeature of a myth, makes sense of it rather extensively.

"The Myth of the Origins" makes us return to the origins of the Universe, tothe "mythical age" and gives us sacral-magic, vital power by means of ourparticipation in original events. Owing to its purposeful influence, it is possible toachieve goals and rule over various realms of the Universe. "The Myth of theOrigins” always repeats cosmology models structurally, despite of the variety ofthemes, as “the cosmology myth is an archetypal model of all kinds of the UniverseOrigin”(M.Eliade).

"The Myth of the Origins" is mainly declaimed by magic poetry in Georgianmythical space. It does not lose its magic substance and purposefulness evenwhen it occurs in the texts of other genres (hanting, labour, child-birth).

The cosmology rudiment of Georgian magic poetry (charm), forming mythicritual models of "Return to the Origins", makes it possible to comprehend myth,ritual and magic in context.

Irakli Mchedlishvili

Abelo-Cainian Symbolism and Opposition of Cultures

The problem of "opposition of cultures" has recently received such anoverwhelming influence, that some "experts" attempt to conceive of destructivemoments of contemporary policy and economy based solely on this factor.

Departing from the assumption, that the cultural and traditional unitycharacteristic of a certain society originates from primary human intuitions, thatis, leant as symbolic forms, the problem of "opposition of cultures" should beviewed from the level of collision early "human worlds." Both in the present paperand the author"s earlier ones, the starting point has been the standpoint, based onthe assumption of "the primary division" in two, "Abelian" and "Cainian" mentaltraditions, having generated various symbolic forms with respect of spatial andtemporal attitudes.

241

Obviously enough, since that pre-civilization period till our days, theoccurrence of various, sometimes mutually impenetrable cultural-mental areasexplains the existence of such, differing in terms of basic attitudes, language andmeaning-forming symbolic forms.

Only in the so-called, metaphysical, that is, in the existential-contemplatedimension, both non-communicating symbolic forms and, respectively, the contextof "opposition" acquire an insignificant, peripheral-superficial value. In such cases,particularly human destiny, deep experiences and thought have been expressedby means of both symbolic forms. For instance, the Georgian Cainian symbol –"life circle" (Rustaveli) and the Bedouin Abelian one – "a blind camel" have thesame referent – “destiny”.

Thamar Otkhmezuri

From the History of Medieval Georgian Thinking: Ephrem Mtsire’sScholion on the Geocentric Vision of the Universe

The article represents analysis of the Scholion by the well-known eleventh-century Georgian translator Ephrem Mtsire. The Scholion is appended to theGeorgian translation of the tenth-century Byzantine scholar Basilius Minimus’Commentary on Oratio 43 by Gregory of Nazianzus. In the Scholion thedefinition of the Greek lexical units sfaira and hJmisfaira is given, as theseterms are rendered into Georgian text of the Commentary without translation(sferi, imisferon); In the Scholion Ephrem also provides a geocentric,so called Aristotelian world-view on the structure of the universe - one of themost popular outlooks among the intellectuals of the Medieval times. The mainsources for Ephrem while composing the Scholion were Basilius Minimus’Commentary itself (43, 188) and John of Damascus’ Dialectica (Chapt. 20,De Coelo). The multilingual and multicultural environment of the eleventh-centuryNear East - the crossroad of Christian and Muslim cultures - must have alsoplayed a big role in forming the progressive world-view of the Georgian scholar.

~ ~

242

Gia Joxadze

The Body Adventure:Georgian Version

The body has a history. In societies of different epoch the relation to it wasambiguous. Its role in society was various also. In due course varied also animage of a body in imagination of people and its place in a reality - both in aneveryday life, and during the special moments of history. There is a change intime - It means, there is also a history. So the body history is an essential part ofglobal history of the Middle Ages. Article is devoted to research intersexualrelationship, junctures between the body"s “outside” and “inside”, questions ofsexuality and love in medieval Georgia (13 century). The text of the anonymousGeorgian historian gives the chance to see, how political and social functionstend to make the bodies of the persons filling them the organs of a larger body -the social body or the universe as a whole.