ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti

saerTaSoriso ekonomikis programa

globalizacia da saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

III saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi

11 noemberi, 2010 weli

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2010

Тбилисский государственный университет

им. И. Джавахишвили

Факультет экономики и бизнеса

Программа международной экономики

ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ГРУЗИИ

Материалы III международной научной конференции

11 Декабря 2010 года

Издательство `Универсал~

Тбилиси 2010

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Faculty of Economics and Business

Department of International Economics

Globalization and Georgia’s Economic Development Prospects Proceedings of the III International Conference

December 11, 2010

Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”

Tbilisi 2010

globalizacia da saqarTvelos ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi.

III saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi. Tb., 2010

krebulSi warmodgenilia 2010 wlis 11 dekembers iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-

mwifo universitetSi Catarebuli III saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi. moxsenebebi

asaxavs qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnierebisa da doqtorantebis kvlevis Sedegebs, romlebic globali-

zaciis konteqstSi ganixilavs erovnuli ekonomikuri aqtivobisa da ganviTarebis farTo speqtrs:

ilia WavWavaZis Sexedulebebi qveyanaTaSoris intensiuri ekonomikuri kavSirebis Sesaxeb; msoflio

ekonomikuri wesrigi; regionuli integracia; optimaluri sagareo savaWro politikis formireba; mo-

saxleobis, m. S. samuSao Zalis saerTaSoriso migracia; saerTaSoriso marketingis sakiTxebi; saqar-

Tvelos inovaciuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi; ekonomikuri politikis mimarTulebebi; dargobrivi

ekonomikis (turizmi da soflis meurneoba) ganviTarebis problemebi; mewarmeobisadmi damokidebule-

bis sakiTxebi, misi stimulirebisa da kreatiuli biznesis upiratesobebi; dazRvevisa da finansuri

angariSgebis sakiTxebi; mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis konkurentunarianoba, masTan dakavSirebuli kad-

rebis momzadebis, dasaqmebis politika, universitetebis ganviTarebis marketinguli strategia. konfe-

renciaze warmodgenili moxsenebebi sxvadasxva WrilSi asaxavs Tanamedrove globaluri finansur-

ekonomikuri krizisis problematikas.

Globalization and Georgia’s Economic Development Prospects. Proceedings of the III International Conference, December, 11 2010 The proceedings contain reports presented at the III international scientific conference held on December 11,

2010 at Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. The reports reflect the research outcomes made by Georgian and fo-reign scientists and doctoral students on the broad range of national economic activity and development issues in the globalization context: Ilia Chavchavadze views on intensive economic relations between countries; world economic order; regional integration; formation of optimal foreign trade policy; population, including labour force migration; problems of international marketing; prospects of Georgia’s innovative development; economic policy trends; issues of the development of seperate sectors (tourism, agriculture); entrepreneurial attitude problems, its stmulation and advantages of the creative business; insurance and financial reporting issues; competitiveness of science and education and the related personnel preperation, recruitment and university development strategies.The papers presented at the conference reflect the problematics of the current financial and economic crisis in various prisms.

ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ГРУЗИИ. Материалы III международной

научной конференции 11 Декабря 2010 года В сборнике представлены материалы III международной научной конференции, которая прошла в

Тбилисском государственном университете им. И. Джавахишвили 11 декабря 2010 года. В докладах обсуждаются результаты исследований грузинских и иностранных ученых и докторантов, которые рассматривают в контексте глобализации широкий спектр активности и развития национальной экономики: взгляды Ильи Чавчавадзе на интенсивные экономические связи между странами; мировой экономический порядок; региональная интеграция; формирование оптимальной внешней торговой политики; международная миграция населения, в том числе и трудовой силы; вопросы международного маркетинга; персрективы инновационного развития Грузии; направления экономической политики; проблемы развития отраслевой экономики (туризм и сельское хозяйство); вопросы отношения к предпринимательству, преимушества его стимулирования и креативности бизнеса; вопросы страхования и финансовой отчетности; конкурентоспособность науки и образования, связанная с ней политика подготовления кадров и трудоустройства; маркетинговая стратегия развития университетов. Представленные на конференции доклады в разных ракурсах отображают проблематику современного глобального финансово-экономического кризиса.

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2010

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: universal@internet.ge ISBN 978-9941-17-160-4

konferenciis saorganizacio komiteti:

elene xarabaZe – Tavmjdomare, Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis dekanis

m.S., sruli profesori; nino papaCaSvili _ koordinatori, ekonomikis akademiuri

doqtori, Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso ekonomikis

programis asocirebuli profesori; SoTa SaburiSvili _ koordinatori, ekono-

mikis akademiuri doqtori Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso

biznesis kaTedris asocirebuli profesori; lela jamagiZe _ koordinatori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTa-

Soriso ekonomikis programis asistent-profesori; eka sefaSvili _ Tsu ekonomi-

kisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso ekonomikis kaTedris asocirebuli

profesori; irina gogoriSvili _ Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saer-

TaSoriso ekonomikis programis asocirebuli profesori, ekonomikis akademiuri

doqtori; ineza gagniZe – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu ekonomikisa da

biznesis fakultetis mikroekonomikis kaTedris asocirebuli profesori, Tsu

warmomadgenlobiTi sabWos wevri; eka lekaSvili _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqto-

ri, Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso biznesis kaTedris

asocirebuli profesori, ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis xarisxis

uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris ufrosis m.S., babulia mRebriSvili _ ekonomikis aka-

demiuri doqtori; Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saswavlo procesis

marTvis samsaxuris ufrosi, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu ekonomikisa da

biznesis fakultetis marketingis kaTedris asistent-profesori; mari

TavarTqilaZe _ Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso ekonomi-

kis programis doqtoranti.

saredaqcio kolegia:

T. bagrationi, ead n. papaCaSvili, ead e. sefaSvili, ead S. SaburiSvili,

ead l. jamagiZe

Conference Organizing Committee:

Elene Kharabadze - Chairman, Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Business of Tbilisi State

University; Nino Papachashvili – Coordinator, Associate Professor of International Economics

Department, Faculty of Economics and Business of Tbilisi State University; Shota Shaburishvili –

Coordinator, Associate Professor of International Business Department, Lela Jamagidze –

Coordinator, Associate Professor of International Economics Department, Faculty of Economics

and Business of Tbilisi State University; Eka Sepashvili - Associate professor of International

Economics Department, Faculty of Economics and Business of Tbilisi State University; Irina

Gogorishvili - Associate professor of International Economics Department, Faculty of Economics

and Business of Tbilisi State University; Ineza Gagnidze – Associate Professor of

Microeconomics Department, Faculty of Economics and Business of Tbilisi State University; Eka

Lekashvili – Associate professor of International Business Department, Faculty of Economics

and Business of Tbilisi State University; Babulia Mgebrishvili – Associate Professor of Marketing

Department, Faculty of Economics and Business of Tbilisi State University; Mari Tavartkiladze –

Doctoral student, International Economics Department, Faculty of Economics and Business of

Tbilisi State University

Editorial board:

T. Bagrationi, PhD N. Papachashvili, PhD E. Sepashvili, PhD Sh. Shaburishvili, PhD L. Jamagidze

7

Нугзар Бабуадзе Грузия. Грузинский технический университет.

Ассоцированный профессор, академический доктор экономики

Шота Вешапидзе Грузия. Грузинский технический университет.

Ассоцированный профессор, доктор экономических наук

Илья и глобализм

Я проникнут мыслью о необходимости указать своим соотечественникам, что вне хороших отношений

между народами нет спасения для Грузии. Из обращения Ильи Чавчавадзе к делегации украинцев 1899г.

Илья Чавчавадзе - великий сын грузинского народа. Свою деятельность он начал более 15

десятилетий назад, но он и сегодня есть и вечно будет «Нашим лидером, нашим идеологом и эталоном» (Михаил Саакашвили). Он рассматривал благополучие грузинского народа, только в глобальном контексте общечеловеческого благополучия всех кавказских народов и соседей.

Он признавал, что национальное и общечеловеческое не исключают друг друга, наоборот дополняют и обогащают. Подтверждением и примером этого он считал поэму Шота Руставели «Витязь в тигровой шкуре». Его анализ приведен в статье- «Акакий Церетели и «Витязь в тигровой шкуре»». В своих литературных и публицистических записях он всегда старался провести мысль, что посадить в узконациональные рамки нацию, ее культуру и науку - равноценно ее смерти. Это руководствующее заключение проведено и проанализировано Ильей Чавчавадзе в ряде редакционных статей: «Нация и история», «Письма о грузинской литературе», «Девятнадцатый век» и т.д. Этой проблеме Илья посвятил целый цикл редакционных писем – «Политическое обозрение», которые на протяжении 10 лет он систематически публиковал в газете «Иверия».

Илья обладал большим аналитическим даром и навыком политического прогнозирования. В конце Х1Х века он предсказал качественный рост и развитие таких интеграционных процессов, которые «Европу и весь мир превратят в большое содружество наций». Он предсказал и то, что в ХХ веке США станет первейшим государством в мире. Он как великий гуманист, всегда защищал малые нации от угнетения со стороны больших колониальных государств.(«восточный вопрос» и т.д.)

Илья Чавчавадзе был несравненным знатоком мировой культуры и науки. Еще в студенческие годы в Петербурге он перевел произведения Шекспира, Шиллера, Гете, Пушкина, Лермонтова и др. Близкие, дружественные и деловые отношения были у него с выдающими интеллектуалами того времени. Он хорошо знал наследие великих экономистов-теоретиков Адама Смита и Давида Риккардо, в своем политическом и социально-экономическом анализе часто применял это.

Илья Чавчавадзе вел активную литературную и публицистическую деятельность. Вместе с тем, надо учесть и то, что наследие Ильи основывается на наследии выдающихся грузинских просветителей первой половины Х1Х века – Соломона Додашвили, Алексадре Чавчавадзе, Георгия Эристави, Григола Орбелиани и др. В это время грузинская культура тесно и органично связалась с европейской, примером чего может послужить «Логика» Соломона Додашвили, которая была написана на уровне немецкой философии и соответственно заслужила высокую оценку в русской и европейской прессе. Поэтому Илья называл его «Основоположником Европеизма в Грузии».

Народы Кавказа Илья называл «великим народом» и с почтением говорил об их единстве, без которого он не видел их будущего. Илья как деятель и мыслитель сформировался под большим воздействием идей заговора 1832 года. Этот заговор зародился в 1828 году в России в кругу

8

переселенных Багратиони, с помощью и с соучастием посольств Англии и Франции. После возвращения в Грузию Соломона Додашвили, заговор принял общекавказский характер и ставил целью изгнание России с Кавказа. В заговоре активно участвовали консул Франции в Тбилиси Летелье и переселенные из Польши в Грузию участники польского восстания 1829-1830 гг. польские патриоты. Идею заговора Илья художественно отобразил в поэме «Картлис деда».

По мнению Ильи Чавчавадзе современный мир, его составляющие части настолько тесно связаны между собой, так переплетены, что истинная выгода одной страны основывается на благосостоянии других стран. Страна сама получит тем больше пользы, чем больше добра принесет она другим. Надо отметить, что «благополучие», самой развитой страны мира Англии, Илья Чавчавадзе рассматривает не как «благосостояние» отдельной независимой страны, а в глобальном, региональном контексте. Такой подход он осуществляет и в отношении Грузии. В 1879г. в январском домашнем обзоре, касаясь противоборства России и Англии за «владычество» в Азии, автор всеобщее благосостояние народа рассматривал в мировом масштабе и отмечал, что Англия «невольно постарается принести добро, проживающему в Азии народу...» - и настаивал на том, что “Азия и мы, собственно, нужны не только для самих себя, но и для других. Хотя многое изменилось в мире за 5-6 веков, но этот хребет, который называют Кавказом, в прошлом называемый воротами Азии и Европы и за завоевание которого пролилось много крови, все равно остался воротами и в будущем будет причиной раздора и вражды между народами»1.

Главным ориентиром для Ильи Чавчавадзе было предусмотрение передового опыта других стран и для этого он предлагал конкретные пути. Наглядным примером этого он считал «Европейское просвещение и управление страной, европейский порядок”. Илья Чавчавадзе давал наставления - открыть двери для европейской цивилизации, потому, что Европа была самой передовой и прогрессивной, он признавал, что в общем должны предусматривать передовой опыт всех стран. Его главное заключение следующее: в общем, надо перенять от передовых государств все, что послужит благосостоянию и процветанию страны.

Илья Чавчавадзе видел большие резервы в развитии торгово-экономических связей с кавказскими народами и государствами. Он с большим одобрением встретил открытие железной дороги Баку-Тбилиси-Поти, потому что признавал, что этим путем связь с Прикаспием и Средней Азией принесли бы большую пользу стране, также как и нефтепровод Баку - Тбилиси. Илья признавал, что Грузия должна быть связывающим звеном между Европой и Азией, этим она способствовала бы созданию своеобразного «Общего рынка» стран трех регионов – Кавказа, Ближнего Востока и Прикаспия. В настоящее время эта идея находит продолжение, осуществляется строительство железной дороги Баку-Тбилиси-Ахалкалаки-Карс, что еще более укрепит экономику Грузии, Турции и Азербайджана. Вместе с этим, Илья Чавчавадзе решающее значение придавал установлению тесных экономических связей с Россией и Европейскими странами, а также и интеграции с ними.

Илья Чавчавадзе указывал, что для развития земледелия, усиления работы фабрик и заводов, нам необходимо накопить «необходимые знания и опыт», необходимо чтобы другие не опередили нас и чтобы мы сами заняли нашу «нишу» - «свободное и незанятое другими место». Это был и есть самый главный путь, главное требование эпохи. Именно поэтому, Отец нации не одобрил инвестиции в Грузию, которые хотел осуществить немецкий капиталист Мейснер, потому что монополизированная деятельность его сообщества (содружества) разорила бы наш народ и лишила бы средств к существованию. Автор для развития экономики страны считал целесообразным увеличение производительности труда и разумное углубление сельскохозяйственной специализации. Илья призывал к «самосуществованию» и к «саморазвитию»и указывал, что каждая хозяйственная 1 И.Чавчавадзе, соч. т.5,сахгами, 1955г, , стр.229.

9

операция приносит доход, «выгоду». Поэтому, чем больше операций, как страна, выполнишь сам, все их доходы останутся тебе.

Илья Чавчавадзе особо формирует свое мнение о том, что в следствии осуществления проекта Мейснера, наш народ остался бы без земли, без своего «кормильца». Он ничего не имеет против обогащения единиц, но к сожалению вместе с этим «народ недополучает средства на жизнь». В частности, он писал: «Страхи господ Элиозова и Иоселиани о том, что содружество лишит нас земли, достойно внимания. Вот, что сказал об этом в 1845 г. в парламенте нынешний первый министр Англии Гладстон, который как финансист не имеет себе равных во всем мире: «одна самая печальная история нашей страны (т.е. Англии) состоит в том, что чем больше богатства концентрируется в руках представителей высшего круга, тем более увеличивается число бедных среди рабочего народа»1. Именно исходя из таких принципов должны подходить к вопросу вложения иностранных инвестиций в Грузию и в настоящее время.

