..

, ,

2003

93 63.3(0)3

90: . .. (. , .. ); .. ( ) :.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , ..

.. ISBN 5-06-003438-0 , 2003 - () .

................................................................................................................ 3 . ........................................ 12 . . ................12 . .......................................................................................................................... 13 . ............................................................................................................................................... 14 .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 . ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 . ........................................................................................................ 17

I. ......................................................................... 22 1. . . ...............................231. .................................................................................................................................................................. 23 2. .............................................................................................................. 25. . ................................................................................................................................................ 26 ..................................................................................................................................................... 27

3. .................................................................................................................................... 30 . .............................................................................................................................................................................. 33

2. ....................................351. . (V IV . .) .................................................................................................................................................................... 35

...............362. . ............................................................................................................................... 37 ................................................................................................................................. 37

3. ............................................................................................................................... 38

3. . ..............................................................401. (XXXIIIXXIX . . .) ......................................................................................................................... 40

( ) ....................................................................................412. (XXVIIIXXIII . . .) ........................................................... 41- ............................................................................................................................................................. 41

. IV ..............................................................................42 . V ...............................................................................................................43 . . ............................................................................................................. 44

. IV ...............................................................................................45 ...................................................................................................................... 46

().........................................................................47 ..........................................................................................48 4. (XXIXVIII . . .) .................................................................................................................................................................................501. . (I : XXIII XXI . . .).............................................................................................................................................................. 50 2. ......................................................................................................................................................... 51

, . XXIXX . .. .................................................................................53 . III II .. ..............................................56 . . .............................................................................................................................. 56

3. . ................................................................................ 57 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 57

5. (XVIXII . . .) ..591. XVIII (. 1554 . 1306 . . .).............................................................................. 59

I. .............................................................................................................................2 - . -. XVIII ..............................................................................................................................2 III .....................................................................................................................................32. .................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 3. ............................................................................................................................................................. 5

. . ............5 III. XVIII ..................................................................................64. .................................................................................................................................................... 7 5. - ......................................................................................................................... 8

. .........................................9 , . XVIII .....................................................................................9 .......................................................................................11 . XIX .........................................................126. XIX (. 1306. 1197 . . .). ................................................................................................. 13 II........................................................................................................................................................................... 13

. . XIX ...................................................147. XX (. 1147 . 1075 . . .).................................................................................................... 16 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 16

6. ................................................................................................................171. ............................................................................................................................................... 18 . .......................................................................................................................................................................... 18 . ................................................................................................................................................................................ 19

. XXV . VII . . .....................................................................................20 . .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

2. ................................................................................................................................................. 21. .......................................................................................................................... 21 ........................................................................................................................................................ 23 IV . . ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

7. .............................................................................................................271. ............................................................................................................................. 27 2. .................................................................................................................................................................. 28 . . ..................................................................................................................................................................... 28

. II .........29 . .....................................30 . ....................................................................................................................................................................... 31 . ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

. II ................................................................................32 . . ................................................................333. . . ...................................................................................................................................................... 34

--: , ();.......34 () ....................................................................................................................................34 . VIIVI . .. ...............................................354. ................................................................................................................................................................................ 36

. XIV . .. .......................................................37 ( ). .....................................................................................38 . ..............................................................................................395. ............................................................................................................................ 39

, -. ..........41 . . .......................................................426. ........................................................................................................................................................................ 44

I ..................................................................................................................................45 ...............................................................................................................................................46 ..................................................................................................................................................... 47

................................................................................................................................48 III .. .......................................................................49 ................................................................................................................50

II. ......................................................... 51 ................................................................................................................................52 III .. ......................................................................53 ................................................................................................................54 8. . . .........................551. ................................................................................................................................................................. 55

( )..................................................................56 . II . ......................................................562. .......................................................................................................................................... 58 3. ........................................................................................................................................................................... 59 4. ........................................................................................................................... 59 . ................................................................................................................................................................ 60 . ............................................................................................................................................................................... 60 . ............................................................................................................................................................... 62 - . ................................................................................................................................................... 63 ................................................................................................................................................ 63 . ..................................................................................................................................................................... 63

5. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 64 . .................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 . ............................................................................................................................................................................... 65 . ...................................................................................................................... 68 ............................................................................................................................... 69

