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3: . (..) ... .......BretonWoods ( () & .Breton Woods. 4: 5: . O . ;&. 10 1980 6 ( GATT), & (): , , , . . UNCTAD . 7: () & . , . . . . 8: & : & . GATT/ : 1.THEODORE H. COHN . Gutemberg 2009 2.ROBERT GILPIN . Gutemberg 1995 3.ROBERT GILPIN . 21. - 2002/4. http://www.wto.org http://www.unctad.org http://www.worldbank.org http://www.oecd.org/home http://www.imf.org http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/CSGR/glob-fin- (University of Warwick) http://ictsd.net/ http://www.fairtrade.net http://www.indiana.edu/~ipe/ipesection/univ.html 1. & & ' : ( 1648)1 : 1500 1750 ( ) ( & ) ( ) ( , & v 1780 19 186037%20% ,80% . , . v 1846, , . vCobden-Chevalier, . ' 19, . 1870 1880 24% 1870, 14,1% 1913, 9,7% 12,2% 8,8% 11,1%. . &, , . 1913,32% . ,'. City, , 1913 43% . 1 ,(..,), . ' . . '& . . 101920, . , . ., . 35 1929, 12 1933. , , .1930, . ' 1815 1914 19201930, . 1930,(Bankfor InternationalSettlements,BIS), '. .1936, , . 1. : 1885 1913

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:Share of World Trade for Selected Countries,1885 and1913, L.Anell& BirgittaNygrenTheDevelopingCountriesandtheWorldEconomic Order,Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981 .19 :Annual Rate of Growth of World Trade.A. Lewis Economic Survey 1919-1939, Routledge 2003 .153-154. 2. ' . , & GATT o ',() . o ,, BrettonWoods(1944), , 1876-80to 1881-85 4,4 4,91881/85to 1886/90 3,4 2,51886/90to 1891/95 3,1 0,41891/95to 1896/00 3,4 0,91896/00to 1901/05 3,5 6,31901/05to 1906/10 3,5 4,71906/10to 1911/13 3,3 4,5 2. (International MonetaryFund, INF-) (World Bank). & (GATT) ( 2.1) , (OECD). o , . , . o , , ' .o (GATT) , . GATT . o 1948 () (bilateral aid) .o 1995,(WTO-) (GATT),.GATT, , (EconomicandSocialCouncil,ECOSOC), . ( 2.1) & To&o . () ,, . GATT/ 1948 2002 . 19501960, , , , .:i. ii. iii. & , . , .19501960, , , , .:, & ., ,, . , 1970 .1., .2.1973, 400%.3. : , , 4., . 2007 185 150 . ( OECD) ( 2.2) (OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment,OECD) 196118- (-OECE,),,...1964 , -,, .,30 ,, , , , . 70 - ( ) . - G-10, G-5, G-7 G-8( 2.2) A . . . G-10, G-5, G-7 G-8: T1962oG-10, , . 1967 G-5 1975 . 1973-1974 G-7 , . 1991,G-7, .G-7/G-8 ,,, . 2 :, . : 1. (, ). :,, , .2.(purchasing power parity, PPP) 2.: 3. (human developmentindex, HDI). 1990, (United Nations DevelopmentProgram,UNDP) , . : 1. Big Mac 1. ,2. ,3. .: . - : 2,5240% 5% . , 10% 54% . 19 . 35 , 14 , . 20% 572002. , . . ( 2.2) , Y 24 , . , 33 . 1971 24 , 50 UNCTAD ( 2.1) 1960,, 10 1955, 55 1966. 1964, 77 (G-77) , ( 130) , UNCTAD I, 1964. , 130 , 77 (G-77) G-77 GATT, , , UNCTAD I, 1964 GATT/,UNCTAD UNCTAD .UNCTAD . , . ' , .,, . . ,,(CouncilforMutual EconomicAssistance,CMEA),1949,COMECON. COMECON ,,,,, . , (UNCTAD). 1960 , 1980. ( 2.4) 2001 2002. , , , , ., , , . , , , , . . . (World Willdlife Fund, WWF) :1., , Brookings.2. , .3. ( ). 1. , ; 2. , ; 3. G-7/G-8; 4. ; ; 5. ; 6. G-77 UNCTAD ; 7. ; 8. ; 2 : , . : 1. (, ). :,, , .2.(purchasingpowerparity, PPP) 3.: 3.(humandevelopmentindex,HDI).1990, (United Nations Development Program, UNDP) , . :1. ,2. ,3. .: . - : 2,5240% 5% . , 10% 54% . 19 . 35,14 , . 20% 57 2002 . , . . ( 2.2) ,Y24 , . , 33 . 1971 24 , 50 UNCTAD ( 2.1) 1960, , 10 1955, 55 1966. 1964, 77 (G-77) , (130) , UNCTAD I, 1964. 1. Big Mac , 130 , 77 (G-77) G-77 GATT, , , UNCTAD I, 1964 GATT/,UNCTAD UNCTAD .UNCTAD . , .', .,, . . , , (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, CMEA), 1949,COMECON. COMECON, ,,,, . , (UNCTAD). 1960 , 1980. ( 2.4) 2001 2002. , , , , . , , , . , , , , . . . (World Willdlife Fund, WWF) :1., , Brookings.2. , .3. ( ). 1. , ; 2. , ; 3. G-7/G-8; 4. ; ; 5. ; 6. G-77 UNCTAD ; 7. ; 8. ; 3.,,(),, 1.EMPOOKATE (16-18 1500-1790) Adam Smith , E . . . . . ThomasMun(1571-1641),..... 1600: (.....)16.1650:,(Buillonist-), .,. ,17-18.:- . - . 2. TE , Alexander Hamilton 1755-1804 : , . , , . 1791 & . Fr.List1789-1846, . (1841), . , .i 1846, , . . 3. v ' & v, . v 4. ' v WWII .. vA, . , . 5. v 1970 1980,RobertGilpin,StephanKrasner4Robert,.Keohane (1941). : v,!9701980 ., . . a.,, , b. v . v . 6. : 1. To 2. 3 = . 4. , , 5. . 6. .. . 7. . 7. H & CharlesKindleberger5 4 Stephan Krasner (1942) Stanford University Robert O. Keohane (1941) , . Woodrow Wilson School Princeton. 5 Charles Kindleberger (1910 2003) , . ., , ,- : a. b. . c. . . , : 1. ; ; , , , , . 2. ; . . . 3. / , ; & 6

