قواعد اللغة الانجليزية

GRAMMARGRAMMAR

Prepared by: Mulla (2002)Prepared by: Mulla (2002)May 2002 (version 0)May 2002 (version 0)

Reference: Reference: Grammar For All LevelsGrammar For All Levels By Adnan By Adnan NaimNaim

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English Alphabetic English Alphabetic Parts of SpeechParts of Speech Sentences Sentences Verb to BE Verb to BE Verb to DO Verb to DO Verb to HAVEVerb to HAVE NounsNouns

Countable Nouns Countable Nouns Spelling Rules for Plurals Spelling Rules for Plurals Uncountable Nouns Uncountable Nouns Definite & Indefinite Articles Definite & Indefinite Articles

Pronouns Pronouns Object Pronouns Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Relative Pronouns Relative Pronouns

Making Questions Making Questions How How some/some/ any/any/ Making Negative Making Negative TENSESTENSES

Present Simple Tense Present Simple Tense Past Simple Tense Past Simple Tense Future Simple TenseFuture Simple Tense Present Continuous TensePresent Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense Future Continuous Tense Future Continuous Tense Present Perfect TensePresent Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous

ImperativesImperatives ModalsModals Comparing Adjectives Comparing Adjectives AdverbsAdverbs Active & Passive Active & Passive Transitive & Intransitive Verbs Transitive & Intransitive Verbs

...... Prepositions Prepositions QuestionQuestion--Tags Tags Conditional Conditional ifif Reported Speech Reported Speech Countries and Nationalities Countries and Nationalities

English AlphabeticEnglish Alphabetic

1.1. Capital Letters Capital Letters

2.2. Small Letters Small Letters

zz Consonant Letters Consonant Letters

zz Vowels Letters Vowels Letters

ZZYYXXWWVVUUTTSSRRQQPPOONN

MMLLKKJJIIHHGGFFEEDDCCBBAA

zzyyxxwwvvuuttssrrqqppoonn

mmllkkjjiihhggffeeddccbbaa

ww xxmmllkkjjhh ssrrqqppnn zzyyvvttggffddccbb

uuooiieeaa

hceepS fo straPhceepS fo straP

.ylkciuq.ylkciuq setirw demhA setirw demhA..

brevdAbrevdA

yalp lliw ,deyalp ,yalPyalp lliw ,deyalp ,yalP

breVbreV

namnam hcirhcir

evitcejdA evitcejdA

.... .cte ,ti ,ehs ,eh ,I .cte ,ti ,ehs ,eh ,I

nuonorP nuonorP

nuoNnuoNkoob ,demhAkoob ,demhA


.deid ehS !.deid ehS !salAsalA.. ! !

noitcejretnI noitcejretnI

.yadretsey su detisiv damhA.yadretsey su detisiv damhA dnadna ilA ilA

. .

noitcnujnoC noitcnujnoC

loohcs loohcs ot ot seog demhA seog demhA

enalpenalp yb yb delevart yehT delevart yehT

noitisoperP noitisoperP


.elppa.elppa nana si sihT si sihT..

.

.yadretsey thguob I koob.yadretsey thguob I koob ehteht si sihT si sihT..

.

.koob.koob aa si sihT si sihT..

.

::

eht ,na ,aeht ,na ,a

elcitrAelcitrA

a

na

eht

: :

( ( :):) ::

.rotcod ilA.rotcod ilA

:: rotcod arotcod a sisi ilA ilA

secnetneSsecnetneS

secnetneS elpmiSsecnetneS elpmiS

secnetneS dnuopmoCsecnetneS dnuopmoC

secnetneS xelpmoCsecnetneS xelpmoC

secnetneS elpmiS secnetneS elpmiS

:: ::

.yob a.yob a waswas I I )1)1.elcycib a gnidir.elcycib a gnidir sawsaw yob ehT yob ehT )2)2

: : .elcycib a gnidir yob a.elcycib a gnidir yob a waswas I I


: :

ro/ tub /dnaro/ tub /dna

: : ::dnadna.mih depleh sanA .krowemoh sih did demhA.mih depleh sanA .krowemoh sih did demhA

:: .mih depleh sanA.mih depleh sanA dnadna krowemoh sih did demhA krowemoh sih did demhA


: : : :tubtub.yppahnu si eH .hcir si delahK.yppahnu si eH .hcir si delahK

:: .yppahnu si eh.yppahnu si eh tubtub hcir si delahK hcir si delahK

: : : :roro.VT hctaw nac eW .llabtoof yalp nac eW.VT hctaw nac eW .llabtoof yalp nac eW

:: .VT hctaw nac ew.VT hctaw nac ew roro llabtoof yalp nac eW llabtoof yalp nac eW

secnetneS xelpmoCsecnetneS xelpmoC

: :

esualC niaMesualC niaM

esualC etanidrobuS esualC etanidrobuS : : esualC nuoNesualC nuoN esualC lavitcejdAesualC lavitcejdA esualC laibrevdAesualC laibrevdA

Clause & PhraseClause & Phrase

A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete meaning.has a complete meaning.

. . : :I saw the man I saw the man who was carrying a stick.who was carrying a stick.

A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but without a verb. sentence but without a verb.

. . : :

I saw the man I saw the man carrying a stick.carrying a stick.

EB ot breV EB ot breV

.brev gnipleh a dna lapicnirp a sa desu si tI.brev gnipleh a dna lapicnirp a sa desu si tI

: :

,yehT ,eWeraerewneebuoY

tI ,ehS ,eHsisawneeb

Imasawneeb

elpicitrap tsaP

tsaP

tneserP

tcejbuS

EB ot breV EB ot breV

..

..

selpmaxE:selpmaxE:.lipup a.lipup a mama I I .1.1.syob.syob eraera yehT yehT .2.2

Negative Sentences with the verb to BENegative Sentences with the verb to BE

We make negative statements with the verb to BE We make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word by using the word notnot after the verb to be.after the verb to be.

) ) ( ( . . (not)(not)

You You areare notnot tall.tall.You You areare tall.tall.

I I am notam not at home.at home.I I amam at home.at home.

NegativeNegative

AffirmativeAffirmative

Making Questions with the verb to BEMaking Questions with the verb to BE

YesYes or or NoNo questions and short answersquestions and short answers

)) ( ( )) ( ( : :

No, they were No, they were not.not.

Yes, they were.Yes, they were.at school?at school?the boysthe boysWereWere

No, I am not.No, I am not.Yes, I am.Yes, I am.a teacher?a teacher?youyouAreAre

No + Subject + No + Subject + Be + notBe + not

Yes + Subject Yes + Subject + Be+ Be

+ Complement+ Complement

+Subject +Subject

BeBe

NegativeNegative


Short AnswersShort Answers

YesYes or or NoNo questionsquestions

OD ot breV OD ot breV


: :

tI ,ehS ,eHseoddidenod

,ew ,uoy ,Ioddidenodyeht

elpicitrap tsaP

tsaP

tneserP

tcejbuS

.. ..

EVAH ot breV EVAH ot breV


::

tI ,ehS ,eHsahdahdah

,ew ,uoy ,Ievahdahdahyeht

elpicitrap tsaP

tsaP

tneserP

tcejbuS

.. ..

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb as a main verb

breakfast this breakfast this morning.morning.

havehavenotnotdiddidTheyThey

A new watch.A new watch.havehavenotnotdoesdoesHeHe

a car.a car.havehavenotnotdodoI I

+ + ComplementComplement

+ have+ have+ not+ not+ + do/does/diddo/does/did

SubjectSubject

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb main verb

No, he does notNo, he does notYes, he does.Yes, he does.a new watch?a new watch?havehaveheheDoesDoes

Breakfast this Breakfast this morning?morning?

a car?a car?

