, , - . , -, (Ph.D.) 1. XIX XX ., , , , . , . . , - , . , . , , , , - XIX , , , , , (1755-1843), , , . , ,

. 1 Kotok A. The history of homeopathy in the Russian Empire from its emergence until the WWI as compared with other European countries and the USA: similarities and discrepancies. Ph.D. thesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1999. on-line http://www.homeoint.org/books4/kotok

. , , , , , , - , . , , ... ? , XIX XX .? , , ? ? , ? , , ? , , ? , , , , , . , , , . , (, , , , , ...), , , . , , , . , , ,

, , -, |. , , ( , ). , , . , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , . , , . . , , , , , , , . , , , . , .

, , , . ; . , , . . , , . , . , , , ( , , .), . , ( ) , . , , , . , . , , , , (). , . (). () (). - (). - - (), - ()

, . , , , , , . , , , . ( ), , , . , . , .

, , , , , . , , , , , . , , . , . . , ( ), , , . , () (), . (), . -. , , , . , , . . , 2006 . (1884 .) , , . -, , , ,

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, , . . , , , , 1. 1 , ( ); , , , , ( ).

, , ( , ), , - , . , , , , . : , , , . , , , . , . , . , . ! , ; ( , , , , - , , ( . immunire , immunis , -. . Terminologia medica polyglotta. . , 1979, . 204). , . , , . , y z , , ! - : ( ). , . , , , (Scheibner V. Congressional Hearings on Hepatits . 1999. ). . , , , . .

- ), . ( ) , . . ( , , , ) , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , ( , ); 2. , 9 (!) , ( ) 12 , () 3-5 3. , 2

1957 . 27 ( - , , , ). 1984 . , . - ( , ). , . - ? ? 3 . . : , , . //, 2003, . 10.

18 , , , . : , , , ? : , . , , -, -. . 2-3 ... , . 4,5 ... . ... , ... ... ... , , , , , , 15 ... , 6 .4. : , 4

, , ? , ? , . , . , , , . , . , , , () , . , , , , 5. 5

. . . . . 1999, 2, . 40-60. : . . ., , , , , .

: ... , 1- ... , ... .... , - , : , , , , ... (Tishler M., Shoenfeld Y. Vaccination May be Associated with Autoimmune Diseases. 1MAJ 2004; 6:430432). ! , , , , , ? . Molina V., Shoenfeld . Infection, vaccines and other environmental triggers of autoimmunity. Autoimmunity. 2005; 38(3): 235-245. . . . , , , , , , . . Kuroda Y. Autoimmunity induced by adjuvant hydrocarbon oil components of vaccine. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. June 2004; (58)5:325-337.

, , ( , , ) , , , . , , 6. : ... , ... . , , ... ( , , - - ... - IgM IgG) . , 7. 6

, , , : , - , . , . . , ? , , , ? (Moulin A.-M. Philosophy of Vaccinology // Vaccinia, Vaccination, Vaccinology. Jenner, Pasteur and their successors. International Meeting on the History of Vaccinology, 6-8 December 1995, Marnes-La-Coquette, Paris, France. Paris, 1996, p. 21).7

? , , ? , , , , , , . , (1922-1988) ... : () 1982 . , , . , , , , , , . , , , !8. , : , ( ) , . . , 9. - : ... 8 9

. ., . . : . , 2001, 4, . 4-8.

Mendelsohn R. How to raise a healthy child... in spite of your doctor. NY, 1984, p. 233. Parent Comprehension of Polio Vaccine Information Pamphlets. Paediatrics. June 1996; 97:6809. (The Immunisation Awareness Society Inc.), , - 22 2002 . : , . , , , , , . , , . , . . (, ).

10. . , , , . , . ( , , ). , , , 11. , . . , , 13- 12. , , , , . , , . 20%, 50% 70% . 110

(, , , ) 95% (!), 80%13. , , . ; , , . , , , ( , ) , - , ? 14 , , . , , , 15. 157- 17 1998 ., 13

Vaccine brochures: AAP proposes changes. AAP News June 1989, p. 2. . no: Neustaedter R. The Vaccine Guide. Making an Informed Choice. Berkeley, California, 1996, p. xi. 111111 Illich I. Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health. NY, 1976, p. 40. 1112 Health Aspects of Human Rights. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1976, p 42. . : Diodati J. M. Immunization: history, ethics, law and health. Quebec, 1999, p. 15. , . , , , . , , , DPT (). , , , . - , , . . () 1998 . : ( , pp. vi-vii).

, ... , 90-95% (. ., . . . . 3- ., , 2001, . 302). : ... , 95% ( . . . , 2004, 6, . 4-8). 14 ... . ( . . . . , 2002, . 30-31). 15 , , . .., . . 10 1981 . . 96 5 , , , - , ... ( . (). , . 8009, . 50, . 9138, . 186-187).

, , , ( 11.2), , 16; , , ( 5.1). , . , , ; . ( V , 18-21), , , , , . , . , XX ., 16

... . . : , 32 : . , ( ) . , ( . . // . . ., 1994). , . , , . (2005, 20, . 7) 3 . , , - ( )... , . , ?

, . . , , , . , . , , . , . , . ; , , , ( ). , , . (, , , ), ; , . , , . , , , . , , , (!) : ... , , , , , (,

. . .) . , , . , , , ...17. , , , , , . . (-, 09.04.2003): ... 9 , , . , , , , . , , , .... , , , : , , , , , , . . . , 17

.., .. . , 2001. , : , . . , , - , ( . . . ., 1999, . 262; .: . . . ... . 46-47). , , , , , , .

, . - , . , ( ) , . , , ( , ) . , , , , ! , 18. , , , , . , (hot lots) , . , , , - , , , 1998 . , , , . , , REACTIONS, 18

. . , , ( ) . . . , : ... , ... , , ... ( . . : . ., 2002, . 88).

1994 . ( ; . )19. MMR, , , , . , , ; . , , , , , , ! . ( ), ( ) . (, , , ), . , , , . 70 , 1999 . . (). , () , , . 19

, , ( ), 20. , , SV-40, , , , . , . , . , , , , ! , , . , , , . , . , . , , , 20

Girard M. Vaccination and auto-immunity: reassessing evidence // Vaccination, Infection & Autoimmunity: Myth & Reality. Lausanne, October 26-28, 2005. Medical Veritas, 2 (2005); 549-554. : , , , . . (). - (), , .

: , - , , 50%... , , 13 . gal-Usepficum; , ... , , ( . ., . . . , , . ., 1989, . 106). (), . , , (Bolin S. R. et al. Methods for detection and frequency of contamination of fetal calf serum with bovine viral diarrhea virus and antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. July 1991; 3(3):199-203). , . , , (Nevins J. R. Cell Transformation by Viruses // Knipe D. M. et al. (ed.) Fields Virology (4th ed), 2001. Vol. I, chap. 10. pp. 245-283 Joklik W. K. Tumor Viruses II Joklik W. K. et al. Zinsser Microbiology (20th ed.), 1992. Chap. 59, pp. 869-905).

. , , , ? , , , , , ? - ? : , ( - , ), , . , 21. , . , , , , , , . , , , , - ! , , . XIX . , , , . - , , , , 21

: , , , , , ., .