Илья Чавчавадзе признавал, что страна должна так применять свои абсолютные и относительные преимущества, чтобы устойчивости его экономики ничего не угрожало и чтобы народ для своего существования легко и дешево находил необходимые средства для этого. Такие размышления со стороны правительства требуют большого внимания. В условиях глобализации, либеральной рыночной экономики, точное установление меры абсолютного и относительного преимущества для достижения развития, является самой приоритетной, каждодневной задачей общества и власти.

Из экономических воззрений Ильи Чавчавадзе для нашей эпохи самым важным, является также то, что он рассматривает все и каждое явление в соотношении, т.е. релативно. Его главная характерная особенность то, что Илья рассматривал все в соответствии с зависимостью со своей страной, её местоположению, окружающим условиям и историческим обстоятельствам. Его теория представляет экономическую жизнь не только как явление, но и как понимание (объяснение) соотношения. В своих сочинениях Илья все время находиться в поисках этого соотношения:

• ежедневно старается установить оптимальное, истинное соотношение форм собственности, между ее двумя формами - частной и общественной; признает, что между этими двумя формами собственности такое соотношение лучше, когда труд является свободным во времени и в пространстве; • объясняет соотношение общечеловеческих и национальных экономических идеалов (формирования «стандарта», «мерки»); • классически рассматривает соотношение общенациональных и региональных интересов; признает, что на общенациональном уровне должно рассматриваться «создание всеобщего законодательства», т.е общая законотворческая деятельность, «общий доход-расход», т.е. финансы страны и «всеобщее воинское расположение”, т.е. оборона страны, а все остальные вопросы должны решаться на месте; • для развития страны обязательным условием является внедрение истинного местного самоуправления, требуется оптимальное разграничение государственного правления и местного самоуправления с учетом «Европейского опыта»; • обосновывает соотношение фритредерной (либеральной, открытой) и протекционистской внешней экономической политики, для обеспечения «самосуществования» и «саморазвития» страны и т.д. Именно на основании такого соотношения признает Илья Чавчавадзе возможность

формирования истинного, оптимального и приемлемого взаимоотношения для всего общества. Это же является универсальным методом для достижения оптимального синтеза общечеловеческих и национальных ценностей, путем сохранения нашего собственного «Я», «местных мелочей», 1 И.Чавчавадзе, соч. т.5, сахгами, 1955г, стр.230.

10

традиций, нравов и обычаев для достижения общего прогресса. Все вышеуказанное в современной эпохе глобализации для каждой страны имеют бесценное, прикладное назначение.

Позитивная зависимость Ильи в отношении интеграционных процессов и тенденций глобализма тогдашней эпохи, особенно рельефно выявилась в его экономическом мировоззрении, что отобразилось не только в его письмах и статьях теоретического характера, но и в его банковско-кредитной политике. Илья был приверженцем либеральной экономической политики и признавал, что свободная и либеральная экономическая политика путем создания глобальной мировой экономики способствует не только переходу интеграционных процессов на качественно новую стадию, но и решению социальных проблем капитализма.

Илья считал интеграционный процесс объективным процессом и постоянно развивающимся явлением, который окончательно явится глобально качественным явлением человечеству. Мы все должны учесть это и предусмотреть в нашем будущем национальном развитии.

11

evgeni baraTaSvili

saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

revaz gvelesiani

saqarTvelo. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

sruli profesori,

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

kadrebis momzadebisa da dasaqmebis politika mcire da saSualo biznesSi

civilizebuli biznesi, misi arsi, organizacia, dagegmva, marTva da sxva, Cveni

qveynis mosaxleobis cnobierebaSi fexmokidebisa da damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT, ax-

ladSemosuli saqmianobaa. Sesabamisad, biznesTan dakavSirebuli Teoriuli da praq-

tikuli problemebis swavlebac axla idgams fexs. qarTul ekonomikur literatura-

Si, XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde qarTul enaze Targmnili da

gamoqveynebuli statiebi, broSurebi, monografiebi da sxva ver avseben am sferoSi

arsebul xarvezs, ver akmayofileben sazogadoebis gazrdil moTxovnebs.

biznesisaTvis kadrebis momzadeba, Cveni azriT, unda warimarTos Semdegi mi-

marTulebiT:

biznesis sferosaTvis kadrebis momzadebis, gadamzadebisa da kvalifikaciis

amaRlebis mizniT, unda Seiqmnas samTavrobo politika da aisaxos specialur ka-

nonSi an sxva maregulirebel dokumentSi. igi unda moicavdes mTlianad qveynisa

da misi regionebis, ekonomikis calkeuli dargebis moTxovnilebas kvalificiur

kadrebze da gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos maTi momzadebis, gadamzadebisa da kva-

lifikaciis amaRlebis xangrZlivi da saSualovadiani perspeqtiva, Tavisi finansu-

ri uzrunvelyofiT. am mimarTulebiT wamyvani adgili unda daeTmos biznesisaTvis:

a) umaRles profesiul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi – umaRlesi profesi-

uli ganaTlebis mqone specialistebis momzadebas;

b) umaRles akademiur saswavleblebSi _ Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis

specialistebis momzadebas bakalavriatis, magistraturis, doqturanturis xa-

ziT.

- moqalaqeebisaTvis, romelTac survili aqvT daiwyon sakuTari biznesi, unda

gatardes saganmanaTleblo da organizaciul-sakonsultacio momsaxurebis Ronis-

ZiebaTa kompleqsi;

- unda Seiqmnas regionebSi, firmebSi, sawarmoebSi ekonomikuri samsaxuris

xelmZRvanelTa da specialistTa gadamzadebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mud-

mivmoqmedi skolebi;

- aseve, moqmedi da damwyebi biznesmenebisaTvis unda Seiqmnas sakonsultacio

centrebi sakuTari saqmis ukeT organizaciis sakiTxebze;

- swavlebis organizeba unda moxdes Tanamedrove informaciuli teqnologie-

bis safuZvelze, maT Soris, distanciuri swavlebisa da internet teqnologiebis,

saqmiani TamaSebis, swavlebis modeluri programebis gaTvaliswinebiT;

- es yvelaferi unda ganxorcieldes biznesis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris saxel-

mwifo programis CarCoebSi.

12

profesiul ganaTlebasTan mewarmeobis integrirebisaTvis aucilebelia sas-

wavleblebis transformacia sainovacio, sakonsultacio da saswavlo centrebad.

perspeqtivaSi profesiuli saswavlebeli SeiZleba moviazroT iseT organizaciad,

romelsac SeuZlia daxmarebis gaweva studentebisaTvis, regionis mcire da saSua-

lo sawarmoebisaTvis rCevebiT, konsultaciebiT, eqsperimentebiT, proeqtebiT. ase-

Ti amocanis Tavis garTmevis SesaZleblobas maT yvelaze ukeT miscems TanamSrom-

lobis gaaqtiureba mewarmeobis seriozuli praqtikuli gamocdilebis mqone dawe-

sebulebebTan, romelTa daxmarebiTac isini SeZleben TavianT saqmianobas mianiWon

sainovacio xasiaTi. aseTi, siaxleTa danergvaze gamiznuli strategia, saswavleb-

lebis yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs sabazo momzadebasa da gadamzadebas Soris mWidro

kavSiris damyarebaze. samewarmeo da inovaciis centris saxiT profesiuli saswav-

leblebi, iqcevian Tavisebur inkubatorebad, romlebic damwyeb mewarmeebs SesTava-

zeben ara mxolod seminarebsa da proeqtebs, aramed – sakuTari saqmis wamowyebis

sastarto etapze – Senobasa da Sromis saSualebebs aucilebel infrastruqturas-

Tan erTad. Semdgom aseTi centris amocanad SeiZleba iqces saqmis wamowyebis sta-

diaSi gamocdili specialistebis SeTavazeba Suamavlebad, romelTac aseve, kon-

trolis funqciac daekisrebaT. centrs unda SeeZlos organizaciebisa da calke-

ul pirTa qselebis Camoyalibeba, romelTac biznesis sawyis etapze myofi organi-

zaciebisaTvis daxmarebisa da mxardaWeris SesaZlebloba eqnebaT. profesiuli sas-

wavleblebi kerZo firmebTan erTad SeiZleba vaqcioT axali produqciisa da mom-

saxurebis Seqmnis, ganxilvisa da Semdgomi srulyofis bazebad.

amgvari midgoma SeiZleba iqces rogorc profesiuli ganaTlebis xarisxis

srulyofis saSualebad, rac Sesabamisad aamaRlebs saswavlo dawesebulebis sta-

tuss, mis prestiJsa da mniSvnelobas regionis ekonomikaSi, aseve, iqceva mosaxleo-

bis TviTdasaqmebis gadamwyvet faqtorad daqiravebuli Sromis muSakTa da axal

bazrebsa da biznesis ganviTarebis axal mimarTulebebSi.

axali sainovacio strategiis Semadgenelia maswavlebelTa gadamzadebac,

radgan isini mudmivad saWiroeben momxmarebelTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebas. es

midgoma, ra Tqma unda, sasargebloa pedagogTa momzadebaze specializebuli orga-

nizaciebisTvisac.

profesiuli saswavleblebis orientaciis Secvla da ganmtkiceba kanonmdeb-

lobiT saSualebas miscems axalgazrdas airCios ara mxolod ganaTlebis praqti-

kuli mimarTulebebi, aramed Seiqmnas akademiuri sakanonmdeblo kariera, romelic

uzrunvelyofs piradi institucionaluri da regionuli potencialebis realiza-

cias damoukideblobisa da pasuxismgeblobis mopovebis mizniT. mewarmeobis sakiT-

xebis integracia profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemaSi – ar aris moduri gamonagoni,

aramed mravalTagan erT-erTi momwifebuli problemaa. arsebiTad, igi unda ganvi-

xiloT ganaTlebis sferos orientaciis Secvlisaken mimarTuli seriozuli Ziebis

konteqstSi. sainformacio teqnologiebis saukuneSi profesiul ganaTlebasa da

momzadebaSi mewarmeobis sakiTxebis CarTviT SesaZlebelia mis ganviTarebaSi axa-

li horizontebis gaxsna bazarze orientaciis problemebis efeqtianad gadawyvetis

mizniT. garda amisa, profesiuli ganaTlebisa da momzadebis Secvlam SeiZleba xe-

li Seuwyos individualizaciis mimarTulebiT mis integracias sazogadoebis so-

cialuri transformaciis procesTan, rasac Tan axlavs Sromis bazarze dasaqmebis

axali formebis sxvadasxvaoba. profesiul ganaTlebaSi transformaciuli proce-

sebis danergva Sromis bazrisaTvis sakmaod mimzidveli, ganaTlebis sistemisaTvis

ki sasicocxlod aucilebeli amocanaa. profesiuli ganaTlebisa da swavlebis

13

tradiciuli koncefciisagan gansxvavebiT, mewarmeoba ganaTlebasa da swavlebaSi

mTlianad eyrdnoba studentis, rogorc novatoris potencials, romelsac sakuTa-

ri samuSaos dagegmvis unari gaaCnia. profesiuli ganaTlebis amocanaa – am poten-

cialis srulad gaxsna da misi iseTi transformacia, rodesac moswavle ganixile-

ba, rogorc sakuTari ideebis ganxorcielebis unaris mqone unikaluri mTlianoba.

aseTi midgoma, amave dros, safuZvelSive cvlis warmodgenas Sromis arsze.

kanoni `profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ ZalaSi 2007 wlis 28 marts Sevida.

arsebuli saerTaSoriso praqtikis Tanaxmad saqarTveloSi safuZveli eyreba umaR-

lesi ganaTlebis or paralelur Stos – akademiursa da profesiuls. profesiuli

ganaTleba Cveni qveynis saganmanaTleblo sistemis erT-erTi wamyvani komponenti

xdeba. profesiuli ganaTlebis misaRebad saxelmwifo qmnis profesiuli ganaTle-

bis sistemas, romelic efuZneba profesiuli swavlebis centrebsa da kolejebs.

profesiuli gadamzadebis programis farglebSi infrastruqturis reabilitacia-

ze, trenerebis momzadebaze, saswavlo masalebis Seqmnasa da saswavlo procesebis

warmarTvaze 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi 12 milion laramde daixarja. `profesiuli ga-

naTlebis koncefcia~ saqarTvelos mTavrobam 2005 wlis 31 agvistos #150 dadgeni-

lebiT daamtkica. am kanonma xeli unda Seuwyos profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis

misadagebas swrafad da mudmivad cvalebad Sromis bazris moTxovnebTan. profesi-

uli ganaTlebis miznebia:

1) mosaxleobis profesiul-saganmanaTleblo moTxovnebis dakmayofileba;

2) Sromis bazris uzrunvelyofa kvalificiuri kadrebiT;

3) dasaqmebulTa konkurentunarianobis SenarCuneba profesiuli gadamzadebisa

da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis gziT;

4) profesiuli ganaTlebis sferoSi saswavlo-samewarmeo partniorobis sistemis

Seqmna;

5) profesiuli ganaTlebis misadageba adgilobriv moTxovnebTan;

6) regionuli ganviTarebis mimdinare da perspeqtiuli moTxovnebis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT profesiul-saganmanaTleblo qselis Seqmna;

7) profesiuli ganaTlebis dafinansebaSi kerZo seqtoris monawileobis xelSewyoba.

profesiuli ganaTlebis sferoSi maRali xarisxis profesiuli ganaTlebis

Seqmnis mniSvnelovani berketia saswavlo-samewarmeo partnioroba, romelic uzrun-

velyofs saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis kavSirs ekonomikasTan, gansazRvravs kva-

lifikaciaze, kompetenciasa da unar-Cvevebze Sromis bazris moTxovnisa da miwode-

bis balanss.

saswavlo-samewarmeo partniorobis farglebSi damsaqmeblebi da maTi organi-

zaciebi monawileoben:

a) profesiuli ganaTlebis erovnuli politikis Seqmnasa da am sferoSi gadaw-

yvetilebebis miRebaSi;

b) samuSao adgilebze swavlebis prioritetebis CamoyalibebaSi;

g) saganmanaTleblo programebis Sedgenasa da saswavleblebis marTvaSi.

regionebis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan maCvenebels

zogadad dasaqmebis (rac farTo gagebiT umuSevrobasac gulisxmobs) sferoSi ar-

sebuli mdgomareoba warmoadgens. dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis doneebi is indika-

torebia, rac qveynis mTavrobas mianiSnebs, Tu ra mdgomareobaa qveyanaSi an mis

romelime regionSi da ramdenad aucilebelia specialuri RonisZiebebis SemuSave-

ba da ganxorcieleba.