+ Complement+ Complement

No, they did not.No, they did not.Yes, they did.Yes, they did.havehavetheytheyDidDid

No, I do not.No, I do not.Yes, I do.Yes, I do.havehaveyouyouDoDo

No + Subject + No + Subject + do/does/diddo/does/did

+not+not

Yes + Subject + Yes + Subject + do/does/diddo/does/did

+have+have+Subject +Subject

Do/Does/DidDo/Does/Did

NegativeNegative



YesYes or or NoNo questionsquestions

Verb to HAVE as a helping verbVerb to HAVE as a helping verb

Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense.perfect tense.

..

: : They They havehave lived here for two years.lived here for two years. Adel Adel hashas just finished his work.just finished his work.

EVAH ot brev htiw secnetneS evitageN EVAH ot brev htiw secnetneS evitageNbrev gnipleh a sabrev gnipleh a sa

..

:: .emit gnol a rof ereh devil evah I.emit gnol a rof ereh devil evah I .emit gnol a rof ereh devil .emit gnol a rof ereh devil tonton evah I evah I

tonton

a sa EVAH ot brev htiw snoitseuQ gnikaM a sa EVAH ot brev htiw snoitseuQ gnikaM brev gnipleh brev gnipleh

srewsna trohs dna snoitseuqsrewsna trohs dna snoitseuq oNoN ro ro seYseY

::

. . ::

.emit gnol a rof ereh.emit gnol a rof ereh devil evahdevil evah yehT yehT ?emit gnol a rof ereh?emit gnol a rof ereh devildevil yeht yeht evaHevaH .ton.ton evahevah yeht ,oN . yeht ,oN .evahevah yeht ,seY yeht ,seY

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE Other Uses of Verb to HAVE

To express necessity in the present and past To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to, have to, has to, had to.had to.

. . : :I I have to leavehave to leave now.now.________________________________________________________________________________________________________ With some model auxiliaries.With some model auxiliaries.

. . : :You You had betterhad better see a doctor.see a doctor.________________________________________________________________________________________________________ To show that something is caused by another person.To show that something is caused by another person.

. . : :I I havehave my shoes my shoes cleanedcleaned every week.every week.

Nouns Nouns

NounsNouns are words we use to name:are words we use to name: : :

..

happiness, anger, boredom, joy, happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ..FeelingsFeelings freedom, honesty, truth, freedom, honesty, truth, ..IdeasIdeas school, street, city, house, school, street, city, house, ....PlacesPlaces book, table, sugar, fruit, book, table, sugar, fruit, ThingsThings

man, father, teacher, neighbor, man, father, teacher, neighbor, PeoplePeople

snuoN elbatnuocnU & elbatnuoC snuoN elbatnuocnU & elbatnuoC

eb taht sgniht era : eb taht sgniht era :snuoN elbatnuoCsnuoN elbatnuoC .no os dna ,eerht ,owt ,eno sa detnuoc.no os dna ,eerht ,owt ,eno sa detnuoc

: : ..

.detnuoc eb tonnac :.detnuoc eb tonnac :snuoN elbatnuocnUsnuoN elbatnuocnU

: : ..

snuoN elbatnuoC snuoN elbatnuoC

.smrof larulp dna ralugnis evah snuon esehT.smrof larulp dna ralugnis evah snuon esehT . .

..na/ana/a esu nac uoy snuon elbatnuoc ralugnis erofeB esu nac uoy snuon elbatnuoc ralugnis erofeB . .

enola snuon elbatnuoc ralugnis esu tonnac uoY enola snuon elbatnuoc ralugnis esu tonnac uoY :sa hcus sdrow tuohtiw :sa hcus sdrow tuohtiw

.cte ,sih ,ruoy ,ym ,eno ,na ,a.cte ,sih ,ruoy ,ym ,eno ,na ,a

..

)na/a()na/a(

Spelling Rules for Plurals Spelling Rules for Plurals

We form plurals of most nouns by adding We form plurals of most nouns by adding ssto the singular noun.to the singular noun.

. . ss

many horsesmany horsesone horseone horsetwo bookstwo booksone bookone book

PluralPluralSingularSingular

slarulP rof seluR gnillepS slarulP rof seluR gnillepS

seses ,x ,z ,hc ,hss ,x ,z ,hc ,hs

hctamhctamsehctamsehctam

subsubsesubsesub

xobxobsexobsexobhsidhsidsehsidsehsid

ralugniSralugniSlarulPlarulP


yticyticseiseiticticybabybabseiseibabbab


yy seiseiyy

ssyy ..

yekyekssyekyekyobyobssyobyobralugniSralugniSlarulPlarulP


otatopotatopseseotatopotatopotamototamotseseotamototamot

ralugniSralugniSlarulPlarulPseseoo

ssoo ..

oozoozssoozoozoidaroidarssoidaroidarralugniSralugniSlarulPlarulP


efinkefinksevsevinkinkflehsflehssevsevlehslehs


::

namecilopnamecilopnemecilopnemecilopmoorssalcmoorssalcsmoorssalcsmoorssalcralugniSralugniSlarulPlarulP

vvefef seseff

Spelling Rules for Plurals Spelling Rules for Plurals

::

feetfeetfootfoot

peoplepeoplepersonperson

childrenchildrenchildchild

womenwomenwomanwoman

menmenmanman

geesegeesegoosegoose

teethteethtoothtooth

micemicemousemouse

PluralPluralSingularSingular

snuoN elbatnuocnU snuoN elbatnuocnU

.detnuoc eb tonnac snuon elbatnuocnU.detnuoc eb tonnac snuon elbatnuocnU

::..doolb ,cisum ,dlog ,taem ,doof ,aet ,eeffoc ,tlasdoolb ,cisum ,dlog ,taem ,doof ,aet ,eeffoc ,tlas

s , ses , se

nanaaa


htolchtolccisumcisum elbramelbram

niarniarleetsleetsssargssarg

ecirecirdoowdoow erutinruferutinruf

klimklim repaprepapdaerbdaerb

swenswen ssalgssalgeseehceseehc

ragusragusdlogdlogdoolbdoolb

rettubrettubdoofdoof aetaet

noitamrofninoitamrofni eeffoceeffoc egdelwonkegdelwonk ruolfruolftlastlas taemtaem


. . ::

.aibarA iduaS ni knird lanoitidart a.aibarA iduaS ni knird lanoitidart a sisi eeffoC eeffoC .slarenim ynam .slarenim ynam sahsah kliM kliM

. .

.em rof hguone ton.em rof hguone ton eraera aet fo spuc owT aet fo spuc owT .enihcam siht etarepo ton.enihcam siht etarepo ton odod lio fo sretil eviF lio fo sretil eviF

Definite & Indefinite Articles Definite & Indefinite Articles

aa//ananare used as indefinite articles. are used as indefinite articles. . .

TheTheis used as definite articles. is used as definite articles. ..

We put We put aa before a noun starting with a constant sound.before a noun starting with a constant sound. ..

We put We put anan before a noun starting with a vowel sound.before a noun starting with a vowel sound. . .

aa

anan

nana & & aa selcitrA etinifednI selcitrA etinifednI

tnatsnoc a htiw gnitrats nuon a erofeb tnatsnoc a htiw gnitrats nuon a erofeb aa tup eW tup eW .dnuos.dnuos

..

lewov a htiw gnitrats nuon a erofeb lewov a htiw gnitrats nuon a erofeb nana tup eW tup eW .dnuos.dnuos

..

slewoVslewoV : :

uu -- o o i i e e a a

aa

nana

Indefinite Articles Indefinite Articles aa & & anan

We use We use a/ana/an : :

He washes his hands ten times aday. (means every day).

With numbers that With numbers that mean every.mean every.

Saleh is a doctorHe is an engineer. She is an English women.

. .

Before a job, a Before a job, a particular group of particular group of people or a nationality.people or a nationality.

a table an egg

. .

