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Πανεπιστήμιο Κρήτης Σχολή Κοινωνικών Επιστημών, Τμήμα Κοινωνιολογίας Πρόγραμμα Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών Τα «Οικονομικά των Συμβάσεων» και η Οικονομική Κοινωνιολογία: Συγκλίσεις και αποκλίσεις. Βασίλειος Βάγγας, Α.Μ.:59

Τα «Οικονομικά των Συμβάσεων» και η Οικονομική Κοινωνιολογία: Συγκλίσεις και αποκλίσεις

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2013 : . , . , . . , , , . , , . ( , 1980 ) , ( ). , , . , , , . , , , . , . , , . , , (denaturalization) , .

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AbstractThe current postgraduate study is titled The Economics of Conventions and Economic Sociology: Convergences and divergences and it includes three parts. In the first part the French approach of Economics of Conventions is presented, the second part consists a presentation of New Economic Sociology and in the third part the certain two approaches to economic life are co examined.Economics of Conventions are an approach that examines economic action mainly in relation to the concept of conventions. The certain school of thought acknowledges that the modern economic environment is characterized by pervasive and widespread uncertainty. It sees the economic activity as a synthesis of the individual actions, of the participants in a coordination, and it argues that no individual action can be undertaken if it doesnt refer to a common framework, shared by all the members of the coordination, with it being prior to the action itself. The conventions are the outcome of the participants interpretative effort to identify the situation that they face in common, they stand as the product of the members agreement and consist the common framework mentioned earlier. The formation of New Economic Sociology is a response to the effort of Economics to include, in their research field, more spheres of human activity, besides the strictly economic one (economic imperialism). To this effort by Economics, New Economic Sociology responses by applying its sociological perspective to economic phenomena and by making clear the shortcomings and the partiality of mainstream economic examination of these phenomena. New Economic Sociology aims to consolidate the inevitable interrelation between the economic and the social element and to contest the perspective of Economics, which does not take in to account the interactive character of the relationship that binds these two elements and presents the economic element as disconnected and independent from its social frame of composition and development.After presenting the main arguments of Economics of Conventions on the one hand and of New Economic Sociology on the other, we will proceed to their co evaluation. First we will co examine the two approaches from a methodological point of view. Afterwards we will see how they understand the issues of rationality, coordination and values. Finally we will describe the possibility of forming a common aim shared by the two perspectives. We are referring to the aim of the denaturalization of the economic world, which is grounded in a critical examination of traditional Economics presuppositions.

KeywordsEconomics of Conventions, Economic Sociology, conventions, embeddedness, coordination.

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2013 , , , (Economics of Conventions). , . , , , , . , , , . , , . , . . . , . , . , , , . , . , , (plurality) (coordination) ( ) , . . , . , , (situation), . , . , , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , , . , . , , / (qualification) , . , , . , , . , , , , . . , . , , . , (The Inspired World), (The Domestic World), (The World of Fame), (The Civic World), (The Market World), (The Industrial World), , . , , , , . , . , . , , . ( ) , , . , ( , 1980 ). , . . , , ( ). , , . , . - . , , , (socially situated) . , , , , , . , . , , , (embeddedness) . , , . . , , , , , . , , , , .. , , . , , , , , . , , . , , . ( ) , , . , , , (Wagner 1994). , , , , , . , , , ( ) , . , (), () (), , . , , , , . , (Eymard-Duvernay et al. 2003). 2003, : (Conventions et institutions : approfondissements thoriques et contributions au dbat politique) , . , , , (Swedberg 2003)., . , , , . , (denaturalization) . , , , . , , , . . , , , . , , . , . , 2003, . : : .

, (Economics of Conventions). , . , , , (plurality) (coordination) ( ) , . (Convention School) , (, , , ). (Luc Boltanski) (Laurent Thevenot), (On Justification) ., , (, , Salais 2001: 2-4).1. , , , , , - . (forms of generality), [footnoteRef:1]. [1: , , , , .]