9. . . - .....................................................................................................................711. ........................................................................................................................................ 71

- . -. . 2800 . .......732. .................................................................................................................. 74 3. -....................................................................................................... 76

..........................................77 . () 78 10. . III .............................................................................................................................801. XXIVXXII . . .............................................................................................. 80

-. XXIII . . . ....................................................................................81

2. .................................................................................................................................................................... 82 3. - III ............................................................................................................... 83

............................................................................................................83 11. II . . .....................861. (XIXXVI . . .) ....................................................... 86

. . XVIII . ..........................................................................................................................................................87 . . XVIII . ..........................................................................882. . - ......................................................... 88 3. .................................................................................................................... 91 4. . ................................................................................................................................ 93 5. - ( II . .) ........ 96 6. ( II . .) ............................................................. 98

12. I . . .....................1021. - X IX . . . I . .................................................................................................................... 102 . ........................................................................................................................................ 102

. . - . IX . .. ........103 . III. IX . .. ................................................................................................................................................................104 , . III. .....................105 VIII . . .................................................................................................................. 106

2. ....................................................................................................................... 107

- . VII . ........................................................................................................................................................110 . . VII . .. ................................................................................................111 .................................................................................................................................................................... 111

3. - ........................................................................... 112 . ............................................................................................................... 114

13. II I . .: ..................................................1161. XIIVII . . ........................................................................................................................................... 116 . ..................................................................................................................................... 116 (VIIIVII . . .) ........................................................................................................................ 117

( ) , , .......................................................................1172. . .......................................................................... 118 II............................................................................................................................................................................................... 119

II. VIIVI . .. ...............................................119 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 120

. . . 580 . .. .........................................................................................121 . VI . .. () ..................................................................1223. VIIIV . . .................................................................................................... 123

14. .......................................................................127. ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 127 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 129 . .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 130 . ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 130

(-) II -. VIII . ..132 . ..................................................133. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 133

- ...........................................................................................................................................134 ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 136

...............................................................................................136 . , , . .....................137. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 137

. .......................................139 . .....................................................140 II .. ...............................141 ..............................................................142 15. ...........................................................................................................143 : . . .................................................................................................................................................................................. 143 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 143

( ); ( ); - .........................................................................144 ........................................................................................................................................... 144 , . .............................................................................................. 146

. ............................147

..................................................................................... 147

16 . ..........................................................................................................................1491. . XVIIIXV . . . ....................................... 149

. .......................................................................................................150 IV. . . , (, ).....................................................................................................1512. (XIVXIII . . .). ...................................................... 151

. . , - (, ).................1533. - ..................................................................... 154

. . , - (, )...............................................................................................................................................1554. .................................................................................................................................................................. 156

. -. VIII . .. ................................................156 17. , .........................................................1581. ............................................................................................................................................................. 158 2. ............................................................................................................................................................... 159

...............................................................................................................160 ...........................................................................................................................160 ............................................................1603. ................................................................................................................................................................ 162

II ..................................164 II .. ........................................................165 18. () ..............................................1671. VII . . . ............................................... 167 , ........................................................................................................................................ 167 ........................................................................................................................... 167

. . IX . .. .............................................................................................................................168 . .............................................................................................................................................................. 169

. - ..............170 . ..................................................................................................................................................... 170

2. ........................................................................................................................................... 172

(-).....................................................................173 . VII . .............175 . VII . . ..........................................................................1763. . ...................................................................................................................................................................... 176 ........................................................................................ 176

19. , .............................................................................................................................................................1781. . . . ....................................................................................................................................................................... 178 . ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 178 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 179 . (VIIIIV . .). .................................................................................... 180

2. IIIII . . .............................................................................. 181 -. , . ................................................................................................ 181 III II . ..................................................................................................... 183 . ............................................................................................................................ 183

( II). XIVXIII . .. ..........................184 . ..................................................................................................1853. I . ................................................................................................................ 186 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 186

. ..................................186 . XII . .. ...................................................................................................................................................187 . XVIII . ........................................................................1884. I . . - ................................................................................. 188- ....................................................................................................................................................................... 188 - .................................................................................... 189