BeforeBefore a singular a singular countable noun.countable noun.

Indefinite Articles Indefinite Articles aa & & anan

We We DO NOTDO NOT use use a/ana/an : :

There are books on There are books on the table. the table. Milk is good for you.Milk is good for you.

. .

No article is used No article is used before plural or before plural or uncountable nouns.uncountable nouns.

Love, beauty, Love, beauty, hatred, wood, hatred, wood, silver, goldsilver, gold

..

No article is used with No article is used with abstract nouns and the abstract nouns and the names of metals. names of metals.

The Definite Article The Definite Article TheThe

TheThe is used before: is used before: : :

Can you play Can you play thethe duff?duff? . .The names of musical The names of musical instruments.instruments.

Umar answered Umar answered thethequestion.question.

. .

A noun which is the A noun which is the object of a sentence.object of a sentence.

The The Arabian Gulf Arabian Gulf TheThe Red SeaRed Sea

................ . .

Names of rivers, seas, Names of rivers, seas, oceans, etcoceans, etc..

TheThe river Nile river Nile TheThe KaKaabaaba

..

A noun that is the only A noun that is the only one of its kind. one of its kind.


TheThe is used before: is used before: : :

Listen to Listen to thethe radio/news.radio/news.Go to Go to thethe market/desert.market/desert.

. .With some general With some general expressions.expressions.

On On thethe first day of every first day of every month.month.

. .With dates.With dates.

at at thethe weekendweekendin in thethe eveningevening

. .

With some time With some time expressions.expressions.

TheThe United Kingdom United Kingdom TheThe U.S.A.U.S.A.

..Names of some Names of some countries. countries.


on Monday, in Juneon Monday, in Junein summer (sometimes in summer (sometimes in the summer).in the summer).before breakfast.before breakfast.

..

No article is used before No article is used before such words such as day such words such as day and month names.and month names.

I am going to school.I am going to school.I always go to bed early.I always go to bed early.

.... ....

No article is used before No article is used before such words as school, such words as school, home, bed, work, etc. home, bed, work, etc.

I do not like science. My I do not like science. My favorite subject is favorite subject is mathematics.mathematics.

. .

No article is used with the No article is used with the names of studies of names of studies of subjects. subjects.

I saw a man. I saw a man. TheThe man man was young.was young.

. .

Use article with the name Use article with the name that is repeated.that is repeated.

Pronouns Pronouns A pronoun replaces a noun . A pronoun replaces a noun .

ourselvesourselvesoursoursourourususWeWe

yourselfyourselfyoursyoursyouryouryouyouyouyou

himselfhimselfhishishishishimhimhehe

herselfherselfhershersherherherhersheshe

themthem

youyou

itit

meme

Object Object PronounsPronouns

theirtheir

youryour

itsits

mymy

PossessivePossessiveAdjectivesAdjectives

themselvesthemselvestheirstheirstheythey

yourselvesyourselvesyoursyoursyouyou

itselfitselfitsitsitit

myselfmyselfminemineII

ReflexiveReflexivePronounsPronouns

PossessivePossessivePronounsPronouns

Subject Subject Pronouns Pronouns

snuonorP snuonorP

ro ohw raelc si ti nehw nuon a fo daetsni snuonorp a esu eW ro ohw raelc si ti nehw nuon a fo daetsni snuonorp a esu eW . tuoba gniklat era ew tahw. tuoba gniklat era ew tahw

..

selpmaxE selpmaxE.stset sih lla sessap.stset sih lla sessap eHeH . .tneduts doog a si ilAtneduts doog a si ilA

Object Pronouns Object Pronouns

We use an object pronoun We use an object pronoun ..

After a preposition. After a preposition.

After After toto and and forfor with verbs like with verbs like make, give, send, lend, make, give, send, lend, pass, take, showpass, take, show. .

Do you live near them?Send the box directly to me.

The little boy made it for her.

Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are used: Reflexive pronouns are used: .. for emphasizefor emphasize

With some special expressions With some special expressions

Did you do the decorations yourself ?I did the painting myself.

Help yourself .Enjoy yourself.Behave yourself.I live by myself. (I live alone)

snuonorP evitaleR snuonorP evitaleR

.rehtegot secnetnes nioj ot desu era snuonorp evitaler ehT.rehtegot secnetnes nioj ot desu era snuonorp evitaler ehT

. . : :

. . --

. . ..

..

..

-- . .

ohwmohw

hcihw

esohw

taht


. . : :

.rotcod a si nam ehT .nam eht si ereH.rotcod a si nam ehT .nam eht si ereH : :

.rotcod a si.rotcod a si ohwohw nam eht si ereH nam eht si ereH

: : .rotcod a saw nam ehT .ereh emac nam ehT )1.rotcod a saw nam ehT .ereh emac nam ehT )1

rotcod a si ereh sawrotcod a si ereh saw ohwohw nam ehT nam ehT.ereh sevil eH .llew smiws dneirf yM )2.ereh sevil eH .llew smiws dneirf yM )2

.llew smiws ereh sevil.llew smiws ereh sevil ohwohw dneirf yM dneirf yM

ohw

[ ] ohW [ ] ohW

ohwnam ehT


: : . .

.mih detisiv I .ereh emac nam ehT.mih detisiv I .ereh emac nam ehT ))

: : ( ( .ereh emac detisiv I.ereh emac detisiv I mohwmohw nam ehT nam ehT

: : .mih diap I .em htiw gnikrow saw nam ehT )1.mih diap I .em htiw gnikrow saw nam ehT )1

.em htiw gnikrow saw diap I.em htiw gnikrow saw diap I mohwmohw nam ehT nam ehT.rewolf a reh evag uoY .lrig eht si sihT )2.rewolf a reh evag uoY .lrig eht si sihT )2

.rewolf a evag uoy.rewolf a evag uoy mohwmohw lrig eht si sihT lrig eht si sihT

mohw

[ ] mohW [ ] mohW

mohwmih


: : . .

.yadretsey ti tsol eH .koob sih dnuof eH.yadretsey ti tsol eH .koob sih dnuof eH

::( ( ))

.yadretsey tsol eh.yadretsey tsol eh hcihwhcihw koob sih dnuof eH koob sih dnuof eH

: : .ti ni evil I .esuoh eht si sihT )1.ti ni evil I .esuoh eht si sihT )1

.ni evil I.ni evil I hcihwhcihw esuoh eht si sihT esuoh eht si sihT.lufesu yrev si tI .paehc si koob sihT )2.lufesu yrev si tI .paehc si koob sihT )2

.paehc si lufesu yrev si.paehc si lufesu yrev si hcihwhcihw koob sihT koob sihT

hcihw

[ ] hcihW [ ] hcihW

hcihwkoob sihmih


. .

: :

.reh tem uoY .yob eht si sihT.reh tem uoY .yob eht si sihT.tem uoy.tem uoy )mohw( taht)mohw( taht yob eht si sihT yob eht si sihT

.sgnis tI .drib a evah I.sgnis tI .drib a evah I.sgnis.sgnis )hcihw( taht)hcihw( taht drib a evah I drib a evah I

taht [ ] tahT [ ] tahT


:: . .