, . , , , , , , , , . , , , , ( ), , , , , , . , , , , . ; . , , , . , , . , : ( , , ), , . , , . , , , . : 1994 . 396 , 1 , , , ,

, , ( ), 22. , . , , , , , ...23. , ( ), . 19 2005 . . : ... . ... 17,9 / . ? 11,5 ... 12,8 , 2007 17,7 . , ! 25 , 15 , 44 . , . . , , , , , ... 22

The 396 Million Dollar Experiment. Ottawa: The Nightingale Research Foundation, 1994. . : Diodati J. M. Immunization... p. 125. 23 - 120 : ... " ". : , , ( . . . . , 1885, . 140).

- . , . . ( . . .). . , ?!24 , , . , . , , , , . , , ad absurdum. . . , , , XIX XX . . , , , , . , , . , , - () : , 24

. . , 32 (44) 15 2005 ., . 5.

. , , . , , , . , ? . : ... , . 2000 ., , , .... , : [ ] . , - ?. : 25. , , , , . , (), (), (), , (, ), . , . , , , . , , . . . : , , 25

. , . . , , . , , , . . , , , 26. . . . , - : , , . . , , , , . . , ... , , , , . , . , . .27 , 1976 . , (American Cancer Society), . : , , , .. , , ( . . ), . 26 27

S. J. Vaccines. The Risks. The Benefits. The Choices. Parental Manual.

. . ... . 384. . (), 2002 .

, , , , , , 28. , , . -.29 . . . : ... . , , , . , , ( ). , , , (?! . .) . , , . , . . ( in vitro ) . , , , , ( ) . , ... , 30.28

Simpson R. V. RNA-Containing Viruses in Human Can Be Transcripted Into DNA-Proviruses. , , , ... , . , ! . Mendelsohn R. S. Immunizations. The terrible risk your children face that your doctor won't reveal. 1988, pp. 28-29. 29 Moscowitz R. The Case Against Immunizations. Journal of the American Institute of Homeopathy. March 1983; 76:7. 30 . . // ( ) . . . ., 2001, . 116.

- . , , , , , - , . , , 31. , , . , , DPT (). ( 6 ), , , DPT: 13 000 , (learning disabilities), 3 000 , () 32. ( ) . . , . , , . , . . , , . , , , , , . , , , , 31

Coulter H. L. Vaccination, Social Violence and Criminality. The Medical Assault on the American Brain. Washington, 1988. 32 CoulterH. L., Fisher B. L. A Shot in the Dark. NY, 1991, p. 150. 1985 ., 1991 ., .

, , , -, , ., , 33. , : , , , . . , , . 1920- , , . ( 750 , 20%), , . 1922 . . -, . . , , !34 , , , , . . , () : ... , , ( ) 62,5% ... 1985 1988 . , , 1-2 33

Koskiniemi M. et al. Epidemiology of encephalitis in children. A prospective multicentre study. Eur. J. Peel. July 1997; vol. 156, 7:541-5. 34 CM. Coulter H. L. Vaccination... pp. 159-160.

150 , 2001-2002 . 10-13 150 . , , , , 56,3%...35. , , . . , ... - , , , , , . , , , , , , ... , , 1990 ... 3- 22- , , , . . 36. , , . , , , . , , ... ? , , . : , XX . 35

. . . , . , 2003, 6, . 51-56. 36 .

36 . , , 37. , , : 1) , , , , , , , . 2) 30 , . 3) . (?! . .) . , . , 38. , , , . , , , . , . 1959 . , 10 , . . 1959-1965 . 37

. . . XX . ., 2003, . 631-632. : : , , , , ? , ? ( . . . , . ., 1986, . 83). 38 . ., . . : , . , 2003, 1, . 4-6.

, , . 7 , , , , , , , . 1965 ., ...39. , 1959 . , , , . . , . . , , , . , (, ) ! . (, , ) , , , . , , . , , . , , , , . - , 39

. . . , 1998, 3, . 4-8. : . 1,7-2,5 , .. .

, - , , , : , . , . XX . : , , , , ... ... , , , , , , ...40. (, , , ) , : , , , , , . , . , . . - . , , , . , ; , 41. 40 41

, . . -, , . . . , , , ... . . . . . . . , . , , . , , - 42? . . : 42

. : . . . 4- . ., 1909, . 266-267. , ( 157- 17 1998, 4, . 1). , , , - , .

(2002 .): , , , ... , , ( , 2003, 1, . 69-70). (2003 .): ... . ... , , ... , ( , 2004, 1, . 70-71). (2004 .): ... ... , . . , , . ... ( , 2005, 1, . 4-5). ..., ; , . , 5 . ., 1- : ,

35 , ... , - 100 43? , ? , . , , : , , , , 44. ( , . . . () ) ( - ), ? - , , , , , , - . . , , , , ! . -, ! 43 . . . , 2000, 5, . 23-26. 44 . . ... . 15. . . . . , , , .

, , ... , , , ( , , , ), , , 45. , (. ) , , ( , , , , ), , , , , ( , , , ... !). , , . , , . , , , 46, , 45

, , . , (Gaublomme . The Children's Vaccine Initiative. An open window upon global vaccina tion strategies. The International Vaccination Newsletter June 1998). 46 , 1 0 ,1 % , ( , .) 2 ,3 % . 1998 . 600 . -. 40% , 1 1 ,5 % , 4- , 28% ( . ., . . 1985-2000 . , 2004, 1, . 47-49). .

, (, ), ( , , ). . , 0 14 564,8 100 000 1992 . 937,8 2001 ., (15-17 ) 693,0 1997 . 1067,4 2001 . 10- . ? . , , , , 47. ? , , ? , , , 25% , , , ,

: , 2002 ., , 32% , . 33,5%, 45%. 68% , 73% , 10% ( , 2005, 1 (308), . 5). , , ..., , , , ( .: Duke . et al. Quality of hospital care for children in Kazakhstan, Republic of Moldova, and Russia: systematic observational assessment. Lancet March 18, 2006; 367(9514):919-925), , , , , . 47 . . . , 2003, 4, . 47-52.

, . . , ... 57% 48 (.. , , , 9 ). , , ( , , , , , .) , , , . , ? . : " ", , , " ", , , , ... , ?! , - , . (, , -, ). 3-4 .., .. 49. , , , : , 50. . . . , 2003, 6, . 4-7. 49 .: , . ... . 384. 50 : , , ? , 48

, , , , . , , 51. . (Department of Health and Human . : , , , , , ( . . ...). , : 1996 . - , (- . . , , . , 1998, 1, . 37). 51 , , , . , : ... , , , ( . . . ., 2000, . 143). . ., 1996 . , , ... 14 . , . , , ( , ), , ... 8 - 4200 , , - , . , - ! ? , , , , 30 .

Services) , 1986 ., . , ( )) . , , , , , , ( ). 600 , . , , , ; . , , . , , . , 1986 ., 1988 ., 1989 . . (non-default) , , ( ). , . (, , ), . . , , , , , , -

, . , , ; , , . , , 52! , , . -, - , () . -, ( , , 300 , 6 250 ) . , , . , , . , , , , , , . , . , 52

70% 90%53. MMR - , 54. , 55. . , 1993 . 56 . : 95% 3 ... . ... ( . . .)57. : ... , , . , , . . , , , 58. . , , 53

. Geier D., Geier M. J. The true story of pertussis vaccination: a sordid legacy? Hist. Med. Allied Sci. July 2002; 57(3):249-84. , ( ) , , 1997 . 1 .

