IX

-

IX

: . . : . . , . .

-

2013

71.0 42

-

, 13-03-00554,

() 2012-1.2.1-12-000-3003-8573 (2012-2013).

i

42 IX. / . . . .: , 2013. 296 .

,

VI: , ,

,

, .

, ,

: , , , - . .

, , ,

, .

.

71.0

, 2013 - , 2013 . , , 2013

I. :

. 7 : -

. . 16 :

. ., . 23 : ?

. 39

-

. ., . 56 : -

. ., . ., . 70

II. : , ,

. 89 :

. 97 .

( ) . . 103

,

. 115

. 131

. 137

III. :

. 155

. . 164 -

. 172 ()

. 181 Soft and Hard: ?

. . 190 :

. . 198

VI: . 227

? . , . 287

295

: . .

.

.

, .

andrey.kuznetsov.29@gmaH.mm . ,

,

. ,

(techne, technologia, Technologic Technik, technology). technology , ,

.

: , , , Technologie, technology, Technik, , .

Medium of Progress: to Genealogy of Technology Concept Andrey G. Kuznetsov

Volgograd State University I Department ofSocwlog).

Kandidatskaia (Sociology). Reader.

andrey.kuznetsov.29@gmail.com Abstract. Starting with the hypothesis that technology can be considered as the implicit keyword of the language of mediaphilosophy, the article suggests a genealogy of the concept. The genealogy of technology is discontinuous, marked with shifts in the balance of forces and semantic entanglement of such notions as techne, technologia, Technologie, Technik, technology. Special attention is paid to emergence of technology

, as the keyword of cultural grammar of the West, and as deterministic concept located at the center of the discourse on machines in 20th century. Keywords: technology, language of mediaphilosophy, technological determinism, Technologie, Techik, Johann Beckmann, Torstein Veblen.

:

[] .. : ,

, , , ^.

1 . , , // / .

. . .; .: : , 2003. . 533.

: 199

,

. .

-

, 1

2, .

, ,

, .

,

, , ,

. , .

,

,

3. , ,

4.

, .

5. -

.

, , XX ,

.

, , , .

, ,

.

.

, . ,

,

, .

-

1 . . // VIII. :

: (28-31 2011 ) / . . . . ., 2012. . 25-45.

2 . . // . . . .

. 2010. . 2. 3. . 184-200. 3 . , : Winthrop-Young G., Gane N. Friedrich Kittler: An Introduction //

Theory, Culture & Society. 2006. Vol. 23. 7-8. P. 5-16; Gane N. Radical Post-humanism: Friedrich Kittler and the Primacy of Technology // Theory, Culture & Society. 2005. Vol. 22. 3. P. 25-41.

' : ,

, . . // . 2010. 1 (74). . 7-8.

5 Chandler D. Technological or Media Determinism. URL: http://www.waena.org/ktm/

weekl/TechorMediaDeterminism.pdf

200 . .

. , ,

,

, 1. ,

, , ,

, 1930-. , ,

1978 2. , , ,

.

. ,

, ,

,

. ,

,

,

. ,

,

, ,

, ,

, , ,

, .

,

. ,

per se. ,

. .

-

.

Technologie , XVIII . , 1960-

1 1950-.

/ . ,

, 1980-. .: Rurup R. Historians and Modern Technology: Reflections on the Development and Current Problems of the History of Technology // Technology & Culture. 1974. Vol. 15. 2. P. 161-193; Woolgar S. The Turn to Technology in Social Studies of Science // Science, Technology & Human Values. 1991. Vol. 16. 1. P. 20-50.

2 Oldenziel R. Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women, and Modern Machines in

America, 1870-1945. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1999. P. 182.

: 201

.

1, -

2,

3,

4,

5. Technologic

.

, .

,

technology , 1990-. , ,

, 6,

7,

8

9.

10.

11 .

Technologie ,

, -, .

1 Rophol G. Allgemeine Technologie: Eine Systemtheorie der Technik. Karlsruhe:

Universitatsverlag Karlsruhe, 2009. 2 Salomon J.-J. What is technology? The issue of its origins and definitions // History and

Technology. 1984. Mol. 1. 2. P. 113-156. ' Sebestik J. The rise of the technological science // History and Technology. 1983. Vol. 1. 1.