.yob eht tih rac siH .nam eht si sihT.yob eht tih rac siH .nam eht si sihT.yob eht tih rac sih.yob eht tih rac sih esohwesohw nam eht si sihT nam eht si sihT

..

esohw

[] esohW [] esohW

racesohw rac

nam eht

Making Questions Making Questions

: : : : Helping VerbsHelping Verbs

am am is is are are was was were were have have has has had had will will would would shall shall should should can can could could may may might might must must ought toought to

:: They They areare doctors. doctors. AreAre they doctors?they doctors? She She cancan help us?help us? CanCan they help us?they help us? I I willwill go to the market?go to the market? WillWill you go to the market?you go to the market?

snoitseuQ gnikaM snoitseuQ gnikaM

:: ( ( : :

?sinnet?sinnet yalpyalp yeht yeht oDoD .sinnet .sinnet yalpyalp yehT yehT ?skoob?skoob etirwetirw uoy uoy oDoD .skoob.skoob etirwetirw I I

:: ( ( : :

?sinnet?sinnet yalpyalp demhA demhA seoDseoD .sinnet .sinnet syalpsyalp demhA demhA ?VT?VT hctawhctaw aduH aduH seoDseoD .VT.VT hctawhctaw aduH aduH

( ( ) )

( ( ) )

s

s

od

seod


:: ( ( : :

.thgin tsal VT.thgin tsal VT dehctawdehctaw yehT yehT ?thgin tsal VT?thgin tsal VT hctawhctaw yeht yeht diDdiD

.yadretsey llabtoof.yadretsey llabtoof deyalpdeyalp I I ?yadretsey llabtoof?yadretsey llabtoof yalpyalp uoy uoy diDdiD

: :

. .

( ( ) )

oNseY

did


?mohW?mohW

?ohW?ohW

?hcihW?hcihW

?tahW?tahW / /

?yhW?yhW

?nehW?nehW

?erehW?erehW

::

snoitseuQ hWsnoitseuQ hW


?raf woH?raf woH

?dlo woH?dlo woH

?gnol woH?gnol woH

?hcum woH?hcum woH

?ynam woH?ynam woH

?woH?woH

?esohW?esohW

).tnoC( snoitseuQ hW).tnoC( snoitseuQ hW

noitseuQ a gnikaM rof spetS noitseuQ a gnikaM rof spetS

: : ( (

cte..cte..yhW ,erehW ,nehWyhW ,erehW ,nehW ( ( ) ) ( (

. . : : ( ( * * * * * * ( (

..

. . ( (

brev gnipleh

ododssseodseodss

diddid


: : .taem tae ot gniog era yehT.taem tae ot gniog era yehT?tae ot gniog yeht era?tae ot gniog yeht era tahWtahW

* * . .

.loohcs ta sinnet deyalp yehT.loohcs ta sinnet deyalp yehT?sinnet yalp yeht did?sinnet yalp yeht did erehWerehW

. . * * . .

. .

taemera yeht

didloohcs tade


::

: : II uoyuoy uoyuoy IIewew uoyuoy ymym ruoyruoy

. .

::?wodniw eht ekorb?wodniw eht ekorb ohWohW .wodniw eht ekorb .wodniw eht ekorb demhAdemhA?stnedicca sebircsed?stnedicca sebircsed tahWtahW .stnedicca sebircsed.stnedicca sebircsed koob ehTkoob ehT

ohwtahw

How How

How How muchmuch

You paid You paid five poundsfive pounds for this coat.for this coat.How muchHow much did you pay for this coat?did you pay for this coat?

How How oldold

I am I am twenty years old.twenty years old.How oldHow old are you?are you?

How How manymany

Thirty boysThirty boys are in this class.are in this class.How many boysHow many boys are in this class?are in this class?

HowHow

He was He was very pleasedvery pleased to meet his friend.to meet his friend.HowHow was he to meet his friend?was he to meet his friend?

How How

How How talltall

Sami is Sami is meter and a half tall.meter and a half tall.How tallHow tall is Sami?is Sami?

How How highhigh

This fence is This fence is four meters high.four meters high.How highHow high is this fence?is this fence?

How How longlong

This rope isThis rope is two meters long.two meters long.How longHow long is this rope?is this rope?

How How farfar

It is It is 450 KM450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh.from Dammam to Riyadh.How farHow far is it from Dammam to Riyadh?is it from Dammam to Riyadh?

/emos/emos/yna/yna

..

. .

: :

: :

emos

.ereht saw ydobemoS )2 .skoob emos dah eW )1 .erehwemos si eH )3

yna

?emoh ta ydobyna sI )2 ?skoob yna evah uoy oD )1 ?erehwyna eh sI )3

.ydobyna ees ton did I )2 .skoob yna evah ton od eW )1 .erehwyna ton si eH )3

Making Negative Making Negative

: :

: : Helping VerbsHelping Verbs

am am is is are are was was were were have have has has had had will will would would shall shall should should can can could could may may

might might must must ought toought to

:: They They areare happy. happy. They They are notare not happy?happy? He He cancan help us?help us? He He can notcan not help us?help us?

notnot

Long forms & Short forms of Verb to beLong forms & Short forms of Verb to be

TheyTheyre notre notThey are notThey are notWeWere notre notWe are notWe are notYouYoure notre notYou are notYou are notItIts nots notIt is notIt is notSheShes nots notShe is notShe is notHeHes nots notHe is notHe is notIIm notm notI am notI am notShort FormsShort FormsLong FormsLong Forms

TheyTheyrereThey areThey areWeWerereWe areWe areYouYourereYou areYou areItItssIt isIt isSheShessShe isShe isHeHessHe isHe isIImmI amI amShort FormsShort FormsLong FormsLong Forms

(Affirmative) (Affirmative) (Negative) (Negative)

Making Negative Making Negative

evitageN gnikaM evitageN gnikaM

. . : :

..

:: : :

)ton()ton()did ,seod ,od()did ,seod ,od(

yreve yreveyreve ton ,onyreve ton ,on

lla llalla tonlla ton

...... ....... . sa sasasasa..sa..os tonos ton

semitemos semitemosrevenreven

... ...... ... ro.. ro..rehtierehtieron.ron.rehtienrehtien

........ dna dnahtobhtobron.ron.rehtienrehtien

emos emosyna ,onyna ,on

evitamriffA evitamriffA evitageN evitageN

.. ..

: :

emit ot emit morfemit ot emit morf

ylerarylerar revenreven

yllarenegyllareneg netfonetfo semitemossemitemos

yreveyreve syawlasyawla yllausuyllausu

esneT elpmiS tneserP .1

SESNET SESNET

TENSES TENSES

1.1. I I gogo to school to school everydayeveryday..2.2. They They usuallyusually sleepsleep at 11.00 p.m.at 11.00 p.m.3.3. We We oftenoften drinkdrink coffee in the morning.coffee in the morning.4.4. She She isis never late to school.never late to school.

: : ..1.1. Ali Ali drinksdrinks milk milk every morningevery morning..2.2. A cow A cow givesgives us milk.us milk.

1. Present Simple Tense

s

1. Present Simple Tense

..

. . : :

: :HA 5141 ni ,DA 8891 niHA 5141 ni ,DA 8891 ni

yadretseyyadretsey tsaltsal ogaoga

esneT elpmiS tsaP .2

de

esneT elpmiS tsaP SESNET SESNET

TENSES TENSES

I, He, She, it I, He, She, it waswasThey, We, YouThey, We, You werewere

1.1. I I watchedwatched television television lastlast night.night.2.2. They They visitedvisited their uncle their uncle yesterdayyesterday..3.3. We We wentwent to Makkah two months to Makkah two months oftenoften..

2. Past Simple Tense

SESNET SESNET

.. . .

..