Tyler A. Vaccination: the Hidden Facts. London Evening Standard Magazine September 1991, p. 74. 54 Shaw V. Parents' anger over MMR threat to GPs. Leeds Today January 12, 2004. 55 Sumner-Burstyn B. Immunisation choice challenges the herd mentality. New Zealand Herald June 26, 2002. 56 2 1993, . 6. . : . . // . . , 1994. 57 . . , . . . . . , 2 0 0 1 , . 109. 58 . . . . . . 1 3 1 .

, , , , , , , -, , , . , , . , . , , , . , 59. , , (, , ) . . . , , (, , ) , . , , , , ,59

. , , (, ), , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , . , . , , , , . , . . , .

, - , . . . . (1902-1989) - . . 11.01.1968, . . . : , . , , , (. . 8009, . 50, . 76, . 1). , , , , !

, , , , . . . (, 2000, -)1 , , . . , : ? 1 1986 . : , 2 1985 . . , , , . , , . , , . , , , , , , . , , , . ( ), 1

, on-line , privivka.ru, , .

. 4 . , . , , , , . , , , , . , . . , , . . , , , . , , , , . , , , , - . , , , , . , , , , , , . . , , , . , , , ? .

. : , , , , . . , . , , , , , , , , , . , , . . , ( ) , . -, 2 . 2

: . , , , . , 3. , . - . , , , , . , (Working Group on Immunization Safety, Division of Vaccines and Immunization) , , . , , : (, . . ), , , , , , 4. !3

, , : . : - 1 452 ., - /, 43 578 , 1 - 10 . 726 . . ( . . . . , 2004.,5. . 14-15). , 43 578 10 726 . ! , , , , 10 . JTO ...

., , . . . , 2000, -; . 3.3.1.1123-02 (. 26 2002 .) . . . . , 2004, 2(7), . 17-19. 4 . , ? ( , /WHO, , 2002, . 12). : , , , ... , ... ...

, . . , . . . . . : , . 5. ( , , ), , . , , , . , , , . , ,

, , ... , , . ... , ... , ... ( ). , . , , . ... , , , . , , ... , (. 21-25, 30). . 5 . . . , 2000, -.

, : , , , , , ... , , , , , . , . , 38 , : ... , , , , , , ... , . , , (, ..)6. . (1934-1994) : ... , . . , , . 80 , . , , , -. , 2040 . , , . , 2-3 , 6

. . . . . . ., 1968, . 179.

. 7 80 , , , ... . . (1983) 100 , . 100 . 99 . , , , , ... , , 7. , , , ; . , , - , , . , , . XIX . - : ... , -: , , , ., , , 8. 117 7

: ... , , , , . , , , . , 4 12 , . , ...4. , , , , , . , , : , . , , 10. : (-, --) , , , , , . ( )... . - . 11 ( . . .). , ? . , . , ,9

. . . . , 2005, . 329-331. 8 . . . , 1884, . 47.

. ., . . . ., 2001. . . . , 2003, -. 1111 . . . . , 2000, . 242.10

. , , , . . . . , . , . , , , , ( ) . : , , - , , . : ( 3-4 -) . , ; . 12. . , , , , ? , , , , . , ? , , , , , , ( ), ... , : ( . . ) . 12

. , . 80% , . 46 , , 5 , 3 , . ( 6 . . .) 104 . ( . . . ) 80 . 5 , () 13. . ! , , , ? , , . ? : , ? . ( ) . , , , , 14, , . . . , , , . , . , 113 14

( ). . . . , . . . ., 1994, . 125. . .

. . ... Nakayama T. et al. Long-term regulation of interferon production by lymphocytes from chil dren inoculated with live measles virus vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. Dec 1988; 158(6):1386-90.

. , , . , , . . , , . coli, , . ( ) . : 16 , , . , ; 1-2 ... () . - 15. . , , . , , . , , , ( , , ?), , , . : , . , , 15

. , () ... - ... , 16. . , - ( ) . . , ... , . . . , , ... , , , , . , . . . 17. , , , , . . . , ! , , , , . 16 17

. . ... ... . 104-105. ...

: , . . . , , 18. 4 , : 2.3 (?? . .), , , , , . , 90- . - 19. , , : , , ( ), . , . , , 1% . ... . 154. (. 9 2002 .). (, ), , . , , . , , , .19 18

... ... 20. , . . ? , ?21 . . (, , , ), , (, ), . , , ? . , , . , , . , , , , , 20

. , 80% , (, . ), . , . . - - , , DPT (), (, ), (Coulter H. L. Vaccination, Social Violence and Criminality. The Medical Assault on the American Brain. Washington, 1988, p. 153). 21 2.1 , , ( ).

. , , , , . , , , , , ? . , , . , -, , . . , , , - 15 , , ? , . , , , , , . , . 1999 . , (. ), 2002 . . . . , , . . , ,

, . , , - , . , . , . 4.1 : 17 1998 . () , .... . , . 1 : ... ... () , . , . : .. . ; ; , , , (), , , , , 12 ; , , , , , , ; -. ! . - , , , , , , . , : , , , . , , , ,

, .. , , , . , , (, , - , ..), (, , , , , ..) (, -, ) ( , , .) , 22. : , . ( , , !) . - , , : , , . . . , , . , , , , 23. : 1/3 , . , . , , . (90%), , , -, (!? . .). 2- 22 23

(18%). , , , ( 5-7%). , , . - , (, ), ( ) ... , , . , , , , , ...24 ( . . .). . , , , ! , , ; , , . , . . , , , ; ( ) , , ; 30 , 25, 2425

. .

. . ... ...

, , , , , . , , : - , , , ...26 ( . . .). , , . , ? ... , () . , 6 , () . , , , . , ( ), ... ... , 15 ... (, , )... , ( ) . . . ... . . . , , , 27.26 27

, , , , , ! , , , ... . ... , , . . . 28. ? , , ; , , , . ? , , , , . , , , , , , ? , ? , , , ? ? ... . -- () - 1980 . 29. : ... 1:10000... , 30. 28 29

. ... . 131 133.

. . ... , . , 1986, . 35. 30 . . . , . . . , 1991, . 6.

( ), 19301950- , , ? Urabe, -3 , , ? 1970- , -? 1999 . (RotaShield, -), RotaTeq? ENCEPUR ( , 1998 .) T1COVAC ( , 2001 .)? , . , , , . , - ( , ?) , , , , - ... - , ? : . . . . , : ... , : , . . . . : - : ... 31. . , , , 31

. 31 , , . , , , . , , , , , 32. , . 2000 . (Brighton Collaboration). , , ( ) . , , , . , , ... ! - 18 2004 .: , ? , 32

. . : . ., 2002, . 55-56.

... ... ( , . 17.1). 33 , ( 133/8-39), ( 1100/769-98-113). . 14 1998 .