2. . , , , (framework), (-). , . , ( , ) , .

3. , . , , , , , . , . , , .

4. , , ( ) . . , , , . , (reasonable), (rational). 1. . , , . , , (situation), . (critical moments) (critical situations). , , (critical activity) . , , , , . , , , , . , , . (reflexivity). , , (disturbance) . , , , . , , , . , , (disputes) , (identification) , ( ; ; ;). , , , (justified). , , . . (Boltanski Thvenot, 2000). , (dispute) . , , (criticisms) (justifications), , , ( , ...). , , . (Thvenot) (Boltanski), , . (selective process), (relevant), , . , (principle of equivalence) . , . : , . . , . , , , , . , (Boltanski Thvenot 1999:361). , , . , . , . , , . , , (form of generality) , . (convention of equivalence), . , . , . , , , . , , , . , . .. , ( , ). , , , . , (evaluation) / (qualification), , (worth) . , , ..., . , . , , , . , , . , (order) , . , , (orders of worth). , , . , (scene) , , . , , (conventional equivalence), (judgments) . , , , (natural order) (Boltanski Thvenot 1999:363).

2. (orders of worth). , , . , , , . , , . , (legitimate), , , . : 1) (common humanity), (identification) .2) (differentiation), (states) .3) (common dignity), .4) (order) / (qualifies) ().5) (sacrifice or investment formula), (higher state of worth) . 6) (common good), (welfare) (state of worth) , , (Thvenot 2002:11). , , . , , . , , , . . , , , . , , , . (sacrifice). , , , . , , , , (privileged) , . , , ( , ). (2006), (On Justification). , . , , . , , , . , , . , . , / . , , - . , , . (conventions) ( /) , . ( , ), (), , . . , . , , 4

1

(Inspired) (Domestic) (Civic) (Opinion) (Market) (Industrial)

, , (Renown) (Price) , () , (reputation) , , : , (Semiotic) (Monetary) , (Passion) (Elementary relation) (Exchange) (Functional link) / , / , , (Authority) (Human qualification) (expertise)

: (Boltanski Thvenot 1999:368).

. , . , . , , , , , , . , . , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , . (objects), , , , , .. , . (reality tests) (trials), (judgments) . , , . , , , . , , , (matched) - . , (how to) , . , -. , , . (- ) , , (worlds) , . , (beings), , . , . , , , . , , , , . (The Inspired World) (St Augustine), (City of God) ( 413-426) (grace). (state) . , . , , , . : , , , . (guide) , (La crativit en pratique) ( 1974). Bernard Demory, , . , , (terms) , , (qualities) . .. (spirits), , , . , , , . , , . (, , Boltanski Thvenot 2006: 159-164). (The Domestic World) - (Jacques-Bnigne Bossuet), (La politique tire des propres paroles de l criture sainte) ( 1709), . , , . , , , . / (authority) ( ). , , . , . ( ) Pierre Camusat, K (Savoir vivre et promotion) ( 1966). , (human relations). , , . , , , . , , (recommend) , , , . (, , Boltanski Thvenot 2006: 164-178). (The World of Fame) - (Thomas Hobbes), (Leviathan) ( 1651) (honor). , , . , , () (conventional signs) , . Christian Schneider, , (Principes et techniques des relations publiques) ( 1970). , (stars), , . , , . , , (influence), , , . , , (trademarks), , , , . (, , Boltanski Thvenot 2006: 178-185). (The Civic World) (Jean Jacques Rousseau), (Contrat social) ( 1762), . (civic peace) (sovereign), . , . , , , , . , , (Confdration franaise dmocratique du travail): (Pour lire ou designer les dlgues) 1983 (La section syndicale) 1977. , , , . , , , . .. , , , , . (, , Boltanski Thvenot 2006: 185-193). (The Market World) 1776 (Adam Smith), (Wealth of Nations) , . , (market link), (scarcity), . , , (), . , (calm desire for wealth), (order). Mark H. McCormack, 1984 (What they dont teach you at Harvard Business School). , . , , , . , , . (, , Boltanski Thvenot 2006: 193-203). (The Industrial World) , (Claude Henri de Saint Simon) (1760-1825) . , , . , (investment) . , (Productivit et conditions de travail) Maurice Pierrot 1980. , , (experts). , , , . , , , , , , ... , , , , . (, , Boltanski Thvenot 2006: 203-211).

