光 電 系 統 諸 元光 電 系 統 諸 元

• Wave Propagation Equation = c / f ; k = 2π/ c : velocity of light (3x1010 cm/s)• Energy 1/wavelength (1/)

– shorter (higher f ) == higher energy– longer (lower f ) == lower energy

光電技術定義淺釋光電技術定義淺釋以光學原理與創新為基礎 , 配合成熟的電子 ( 機械 ) 技術 , 所組成的專業工程領域

精密與創新

Electro – OpticsOpto – electronicsPhotonics

機械是工業之母 !!

眼睛映像諸元眼睛映像諸元

視網膜及其單元視網膜及其單元

錐狀錐狀 (cone)(cone) 與桿狀與桿狀 (rod)(rod)視覺細胞之分佈視覺細胞之分佈

人眼視覺相對敏感度人眼視覺相對敏感度 V : photopic (peak at 550)- 晝視V': scotopic (peak at 505)- 夜視

幅射 溫度 顏色幅射 溫度 顏色

The velocity of light in a material (index of refraction),

depends on the wavelength of the light.

色 值色 值

Hue Hue 色 澤色 澤• A hue is the saturation of a color and is

what stays constant in a color , i.e. the property of being away from white.

• “purple” is a technical term: it designates not just one color or hue, but a whole class of them. On our two-dimensional diagram, purples form a triangle.

• Each hue has a complementary hue.

量 子 光 學量 子 光 學

半 導 體 半 導 體

Momentum Space

IntrinsicIntrinsic crystalcrystal

Direct/indirect band-gapDirect/indirect band-gapEn

erg

y

momentum

hphoton

phonon

Quantum Well

LED LED 製造與組裝製造與組裝

照 明 亮 度照 明 亮 度環 境 Lux = lm/m2

How much light do we How much light do we need?need?

Type of activity Illuminancelx=lm/m2

Orientation & simple visual tasks (public space)

30-100

Common visual tasks (commercial, industrial & residential applications)

300-1,000

Special visual tasks, including those with very small or low contrast critical elements

3,000 – 10,000

電荷耦合器件(charge-couple device;CCD)

CCD CCD 與 與 CMOS CMOS 的的爭艷爭艷

半導體 (metal oxide semiconductors, MOS) 式檢光器畫素擔任數位取樣角色 , 聚合之電荷與光成正比The difference in readout has significant implications for sensor architecture, capabilities and limitations.

CCD: The Digital Revolution

• CCD = Charge Coupled Device

- A photon detecting device that exploits the photoelectric effect and the semiconducting properties of silicon

- The voltage generated is coupled to the intensity of the incident light

• Pixel = picture element. Each pixel is an independent photon detector

• DN = Data Number (ADU = Analog to Digital Unit)

- The output signal from a CCD. Value and range depend on the nature of the voltage digitization. E.g. an 8-bit CCD produces DNs from 0 to 28 (0 to 255). Most CCDs are 16 bit (maximum = 65535) or higher

Nomenclature:

CCD read-outCCD read-outPC board Sensors

Frame Grabber

A to DConversion

E to Vconversion

Ph to Elconversion

訊號輸出的主軸區塊

CCD CCD 電荷傳遞電荷傳遞

CMOS read-outCMOS read-out PC- board C-MOS image

sensor

dynamically amplified

convert charge to voltage; mot functions are integrated into the chip.

3Transistor (3T) CMOS APS3Transistor (3T) CMOS APS

M2SF

M1RST

M3RS

Vpd

Vout

ColBus

Vpix

IL

CpdIpd

Vss

M2SF

M1RST

M3RS

Vpd

Vout

ColBus

Vpix

IL

CpdIpd

Vss

• Use source-follower “amplifier” to drive column bus.

• Impedance-matching amplifier with a high I/P impedance and a low O/P Impedance.