P. 25-44; Idem. Quelques reflexions sur l'histoire des sciences et des techniques // Sartoniana. 1991. Vol. 4. P. 71-89.

4 Frison G. Some German and Austrian ideas on Technologie and Technik between the

end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth // History of Economic Ideas. 1998. Vol. 6. 1. P. 107-133; Idem. Linnaeus, Beckmann, Marx and the foundation of technology. Parts 1-3 // History and Technology. 1983. Vol. 10. 2-3. P. 139-173.

5 Gufflerme J., Sebestik J. Les commencements de la technologie // Thales. 1966. Vol. 12. P. 1-72.

6 Marx L. Technology: The Emergence of a Hazardous Concept // Technology & Culture.

2010. Vol. 51. 3. P. 561-577; Idem. The idea of technology and postmodern pessimism // Does Technology Drive History: The Dilemma of Technological Determinism / Ed. by MR. Smith, L. Marx. Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 1994. P. 237-259; Idem. Does Improved Technology Mean Progress // Technology Review. 1987. January. P. 33-41.

7 Oldenziel R. Signifying semantics for the History of Technology // Technology and Culture.

Vol. 47. 3. P. 477-485; Idem. Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women, and Modern Machines in America.

1 Schatzberg E. Technik: Comes to America: Changing Meanings of Technology before

1930 // Technology and Culture. 2006. Vol. 47. 3. P. 486-512; Idem. Symbolic Culture and Technological change: The Cultural History of Aluminum as an Industrial Material // Enterprise & Society. Vol. 4. 2003. June. P. 226-271.

' Kline R. Cybernetics, Management Science, and Technology Policy: The Emergence of Information Technology as a Keyword, 1948-1985 // Technology 8c Culture. Vol. 47. 3. P. 513-535; Idem. Construing Technology as Applied Science Public Rhetoric of Scientists and Engineers in the United States, 1880-1945 // Isis. 1995. Vol. 86. 2. P. 194-221.

'"Williams R. Culture and Society: 1780-1950. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1960. ...

"Idem. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.

202 . .

,

, ,

. ,

, ,

, .

technologia. : techne logos. , ,

- , . [...] , [...] ... , ,

1.

techne logos. Techne, , , - tekhn-1, . techne, logos, , .

, techne logoi, . Logos .

Logos

3. , ,

, (, ), atechnos techne4. techne , .

techne, ,

1 . , , . . 536.

2 texere

tegere . techne, ars, , - .

. : Heyde J.E. Zur Geschichte des Wortes Technik // Humanismus und Technik. 1963. Bd. 9. H. 1. S. 25-43; Schadewald W. The Concepts of Nature and Technique according to the Greeks // Research in Philosophy and Technology. 1979. Vol. 2. P. 159-171; Seibicke W. Technik: Versuch einer Geschicte der Worffamilie um techne in Deutschland vom 16.Jahrhundert bis etwa 1830. Dusseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1968.

3 techne: 1)

(, ) 2) , (, ). .: . 4- . . 1 / . . . . . . . : - , 2006. . 267-268.

4 poiesis techne,

. .: . . 142.

: 203

,

akribeia1. techne

/ / . techne logos, . Techne episteme ,

. episteme, , ,

2.

, techne ( logos'a, techne), ,

logos e techne . techne logos, (eidos), , (aitia), . techne . , techne .

. . ,

3.

, aesthesis.

1 : 1) ,

( ); 2) , . , ) , , .

, , , ) , .

techne . .: . 4- . . 3. . 79-80.

2 . . 4- . . 4 / . . . . . .: ,

1984. . 80, 94, 176, 179. ' . . 4- . . 3 / . . . . . :

, 1981. . 80, 86. . , , , techne phronesis ,

. . .: Dunne J. Back to the Rough Ground: Phronesis and Techne In Modern Philosophy and Aristotle. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1993. , , , ,

, .

, , ,

,

.

. ,

, , techne . , . . 1. 75-119. : ; -, 2005. . 195-197 ( 85, 7).

204 . .

techne

.

techne tyche. Techne ,

,

kairos1. techne logos'oM .

, logos techne. , techne logos , . logos .

,

, ,

, ,

.

, . techne logos, logos'a techne . logos techne , techne atechnos , techne.

technologia, :

2.

. ,

, ,

,

. technologia , ,

. techne logos

, , .

.

1 Cuomo S. Technology and Culture in Greek and Roman Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2007. P. 7-41. 2 The Rhetorics of Aristotle. Vol. 1. With a commentary by E.M. Cope / Ed. by J.E. Sandys.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1877. P. 15, 17, 21, 31 (13547, 1354b27, 1355al9, 1356al0). . : Mitcham C., Schatzberg E. Defining Technology and the Engineering Sciences // Philosophy of technology and engineering sciences / Ed. by A. Meijers. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2009. P. 35.