? , ?34. : - , , , . . (, , .)35. , , , . , - , ( , , ), . , , , . , : , ? - , 10 . , . . , 30 , 2001-2002 . ( , ). . 3 34 35

1 . ... . 4,00,4 100 . 7 28,02,8 100 ... (35,02,6) ...36. , , , . (, , - !): -... , 37. , ? . 90% . - 20% . -... , , 38. , , , , , , . : , , , 90- ? , -, (!), ,

. http://weldon.house.gov/UploadedFiles/RepWeldonMDonIOM.pdf . . . , 1996, 2, . 912.

36

. . . . , 2004, 5, . 19-22. 37 . 38 .

, . ( ), . , , ( , ). , , , , , , 1- , , . ; . 1980- , (VAERS). 10% , 39, . , , . , , , - , . , , , , , 39

- , , -. , . , , . - . : ... , , . , , . , , . . , , , , - ...40. , , , , , , , . , , , , .

( 10% , ) . , - , (Adverse Drug Reactions), : , 1 10 (Marsh . Secret report reveals 18 child deaths following vaccinations. Telegraph 12.02.2006).

40

. . ... . 396.

, ( ), , (, ). , 6 1982 ., : , . , , ... , , 1. , . , , , , , , , 2. , , 1950- ., (. 1

). , , , . , , , . . () , , , . , , .

, . . , , , , , 3. , . , , . , , , , , . . , , , . , , .

(, ). , 5-10% ,3

, 1982, 13, . 37. , ? , ? : , ... . , , ( , . 38). 2 Budavari S. et a/. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. 1996, p. 662. . : Diodati C. J. M. Immunization: history, ethics, law and health. Quebec, 1999, p. 68.

Anderson . et al. Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, 1994, p. 1208. . Ibid., p. 69.

4. , 5. , , 6 7. (), 8. , , 1991 ., , 9. , , . , 10. 11. , Fiejka M., Aleksandrowicz J. Aluminum as an adjuvant in vaccines and post-vaccine reactions. Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig. 1993; 44(l):73-80. 5 Bergfors E. et al. Unexpectedly high incidence of persistent itching nodules and delayed hypersensitivity to aluminium in children after the use of adsorbed vaccines from a single manufacturer. Vaccine Dec 8, 2003; 22(l):64-9 Bergfors E. et al. Nineteen cases of persistent pruritic nodules and contact allergy to aluminium after injection of commonly used aluminium-absorbed vaccines. Eur. J. Pediatr. July 26, 2005. 6 Gherardi R. K. et al. Macrophagic myofasciitis lesions assess long-term persistence of vac cine-derived aluminium hydroxide in muscle. Brain Sept. 2001; 124(9):1821-1831. . Brenner A. Macrophagic myofasciitis: a summary of Dr. Gherardi's presentations. Vaccine May 31,2002;20Suppl., 3:S5-6. 7 Authier F. J. et al. Central nervous system disease in patients with macrophagic myofasciitis. Brain May 2001; 124(Pt 5):974-83. 8 Vascellari M. et al. Fibrosarcomas at Presumed Sites of Injection in Dogs: Characteristics and Comparison with Non-vaccination Site Fibrosarcomas and Feline Post-vaccinal Fibrosarcomas. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med. Aug 2003; 50(6):286-91. 9 Gherardi R. K. Lessons from macrophagic myofasciitis: towards definition of a vaccine adjuvant-related syndrome. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) Feb 2003; 159(2): 162-4. 10 Redhead K. et al. Aluminium-adjuvanted vaccines transiently increase aluminium levels in murine brain tissue. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Apr 1992; 70(4):278-80. 11 KirschmanJ. D., Dunne L.J. Nutrition Almanac. 1984, p. 65 . : Diodati J. M. Immu nization.... p. 71. . Bilkei-Gorzo A. Neurotoxic effect of enteral aluminium. Food Chem. Toxicol. May 1993; 31(5):357-61.4

12-24 12. , , , , . .

, . ... ... , ... 1 ... , , CH^HgCl, ... . , 13. , , . (Hg) - ( , 1%), . 203Hg , , , 7%... CH3Hg+ 95% , 14. , , : , , , ...15. , ,12

Simmer . Aluminium in Infancy // Zatta P. F., Alfrey A. C. (Eds) Aluminum Toxicity in Infants' Health and Disease, 1997. 113 . ., 1993, . 53, 56. 14 , . 145. 115 . . . . , 2004, 5, . 8-15.

16 , . , , (, ; ), 22 000 , 17. 18. 1928 . (. ), , 1930- . , .. , . . ( ) , . ; , , , . . - 16

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- : ... ... 9,6 /, , . . , 21 / 37 /... ... , 3 . , ... ... ( ) , . 2,53 19. : . ... 3,3 / , , ... 5 /20. 2000 . , , , , , , , . , . , 0,1 - 21. , . , ( . ..) , 19

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... , , ...22; , ... . . Hg , ... () ... , , ... ... ...23. . , . , , 24. , , , , , , . , : ( ) . (, 12 , 3-5- ), : . , , , , ( . ), . , , , , . , .22

, . 2-3 , 0,5 . 25 (), 12,4 . 3 6 . , 37 . , 3,4,5 6 , 50 , , 25 . , , . - . , , , - , , , , , , , . (, PedvaxHIB Act-Hib) 25 , . 3, 4 5 . 75 . . 37+75=112, 37+75+75=187 . , . ? , . 0,1 , , ! ( , 26) ,25

. . / . , 1999, . 1. 23 . . ... 24 . Rowland I. R. et al. Effects of diet on mercury metabolism and excretion in mice given methylmercury: role of gut flora. Arch. Environ Health Nov-Dec 1984; 39(6):401-8.

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, 9,43 . , , 3-7 , 12 12,4 . , , . , . , , , . , . , - . , ( 24 6,9 27), , , , - . , , , , , , 28. , , (. ), . , . , . . , , , . , , , ERIS, Compilation of Toxicological and Environmental Data on Chemicals, July 2000, pp. 1-45 . . : GeierD. From Epidemiology... 27 Burbacher . . et al. Comparison of Blood and Brain Mercury Levels in Infant Monkeys Ex posed to Methylmercury or Vaccines Containing Thimerosal. Envir. Health Persp. April 2005. 28 Vargus D. L. et al. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Annals of Neurology 2005, 57:67-81.

29. , 30. . , . , , . , . , 60% , . 20% , 31. , , , -, 32. , . , , PI3-/-/ , 33. ,29

Bernard S. et al. The role of mercury in the pathogenesis of autism. Mol. Psychiatry 2002; 7: S42-S43. . : Geier D. From Epidemiology... 30 Havarinasab S. et al. Immunosuppressive and autoimmune effects of thimerosal in mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2005 (204); 109-121. 3131 aley B. Mercury toxicity: Genetic susceptibility and synergistic effects. Medical Veritas 2 (2005); 535-542. , . , , , . , , , , . . . 32 Baskin D. et al. Thimerosal induces DNA breaks, caspase-3 activation, membrane damage, and cell death in cultured human neurons and fibroblasts. Toxicol. Sci. Aug 2003; 74(2):361-8. 33 Waly M. et a/. Activation of methionine synthase by insulin-like growth factor-1 anddopamine: a target for neurodevelopmental toxins and thimerosal. Mol. Psychiatry 2004; 1-13. . : Geier D. From Epidemiology...