夜 視 原 理夜 視 原 理

熱 像 儀 功 能熱 像 儀 功 能空照判讀1 -- 正欲起飛2 -- 停放許久 ( 假飛機 ?)3 -- 剛飛走

熱 像 儀 功 能熱 像 儀 功 能血液循環良窳比較

F-number (F-F-number (F- 數值數值 ))• F 數值是光通過鏡頭量大小的表示。 F 數值愈小表示通過的光量多， F 數值是焦距長和有效開口的比值。

D : 入瞳的直徑 f : 焦距長

/# fFD

Pupils and stops for a triplet systemPupils and stops for a triplet system

Marginal

Chief

ExitPupil

EntrancePupil

描光參數描光參數 H = n uη= n' u'η' A = n i = n' i'

60 年代以前 , 描一條錯軸 (skew) 光線 , 至少需要 120 秒Only one paraxial-ray is needed to be traced

n'u' = nu – hkhi+1 = hi + ui'di'

初 步 設 計初 步 設 計• 求解 : Seidel aberration = 0• Total = Seidel + H-order• 求解 : Seidel = - H-order 迫使終極解趨近於零

薄透鏡像差公式薄透鏡像差公式

Cn

nBnn

nHkhS 12)1(

121 22

2

Shape-dependent: Spherical

aberration Coma Astigmatism Distortion

Shape-independent: Field curvature Axial color Lateral color

Astigmatism S3 = H2 K Field curvature S4 = H2 K / n Distortion S5 = 0 Axial color C1 = h2 K / V Lateral color C2 = 0重點 : The correction of S1 and S2 .

222

22

234

1 2212

12

141 C

nnC

nnB

nnn

nnkhS

選定 : 玻璃材料 , 焦距 , 孔徑位置 , 視場計算焦度分配 : 消色差計算結構分配 : 求觧 S1, S2 聯立方程式描光 : 平衡 像差

雙片型透鏡設計雙片型透鏡設計

Image FormationImage Formation Object

＊

Real space Fourier space

PSF X OTF

ImageImage spectrum

Scenespectrum

Fourier transformation

Inverse transformation

離焦影像效應離焦影像效應

顯 微 鏡 影 像

3-D 3-D imageimage

Fiber Optics Fiber Optics TechnologyTechnology

Total Internal Reflection in Total Internal Reflection in FiberFiber

How are Optical Fibre’s How are Optical Fibre’s made??made??

• Three Steps are Involved-Making a Preform Glass Cylinder-Drawing the Fibre’s from the preform-Testing the Fibre

Testing of Optical FiberTesting of Optical Fiber• Tensile Strength• Refractive Index Profile• Fiber Geometry• Information Carrying Capacity• Operating temperature/humidity range• Ability to conduct light under water• Attenuation

Optical Fiber LayingOptical Fiber Laying

• Mechanical Linking – Includes coupling of two connectors end to end– Optical distribution frames allow cross connect

fibers from by means of connection leads and optical connectors

– Soldering: • This operation is done with automatic soldering machine

that ensures:– Alignment of fiber’s core along the 3 axis– Visual display in real-time of the fibers soldering– Traction test after soldering (50 g to 500 g)

Fiber optic linkFiber optic linkThe distance between

repeater amplifiers

Assumptions Assumptions 1. The source emits 430mW of peak pulsed power.2. The fiber link exhibits 10dB/km attenuation.3. The detector NEP = 10-5 W at the operating bandwidth and a

minimum SNR of 10 is required. link loss equation dB = 10 log (Φo/Φi) neglect coupler losses.

SolutionSolution 1. The SNR of 10 required 10-4 W be incident upon the detec

tor.2. The link will be Φo/Φi = 0.43/10-4 = 43003. Expressed in decibels 10 log (Φo/Φi) = 36.33 dB a 3.6 km link is possible between repeater amplifiers.

Green energyGreen energy

• Wind • Hydro, Wave & Tidal• Passive/Active Solar & Photovoltaic (active - additional equipment used to transfer E) • Geothermal - Ground Heat Pumps• Energy From Waste - Landfill Gas• Biomass - Crops, other Wastes• Fuel Cells

Uses a minimum of natural resources, and results in little or no pollution and little or no disposable waste.