-, , 4. ; a.,,, . . b.& 8. . Pax Britannica (1815) (1914). . , 19 . 1875 . '' . ' . . , . ,, . 6:,, , . - , . 9. & -. .-, . 4.,, . 1. : A., .B. , . C. , , . 2. , & , : , 3. & - , , - , & &. . & & . 4. & & . . ( ) . . 5. & , . , , 6. . o,, . =. . =\ . . . . . . . , . 7.ADAMSMITH(1723-1790)O 7(1776)ADAMSMITH . : . . , . 8.DAVIDRICARDO8(1772-1823) . , ( ). 9. JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES & KARL POLANYI JohnMaynardKeynes9(1883-1946), & Keynes( ) & . 7 Adam. Smith An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations(1776) 8 On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation , (1817). 9 The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), ,,: , , . . , ',Keynes, . ,Keynes , . Karl Paul Polanyi 10(1886, Vienna, Austria 1964 Pickering,Ontario O ) - , 10. KeynesPolanyi :. . . . . , ,, , . 11. 1970 & 1974 : . & . Friedrich Hayek, Ludwig von Mises & Milton Friedman, .Thatcher-Reagan , . , ,, . AdamSmith, , : 10 The Great Transformation (1944) 5., . 6. , 1982, , . 7., . 4 , & .T, , .11

12 , . . . . , 1970 OKehoane13,. .SusanStrange14, . Susan Strange & . .Cohn . , . .M .OW..Reinicke15 . ,, .. , 11 Stephen D. Krasner, Structural Causes and Regime Consequences, Krasner (.), International Regimes, . 2. 12 Robert Gilpin O . 2003, 108 13 Robert O. Keohane (born 1941) is an American academic and a neoliberal institutionalism theorist in international relations. He is currently a Professor of Political Science at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University. 14 Susan StrangeCave! Hic Dragones: A Critique of Regime Analysis International Organization, Vol. 36, No. 2. (1982), pp. 479-496. 15 W..Reinicke Global Public Policy Governing Without Government Washington Brookings Institution, 1989 , . - . . . . 13. & - , . , - , . . , . 14.