: 205 Technologic

; ,

'.

technologia .

.

technologia, XVI , .

, logos'y techne, , logos'y (technai). technologia . , ,

,

() . ,

4.

, XIX

5 .

, .

Technologie , 1766 Technologie,

6 (1777), ,

.

Technologie , -

.

,

, Encyclopedic '.

.

3 . , , . . 542.

4 . : Mitcham , Schatzberg . Denning Technology and the Engineering

Sciences. P. 35-36. 5 , XVIII XIX ,

, .

"Beckmann J. Anleitung zur Technologie... Goettingen, 1777. Technologie .

206 . .

Technologie , ,

, . Technologie , ,

logos techne . Technologie

, 1

,

. , ,

, , , , , ,

, 2. ,

,

3. ,

.

,

4. Technologie

, ,

.

.

Technologie . -

1

, . 2 Sebestik J. The rise of the technological science. P. 25-44.

.

3 Technologie ,

, , ,

. , ,

Salomon J.-J. What is technology? The issue of its origins and definitions. P. 113-156. Technologie , ,

, ,

. Technologie , ,

: ? ? ? ? Sebestik J. The rise of the technological scienc. P. 25-44.

4 . , ,

, ,

.

- .

Technologie ,

. , . Technologie , ,

, .

: 207

XIX - : , , , . Technologie , .

XIX , .

, -

-

1,

2

3.

.

1770- 1830-, , ,

,

, .

. ,

Technologie, Technonomie , ,

4.

Technik. XIX

... [] . , , , ,

, : ; , , ,

,

5.

,

, , Technologie , . Technologie , . XIX -

1 Christian G.-J. Vues sur le systeme general des operations industrielles, ou Plan de

technonomie. Paris, 1819. 2 Babbage Ch. On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. London: Charles Knight, 1832.

3 Ure A. The pMosophy of manufactures: Or, an exposition of the scientific, moral, and

commercial economy of the factory system of Great Britain. London: Charles Knight, 1835. 4 Technologie, ,

. ,

,

. ,

,

, . Technologie ,

. Salomon J.-J. What is technology? The issue of its origins and definitions. P. 113-156.

5 . , , . . 538-539.

208 . .

. , -

,

Technik. Technik , Technologie . , Technik Technologie1. , , ,

2.

,

Technologie,

3. 1) Technologie ,

.

2) .

3) Technologie , . Technik , Technologie,

XVIII . techne, Technik

4. XIX Technik

.

, .

Technik. , .

Technik . .

Technik --

XIX . - (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Technik . 1856 , Technik, .

Technik. Techniker, Technik Technikwissenschaften, .

Technik, Techniker.

1 Frison G. Some German and Austrian ideas on Technologie and Technik between the end

of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. P. 119. 2 ,

technology, . 3 Mitcham , Schatzberg E. Denning Technology and the Engineering Sciences. P. 27-65.

4 technique, , ,

.

: 209

,

(Bildung)1. Technik , .

2,

Technik Techniker . XX ,

Technik. ,

3. Technologie

Technik. XX -

Technik Kultur, 1906 4. - -

, , , .

-

5, Technik,

. Technik , .

. ( , , ) Technik

6. Technik und Kultur

1910 ,

7.

Technik

1 Technologie,

Realschulen, . , Verein Deutscher Ingenieure ,

Bildung. 2 . ? .: -, 1995. . 11-28.

3 Frison G. Some German and Austrian ideas on Technologie and Technik between the end

of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. P. 107-133. 4 Mayer E. von. Technik und Kultur: Gedanken uber die Verstaatlichung des Menschen.

Berlin: Hupeden & Merzyn Verlag, 1906. 5 Dessauer F. Technische Kultur? Kempten; Muenchen: Verlag der Jos. Koselschen

Buchhandlung, 1908. . : Idem Philosophie der Technik: Das Problem der Realisierung. Bonn: Cohen, 1927.

6 Technik,

Technikwirtsschaft Kultur. , moderne Technik Die Moderne Kapitalismus (1902).

7 Adair-Toteff . Sociological Beginnings: The first conference of German society for

sociology. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005. P. 94-110.

210 , .

, , (Geist)

1. XX ,

,

technology .

technology. XIX XX

. [] . [...[, , ;

[...] 1. , ,

, 3.