3. . , . , , , . , . , . , , . , , ( , / ) (universal) , . , , . , ( , , , , ...). , , , , . , , , . (Thvenot, 2002). , , . , , . , , . , ( ) . , , . , [footnoteRef:2] (reality test), ( , ), . , , . , , , . (ambiguous situations), , ( , ), , . [2: . . , .]

, , , (, , Boltanski Thvenot 1999: 373-374). () (, ). , , . , , .. , , . , , . , . , , . , , . , ( ) (), . .. , , , ( ) , ( ).

, , , , . , (-, - ). , , . , , ( ), ( ). , , (grammar) , , , , .

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1. . , , . , , - . , (G.S. Becker, J. Hirshleifer, E. Lazear ), 1960 1980, , , . , , , , , . , , homo economicus ( ) (, , 2002: 80 2010: 166-167). (Alberto Martinelli). , . , , . , , [footnoteRef:3] , . , , , (purposive action) (individualism) , , (stable preferences) (market equilibrium) (, , Martinelli 2004: 85-87). , . [3: , , .]

(Joseph Schumpeter) (Ludwig von Mises), , ( ). , (concept of social action), (expressive), . , , .

, -, . , , o , , , , (disutilities), . , . , , , , ( ), (.. ) . , , ( ), ., , , . , , , (marginal utility) . , [] . , . - (goal-directed) (spontaneous order) (Martinelli 2004: 87). , , , , (" : ") ( ) . , . , , , , . , , , , ( ) (, , Beckert 1996: 803).

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Marx-Weber-Durkheim- Schumpeter-Polanyi-Parsons/Smelser. . Smith-Ricardo-Mill-Marshall-Keynes-Samuelson. .

(Smelser Swedberg 1994: 4).

, , , . , , , .., , , , .

2. - (Mark Granovetter) (Richard Swedberg) , - , : , (socially situated) (, , Granovetter Swedberg 1992: 6). , . , . , , , , . , , ( ) . , , () . , , . ( ) , , , (, , Granovetter Swedberg 1992: 8). . A , , . , , , . ( ), . , , , . , , , (, 2010). , , , . , , . , (Berger and Luckmann) (1966) ( ), , , - , , , . , , , . , . , , . , , : , / (path-dependent development). , , . ( 2002: 84-85). (2006 [1985]) (embeddedness) , (), ( ) , , , , . , , , , . , , , . , -, - . , (-) (-) . , , , , , (, , homo economicus). , , (, , , , ) , , . , . , ( ), ( ). , , , . , . , - , - , . , , : Granovetter , , , . , , , . , , . . , , . , , , , , ( 2010: 174-175)

3. ., , (Smelser Swedberg, 2005). , , . , , , . , (Structural Sociology), (Organization Theory), (Cultural Sociology), - , , (Pierre Bourdieu). , , (positions) (, , Smelser Swedberg 2005: 15). (resource dependency), (population ecology) (new institutionalism). , (symbols) (meaning structures) , , (Vivianna Zelizer, Paul DiMaggio). - , , , . , , (James Coleman), (Interest Theory), . , , . , , , , . (), ( , , , ) . , , (, , Smelser Swedberg 2005: 18). , , , . (.. , , , ) , , , , (, , 2002: 86). , , , , , (gender) , , . , , (, , 2002: 86).

, , . , . , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , . , . , , : , . , , , , . , , . , , , . , .