. . ::

: :HA 5241 ni ,DA 0102 niHA 5241 ni ,DA 0102 ni

worromotworromot txentxen erutuf eht nierutuf eht ni

esneT elpmiS erutuF .3

lliw llahslliwI ewllahs

lliwllahs


SESNET SESNET

..worromot loohcs otworromot loohcs ot og og lliwlliw II .1.1.yadirF txen llab toof.yadirF txen llab toof yalp lliwyalp lliw yehT yehT .2.2..erutuf eht nierutuf eht ni ymra eht ymra eht nioj lliwnioj lliw eH eH .3.3

: : ot gniog era , si , maot gniog era , si , ma


SESNET SESNET

. . ::

gni + brev + ma Igni + brev + ma Igni + brev + si ti ,ehs ,eHgni + brev + si ti ,ehs ,eHgni + brev + era uoy ,ew ,yehTgni + brev + era uoy ,ew ,yehT

::

emit tneserp eht taemit tneserp eht ta netsilnetsil

wonwon tnemom eht tatnemom eht ta koolkool

esneT suounitnoC tneserP .4

gni + + era / si / ma

esneT suounitnoC tneserP .4 esneT suounitnoC tneserP .4

SESNET SESNET

..tnemom eht tatnemom eht ta yrots a yrots a gnidaer magnidaer ma II .1.1..wonwon noisivelet noisivelet gnihctaw eragnihctaw era yehT yehT .2.2.gnimoc si.gnimoc si sub eht sub eht !kooL!kooL .3.3


eveilebeveileb tsurttsurt dnatsrednudnatsrednu

raepparaeppa raefraef redisnocredisnoc tiftif

epohepoh raehraeh knihtkniht meesmees

hsiwhsiw etahetah ekilsidekilsid leefleef

ekilekil evolevol tnawtnaw referpreferp

:


SESNET SESNET

SESNET SESNET

.. : :

: :

: :

..

sasa

esuacebesuaceb

elihwelihw

nehwnehw


gni + + erew / saw

esneT suounitnoC tsaP . esneT suounitnoC tsaP .

SESNET SESNET

.moor ym.moor ym deretnederetne feiht afeiht a , , gnipeels sawgnipeels saw II elihW elihW

( ( ))

.. .. emacemac rehtaf ym , rehtaf ym , gnitae erewgnitae erew ew ew nehWnehW

( ( ) )

..

esneT suounitnoC tsaP .5 esneT suounitnoC tsaP .5

SESNET SESNET

: :

: :

.. gnipeels sawgnipeels saw II elihw elihw moor ym moor ym deretnederetne feiht A feiht A

.. gnitae erewgnitae erew ew ew nehwnehw emacemac rehtaf yM rehtaf yM


SESNET SESNET

: :

. .

. .

elihw

elihw


SESNET SESNET

. . ::

::


) gni + + eb + lliw (

llalla retfaretfa

.... ototmorfmorf

nini

tata ybyb

esneT suounitnoC erutuF .6 esneT suounitnoC erutuF .6

SESNET SESNET

..oriaC otoriaC ot gniylf eb lliwgniylf eb lliw I I ,worromot 03.7 ,worromot 03.7 yB yB .1.1.. kcolc'o 5 kcolc'o 5 tata uoy rof uoy rof gnitiaw eb lliwgnitiaw eb lliw yehT yehT .2.2

esneT suounitnoC erutuF .6 esneT suounitnoC erutuF .6

SESNET SESNET

..

::

::


II + evah / sah

teytey revereve reven reven

yltneceryltnecer ydaerlaydaerla

ecnisecnis rofrof tsujtsuj

esneT tcefreP tneserP .7 esneT tcefreP tneserP .7

TENSES TENSES

1.1. I I have livedhave lived in Riyadh in Riyadh forfor six years. six years. 2.2. I I havehave not not visitedvisited him him sincesince 1995.1995.3.3. Ahmed Ahmed hashas alreadyalready finishedfinished his homeworkhis homework..4.4. She She has writtenhas written three letters three letters justjust now.now.

7. Present Perfect Tense 7. Present Perfect Tense

TENSES TENSES

SinceSince means means from some definite point or period n the past up to nowfrom some definite point or period n the past up to now ..

ForFor means means a definite period of timea definite period of time ..

a centurya centuryhe camehe came

3 minutes3 minutesMondayMonday

an houran houryesterdayyesterday

many hoursmany hourslast nightlast night

3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 monthslast week/ last month/ last yearlast week/ last month/ last year

a yeara year19961996

a momenta moment2 o2 oclockclock

10 years10 yearslast centurylast century

ForFor sincesince

Since & ForSince & For

SESNET SESNET

. .

::

::


II + dah

sa noos sasa noos sa

hcihwhcihw

erofeberofeb

retfaretfa

esneT tcefreP tsaP .8 esneT tcefreP tsaP .8

SESNET SESNET

. .deyarpdeyarp I I erofeb erofeb dehsaw dahdehsaw dah I I .1.1..krow riehtkrow rieht dehsinif dahdehsinif dah yeht yeht retfaretfa emoh emoh tnewtnew yehT yehT .2.2..thguobthguob eh eh hcihwhcihw ekac eht ekac eht netae dahnetae dah demhA demhA .3.3.hakkaM ot.hakkaM ot evordevord yeht ,rac a yeht ,rac a thguob dahthguob dah yeht yeht sa noos sAsa noos sA .4.4

..

esneT tcefreP tsaP .8 esneT tcefreP tsaP .8

SESNET SESNET

. .

::

::


II + evah + lliw

ybyb tata

esneT tcefreP erutuF .9 esneT tcefreP erutuF .9

SESNET SESNET

ym ym dehsinif evah lliwdehsinif evah lliw I ,noonretfa siht 00.2 I ,noonretfa siht 00.2 yByB .1.1 .krow .krow

.srettel evif .srettel evif nettirw evah lliwnettirw evah lliw ehs ,thginot 00.01 ehs ,thginot 00.01 tAtA .2.2

esneT tcefreP erutuF .9 esneT tcefreP erutuF .9

SESNET SESNET

. .

::

::


II gni + + neeb + evah / sah

rofrof ecnisecnis

esneT suounitnoC tcefreP tneserP . esneT suounitnoC tcefreP tneserP .

SESNET SESNET

.sraey xis .sraey xis rofrof hsilgnE hsilgnE gniyduts neeb evahgniyduts neeb evah I I .1.1 .kcolc .kcolco 2o 2 ecnisecnis gnipeels neeb sahgnipeels neeb sah ehS ehS .2.2

esneT suounitnoC tcefreP tneserP . esneT suounitnoC tcefreP tneserP .

TENSES TENSES

: : : :

Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now one hundred cakes on the table. one hundred cakes on the table.

: :Present Perfect Continuous Tense She She has been makinghas been making cakes cakes forfor three hours. three hours. Present Perfect Tense She She has madehas made 100 100 cakescakes. .

. Present Perfect Continuous Tense . Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect

Imperatives Imperatives

ImperativesImperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences are verbs used at the beginning of sentences either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions,either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions,invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.

..

The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: walk, read, open,walk, read, open,.etc..etc.

. .


Give InstructionsGive Instructions Mix Mix the flour and the sugar. the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative (Affirmative )) Take Take two tablets every four hours. two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative (Affirmative ))

Make Invitations Make Invitations Come in; make Come in; make yourselves at home. yourselves at home. (Affirmative (Affirmative )) Please Please start; do not waitstart; do not wait for me. for me. (Negative (Negative ))

Tell someone what to do Tell someone what to do Open Open your book. your book. (Affirmative (Affirmative )) Do not forget Do not forget to post the letter. to post the letter. (Negative (Negative ))


Give WarningsGive Warnings Keep out. Keep out. Danger. Danger. (Affirmative (Affirmative ))

Make Signs & Notices Make Signs & Notices Push.Push. (Affirmative (Affirmative )) InsertInsert 2 X 50 SR. 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative (Affirmative )) Keep offKeep off the grass. the grass. (Affirmative (Affirmative ))

Make Requests Make Requests Please Please open open the door. the door. (Affirmative (Affirmative ))

Modals Modals

A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it caA modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can n have several meanings and time frames, depending on the have several meanings and time frames, depending on the context in which it is used.context in which it is used.

..

Form Form shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought tshall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to + o +

)) ( (

Modals have no infinitives or past participles.Modals have no infinitives or past participles. ..

Modals Modals

You You shouldshould stop smoking.stop smoking.Advice or opinionAdvice or opinion

He He will will visit us tomorrow.visit us tomorrow.The simple future tense.The simple future tense. willwill

I I willwill travel when I like.travel when I like.We We willwill do as you wish.do as you wish.