, , . 34. . . : 35 , . 1950 ., 4 ( , , ), 10 000. . , 1981 ., 135 ( ), 2 600 , . ( ) , 1996 ., 246 . 350 . , . 13 , . , , , 33 - . 100 400 , 100 000 DSM-IV...36. . 34

: , , , . , 37, in vitro ( , , )38. , , . , 39, , Confidential () Do not copy or release ( ), 40. - , , , , . (), , , , 2001 ., , , . 2004 .,. Ryu Y. H. et al. Perfussion impairments in infantile autism on technetium 99m ethyl cysinate dimer brain single photon emission tomography: comparison with findings with magneticresonance imaging. European J. Nuclear Med. 1999; 26:253259 Starkstein S. E. et al. SPECT findings in mentally retarded autistic individuals. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2000;12:370-375. . : GeierD. From Epidemiology... 38 Haley B. Mercury... 39 Verstraeten T. etal. Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: a two-phase study of computer ized health maintenance organization databases. Pediatrics 2003, 112: 1039-1048. 40 Verstraeten T. et al. Thimerosal VSD Study. Phase I. Update 29/2/2000. . , , . , , 18 800 , 2001 2004 . (Marsh . Secret report reveals 18 child deaths following vaccinations. Telegraph 12.02.2006).37

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, , , , , , 2001 . ... 41. , , , , 1999! , , : . . , . ( 1930 . , , 60 ), . . . . . . . . ?: , . . 1955, 1956 . , - - 42. , - - , , , . , , , . , , , , , , 41

. , : , . , 43. , , ...44. , 1988-1989 ., , ( . . ), , , , . . , , . . . , . . . . . : ... , , 35 , . , , , . , , , , .., , -, , . , , , , , , - , : , 43 44

( . . .) , , (Burbacher . . Comparison...). 42 . . : . ., 2002, . 130.

, . 97. , , Federal Register (June 1984; 1st, vol. 98, No 107, p. 23007): ...- , , , , , . !

, . . . . , , - , '?.. , , , , , , . .? , ? , . ? , , ? , . , . . 45. , . . . - . . : ... ? , , . , , , . . . : , , 1987, , , 50 40 / ( 50% ), , , . . - , ., 1977, (, ), , : ! . , , 45

, . , . () - , . : , . ... , . , . . ., , , , . . 166 : ... , , 0,01% ... 10020 / , . : 500 / . , ! , , , , , : ? , , , . ... ? , . 2-5 . 14 . , , , , !46. , . . . . . . . . : . 46

( . .) // . . ., 1994.

.

. , , . , . , , , , ... , . . , . , , , , ( , , ). ... , , , . , , ( . . ) , . , . , - , . , , , . !.. , , , ... , , , , . ) ) . . , , . , ( !), , . , ( , ), , , .

, , , , . , , , . , . ?47. , , , , . , , , , . . . . , , , ( 1991 .): 80- , , . , , , " "! , , , , , ! , , . . ; GMP (Good manufacturing practice. . .) , , , 48. 47 48

. . . . ., 2004, . 169. , , (. 172). -

, , , , , , , . , . , , , , , , ., , 49. , .

, , , . . , , . , , , , , .

49

Haley . Mercury...

: , 1. , 2 10 . . ., , . -, , ( ), , , . (, , , ), , , . , , , , . , III . . .; , , . , , VI . . . 569 1 , , : . 2 . , , , , . , variola.

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XVI . , 5. , , , variola minor, 1% 5% . , (, , ). 3

. inoculare , ( . Terminologia medica polyglotta. . , 1979, . 214). . ,

, , - , . , , , , (, , ). 4 - . , 1747 . . Hedge . . Vaccination in India. JAP1 1998, vol. 46, 5:472-473. - . ( ), . 5 . (Creighton . History of Epidemics in Britain, Cambridge, 1891-1894) Carmichael A. G., Silverstein A. M. Smallpox in Europe before the Seventeenth Century: Virulent Killer or Benign Disease?/. Hist. Med. Al. Sc. 1987; 42:147-168.

XVI XVII . , , , variola major, 30%. , , . , , . , , . , , , , , , , .

, XVII XVIII . . 1717 1718 . , (1689-1762), - , , 1721 . , . , , , . , I, . , . .

, , . . , , , . 6. 6

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. , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , . (), , . , , , . , , , (, , ) . , , . ( ), 1789 . ( , ), , ( ), . , , . , . , , . 21 . , , 1801 ., , 25 8, 8

, , , . , ( ) . , 14 1796 . , . , , , . , , 9, . , , ( , ), - , , . 12 10 , , { . . . . ., 1981, . 149). , , , , . , , 1801 . , , , , , . . , , . , , , , , , , , . 9 , , , , . . 110 , , , ( ), , . , . ,

( ) , - 1787-88 ., , . , , : ... ... (, ):

, , . , , , , 11. . 1798 . . , , . , , , . , 16 1798 . , , , 12. , , - . - , - , 24 1798 . . Variolae Vaccinae, , , , , . , , , , , . , , , 20 , , . 1111 . Baxby D. Edward Jenner's Unpublished Cowpox Inquiry and the Royal Society: Everard Home's Report to Sir Joseph Banks. Medical History 1999; 43:108-110. 12 1798 . : 8- ... , ( . . .). , ! : , . , , 1799 ., , , .

. , , , , . , , , , , . . , , , , 36 19 1800 . , , (perfectly secured) , - . 1801 . 30 . , , , , , . , , , , , . Variola Vaccinae (1799) , . , , . . , , -, , - . : , , ... . ( ) .

, , ( , 13), . ( , MD FRS , , ), . . 1801 . , - . . (1766-1850)14. , , , . , I, . , . . (1773-1845), 1802 . . , , , 1802 ., , . ! . , - , XVIII XIX . , , , XIX ., 13

, , , . 14 , , . , , (1764-1832) 27 1800 . . . - - // IX. , 1973, . 46-47.

XX ., . XIX . , . - (1752-1805) , , , 15. 1800 . , (1754-1846), , , . , , , . . , , - - ! 1802 . (, ?) , . -, , , . . , , . , , . . 15

: , 1889 . ( ), . . Razzel P. Edward Jenner's Cowpox Vaccine: The History of a Medical Myth. Caliban Books 2nd ed., 1980.

, . , , , , , . , . . - ! ( ), , , ... . , , 1802 . , , . . , , , . , . , , . , , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , - . 10 . ( 2 ).

, 1804 . , , , ( , , , ), . . . . , . . . , (1780-1863), , . 1800-1801 . 1802 . . , . 1806 . , , , , . , , : . , . , 1807 ., , , - . ( , , , , )16. 16

, , . 1840 . : ; , . . : . . , 1873, . 28-29. , . (. )

, . 20 . . , 1808 . , . , , 17, , , , . , ; 18. , 1814 ., , . : 1814 . I, : , : , , , , , 19. 1823 . , . , , . . XIX . ( XIX . , (Fenner F. et al. Smallpox and its eradication. WHO, Geneva, 1988, p. 271). 17 , . , , ... 18 , : , ? { . . . ., 1983, . 25). 19 . . . . . , 1891, . 58-59.

