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أكرم زيدان - سيكولوجية المال
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s U? e?F W?uM d?UE UF?O?L U?N_ WO?U?L? W?O?HM
sd?? d??H 5 P?? s u? oO??I??% vK b??I b?? V(
Y?F UOC? WdG oKIU U? v UD* WU?N w c
43
w?HM3 qOK=:3 W7dE5
v? bd b W?NU? tQ dF?A dH? qF U2 u?IF?
t?FL?& b t?F? U? UD qO?I V tQ? tO XH?K
UM s tUQ j
UMu?H w U? l??A c u UMd? s U?d? c u V(U?
VO?U?? UM? uJ b??? U??B???H b??u? rOD% v? W??U??? s
odD u? V( sJ U?B??H b?u? Wd?H s d???K? d?
c UD u? tLO?L w V(U? UBH Wd?G WN?u* q_
pu????? vK? qOb? b????I? pS???? w?DF 5? X U?????F????H q?F????
w u?Lu?? U?H?F?C 5 v?K pu?B? pzd? pb?I?
vM UDF ud?F Uu_ b$ UU?O{ UbI d?I UDF
U?????? sJ V?N `M1 i?O??H u?? pK1 V(U?? b?e d
t b??I???U?? sL Q t??OK uK?B? V?( s e?U??F U??
qb U* UM? s d?O?? b??I??F?O? d??
d??A U?? W?FK
`C? rNzUL? UM nu? d?A tub???O W?HU?F VK
WOU W ULM w p
Love Buyer V( dA U? WU w uKU?H V( s eUF d?_ U U dO?
ULM? s b w p b? U*U V( d?A sd l WO?U
bze? qOb??? charity W???b???B Prostitution U???G??? w W???O???uK?W?UO? w v? WeU e W?? 5M' 5 W?F U?H
b l WO?d dO W?OM W dH? rOI UG wH U?U w
d W?b??B w U* s mK? q?U?I? sU??Q? d?U? w UU??G?
rN????( U???K UM s? d??I??H vK? rNu??Q u??b??B??? 5I??UM?* iF
v dI? sb s lb fO sd s V( U? e
rN?M0 U?L?NU?H? bu qb b?I? U?H_ qOb v W???MU U? tK
Q bu? d??F??A U??bM W??U?? V?( d?? q s u??IM? Ub??N
V??M b U?H?_ V W?O??K UU??& U?Lu?? U?H_ U?U?&
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44
U* WO$u3uJO'
5M' 5 W?F w u `{ w U*U V( d? `C
U??N???D bd w? d* UE XH U?? c q?d 5 W?U??
V U?? tU? s XFM9 t?K?I? r S? UN? e bd w
t nO? UM d U?N dNEO? V( c d?A U* v Q?'
c k U?M U? d?O??? W?d W??OU?d qzU?? s d?O??? pK1
WDK Ud b bI 5 WOKI Wb UFL: w uLM
u qd t u?I U? S WK?O?I w U?O?H b?S e
tzd vK b U?2 Ud?O? dd?( WC?H? Vc s Ub d?F
WOU* tb
U?F 5?e 5 W?F w U*U V?( d u/ b?$ U? d?O?
iF od s t?? w{d W?OB??A nO?F?{ d e U? U?
UM v??? Ub??N u???_ s U??C??F U??N???M0 Vc s? wK(
u V( VJ? WuMF* VOU??_ dD 5{d U?e s U??C?F
vK? u????I U?b qJ? w p? U???? u???? U* s ?b 5?{d
? s? tu? U??N? V V?J W?e U??% b? p s? fJF
eU U?N?? Ud_ s? We XU? W?U? U t?M9 c U*
wL??OKF??? wU??L???? u????* s YO?? s W????UJ?? d??O?? W????
wU??L?? u????? e s UM d??? W??e XU? S?? wU?I??
UF U?% VUG w UNS? UNe WU?I*U iHM wU?I wLOKF
U* tM s eU WF
UN? s dH U w d?_ WOuK U/_ s d?OJ UM
Wb W?U? UN?UJQ UU? w U?b$ U*U s?d V d??A
ld W??d?? u??uU WU??N 5??d* iF W??KB* u??_ d?? s
UHM e UN ud uK w UC Ub$ u_
Love seller V( lzU U???L??? ??? V(U b???F U??? U???Lz U?M s W?????? w
U* vK u?B( qU?I WU? UOR?* U?_ qL? dUE
dUE? rNM?J wb??F l?UD U??N??O?K VKG? sd??U rN???????