14

umuSevrobis problemis gadawyveta metad rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia,

romelic rogorc qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli, aseve regi-

onebis saxelisuflebo organoebis mudmiv da gaerTianebul Zalisxmevas saWiroebs.

dasaqmebis politikis SemuSaveba gulisxmobs im mdgomareobis kompleqsur analiz-

sa da Sefasebas, rac dasaqmebis (umuSevrobis) sferoSi realurad arsebobs. amisa-

Tvis aucilebelia dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis aRricxvis mdgomareobis Seswavla,

rac am sferoSi arsebuli situaciis realurad Sefasebis saSualebas mogvcems.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas araTu dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis saxelmwifoebri-

vi regulirebis SesaZlebloba ara aqvs, aramed dasaqmebis statistikis arasrulyofi-

lebis, did nawilSi ki misi uzustobis gamo, damaxinjebuli saxiT aqvs warmodgenili

dasaqmebis, gansakuTrebiT ki umuSevrobis sferoSi arsebuli problemebis simwvave.

umuSevrobis negatiur Sedegebze msjeloba SeiZleba misi xangrZlivobis mi-

xedviT. saqarTveloSi Sromisunarianma moqalaqem, romelsac surs muSaoba, SeiZle-

ba wlebis ganmavlobaSi ver iSovos misi profesiis Sesabamisi samuSao. umuSevro-

bis xangrZlivi periodi amcirebs momuSavis profesiul-kvaliciuri codnis dones.

aseT pirovnebas sakmaod didi dro sWirdeba samuSaoze xelmeored adaptaciisaTvs.

ufro rTuldeba mdgomareoba, roca sawarmoSi adgili aqvs inovaciur procesebs

da mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis Sedegad icvleba warmoebis teqnologia. aseT

SemTxvevaSi misi kvalifikacia SeiZleba arasakmarisi an moZvelebuli aRmoCndes da

umuSevars xangrZlivi gadamzadeba dasWirdes. es Tavis mxriv, did finansur dana-

xarjebs ukavSirdeba.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas da analizs moiTxovs umuSevrobis regionuli maC-

veneblebis uaRresad dabali done. igi ZiriTadad soflad miwis nakveTebis dari-

gebisa da am safuZvelze maTi TviTdasaqmebulad CaTvlis Sedegia, rac TavisTavad

arasworia. magaliTad, 2008 wlis mdgomareobiT guriaSi dafiqsirebulia 7,7%-iani

umuSevrobis done, samcxe-javaxeTSi _ 9,0%, kaxeTSi – 7,0% da a.S.

qveynis regionebSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi daqiravebiT momuSaveTa

wili mniSvnelovnad dabalia, TviTdasaqmebulTa wili ki Zalze maRalia. 2008 wli-

saTvis daqiravebiT momuSaveTa maCvenebeli qveynis regionebis mixedviT aseTia: guria-

Si man mxolod 13,7% Seadgina, samcxe-javaxeTSi – 18,2%, samegreloSi – 21,6%, kaxeTSi

– 23,5%, Sida qarTlSi – 21,5%, qvemo qarTlSi – 30,1% da a.S. rogorc Cans, qveynis re-

gionebSi, garda Tbilisisa (sadac daqiravebiT momuSaveTa wili 76,8%-s Seadgens), da-

saqmebulTa Soris mkveTrad Warbobs TviTdasaqmebuli, rac uaryofiT movlenad unda

CaiTvalos, miT umetes, roca saqme gvaqvs fiqtiur TviTdasaqmebasTan.

l i t e r a t u r a:

1. tuRuSi m., faresaSvilin., saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis regulirebis meTodo-

logiuri da organizaciuli sakiTxebi, Jur. „socialuri ekonomika“, 2007, #4;

2. JorJoliani s., daqiravebul momuSaveTa stimulirebis arsi, roli da amocanebi

samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebaSi, Jur. „saqarTvelos ekonomika“, 2009, #2

3. nacvliSvili i., biznes-ganaTlebis reformis prioritetebi saqarTveloSi eko-

nomikuri problemebis daZlevis gzaze, Jur. „saqarTvelos ekonomika“, 2008, #10;

4. RaniaSvili m., profesiuli ganaTleba _ bazris Sesabamisi kvalifikaciuri kad-

rebis momzadebiT umuSevrobasTan brZola, Jur. „saqarTvelos ekonomika“, 2007, #9;

5. Tolordava z., WaleliSvili b., umuSevrobis socialur-ekonomikuri Sede-

gebi, Jur. „ekonomika“, 2007, 10-12.

15

ineza gagniZe saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

ganaTleba da mecniereba saqarTveloSi msoflio da globaluri konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebis aspeqtiT

Tanamedrove ekonomikur TeoriaSi nacionaluri konkurentunarianoba erT-er-

Ti yvelaze sakamaTo da kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod rTuli sakiTxia. or aTe-

ul welze metia, rac nacionaluri konkurentunarianobis (Compeptitiveness of Nations)

kvleva yvelaze farTo masStabebiT mimdinareobs msoflio ekonomikur forumsa

(aSS) da menejmentis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso institutSi (Sveicaria). aRniSnu-

li mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos ekonomikis kvleva axalia da sul ramdenime wels

iTvlis. Cvens mier warmodgenil moxsenebaSi gvsurs ganvixiloT saqarTveloSi ga-

naTlebisa da mecnierebis amsaxveli maCveneblebis avkargianoba zemoaRniSnuli sko-

lebis mier SemoTavazebuli msoflio da globaluri konkurentunarianobis angari-

SebSi gamoyenebul maCveneblebTan Sedarebis safuZvelze. agreTve, mogvaqvs msof-

lios ganviTarebul qveynebsa da ek-27-is mixedviT samecniero infrastruqturis gan-

viTarebis mizniT gaweuli danaxarjebis amsaxveli statistikuri monacemebi.

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis globaluri konkurentunarianobis 2010-2011

wlis angariSSi Sesulia informacia msoflios 139 qveynis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli sko-

la qveynebis konkurentunarianobas 2005 wlidan afasebs globaluri konkurentuna-

rianobis indeqsiT (GCR). 2010-2011 wlis globaluri konkurentunarianobis angariS-

Si saqarTvelos 3,9 quliT (7 qulidan) 93-e adgili ukavia. es niSnavs, rom igi

dRes faqtorebis gamoyenebidan, efeqtianobaze gardamaval safexurze (Transition 1-2)

imyofeba.1 globaluri konkurentunarianobis angariSi konkurentunarianobas afa-

sebs 12 kompleqsuri maCvenebliT, gvsurs moviyvanoT is maCveneblebi, romlebic

asaxaven ganaTlebasa da mecnierebas saqarTveloSi (ix. cxrili 1).

cxrili 1

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis maCveneblebi saqarTveloSi 2010-2011 wlis msoflio

ekonomikuri forumis globaluri konkurentunarianobis angariSis mixedviT2

# m a C v e n e b e l i adgili 139 qveyanas Soris

1 dawyebiTi ganaTlebis xarisxi 105

2 dawyebiTi ganaTlebis sistemaSi CarTulTa xvedriTi wili 17

3 saSualo ganaTlebis sistemaSi CarTulTa xvedriTi wili 59

4 specialuri ganaTlebis sistemaSi CarTulTa xvedriTi wili 66

5 saganmanaTleblo sistemis xarisxi 119

6 maTematikuri da samecniero ganaTlebis xarisxi 104

7 skolebis marTvis xarisxi 116

8 internetis xelmisawvdomoba skolebSi 74

9 kvlevebsa da treningebze xelmisawvdomoba adgilobriv doneze 125

1 personalis gadamzadebis maStabebi 108

1http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf.162-163. 2 iqve.

16

rogorc cxrili 1-dan Cans, konkurentunarianobis amsaxveli maCvenebeli

gvaqvs mxolod dawyebiTi ganaTlebis sistemaSi CarTulTa xvedriTi wilis mixed-

viT (17-e adgili 139 qveyanas Soris) da yvelaze cudi _ adgilobriv doneze kvle-

vebsa da treningebze xelmisawvdomobaSi (125). aRsaniSnavia, rom gasul wels am

sferoSi konkurentunarianobis amsaxveli maCvenebeli saerTod ar gvqonda.

lozanaSi msoflio konkurentunarianobis kvlevis centrSi Seiswavleba 55

mowinave qveyana, romelTa Soris saqarTvelo ar aris. Tumca, vfiqrobT, rom sain-

teresoa ganvixiloT is maCveneblebi, romlebsac Tavis kvlevaSi iyeneben evropeli

mecnierebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom kvlevis es maCveneblebi wlidan-wlamde icvleba da

ixveweba. kerZod, mimdinare wels gasul welTan SedarebiT Secvlilia 2 da dama-

tebulia 2 maCvenebeli. saerTo jamSi maTi ricxvi dReisaTvis 23-ia,1 esenia: dana-

xarjebi kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze (qveyanaSi mTlianad da biznes seqtoris mier

gaweuli danaxarjebi, rogorc nominaluri, ise procentuli maCveneblebiT); kvle-

vebisa da ganviTarebis samsaxurebSi srul saStato ganakveTebze dasaqmebulTa

ricxovnoba, rogorc qveynis masStabiT, aseve biznes-seqtorSi; kvlevebisa da ganvi-

Tarebis samsaxurebSi momuSave personali kapitalis erTeulze qveyanasa da biz-

nes-seqtorSi (promileSi), imave personalis raodenoba biznesSi kapitalis erTe-

ulze (promileSi); fundamenturi gamokvlevebi qveyanaSi (ganixileba, rogorc eko-

nomikis ganviTarebis faqtori grZelvadian periodSi); samecniero xarisxebi, gansa-

kuTrebiT sauniversiteto I xarisxis diplomebis raodenoba samecniero da teqni-

kur dargebSi (%-ad) mTlianad I xarisxis diplomebis raodenobasTan mimarTebiT;

samecniero statiebis raodenoba; mecniereba skolaSi (Seiswavleba axalgazrdebis

interesi mecnierebisadmi); nobelis premiebis laureatTa raodenoba saerTod da

kapitalis erTeulze (1950 wlidan jildoebi fizikaSi, qimiaSi, fsiqologiaSi an

medicinaSi, aseve ekonomikaSi); sapatento ganacxadebis raodenoba (qveynis moqala-

qeebis an moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa mier Sevsebuli sapatento ganacxadebis rao-

denoba) qveyanaSi mudmivad mcxovrebi moqalaqeebis mier miRebuli patentebis rao-

denoba; ama Tu im qveynis moqalaqeebis ucxoeTSi aRiarebuli patentebis raodeno-

ba; inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacva (inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacva kanoniT

aRiarebulia); moqmedi patentebis raodenoba – 100000kacze; patentebis mwarmoeblu-

roba – qveynis moqalaqeebis mier miRebuli patentebi / R&D personalis raodenoba

biznesSi (promileSi, 1000 kacze); samecniero kvlevebis xelSewyoba kanonmdeblo-

biT; codnis gadacema (codnis gadacema-gacvlis intensiuroba maRalia kompaniebsa

da universitetebs Soris); inovaciurobis SesaZlebloba (firmebis inovaciuroba,

gamoxatuli maT mier axali produqtebisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis unarSi).

vfiqrobT, yovelive zemoaRniSnuli kargad miuTiTebs amerikel da evropel

mkvlevarTa mier samecniero saqmianobis xelSewyoba-ganviTarebis kompleqsur xed-

vasa da xarisxobrivi Sedegebis stimulirebaze.

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministroSi gasul wels mecniere-

bis statistika moicavda 20 maCvenebels2, romlebic Semdeg oTx jgufSi erTiande-

ba: dafinansebis (9 maCvenebeli: mecnierebaze danaxarjebis wili mSp-Si; mecniereba-

ze saxelmwifo danaxarjebis wili qveynis biujetSi; mecnierebaze gaweuli saxel-

mwifo danaxarjebis wili ganaTlebaze gaweul saxelmwifo danaxarjebSi; mecnier-

Ta xelfasebze danaxarjebis wili mecnierebaze gaweul xarjebSi; ucxouri dafi-

1 http://www.imd.org/research/publications/wcy/upload/All_criteria_list.pdf 2 informacia 2009 w. aRebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros veb-gverdidan.

17

nansebis absoluturi da SefardebiTi raodenoba saxelmwifo biujetSi mecniereba-

ze gamoyofil TanxebTan mimarTebaSi; saxelmwifo seqtoris mier kvlevasa da teq-

nologiebis damuSavebaSi gaweuli xarjebi mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi;

biznesseqtoris mier kvlevasa da teqnologiebis damuSavebaSi gaweuli xarjebi

mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi; sawarmoTa wili, romlebic iReben saxelmwi-

fo dafinansebas inovaciebisTvis; umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi sa-

mecniero saqmianobisTvis gansazRvrul asignebaTa wili (procentuli maCvenebeli

dawesebulebis saerTo biujetTan mimarTebiT)), adamianuri resursebis (3 maCvenebe-

li: mecnierTa fardobiTi raodenoba (100000 kacze); mecnierTa saSualo asaki; mec-

nierTa saSualo xelfasi), Sedegebis (7 maCvenebeli: gamoqveynebul naSromebSi pir-

vel avtorTa da korespondent avtorTa absoluturi da fardobiTi raodenoba;

mecnierTa mier mopovebuli grantebi; mecnierTa inteleqtualuri sakuTreba; qveya-

naSi Catarebuli samecniero konferenciebi; wlis manZilze gamoqveynebuli monog-

rafiebis raodenoba; adgilobrivi da ucxouri jgufebis mier Sesrulebuli er-

Toblivi proeqtebi, romlebic ar aris sagranto warmoSobis; mecnierebis mier ga-

moqveynebuli wliuri naSromebis raodenoba) da mobilobis (1 maCvenebeli, samecni-

ero kadrebis/potencialis qveynis gareT gadineba).

saqarTveloSi arsebuli da msoflioSi aRiarebuli centrebis mier SemoTava-

zebul saganmanaTleblo da samecniero infrastruqturis amsaxvel maCvenebelebs

Soris, vfiqrobT, gansxvaveba ufro metia, vidre saerTo. amis mizezi, Cveni azriT,

sakiTxis gadawyvetis gansxvavebuli xedvaa. aq vgulisxmobT imas, rom CvenTan War-

bobs iseTi maCveneblebi, romlebic raodenobriv Sedegebzea orientirebuli, xolo

centrebis mier Camoyalibebuli maCveneblebi xarisxobriv Sedegebze akeTeben aq-

cents. es albaT, ganviTarebis Cveni donis mqone qveynisTvis bunebrivia da srul-

yofisken svlis procesis aucilebeli etapia. Tumca, aRniSnulis miuxedavad, vfiq-

robT, rom qveyanaSi statistikis uwyebis saqmianobis gaumjobeseba-ganaxlebisa da

saganmanaTleblo-samecniero sferos grZelvadiani ganviTarebis erTiani sistemuri

xedvis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba gadaudebeli sakiTxia.

Cveni azriT, upirveles yovlisa, unda daviwyoT fiqri kvlevisa da ganviTare-

bis sistemis Camoyalibebaze. qveynis kvlevebisa da ganvTarebis sistema warmoad-

gens adamianuri, materialuri, infrastruqturuli, codnisa da sxva faqtorebis

erTobliobas, romlis funqciaa axali codnisa da teqnologiebis Seqmna da/an aT-

viseba. es swored is sistemaa, sadac ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebi da bizne-

si sakmaod did Tanxebs xarjavs. monacemebs moviyvanT evrokomisiis evrostatis mi-

er 2009 wels momzadebuli gamocemidan `mecniereba, teqnologia da inovaciebi ev-

ropaSi~.1

aRniSnul gamocemaSi miTiTebulia rom 1996-2007 wlebSi kvlevasa da ganviTa-

rebaze saxelmwifo biujetidan gamoyofili Tanxebi (ganisazRvreba mSp-s %-uli

wiliT; GBAORD2) aSS-Si 0,9%-dan gaizarda 1,02%-mde, iaponiaSi igive maCvenebeli

0,58%-dan gaizarda 0,7%-mde, xolo evropa-15-Si (da Semdgom evropa-27-Si) meryeobda

0,8%-is farglebSi. 2007 wels evrokavSiris qveynebs Soris yvelaze maRali maCvene-

beli estoneTSi dafiqsirda – 1,06%; germaniasa da safrangeTSi – 0,76%; gaerTiane-

1 http://bookshop.europa.eu/is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/WFS/EU-Bookshop-Site/en_GB/-/EUR/ViewPublication-Start?PublicationKey=KS3009148 . 2 GBAORD - Government budget appropriations or outlays on R&D - sums allocated to R&D in central government or federal budg-

ets; this means they refer to budget provisions and not to actual expenditure.

