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2003. 3. 24 E-mail : [email protected] P : 010-3131-6130
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/
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75% , 25% (, ) . (crude oil) () () . (refinery oil) . . .
1. ?
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?
. .
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"PARAFFINE ." 1 . STRAIGHT-CHAIN ALKANE(GENERAL FORMULA :
CnH2n+2) " " FROM IUPAC RULE [International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry]
IUPACNAMENUMBER OF CARBON
ATOMSMOLECULARFORMULABOILINGPOINT(C,ATM)MELTINGPOINT(C,ATM)DENSITY(g/ml,ATM)METHANE1CH4-161.5**ETHANE2C2H6
-88.6**PROPANE3C3H8-42.1**BUTANE4C4H10-0.5-138.4*PENTANE5C5H1236.1-129.70.626
HEXANE6C6H1468.7 -95.3 0.659 HEPTANE7C7H1698.4-90.6 0.684
OCTANE8C8H18125.7-56.80.703 NONANE9C9H20150.8-53.50.718
DECANE10C10H22174.1-29.70.730
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the simplest hydrocarbon [Methane : CH4] the straight chain
alkane [Heptane : C7H16]
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ALKYL GROUP STRAIGHT-CHAIN ALKANE . 2 . BRANCHED-CHAIN ALKANE
BRANCHED-CHAIN ALKANE ALKYL GROUP .
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ALKYL GROUP .
BRANCHED-CHAIN ALKANE 2 ALKYL, STRAIGHT CHAIN ALKANE ALKYL
STRAIGHT CHAIN ALKANE ALKYL .
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3.CYCLO-CHAIN-ALKANE
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2 "OLEFIN ." " ."
IUPAC NAME BOILING POINT(CELSIUS,ATM)MELTING
POINT(CELSIUS,ATM)DENSITY(g/ml,ATM) ETHANE-104-185GAS
PROPENE-48-185 GAS1-BUTENE-6-185GAS1-PENTENE30-1650.6411-HEXENE
64-1400.6731-HEPTENE94-1190.6971-OCTENE 121-1020.7151-NONENE
147-810.7291-DECENE171-660.741CYCLOPENTENE44-1350.722CYCLOHEXENE83-1040.811
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branch type alkenescyclic type alkenes
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"BENZENE "
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[ : Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon(PAH)] "BENZENE 2 "
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1 . , . . . . . TAR . 2. ,
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2 . ALKANE(SATURATED HYDROCARBON) .(INERT) , . , , , ALKANE .
ALKANE .( ) 3.ALKENE . 4.POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (ADDITION
REACTION) .( ) . .
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.-------> PAH . PAH 0.2-7%. (SPECIFIC WEIGHT) PAH . . .
(HYDROPHOBIC) PAH EMULSION , . (CARCINOGEN) : BENZO [a] PYRENE
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[ PAH , ]
ComponentCNRetentiontimeM.WM.PB.PSolub.(25'C)seawater
Naphthalene15.12128.16
80.2217.9-Acenaphtylene25.46152.2080-83280-Acenaphthene37.35154.2190-95279-Fluorene47.50----Phenanthrene58.45178.221003400.6+0.1ppm(22)Anthracene69.35178.28216.2-
216.43400.6ppm (25)Fluoranthene711.24 202
1072500.1+0.06ppm(22)Pyrene812.32202.26149-151 -0.032 /Benzo(a)
anthracene913.21228--0.01
/Chrysene1015.03228.22544880.01-005ppmBenzo(b)fluoranthene1118.15252---Benzo(k)fluoranthene1218.31252---Benzo(a)
pyrene13 19.22252.31793110.05-0.010
/(22)Dibenz(a,h)anthracene1420.13278.35266-276524-Benzo(a,b)
perylene1521.12276--0.00026/(25)ideno(1,2,3,c,d)pyrene1621.39276.34160-163536-
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" ." (DISTILLATION) "CUTS" "FRACTION" . . . CRUDE OIL() . , , ,
B-A, B-B, B-C ,
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[ ]
(CELSIUS DEGREE) () PETROLEUM GASES303-4LIGHT GASLINE
BENZINE30-1404-6 NAPHTHA120-1757-10 KEROSENE165-20010-14 GAS OIL
RESIDUES175-36515-20 FUEL OIL REDIDUES35020
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1 .
