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.
2011
. . 02103027
1
. 1
. 3
4
1. 7
1.1 .. 8
1.2 .. 12
2. 16
3. 21
3.1 23
3.2 24
3.3 25
3.4 . 30
3.5 . 32
3.6 . 35
4. 38
4.1 39
4.2 .. 44
4.3 50
5. 53
5.1 . 53
5.2 . 57
5.3 .. 58
5.4 61
5.5 .. 67
2
6. 79
6.1 80
6.1 . 82
6.2 . 86
6.3 .. 87
6.4 . 88
7. 93
7.1 95
7.2 100
7.2.1 100
7.2.2 101
7.2.3 . 102
7.2.4 .. 104
7. 105
115
3
.
.
COP .
,
.
,
Marpol Protocol Montreal Protocol
.
.
, , ,
.
2%
.
R22, , 3%
.
, o ,
.
.
4
, .
.
2
.
, ,
.
: , , , , .
. H
.
,
.
16 ,
.
, ,
1.
Yakhchals (10)
5
(refrigeration bath)
. , .
19 ,
.
Frederic Tudor, "Ice King" ,
,
.
William Cullen
1756. Cullen
,
. 1758 Benjamin
Franklin o John Hadley,
Cambridge,
.
Oliver Evans, 1805. 1834
, Jacob Perkins,
. Perkins
, .
1842, , Gorrie,
.
(.., Air-condition).
,
.
,
. Gorrie
, .
6
, James Harrison
1851 Barwon
. 1854
-
1855. Harrison
. 1861
.
, ,
1870.
1882 William Soltau Davidson
, Dunedin.
.
(aqua ammonia)
Ferdinand Carr 1859. ,
,
.
1910.
2. Dunedin
(10)
7
8
1.
1.1
,
,
.
accommodation (, , , control room,
), (, ,
, ).
.
.
, , .
(provision
refrigeration) (cargo refrigeration).
(cargo heaters),
(preheating fuel system).
, ,
(cooling engine system ).
.
.
.
9
.
%
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
1.1 (4)
10
,
.
. ,
, .
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
1.2 (4)
11
1.2 (Refrigerated cargo ships -
Reefers)
,
,
.
. 9, ,
, , harbor work craft,
, , , , .
T
, .
.
,
1.3 (4)
12
, 25%
35%
. , fully
refrigerates ship or reefer. ,
partial reefer (
).
:
127 ,
94 , 157 .
,
.
, 20
. ,
,
1.4 (4)
13
,
.
Reefer ,
.
.
.
1.5 (4)
14
.
.
, ,
, , .
, ,
.
.
,
clip-on.
.
.
1.6 (4)
15
, .
.
Reefer 500.000 (14.200
) , 250
. Reefer
90.000 ( 2550 ). ,
Reefer,
40 250 .
.
16
17
2.
R12 R22 (HCFCs1)
,
.
,
.
(Cl) (3) .
.
Montreal chlorine free (HFCs2)
R22.
R22 2010/2015, 2030
1992.
1. HCFC: hydroclorofluorocarbon
2. HFC: hydrofluorocarbon
2.1 (17)
18
R22
R404A, R410A, R407C. (HFCs). ,
(
),
.
, ,
.
HFCs
. (Climate
Change) (Global Warming).
.
.
,
.
ICCP3
.
(GWP4).
, , ,
, (HCFC) (HFC).
R404A
.
3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4. Global Warming Potential: .
19
R404A 2000. .
2.2 GWP 100 (17)
2.3 - (. . 17)
20
R22
.
GWP.
R407C R407A. R407C
R22 , GWP
R22
R134a R410A.
R407C GWP .
R22
.
. R407A
GWP R404A,
R407C. R407A
.
21
22
3.
,
,
. ISO 7547
.
.
(accommodation):
, , , , , ,
, ,
.
(Air-conditioning):
, ,
, .
(Ventilation): -
.
(refrigeration): ()
, , .
.
:
, .
23
.
, ,
( ) .
%.
3.1
.
, ,
.
3.1 (3)
:
1.