18

bul samefoSi – 0,73%; italiaSi 0,61%; yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli saberZneTSi iyo

– 0,30%.

kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze gaweulma ralurma danaxarjebma, kvlevisa da gan-

viTarebis intensiurobam (R&D intensity - R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP) evrokavSi-

ri-27-Si Seadgina 1,83%; aSS-Si – 2,61%; iaponiaSi – 3,32%; gaerTianebul samefoSi –

1,76%. evrokavSiris calkeul qveynebs Soris yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli dafiqsir-

da SvedeTsa – 3,63% da fineTSi – 3,47%; germaniaSi aRniSnulma maCvenebelma Sead-

gina 2,53%; safrangeTSi – 2,08%, italiaSi – 1,14%, xolo yvelaze dabali maCvenebe-

li dafiqsirda kviprosSi – 0,45%.

kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobam mTlianad dasaqmebu-

lebs Soris evrokavSiri-27-Si Seadgina 1,44% xolo iaponiaSi – 1,71%. evrokavSiris

qveynebs Soris yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli dafiqsirda fineTSi – 3,22%, mas moyve-

ba SvedeTi – 2,71%, xolo yvelaze dabali xvedriTi wili dafiqsirda rumineTSi –

0,45%. germaniaSi aRniSnulma maCvenebelma Seadgina – 1,84%, safrangeTSi – 1,72%,

xolo italiaSi 1,23%.

sainteresoa biznesSi kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wi-

lis maCvenebeli mTlianad dasaqmebulebs Soris (R&D personnel in the business enterprise

sector, as a percentage of persons employed (HC), sadac uaxlesi maCvenebeli 2005 wliT ga-

nisazRvra da lideris poziciaSi mogvevlina luqsemburgi – 2,15%, meore adgilzea

fineTi – 1,70%, evrokavSiri-27-is maCvenebelia – 0,62%, xolo iaponiis – 1,04%.

samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi mecnierebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis wili bolo

wlebis manZilze qveynis biujetis mxolod 1%-is garSemo meryeobs.

aRniSnuli mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT vfiqrobT, sasurvelia estone-

Tis magaliTis gamoyeneba. igi mimdinare wels globaluri konkurentunarianobis

indeqsiT 33-e adgilzea msoflioSi, xolo msoflio konkurentunarianobis indeq-

siT – 34-e. aq gatarda reforma, romlis mizanic iyo, rogorc akademiuri mecniere-

bis, aseve umaRlesi sauniversiteto sistemis optimizacia da reorganizacia im

orientirebisaken, romelic saxelmwifom im periodisaTvis prioritetad CaTvala

da moxda akademiis sistemis rogorc materialuri, aseve adamianuri resursebis Zi-

reuli gardaqmna am prioritetebis mixedviT.

kvlevisa da ganviTarebis sistemis Camoyalibebaze zemoT gamoTqmuli mosaz-

rebis paralelurad gvsurs SemogTavazoT evropis mcire qveynebis msgavsad, or

sibrtyeSi moqmedi klasterebis1 dagegmva, romelTa ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia:

1. samecniero-saganmanaTleblo klasterebi (rac, rogorc msoflio ekonomikis

ganviTarebis istoria adasturebs, ganviTarebul qveynebSi gvevlineba, rogorc

kvlevisa da ganviTarebis sistemis Seqmna-Camoyalibebis winapiroba da inovaciebis

stimulirebis saukeTeso saSualeba);

2. tradiciuli klasterebi. saqarTvelosTvis es SeiZleba iyos soflis meurne-

obis, satransporto, turizmis didi klasterebi Tavisi mravali ganStoebiT da

sxva SedarebiT mcire klasterebi samecniero-saganmanaTleblo klasterTan mtkice

kavSirSi.

Tu ratom klasterebi saamosod moviyvanT stoqholmis ekonomikis skolis

strategiisa da konkurentunarianobis centris (Center for Strategy and Competitiveness -

1 i. gagniZe, klasterebis iniciativebi evropaSi da saqarTvelo, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso referirebadi da recenzirebadi samecniero-

praqtikuli Jurnali `ekonomika da biznesi~, Tb. #1 2010. gv. 88-89.

19

CSC)1 xelmZRvanelis prof. o. solvelis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom: `1. klastere-

bi gansakuTrebiT aZliereben garemos inovaciebisTvis; 2. klasterebi aviTareben

ori saxeobis Zalas, rogorc evoluciurs, aseve konstruqciuls~2.

amasTan, kidev erTxel gvsurs gavixsenoT prof. m. porteris mosazreba, rom:

`klasteris koncefcia iwvevs azrovnebis gansakuTrebuli formis ganviTarebas, mas

SeuZlia politika mimarTos mraval sferoSi, kerZod: mecnierebisa da teqnologi-

is ganviTarebisken, ganaTlebasa da profesiul momzadebaze, eqsportsa da ucxour

investiciebTan TanamSromlobasTan da sxva.3~.

amgvarad, klasterebis koncefcia ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategiaSi gamoi-

yeneba mraval qveyanaSi da vfiqrobT, saqarTveloSic sasurvelia Camoyalibdes

iseTi jgufi, romelic universitetebTan erTad Seiswavlis ucxour gamocdilebas

da ganaxorcielebs mis danergvas qveynis ekonomikaSi. saamisod SesaZlebelia ga-

noyenebuli iqnes is saukeTeso gamocdileba, rac adviladaa xelmisawvdomi klas-

terebis observatoriis mier gamocemul `evropuli klasterebis saorganizacio

cnobarSi~4. is yovelkvartalurad mzaddeba da asaxavs informacias 1200-ze meti

klasteris Sesaxeb 200-ze meti regionidan. am informaciaze dayrdnobiT SesaZle-

belia saqarTvelos samecniero Tu ekonomikis prioritetuli dargebis msgavsi

analogebis moZieba da maTi efeqtianobidan gamomdinare kavSirebis gamoyeneba Cve-

ni qveynis pirobebSi misi ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis Sesabamisad.

vfiqrobT, rom klasterebis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebuli sinergiuli

efeqtebi xels Seuwyobs qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis umoklesi gzis

formirebas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare ki, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos

ekonomikis klasteruli ganviTarebis koncefciis SemuSaveba qveynis ekonomikuri

interesebisTvis Zalzed mniSvnelovania.

1 http://www.hhs.se/csc/Pages/default.aspx. 2http://www.cluster-research.org/redbook.htm.; Orjan Solvell, Clusters - Balancing Evolutionary and Constructive Forces; ISBN 978-91-974783-3-5. pp.7. 3 Маикл Портер – Конкуренция; Издательский дом «Вильямс»; Санкт-Петербург, Москва, Киев; 2002.c.263. 4 http://www.clusterobservatory.eu/upload/directory.pdf.

20

irina gogoriSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

saqarTvelos ekonomikis inovaciuri ganviTarebis upiratesobaTa formireba globaluri krizisis pirobebSi

inovaciuri ganviTarebis upiratesobaTa formireba, rasac iaponeli mecnieri

xirooka (xirooka, 2006) inovaciur paradigmas uwodebs, Sedgeba sami logistikuri

traeqtoriisagan esenia: teqnologiis, amuSavebisa da difuziis.

teqnologiis traeqtoria miekuTvneba sabaziso teqnologiaTa erTobas, rome-

lic inovacias miekuTvneba. amuSavebis traeqtoria aris axali inovaciuri produq-

tebis erToblioba, romlebic miiReba axali sabaziso teqnologiebis gamoyenebis

safuZvelze. amuSavebis traeqtoria mTavar rols TamaSobs inovaciur paradigmaSi,

radgan swored aq xorcieldeba teqnologiuri codnis gadacema akademiuri insti-

tutebidan samewarmeo seqtorSi (inovaciuri produqtis aTvisebisa da misi Semdgo-

mi komercializaciis mizniT).

sasurveli pirobebi venCuruli sawarmoebisaTvis swored amuSavebis traeqto-

riis pirveli 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi iqmneba. amdenad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-

nia swored am periodSi ar davkargoT saukeTeso SesaZleblobebi inovaciaTa ko-

mercializaciisaTvis. teqnologiisa da difuziis traeqtoriebi agreTve pirvelad

xirookam gamoikvlia da maTi xangrZlivoba 25-30 wliT gansazRvra. amgvarad xiro-

okas mier gamokvleuli inovaciuri paradigma kaskaduri struqturis mqonea. igi

Sedgeba sami logistikuri traeqtoriisagan, romlebic erTmaneTs CamorCebian empi-

riuli gziT dadgenili drois gansazRvruli fiqsirebuli SualediT.

samecniero literaturaSi daxasiaTebuli kondratievis didi ciklebis Teo-

riis mixedviT msoflio ekonomika amJamad imyofeba mexuTe ciklis dasasrul meoT-

xe fazaze, romelic savaraudod 2020-22 wlisTvis dasruldeba. am ciklisTvis da-

maxasiaTebeli sabaziso teqnologiis traeqtoriis safuZvelze ganviTarda mikroe-

leqtronika, personaluri kompiuterebi, informatika da bioteqnologia. depresiis

faza, romelSic axla imyofeba msoflio ekonomika mravalmxrivi da mravalgvari

krizisebiT xasiaTdeba da rogori traeqtoriac ar unda hqondes axali ciklis

dawyebamde periods (igulisxmeba fazis traeqtoriebis W, L, V formebi). amas aravi-

Tari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan sanam ar dasruldeba mexuTe cikli, araviTari

grZelvadiani zrda ar iarsebebs. migvaCnia, absoluturad zedmetad am sakiTxze yu-

radRebis gamaxvileba.

meeqvse ciklis dasawyisi axali sabaziso teqnologiebiT xasiaTdeba. gansa-

kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia globaluri inteleqtualuri sainformacio qselebis, ada-

mianuri resursis potenciur SesaZleblobaTa srulyofili realizaciis bioteq-

nologiebi, zegamtarebi da ekologiurad sufTa energetika. sruliad axali teqno-

logiebis gverdiT ganviTarebasa da srulyofas ganagrZobs kompiuteruli teqno-

logiebi (Zireulad gardaqmnili nanoeleqtronikisa da kvanturi kompiuterebis sa-

fuZvelze), bioteqnologiebi da genuri inJineria (RerZuli ujredebis safuZvelze

kacobrioba sicocxlis xangrZlivobas fantastikurad gazrdis), multimedia dRes

ukve farTod gamoiyeneba da momaval aTwleulebSi igi Cveni cxovrebis yvela sfe-

roSi SeaRwevs. axali Taobis teqnologiebi ukve asruleben TavianTi ganviTarebis

21

traeqtoriebs da astimulireben maTi amuSavebis traeqtoriebs, xolo rac Seexeba

maT safuZvelze Seqmnili inovaciuri produqtebis komerciul gamoyenebas igi ukve

2015-2020 ww. daiwyeba.

yoveli axali teqnologiuri cikli sabaziso da gaumjobesebuli teqnologi-

ebis erTobliobaa, romlebic organizaciul inovaciebTan erTad dominirebad

,,teqnikur-ekonomikuri paradigmis~ safuZvelze inergeba. kompiuteruli teqnologi-

ebi, nanoteqnologiebi da maTi simbiozi meeqvse teqnologiuri ciklis dominireba-

di teqnikur-ekonomikuri paradigma iqneba. kompiuteruli teqnologiebi mTavar

rols iTamaSeben nanoteqnologiebis safuZvelze Seqmnili inovaciuri produqtis

damuSavebasa da aTvisebaSi. aSS-Si, evrokavSirsa da iaponiaSi meeqvse teqnologiu-

ri ciklis sabaziso teqnologiebis klasterizacia ukve mimdinareobs. magali-

Tad, mimdinareobs nanobioteqnologiebis mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis sferos for-

mireba. isini dakavSirebulia nanosistemebSi TviTorganizebadi Tvisebebis mqone

biologiuri komponentebis gamoyenebasTan da piruku nanosistemebis gamoyenebasTan

biologiuri da bioteqnologiuri procesebis optimizaciisTvis. nanobioteqnolo-

giebis farTo gamoyeneba (medicinasa da farmacevtikis garda) dakavSirebulia ag-

roteqnikasa da kvebis produqtebis warmoebis kardinalur gaumjobesebasa da nar-

Cenebis gadamuSavebis usafrTxo meTodebis gamoyenebasTan. msoflio ekonomikasa

da adamianTa sazogadoebaze nanobioteqnologiebis erT-erTi yvelaze revoluciu-

ri zemoqmedeba bioCipebis warmoebasa da gamoyenebaSia mosalodneli. inovaciebi

ekonomikis mniSvnelovan zrdas uzrunvelyofen mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini

universaluria da mis yvela sferoSi aRweven. amasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania

aRvniSnoT, rom nanoteqnologiebis gamoyenebis sferoebs jer-jerobiT medicinis,

soflis meurneobis, energetikisa da sxva tradiciuli dargebi warmoadgens.

mexuTe teqnologiuri ciklidan meeqvse teqnologiur ciklze gadasvlis pro-

cesSi garkveuli inovaciebi ganapirobebs axali infrastruqturebisa da qselebis

Seqmnas, romlebic ganviTarebis grZelvadiani traeqtoriis _ infratraeqtoriis

formirebas (xirooka, 2006) xels uwyobs. aseT inovaciebs magistralurs (RerZuls)

uwodeben. Tavdapirvelad maTi gavrceleba axal bazrebs qmnis, magram SemdgomSi

maTi potenciali ekonomikaSi axali infrastruqturis warmoqmnisaTvis farTovde-

ba. infratraeqtoriebi agreTve kargad gansazRvrul klasters qmnis, romelsac

RerZuli magistraluri inovacia aqvs. mexuTe teqnologiur ciklSi aseTi inovaci-

ebia kompiuteruli teqnologiebi. magistraluri inovaciebi, Tavis mxriv gansxvave-

bul invenciebsa da instituciur cvlilebebs iwvevs, romlebic Semdgom teqnolo-

giur ciklSi bazrebis gafarToebas ganapirobebs. amgvarad, swored kompiuterebi

gaxda ZiriTadi magistraluri invencia, romelmac sicocxle STabera cifrul

samyaros, programul produqts, mikroeleqtronikas, internets, multimedias da

sxv. axal momaval meeqvse teqnologiur ciklSi aseT magistralur inovacias sava-

raudod nanobioteqnologiebi warmoadgens. socialuri da teqnologiuri inovaci-

ebi paralelurad unda mimdinareobdes, mxolod ase SeiZleba miviRoT sinergiuli

efeqti. igi mniSvnelovnad gaafarToebs bazrebs, xels Seuwyobs Semdegi Taobis

inovaciebs, romlebic mTliani ekonomikis zrdas gamoiwvevs.