, . 1980, , ,. . , 1960 1980 .,Milton Friedman Rose Friedman 1980 , , , , -, , .16 15. & . , . 16 Milton Friedman Rose Friedman, Free to Choose: A Personal Statement ( , Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980), . 57. Bela Balassa, The Process of Industrial Development and Development Strategies, Bela Balassa (.), The Newly Industrializing Countries in the World Economy ( , Pegamon Press), . 16-17. , . . PTHZIZ 1.FriedrichList& Alexander Hamilton ; 2.', 1970 1980; 3. , ; 4. , ; 5.', John Maynard Keynes Karl Polanyi; 6.(); AdamSmith,DavidRicardo,FriedrichHayek Milton Friedman; 7. -; 7. ,, , . 1.H , . , . ., , . . . 1) / 2) / . 3) / . . ( ) - , , , , , . . . . (-LDC ) 20 ( ) .3/5 5,5 .,,, , ... 2. ,, 1960, & . : : , Paul Baran (1910-1964)17

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, 18 . RalPrebisch(19011986) (ECLA) 1940.Prebisch 17 Paul A. Baran, The Political Economy of Growth ( , Monthly Review Press, 1962), . 11-12. 18. comprador . & . , .Prebisch (), . Prebisch, ,.', . :1.AndrGunderFrank: , . , . . , . 2.FernandoHenriqueCardoso&EnzoFaletto: . Cardoso Faletto . , . & 1970 1980Cardoso-Faletto& . . 1.O: , .2. .3.& .4. . 5. .6.. ,, .7., Cardoso-Faletto., . 8. . ...,, . ... ... A.1. O i.T (fixed exchange rates)ii. T(absolutelyflexible exchange rates).,flexibility (exchange rates). A.2.T ( ). i. (gold standard) ( ). ii. (gold exchange standard) ( ) .. () . iii. (inconvertible paper standard), ( .. ) A.3. ... ... .,,... :) , ) . ... :i. (adjustment) ii. (liquidity)iii. (confidence). . : .1. ... (GOLD STANDARD) 1870 1924 O ,1867. . .... 50 (1870-1914) 1929. i. ii. . iii. , iv. v.,, . B.2. : i.(adjustment) . ii. . iii.(liquidity) , . .3. i. ii., . . iii., (discount-rate) . , . iv., . , .. BRETTON-WOODS (Adjustable PEG) 1944-1971 () . T 1944 44 Bretton-Woods,.ToBretton-Woods , , 1971. H Bretton Woods (1944), , (International Monetary Fund, INF-) (World Bank). .1. BRETTON-WOODS BRETTON-WOODS : i. , ii. , iii. , iv. . Bretton-Woods :1. , 2. . .. ... . . .2. Bretton-Woods (B.W.) : i.T (gold exchange standard). . , (= 35 ) .$. (goldexchangestandard) . ii.Bretton-Woods (adjustablepeg). . - ( ).iii., . iv. ,Bretton-Woods .v. - , -. .3. Bretton-Woods , , i.,. (.. ) . ii..Bretton-Woods , . . . . . ( ) . 1976 . : , ( ) ^ ., - , ., . 8. 1. (): Bretton Woods ( ) 221944,29184- 195.$. , . . , . -(quota), ,. , . , ., 9 , , , 10, 15, 20 77 , () 1969, ,: , . , , . 5 5 . : : $ , . . , . . ,-, 1973 2/3 . 1973 . 1970 . (conditionality) . : ) ) . ) : . 1999 75 . 2.(InternationalBankfor Reconstruction and Development IBRO) :, ,. , . 3. BRETTON WOODS 1945 1958 .1947 Marschall 16 $ 1947-1953 750.$ 1960R.Triffin,YaleUniversity(gold&theguns) Bretton-Woods: . 1964 , . 1967 , : , , , ,...,,,,, . 1969 , . 1969 , . 1/1/1970(SpecialDrawing RightsET) . 70 : , , .. 1970 .15/8/1971 : ) . ).. . ) . 1971,. TheSmithsoneanAgreement,, . 1972 Smithsonian Tunnel. ,,, . . 1973Bretton-Woods () 1976, de facto Bretton-Woodsdejure.Kinstgton :) ,) ,) , , ) ) . . 1978 Special Drawing Rights. Special Drawing Rights. 1979. (ECU). : ) ) ) (). 80 90 1.1.1999 4. H 19 2/4/200920 ,-, - .G20: 500.. ( ) 250 . . , 100 . . , 19 . . . , . (OE) . 250 . . . . , 7. . O . . / . , . , , . / . . i., 19 Jonathan Portes . Kathimerini 5.4.2009 voxeu.orgii.,. , . . , i. . ii. . 1980 : .1920 , 1930, .1970,, . . , 1980 ., ., 1930, : , , () . 1980 : 1980 20.18 1982, .1982,25 , 1983 , . A. : 1.:1972&1973 . & . . , 19741979,60% 2.1979 . . - 1979. 1970 1980 . 3.: . 1980 . . - , 1974, . . , . 4. , , . . . : ,,, . : i. . ii. 40 (, , ) 1990 5. 1980 ,& . : i. ii. .iii. & , () . , . 1988, G-7 & i. . ii. ( ). , . 1970 .iii. , , 1980, - , . iv. .1970, . . 1980 :i. ,ii. , iii. . : i. (1982-1985). H , ,, , 1930. ii.Baker17 (1986-1988)., , . , iii.Brady (), (1989-1994).Brady,, . , .Brady . . iv. 1980 1990, 56,2()147, ( ) 4,5 11,1 . . 1998 Jubilee 2000 . 2005 G-8 100% , .2006, , (Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, MDRI). 7. . O . . : 1980.i., .ii. :. (ParisClub)-, . iii. (LondonClub), . , . . 90