2.:
, ,
3.:
oC oC
35 70 -20
27 50 22
24
50%
.
3.2
, :
:
, , , (
):
1 2m2
1 1.5m2
1 5m2
: 4
, 2 ,
: 3
: 2
, : 4
: 2
25
3.3
.
, Watt,
, Kelvin
, W/m2K,
, m2,
(+200mm)
g , W/m2K,
g
g ,
m2
, Kelvin,
3.2.
3.1 &
26
3.2
(3)
:
, k (W/m2K),
. 3.3
.
() ,
43
& 28 17
&
18
&
, 13 42
&
11 17
&
6 0
&
)
2 0
) 1 0
)
6 0
2 5
27
3.3 (3)
, k (w/m2K)
()
,
,
0,9
,
0,8
0,7
()
0,6
, 6,5
, 3,5
,
2,5
,
0,9
28
3.3
.
k W/m2K
=80 W/m2K (20m/s)
=8 W/m2K
(0,5m/s)
d , m
, W/mK
ML , m2K/W
Mb , m2K/W
=1.2 1
=1.45 2
3.2 (. . 3)
29
3.4 (3)
( 1 & 2)
m2K/W ( R)
5
20
200
0,11
0,15
0,16
5
20
200
0,17
0,43
0,47
5
20
200
0,18
0,47
0,51
*
0 0,09
*
(0,2).
(0,9)
3.3 (3)
30
3.4
.
, , .
s watt.
(3.3).
, m2 (
)
k
(
+35oC)
16 ,
29
12 ,
32
Ag , m2
Gs m2
350 W/m2
240 W/m2
31
s .
.
45.
. Gs
.
Gs,
.
.
.
27C.
3.5
(3)
(W)
55
80
/
140
250
.
.
(watt)
32
.
3.6,
.
3.6 (3)
W/m2
.. 15 8
, 20 10
.. 40 20
0,3W/l, .
.
, ,
.. .
1C KPa .
+2 C.
3.5
.
,
, ,
.
33
:
1.
(. .3.1)
2. (.
.3.1)
3. 0,008m3/s
.
(,
, ) 100
.
.
,
, .
(,
, )
,
34
10C ,
, 25C .
.
, , (common
day rooms) .
,
20% .
0.02 m3/s
10 . .
, ,
15 .
,
10 . ,
ferries
30
. , ,
.
.
.
.
35
(accomodation spaces).
3.6
.
.
(non-return
flap). , ,
.
.
.
2
2K.
, ,
+33C.
+35 C.
+36 C
38 C.
0,00009m2K/W.
cooling effect 1,20 kg/m3.
.
-
36
,
, 55dB
.
.
35%
.
.
,
.
37
3.7
(3)
(
) kg/m3
W/mK
160
50
2600 1,05
500 0,14
, 700 0,16
Chipboard 600 0,14
400 0,12
1000 0,13
600 0,08
300 0,052
140 0,04
210 0,05
Fiberglass 6m 15 -100 0,04
Fiberglass 20m 40-200 0,05
35-200 0,05
400 0,06
, 0,045
0,08
0,4
1,8
38
39
4.
4.1
.
accommodation
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
(exhaust) (supply).
4.1 (*)
40
:
(),
( ), ,
.
(supply fans) .
punkah,
,
, .
, o
. 5
(exhaust fans) : ,
, , , ,
,
. , ,
(exhaust fan).
4.2
(*) 4.3 punkah (*)
41
accommodation .
.
(mushroom vent)
.
.
.
** (bosun store). 4,5
.
4.4 (*)
42
(8)
43
(Ball Valve Vent eads).
, .
, Ball Valve Vent eads.
( ,
) (
) (louver vent).
.
.
.
, ,
.
**:
4.5 Ball Valve Vent Head
( )
(*)
4.6
(*)
44
4.2
,
accommodation.
2
.
(enclosed space).
.
4.7 (8)
45
mushroom ventilator
(N08) .
.
.
mushroom ventilator (M02,
M03).
mushroom ventilator
.