cnobili amerikeli mkvlevari ekonomisti k. frimeni werda: ,,swori ekonomiku-

ri da socialuri politikis mizania teqnikur inovaciebTan socialuri cvlile-

bebis iseTi misadageba, romelic Seamcirebs depresiis xangrZlivobas~ (frimani,

1987). am sakiTxSi SeuTanxmebloba ekonomikur interesebs Soris (xelisuflebasa

da ekonomikur agentebs Soris, biznessa da Sromas Soris, ganviTarebul da ganvi-

22

Tarebad qveynebs Soris da sxva) ekonomikuri aRmavlobisaTvis globalur winaaR-

mdegobas warmoadgens. socialur faseulobebsa da miznebs, ekonomikuri politi-

kis instrumentebsa da teqnologiur inovaciebs Soris sammxrivi kavSiri arsebobs.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sazogadoeba miaRwevs SeTanxmebas am sam kategorias Soris, mxo-

lod maSin Seiqmneba kargi pirobebi inovaciuri ganviTarebis, ekonomikuri zrdisa

da socialuri keTildReobisaTvis. nebismieri teqnologiuri ciklis depresiis

fazaSi bazrebi da mTliani ekonomika saxelmwifo regulirebis gaZlierebas moiT-

xovs. yovelive es ganpirobebulia sainvesticio saxsrebis mwvave ukmarisobiT, eko-

nomikis SekumSvis mZime Sedegebis neitralizaciis moTxovniT, ekonomikur rxevebze

ekonomikuri politikis zemoqmedebis meqanizmebis gaaqtiurebis SesaZleblobebiTa

da saxelmwifos xelSi arsebuli sxva, ufro qmediTi, antikrizisuli RonisZiebe-

bis gatarebiT. Zneli misaxvedri araa, rom swored teqnologiuri ciklis fazebis

Sesabamisad icvleba moTxovna ekonomikuri Teoriis skolebis doqtrinebze. msof-

lio ekonomikis gamococxlebisa da aRmavlobis fazebSi gaaqtiurebulia libera-

luri sabazro ekonomikis fuZemdebluri principebi da meTodebi, Semdgom ki (da-

cemisa da depresiis fazebSi) sawinaaRmdego procesebis ganviTarebasTan gvaqvs

saqme. depresiis faza saukeTeso periodia Zlieri saxelmwifo regulirebis stra-

tegiis gatarebisaTvis, romelic inovaciebis danergvisaTvis aucilebel xelSem-

wyob pirobebs qmnis. saxelmwifo regulirebis mxardasaWerad i. Sumpeteri aRniS-

navda, rom ,,dacemisa da depresiis periodSi mimdinare procesebi arastabilurobi-

sa da mouwesrigeblobis suraTs avlens, romelsac sazogadoeba da ekonomikuri

agentebi axali wonasworobisken mihyavs. swored amgvarad xorcieldeba saerTo si-

tuaciis SedarebiT swraf da fundamentur cvlilebebTan adaptacia” (Sumpeteri,

1982). depresiis fazaSi mimdinare procesebi ekonomikis axal wonasworobas uzrun-

velyofs wina periodebSi (gamococxlebisa da aRmavlobis periodebi) wonasworo-

bis darRveviT warmoqmnili Sedegebis ganeitralebis an sruli likvidaciis gziT.

depresiis faza grZeldeba manamde, sanam ar warmoiSoba axali wonasworoba. am pe-

riodSi mimdinareobs: warmoebis xarjebisa Semcireba, saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze

fasebis dacema, bazars toveben arakonkurentunariani, susti ekonomikuri subieqte-

bi. didi kompaniebi atareben ,,dekoncentraciis strategias~, romelic gulisxmobs

ZiriTadi saxeobis biznesze koncentrirebas (finansurad, menejmentisa da marketin-

gis TvalsazrisiT) misi araZiriTadi saxeobebis gayidvis safuZvelze. msoflio

ekonomikaSi mimdinareobs im kompaniebisa da korporaciebis zrda, romlebmac Se-

Zles inovaciebis dasanergad sakmarisi kapitaluri resursebis mobilizacia da ga-

moyeneba. cxadia, es procesebi gulisxmobs ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebuli Zlie-

ri ekonomikuri agentebis CarTvas (specializaciis, kooperirebisa da kombinire-

bis procesebis gaZlierebis safuZvelze) Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pro-

cesebSi did transnacionalur kompaniebTan urTierTobebis damyarebisa da maTi

Semdgomi gafarToebis gziT. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos meeqvse teqnologiuri cik-

lis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri maxasiaTebeli _ mimdinareobs warmoebis masStabis

mzardi efeqtis procesis globalizacia, romelic cxadia diferencirebulia

qveynebisa da dargebis mixedviT.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi globaluri procesebis safuZvelze mimdinareobs

(produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis Teoriis mixedviT) im mecnierebaTtevad dargebSi

specializacia, romlebSic masStabis mzardi efeqtis miReba xorcieldeba. didi

kompaniebi kooperirebis procesebis safuZvelze qmnian venCurul firmebs ganviTa-

rebad qveynebSi isev da isev im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisTvis, romleb-

23

Sic masStabis mzardi efeqtis miRebis SesaZlebloba arsebobs. am mxriv praqtiku-

lad warmatebis miRebis Sansi SedarebiT mravalricxovani mosaxleobis mqone gan-

viTarebad qveynebs aqvT, romlebsac kvalificiuri samuSao Zalis mobilizebis

TvalsazrisiTac naklebi problemebi SeiZleba hqondes. dRes aseTi qveynebis rao-

denoba msoflio ekonomikaSi sruliad sakmarisia. ismeba kiTxva _ ra SesaZleblo-

bebi gaaCnia mcire Ria ganviTarebad ekonomikebs (maT Soris saqarTvelos ekonomi-

kas) inovaciuri produqtebis (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis) warmoebaSi masStabis

mzardi efeqtis miRebis safuZvelze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema sakmaod rTulia,

radgan am SemTxvevaSi msoflio ekonomikis momavali da ara mimdinare ganviTare-

bis Sesaxeb vmsjelobT. msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis (ganviTare-

buli qveynebis gansakuTrebiT ki didi ekonomikebis) araTanabari da fragmentuli

zrdis fonze mimdinareobs msoflio sazogadoebis Tanmimdevruli da Seuqcevadi

momzadeba axali paradigmisa da teqnikuri inovaciebisTvis, romlebic adamianebs

marTalia TavianTi yofiT kidev ufro metad miajaWvebs teqnikuri progresis miR-

wevebTan, magram amave dros mniSvnelovnad daizogeba maTi energia da dro sulie-

ri ganviTarebisTvis.

arsebuli gamowvevebidan gamomdinare msoflio ekonomikis sazRvrebSi Sro-

mis danawilebisa da produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis Teoriis safuZvelze aSS-is

mecnier ekonomistTa didi nawili (maT Soris arian ekonomikaSi nobelis premiis

laureatebi: r. lukasi, r. jonsi, xarisi, p. krugmani, m. obstfeldi da sxvebi)

Tvlis, rom warmoebis masStabis mzardi efeqtis Teoriis praqtikaSi moqmedebis

Sedegebi uw. y. msoflio vaWrobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebsa da maT (savaWro

nakadebis) SemadgenlobaSi vlindeba. anu, ufro rom davakonkretoT, ganviTarebul

qveynebs Soris mimdinare ekonomikuri integracia daeqvemdebareba masStabis mzar-

di efeqtis safuZvelze organizebuli inteleqtualuri produqtis warmoebaSi ko-

operirebisa da specializaciis procesebs. ganviTarebuli mcire Ria ekonomikebi

aRniSnuli produqtebis warmoebaSi viwro specializaciis niSebs daikaveben da am

niSebis produqciiT ganviTarebul did Ria ekonomikebTan kooperaciis procesebSi

miiReben monawileobas. rac Seexeba kapitaltevadi samrewvelo saqonlis (igive exe-

ba ZiriTadi sakvebi produqtebis warmoebas) masobriv warmoebas, es procesi ganvi-

Tarebad did Ria ekonomikebSi gadainacvlebs (magaliTad: ruseTSi, indoeTSi, Ci-

neTSi, braziliaSi, argentinasa da sxva qveynebSi). maT Soris inteleqtualuri po-

tencialisa da kvalificiuri kadrebis mqone warmatebul qveynebSi gansakuTrebu-

li kategoriis (naklebad kapitaltevadi naxevarfabrikati) inteleqtualuri saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba ganviTardeba. gasagebia, rom Tu movlenebisa da

procesebis ganviTareba aseTi logikiT warimarTeba, maSin ganviTarebad mcire Ria

ekonomikebs (maT Sorisaa saqarTvelo) sagareo vaWrobisTvis im produqtebisa da

momsaxurebis warmoeba eqnebaT, romelTa warmoebaSic masStabis mzardi efeqti

ar warmoiqmneba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom meeqvse teqnologiuri ciklis sawyisi fazisaTvis ukve unda

momzaddes pirobebi calkeuli inteleqtualuri dargebis produqciis warmoebisa

da momsaxurebisTvis. amasTan dakavSirebuli logistikuri procesebis diferenci-

rebis safuZvelze viwro specializebuli safinanso da sasaqonlo nakadebis moZ-

raobasTan gveqneba saqme, risTvisac Cveni qveyana maqsimalurad unda emzadebodes.

am mxriv savaraudod pirveli nabiji sul axlaxan aSS-is mier SemoTavazebuli bi-

ologiuri kvlevebis CatarebisTvis mniSvnelovani laboratoriis Seqmna iqneba.

sakmaod kargi SesaZleblobebi Cndeba umaRlesi da specialuri ganaTlebis siste-

24

mis reabilitaciisa da ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT (teqnikuri universitetis ga-

farToebis uprecendento SesaZleblobebis Seqmna kavkasiis regionisTvis). vfiq-

robT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioT da saxelmwifo mxardaWera unda

gamovucxadoT janmrTelobis dacvis Tanamedrove uaxlesi samedicino aparaturiT

aRWurvili specializebuli hospitalebisa da klinikebis Seqmnas.

da bolos gvinda aRvniSnoT, Cveni qveynis istoriuli misia xelovnebisa da

sulier faseulobaTa Seqmnisa da gavrcelebis sferoSia. swored am mimarTule-

biT gvmarTebs gavaaqtiuroT Cveni saqmianoba (gansakuTrebiT unda gaZlierdes sa-

qarTvelos inteligenciis roli da funqciebi). rac Seexeba inteleqtualur poten-

cials (samxatvro akademia, konservatoria, Teatraluri instituti da sxva kultu-

ruli dawesebulebebi), am mxriv yoveli wuTis gamoyenebaa saWiro, radgan konku-

rencia uaRresad mZafria. sasurvelia saswavlo programebis orientireba saqarTve-

loSi savaraudod momavalSi (depresiis fazaze da meeqvse teqnologiuri ciklis

momaval stadiebze) mimdinare inovaciuri ganviTarebis procesebis momsaxurebaze.

Cveni Rrma rwmeniT saqarTvelos inteligencia am rTul da sabediswero mniSvne-

lobis mqone amocanis gadawyvetas warmatebiT SeZlebs.

l i t e r a t u r a:

1.Freeman C. Technical Innovation, Diffusion and Long Cycles of Economic Development. The

Long-Wave Debate/Ed. By T. Vasko. Berlin : Springer. 1987. P. 295-309;

2.Hirooka M. Innovation Dynamism and Economic Growth. A Nonlinear Perspective;

3. Cheltenham, UK-Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.2006;

4. Shumpeter I. Economic Development Theory. 1982;

5. OECD 2008.

25

zurab vaSakiZe saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis asocirebuli profesori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

merab miqelaSvili

saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis doqtoranti

saxelmwifos sagadasaxado politikis zogierTi Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtis Sesaxeb

sagadasaxado politika warmoadgens qveynis ekonomikuri politikis umniSvnelo-

vanes Semadgenel nawils. amavdroulad, igi gvevlineba seriozul berketad, romlis

saSualebiTac xelisufleba zegavlenas axdens warmoebis da ganawilebis procesze.

am sferoSi arsebuli gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sfe-

ro warmoadgens ekonomikaze saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis mZlavr instruments, amitom

mis xarisxobriv srulyofas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs da moiTxovs mikro da

makro ekonomikuri problemebis farTo wris Rrma Teoriul analizsa da kvlevas.

erTi mxriv sagadasaxado politika mowodebulia uzrunvelyos (1):

• xelisuflebis moRvaweobisaTvis aucilebeli resursebi (Tavdacvis, ekonomi-

kuri da socialuri programebis xarjebi);

• ekonomikuri regulireba (gadasaxadebi gamoyenebul unda iqnas sameurneo saq-

mianobis marTvis berketad da ekonomikuri politikis garkveuli miznebis gansa-

xorcieleblad);

• Semosavlebis gaTanabreba (misi saSualebiT xdeba erovnuli Semosavlis gada-

nawileba).

meore mxriv, axorcielebs ra am mTavar funqciebs, saxelmwifo amavdroulad

iZulebulia izrunos imaze, rom gadasaxadebis zogadi done, maTi struqtura,

progresulobis xarisxi da agreTve xarjebisa da transfertebis struqtura ar

amcirebdnen samewarmeo da biznes saqmianobis Sedegad dagrovebis stimulebs.

saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas aucilebeli pirobebi sabazro ekonomikis funqcio-

nirebisaTvis da amisTvis unda iyenebdes sxvadasxva berkets. erT-erTi mTavari maT

Soris swored gadasaxadebia (2). sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, maT Soris TiTqmis erTnairi

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis qveynebSic ki, ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulire-

bis xarisxi gansxvavebulia. yvelaze didi gavlena ekonomikis saxelmwifo reguli-

rebis kuTxiT aris SvedeTSi; yvelaze dabali xarisxiT saxelmwifo dakavebulia

ekonomikis regulirebis marTviT germaniaSi, iaponiasa da aSS-Si. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom qmnis ra qveynis sagadasaxado sistemas, saxelmwifo iswrafvis misi saSuale-

biT finansuri politikis Camoyalibebisken. amis gamo igi yalibdeba SedarebiT da-

moukidebel mimarTulebad – sagadasaxado politikad.

sagadasaxado politika warmoadgens saxelmwifos ekonomikur, finansur da

samarTlebrivi RonisZiebebis erTobliobas, romelic mimarTulia sagadasaxado

politikis formirebisken da romlis mizania saxelmwifos finansuri moTxovnile-

bebis uzrunvelyofa. am saqmianobaSi saxelmwifo eyrdnoba gadasaxadebisTvis dama-

xasiaTebel funqciebs da iyenebs maT aqtiuri sagadasaxado politikis gatarebi-

saTvis. ekonomikis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze sa-

xelmwifo iyenebs sagadasaxado politikis sxvadasxva meTods (3).

26

sagadasaxado politikis Seqmnis dros saxelmwifo iTvaliswinebs ekonomikur,

fiskalur, socialur da saerTaSoriso miznebs.