) , , , . , . , ( , 20), XIX . . 1813 . , , . , , 1830- . . , . , . , , 1840 . , , : 1) ; 2) , , . , , , ( , ). , , 20

, - , , : , , , , (Dr. F. Giel. Die Schutzpocken-Impfung in Baiern. Munchen, 1830, S. 166). - , , : , ; , ; , ; , (Dr. Krauss. Die Schutzpockenimpfung. Niirnberg, 1820. . : . ... 5-6 25-26). . , , , , .

, ( , 1754 . ) . , 1840 . , . . , . , , 21.21

: , , jurare in verba magistri ( . . .), , . . ; , , ; , , , ; , ; , , , , , . , 3555- , , , , , . . , : , , - . (Die falschen Grundlagen des ReichsImpfzwangsgesetzes von 1874, von Gustav Heymann, 1882, 16-17. . : . . . . , 1885, . 138-139). - , 1870 . ( 25 ): ... , . , , , - , , . , . , , . . . . , , . . . 80%, . 450 , 3000 ?.

, , , . , , , . 1853 . 1850 . , . , . , ( , 1807 .), , , , , . , , , , , 22 ( 1901 . , ).22

, , , . , 1883 . : , ! , . . , , . , , . , , , , , , , (Vaccination Inquirer, 1883).

, , , , . 23. , , , , , 24. , . , , . , . 1867 . 14 . , , , . ( , 23

- , , , : , , : , , . , , . , : ? : !. . 24 1814 .; 1861 . 44 63 , (Fenner F. Smallpox... pp. 264-265). - 1860 . 177 ( . . , , . , 1891, . 10). . 9- (. ) , 1854 ., , 1 . , , (1866-1925) 1906 . , , , .

) . : . , , , , . , , . ( ) -25. 1867 . . (Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League), . 1870- . . - 1874 . , ( ). , , , , -, , . . , , , , . , , , -. 1879 . (1830-1917) , 25

. Durbach N. They Might As Well Brand Us: Working Class Resistance to Compulsory Vaccination in Victorian England. Soc. Hist. Med. 2000; (13)1:45 62. - (- ), .

(Vaccination Inquirer). , 1885 . ( ). 1880 . , , (London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination). , 1867 . . 1896 . (National Anti-Vaccination League)26. , , , , , , , , . , 1870 . , , , . 200 . , 42 . , . (, , , , , , ), . , . , , . , . 1880 . 26

, . ( ) . . , , , , ( ), , , . , , , ... 27. , 28. 27

( ) . Porter D., Porter R. The Politics of Prevention: Anti-Vaccinationism and Public Health in Nineteenth-Century England. Medical History 1988; 32:231-252 , , MacLeod R. M. Law, Medicine and Public Opinion: The Resistance to Compulsory Health Legislation 1870-1907. Public Law 1967, pp. 107-128, 189-211. .

, , . 28 1872 ., , , , , . , , , , . 1882 . , , . . , , : , . , ... , ! ? , , , , . , XXI . . 13.12 (. 9 2002 .): . ( . . .) . , , ? - 1996 . - , . - , ( !) ( , ). , , ? ,

, , , , , . , , , , . XIX . , XVII ., , , 29. , . , , , , . , , , . . , , , : , , , , . , , . . . , , . , , . 29 , , , : 30 1880 . 50% ! (Hardy A. The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900. Oxford, 1993, pp. 110-151), , - XIX . , .

30, 1869 . . 1871-1872 ., , 358 ( ), , , ( , , ). , . 1785 ., 11 100 , , (1740-1827) : 1. , , ... 2. , , . . 3. . , , , , , , , ...31. , 30

1889 ., (. ), 6 . , 3 . , 34 . 31 - , 1793 . (, , ) . , , , , , , . 1799 . - , (Fenner F. Smallpox... p. 256). , 1794 . , . , , : , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , (Creighton . History... v. 2, p. 559).

, . (1811-1870), . , (1868 .), , . 32. , 23 1885 ., 80 100 . , . , ( 1885 . 3 . !). 33. 135 , 1876 . 58 34. , , , , , 32

1870 . 95 , 1890 . 5 . 33 (, !); 1884 . ( ?) . . , , , , . 1884 . , , ... 1892 . - , , , . 358 , 21 (5,8%) , , ! , 60 , 1873 1933 ., ... 50 (Fraser S. M. F. Leicester and Smallpox: The Leicester Method. Medical History 1980; 24:315-332). , (Swales J. D. The Leicester anti-vaccination movement. Lancet Oct. 24, 1992; 340:1019-1021), , 40 (small irrational group of fanatics). 34 . . , 1884, . 6.

1870- ( 1805 .). , - XIX . 1870- 1880- , XX . , , . , , , , , . , , . , , 1873 . (1838-1904), -, . - , , , - , , 35. 35

, : - . , , , , , . , , , , , . , , ... , , , , - . 1863 . .. : ( . ... . 7-8).

- (1840-1908), . . , - . (1830-?) 1875 . , . , , , 36. , , - , , , . : , . , , , , , , , ; , , , : , , : , , , , ... , : , 36

, , ...37. . (1837-1878), : , : 1) ; 2) ... , , 38. 1884 . - (1823-1910) - (1854-1927), . . , 1901 . , . , 1917 . , , , , , 1917 . , , , 39, .37

- . : - ... , , . : (, 5.02.1883, . 2 3).

, , . . , . , 29.11.1875, 267. 38 . . , 1875, -, . 573-580. 39 , , , . , , 1869 ., , , . . : . . . , 1884, . 2.

XIX - XX . , 1905 . 11 , 40. , , , , , , . , , , 41. 40

() . Johnston R. D. The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon. Princeton University Press, 2003. , : XIX . , , . - . . , 2001 . 41 , , -. (1907): , , , . , . -, , , . , . , - , , . , : !. , . , : , . ! ... ( . . ., 1961, . 5, . 439). . Albert M. The Last Smallpox Epidemic in Boston and the Vaccination Controversy, 1901-1903. N. Engl. J. Med. February 1, 2001; 344:375-379. . (1870) : , , . , , , . : , , . , , , , ,

, , , XIX . ( , - , ) , , . , - , 42. , . - 1904 . , 43. . 1880- . ( ) (18471927)44 . , . , , , , , , , - . , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , ( . . ., 1949, . 1, . 280). 42 : ? (Mandatory Vaccinations: How Did It Happen?) , , (Coul ter . L., Fisher . L. A Shot in the Dark. NY, 1991, pp. 197-198). 43 . Meade . Civilizing Rio de Janeiro: the public health campaign and the riot of 1904. J. Soc. Hist. 1986; (20)2:301-22. 44 , (1891-94), , , XIX XX .

(1858-1928). 45 (1888)46 . - , , , , . (1889), , , , - , . . , , , . , , . - (1823-1913), 47, Cook G. . Charles Creighton (1847-1927): eminent medical historian but vehement anti-Jennerian. Journal of Medical Biography 2000; 8:83-88, . Charles Creighton, the man and his work, The History of Epidemics in Britain (1965), vol. 1, pp. 43-135. - . (Welcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London), . 45 (1887) : (1889). 46 , ! , , , , , , . 47 (1885, 2- . 1889), , (1898) , , (1904), . , . , , , : , . , , , , . . Scarpelli G. Nothing in nature that is not useful. The anti-vaccination crusade and the idea of 'harmonia naturae' in Alfred Russel Wallace. Nuncius 1992; (7)1:109-30.