Determination or promiseDetermination or promise

You You shouldshould obey your teachers.obey your teachers.DutyDutyshouldshould

You You shallshall be punished if you come late.be punished if you come late.ThreatThreat

He does not want to obey me: but he He does not want to obey me: but he shallshall..

DeterminationDetermination

You You shallshall take a reward.take a reward.PromisePromiseshallshall

ExampleExample

Expresses:Expresses: : :

ModalsModals

Modals Modals

YouYou mustmust listen to your teachers.listen to your teachers.NecessityNecessity mustmust

Faisal could not come to our dinner party. Faisal could not come to our dinner party. He hadHe had to stay home to study.to stay home to study.

The past form of must :past necessityThe past form of must :past necessity had tohad to

Fahad Fahad couldcould drive his car a year ago.drive his car a year ago.Ali is not in class today. He Ali is not in class today. He couldcould be sick.be sick.Do not leave now. It Do not leave now. It couldcould rain now.rain now.

Past, present or future possibilityPast, present or future possibility / / / /couldcould

I I shall be ableshall be able to help you.to help you.Ability in the futureAbility in the future

shall be able, shall be able, will be ablewill be able

He He can can do it carefully.do it carefully.He He is able tois able to solve the problem.solve the problem.

AbilityAbility

can, am/is/are can, am/is/are able toable to

I hoped that I I hoped that I mightmight succeed.succeed.I thought that the weatherI thought that the weather mighmight changet change

PossibilityPossibilitymightmight

ExampleExample


ModalsModals

Modals Modals

You You ought to have ought to have studied.studied.(You did not. That was a mistake)(You did not. That was a mistake)

Actions that were advisable in the pastActions that were advisable in the past

ought to ought to havehave

You You ought toought to help the poor.help the poor.AdviceAdvice ought toought to

ExampleExample


ModalsModals

Modals Modals

MightMight I succeed?I succeed?I I might notmight notsucceed.succeed.

I I mightmight succeed.succeed.

MayMay I sleep?I sleep?I I may notmay not sleep.sleep.I I maymay sleep.sleep.

No, he No, he will notwill not..Yes, he Yes, he willwill..WillWill he leave?he leave?He He will notwill not leave.leave.He He willwill leave.leave.

No, they No, they should notshould not..Yes, they Yes, they shouldshould..ShouldShould they eat they eat now?now?

They They should notshould noteat now.eat now.

They They shouldshould eat eat now.now.

No, he No, he would notwould not..Yes, he Yes, he wouldwould..WouldWould he leave?he leave?He He would notwould notsucceed.succeed.

He He wouldwouldsucceed.succeed.

QuestionQuestion



NegativeNegative

NegativeNegative


Modals Modals

No, I No, I must notmust not..Yes, I Yes, I mustmust..MustMust you go now?you go now?You You must notmust not go go now.now.

You You mustmust go now.go now.

No, I No, I ought notought not..Yes, I Yes, I oughtought toto..OughtOught you you toto help help them?them?

You You ought not toought not tohelp them.help them.

You You ought toought to help help them.them.

No, he No, he couldcould notnot..Yes, he Yes, he couldcould..CouldCould he talk?he talk?He He couldcould notnottalk.talk.

He He couldcould talk.talk.

No, you No, you cancan notnot..Yes, you Yes, you cancan..CanCan I do it?I do it?I I can notcan not do it.do it.I I cancan do it.do it.

No, he No, he could notcould not..Yes, you Yes, you couldcould..CouldCould we have a we have a test tomorrow?test tomorrow?

We We could notcould nothave a test have a test tomorrow.tomorrow.

We We couldcould have a have a test tomorrow.test tomorrow.

QuestionQuestion



NegativeNegative

NegativeNegative


sevitcejdA gnirapmoCsevitcejdA gnirapmoC

: : . .

.demhA .demhA nahtnaht reredlo si ilAdlo si ilA .sruoy.sruoy nahtnaht reretsaf si raC yMtsaf si raC yM

.. nahtnaht rerefasfas eefasfas nahtnaht rerelpmislpmis eelpmislpmis

..

nahtnaht reireisaesae yysaesae nahtnaht reireivaehvaeh yyvaehvaeh


re

sevitcejdA trohS gnirapmoC .1 sevitcejdA trohS gnirapmoC .1

naht

re

iyy re

: : . .

. .

.niatnuom .niatnuom tsetsehgihhgih ehteht si tserevE si tserevE .hdayiR ni gnidliub.hdayiR ni gnidliub tsegtseggibgib ehteht si sihT si sihT

.. tsetsefasfas ehteht eefasfas

..

tseitseisaesae ehteht yysaesae


eht

tse

sevitcejdA trohS gnirapmoC .1 sevitcejdA trohS gnirapmoC .1

ee

iyy tse


: : . .

. .

. .

.hdayiR.hdayiR nahtnaht lufituaeb eromlufituaeb erom si haddeJ si haddeJ .hsilgnE.hsilgnE nahtnaht tluciffid eromtluciffid erom si hcnerF si hcnerF

tsere

suoregnadsuoregnad tcerroctcerroc

tnatropmItnatropmI tneulFtneulF

lufituaeblufituaeb tluciffidtluciffid

sevitcejdA gnoL gnirapmoC .2 sevitcejdA gnoL gnirapmoC .2

erom naht


: : . .

.ssalc reh ni lrig.ssalc reh ni lrig lufituaeb tsomlufituaeb tsom ehteht si lamA si lamA ..koob siht ni tcejbuskoob siht ni tcejbus tnatropmi tsomtnatropmi tsom ehteht si sihT si sihT

sevitcejdA gnoL gnirapmoC .2 sevitcejdA gnoL gnirapmoC .2

tsom eht


: :

Adel is Adel is betterbetter thanthan his brother at school.his brother at school. This girl is This girl is thethe worstworst one in her class.one in her class.

2. Comparing Long Adjectives 2. Comparing Long Adjectives

fartherfarther thanthan

lessless thanthan

moremore thanthan

worseworse thanthan

betterbetter thanthan

the the bestbestgoodgood

the the mostmostmanymanymuchmuch

)) (( )) ((

the the leastleastlittlelittle )) ((

the the worstworstbadbad

the the farthestfarthestfarfar

Comparing AdjectivesComparing Adjectives

( ( ) ) sa.. sa..sasa sa. sa.sa tonsa ton

.. .rehtorb sih sa llat sa si ilA .gab ym sa gib sa si gab sihT

...rehtorb sih sa llat sa ton si ilA .gab ym sa gib sa ton si gab sihT

() sa..sa() sa..sa

sa..sa ton sa..sa ton

AdverbsAdverbs ]][[

AnAn Adverb Adverb always modifies a verb.always modifies a verb.

Most adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives.Most adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives.

..

slowslow slowlyslowly nicenice nicelynicelyhappyhappy happilyhappily carefulcareful carefullycarefully

ly

ly

[[]] sbrevdAsbrevdA

:sbrevda fo sdnik ynam era erehT:

.enod saw noitca na woh sserpxe :rennam fo sbrevdA .. :

.ylluferac wodniw eht desolc I .ylevarb thguof reidlos ehT

.enod saw ro si noitca na nehw emit eht sserpxe :emit fo sbrevdA .2. :

.worromot oriaC rof evael ot gniog mI ?txen neppah ot gniog stahW

[[]] sbrevdAsbrevdA

.enod si noitca na nehw sserpxe :ecalp fo sbrevdA .3. :

.ereh dnats llahs I .nep tsol ym rof erehwyreve dekool evI

.emit ot refer meht fo tsoM .sbrevda ro sevitcejda htob eb nac ni dne taht sdrow emoS .

: .