45
w?HM3 qOK=:3 W7dE5
WU? w sd U rO?C v b?LF U U?Lz V( u*U
5IUM* b u?LM c k U dO? ru WOdJ U?H
b?O??? wu??u nu* b? `U?B* U??? 5KK?N* 5zd*
WU?B??? rN?U?J* sd? u?d??? sc p U?* WDK
V( u?F?O? rN V(U U* d??A rN? U? s tuJK1 U?
U* vK uBK
The love stealer V( U rNU??H d?F??A wJ rNu??? rN_ U* r?NU?H U `?M1 b?
b V?K e? U s d??O?? b U?* `? v? U?M( V(U
s V( rNLOKF UM rNH uHKJ s rNUH tuM1 tM
u qHD d??JO? qU?I* UE s UD V?( ru?LKF
tzd? V( c lO vK d?? t??H b? V( vK U? dO?
Kleptomania W?d? u?N d?F U? w V( W?d? d?NE t??d?s w W??d?? u qJ t??OK U??F??* vMF?*U W?d?? wM?F c
s Y????K u???d???? U/ W???d???? u uU???F? sc U??? U?* q
s tb?I??H U?L qb? wN rN?O W??MU We? W?L?O? UN? Uu?{u?
U UM vK? r dO? Wb V( s ud? rNM d?OJ V(
q9 V( Uu{u X v U?d( c q uI rNQ
WO?IOI WU?F WNu? UNN?u VFB b?I dO? UOH e?U rN
s b rN?U?O?? b??N dD V( U??u?{u?? s d???? `?Q??
u???IM u???d??? dUE? u?????; vK r?b??$ p?c dU????? V?M&
UNMJ UNub? WLO UN XO w UO?_ tu v lzUC
rN uI?H* VK e UN dO? WLO rN q9 wML?C u; vK
V( ud U/ U* ud
wHM qOK? fHM rK Wuu w UIb? 5 d
VO??B d?? u? W?O??B????A? VO??B u?? WeM0 u? W??d?? u
We??? nu? w? rN?F?u? U2 rd?O?? VO?B U??L? UM s U??OM_
tKF?? id* U??L?? w u? l?b e? w? WU?( c w? W?d??
46
U* WO$u3uJO'
dA qJA U u UL dA dO qJA uIU U e qCH
lOD?? YO?? U??( u?I s W??d?? u?N id?* l uJ
b* b?I dO? t lC U? u cK b Q? tM dN? tU?I
w? Ud?D{ r?Nb? W??????d?????? u? uU??????F? sc? v{d?* lu?
VF??B? c u??NK l t???HU??% vK_ U_ n?F??C e??O??L?? W???O??B????A
qO?? s t?MO?F e? lU rN???d? uJ b? q??? r rN??
wM' U??? s ?b uJ b? U2 b???U e??O?L?? U? W??d?
W?d u 5'U?F* s d?O? d Wb?O?O U?A?U U??UB?
uF u w V( bI vK qO
Freedom Wd( s U?? q s b??O?F? lL???: sbu? nM w U??O???O d??H
WOR* dN?E U Ud sJ U l{u t?d lC tQ
b??????? t?O?? gO??F U?? c s U??O?? c e??L??? tu?? s
rUF b?O Vd? oKI u)U WMOQL?D dU?A
d?O U q?FH vK U? d?O? tKF& w u?O?IU uK2 t jO?;
b???I? W???I?KD t?S??? d???? U qF????H s? UM???? vK? U???
U?O?U bO?I X?? WOUM? tU?O? b? X?
uK2 t?????I???O??I?? v?K d??HK? rU??F? d??NE U?M rN s?d??
pH ULz U w WUB WOUL WOHM uGCU
d????' U??? t????H s i?HMO?? U??NM tc? qI??? U??Nd??H??
e dI
w Wd??( UM fO c b??O?u wA? w Wd?( XU?? U*
U?ub? uJ U U?Lz d?H S dU? dO?F b? vK tM vK?
tM UM WOuHD t?d UOb? WuF WuF? uB Uu
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W?U b? v U?O_ s d?O? w dH u?I w w
47
w?HM3 qOK=:3 W7dE5
UM 5 U??u?O? _ c? d?? s W??u?e* Wd??( oO?I???