5. , . .................................................................... 191 ............................................................................................................... 191

........................................................................................................................1926. ................................................................................................................... 192

. II .. ...............................................................................................................................195 20. IX III . . .: ................................................................................................................................................................197 ................................................................................................................................................................. 197 .................................................................................................. 197 . .................................................................................................................................................................. 198 - (VIII . . .)................................................................................................... 198

. ...............................199

. ............................................................................................................................................................ 200 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 201

21. ......................................................2031. . ............................................................................................................................................................... 203 . . ...................................................... 203 . . ......................................................................................... 204

..................................................................................................205 . ........................................................................................................................................................ 205

.....................................................................................206 ................................................................................................................................................................ 207

2. ............................................................................................ 207 3. ......................................................................................................................... 209 . ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 209 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 209 . .............................................................................................................................. 210

( ), . VI . .. ..........2124. .................................................................................................................................................... 212

II...............................................................................................................................213 .............................................................................................................................................................. 215 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 215 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 215 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 216 ...................................................................................................................................................... 216 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 216

................................................................................................................................................... 216

...................................................................218 I .........................................................219 ...................................................................220 I .........................................................221 VII . ................................................................................................222

III. ................................................ 222 22. . ..................223 . ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 223 . .............................................................................................................................................. 224 . ................................................................................................................................................. 226

23. . .......................................................................................227 . ............................................................................................................................................................. 227

. I . . ..................................................................228 ...................................................................................................................................................... 229

- , - . XXIII . .. .........................230 ; - - . .....................................................231 . XIIIXII . .. ..........................................................231 -, -. XIII . .. ................................................................................................................................................................233 24. VIIIVI . . .............................................................................234 . ................................................................................................................................................................. 234 . .......................................................................................... 234

. . VIII . .. .............................................235 . VIIVI . .. ...................................236 . -. VIII . .. ..........................................................................................................................................236 ............................................................................................................................................ 236

, . ..........................................................................238 . ................................................................................................................................................................... 238

25. VI-IV . . . ...............................................................................2401. .................................................................................................................................. 240 II. ................................................................................................................................................................... 240 II ....................................................................................................................................................................... 241 . ........................................................................................................................................................................... 242

2. VI . . . ............................................................ 242 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 243

, . ...........................................................................245 , . .................................................................245 , . ........................................................................2473. I.................................................................................................................................................................... 247

, . ...........................................................................248 ..............................................................................................249 I.............................................................................2504. VIV . . . ............................................................................................................................. 251- .................................................................................................................................................................................. 251

5. ................................................................ 255

6. VIIV . . . ......................................................... 256 7. ................................................................................................................................................... 259

. V . .................................................................................260

......................................................................................................................... 262 26. IIII . . ......................................................................2621. . - .......................................................................................... 262 VIII . . ................................................................................................................................ 262

. - ..............................................................................................................................263 -. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 263

. - .......................................................................................................2642. III . ............................................................................................................. 265 ................................................................................................................................................................... 265

3. .................................................................................................................... 267

27. ................................................................................................2701. . ................................................................................... 270 2. - .................................................................................................................................................. 271

II. III . .. .......................................................................................2723. ................................................................................................................................................................ 273 . ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 273

. .......................................274, . ................................................................................................................................ 274

(). I . .. I . . . ..........................................275 . ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 275

4. .............................................................................................................................................................. 276 ........................................................................................................................................... 276

() ...............................................................................278 ( ). . IIIII . .. .............279 . .................................................................................................................................................................. 279

. .............................................................................................280 III..............................................................................................................................281 .............................................................................................................................................................. 282 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 282 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 282

..................................................................................................................................282 .........................................................................................................................284 VI . ....................................................284 .........................................................................................................................286 VI . ....................................................286 ................................................................................................................287

IV. ...................................................................... 288 28. . . .........2891. ........................................................................................................................................................ 289 2. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 290 3. ............................................................................................................................................................................... 290 4. ....................................................................................................................................................................... 291

29. (XXIIIXVIII . . .) ...............................................................294 - ............................................................................................................................295 . -.........................................................................................................296 . - .............................................................................................................296 . ............................................................................................................................298 30. . (XIIIVI . . .) ...........................................................................................................................................300 31. . - VIII . . . ....................................................................................3051. - ................................................................................................................................ 305 2. . ............................................................. 308