4.8
(8)
46
4.9 03 (8)
47
(8 *)
48
4.1 (8)
20,9% .
mushroom
ventilator.
20.9%. ,
( , )
.
.
(m3/H)
(times/H)
(m3)
(mmaq)
Bosun store M01 Mushroom 8.100 5 Supply 1.618 15
Pump room M02 Mushroom 37.100 15 exhaust
2.473 85
M03 Mushroom 37.100 15 exhaust 85
s.gear room
& emcy fire
P.room
M05 Mushroom 7.320 5 exhaust 1.457 35
4.10 (*)
02
08
03
49
4.2 (8)
.
Bosun store
M01 Mushroom - 900
N01, N03 Mushroom 700 900
N02 Mushroom 1000 900
Pump room 02, 03 Mushroom - 4500( )
08 Mushroom 1500 2400
Mid deck store N04, N05 louver 300318 1400
N06,N07 louver 300318 900
Fire control station N09 louver 300318 1400
Fire control station N10 louver 300318 900
s.gear room & emcy fire P.room 12,13 Mushroom 500 900
4.12 Mushroom Ventilators
(*)
4.11 Mushroom Ventilator
(*)
50
4.3
.
,
( )
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
4.13
(*) 4.14
(*)
51
-
.
4.15
(*)
52
(4 *)
53
54
5.
5.1
,
. ( 5.1)
(tdb) 35C 60%
27C 100%.
.
. 21C,
, 100%
. 21C
100% .
,
( 5.2)
. 10C
() 21C
50%.
.
(zone heater).
.
.
.
55
5.1 (1)
56
32,2C,
.
.
, 40%
60% .
.
.
,
.
.
25mm,
1,5 W/m2/oC .
5.2 (9)
57
5.2
,
.
-5C 50%
21C , 10%.
. 21C
, 10%
.
21 C 10%
,
.
( 5.1) .
100%
+7C. zone heater
21C 40%.
.
. Accommodation
, .
.
.
,
.
(
) (5.1).
58
,
H , kW
Q , m3/s
ti , C
t0 , C
1.2 kg/m3 20 C.
5.3
(8)
59
, -20 C 0 C.
, accommodation, 18 C
24 C.
5.3
.
.
.
.
,
.
accommodation. accommodation
(
).
.
.
(5.2):
,
Q , m3/s
60
H , kW
ti , C
te , C
5.4 (15)
61
. 2/3
.
5.3 5.4
accommodation .
214 215 ( )
. 205, 206, 207 208 (
)
louver vents .
5.4
.
.
% ,
100% .
100%
.
100%
.
.
: () , () , ()
.
62
5.5 (2)
63
(.5.5)
.
.
.
, .
.
.
(.5.5)
.
.
.
,
.
.
(.5.6)
.
.
,
. .
64
5.6 (9)
65
5.7.
,
.
.
.
.
.
5.7 (2)
66
5.9 accommodation (8)
5.8 (
) (9)
67
1 (8 *)
68
5.5
.
upper deck accommodation
( ). ,
1.
(.5.10).
.
.
,
, ,
.
accommodation.
1
2.
2
50% . 2
,
.
accommodation.
. ,
.
69
2
(8 *)
70
(8)
71
3
(15 *)
72
4 (
8)
73
(
6)
74
5
.10
(6)
75
5.11a 5.11b,
Freon R404a
R407c .
R404a R407c
,
(AHU) 149Kw
154Kw.
,
.
304kg 535 kg (
). 75%
. 5.1
.
5.1 R404a R407c
R404a R407c
, C 36 36
, C 40.3 38.9
, m3/h/unit 39 59.5
, m.w.g 3.91 3.95
, lit/ 52 80
76
5
.11a
R
-404a (6)
77
5
.11b
R
-407c (7)
78
-
-1
5C
79
80
6.
6.1
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
2,8W/cm2.
50C,
.
80C
.
.
1,5m/s.
6.1 -
(12)
6.2
(6)
81
3m/s.
.
,
Q m3/h
L kg/m3
Cp (o,24 kcal/kg oC)
t oC
6.3
(6)
82
6.4 (6)
83
6.2
,
, .