, , . (, , , ..) . (C12 - C24) ALKANE . C12 . . (TAR) . . , (TAR
BALL) .
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KEROSENE NAPHTHA . . . PAH(Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon: ) ,
. . BENZENE . PAH . . .
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BENZ [a] PYRENE --- . , A DIOL-EPOXIDE DNA .
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2 . PAH (1)MEDIAN TOLERANCE LIMITS OF SOME PAHs FOR SELECTED
MARINE MACROINVERTEBRATES AND FISH. [FROM NRC(1985)] ***( ):24 HOUR
LC50 ***
CRAGONEANTHESCANCERSALMONERYCYPRINODONCOPEPODPALEAMONETSAMPHIPODSTRIPEDBASSPENAEUSAZTECUSGLASSSHRIMPBENZENE20-------6-27TOLUNENE4-28(6)----8-10m-XYLENE--12---9-9--o-XYLENE1-6-----12--p-XYLENE2-------2--ETHYLBENZENE--13--(4)1-5--TRIMETHYLBENZENE--
5.5---65---TRIMETETHYLBENZENE--2.5---
-----NAPHTHALAENE-4-(1)3-33-(3)-METHYLNAPHTHALENE--2-4(1.5)1.5--(1)-DEMETHYLNAPHTHALENE-41-6(1)
1--(1)-TRIMETHYLNAPHTHALENE-4(0.7)
--------FLUORENE-2--3-0.7---1DIBENZOTHIOPHENE----4-0.5----PHENANTHRENE-0.8----(0.5)----METHYLPHENANTHRENE-0.8---------FLUORANTHENE-1---------
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FROM IMO (International Maritime Organization)
1. , -- (, , , ...) 2. , . , .
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[ ]
(15,g/)0.86010.84520.8895API
33.0-27.5(/,37.8)0.4850.6800.457(cSt .30)10.757.99951.27(30)
()-7.52.5+6(Wt%)- -8.0(Wt%)1.381.552.20(Wt%)
---(Wt%)4.253.957.25(Wt%)-0.10
0.3(V%)TraceTrace0.2(V%)-3.40.0035V(ppm)--79.5Ni(ppm)--54.6
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()1HP- 110110 - 1651HP -9595 - 1751HP -1751HP -230(W%)9.7
-10.010.2 -15.8 17.61-24.63(g/)0.6945, 0.7608 0.6815, 0.7660-
-(1.1cc/gal)- -- -- -()165 - 240175 - 232160 -
230(W%)12.58.69.36(g/)0.80400.81720.7995()240 -336232 - 342230
-350(W%)14.318.618.49(g/)0.85210.85150.8545(Wt%)0.940.811.47(Wt%)
0.013--(Wt%)--0.04 ()336 -342
-350(W%)50.743.554.45(15g/)0.94320.96050.9750(cSt .50)161.2
421.01508.0()+32.5+36+30(Wt%)2.152.383.12(Wt%)
--7.05(Wt%)V(ppm)-(77)133.1Ni(ppm)-(53)91.5
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3 . .. (, , ) , (, , , , , .....)
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/
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3.1 90 . . , . , , . 1 0.0010.03 gram 0.560 gram . (The
international tanker owners pollution federation LTD, 1993)
(aerobic degradation) (anaerobic degradation) . pH 8.5 . . ( )
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Detraction: Degradation: Mineralization: (Alexander, 1967)
Metabolism: Co metabolism: *Methane(CH4) . * (Catabolism) .*
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3.2 . ( ) Water-in-oil-emulsion . emulsion emulsion .
[EMULSIFIED OIL] Water-in-oil-emulsion , . Water-in-oil-emulsion .
Water-in- oil-emulsion .