.yliad dehsilbup si repapswen yliad A .niart ylrae na hctac ot ylrae pu teg eW

ylyl

ylraeyylraey

ylhtnomylhtnom

ylkeewylkeew

yliadyliad

[[]] sbrevdAsbrevdA

.gnihtemos od ew netfo woh llet : ycneuqerf fo sbrevdA .4 . :

:

: :EB ot breV.emit no syawla si ilA : :sbreV rehtO.koob a sdaer semitemos ilA

modlesmodles yleraRyleraR

yllausuyllausu semitemossemitemos

reveNreveN yllanoisaccOyllanoisaccO

syawlasyawla netfonetfo

Adverbial Clause of TimeAdverbial Clause of Time

Conjunctions: when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with the main sentence.

.

: I found a watch. I was walking in the street. I found a watch while I was walking in the street.

ecalP fo esualC laibrevdAecalP fo esualC laibrevdA

:snoitcnujnoCreverehw ,erehw

htiw ecalp fo esualc laibrevda eht knil )snoitcnujnoc( sdrow esehT .ecnetnes niam eht

.

: .mih swollof rehtorb sih seog eh reverehW

esuaC fo esualC laibrevdAesuaC fo esualC laibrevdA

:snoitcnujnoCsa ,ecnis ,esuaceb

htiw esuac fo esualc laibrevda eht knil )snoitcnujnoc( sdrow esehT .ecnetnes niam eht

.

: .gniniar saw ti esuaceb yadretsey emoh ta deyats I

rennaM fo esualC laibrevdArennaM fo esualC laibrevdA

:snoitcnujnoC

hguorht sa ,fi sa ,sA

eht htiw rennam fo esualc laibrevda eht knil )snoitcnujnoc( sdrow esehT .ecnetnes niam

. .

: .gnik a erew eh fi sa skaeps eH

. .niar dluow ti fi sa skool tI

.

fi sa

dluow lliw

erew saw

Adverbial Clause of PurposeAdverbial Clause of Purpose

Conjunctions:

that, so that, in order thatThese words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence.

.

a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future. )+ ( .

: He works hard. He wishes to succeed. He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.

b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past. )+ ( .

: He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.

tluseR fo esualC laibrevdAtluseR fo esualC laibrevdA

:esu eW

.tluser fo esualc laibrevda eht htiw ecnetnes niam eht knil ot

.

: .klaw ton nac eh taht kaew os si nam ehT .skram eh tog eh taht srewsna doog hcus etorw eH

taht +nuon + hcus taht + brevda + os

tsartnoC fo esualC laibrevdAtsartnoC fo esualC laibrevdA

:snoitcnujnoChguohtla ,hguoht

tsartnoc fo esualc laibrevda eht knil )snoitcnujnoc( sdrow esehT .ecnetnes niam eht htiw

.

: .yppah si eH .roop si eH .yppah si eh ,roop si eh )hguoht( hguohtlA

tsartnoC fo esualC laibrevdAtsartnoC fo esualC laibrevdA

:snoitcnujnoCsaos ,sa.sa

tsartnoc fo esualc laibrevda eht knil )snoitcnujnoc( sdrow esehT .ecnetnes niam eht htiw

.

: .rehtaf sih sa revelc sa si leebaN .rehtorb sih sa gnorts os ton si imaS

Adverbial Clause of ConditionAdverbial Clause of Condition

Conjunctions: if, unless

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the main sentence.

.

: If we are ill, we go to bed. If we work hard, we will succeed. If we worked hard, we would succeed. If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself. Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.

[ []] sa.. sa..sasa sa. sa.sa tonsa ton

..

.rehtorb sih sa ylsuoregnad sa sevird demhA

..

.rehtorb sih sa ylsuoregnad sa evird ton seod damaH

[] sa..sa [] sa..sa

sa..sa ton sa..sa ton

evissaP & evitcAevissaP & evitcA

. .

.. ::

stnemetatS stnemetatS snoitseuQ snoitseuQ dnammoCdnammoC


.yadretsey wodniw eht ekorb demhA.yadretsey wodniw eht ekorb demhA

. .____________________________________________________________________________________________________________.yadretsey nekorb saw wodniw ehT.yadretsey nekorb saw wodniw ehT.yadretsey )demhA yb( nekorb saw wodniw ehT.yadretsey )demhA yb( nekorb saw wodniw ehT

..

yb

evitcAdemhA

evissaPdemhA

stnemetatS .A stnemetatS .A


:

( . ) . . . . . . . . .

yb

evitcA

eb ot

evissaP


Active & PassiveActive & Passive

:

The lesson was written (by Huda).The lesson was written (by Huda).Huda wrote the lesson.Huda wrote the lesson.

A car A car will bewill be bought (by Saleh).bought (by Saleh).Saleh will buy a car.Saleh will buy a car.

Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).Khaled is helping Ahmed.Khaled is helping Ahmed.

The apple has been eaten (by her).The apple has been eaten (by her).She has eaten the apple.She has eaten the apple.

Letters are written (by Ali).Letters are written (by Ali).Ali writes letters.Ali writes letters.

PassivePassive ActiveActive

A. Statements A. Statements


:


gnieb erew ,gnieb saw

gnieb era ,gnieb si ,gnieb ma

eb lliw ,eb llahs

neeb evah ,neeb sah

neeb dah

thguo ,eb tsum ,eb thgim ,eb yam ,eb dluoc ,eb nac eb ot

erew ,saw

era ,si ,ma

eb ot


:

( . ) . . . . . . . . .

yb

evitcA

eb ot

evissaP

snoitseuQ .B snoitseuQ .B


:

Was the cake eaten (by him)?Was the cake eaten (by him)?Did he eat the cake?.Did he eat the cake?.

Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?Will Ali buy a new car?Will Ali buy a new car?

Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).Why is he using a pen?Why is he using a pen?

By whom the window was broken?By whom the window was broken?Who broke the window?Who broke the window?

Are Letters written (by Ali)?Are Letters written (by Ali)?Does Ahmed write letters?Does Ahmed write letters?


B. Questions B. Questions


:

. . ( . ) . . . . .

eb

evitcA

eb ot

evissaP

dnammoC .C dnammoC .C

tel


:

Let the door be opened.Let the door be opened.Open the door.Open the door.

Let this letter be sent to your friend.Let this letter be sent to your friend.Send this letter to your friend.Send this letter to your friend.

Let the lesson be written.Let the lesson be written.Write the lesson.Write the lesson.


C. Command C. Command


.

Those novels were written by Dickens, Those novels were written by Dickens, werenwerent they?t they?

Dickens wrote those novels, didnDickens wrote those novels, didnt he?t he?

That play wasnThat play wasnt written by Dickens, was it?t written by Dickens, was it?Dickens didnDickens didnt write that play, did he?t write that play, did he?

Letters are not written (by Ali).Letters are not written (by Ali).Ali Ali does notdoes not write letterswrite letters


sbreV evitisnartnI & evitisnarTsbreV evitisnartnI & evitisnarT

( ) sbreV evitisnartnI: : .

.sesir nus ehT

( ) sbreV evitisnartnI: .

.dnah sih desiar ilA

*.

: . *: . rewolf a aduH evag demhA

.)demhA yb( rewolf a nevig saw aduH )a )demhA yb( aduH ot nevig saw rewolf A )b

.

aduHot

snoitisoperPsnoitisoperP

. .

. .

.tcejbo eht dna tcejbus eht neewteb noitaler eht swohs noitisoperp A.ecalp fo snoitisoperp dna emit fo snoitisoperp osla era erehT

. .