c b?O?u? wA u U* UM s d??O?? b?I??F? YO? U*
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b? s?d???U t??U?????? w?? e?M* w q?L???F w? p
w W?d???( s 5u? UM pi U???F f?u db?u??? k
U*U UN
The Freedom Buyers Wd( dA w W?IKD* U* b?I b?I??F sc s W?? r Wd?( d?A?
dH Wd d?A bI0 U* bIF rN? w q oOI%
?I?? rN oI? U2 u?O?I wuM d?_ U?OR?* s
rdDC? u rN?H??O? U??L? sd?? vK U?L??? b?? wc
b????I0 b??? U?* sd???? vK U????L??????? v d?E
u??F?L??I rNS? s?d? v W??U?K? dD{ p s rd??
tudJ U? W?OI??U uF?A u t?O? u?d U?L W??d pK
q1 U? b?I Q?UJ rN?O W?MU q1 d?U? sd? V u
bbNK dBM
Freedom Fighter Wd( q s uKUI* w V t dA qJ UH u U* bIF d_ s W w
d???uMJ? W?????H c q?9 u??B???F U???_ q w d???A??? Wu?????
5OUO 5OUJd
d??? rN????H s uKF?? UM s? d?O??? U?M `C?? cJ
W??O??G U??L????? l{u?? W??O???H?M rNb?? ru?? u??F??C W??FK
W??U?? t wC??I? U* U??I?? `d s sJ?2 b?? d???? vK u??B??(
qF???? UM R? s d???H b???$ Wd???G? s b???F r? u???
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qJ dU? VO s u??I u?C?K bF?? vK U?Lz rN? U*
uKQ? rN?H?zU R uKL??F u??d??? rN? v? w?U? u U??
48
U* WO$u3uJO'
u b? b? U w rN?d? U u?C?I u? ud?A
w q W? _ p w qJ d?* dDC b?? U?M U*
* Tunnel vision W??Ou?? W U* W??Fd?? o X????U* tU d dH
s d??O????F t??H??u U* v WU?* dEM U???? dEM U?? U??
c sJ tKQ U? d?H b? u rdE w Wd?( nd?F? Wd?(
? s ?G?? UJ? v u???? sd? vK VKIM b? Wd?(
s d??H s?J9 b?? U* d??J rN??O?? r?J?? rNUd?? s?d?? VK
d??H d????A b??I?? d??A?? s U??H??F??C UJ?? U0 lK? UJ??
t?KB* rJ( W t?u Ue nR U?*d qb 5?UM u
vK rNb? e? rN?FUB? qOG?A d?( UM iF qF?A U0
Wd?? b??O??I U* WD?u d??HK sJ?1 U? s?d?? Wd?? VK
bOI b U c `B U0d WOIOI( rN bF sd
ULK tb s UC Wd(
d? b b?$ d u? U* U?BU d?F U? Tunnel vision W?Ou?_ Wd (*)U* c UD U d tOMO? l wu U vK UO_ d id* bM Ud?ON
d V U W VM pc
49
w?HM3 qOK=:3 W7dE5
q?zU?????? r? b?????? U?*
rOb rOLF
dMJ
WOuK WdEM
W?OH?OJ YO? s U*U WO?uK WdEM XL?
WLO Uu{u UOd ULb U* UN `B w
WKO?K U??: c w W??O??uK? U?b? vMF??
iF vK d?B?I U?N b w WDO?
W?OU* ud? iF vK uB?( qU?I? UuO?(
jDI? eU???L??A u??b?????? u????U?? UJ
dJ? UJ? U???F? U????Nu????LK?F d????????H
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UFD vK uB( q s tb
U???F wU??? uK? rKF t?U????? w
u??{ w d????H? sJ1 U* dM?J d pi
wzd? d?? u??N?H* U?I? W?O?uK? WdEM
s W?KO?? U?* U????????U operant conditionedV??J s?JL* sL?? rO??b?? rO??L??F?? qzU??
rO?b r?OL?F? od s WO?d WU?? d?H
vK b?U? 5F? qF? u? U d?H t?u c
bN v uu
dH sJL
wzd d dMJ d
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b ? s? W?Lz W?O?KL? UMN?? d?
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50
U* WO$u3uJO'
vI rb V WOdA WU? p s wzd d qFH
uK b??F wQ d?MJ tM b??? c? rO?b?? U?H?D U?N b??
uJ rO??L?F? rO?b? od s? b?OKI? d?? w U?L? t?K? fO
b WU nu w UOb uJ wN? UMU WOHM UMUU& VK
Skinner , B. 1953 d_ nu* v p bF Ud b1 r d_ bFwzd?? d?? W??Ozd? W??O?uK W??b* U??? b?