• ekonomikuri miznebi – ekonomikis ganviTarebis donis amaRleba, saqmiani aqtiu-

robis gamococxleba, samewarmeo saqmianobis stimulireba;

• fiskaluri miznebi – saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofa finansuri resursebiT, mmar-

TvelobiTi funqciebis efeqturad gansaxorcieleblad;

• socialuri miznebi – erovnuli Semosavlis gadanawileba socialur fenebze,

samarTlianobis principis dacviT;

• saerTaSoriso miznebi – saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso finansuri valdebulebe-

bis Sesruleba, sxva saxelmwifoebTan ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganmtkiceba (4).

sagadasaxado politikis erT-erT meTodad iyeneben maqsimaluri gadasaxadebis

politikas. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo awesebs sakmaod maRal sagadasaxado ganakve-

Tebs, amcirebs sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs, awesebs didi raodenobiT gadasaxadebs, cdi-

lobs ra moizidos biujetSi rac SeiZleba didi finansuri resursi. cxadia, aseTi

politika ar utovebs Sanss gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs da mTlianad sazogadoebas

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis. amitom aseTi politika xorcieldeba saxelmwifos mi-

er ganviTarebis eqstraordinaruli etapis dros (ekonomikuri krizisi, omi). aseTi sa-

gadasaxado politika xorcieldeboda saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformebis dawye-

bis wlebSi (gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebi). amasTan araviTari ekonomikuri, socia-

luri da politikuri winapirobebi aseTi politikis gansaxorcieleblad ar arsebob-

da. aseTma politikam moitana negatiuri Sedegebi, kerZod gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs

ar rCebodaT saxsrebi biznesis ganviTarebisTvis, amis konkretuli Sedegi ki iyo ga-

dasaxadebis masobrivi argadaxdebi da amis safuZvelze mravali wlis manZilze defi-

cituri biujetis arseboba qveyanaSi. masobrivi xasiaTi SeiZina e.w. `Crdilovanma eko-

nomikam~; saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemam im wlebSi ver uzrunvelyo verc erTi

masze dakisrebuli funqcia, maT Soris verc biznesis stimulirebis. praqtikiT dam-

tkicda, rom gadasaxadis gadamxdelisgan misi Semosavlis 30%-mde amoReba is sazRva-

ria, romlis iqiT iwyeba dagrovebis da rogorc Sedegis, warmoebaSi investiciebis

Semcireba. Tu gadasaxadebis saSualebiT xdeba gadasaxadis gadamxdelebisgan 40-50%

da meti wilis amoReba, es iwvevs praqtikulad stimulirebisa da samewarmeo inicia-

tivebis likvidacias. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom rac ufro maRalia gadasaxade-

bis ganakveTebi, pirdapir proporciulad izrdeba gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis survi-

li Tavi aaridon gadasaxadis gadaxdas (6).

rogorc praqtika aCvenebs, arasworia gadasaxadebis mxolod fiskalur fun-

qciaze aqcentebis gadatana, radgan gadasaxadebis mastimulirebeli funqciis gamo-

yeneba saboloo jamSi sakmaod karg finansur Sedegebs iZleva. am funqciis gamoye-

neba ki SesaZlebelia erTi mxriv sagadasaxado wnexis SemcirebiT, romlis parale-

lurad aucilebelia sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis sistemis farTod gamoyeneba.

ukanasknel dromde iTvleboda, rom gadasaxadebis maRali ganakveTebi da sa-

gadasaxado Skalebis progresulobis xarisxi iwvevda ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da

moqalaqeebis socialuri daculobis maRal dones, magram dRevandel etapze, da-

savleTis qveynebis sagadasaxado dabegvris sferoSi arsebuli tendenciebi gviCve-

neben, rom gamoikveTa fizikuri pirebis Semosavlebidan da korporaciebis mogebi-

dan biujetis kuTvnili Tanxebis sagadasaxado tvirTis Semcirebis tendencia.

sagadasaxado politikis erT-erTi meTodia ekonomikuri ganviTarebis meTodi,

romlis drosac saxelmwifo amsubuqebs sagadasaxado wnexs, amcirebs saxelmwifo

xarjebs, pirvel rigSi socialuri programebis mimarTulebiT (7). aseTi sagadasa-

27

xado politikis mTavari mizania sainvesticio aqtivobis zrda. rogorc wesi, saga-

dasaxado politikis am formas iyeneben maSin, roca mosalodnelia ekonomikuri

stagnacia, romelic SeiZleba gadaizardos ekonomikur krizisSi.

arsebobs egreT wodebuli `gonivruli gadasaxadebis~ sagadasaxado politi-

ka, romelic warmoadgens `maqsimaluri gadasaxadebisa~ da `gonivruli gadasaxade-

bis~ sagadasaxado politikis oqros Sualeds. misi arsi mdgomareobs sakmaod ma-

Rali sagadasaxado ganakveTebis safuZvelze Seqmnili finansuri resursebis maqsi-

malur gamoyenebaSi saxelmwifos socialuri programebis gansaxorcieleblad.

sagadasaxado politikis miznebidan gamomdinare, es politika SeiZleba ata-

rebdes strategiul an taqtikur Sinaarss.

sagadasaxado strategia mimarTulia msxvilmasStabiani amocanebis gadasawyve-

tad, romelic dakavSirebulia qveynis sagadasaxado sistemis ganviTarebis tendencie-

bisa da koncefciis SemuSavebasTan. igi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli qveynis ekonomi-

kur, safinanso da socialur strategiasTan da xangrZliv drozea gaTvlili. sagada-

saxaxdo taqtika mimarTulia ekonomikis ganviTarebis konkretuli etapis miznebis

miRwevaze da uzrunvelyofs am miznebis miRwevas sagadasaxado meqanizmebis elemente-

bis drouli cvlilebiT. sagadasaxado politikis Sedegianoba damokidebulia imaze,

Tu ra principebis gaTvaliswinebiT qmnis saxelmwifo am politikis safuZvlebs.

sagadasaxado politikis formirebis dros iTvaliswineben Semdeg mTavar

principebs:

• pirdapiri da iribi gadasaxadebis Tanafardoba;

• progresuli gadasaxadebis gamoyeneba da progresiis xarisxi;

• sagadasaxado dabegvris diskretuloba;

• sagadasaxado bazis formirebis meTodebi;

• sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miznebi, Sinaarsi da gamoyenebis areali;

• gadasaxadebis gamoTvlebisa da maTi administrirebis sistemebis miznobrivi

mimarTuleba da gamoyenebis formebi da meTodebi;

• sxvadasxva Semosavlis mqone gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis sagadasaxado dabeg-

vris `erTferovnebis~ xarisxi.

sagadasaxado politika unda iyos stabiluri. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mewarmi-

saTvis SeuZlebeli xdeba misaRebi gadawyvetilebebis prognozireba, rac Tavis

mxriv xels uSlis sabazro urTierTobebis formirebas. amgvarad, dRis wesrigSi

dgeba sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis komleqsuri srulyofis aucilebloba.

sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba xels unda uwyobdes kapitalis dagrovebasa da in-

vestirebas. uiliam egarsi, Tavis naSromSi „dRis wesrigi aRmosavleT evropisTvis ga-

dasaxadebis sasargeblo ganviTarebisa da keTildReobisaTvis“ aRniSnavs, rom yofili

komunisturi banakis qveynebisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebelia ekonomikis swrafi gan-

viTareba, raTa maT SeiZinon unar- Cvevebi dasavleTTan konkurenciisaTvis. amis misaR-

wevad maT Tavidan unda aicilon saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mniSvnelovani zrda da mis

magivrad SemoiRon xelfasidan standartuli gadasaxadi. is gvTavazobs am gadasaxadis

15%-ian ganakveTs, romelic gamoiyeneba hong-kongSi. es qveyana inarCunebs msoflioSi

yvelaze dabal sagadasaxado ganakveTebs da miuxedavad aseTi dabali sagadasaxado

tvirTisa, yovelwliurad misi mTliani erovnuli produqti erT sul mosaxleze iz-

rdeba 6,4 %-iT. igive maCvenebeli aSS-Si aris 2,4%, xolo germaniaSi 3,3% (8).

saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari ekonomikuri amocanebisa da gamowvevebis gaTva-

liswinebiT, qveynis sagadasaxado politikis mTavar mimarTulebebad unda iqces

ekonomikuri stabilurobisa da ekonomikis prioritetuli sferoebis stimulireba.

28

es amocanebi eqvemdebareba sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis saSualebiT regulirebas,

romelic zogierTi RonisZiebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. kerZod:

• yvela samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtis mogebis gadasaxadiT dabegvris bazi-

dan unda iqnas amoRebuli is saxsrebi, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba investiciebSi

an moxmardeba reinvesticias.

• farTod unda iqnas gamoyenebuli kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli materialuri

aqtivebis (uZravi qoneba, satransporto saSualebebi, miwis nakveTebi) progresuli

sagadasaxado dabegvris sistema, miuxedavad imisa, fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piris

sakuTrebaSia es qoneba.

• sagadasaxado dabegvris teqnikis mudmivi srulyofa, romlis mizanic unda

iyos sagadasaxado tvirTis gaTanabreba sxvadasxva Semosavlis mqone moqalaqeebis-

Tvis da samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtebisTvis.

• kargad ganviTarebuli gadasaxadebis deklarirebisa da gadaxdis avtomati-

zirebuli sistemis Seqmna, unaRdo angariSsworebis sistemis ganviTarebasa da

srulyofasTan erTad.

• sagadasaxado organoebis TanamSromlobis horizontaluri da vertikaluri

meqanizmebis srulyofa.

• sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis detalizacia, raTa gamoiricxos sxvadasxva

sakiTxis ormagi interpretaciis saSualeba.

• sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevisTvis dawesebuli sanqciebis gonivruli di-

ferenciacia.

• sagadasaxado danaSaulis dakavSireba ukanonod mopovebuli fuladi saxsre-

bis legalizaciasTan. sagadasaxado samarTaldarRvevisa da danaSaulis samar-

Tlebrivi formulireba da maTi gamijvna.

• aSS-is gamocdilebis gaziareba, romelic iTvaliswinebs sagadasaxado dana-

SaulisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi iuridiuli piris micemas. aseTi

midgoma SeiZleba sakmaod seriozul berketad iqces sagadasaxado danaSaulis

prevenciisaTvis.

mTlianobaSi, sagadasaxado politikis formireba nebismieri saxelmwifos um-

niSvnelovanesi funqciaa da sworad Camoyalibebuli da praqtikulad ganxorcie-

lebuli, sistematizirebuli aseTi politika mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs qveynis

mdgrad ekonomikur ganviTarebas.

l i t e r a t u r a:

1. miqelaSvili m., gadasaxadebi, Tb., gamomcemloba `sityva~, 2009;

2. vaSakiZe z., saqarTveloSi moqmedi gadasaxadebi, Tbilisi, 2008;

3. Черник Д. А., Налоги и налогообложение-М, ИЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2008;

4. Барулин С., Финансы – М, Кнорус, 2008;

5. Пушкарева В. М, История финансовой мысли и политики налогов, М., Финансы и

статистика, 2006;

6. Боди З., Мертон Р., Финансы, М., Вильямс, 2009; 7. Сломан Дж., Экономика для бизнеса, М., Эксмо, 2010; 8. Паскачев А. В., Налоги и налогообложение, М., Высшее образование, 2008.

29

daviT vekua saqarTvelo. Tbilisis ekonomikuri urTierTobaTa

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

nino faresaSvili saqarTvelo. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

samuSao Zalis aqtivobis mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi da misi gaumjobesebis perspeqtivebi

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri sistemis transformaciis sawyis etapzeve, dasaqme-

bis sferoSi, mniSvnelovani problemebi gaCnda. Mmas Semdeg, rac moiSala Zveli

ekonomikuri kavSirebi, saqarTvelom iseve, rogorc yofili sabWoTa kavSiris ume-

tesma qveynebma, Tavi ver daaRwia faruli da legaluri umuSevrobis did masSta-

bebs. es problemebi kidev ufro gaamwvava iseTma faqtorebma, rogoricaa: geogra-

fiuli mdgomareoba, mosaxleobis demografiuli struqtura, samuSao Zalis kvlav-

warmoebis done, migraciuli procesebi da sxv. saqarTveloSi umuSevroba ara mar-

to ekonomikur, aramed mniSvnelovan socialur problemad Camoyalibda. igi bevri

ojaxisTvis TiTqmis dauZlevel winaaRmdegobad iqca.

rogorc mimdinare, aseve xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi umuSevrobis donis Semci-

reba, samuSao Zalis aqtivizacia da am gziT Sromis bazris gamococxleba saqar-

Tvelos ekonomikuri politikis umniSvnelovanes organul nawilad Camoyalibda.

samuSao Zalis aqtivobis amaRlebisaTvis ki unda Seiqmnas iseTi makroekonomikuri

garemo, sadac dabali iqneba inflacia, biujetis deficiti, dasruldeba konkuren-

tunariani garemos Seqmna, funqcionirebas daiwyebs civiluri Sromis bazari, sa-

xelmwifo ki iqceva samuSao Zalis miwodeba-moTxovnis mTavar mediatorad. aqtivo-

bis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT aseve mniSvnelovania ganaTlebis sfero, radgan

axalgazrdam unda miiRos iseTi kvalifikacia, romelic moTxovnadia ara marto

dRes, aramed momavalSic. paralelur reJimSi unda moxdes gadamzadebis da kvali-

fikaciis kursebis Camoyalibeba, rac dRevandeli garemos mudmivad cvalebadi

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas Seuwyobs xels.

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT, romelic Sromis

saerTaSoriso organizaciis meTodologiis mixedviT aris Sedgenili, sadac dasaq-

mebulad iTvleba ara mxolod kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtorSi daqiravebulebi,

aramed aseve mosaxleobis is nawilic, romelic mogebis, Semosavlis an sxva saxis

mizniT eweva garkveul aqtiurobas,Uukanasknel 9 weliwadSi, anu 2009 wlis mdgoma-

reobiT, aqtiuri moasaxleobis raodenoba Semcirebulia 122 aTasi kaciT da Sead-

gens 1991 aTas kacs. aRniSnul periodSi aqtiuri mosaxleobis aseTi Semcireba da-

kavSirebulia saqarTvelosaTvis uaRresad mwvave or problemasTan. Ees aris migra-

cia da mosaxleobis dabereba, anu demografiuli mdgomareobis gauareseba. zemoT

aRniSnuli mosazrebis marTebulobaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom amave periodSi

mosaxleoba, romelic aqtiuri samuSao Zalis gareT aris dafiqsirebuli, gazrdi-

lia 62 aTasi kaciT, xolo danarCeni 60 aTasi kacidan mosaxleobis nawili emigri-

rebulia, nawili gardacvlili.

30

2009 wlis monacemebiT kvlav Zalzed maRalia dasaqmebulTa Soris TviTdasaq-

mebulTa xvedriTi wili 63,9%. maTi umravlesoba dasaqmebulia soflad sakuTar

glexur meurneobebSi da naklebad floben Tundac soflis meurneobisaTvis saWi-

ro Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamis teqnologiebs da unar-Cvevebs.