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, . , . ,,, (), 6. ii.: & . . , . 1 1.- K & : , , (), , () . . 2.ADAM SMITH (1723-1790) O 1 (1776): . . , . ADAM SMITH . , , . O 1. : 2. 3. . 4. 5. 6. 7. .. 8. 9. 10. 3. ADAM SMITH (1723-1790) . 1 1 20 60 40 30 4. David Ricardo (1772-1823) . , ( ). DAVID RICARDO2 1 1 3 4 1 2 1 Adam. Smith An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations1776 2 David Ricardo The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. 18172 5. 1920 1930 E.HECKSER (1919) & B. OHLIN (1933) . , . , , , . 6.Heckscher-Ohlin,Stopler-Samuelson, ., . 7.(strategictradetheory) . (competitiveadvantage) , -(NIEs) .. 7. W. LEONTIEF3 1950 o W. LEONTIEF , . W. LEONTIEF : T 1947. K . / . / . ( efficiency units) - . - . -- . . 8. : S. Linder (1961) To 1961 oS. Linder H-O,, . H-O . . . . Linder H-O 9. A : Vernon, Raymond4: 3 Wassily Leontief, Domestic Production and Foreign Trade: The American Capital Position Re-examined, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 97, . 4 ( 1953), . 332-349. 4R. VERNON International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle." Quarterly Journal of Economics 80 (May1966),.190-207. 3 , , . . , . R. VERNON : : : . , . , ,. ,,,, (R & D). . , , . .know-how . . , . . . , , , . . . , .,, . ., . , , . "" . . (.. ,,), ,, . , . , , . 4 Vernon, Raymond: Vernon, Raymond. "International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle." Quarterly Journal of Economics 80 (May 1966),.190-207. 1 TO INZ NOMIZMTIKO ZYZTHM KI OI INIZ OPNIZMOI . K. HPIXOMN: M 1: TO INZ NOMIZMTIKO ZYZTHM (NZ) OPIZMOZ 1.KZZI(ExchangeRate Regimes)2.TN Z 3.T X K .N.Z. M 2 : TO INZ NOMIZMTIKO ZYZTHM: IZTOPI KI EAIEIZ1.TNZXK(GOLDSTANDARD) 1870 1924 2.H M 3.TZBRETTON-WOODS I(Adjustable PEG) 1944-1971 3.1.O BRETTON-WOODS 3.2.T Bretton-Woods (B.W.) 3.3.HK.N.Z.B.W.1971 N . HPPTHM BRETTON-WOODS: XPONOAOIO M 3 : INIZ OIKONOMIKOI OPNIZMOI 1. N T (NT) 1.1.O H NT 1.2.O O X 2.T(International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IBRO) 3.O O O Z (OOZ OECD) 4.TT(BankforInternational Settlements BIS)2 M 1 : TO INZ OIKONOMIKO ZYZTHM (NZ) OPIZMOZ O.N.Z.,, . T.N.Z..T.N.Z. , . .N.Z. .N.Z. H,,. ( ) ,( ). 1.KZZI(ExchangeRate Regimes) ( ): T (fixedexchangerates) (absolutelyflexibleexchange rates).M, flexibility(exchangerates). :) (adjustablepeg),)(wide band),)(crawlingpeg)) (managed floating). 3 2.TN Z M() : T(goldstandard)( H H). T(inconvertiblepaperstandard), ( .. ) T(goldexchangestandard) HHBrettonWoods . Z () ..() . 3.T X K .N.Z. .N.Z..O.N.Z. . H , , .N.Z.:), ) . .N.Z. : , (adjustment) , (liquidity) , (confidence). .H:(adjustment). :H, , :) ,, , ) . H .N.Z. .N.Z.; ,(fixedexchangerates) ,, 4 (flexibleexchangerates) (.. ). ,.N.Z. H . . P(international liquidity). O (internationalmonetaryreserves). .N.Z. .(Z .N.Z., , S.D.R. .N.T. (IMF)). H ; O () H, .(T Hadjustment, ). .(confidence). ,(..,,) . . .N.Z. . .N.Z. .N.Z. .N.Z. , . 5 M 2 : TO INZ NOMIZMTIKO ZYZTHM: IZTOPI KI EAIEIZ 1.TNZXK(GOLDSTANDARD) 1870 1924. OX,H1867.K . OX 1 - .,, . GoldStandard (Gold Points). -O 1. -T , -H . K .TZ.X.K.50(1870-1914) H H 1929. -Z -T A -T T Z , K K.HM . 1.., , .GoldStandard ( Gold Points). 6 H . . . I H : -T Upper Gold Point - -H -H - I H : -T Lower Gold Point -E - - - X K: M (adjustment)H . M . T(liquidity) , . 7 K O . , . H . M, (discount-rate) . , M . , X K: -O ,, , .. - O, -, H -O : KT . -O , . -H . 8 H X K M : - - , . N Z . Laisser-faire M T 2.H M Z , , . T 1919 HH.T1925 .. H . T HH .. H . T 1931XK . 3.TZBRETTON-WOODS I(Adjustable PEG) 1944-1971 KMNZ ,1929. T ,( ) . , Z HH.T194444 Bretton-Woods HH, NZ. T Z Bretton-Woods , , 1971. 9 3.1.O BRETTON-WOODS O BRETTON-WOODS : 1.T , 2.T , 3. T , 4. T . Bretton-Woods :1.T, 2.T. K. 19 laisser faire .T , HH. OH.H.. . T . 