Use of PrepositionsUse of Prepositions

The tea is The tea is onon the table.the table.To mean aboveTo mean above

I will travel I will travel onon National Day.National Day.Special daysSpecial days

My birthday is My birthday is onon June 10.June 10.Afternoon, evening, dateAfternoon, evening, date

OnOn Friday morningFriday morningDay + morning, nightDay + morning, night + +

OnOn MondayMondayDayDay onon

Example Example Use Use PrepositionsPrepositions


I go home I go home inin the eveningthe eveningThe evening The evening

He is He is inin the mosque.the mosque.To mean aboveTo mean above

I go to work I go to work inin the morning.the morning.The morningThe morning

The test is The test is inin May.May.MonthMonth

I was born I was born inin 1968.1968.Year Year

The trees grow The trees grow inin spring.spring.SeasonSeason inin



We sleep We sleep atat night.night.NightNight

We pray We pray atat noon everyday.noon everyday.Noon Noon

He is He is atat the grocerthe grocers.s.To mean placeTo mean place

We will travel We will travel atat the weekend.the weekend.The weekendThe weekend

I will talk to my father I will talk to my father atat lunch.lunch.Meal timesMeal times

I will meat you I will meat you atat the school festival.the school festival.FestivalFestival

I will come back I will come back atat 2 o2 oclock.clock.TimeTime atat



The teacher is The teacher is in front ofin front of the class.the class. in front ofin front of

The cat is The cat is underunder the table.the table. underunder

Ahmed is Ahmed is atat work.work.at workat work

I go I go toto school everyday.school everyday.direction/place direction/place // toto

They are standing They are standing atat the dinner tablethe dinner tableat the tableat the table

He lives He lives atat number 5, King Fahad Street.number 5, King Fahad Street.at an exact placeat an exact place atat


Prepositions of PlacePrepositions of Place


You were You were inin the club last night.the club last night.In a building or areaIn a building or area

The baby is The baby is inin bed.bed.in bedin bed

I live I live inin Saudi Arabia.Saudi Arabia.In a countryIn a country

Ali is sitting Ali is sitting inin his chair.his chair.In a chair In a chair

I live I live inin AlAl--Madina.Madina.In a town./streetIn a town./street //

Put this book Put this book inin the box.the box.To mean insideTo mean inside inin




Ali watches football Ali watches football onon TV every Saturday.TV every Saturday.TVTV onon

Samah is sitting Samah is sitting betweenbetween Fatma and Fatma and Salwa.Salwa.

betweenbetween

The wall is The wall is behindbehind the class.the class. bbehindehind

I am I am fromfrom Riyadh.Riyadh. fromfrom

He arrives He arrives onon time.time.TimeTime

I write I write withwith a pen.a pen. withwith




The electrician is putting his hand The electrician is putting his hand intointo the TV.the TV.intointo

The bank is The bank is oppositeopposite to the post office.to the post office.oppositeopposite

The house is The house is betweenbetween the school and the mosque.the school and the mosque.betweenbetween

Ahmed is sitting Ahmed is sitting nearnear the window.the window.nearnear

The knife is The knife is onon the table.the table.onon

The water is spilling The water is spilling ontoonto the floor.the floor.ontoonto

Someone is Someone is atat the door.the door.atat

The medicine is The medicine is inin the bottle.the bottle.inin

Example Example PrepositionsPrepositions

More ExamplesMore Examples


The teacher is sitting The teacher is sitting amongamong the students.the students.amongamong

The ball is going The ball is going throughthrough the window.the window.throughthrough

The fire is The fire is underunder ((belowbelow) the stairs.) the stairs.under/belowunder/below

The light is The light is overover ((aboveabove) the table.) the table.over/aboveover/above

The child is falling The child is falling out ofout of the window.the window.out ofout of The carpenter cut The carpenter cut acrossacross the wood.the wood.acrossacross

The man is falling The man is falling offoff the chair.the chair.offoff




The electrician is putting his hand The electrician is putting his hand intointo the TV.the TV.intointo

The bank is The bank is oppositeopposite to the post office.to the post office.oppositeopposite

The house is The house is betweenbetween the school and the mosque.the school and the mosque.betweenbetween

Ahmed is sitting Ahmed is sitting nearnear the window.the window.nearnear

The knife is The knife is onon the table.the table.onon

The water is spilling The water is spilling ontoonto the floor.the floor.ontoonto

Someone is Someone is atat the door.the door.atat

The medicine is The medicine is inin the bottle.the bottle.inin




The bank is The bank is next tonext to the bakerthe bakers.s.next tonext to

The man is walking The man is walking alongalong the street.the street.alongalong

The garage is The garage is at the side ofat the side of the house.the house.at the side ofat the side of

The sweets are The sweets are on top ofon top of the table.the table.on top ofon top of

The child is sitting The child is sitting in front ofin front of the TV.the TV.in front ofin front of The headmaster is sitting The headmaster is sitting behindbehind the pupils.the pupils.behindbehind

The car is going The car is going roundround the tree.the tree.roundround



sgaTsgaT--noitseuQnoitseuQ

. .

. .

. .

* * ..

* * . .

: ?ereht tnsi ,ereh raen tekramrepus a serehT *

.si ereht , seY . ( ) *

. . *

: ?uoy tnod ,setatS detinU eht morf emoc uoY *

.od I ,seY. *

od

seYton

seY rewsna eht tcepxe ew taht snoitseuQ

seY rewsna eht tcepxe ew taht snoitseuQ


?uoy od ,aibarA iduaS morf emoc tnod uoY )1.tnod I ,oN

?ti seod ,rac eb emit gnol ekat tnseod tI )2.tnseod ti ,oN

. *

?uoy did ,raey tsal levart tndid uoY ).tndid I ,oN

. *

did

seod/od

oN rewsna eht tcepxe ew taht snoitseuQ

oN rewsna eht tcepxe ew taht snoitseuQ


fifi lanoitidnoC lanoitidnoC

. . (( )) .emoh ta .emoh ta yats lliwyats lliw I ,worromot I ,worromot sniarsniar ti fI ti fI

: : .taf.taf emoceb lliwemoceb lliw uoy ,hcum oot uoy ,hcum oot taetae uoy fI uoy fI

)+ lliw tneserp + fi


)2+ dluow tsap + fi

. .

.hsilgnE tnereffid .hsilgnE tnereffid esu dluowesu dluow eh ,yadot eh ,yadot devildevil eraepsekahS fI eraepsekahS fI . .

. . :: + ( + ( ))

. .

: : .rac wen a .rac wen a yub dluowyub dluow I ,uoy I ,uoy erewerew I fI I fI

+ dluow +tcejbus tsap + tcejbus + fi

dluow

sawereweb

Conditional Conditional ifif

If he If he had livedhad lived in Taif, he in Taif, he would have been would have been happyhappy..

If he If he had visitedhad visited Makkah, he Makkah, he would have seenwould have seen the Kathe Kaaba.aba.

if + had + would have +3)


..

(( )) .maets semoceb ti ,retaw .maets semoceb ti ,retaw liobliob uoy fI uoy fI

. .

)4 tneserp tneserp + fi

) snoitcurtsni tneserp + fi.duol oot.duol oot sisi ti fi ti fi ffo oidar eht nruTffo oidar eht nruT rO . rO .ffo ti nrutffo ti nrut ,duol oot ,duol oot sisi oidar eht fI oidar eht fI

.71 rednu.71 rednu eraera uoy fi uoy fi rac a evird trac a evird tnoDnoD rO rO .rac a evird t.rac a evird tnodnod ,71 rednu ,71 rednu eraera uoy fI uoy fI

semoceb

hceepS detropeRhceepS detropeR

.. hceepS tceridnIhceepS tceridnI

..hceepS tceridnI dna tcerid fo sdnik ruof era erehThceepS tceridnI dna tcerid fo sdnik ruof era erehT: :

tnemetatS )1 tnemetatS )1 noitseuQ )2 noitseuQ )2 dnammoC )3 dnammoC )3 noitamalcxE )4 noitamalcxE )4

hceepS detropeRhceepS detropeR

::

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