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom bolo 9 wlis statistikuri monacemebiT Semcirebulia

aqtiuri mosaxleobis raodenoba, gazrdilia umuSevrobis done (procentebSi). Tu

2000 wels igi Sedagenda 10,3%, man 2009 wels Seadgina 16,9% da wlebis mixedviT xa-

siaTdeba zrdis tendenciiT (ix. cxrili 1).

saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis donis Sefasebisas aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT

is obieqturi siZneleebi, rac samuSao Zalis aqtivobis gaumjobesebas uSlida

xels. kerZod: omebi da masTan dakavSirebuli recidivebi, msoflio ekonomikuri

krizisi, samoqalaqo mRelvarebebi da sxva arasasurveli movlenebi, romlebic

mniSvnelovnad amcirebs qveyanaSi ekonomikur aqtiurobas da zrdis umuSevrobas.

cxrili 1

15 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis ganawileba ekonomikuri aqtivobis

mixedviT, aTasi kaci

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

sul aqtiuri

mosaxleoba

(samuSao Zala)

2049,2 2113,3 2104,2 2050,8 2041,0 2023,9 2021,8 1965,3 1917,8 1991,8

dasaqmebuli 1837,2 1877,7 1839,2 1814,9 1783,3 1744,6 1747,3 1704,3 1601,9 1656,1

daqiravebuli 683,9 654,3 650,9 618,5 600,9 600,5 603,9 625,4 572,4 596,0

TviTdaqirave-

buli

1041,2 1135,9 1184,9 1195,2 1180,8 1143,3 1141,6 1078,8 1028,5 1059,0

gaurkveveli 112,1 87,3 3,4 1,3 1,6 0,8 1,8 0,1 1,1 1,2

umuSevari 212,0 235,6 265,0 235,9 257,6 279,3 274,5 261,0 315,8 335,6

mosaxleoba sa-

muSao Zalis

gareT

1092,3 1077,7 1135,3 1048,4 1105,9 1136,1 1228,0 1138,6 1145,2 1139,3

umuSevrobis

done (procen-

tebSi)

10,3 11,1 12,6 11,5 12,6 13,8 13,6 13,3 16,5 16,9

aqtiurobis

done (procen-

tebSi)

66,2 66,2 65,0 66,2 64,9 64,0 62,2 63,3 62,6 63,6

dasaqmebis do-

ne (procenteb-

Si)

58,5 58,8 56,8 58,6 56,7 55,2 53,8 54,9 52,3 52,9

Tu mTlianobaSi qveynis masStabiT umuSevrobis arsebuli done statistikis

departamentis monacemebze dayrdnobiT arc ise sagangaSoa (Tumca, statistikis de-

partamentis monacemebi rig SemTxvevebSi srulyofilad ver asaxavs faqtiur mdgo-

mareobas), samwuxarod ikveTeba tendencia, romelsac sWirdeba seriozuli reguli-

reba da es Seexeba axalgazrdebis dasaqmebas. kerZod, samuSao Zalis struqturaSi

umuSevrobis done 2009 wlis monacemebiT 25-29 wlis axalgazrdebSi Seadgenda

29,9%, xolo 30-34 wlis axalgazrdebSi 24,2%, rac raRaTqmaunda dausaqmebeli da

aqtiuri mosaxleobis migraciis safrTxeebs qmnis (ix. cxrili 2).

31

cxrili 2

15 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis ganawileba ekonomikuri aqtivobis mi-

xedviT asakobriv WrilSi, 2009

25-29 30-34

sul aqtiuri mosaxleoba (samuSao Zala) 191,8 187,8

dasaqmebuli 134,5 142,4

daqiravebuli 68,3 69,1

TviTdaqiravebuli 65,9 73,3

gaurkveveli 0,3 0,0

umuSevari 57,3 45,4

mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT 71,5 56,3

umuSevrobis done (procentebSi) 29,9 24,2

aqtiurobis done (procentebSi) 72,8 76,9

dasaqmebis done (procentebSi) 51,1 58,3

Aamave dros dadebiT tendenciad unda CaiTvalos is faqti, rom umuSevrobis

done qalebSi naklebia, vidre mamakacebSi, rac saqarTveloSi SromiT urTierTo-

bebSi genderuli uTanasworobis ararsebobaze migvaniSnebs. 2009 wlis monacemebiT

qalebis umuSevrobis donem Seadgina 15,4%, rac 2,7 procentuli punqtiT naklebia

mamakacebTan SedarebiT.

Tu umuSevrobis problemas Cven regionalur WrilSi ganvixilavT, davinaxavT,

rom qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod mniSvne-

lovani disproporciaa. kerZod, Tu soflad umuSevrobis done Seadgens mxolod

7,8 procents, rac soflad mcxovrebTaTvis miwis farTobebis darigebam da ,,dasaq-

mebis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi Sesabamisi normis Setanam (romlis mixedviT, Tu ojaxis

wevrs erT heqtramde sasoflo – sameurneo miwis farTobi aqvs, maSin is da misi

ojaxis wevrebi TviT dasaqmebulad iTvlebian) ganapiroba. marTalia, 2006 wels sa-

qarTveloSi Sromis kodeqsis miRebiT dasaqmebis kanoni Zaladakargulad gamoc-

xadda, magram zemoT aRniSnuli norma isev ZalaSia. umuSevrobis donem qalaqis

tipis dasaxlebaSi 28,8 procenti Seadgina. Ees ki niSnavs imas, rom qalaqad aqtiu-

ri mosaxleobis TiTqmis yvela mesame mcxovrebi umuSevaria (ix. cxrili 3).

cxrili 3

15 wlis da ufrosi asakis qalaqis da soflis mosaxleobis ganawileba ekonomiku-

ri aqtivobis mixedviT 2009 wels

qalaqad soflad

sul aqtiuri mosaxleoba (samuSao Zala) 857,0 1134,8

dasaqmebuli 610,0 1046,1

daqiravebuli 413,5 182,5

TviTdaqiravebuli 195,6 863,3

gaurkveveli 0,9 0,3

umuSevari 247,0 88,6

mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT 668,0 471,3

umuSevrobis done (procentebSi) 28,8 7,8

Aaqtiurobis done (procentebSi) 56,2 70,7

Ddasaqmebis done (procentebSi) 40,0 65,1

32

rogorc statistikuri analizi gviCvenebs, dasaqmebis sferoSi saWiroa mizan-

mimarTuli, kompleqsuri da efeqtiani gadawyvetilebebis miReba, romlebic garda-

texas Seitans saqarTveloSi arcTu saxarbielo tendenciebis daZlevaSi da mniS-

vnelovnad gaaumjobesebs samuSao Zalis aqtivobis stimulirebas. yvelasaTvis na-

Telia, rom samuSao Zalis aqtivoba pirvel rigSi dakavSirebulia Sromis bazris

efeqtianobasTan da imasTan, Tu ramdenad aris uzrunvelyofili misi mobiluroba

da TiToeul muSaks ramdenad swrafad da umtkivneulod SeuZlia gadaadgileba

axal samuSao adgilze. es ki damokidebulia makroekonomikur garemos stabiluro-

baze, Sromis anazRaurebisa da fasebis liberalizaciaze, SromiT urTierTobebSi

saTanado institucionalur da samarTlebrivi sivrcis Camoyalibebaze.

saqarTveloSi samuSao Zalis aqtivizaciis politikam unda daZlios Sromis

bazris arakonkurentunarianobis problema ise, rom ar Camoyalibdes umuSevarTa

xangrZlivi daxmarebis miRebis finansuri recidivebi. aseTi politika gulisxmobs

umuSevarTa konsultaciebis da vakansiebis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebas, Sro-

miT mowyobaSi maT daxmarebas, samuSao Zalis mobilurobis gazrdis specialuri

programebis dafinansebas, migraciuli procesebis regulirebas da sxva. ekonomi-

kis stagnaciis procesSi SesaZlebelia kvalificiuri samuSao Zalis SenarCunebis

mizniT droebiTi samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, rac samuSao Zalas SeunarCunebs staJ-

sa da kvalifikacias da ekonomikis remisiis damTavrebis Semdeg SesaZlebels gax-

dis maTi efeqtianad gamoyenebas. saqarTveloSi samuSao Zalis aqtivobis ganmsaz-

Rvreli problemebi SeiZleba davaxarisxoT sam jgufad, rac ganpirobebulia imiT,

rom maT aqvT sxvadasxva warmoSobis wyaroebi da saWiroeben diferencirebul mid-

gomebs. kerZod:

• saqarTveloSi umuSevroba, rogorc problema mniSvnelovanwilad aris ekono-

mikis transformaciis Sedegi, romelic gamoiwvia makroekonomikurma Zvrebma da

ramac mniSvnelovnad Seamcira moTxovna samuSao Zalaze;

• saqarTvelos calkeul dargebsa da regionebs Soris mobilurobis wonaswo-

robis darRveva, rac pirvel rigSi ekonomikis struqturul reorganizaciasTan

aris dakavSirebuli;

• institucionaluri problemebi, rac ukavSirdeba birJebis saqmianobis efeqti-

anobas, samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciis amaRlebas, maT organizaciul gadamzade-

bas da sxva.

xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos Sromis bazarze Camoyalibda

iseTi reJimi, sadac umuSevroba aris ekonomikuri garemos mudmivi Tanamgzavri.

amitom saxelmwifo mudmivad unda iRwvodes misi SemcirebisaTvis. umuSevroba, sa-

muSao Zalis dekvalifikacia, masze moTxovnasa da mowodebas Soris wonasworobis

darRveva gardamaval periodSi saqarTvelosaTvis, rogorc Sedegi, warmoadgens im

struqturuli gardaqmnebis ,,signalebs”, romelzedac droa gamovimuSavoT axali

reagirebis meqanizmebi.

saqarTveloSi samuSao Zalis aqtivobis gaumjobesebis ZiriTadi amocanaa daC-

qardes misi struqturuli reorganizaciis procesi, ris Sedegadac unda Semcir-

des umuSevrobis done da xangrZlivoba im masStabiT, ramdenadac es mizanSewoni-

li da ekonomikurad efeqtiania. Tavis mxriv, Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis aqti-

vizaciam unda uzrunvelyos misi nayofierebis zrda da mobilurobis amaRleba.

umuSevrobis daZlevis strategia unda daefuZnos Semdeg RonisZiebebs:

33

− im mizniT, rom SemuSavdes samuSao Zalis aqtivizaciis qmediTi politika au-

cilebelia umuSevarTa kategoriebis monitoringi, romelic unda tardebodes, ro-

gorc ekonomikis calkeul dargebSi, aseve regionebSi. es unda ganxorcieldes

profesiul da asakobriv WrilSi.

− resursuli bazis gansazRvra, ramac unda uzrunvelyos am strategiis warma-

teba.

− Aaucilebelia Seiqmnas Sromis bazris efeqturi infrastruqtura. Ees pir-

vel rigSi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom ekonomikis liberalizaciisa da transformaci-

is paralelurad gaizrdeba kvalificiur samuSao Zalaze moTxovnileba, qveyana ki

mzad unda iyos aseTi kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalis moTxovnilebis dasakmayofi-

leblad. ganxorcielebulma RonisZiebebma unda Seamsubuqon saqarTvelos regio-

nebsa da ekonomikur dargebs Soris samuSao Zalis gadanawilebasTan dakavSirebu-

li siZneleebi;

− Zalzed mniSvnelovania dasaqmebis samsaxurebis gamarTuli struqturis Ca-

moyalibeba, romelic efeqturad ganaxorcielebs vakansiebis moZiebasa da aRric-

xvianobas, samuSao Zalis gadanawilebis funqciasa da kadrebis momzadeba-gadamza-

debis process.

samuSao Zalis aqtiurobis zrdis politikis finansuri meqanizmebis gansaz-

Rvrisas aucilebelia gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan umuSevrobis Semweobebis dafinan-

seba aqtiuri politikis dafinansebisagan. bevr qveyanaSi samuSao Zalis SenarCune-

bisa da socialuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT Zalzed aprobirebulia

saxelmwifo biujetidan an specializirebuli fondebis meSveobiT umuSevrebis

SemweobebiT uzrunvelyofa. vfiqrobT, rom ganviTarebis am etapze saqarTvelos-

Tvis es araefeqtiani sabiujeto xarjebi iqneba, radgan isini verc Tavisi realuri

moculobebiT da verc dafarvis masStabiT ver mogvcems saTanado pozitiur Se-

degs. da Tu mainc am gzas davadeqiT, Sedegi iqneba is, rom isedac mcire sabiuje-

to sainvesticio resursebi gadaiqaCeba socialur xarjebSi (rac zogadad cudi

ar aris), magram am etapze es Seaferxebs ekonomikis modernizacias da ganviTare-

bas. am RonisZiebebiT kidev ufro Soreuli momavlisaTvis gadaideba axali samu-

Sao adgilebis Seqmnis perspeqtiva. siRaribesTan brZolisa da socialuri samar-

Tlianobis mxardaWeris TvalsazrisiT, rac SeiZleba am etapze ganxorcieldes, es

aris is, rac keTdeba siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi mosaxleobis mxardasaWerad,

maT Soris maTi samedicino dazRvevis kuTxiTac.

2007 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri

dacvis saministrom wamoiwyo piloturi programa mosaxleobis socialurad dauc-

veli fenebis dazRvevisaTvis. am mizniT piloturma iniciativam Tavdapirvelad mo-

icva 200 aTasi adamiani Tbilissa da imereTis regionSi, rasac 2008 wlidan daema-

ta 500 000 umweo adamiani. amasTan erTad, 2008 wlidan, umweo mosaxleobis garda,

janmrTelobis dazRveviT sargebloben specialuri jgufebi – pedagogebi, Zalova-

ni struqturebi da sajaro moxeleebi.

saqarTvelos janmrTelobis saxelmwifo politika, janmrTelobis kerZo daz-

Rveva Semdgom ganviTarebisa da srulyofisaTvis samomavlodac ganixilavs ro-

gorc jandacvis dafinansebis ZiriTad meTods.

samuSao Zalis aqtivebis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa

am procesebSi umuSevarTa Tanamonawileoba. isini unda gavxadoT aqtiuri samuSaos

34

maZiebelni, gavamartivoT Zebnis procedurebi da samuSao Zalis gadamzadebis pro-

cesi.

samuSao Zalis aqtiurobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT aseve Zalzed mniS-

vnelovania Sromis anazRaurebis sistemis srulyofa, Sromisadmi maTi adeqkvatu-

roba. Aadekvaturi Sromis anazRaureba aCens Sromis nayofierebis zrdis perspeqti-

vas, rac zogadad qveyanaSi ekonomikuri aqtivobis indikatoria.

am procesis umniSvnelovanesi segmentia damsaqmebelTa aqtiurobis stimuli-

reba. Ppirvel rigSi unda gamartivdes rogorc daqiravebis, ise daTxovnis proce-

durebi, raTa xelovnurad ar SevaferxoT samuSao Zalis mobilurobis procesi.

aseT SemTxvevaSi Sromis bazris moTxovnidan gamomdinare damsaqmeblebi daintere-

sebuli iqnebian ganaxorcielon investiciebi uSualod SromiT resursebSi maTi

Semdgomi profesionaluri donis amaRlebis mizniT.

samuSao Zalis aqtivobis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT aseve Zalzed mniSvne-

lovania profesionaluri swavlebis miznobriobis uzrunvelyofa. is ar unda xor-

cieldebodes naCqarevad. mxolod alternativebis kargi Sefasebis Semdeg unda ga-

nisazRvros profesiuli swavlebis mimarTulebebi. da bolos, samuSao Zalis aqti-

vobis gaumjobesebis mTavari perspeqtiva ekonomikuri ganviTarebaa, radgan mxo-

lod aseT SemTxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli gaizardos samuSao Zalaze moTxovna.

l i t e r a t u r a:

1. vekua d., socialuri dazRvevis sistemis Camoyalibebis tendenciebi da gan-

viTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1998;

2. anTaZe c., saqarTvelos Sromis bazris damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebi,

Jurn. `socialuri ekonomika~, 2006, #1;

3. anTaZe c., socialuri sferos ZiriTadi Sedegebi, Jurn. `socialuri ekono-

mika~, 2006, #6;

3. faresaSvili n., saqarTvelos umuSevrobis regulirebis meTodologiuri da

organizaciuli sakiTxebi, Jurn. `socialuri ekonomika~, 2007, #4;

4. faresaSvili n., dasaqmebis politika, rogorc socialuri politikis kom-

ponenti, Jurn. `saqarTvelos ekonomika~, 2008, #5;

5. Мировая экономика и международнй бизнес. Учебник, под. ред. проф. Поляповка В.В. и проф. Цениа Р.К., 2005; 6. Mc Connell, Stenley L.Brue, Macroeconomics (sixteenth edition), 2006; 7. Torado M.P. , Smith S.C, Economic development (ninth edition), 2006.