. .....................................................................................................................309 32. . II . . . V . . . ...................................................................................................................312 ............................................................................................................................................................... 312- ........................................................................................................................................................... 314

33. ......................................................................................3171. ................................................................................................................................................................................... 317 . ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 317

. . IIIII . ..................................................................................................318 ....................................................................................................................319 . . . 300 . ..............................................................................................................320. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 320 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 322

2. ...................................................................................................................................................... 324. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 324

...................................................................................................................325 ...........................................................................................326 . ................................................................................................................................................................................ 327

34. - ()....................................................................................................328 . IVV BB........................................................................................330 IV .............................................................................................................................331 .............................................................................................................................................................. 332 ................................................................................................................................................... 333

......................................................................................................................334

V. - .... 335 ...................................................................................................................... 336 35. . . X . , ..................................................................................336 WWW..................................................................................................................................336 (Wei) ..............................................................................................................................................336 (Wei, )..........................................................................................................337 (Lu)...................................................................................................................................................338 (Han) ...........................................................................................................................................338 (Qi) ...................................................................................................................................................340 (Qin) ............................................................................................................................................341 (Chu)..................................................................................................................................................3421. ................................................................................................................................................................ 342 2. ................................................................................................................................................. 343 3. .................................................................................................................................. 344

. XIII . . . .........................3454. ....................................................................................................................................................................... 346

36. . - ................................................................................................3471. ...................................................................................................... 347 2. II . . ............................................................................... 347 3. II . . ............................................................................................... 348

. ...........................................................................................................................................348 . XI . ..........................................................................3494. .................................................................................................................................. 349

, . X . .. ..............................................................................................3505. ........................................................................................................................................ 351 6 - XVIII . . . ............................................................................................. 351

37. VIIIIII . . .........................................................................................3531. ............................................................................................... 353 2. .............................................................................................................................................................. 354

.................................................3553. - ......................................................................................................... 355 4. VIIII . . ........................................................................................... 356

-. II . ...................................................357 . IV . ...............................................................3585. ................................................................................................................................................................. 358

38. (221207 . . .)....................................................................................................................................................................3601. . .................................................. 360 2. . ................................................................................................ 361 3. ....................................................................................................................................... 363 4. - III . . ......................................... 363

. . .........................................................................3645. ................................................................................................................................................................... 364

39. III . . . I . . ...................................................................................3661. ........................................................................................................ 366 2. -................................................................................................................................................................ 367 3. ..................................................................................... 368 4. III . . ......................................................................................................... 368

. .............................................................3695. ....................................................................................................................................................... 370

- . . ............................................................3716. - ........................................................................................... 371

40. IIII . . .....................................................................................................3731. I . ................................................................................ 373 2. III . .............................................................................................................. 374

3. ................................................................................................................................................. 375 4. III . ......................................................................................................... 375 5. III . ....................................................................................................................................... 376

. ..................................................3776. ..................................................................................................... 378

41. ...........................................................................................................3801. ............................................................................................................................................................ 380 2. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 381

. . II . ..............................................................................................3823. .............................................................................................................................................................................. 382 4. ................................................................................................................................................................................ 382

. II I . . . ()......................................................3835. ................................................................................................................................................. 384

......................................................................................................................385

- ................................... 387 42. .........................................................................................3871. ................................................................................................................... 387 2. ................................................................................................................................................ 388

43. - ...........................................................3911. - .................................... 391 2. .......................................................................................................................... 392

....................................................................................3933. - ........................................................................................... 395 . ................................................................................................................................................... 395 - .............................................................................................................................................................. 395 ............................................................................................................................................... 396

V...............................................................................................................................397 .............................................................................................................................................................. 398 ................................................................................................................................................... 398

. ... 400 . I. .............................................. 405 II (). ................................................................407

, ..................................................................................................... 408.....................................................................................................................................................410 ...............................................................................................................................411 .........................................................................................................................................................................412 ......................................................................................................................................................................413

...................................................................................................................... 416, .......................416 ........................................416 .......................................................................................................................................................... 416 ................................................................................................................................. 417 ............................................................................................................................... 417 ............................................................................................................... 417 ....................................................................... 417 no .................................................................................................................................... 419 - ............. 419 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 420 ............................................................................................................................. 421