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1) . Water-in-oil-emulsion Water-in-oil-emulsion asphaltene wax
. 0.5% asphaltene Water-in-oil-emulsion , "Chocolate mousse" .
Chocolate mousse 50000cP.
[CHOCOLATE MOUSSE]
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wax 10% pour point( ) . pour point Water-in-oil-emulsion .
Water-in-oil-emulsion (thick oil layer) . Water-in-oil-emulsion
"tar ball" Chocolate mousse . Chocolate mousse , tar ball . . [TAR
BALLS]
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2) . GROUP1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY45) B VISCOSITY cSt@ 15celsius
degree:0.5-2.0 C %BOILLING BELOW 200celsius degree:50-100% D
%BOILLING ABOVE 370celsius degree:0%
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GROUP2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY:0.8-0.85 (API DEGREE:35-45) A POUR
POINT:CELSIUS DEGREE B VISCOSITY cSt@ 15celsius degree:4-SOLID
AVERAGE 8cSt C %BOILLING BELOW 200celsius degree:10-48% AVERAGE 35%
D %BOILLING ABOVE 370celsius degree:0-40% AVERAGE 30% (*)THESE OILS
WOULD ONLY BEHAVE AS GROUP 2 AT AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE ABOVE THEIR POUR POINTS.AT LOWER TEMPERATURES TREAT
AS GROUP 4 OILS.
BCDGASOLENE 0.51000NAPTHA0.51000KEROSENE2,0500
- GROUP3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY:0.85-0.95 (API DEGREE:17.5-35) A POUR
POINT:CELSIUS DEGREE B VISCOSITY cSt@ 15celsius degree:8-SOLID
AVERAGE 275cSt C %BOILLING BELOW 200celsius degree:14-34% AVERAGE
25% D %BOILLING ABOVE 370celsius degree:28-60% AVERAGE 45% GROUP4
(*)THESE OILS WOULD ONLY BEHAVE AS GROUP 3 AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
ABOVE THEIR POUR POINTS.AT LOWER TEMPERATURES TREAT AS GROUP 4
OILS. SPECIFIC GRAVITY:>0.95 (API DEGREE:
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3) . Water-in-oil-emulsion emulsion . 2~3 60~80% 10% Water-in
-oil-emulsion 40% . 3.3 () . . . . (spreading) .
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200 24 (refined product) , gasoline kerosene . 40% ( 50% :
Sebastion A. Gerlach, 1982) (fuel oil) . . , .
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3.4 (wave) 11000 . 100 (suspension) (Biodegradation)
(Sedimentation) . Dispersion , , (spreading) . dispersion
0.25%.
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dispersion . Dispersion 100% Water-in-oil-emulsion Dispersion .
Dispersion
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3.5 FROM THE INTERNATIONAL TANKER OWNER'S POLLUTION FEDERATION
LTD.(1993) (oil slick) . 1~10 Spreading . Pour point() Spreading ()
( :Continuous point-source diffusion) . pour point Spreading .( :
Bunker C)
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(WEATHERING) . (EVAPORATION) . . () , , . . Spreading .
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WATER-IN-OIL-EMULSION . Flflotind-oil
OIL
TYPEAPPESRANCEAPPROXINATETHICKNESS(mm)APPROXIMATEVOLUME(m3/km2) OIL
SHEENSILVERY0.00010.1 OIL SHEENIRRIDESCENT0.00030.3 CRUDE ANDFUEL
OILBLACK/DARK BROWN0.1100WATER-IN OILEMULSIONS(mouse)BROWN/
ORANGE>1>1000
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[ FLOATING-OIL ] spreading floating oil oil type percentage
coverage( ) : 100% % floating-oil . EXAMPLE--- 20Km . 150Knot Crude
oil 'mousse' (Oil sheen) . 65, 35 . mousse percentage coverage 10%
90% oil sheen .