(1856-1950)48 (1820-1903). 1882 . . (1810-1892), , , 1867 . , . 1883 . . , : , 49. 1885 . . 1888 . , , 1867 . . , , . 1880- . 111- , , , , . (1841-1909), . 5 1889 . 48

- : , . , , , ( . . .) , . , ( ), . : , . 49 , , , . . Huercamp . The History of Smallpox Vaccination in Germany: A First Step in the Medicalization of the General Public. J. Contemp. Hist. Oct. 1985; (20)4:617-635.

. . , , , . , , , . . - (1837-1899). , 1802 . , , , , , , . ( ) , ( ) . , 130 187 . , , , , . , , . (18161904), , . , - , , . , , ( ), , , , , , , , .

, . , , , . , , , , . , . , (1823-1907), , , , . , , . XIX . , , . , , XIX . , , , . , , , , , , , , , .50 , , 50

, . (), , , - 22 1899 . , , , ; 20 , 1865 1885 ., 98,5%. 1887-89 . , . . 1887 . 16249, 1888 . 18110 1889 . 13413 . , 2600 2100 ! : -, ? ... ;

, (. ) , . , , , 1890 , , - . . , ( ). , , 56 13 . , , , . , (1868-1872). , , 1852 1860 ., - ; . , . , , , , , , . , 51.

, ... . 51 (. . 33) , . , , , 1886 ., . , , , , , , , - . . , , 183

, 90 , 135 , , 1892 . , 1867 . , , . 1893 . , 1867 ., . , , ( , , ). 1896 . . , . , . , . , . , , , , . 1892 . . , (, ), ., ( ) 1877 . ( ) 1886 ., 133 , . , 15-20 , .

, . de jure , de facto . 1898 . , , , , , , . . , , , , , (1848-1930), , , , . 1898 . (Vaccination Act) , ( ) . , , : 1898 . 203413 , 230 . . 1898 . , , . , 52,52

. , 1898 ., (Imperial Vaccination League), . , . , , . 1907 . , . , , , . , , . , ( , ) , . , 1907 . , 1948 . 1907 . . , , , . 1870- , , . , . , ( , . . 28), , . . Durbach N. Class, gender, and the conscientious objection to vaccination: 1898-1907. Journal of British Studies Jan 2002(41); 1:58-83.

, , , , , -

1880- . (1822-1895), , , 53. , , . , , . , , , , , - . , . , XIX . , , 1828 . - (1800-1880). ( , ; similia similibus curantur, a aequalia aequalibus curantur) , ( 10, 2, . 24). ( ) ( , ) . , 1833 ., Hydrophobinum ( Lyssinum) . 1833 . (1796-1849) , , 53

, 54. , , . . , , XIX ., , , , Hydrophobinum , Anthracinum Variolinum 55. , . - : ... , , , 50 , ... 56. , ( , ), , -, , , , , -, . - Nebel. . -, 1901, 9, . 333-345. Variolinum , . Variolinum - - () Variolinum , ( ) Transac tions of the American Institute of Homeopathy, 1907, pp. 547-567. , : , , , - . 56 . . ... . 33.55 54

, , vacca , , , 1881 ., .

. , , , , , 57. , , . . : - !. 1927 . (!) - (, , ), - , . , , , . , , : 1876 . , 26- , , 15 . (--) 20 1877 . , , , . 10 , , , . 57

... : (!?) . , , 58. , , , . , , 25- , , , , , , , , . , , , 1885 . ... ! 59. - , , . , 58 59

(1890 .) National Review - , , ( , ).

. . ... . 49-50. : , , . . 4 1885 , , , , 14 , . 60 . . . , ( . . . . ., 2002, . 5). , , , . , . 3 50% ( 15%). , , . : > > > ( . . // . ., 1985, . 27-28).

. , 60, . , , , . , ( . - (1816-1908) 61), , , , . , , , (1483-1553), , . , (De Contagionibus et Contagiosis Morbis, et eorum Curatione), 1546 . , , seminaria con-tagionum ( , , , 1683 .). (, ), , . 60

: . , , , , , . , . , 500 000 , , ( . . ... . 31-32). 61 . Hume E. D. Bechamp or Pasteur? A Lost Chapter in the History of Biology, 1923 Pearson B. R. Pasteur, Plagiarist, Imposter, 1942, Geison G. L. The Private Science of Louis Paster. Princeton, 1995. . .

, , , , . . , , . . -, . , , , , , , , , . , , , , . - , , , , , , . , XIX . . , , , , , , , . , , : , ; , , -

, , , ... ( . . . .), , , , , , ...62, . , XX . , , , . , , . 1905 . 53,8% , 1921 . 40%. ... ! . , , , ( , ) 1880- . , XVII . , , , . , , (variola major) , (variola minor, ), . , , , , XVII . , (1887-1961), , - . , , , , . - : ... 62

, , ... , , , . , [ ] , 63. , . , (1847-1902) 1899 . : 64. , , . (1860-1908) , 31 , 14- . , : , . , , . , , , . . , , , . , , : - -. , , , 2-10- . - , , . 65. 63 64

. Hume E. Bechamp... . 242.

BayleyB. Some little understood effects of serum therapy. Medical World April 6, 1934. . . . . 5-. ., 1899, . 534. 65 . . . , 1906, . 5.

. : ... , . 60 000 , , , , . , 66. 1901 . , ( ) - . . , , . . , . . , . . , . . . - (40-50%), , , . , (), (, ) . . : 5 . : ... ... ... ... ... ...67. , . , , , . 66

, . 14. - , - , , , , ( 1920- .) . , 60 . , . , , : ... , , , , , .; ( . . . . . 2- . , 1909, . 89). 67 . . . . . ., 1910, . 24.

. XIX . , , - . , , - , , , . , . : ... , , ... 1910 . , 68. , : , ? , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , . 1874 . , 12 , , , , . 1889 ., , 68

. , . . . ., 1986, . 117.

. , . . . , , , , XX , 69. , ( , ), , , , . , , , , . . . , 70. , . - (Verband der Impfgegner, e.V., Sitz Leipzig), (Der Impfgegner), . - (1888-1953) 69

Hennock E. P. Vaccination Policy Against Smallpox, 1835-1914: A Comparison of England with Prussia and Imperial Germany. Soc. Hist. Med. Apr 1998; 11:1, pp. 49-71. 70 . Wolff E. Medizinkri-tik der Impfgegner im Spannungsfeld zwischen Lebenswelt- und Wissenschaftsorientierung // Dinges M. (Hrsg) Medizinische Bewegungen im Deutschen Reich (ca.1870 ca.1933). MedGG 1996; 9:79-108. - ( ), .

: , : , , ; ... , , ... . , . [ ] . , - , : , , (), () . , (), , . , . , 71. -. , , , . , , 1915 : , . ... , 72. , . . , , -71

Die Natur als Arzt und Heifer. Das neue naturarztliche Hausbuch von Friedrich Wolf Dr. med. Stuttgart, Berlin und Leipzig, 1928; Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle-Leipzig, 1988, S. 543, . (). . . , - . 72 . . // . , 1915, . II, . 5.