................................................................................................421 ............................................................... 422 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 422

-, ....................... 423 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 423

............................................................................................................................................................................ 424...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 424 , ......................................................................................................................................... 425

......................................................................................................................................................... 427 IIIII . . ................................................................................................................................ 427 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 428 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 428 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 429 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 430 - (, , , ) ................................................................................................... 430

.................................................................................................................. 432 ..........................................................................................................................................432 ...............................................................................................................................432 ............................................................................................................................................................ 433

*........................................................................................................................................................... 433

............................................................................................................................ 435

. . . , ( , ) *. , . , - , , - , , . , . , ? , , , , , , . , - , . , , . : 1) , , , ( , , ); 2) , , , , . , ; 3) , , , , , ; 4) , , - , -

4

, , . ; 5) , : , , . , ; 6) , . . , , . , . , , , , , , - . IV . . 3020- IV . . ., - , , - . , . , , IIIV . . ., . . , . , . , , , , , , . , : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , - .

. . , : . : ( . 6700 ), (. 2700) (. 1900 ), (. 3180), (. 2700), (. 4850 ). , , , . , , , , , , , , ( , ). , . , , , , -

5

. , . , , , , ; , , , . . , , , , (, , , ), . , , , , . IV . . (, ) ( , , .), . , , .

. . , , . , III . . , , . . . ; , , , , , . , , (, ) , , . , , , , , . , . , , . , , . . . . : , ; - , , . , , . , , . , , , . : , , , , , , .

6

, , , . , -, , -, ; , . , . . . , , , , . , , . . . , , , . . , , , . , , . , , . , . , , . . , . , , , . , . , , , , .

. , , . , , , . , , . , : , , . -

7

, ( ), : . . , , . ( ). , , , . , . . . , , , . , , , . , . . -. : , , , , , . . : , , , , , . , , , . , , , .

. , , : , , , , ( ; ), -, , ( ). , , . , . -, -, , , , , , . , , , , , , , , . , - . , - , , . -

8

, -, . , , . , , , . . - . , , , (). , ( ) , -, -, . , ( ), , , , - . , -, , , , . , . , , , . , . . -, . , , , , , . - , , , , , , . IVIII . . (, , ) , II . . , , I . . , . , , , .

. ( ) , ( , , , ). . , . , , , - (. : - , , - , , - - ), . , , , IIIII . . (,

9

) ( ), . , , ( , , , , ). ( ). , , , . . , III . . IVIII . . . . , . , , . 80- XIX . , . . . , , , . 20- XIX . . , , , , , , . , , ( ) . 80- XIX . . , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , , ; : . , . , . , .. , . , , . , . , . , . . , . , , , , ,

10

, , . , , , . , , , , . , , , - , . , , , , , , , - . , . (18951899, . IIII), . (18841910, . IV), .. (19121913, . III), : . (18941905, . IIII), . (1905, . I II) (19061907, . IV), . (1903), (1915) . (1916), . (1904), . (1903). , , , . 10- 30- XX . . , : , ; , ; , . , , , . . , , , , , , (IVIII . .) ( . ); . , , (, ). , . (1922), . ( , . IX, 4 ). , : -

11

, , , , , . , . . . , , , , , , . , , , , , . . . , . . , , , . , , , . . , , , , , . , - , . , , , ( , ) , - . , , , , , - . : , , , , , , , . , , -. , . , .

12

( , , , .) , , . , (, , ) . , (, , , , , ), . 60- . , , . , - , . , , , , . , , o , .. . . , . , , , . - , - . , . . , , .

I.

1. . .

1. , , . ( 1 20 , 510 ) , . , (- -- , ). , , . , , , , . - . , . . ( ), , , - ( ). , , , , .

, , . , , . , , . , , , . . , 4- , ,

15

, . , . , , . . . . , , , . 19 ( ) . , . , , , . . . . , ( ). . , . : ( ); ( ); ( ). : , , . , (), . . , , , , . . , ( ), , , . . , ( ), , . , ; . , , , , , , . . , , , , , . , , . . : , , , , , , . (), () . . ,

16

. , , , , . , : , , . , , . : , . . . , ( - ), , ( ), (, -, , , ). . . VI . . , , . . , , , , , . , (, , ). , .