11 12
.
.
,
6.5 (2)
84
.
, V W. 4-
.
.
-
.
,
.
-
.
6.6 - (2)
85
.
. ,
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
6.7
CMO 26
, R22 (6)
86
6.3
, .
.
. 3
6.8 (2)
87
,
.
6.4
,
. , ,
.
.
6.9 (2)
88
.
.
.
.
.
, .
.
.
.
32C condensing water temperature,
+5C evaporating temperature,
Refrigerants R22,
R404A, R407C, R507
6.10 ( AHU) (*)
89
N-1
N-2
N-5
N-6
01
02
03
04
08
15
CONDENCING UNIT
6.11 (6)
90
6.11 (6)
91
6.5
.
.
.
/
- -.
. ()
.
.
. ,
IN ANGLE EXECUTION IN STRAIGHT EXECUTION
6.6 (2)
92
6.7 (2)
93
94
7.
,
,
, .
,
. ,
. ,
.
, Shaobo Hou1,2 Huacong Li1.
. Shaobo Hou Hefei Zhang1
.
.
Hou, Li Zhang
, ,
.
Pinch Point, 6C.
()
, .
(COP)
,
.
1.School of power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
2.College of Engineering, Guangdong University, China
95
.
.
7.1
1 2
-
.
2
,
3
.
4
, T4,
, P4. ,
4 7
T7. 4-7
.
,
,
4 7. , 7
8 . 8
.
,
. () .
7.1 -
(5)
96
()
()
.
.
.
.
7.2
(5)
AC:
SHE:
T:
C:
97
.
P4 P3/P4
P3 .
.
.
.
.
. ,
, ,
4-7.
18-30gr kg .
, 45-75gr/kg ..,
, 30-50gr/kg ...
.
,
.
. ,
,
.
98
. 7.3,
.
C
D.
.
,
.
, ,
.
7.3
(16)
99
7
.4
(16)
100
7.2
7.2.1
:
, d g/kg
Pvap Pa
B Pa
:
, h kJ/kg
T C
d g/kg
( AHRAE)
:
, Ps Pa
ts C
101
7.2.2
.
. wc ,
:
, n
wc/c
c . 7.1
.
, .
c=30
.
7.1 (14)
102
7.5
. ,
.
7.2.3
,
,
7 P7 7. 7
, 3/7
3.
,
.
.
7.5 (14)
103
.
.
. ,
.
wt ,
.
7.6 (13)
104
7.2.4
,
Pinch
Point pinch point 6C. H
pinch point ,
, .
,
.
pinch point .
7.7 -.
.
.
(tubes)
.
7.7 (10)
105
.
.
7.3
, q1,
:
, mw,
.
, q2,
:
:
106
COP :
( cooling water
system wm)
COP
.
4/3, ,
wet
.
7.8 -
(13)
107
.
1.6 2.5,
20 30oC 15 27 oC.
300Pa
, 300Pa , 600Pa
.
7=30C,
Twet 20 30 C, COP
.
3=wet
Wc
T4.
7.1 COP 7=30C (5)
108
Hou, Li Zhang
7.1 COP
, 7=30C.
, 3 COP.
3=30 0,8 0,9
COP 68%!
7.2 COP 7=25C.
7.1 7.2
COP.