ULK? WOL?Ob? uI UM d?H sJ1 r?OLF? rOb? w qL? c
w U??LK W??O?L??O?b?? u??I d rNS?? wd??F* fHM U??LKF U??I?u??
d? b? WeM0 U?LK W?Od?? WdEM u?J pc wzU?NM b?N
W?'U?F? U?? U?C d? wd?F* fHM U?LK sJ? _ WdE s
s d?O?? bb??% v R b? d?c information processing U?uKF*U* l UN qUF w UOuK
rO???b??? wd???A? rO???b??? s b???% s u d?MJ sJ? r
s t s C U* vK W?OuK WdEM o s tMJ uU
oH b jdAK WOJOUJO* U* uLM ULK WOU' v U
u?I??H?? U?H c??N r 5O??uK U??LKF s b?? d p w t??F?
Drug Theory UIF WdE t U U l UCW??FU qB? U* w d? b?' WO?uK W?b* U?LKF U? b?
s bbFU tU dO WOF u q1 U* d U* WOFb 5
U U?Nzd U?Nzu vK t?b lzUC? Ub?) _ qzUu
U u lb c s U?OHO ?I qI? b tS? lbU jd U*
The Functional autonomy of drives lbK? wH??Ou ??I?????U d??FUF w?H dO?H W?OB?A tU? w uN?H* c u UM? `{ b
Q?AM w lb UM d?H?O wH?Ou ?I? `KDB? U YO? pi
lbU W?F uJ YO UU9 U?NM qI r r?' w WLE_ iF s
Uu? bb?' lb uJ b? W?O?H?O W? X?O W?O?U W?? wK_
b U{ WKO uJ b U*U tM QA c wK_ lb s dOJ d
c s q?I??? u??_ d???? w tMJ U??F?? W??????J* WdDH l?b s
jI? tc U* w W?d `B YO? t UU? UF? q1 lb
p bF dDO WI?A l wLM b Wed uI U?ub U c uK
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51
ULK3 WO?HM3 W7dEM3
d?????A? WK?O????? f?O U?*
W???L??O??? U??C? u q lK?
WOUL WOH WOUFH
w
ULK WOHM WdEM'w WdE
iF? pi U?????F w? U????? w X?d
s W??O??uuJO?? u??B?? rO?U?H?* UJ_
nO?? W?O??U??L??? W?O????HM t??HzU U*
R We???d b W???O??U???I?? qu???F
UL U* u WOHM UU& bb% w dO
s W?LO?I s d?O?F? w U* U?C XA?U
pc??? U???O???I Uu????????? s bb???F ???
W?HK??
52
U* WO$u3uJO'
WO?U dJ vK e?d U* s WO?HM WdEM d
_ d? w d
qU?F? q U??? wU* uK w W?O?IF d?O? W?OI?F UR?
b? 5O?ID?M d?O? rN W?OU* r?NU?O?uK w oDM?* s wA d?_
rK? U???O???u?ud????_ fH?M rK? s q R???? c s? WU??? U?M
w uK?F c 5 W?du??' d??H? b?? w WU??? XU?? U??B?????
U*U rN?U??? w d?_ d? U?O??uud??_ U?LK?F? U??LK U??NUM
U??F U??N??L?J% W??OU* r?NU??O??uK _ d??O????? W??b 5O??I?? u?uJ
WOMb u?ID WOF{u 5uI V?U v WOUL? dOUF* b?OUI
WOIF dO v rNM WOIF v d rN c WOUL
U*U rNU?? w UM X?{ bI? W?O?HM U?b U?
U??? U????H u?K w p? U??? u??? 5?O???I???? u???????O
w 5O?IDM dO? u? b? rN v ub d? Vzd?C
rNb XO d?_ dQ U* U?LN uJ? scK uK WIdD
U??? u?U??I b?? rN W?b U?* l ZCM qU??F?K? W?O??U? d???
qN ld? wU* VJ* w W?d s lb WUB? U?ONb
b?I??F Uu?_ u Wd?G v u?b c d?_ U?C d?O?u
W?O??IDM0 U??N?F? u?KU?F?? rN rNu?? vK W?O??uK rNb??I
u??d???F rb??M 5O?Uc 5Mb* s? Uu?_ d??O?? U? bb??
vK rN?? U* l qU??F? w? 5O?I?? d?O?? 5O?ID?M d?O?? rNQ
rN t Xu w u?b WKU? W?OU* rNU?O?uK Q W?U W?dF?