3.2.T Bretton-Woods (B.W.) : (gold exchangestandard).O . Z , ( = 35 ) . T $ . T . Z (goldexchangestandard) .O HH .O 10 . H.H. O HH (seignorage) NY K.T , . TBretton-Woods (adjustable peg). .O- H().H 1% . O ,HH H . T,Bretton-Woods N TT.TNT- H T, -. H Bretton-Woods ,, : H,.T (.. 11 ) . T.Z Bretton-Woods ,.H H HH. .M . Z Bretton-Woods : HH H, . , , HHH. P. HH . OBretton-Woods 1960-1970, (NZ) NZ.T ,, , (flexibility), H . 12 3.3.HK.N.Z.B.W.1971 N . H NZ Bretton-Woods; T (dollar shortage) HHH.,, HH, , .H P(dollarglut), , . K , . T .T1971,HH,N, ,N . HH. T(1971)SmithsonianAgreement, HH,.Z , . O , SmithsonianAgreement, (adjustablepegsystem).,1973 . H : T H (..)H, .. . 13 T, , : H,, , . , , T, ,(.. ). A (freelyfloatingexchangerates), , 1970-1980 , , .Z, (managedflexibility), , .,-OK, 1979, N Z (NZ) - . T,, . 14 H P P T H M - BRETTON-WOODS: XPONOAOIO 19451958 HH .OHH,,.K25HH 4%-5%% 5%, (1-2%). H 2% ( 60% ).H . 1947TMarschall16$ 1947-1953 N T 750.$ 1960 R. Triffin, O Yale University (gold & the guns), Bretton-Woods: . , HH.H.. .H . O L. Johnson HHH . , , 1964 , . 1967 P, : ,,,,H.H..,,,K, OZ, N T.1969 , M. 1969H,H. Z70 15 HH:,, . , HH , 2-3%, .T .Z 1% 15% . K : ) . K X ) 1/1/1970 NTT(Special Drawing Rights) . M .TT N T:).T.1 1970,)197316, ) 1/1/1981 T , , , . Z1970.O .. HH, .M 1960 . T A .H , , HH HH ,. ZHH 16 .THH, : ) HH H . T H HH .)HHB.W. , ., 15/8/1971 N: . HH .. . HH.T1971, .OO SmithsoneanAgreement, HH, .T , 8,75%,38 .HOK ,, .OHH . T 1972 Smithsonean Tunnel . , O,, . Z . 1973Smithsonian Agreement,,,,,K 17 , (floating) . M 1973 Bretton-Woods ().Z . 1976,defacto Bretton-Woodsdejure.Z N T Kinstgton T:) ,) ,)NT, OHK, ) ) . . 1978NZ T(SpecialDrawingRights). SpecialDrawing Rights.N . quotas N T 29 39.TBretton-Woods . T - . T 1979 N O. E NZ NM (ECU).Y N : ) ) 18 ) ().TON 8090 1.1.1999 . T1979NZ N M. . T +_2,25% +_6% T 10/1/1983 15%T1984ECU K.H ECU : ) ) ..H., ) T17/9/1984 ECU . H . T1986, 23,6%T 1987 34% 12,4% .T 1987 N T H(EASR) .(T80% ). 19 M 3 : INIZ OIKONOMIKOI OPNIZMOI N Z (NZ), ,HH, BrettonWoods(1944), , NT(InternationalMonetaryFund,INF-NT) T(WorldBank).GATTO O Z , OOZ. Z, , , , , , , . 1. N T (NT) Z : H . 1944, . (,), .44- HHP M,(NX), . Z . T(NT)(IMF:InternationalMonetaryFund), T (H T, World Bank). TNT221944,27 194529 M1947.HO, H . 20 Z NT2 184 - 195.$. O2800, 110 . TNT . T , N M ,, ., , 1973.K , , . 1.1.O H NT O , . NT -.Z 8,8 .T1997,213 T(T)283.NT. . K - (quota) T, , ,5% 17%K.Z ,NT 2.The decision to establish the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was made at a conference held in Bretton Woods in July 1944. The IMF came into official existence on December 27, 1945, with the signing of its Articles of Agreement. It commenced financial operations on March 1, 1947.Current Membership: 184 countries. Governing Bodies: Board of Governors, International Monetary and Financial Committee, Executive Board. Managing Director: Horst Khler, a German national. Staff: Approximately 2,650 from 140 countries. Accounting Unit: Special Drawing Rights (SDR). Total Quotas: SDR 212.7 billion (about $293 billion, as of January 31, 2003). 21 .O5.K- T.Z 25% ( HH), 75% . OH , NT . H T, . T -5(tranches).K 25%., 125%.T(tranche)gold tranche .T4credittranches(). M credit tranches . 1.2.O O X T NT , 7 10, 15, 20 77. . TNT,T (T)1970, . Z , : , NT.TT NT, , .H 5 4 . T 1 2001, 1,26 . . ONT, 22 .T -. M , . , , . : KN : T $ N T , , . T . T , . T . T,-T, , . . ZZ.K- Z T, 12 5 T. K - 250, 100.000. . . 23 T - T : 1.N , . : , 1952, 2.N , T, . 3.N : - 10% T, -10%,T, -, ,(fundamental disequilibrium) . TT, -.Z,- T . 4.N . H - () . TT- ,, -. -T, , - ,.TT ,- T . 24 M 1973 NT: - . 1973NT .O 1973, 1979-1980 . 1960-70 2/3 T . 1970NT K.MNT , .T(conditionality) . Z . : H T - ( (tradeables)-(non-tradeables), ) , . -, ,, .H.M , : H . 25 HN . M ():)) . : . - . ( ).H . . T NT , . ,NTT, 1999 75 . Z, , .TNT . H . . O . K . H . T ,. Z . 26