: : .

, . , , (Peter Wagner), . , , , , . , (), () (). , , , , , . , (Richard Swedberg) , , , . , . (Andr Orlan), , , (denaturalization) . , (Sren Jagd). , , , .

1. , . , , (Wagner 1994), , . O , . , , , (atomism) , , (utilitarianism) , . , , (, , Wagner 1994:273). , , , , [footnoteRef:4]. [4: , , -, - , . ]

, , , . (maxim of scarcity of presuppositions), , . , , (, , Wagner 1994:272). , (dissolution) , , [footnoteRef:5]. [5: , , , ( , ), .]

( , ) , . , . . , , . , , , , (, , Wagner 1994:273). , , (plurality of orders of worth). , , , . , , . , , . , , , (, , Wagner 1994:285). , . , , . , (market world) (domestic world) (, ,Wilkinson 1997: 320, 328). , , . , , , . , . , , , (, , Wagner 1994:274). , , (social order). , , . , , , . (encompassing) , - . , , , , . , , , , (, , Wagner 1994:275). , , , , , . , , , . , , . , . , , , - - ( , ). , , (, , 2002: 84)

2. , , . , . , , . , (Eymard-Duvernay et al. 2003) 2003, : (Conventions et institutions : approfondissements thoriques et contributions au dbat politique). , (Laurent Thevenot). , . , , , . , , . , , , . (characterization) (reasons) , (modalities) , (common goods). , [ (decision-making theory) (general equilibrium theory)] , . : (problematical) , (interpretative) (calculative). / / (conventional frameworks) /. (cognitive) (evaluative), . , , , . (Eymard-Duvernay et al. 2003:1-2) (generalization), , . , ( ) . , , , , - . , (, , , ..) , (contracts) (games). , , , . , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , (reducing) . , , , , , . , , . , , ( , ) . , , , , , , . , , ( ) (, , Eymard-Duvernay et al. 2003:5). , , , , ., , , ; , , , . , . , , , - - (, , Eymard-Duvernay et al. 2003:3). : . (integration) , . , , . (Eymard-Duvernay et al. 2003:6). , , , . , . , . , , . , . , , . , / , . , , . , , . , . , , . , . , (Swedberg 2003), (, ). , , ., , (homo economicus) (assumption) (variable) (, , Swedberg 2003:5). , , , homo economicus. , , . , , (John Meyer). , , - . , , . , , , , . , , (group), . , , , . , - . , , , ( ). , , . , , . , () , . , , , , . , , . ( ) , . , , , . , , . . , , () . , , , . , , . , . , , . , , () (, , Swedberg 2003:12). , , . , , , . , . , (network analysts) (fuzzy concepts), , , . ( ) . , . , , ..., (cognitive strategies) (sets of meanings). , , , . , , , . , , (, , Swedberg 2003:13). , , , . , , , . , , . , , . , , , , (, , Swedberg 2003:14-15).

3. , , (Andr Orlan). , , (Sren Jagd), . , , : : (Pour une nouvelle approche des interactions financires: l'conomie des conventions face la sociologie conomique) 2002, (Rflexion sur les fondements institutionnels de l'objectivit marchande) 2003. , , , . , , . , (denaturalization) . , , , . , , , (nomenclature hypothesis) (probability hypothesis). , , . n . . , . , . , (x1, x2, . . . xn) n . , (x1, x2, . . . xn) n . . , : (Jagd 2007:83-84). , , . n , (utility function) . , , (given). , (social work) (common points of reference), , . , , , . - , . , , (regulation) . , , . , , . . , , . , m , e1, e2, . . .em, . . , , . (Jagd 2007:85). , , , , . , , , (natural mediation) , . , , , . , (financial market) (financial conventions). , , , , , . , , . , , . , , , . , . , , . , , . , , , , , . , . , (social work) (.. , , ) (, , Jagd 2007:88-89). , . , , . , . , , , , , . , .

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