UN vK sU dO
oI sJ1 WLOI s dO?F w U* WHO U w d
UOI s bF Uu s
Nominal wL u* WOu ? sL jI RUJ u? vK U* qLF u?* c vK
U?b) lzU?C? s W?U W?O?u d pMJ?1 U* s WU?
q_ U??O?IK v_ b??( u wL? u???* W?MO?F? U??FK qU??I U*
o nOMB W?OKL?F u?I t? s U?L? l qU?F? UM wMF u?N? W?
53
ULK3 WO?HM3 W7dEM3
U??I??F? W??C??H V?c q?? U* s?L??{ qb U?? q? q??M? uM
U* U?J 5? U????I? lO?D????? t????? s U?JK?????L?* w{_
W?H?O U?N X?O UM? U?_U? W?O?L W?O?L? u?B? t?u tU?H?OMB
Q? p w UNQ? tUJ U* u 5? eO?OL? vK qL?F q Wdb?I
U UF
UJ nMB V? UI?O? U?O?L? UO?U U?U?O? rO?I
U
W l W?OU W qb YO b? U qJ w UIO? UHOMB U*
W?OU W??? w W?C?H W?? w V?c nMB U?* qO??? vKF? d?
??L??F W???? w U??I???F w{_ s ?? W??U? W???? w U*
a W w WOu
t??u U* UJ? qJ ??U?? nOMB?? uJ? V pc??
vK Vc W??O?I?? v d?O??A YO? VOd?? W?OKL? U????( w lC
UOI c bOH d rK U* vK WCH W?OI WCH
W?OzU?B? ?U?F* iF U?? dJK Wu?* W??M U?? w
uM*U
Ordinal wd u* W?L??O?I YO?? s b?F??? UJ U??LK `??B u???* c w
WU WDu? WLO? u WOU? WLO u? UMN
b? U* nMB U?O?I s u??* c wH? W?C?H?M W?L?O?
YO? r?( W?OLJ? bI* o? tUJ 5 WU?I* e?OO?L?
VOd?? wMF qK??? VOd w W?LEM? U?H?OMB UMb? `?B
?? UMK S? UU? U?UE U?M t?u U* UJ 5
cN? r? Vc W?FD s? U d?? r Vc W?FD
r W???FD?I 5 d???H?K U?????? 5???FDI? 5 d???H wM?F
dEM iG jI? VOd w UM U?_ WH?Ou r W?FDI
iF? u?I lOD? UMS? p V? UO?_ 5 d?H s
dD lL' q n?OMB c w U* UJ_ WOU?( UOKLF
WLI dC
54
U* WO$u3uJO'
interval / ratio dH u* W? U?OI? wIO?I? dH? UMb `B? UO?I s u?* c w
5 dH t u u 5 dH L? rOI 5 dH qI UMKF
c q W??d? U??? s U??O?I? u??N? u??O t qL?F U?? c
WU d UN Wd* U_
u???????*U U?U??? j?d? U* U???? w X????{ b???
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s d??O????? e?? _ p Wu??HD? WKd?? w d???H aU vK? d??F??
b?I? U?bM v? X? WKd* c w qJA? U?LK We?d b
UMU? qB? qu?? W? U??O?uuJ?O? U* jd d??L?F w U??
UNUO wK U w w ed
ud uD WKB* quF U?ud uK q?JA s u?IM W?LO? b?% UU?I? iF?
UdD{ iF? d? w b iF w p? `C? UN?OK W?u?IM*
w W??U??F? U??U??O?? U??u?J( Ud vK? d??O??G w U???I
U?O??u w oU? w?OO?u? U?% w U?{ p b? Wb
b c w U?dD{ W???O?M d??F w b?? U? W?IU??
W1b?? W1b?I ??L?F? XKF? b?b? ??L? d??N ?L??F d?O??G
uK qJA ? s LF c 5? eO1 UM lOD? bzUH
UNOK WuD* uIM
t edU qB w quF XU? u ?LFU? vMF? W s ed tML?C? U YO? s p
W?OK W?OU? Wb ud iF? UN?OK gIM W?ObF? WO?
UM b W?????? u??d c uJ? U? U??U? U??O?( vK u?J w
s ?? d? sc? 5K{UM* U??L?e b?? u? gIM? Q? U??F?O??L?
u??C??N sc U??L?KF U_ W??H????H b?? u?? U??L??F????
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