2.T(International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IBRO) H Bretton Woods , NT, :T, , .H,T . ZTNT: -, Z , , Z . TT10.T20% -.K-() T H . H T : - - - T,, T . , T, , , .Z T, 3.000 .HT 1970, 3.000 . T 1958 T 8 .27 1956TInternationalFinance Corporation, ,.H . T,, TO . 3.O O O Z (OOZ OECD) OOOZZ196118 -OOZ (OOZ-OECE, . ), K, H.H.. 1964 , -, ,.O -, GATT. , - OOZ . H ,K.T -, (,,,H,T), :, , . H H. , OOZ 18 - O OZ (OOZ) : O EOOZ 16 1948 17 , ( ) , , 28 , , , . . M OOZ: 1) 1948 1949 OOZ .T- ,1948-49, 4,1949-53. (O1948),4, -, .OOZ . 2) ,1949OOZ .O . ,1950, H, . 4.TT(BankforInternational Settlements -BIS) HT1930 . H T .Z K . HT, :1950T T,TZ .OT 29 Z T. H T . T T, ,. Y T. T, T , . Z T. T . 1 1945-1970 . , . ,, . , ., , . . 1930,., , ,,., , ( , )., 1945, . , ,,,. () ., . , :) , 2 .) , , .), , .. . 1947. ., . , ,., . ******** 1947 (GATT). . , (GATT) : . , , , GATT forum . GATT . . GATT , : -, - . GATTGATT. 3 . GATT . , , .,GATT , (commodityagreements), .GATT, .. . : GATT.******** ,, . . . , , , , GATT. , ,., . , ., 1947 1967 GATT 6 . ,(1964-1967). , . . 30% . , 1967 9,9% , 8,6% , 10,8% 10,7% .4 6, 1958.,, , . .******** GATT.,1960, , . . - GATT (,.). GATT. (). ,,, ., . , ., . . . 70 . , ,, , , , ., 5 ,(Bretton Woods). 1970, . ( ), , , .- (NIC).,,-. . 1970., :-(OrdalyMarketAgreements). . .1970 ,,. -. .--(Anti-Dumping) GATT, . -, . : i),, . , ,,1960 ., . 6 .ii) , , . ,GATT ., , .,. , . , , GATT. , , ., . ******** GATT, (1973-1979). , ,- , ., ,(safeguard measures).GATT(.. ), . , .GATT . , , , (, ). ,,,,GATT . 7 , fora, . . , GATT . GATT .,( ), , , .,GATT ,. ., GATT, , . , GATT . ,. , (UNCTAD), 1964 .,1950, . . , :i),. .,, . 8 , , ., , . .ii), . .iii) .1970. , , , . 1973, , , , , .1974 (NIEO)., (IPC). (ICA). () ().. . 1980 , , . ., ICA, 9 ,. . , , Stabex, . , (GSP)GATT. , , . , , (graduation): . ,,., ,,. . ,70, , ,, . 1978 46 13. . 1. 1 . 2,,, , . . , . -integration- (. H. Hesse, H. Keppler, H.G. Preusse, 1985). , . (deregulation)(liberalization), ,, . , . (. . , 1991/ . , . , 1990). 1 . , , . , , (. United Nations: 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993). 2 - , , , (.. - "two-way-street"). . 47 , , , ' . ,(Intra-IndustryTrade) (Inter-Industry Trade). , , ., , ,,., ,,, (. D. Greenaway, C. Milner, 1986). , . , . , (.. ). . ,, .,, , ,, . , ,,(.. , 1994). : ) , 48 ) (. S. Borner, 1981/ J.H. Dunning, 1979). . . . ,, "". (Joint-Ventures) ,,know-how ,, (" " ). (. . ). , ,-, . ,, , (NICs-), . , (. United Nations, 1988 1993/ OECD, 1987/ S. Borner, 1981). ,, (..,) -. . (, , , , .), - , . 49 .KH: ""(.S. Borneretal.,1990). , , . . 1.