2. 4 . , , , , , . : 1. : , , , , . 2. : , , , , , , , . 3. (): , , , , , . 4. : , . . 5. : , , . 6. : , , . 7. , : , , . . .. , , . , . , () . V ,

17

, . III (XVIII ), - ( ). III, : , , . III , , . (--), IVIII . . . , , , . , . , . , . 30 , 10 . , , , .

. . , , - . , . , (V . XXV XXIV . . .). , , . , . , , , , , XI (XXI . . .; ). (. -) . 350 , , II . . III , , , , , , II . ., , , . , ( . ), . , , , , . - (1280 . . .) XIII . . . .

18

. - II ( ). , . I ( 3- ), . III (XX , XII . . .; ). , III, XVIII . - ( I . .) . , , (XXVI , VII-VI . . .). , ( ). , , , . : , (XII ), , , - , , , , . .

. , . , , . : (. . ), - XII I, ; , , , (, , , .), , , , , . , . . , , , , , . . , , , , , , , , , , , ,

19

. . . , , , , ; . , . , , . . -- , (XVI . , .). - (XI . . .), . , . . , . . , VVIII (XXIVXXII . . .). , . , , , , (. ). , , ( ) . , (III . .), VIII . . . ( : , ), ( . A.C. .) . , . , , . (, , , , , , .) . : - , , , , , . IIIIV , , () , 1922 . . , -- ( ) XXI , . -

20

, , , . . -, . (. -). , , , , , , . . , 10 . ( ), , (XXI . . .), . (. . ; , ). , , , , , . . ( IV . .). ( ) , , . (. -), , , , , , . , , , . . . . . , . (III ), , (V ), I (XI ) -- - ( ). , , , (XVIII ) II - . , . , , , , . , , . , , , , -

21

, . . : - (V . . .), (I . . .), (I . . . I . . .) (II . . .). . , , , , , , . (VIIVI . . .), , . , .

3. , , . . , , , , . XIX . . , ( ), , . , , . . XIX . (1798) . , . 48 (1809 1828). 1822 . . ( ) ( II . . .), ( ), , , ( ), . , . , . . 20- 80- XIX . , , . . . , , , . ( . 18481849 . . ). , , 80- XIX ., , , , , -

22

, . XIX ., , , . 80- XIX . , , : 1) , , ; 2) ; 3) , . , , , . , ( ), . . , (). . . , . . . , . , , . 80- XIX . 20- XX . , . , : (19011916). . . . , , 4 , 4 XVIII . , , . , , , . , , . 3 , . , 2 .. . . , , . , , , - , .

23

. . , . . . . (. IIII, 18951899 .) , , - , . , , , . (. IV, 18841910 .). , - , , . , , , . . , - , , . XX . .. (. III, 19121913 .). . . , .. , . , .. , , . 20- XX . . , , , , . (. 1 XI, 19281938 .), .. . , (. IX, 19231939 .) . , , , . , , . , , ( , , ). , . 5 , X. 1926 1931 . . , ,

24

3 , , 2 . . . , , (. . ), (4 , 19301935 .) -- (5 , 19351951 .). , , . 20- , , . . , . . , (1947). , , , . , , .

. XIX . , . , XIXXX ., , , B.C. .. . B.C. , , ( . .. ). , B.C. , , , - . .. . , , , , , , .. . . , , . .. . (1898). .. ( ). 2 (1- 1920 ., 2- ). , ( ). .. , 2030- . .. .. , , . , , , .

25

, , , , . . : , , , , , , , , . .. , .. , . , .. . . .. , .. - , .. , .. , .

2.

( ) . , . . , . (2010 . . .). , , , , . , , - 5 . (1510 . . .) , , , . . . , , , , , . , , , . VIV . .

1. . (V IV . .) V . . , . , . , . , , , . . . -, , . -

27

, , . . , . . , . ( V . .). , , , , . , , . . . . . , , , . , . , , . . , , . ( ), IV . . ( ). , , , . . , , , . . , -

28

, . , , , . , . , .