A naturally balanced A naturally balanced budgetbudget

Air-massAir-massThe Air Mass quantifies the reduction in the power of light as it passes through the atomsphere and is absorbed by air and dust. The Air Mass is defined as:

where q is the angle from the vertical (zenith angle). When the sun is directly overhead, the Air Mass is 1.

The standard spectrumThe standard spectrum• at the Earth's surface AM1.5G, (the G stands for global

and includes both direct and diffuse radiation) or AM1.5D (which includes direct radiation only).

• The intensity of AM1.5D radiation can be approximated by reducing the AM0 spectrum by 28% (18% due to absorption and 10% to scattering). The global spectrum is 10% higher than the direct spectrum.

• These calculations give approximately 970 W/m2 for AM1.5G. However, the standard AM1.5G spectrum has been normalized to give 1kW/m2 due to the convenience of the round number and the fact that there are inherently variations in incident solar radiation.

About About Solar CellSolar Cell(photo-voltaic) (photo-voltaic)

ISC

RS

RSHRLOAD

Equivalent circuit for a solar cell with load. Internal resistances RS and RSH represent power loss mechanisms

inside the cell.

Cell

Cell

The VI characteristic of a solar cell is usually displayed like this:

V

I V

I

flipped around the voltage axis.

Quantum Dot Quantum Dot ConcentratorConcentrator

QDs replace dyes in luminescent concentrators:

QDs degrade less in sunlightcore/shell dots high QE absorption edge tuned by dot

sizeabsorption continuous to short

red-shift tuned by spread in dot size

spread fixed by growth conditions

Parabolic Trough Generating Parabolic Trough Generating Plant Plant

Image of parabolic trough power plant in Kramer Junction, CA, which supplies power for the greater Los Angeles area. This plant, in conjunction 4 other parabolic trough plants in California, can produce as much as 354MW of electricity.

ConcentrationConcentration• Power towers

– Large field of mirriors is used to concentrate the sunlight.– Concentrated Sunlight is used to heat molten salt

Parabolic TroughParabolic Trough• Sunlight focused on heat transfer

fluid (HTF), which then runs steam turbine

Build Optical Systems Build Optical Systems •Precision and Accuracy•Optical tools•Assembly, Alignment & Testing• Collimating and Focusing •Beam-to-Beam Alignment

Precision vs. AccuracyPrecision vs. Accuracy

randomrandom Accuracy not PrecisionAccuracy not Precision

Precision not AccuracyPrecision not Accuracy Precision and AccuracyPrecision and Accuracy

Type of errorsType of errors

1. Accidental: uncontrollable, may reduced with ‘least squares’

2. Systematic: not grouped around the standard, correction table needed

3. Short-term: short duration, repeated observations may helpful

4. Constant: errors from all readings, use different procedures

Optical bench

分劃讀取分劃讀取

Interferometer Interferometer with tilted with tilted fringesfringes

生產成本比較生產成本比較 (( 傳統與自動化傳統與自動化 ))

公 差 計 算 準 則公 差 計 算 準 則}

)({)2(1 2

2222

' A

dxdy

A

dxdyUI p

Statistical tolerancing Statistical tolerancing • 公差的妥善規劃能在一定的產品規範中 , 有效地降低成本。• 某些因素未必會在設計階段納入。• 統計運算模擬 , 能發揮一定的作用 , 減少試行生產的循環次數 , 節省支出。• 虛擬 (virtual) 生產程式 , 有助於新興生產的快速規劃 , 也是累積經驗數據的最佳方案。

規劃階段的重要性規劃階段的重要性• 越早期偵知風險 , 對計畫越有利。•匯集專業人員 , 組成評估團隊 , 快速解決困難問題 , 容易發揮效果。• 成員包括： 市場及計畫主管—充分了解產品需求 , 得以正確付託各分項專業適當的權責。 專業人員需提供完整技術資訊 , 各领域間之溝通管道務須暢通。 任務執行盡可能並行處理。

生產規劃過程支出分配生產規劃過程支出分配

Tolerancing on Optical SystemTolerancing on Optical System