: l Ricardo, lHeckscher-Ohlin( ), l . ORicardo(1923) . .Ricardo' , . ' ., , ,Ricardo. . Heckscher-Ohlin . ', . 50 -- . , . , , , . , . , ,, , . , ., , (HumanCapital). "" . ' . . , , . , , . , , "", . . . Ricardo,Heckscher-Ohlin (Inter-IndustryTrade). , , . 51 2. : ) , ) . Heckscher-Ohlin . ),Linder (1961). ,(Intra-IndustryTrade). ,,Linder, . . . , , ,, ., , , .,,, , . , . ,, . , , , . , (.. ) , ., , .. Fiat, , , .. VolkswaagenOpel. , .. , , , . Philips Bosch. 52 Linder , ' . . ) . (. M. Posner, 1961/ G. Hufbauer, 1970/ R. Vernon, 1966). , . , . ,. , , know-how (.. ) . . :, (.., )., , (), . , ( ) . . . . 53 ( ). Vernon (1966). Vernon '. Heckscher-Ohlin. , . : l , l , l . . , . , ,. ,,, , (R & D). . , , . . know-how. . , . . 54 . ,, , . . ., . , ,. ., . , , . "" . . (.. , , ), , , . ,. ,, . . , . ., . 55 .: , (. .,1994). , : (. H. Hymer, 1976/ C. Kindleberger, 1969). , .Coase (1937) Williamson (1975). , , ""(Dunning1979, 1981), : l : , , . l , : A ., (), , (). ) . (...2.2.). , , management (. . , 1994). , 56 ,, . 1 ., (. P. Buckley, M. Casson, 1976, . 32-62). , , , (. S. Borner, 1984/ H. Giersch, 1979). "" , . , /., ,, , . , . ' (Transfer Pricing). (Intra-Firm Trade, . G.K. Helleiner, 1981)., , . ), (Joint-Ventures), (..,know-how--, 1 , (.. ), . 57 management marketing, franchising), . , (atarms'length). , ' .1