2. .

IV . ., ( ; ), , . , . , . - : , , , , . , , . , , , . . , , . . , , . , . , , . , , , , . . , , . , , , , . , . . . , . , , . , , , , , . . , , () . . . , , . , , , , , . -.

29

, . . , , . IV . . : , , , ; , ; , , . , . . , , . , . , . (), , , . 22 , 20 . , , , . . , . (), . , . , .

3. , IV . ., VI . . ., . , , : 1. ( IV . .). . 2. , , ( IV . .). , , . . 3. . , III . (XXIX . . .). 4. . IIIVI (XXVIIIXXIII . . .). 5. I (VIIX , XXIIIXXI . . .). . 6. . XI XIII ( XXIXVIII . . .). 7. II (XIVXVII

30

, XVIII XVI . . .). . . . 8. . XVIII XX (XVIXI . . .). . 9. III (XXI , XIX . . .). . 10. . (XXIIXXV , XIVIII . . .). (XXVI) (VIIVI . . .). 11. (XXVIIXXX , VIIV . . .).

3. . 1. (XXXIIIXXIX . . .)

. , . , , . . , . . , , , . , . , , . , . , , : - , , , . . , , . I , . , , . , . . I . , . , . 33 . , . , 338

32

( )

, 269 . . , , . I , , -. II , , . . , , 48 205, 47 209. II , , . . , . , II .

2. (XXVIIIXXIII . . .)

- . , . , . , , , ,

33

. IV

, - , , , - . . , , , . (, , , , ), , . . , . . : , . , . , , (, , , , , ). , . . , , : 121 , 7

34

. V

, 32 , 262 , 16 , 79 , 102 , 75 . (, , ), . , IV ( 2,3 . , , 14 . ), . , , , , . ? , , . ( , , ). , ( ), : , . . : , , , , . , , , , (). . , , . . . , . , , . - , . , . , , . , , .

35

, . , , , . , ( , ) . , , , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , . , . , (V ) , , , , , , , , ( ). , ( , , , .) . , . , II (VI ) : , - - , . , , . , , , , . , , . , ( ) ( ), , , . . , . , . : , , . , . , , . , , . , .

. . , ,

36

. IV

. : , () ( -) . , , . , , , , (-, ). , . . , . , , , . , . , , . -. -. , , . , 100 . 20 . , . , , : , , ,

37

, , , . , . , , - . , , VI : ( ), (), ( , ), - ( ), ( ), , (), , . , : , . . , , , . , - , . , . , . , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , . , . , , , , ( , ).

. III -

(XXVIII . . .) . : , , . . (XXVIII . ..), , , , -, . . . , III , , . , , . . , -

38

()

, , . : 60 , 160x120 ( 2 ). , -. , . - , : , , . . IV (XXVIII XXVI . . .) , , ( ) . , , , , . . IV , . IV ,

39

( ). . IV (XXVIII . . .). : 1) , , 2) -, , 3) , . . , . - , . , 7 . 200 . . . IV , , , , . IV . , . , . . , : () . , ( ). IV , -

40

. , , , V . , IV . IV , . , . , V (XXVI XXV . . .) ( IV ). , , . . , . , , (-, - .). , : , . , , V . . , , , . VI (XXV-XXIII . . .) . , . . , . , , - IV . . , . VI ( XXIII . . .) . , . . , I .

4. (XXIXVIII . . .)

1. . (I : XXIII XXI . . .) , , . , , , , . , 1. : . , ... , ... , , . . , , . . , .1

I ( , ), .

, . , , , , , - , - . . . , . , . . - , . , (IXX ). . , , , . . , (. . . .), , .

42

: , , , , . XI (XXI . . .), . , , (20051715 . . ., XIXIII ).

2. . . XI, XII , , , . . III. XII . XIX . ..

, . , , , . . , , , . , , , , , , . , XII III (. 18431798 . . .). , , ( ) . , . , . . , , , - ( ), XII . : , , , , . ,

. , , ,

43

. , , . ( , - ). , : , . , , , . , , . , . , , , . - . , . , . : , , , . . , . . , . , -

, . XXIXX . ..

, , , , , , , . , , III, , . III , . . , , .

. .

44

, . , ,