3
2. COP 7=25C (5)
109
c=2.2 nc=nt=0,90
3=wet=20-30oC,
P3=Patm+Pvap-300 Pa , Pvap= 2347,7 Pa (7.11)
P4=2.2P3 (7.12)
P7=P4-300 Pa (7.13)
4=T3*(P4/P3)(n-1)/n , ,(11) (7.14)
7=30C
pt=[(7ncnt)/(2T3)+1/2]/(-1) ,(11) (7.15)
wt 8 (7.5)
wt=)=(n/(n-1))*(Rda+0.001*d7*Rvap)*T7*(1-pt^((n-1)/n))
T8=T7*(pt^((n-1)/n)) ,(11) (7.16)
8 h8
h8=1,006*t8 , kJ/kg , t8 C (7.17)
q2 (7.8)
q2= h3- h8
(7.10)
COP= q2/wm
(7.9) wm
wm=wc/nc-wt*nt
110
q2 & wm, (KJ/Kg da)
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 300
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
t3, oC
q2
wm
7.4 q2 wm, T7=30,nc=0.9, pc=2.2
q2 .1(kj/kg da) q2 .2(kj/kg da)
wm .1(kj/kg da) wm .2(kj/kg da)
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
T3 oC
CO
P
7.3 COP 7=30C, pc=2.2 nc=0.9
COP .1 COP .2
111
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 301
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
T3(oC), 7=25oC
CO
P
nt=nc=0.80
nt=nc=0.86
nt=nc=0.88
nt=nc=0.90
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 301
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
T3 (Twet), oC T7=30oC
CO
P
nt=nc=0.80
nt=nc=0.86
nt=nc=0.88
nt=nc=0.90
nt=nc=0.80 .2 nt=nc=0.86 .2 nt=nc=0.88 .2
nt=nc=0.90 .2
nt=nc=0.80 .2 nt=nc=0.86 .2 nt=nc=0.88 .2 nt=nc=0.90 .2
112
Hou, Li Zhang.
wt COP.
.
0,8 0,9
t8=-8C.
24C.
. ,
.
1..:
2..: Hou, Li Zhang
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
t3, oC
t, o
C
t8
t4
7.7 t8, t4, T7=30,nc=0.09, pc=2.2
t4 .1(kj/kg da) t4 .2(kj/kg da) t8 .1(kj/kg da) t8 .2(kj/kg da)
113
COP
3,5. COP
nc ,nt 7. 7
. 7
COP,
.
,
.
Matlab. nc080.m COP
nc=nt=0,8. nc086.m, nc088.m,
nc090.m COP
nc=nt=0,86, nc=nt=0,88, nc=nt=0,90
. COP
.
t7=input(' t7(oC)='); T7=273+t7; P2=101325; gama=1.22;
Rda=287.04/1000; Rvap=461.5/1000;
Cp=1.006;
7. statheres.m
Statheres; nc080; hold on; nc086; nc088; nc090;
6. COP.m
114
hc=0.90; nc=1.25; nt=1.25; pc=2.2;
for i=1:1:11; t3(i)=i+19; Pvap(i)=133.322*exp(18.538-(3962.21/(t3(i)+232.86))); B(i)=P2+Pvap(i)-300; P3(i)=B(i); P4(i)=pc*P3(i); P7(i)=P4(i)-300; pt(i)=0.454; t7(i)=T7-273;
d3(i)=621.98*(Pvap(i)/(B(i)-Pvap(i))); h3(i)=1.006*t3(i)+0.001*d3(i)*(2501+1.805*t3(i));
T8(i)=T7*(1-hc*(1-(1/pt(i))^((1-gama)/gama))); t8(i)=T8(i)-273; h8(i)=1.006*t8(i);
P7vap(i)=133.322*exp(18.538-(3962.21/(t7(i)+232.86))); d7(i)=621.98*(P7vap(i)/(P7(i)-P7vap(i))); h7(i)=1.006*t7(i)+0.001*d7(i)*(2501+1.805*t7(i));
T3(i)=273+t3(i); T4(i)=T3(i)*((pc)^((nc-1)/nc)); wc(i)=(nc/(nc-1))*(Rda+0.001*d3(i)*Rvap)*(T3(i))*(-1+((pc)^((nc-1)/nc)));
wt(i)=(nt/(nt-1))*(Rda+0.001*d7(i)*Rvap)*T7*(1-((pt(i))^((nt-1)/nt)));
wm(i)=(wc(i)/hc)-(wt(i)*hc);
q2(i)=h3(i)-h8(i);
COP(i)=q2(i)/wm(i);
end
plot(t3,COP,'y')
8. nc090.m
115
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diplomatiki ergasia_maria roussou_old DIPLOMATIKI_update.pdf
DIPLOMATIKI_maria roussou.pdf