,

. Technology , XVIII .

4, Technologie ,

,

5.

XIX technology , XX ?

1 Schatzberg E. "Technik: Comes to America: Changing Meanings of "Technology" before

1930 // Technology and Culture. 2006. Vol. 47. 3. P. 486-512. 2 . , , // /

. . . .; .: : , 2003. . 542-543. 3 technology, American Century Dictionary 1899

XVIII . . The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of English Language. Vol. 8. New York: The Century Co. 1899. P. 6209. 1911 , , , technology technical. .: The Encyclopaedia Britannica. 11th Ed. Vol. 26. New York, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911. P. 487-498.

4 , , 1861 -

(Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT). , ,

, ,

, ,

. .: Bigelow J. Elements of Technology: Or the Application of Sciences to the Useful Arts. Boston: Billiard, Gray, Little and Wilkins, 1829. MIT , . 1990-, , ,

technology . . . ,

, technology . , MIT, , .

.

5 Mitcham , Schatzberg E. Defining Technology and the Engineering Sciences. P. 27-65.

: 211

-

1.

,

XIX XX , -

.

, technology. 1820 1890

, : , , , , , , , .

2. 18701920

. ,

,

.

3.

, .

4 ,

,

,

,

, , -

I . , -I -, ,

-, , ,

,

.

1 , : Marx L. Technology: The Emergence of

aHazardous Concept P. 561-577; Idem. The idea of technology and postmodern pessimism. P. 237-259. 2

I , . I , -) , . .: Trachtenberg A. The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982.

3 , , : -

I ; I ; ; , -I ; -I , , -I . . : . : I XXI . .: , 2012. . 85-88.

4 , , ,

,

I . , .

212 . .

,

,

, .

technology. , technology

XIX , .

-, ,

technology . Technology

1. -,

technology .

-, , technology .

, technology , .

, , , . Technology . Technology ,

. Technology - , .

, , , -

, .

technology , ,

- .

,

technology, -. ,

18701930 2. ,

. ,

, - ,

, ,

, "" . 1870- , , , -

1 ,

, technology , , .

2 , : Oldenziel R. Signifying semantics

for the History of Technology. P. 477-485; Eadem. Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women, and Modern Machines in America.

: 213

, , -

,

, ,

, .

.

technology, , , , ,

.

,

.

.

1. .

.

,

,

. 150 , . XIX ,

1.

2. . ,

-.

, ,

1 XX

.

, .

.

,

. XIX . ,

.

, ,

.

, , ,

. (1877) .

.

. ,

, . ,

, .

,

, .

, ,

, .

214 . .

, - .

,

.

, ,

. .

3. . ,

.

, ,

, , ,

1.

, ,

, .

1890-

2.

. .

1 ,

.

1830- , .

. : 1) ,

; 2) . , ,

-,

( ). ,

. ,

, . ,

Spinning Jenny, , . .

,

.

, .

, .

2 ,

,

1876 . - .

,

, , .

, ,

, - .

, , ,

,

.

: 215

,

,

. ,

, -

.

,

.

- .

-, ,

, ,

1853,1876 1892 , 1890 , XIX .: , , .

1,

2, -

1 1850

1876 . 1872 , . : , , , , . 1883 . ,

.

,

. .

, - ,

. ,

.

.

18701880- . 1870-

, 1880- , -

. , , ,

.

, ,

, .

2 .

,

.

: , . , ,

.

. , ,

. , , ,

.

216 . .

1,

2,

, : ,

, ( , , ), .

, ,

, 3.

. ,

,

.

4. . , ,

XIX 4. .

,

XIX . .

, , , ,

- ,

1 1890

100- , 1790 . , ,

, .

.

, ,

- (), (). 2 , ,

. 1893 , ,

, , .

, ,

,

. ,

.

. ,

, .

3 1876 .

. ,

,

-, ,

. ,

, , ,

4

. ,

, ,

. , ,

, .

: 217

.

. 1876 , ,

, ,

, - .

-

(National Research Council, NRC) . -

- ,

, . NRC : , ,

, , , -

-

.

, ,

,

,

, . , ,

, technology, ,

, .

... ...

. [...] : , 1.

technology :

, ,

- ; , ,

2.

, technology.

,

technology Technik XX .

1 . , , . . 541.

2 . . 545.

218 . .

Technik ,

1.

XX , Technik,

2.

Technik .

,

.

.

, , ,

-

, technology .

.