(!), , , 73, , , , ( 1883 .) , , ( ); . , , ... . . 1872 . , , . , . 1885 . , 7 . 1886 1892 . 25 474 370 , , . : 156 175 , 38 379 ( 25%) . , . 1893 : 41 898 11 852 . 1896 . , : . . , 1906 ., : . 6 , , 6 . 14 , . . . , : , 73

, ? : - ...74 . : , , , % 97,01 95,45%75. , 76. : ... , , , , ... , , 77. , , , , 74

. Johnston R. The radical... .

, , (1884) , , (1904). 75 . ... . 11. 76 , , , , ( , , , ) , , 87-88%, 84-86% (Hennock E. Vaccination... p. 63). , . 1887 . 97% . 1887 . 7101 , 648 (McBean E. The poisoned needle. Suppressed facts about vaccination. 1957). , , (Dixon . W. Smallpox. London, 1962, p. 311), . 77 . ... . 5-6.

, . , . . (1859-1949), 1912 . - ( ) , , , , , . , , , , 78. 1918 . , 10 1919 . , : , : 1. : 1) , 2) , , 3) , 4) , 5) . ... , , , , , , , 79. , 78

, - , , ( . . . . 2-, ., ., 1927, . 21). , , . , , , , . , , . 79 // . -

. , . , : ... ( , , .). , 80. , . , . , ( 1930 .), , - . , , , , , . : 1920- . (, , ), , . , , , . 10%- , , , , - . - . 81, . . ., 1919. 80 . . . XX . ., 2003, . 353. 81 1899-1901 . ... . , ,

, , . 1905 . 1911 1920 . 24 436 889 82. 95% 19181920 . 163 000 , 71 000 ( : 112 549 60 855 ; , ). , ... ? 65,3%: 1 326 869 . (11,4%) , ; , ( ). : , . , ( ?) (93 000 ), (91 000 ), (80 000 ), , (70 000 )83. , . , , , . 1918 . - -

. : 276 1899 ., 78 , 246 1900 . (113 ) 125 1901 . (37 ). ( , ) , , , , , , , . , 1853-56 . : ( ) 1914 1917 2708 . - 1915 25 ( . ., . . ... . 157). , , - . 82 McBean E. The poisoned... 83 DoleL. The blood poisoners, 1965.

, . , - ( , ), ( !) 3 285 376 . 47 369 , 16 477 . , , , . - . 1919 . 7 670 252 . 65 180, 44 408 . , . , , 84. . 1907 . , , , . , , . , - . , 14 1928 ., , 1923 1926 . 15 5 , . , 21 , - , ( , ) (84

. , (1913) , . : 1914 . , , 50 . ( . . . 2- ., ., 1924, . 23). , ( , 1917 .), , , , ! , ?!

- . ). - . , , , , ; . , - . : 1. , , ? 2. , ( 85% 1870 . 40% 1925 .) , , , ? 3. , , , , ? 4. , 80% - , 20% ? 5. , , , , : 1919 . 28 707 , 1920 . 30 354 ; 1919 . 5 012 707 , 1925 . 5 363 6 . ? 6. , , ?85. , , , , , ...85

. Scheibner V. Vaccination. 100 years of Orthodox Research Shows that Vaccines Represent a Medical Assault on the Immune System. Australia, 1993, pp. 206-209. - . , . , , , 30 , 1877 1906 ., 3 344 325 , , , , . , , , , , .

XIX , XX . , , , -. , . , , , , , , -86, - , 87. , , , . (, ) : . , , , . , . , , , , , , . , . 1954 . 60 , .... , . , 88. , . : 89. . ., . . . ., 1970, . 5. , . . 21-33. 88 . , 1975, . 13. 89 . . . ., 1971, . 25. , , , . . 87 86

, . , 1953 . - (19 . , 1893 ., 1920- .), - , 90, , ( ), , . , ( 1-, 2- 3 ). - , , : , , 1- . 200 ( , , ). 1962 ., 66 , 21 , , , , , , ( 900 . !)... 17 , , , . 1958 . , . . . (19141987). , 80% 4-5 . ; (1907-1982) () 1949 1958 1961 1965 . , . 90 Dixon . Smallpox, pp. 429-445.

91. . , . , , 92. , , . , , ( , , .). , , ( ), ( ). ( ) . ( , , ). ( , , ), ( , variola major variola minor), , . , , , ( 50%), . , , 91

Fenner F. Smallpox Eradication: the vindication of Jenner's prophesy // Vaccinia, Vaccination, Vacciniology. Jenner, Pasteur and their successors. International Meeting on the History of Vaccinology 6-8 December 1995, Marnes-La-Coquette, Paris, France. Elevier, Paris, 1996, p. 76. 92 , , . , , .

. , , , , , , , , , , , , 93, , , , . ( 1937 ., 1949 ., 1916 . ..), , , . 1960 . , , 19 (7 , 9 3 , ), 19 23 94. , ? . . 1957 . 10 , . 1960 . 23 , 14. 14 , 95. , 46 , 23 , ( !), , , , . ( ), 93

( ). ? , : 1960 . ! 96. , , . 1816-1819 . , . , ( . ), , . , . : , , , , . . , 96

. . ... . . 21-33. : : , . (. 35) . , . , : , 44 000 , 200 . 120 , (. 34). , . 94 . . . ., 1962, . 17. 95 .

, . 19. : ... ... ( , )... , ( . . .) ( . . ... . 358). , ? : , , . , , 6 8 . , 9 000 , 3 000 ( ). (. ) , , - . , , , , . : . ... , , ( ). , !

. : , , . , , , . : ; 20 , 15, 10 5 . 70- , , , , . , , , ... , , , , . , , , , , 97. , : , , . , : , . , : , , , . , , , . . , , , 97

, . , (10 18) , , . , , , ( . . .)98. : (Friedeman, 1927) , . , . (1948) . , . , , , , . . , . , 99. , ! , 1971 . , . , , , 1959-1968 . 68 60 8 100. , , 98 99

. . ... . 43.

. . ... . 1819. , . 129-130. 100 ... . 179.

, , , . , 173 , 37 ( 29, 3, 1), , , , . , , , (-, .)101. . (1988), . , , , ( 1960- . - ), , . : 1948 1953 . 1 219 ( 103 ) , (1940-1943) 348 50, 1968 . 2 7 102. , , 1968 . 572 14 168 000 103. , ( 30 80% ) , , , 104, 101

. . // . ( 1968 .). ., 1968, . 63. 102 Fenner F. Smallpox... p. 307. 103 Ibid., p. 304. 104 , , , : 64 22, 16 4, 8 7 (Conybeare . . //Monthly Bull. Minist. Hlth Lab. Serv. 1964;

60 ( , ), , . , ? , , , . , . , - - : , (- , ); , 80% . (- , ); , , , (- , , 30 )105. , , . 70 ( 1957 .): 400%, 308%, 300%, 397%, 179%, 1800%, 680%. , , XX . . , , , . , , 23:126-133, 150-59, 182-186. . :. . . ., 1971, . 76). 105 McBean E. The poisoned...

: . , . . (1963), . . (1964), . . (1965) , ( , ), . . (1964) . . . (1964) 2 - , , -... , , , ... . . , 106. 1959 ., 1960- . , , , , . , . , . , , ... 1967 ., 7 42 131 000 (, , 5% ). , : , , . 106

, ... , 1972 . . , , .