,, (..), .2

"", ,,, '70.3 l -.' - (. N. Hood & S.Young,1979,.45-68). , . :"" - ; , , . , :, . , . 1 ' , , , , .2 , , .2.1.3 C. Oman: New Forms of International Investment in Developing Countries, OECD, Paris, 1984. 58 1. -. -. . (firm-specificadvantages:H.Hymer,1976),(intagiblecapital:R.Caves,1974) (ownership-specificadvantages:J.Dunning,1981b). ,, ,, . , -. . , , (. S. Lall, 1980, . 102-103). H . , (. J. Dunning, 1979). , .,, ' ,' . , , . 59 2. - 2.1. , - . : , , -. : : marketing, ., " " (. P. Telesio, 1979, . 18-19 106). . . (. P. Telesio, 1979, . 19-20, 37-39/ F. Contractor, 1981, . 73-81). . "". (globalstrategy) , , . , - -."" , 60 (. P. Telesio, 1979, . 14-15). :H . (learningbydoing), . . , , . . ,. (..,) . (.. Hood S. Young, 1979,. 54-55/ R. Gaves, H. Grookell, P. Killing, 1983,. 249-267). , . , (.T. Louis, Jr. Wells, 1983,. 91-114/ N. Hood, S. Young, 1979, . 56). , , . ,, . , (.P.Buckley,M. Casson, 1976, . 38). , . , . (appropriability:S.Magee,1977). 61 . . ,, . , . . , . , , ( ) . ' , , . ,, - (.A.Rugman, 1980, . 369-371). . "" . , . , , (. R. Caves, 1982, . 202). . , , , . 62 , . (. M. Casson, 1979, . 49). , . ' . , . "" . (. F. Contractor, 1981, . 75/ P. Telesio, 1979, . 14). , (.UnitedNations,1983,.167-169). ,know-how , . :- , . , . (..,, marketing) , . (. J. Paulgeorg, 1981, .82)., ,., . 63 , - .2

'70 . , (. United Nations, 1983, . 41/ A. Halbach, R. Osterkamp, J. Riedel, 1982, . 59-152). (. United Nations, 1983, . 40). , , . , . , . . ,, ,, . , marketing, . , ,"" , (.C.Oman,1984,.76, 113-114). '80 , (.UnitedNations,1988, . 5). 2 , '60 . 64 2.2. - ', . . . . (. . I.1.). . ,management, marketing ., "" . ., 100%.,100% .3

. (second-best) .' (.H.Giersch,1979,.25-35/S.Borner,1984,. 481-498). . ., ,,,,, . ,' ,., (. P. Buckley, 1981, . 70-87). 3 , , , . 65 , . " " , (.UnitedNations,1978,.68-114/UnitedNations,1983,. 167-175/C.Oman,1984,.14-17/P.Buckley,1983,.195-207/C.Pollak,1982, .18-57). , " " : ) , ) . )(Joint-Ventures), . . ()50%,' (). . ,, . ,know-how, management, marketing . 100% . Fade-in: , ., , , (.. Licensing Agreements, . . ). , 100% . ,, 66 -, . , , Fade-in,() (..LicensingAgreements,Joint-Ventures) . Fade-out - -, ,, , . Joint-Ventures, 100% . (.. )1,--,,, . Fade-out, , managers (. United Nations, 1978, . 152-154/ P. Buckley, 1983, . 205). )"" , ,: Licensing, , , (.. Franchising). 2

Licensing (), 1 , Joint-Ventures, , , . 2 " " A. Georgopoulos, 1991. 67 know-how(.UnitedNations, 1973, . 2). . know-how , , , , . . (Royalties)(Lump-SumPayments). . Licensing Joint-Venture (Fade-in ). , ,know-how, . ., , .

(Subcontracting), . (.D.Germidis,1980,.10-33). , . ,. " " (Turn -Key Agreements). , ,' (. United Nations, 1983). Franchising . Franchising, 68 Licensing, marketing. ,(Franchisor) (Franchisse) , . ,, ., , . (.. Fast-Foods) (.. ).

3. 3.1. . . , .1

,., : , , . ,' 1 J. Niehans (1977) : "With the suppression of multinationalism, the overwhelming of the langer swiss firms would be to a relatively small size or disappear". 69 ., . , , . (. F. Froehlich, 1974), . ,, , . , service(, ). , ,, . ,, , . , ., , . . . , . , , ' (. United Nations, 1983). 3.2. , , . . 70 , ' . , , ,,. , . , . . , , (.H.Hesse, 1983, . 40). . . ( . M. Breitenacher, 1978, . 8-12). ., (..marketing,service, ). "" . ,, . , . , ., , . ,, . 71 , -. . 3.3. ( ) , . , . , ,, (globalization). (. . Rugman, 1980, . 370). , ,. , . , . , . 72