,

(1899)3. ,

. ,

, , , -

, .

.

1 , Technik

XX , . technic technique . Technik technique, , . ,

, . 2 ,

Technik -,

(1901). , . ,

. ,

.

technique technology. ,

Technik. , , . technique Technik. .: Seligman E. The Economic Interpretation of History. I // Political Science Quarterly. 1901. Vol. 16. 4. P. 612-640.

3 . . .: , 1984.

: 219

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

Technik, .

19011903 1. , Technik technology .

technology ,

. ,

Technik technology, ,

2.

technology Technik . .

1 Technik technology

Grundriss der allgemeinen Volkwirtschaftslehre. Die Entwicklung der Technik in ihrer volkwirtschaftlichen Bedeutung, Technik. Development of Technological Expedients and Its Economic Significance. Technik ,

, ,

. .: Veblen . Gustav Schmoller's Economics // Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1901: Vol. 16. 1, P. 69-93. Technik technology 1903 Der moderne Kapitalismus, Technik . ,

Technik technology. . V [Torstein Veblen] Der moderne Kapitalismus // Journal of Political Economy. 1903. Vol. 11. 2. P. 300-305.

2 .

, ,

, ,

, , , ,

. ,

.

220 . .

technology,

1.

2. .

, ,

,

, .

,

,

,

.

.

, ,

, ,

.

3.

,

, -

1 (1906)

. , XX ,

technology, . XIX , .

.: Veblen T. The Place of Science in Modern Civilization // American Journal of Sociology. 1906. Vol. 11. 5. P. 585-609. (1908) - , ,

. .

, , ,

.

, . .: Veblen T. On the Nature of Capital // Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1908. Vol. 22. 4. P. 517-542.

2 Dial 1919 , ,

. .

, .

Veblen . The Engineers and the Price System. New York: Huebsch, Inc., 1921. 3 , ,

,

.

, .

,

. , ,

, .

.

,

.

: 221

1.

.

, ,

.

, technology, Technik, XVIII XIX .

. ,

XIX : 1) ; 2) ; 3) . ,

-, ,

-

2.

, technology , XX . , , ,

, 1960- . , ,

. XX .

,

,

, .

, .

.

, . ,

1960- .

,

.

,

(1923), . , ,

, . -

1 ,

. ,

, , . 2

.

222 . .

.

Technik technology, .

. , ,

technology , .

, .

1.

,

. technology , .

,

, ,

Technik.

2,

.

. ,

( - ) , .

technology . -

1 ,

,

. ,

.

2 , 1920-

, ,

. technology, technique, technological, technical . , - , .

,

. 1) . 2)

.

.

,

. technology, - , . .: Hansen A. The Technological Interpretation of History // Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1921. Vol. 36. 1. P. 72-83.

: 223

,

1904 1917 . ,

, .

, ,

, .

1926

1. ,

,

. ,

, . 1) . , .

,

. 2)

. .

,

. . -,

( ), , ,

,

. -, ,

, ,

, . -,

,

. -,

, ,

.

,

,

, .

technology, , ,

, 1930-. technology ,

,

. technology () 1930-. -

1 Beard Ch. Time, Technology, and the Creative Spirit in Political Science // American

Political Science Review. 1927. Vol. 21. 1. P. 4-5.

224 . .

. ,

, .

,

.

.

. ,

. ,

.

, ,

.

-, .

-, ,

.

,

,

. ,

. .

, ,

, ,

. ,

. -,

, .

'.

technology.

,

.

,

,

1930-, , ,

. ,

, , a technology , .

1 , , ,

, .

(1933) - (1939), .

,

.

: 225

. technology? media? ( ) " " " ". "" ,

. [...] , ; 1.

technologia . techne , , . , , techne logos'z. ,

techne logos . technologia . ,

.

XVIII Technologie . Technologie : , ,

Realschulen. ,

. , Technologie, ,

, a Realschulen , , .

Technologie , ,

.

Technologie XIX , ,

Technik . Technik ,

,

. Technik Technik Techniker , , Technik und Kultur. ,

Technik, . ,

Kultur Technik,

technology .

1 . , , . . 547.

226 . .

,

. ,

,

.

.

: - , , -

.

, .

technology , 1870 1930-. technology , Technik

. -

, technology . Technik . Technology, ,

, .

, Technik XVIIIXIX , - ,

. , technology, , ,

, . technology , ,

,

.

, , technology .

, , ,

, .

, , .

, ,

.

, . ,

.

.

media, , , .