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(1) float oil 65(seconds)*150(knat)/3600(seconds in one
hour)=2.7 :35(sesconds)*150(knot)/3600=1.5 floating oil
:2.7*1,5=4n.m2 or 14En2 (2)Mousse 14((Floating oil
,Kn2)*10/100*10001400m3 mousse 50% . , mousse 70KM3 (3)oil sheet
14*90/100*0.1=1.3m3 Oil sheen . (dispersant ) , .
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3.6 - () . . . . 0.1% . (Carboxylic acid) alkylated benzoic
acid, Salicylic acid, Phthalic acid .(Hansen, 1975) (fuel oil)
phenol peroxide .(Larson,1979) . PAHs(polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons) . naphthalene benzene ring .
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PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR PHOTODECOMPOSITION OF ALKYLBENZENES VIA
COMPLEXES WIHT MOLECULAR OXYGEN. FROM PASTERNAK AND
MORDUCHOWITZ(1983). REPRINTED BY PERMISSION OF PERGAMON PRESS Ltd.
[ ]
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. - . . (polymer) . 3.7 (Corral of oil slick) . . (1) Current()
(2) Wind() , oil slick Current 100% 10m , 25% 3% Oil slick A B
.
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Oil slick Computer Simulation , . Computer Simulation .
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3.8 oil slick , (Stranding) . , , , (Rocky shore) (Pebble
shore), (Sand shore), (mud flat) . , . , , .
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(Quantifying stranded oil) -The international tanker owners
pollution federation LTD - 1.Visual Inspection( ) , , . Aerial
reconnaissance( ) . . 2.Quantifying representative( ) . , , .
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3.Using the photograph( ) . , . . . ,, .
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3.9 (heavy oil) 1 Brackish water . , . '1' . . . 10 0.12% , 0.5%
. . . (substrata) . (biodegradation) . (anoxic condition) .(Furzer,
1975)
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, , . , , . , , , . , . .
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1. . . .
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** ** (surface active agent) . . . . (hypothermia) . (preening)
.
** ** , (), () . . . .
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2. (fish) . . . .
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3.
salt marshes mangrove mud flat mud bank . . ( ) (sheltered area)
. soft substrata () energy beach . . salt marsh . 1. . 2. . 3. . 4.
.
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4. PLANKTON (NEUSTON) Cm . FLOATING OIL( ) . PLANKTONIC ORGANISM
. . (WEATHERED OIL) . (COPEPODS) . plankton . 50 ng/g plankton . 50
ng/g . Acartia 250 ng/g .
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5. (ROCKY SUBSTRATA) . (INTERTIDAL REGION) . . , . 1. 2. .
(ACUTE TOXICITY) . LIMPET( ) . . .
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6. SOFT SUBSTRATA SEDIMENTARY BEACH(MUD FLAT:) . ENERGY BEACH .
. ( ) . . .
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7. (marine mammals) . . (sea otter : Enhydra Lutris). . . 1989
(Exxon Valdez) .
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[ ] [ ] . LOT SYSTEM (Load On Top System) COW SYSTEM (Crude Oil
Washing System) (Waste Water Treatment System) , Mopping Up Device
( ) Dispersant ( ) Oil Fence (floating boom) .
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.
.
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.
-surface active agent : -solvent :
(hydrophilic) (oleophilic) . carrier
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3 . -type 1 : 15-25% dispersant : oil = 1:1 or 1:3 . -type 2 :
alcohol glycol ( = 1:10) -type 3 : type 2 () dispersant : oil =
1:30 type 2, 3 .
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. 2 . . . 2000 centistokes .(ITOPF PROPOSALS) .
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. [ ]
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oil fence or floating boom . (, , ) oil fence .
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[ oil fence]
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LOT SYSTEM ballast water
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ballast water tank tank .
tank . tank . tank (slop tank) tank ballast water ballast water
.
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COW SYSTEM (Crude Oil Washing System) LOT SYSTEM . system COW
SYSTEM . tank . slick-licker . oil skimmer . .
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mopping up device [oil skimmer ]
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[ mopping up device oil skimmer]
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. . (substrata) . . scraper (dredging) .
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, , - - - - -
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, , . , , , .
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. 2
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10/ 10-1/ 100/
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.