35

nato kakaSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

sadazRvevo kompaniis finansuri mdgradoba da gadaxdisunarianoba

mzRvevelis finansuri mdgradoba aris mzRvevelis unari SeinarCunos balansi

sadazRvevo saqmianobisgan miRebul Semosavlebsa da damzRvevis winaSe valdebu-

lebebis Sesrulebas Soris.

mzRveveli Tavisi aqtivebis ZiriTad nawils ayalibebs moziduli saxsrebis

xarjze, oRond momavali gadaxdebis vadebis da sidideebis, gaTvaliswinebiT. amas-

Tan igi SeiZleba Sefasdes albaTobis didi xarisxiT. sadazRvevo kompaniis finan-

suri mdgradoba miiRweva garegani da Sida faqtorebis xarjze. gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas iZens gare faqtorebi, romelTa Secvla kompanias ar SeuZlia. gare

faqtorebs miekuTvneba erovnuli ekonomikis saerTo mdgomareoba, sadazRvevo saq-

mianobis saxelmwifo regulireba, sadazRvevo da safondo bazrebis koniunqtura,

mosaxleobis gadaxdisunarianoba da samomxmareblo Tvisebebi.

finansuri mdgradobis uzrunvelyofis Sida faqtorebi moicaven dazRvevis

organizaciis mmarTvelobiT parametrebs, organizaciuli struqturis CaTvliT,

sadazRvevo portfelis dabalansebulobas, satarifo, gadazRvevis, sainvesticio

mxareebs.

ekonomikuri xasiaTis sagareo faqtorebs Soris romlebic gavlenas axdens

sadazRvevo kompaniebis finansur mdgradobaze, mniSvnelovania sabanko procentis

dinamika, inflaciis done, fasiani qaRaldebis bazris mdgomareoba da sagadasaxa-

do dabegvris sistema. magaliTad, warumatebelma sagadasaxado dabegvram SeiZleba

gamoiwvios kapitalis gadineba sadazRvevo dargidan da finansuri resursebis War-

bad amoRebis Sedegad aramdgradi xdeba aramarto calkeuli sadazRvevo kompania,

aramed sadazRvevo bazari.

sadazRvevo kompaniis gadaxdisunarianobis Sefasebisas da finansuri mdgoma-

reobis Sefasebisas gamoiyeneba finansuri reitingi.

sadazRvevo kompaniis finansuri mdgradobis Sefasebisas _ miuxedavad im qvey-

nisa, romelSic igi muSaobs, _ Standard & Roor `s–ma gamoiyena erTi da igive katego-

riebi.romelic, dajgufebulia reitinguli analizis rva mimarTulebis mixedviT,

da rogorc wesi, iTvaliswinebs politikur, ekonomikur, dargobriv, samewarmeo da

finansur riskebs (Insaranse Criteria: Property / Casaalty Edition Ratings Pirect, sakredito anali-

tikur sistemaSi Standard & Poors). amis garda Standard & Poor`s aseve ixilavs, Tu ra

gavlenas axdens qveynis da regionuli faqtorebi mzRvevelis saoperacio saqmiano-

baze.

reitingulma kompania Standard & Poor`s–ma Secvala sadazRvevo kompaniebis fi-

nansuri mdgradobis reitingis gansazRvrisadmi midgoma,1 rac gulisxmobs, rom, me-

Todologiurad Seesabamebodes sadazRvevo kompaniebis finansuri mdgradobis da

bankebis sakredito reitingebi.

kompania Standard & Poor `s aanalizebs sadazRvevo dargis erTobliv riskebs, igi

gaiTvaliswineba rogorc erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic gavlenas ax-

dens yvela reitingze.

36

Ffinansuri mdgradobis Sefasebisas xorcieldeba iseTi faqtorebis detalu-

ri analizi, rogoricaa: dargobrivi riskebi, konkurentunarianoba, menejmenti da

korporatiuli strategia, operaciuli maCveneblebi, investiciuri saqmianoba, kapi-

talizacia, likvidoba, finansuri moqnoloba, risk-menejmentis korporatiuli sis-

tema.

finansuri biznesis ganviTareba, qveyanaSi saerTo politikuri da ekonomikuri

situaciis stabilizacia, ganapirobebs sadazRvevo momsaxurebis speqtris gafarTo-

ebis aucileblobas.

mzRvevelis finansuri mdgradobis kriteriumad miRebulia sadazRvevo re-

zervebis sasxsrebis sakmarisoba da sakuTari Tavisufali saxsrebi. mzRvevelis

finansuri mdgradobis, misi saimedobis maCvenebelia gadaxdisunarianoba

sadazRvevo kompaniebis gadaxdisunarianobis problema saerTaSoriso xasiaTi-

saa da aqtualuria im qveynebSi, sadac axla viTardeba sadazRvevo urTierTobebi

da yalibdeba sadazRvevo saqmianobis finansuri regulirebis sakanonmdeblo baza..

gadaxdisunarianobis cneba dakavSirebulia kompaniis gadaxdisunarianad aRia-

rebasTan. mzRveveli iTvleba gadaxdisuunarod, roca misi aqtivebi araadeqvaturi

anda miuwvdomelia ganusazRvreli periodiT, raTa ganxorcieldes gadaxdebi mom-

xdari sadazRvevo SemTxvevis mixedviT. cnobilia gadaxdisunarianobis Sefasebis

Semdegi meTodebi:

• kompaniis Rirebulebis iZulebiTi realizaciis Sefaseba;

• dinamikuri Sefasebis meTodi.

kompaniis Rirebulebis iZulebiTi realizaciis Sefasebis meTodi gulisxmobs

kompaniis aqtivebis Rirebulebis Sefasebas drois romelime fiqsirebul momentSi.

sadazRvevo SemTxvevebi radgan droSi araTanabradaa ganawilebuli, SesaZle-

belia dafiqsirdes Seusabamoba faqtiur zaralianobasa da gaTvlis tarifebSi Ca-

debul zaralianobas Soris. amave dros mzRvevelis aqtivebi unda moicavdes nebis-

mieri valdebulebebisagan Tavisufal saxsrebs, rac savsebiT sakmarisia valdebu-

lebebis Sesasruleblad sarCelebis aRZvrisas sadazRvevo rezervebis saxsrebis

ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi. sakuTari saxsrebis es nawili cnobilia gadaxdisunaria-

nobis marJis saxelwodebiT da ganisazRvreba rogorc mzRvevelis aqtivebis nawi-

li, romelic ar ukavSirdeba raime mimoxilviT valdebulebebs.

gadaxdisunarianobis marJa SeiZleba miekuTvnos sinTezur maCvenebels, rome-

lic ganazogadebs mzRvevelis saqmianobis rig mxareebs (sakuTari saxsrebis sidi-

de, sadazRvevo Senatanebisa da sadazRvevo gadaxdebis moculoba, gadamzRvevele-

bis monawileobis xarisxi sadazRvevo porTfelSi. rezervebis sidide sicocxlis

dazRvevisa da a.S.) magram es maCvenebeli ar aris yovlismomcveli, ramdenadac ar

iTvaliswinebs mzRvevelis saqmianobis mraval mxares (gadaxdebis done sadazRvevo

operaciebis mixedviT mimdinare periodSi, riskis sidides dazRvevaze, sadazRvevo

rezervebis sakmarisobs, aqtivobis likvidobas da a.S.) amitom mocemuli maCvenebe-

li gamoiyeneba sxva maCveneblebTan erTad.

mzRvevelisaTvis romelsac dadgenili wesis mixedviT licenziis pirvelad

miRebis momentidan (sicocxlis dazRvevis garda) saangariSo TariRamde gasulia

erT welze naklebi, Sesworebis koeficientis gaTvlisas saangariSo periodi aiRe-

ba periodi licenziis aRebidan saangariSsworebo TariRamde.

gadaxdisunarianobis faqtiuri marJis gamoyenebuli mniSvneloba ar aris sa-

dazRvevo kompaniis gadaxdisunarianobis garantia, ramdenadac am maCveneblis gaT-

37

valiswineba xdeba mxolod damzRvevis sadazRvevo valdebulebebis, maSin roca

sxva valdebulebebi calkeul mzRvevelebTan gacilebiT met sidideebs aRwevs.

ganvixiloT sadazRvevo kompaniis finansuri mdgradobis analizs (gpi –holding-

is finansuri maCveneblebis magaliTze):

sadazRvevo kompaniis organizaciis momentSi sabaziso elementia sakuTari ka-

pitali, romelic saqmianobis procesSi sxvadasxva wyaroebiT ivseba. es wyaroebia:

mogeba, sainvesticio saqmianobis Sedegebi, saemisio Semosavali. sadazRvevo opera-

ciebis warmoeba varaudobs sadazRvevo premiis akumulirebas. sadazRvevo kompaniis

finansuri potenciali yalibdeba ori ZiriTadi nawilisagan - sakuTari kapitalisa

da moziduRi kapitalisagan. neto-premiisagan moziduRi kapitaliT iqmneba dazRve-

vis rezervebi, romelic gankuTvnilia sadazRvevo anazRaurebis uzrunvelsayofad.

dazRvevis rezervebisagan gansxvavebiT RazRvevis fondebi yalibdeba kompaniis sa-

kuTari saSualebebisagan.

sadazRvevo kompania, rogorc nebismieri sxva sawarmo, saqmianobisagan Rebu-

lobs Semosavals. mzRvevelis Semosavali ewodeba mis angariSze Semosul Tanxas

sadazRvevo saqmianobis an sxva saqmianobis ganxorcielebis Sedegad. romelic ka-

noniT ar aris akrZaluli,amasTan mzRvevels saqmianobis procesSi uwevs gansaz-

Rvruli xarjebis gaweva, dakavSirebuli dazRveulebis sadazRvevo dacvasTan.

gadaxdisunarianobis Sefasebis cnobili modelebis, erT-erTi Taviseburebaa

is, rom isini pasuxoben sadazRvevo zedamxedvelobis organoebis miznebs da yo-

velTvis ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas sadazRvevo kompaniebis mflobelebis in-

teresebis Sesabamisad, romelTac sadazRvevo zedamxedvelobis organoebisagan gan-

sxvavebiT ainteresebT misi momgebianobis sakiTxebi.

sadazRvevo zedamxedvelobis organoebis poziciebidan sadazRvevo kompaniis

dinamiuri gadaxdisunarianobis pirobaa mxolod nakisri valdebulebebis Sesru-

leba sadazRvevo momsaxurebis momxmarebelTa winaSe. aucilebelia sadazRvveo

kompaniis funqcionirebis modelSi Setanili iqnas ori SezRudva: momgebianoba da

gadaxdis unarianoba: aseTi SezRudvebis SemoReba ganapirobebs sadazRvveo kompa-

niis funqcionirebis modelis gardaqmnas sadazRvevo kompaniis gadaxdisunariano-

bis midelad, romelSic gaTvalsiwinebuli iqneba damatebiTi moTxovnebi.

sadazRvevo kompaniis finansuri potenciali aris finansuri resursebi, rom-

lebic emsaxureba sameurneo brunvas sidazRvevo operaciebis da sainvesticio saq-

mianobis Sesasruleblad.

dazRvevis rezervebi kompaniisaTvis aris moziduli saSualebebi; amitom maT

mkacri miznobrioba axasiaTebs: isini gamoyenebuli unda iqnas mxolod sadazRvevo

anazRaurebis uzrunvelsayofad. dazRvevis rezervebis da fondebis Seqmnis, gan-

Tavsebis da investirebis wesi regulirdeba '`saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesa-

xeb~ kanoniT.

sadazRvevo kompaniis saqmianobis finansuri Sedegebi ganisazRvreba misi Semo-

savlebisa da gaweuRi xarjebis erTmaneTTan SedarebiT saangariSo periodSi. daz-

RvevaSi mogeba SeiZleba ganixilebodes or aspeqtSi:

a. mogeba, rogorc finansuri Sedegi;

b. normatiuli mogeba. '

normatiuli mogeba aisaxeba dazRvevis tarifSi, datvirTvis komponentSi, mag-

ram dazRvevis albaTuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare misi saboloo sidide ganisaz-

Rvreba mTliani Semosavlis SedarebiT xarjebTan.

sadazdvevo kompaniis safinanso-sameurneo saqmianobis analizisaTvis mniSvne-

38

lovania: mogeba sainvesticio saqmianobidan.

normatiul aqtebze dayrdnobiT finansuri Sedegi, rogorc dabegvris baza ga-

moiTvleba sadazRvevo momsaxureobidan miRebuli amonagebis da sxva saqmianobis

Sesrulebidan miRebuRi BSemosavlebis jamisa da im xarjebis sxvaobiT, romelic

gaweuli iqna Semosavlebis misaRebad.

saqarTveRos sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT sadazRvevo kompaniis mier gadaix-

deba:

1.Lmogebis gadasaxadi;

2. qonebis gadasaxadi;

3. saxelfaso fondidan saSemosavlo gadasaxadi.

sadazRveveo kompaniebis mier Seqmnili dazRvevis rezervebi 'saqarTvelos ka-

noniT `dazRvevis~ Sesaxeb ar ibegreba.

sadazRvevo organizaciis gadaxdisunarianobis Sefasebis meTodikas da mo-

dels, romelic gamoiyeneba sazRvargareTis praqtikaSi, axasiaTebs sirTule, rac

arTulebs modelis gamoyenebas saqarTvelos sadazRvevo kompaniebSi. pirvel rig-

Si, modeli unda iyos advili da unda uzrunvelyos gadaxdisunarianoba.

sadazRvevo kompaniis finansuri mdgradobis ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiroa:

satarifo ganakveTebis koreqtireba dazRvevis saxeebis mixedviT; gadazRvevis

dacvis gafarToeba; damatebiTi finansuri resursebis mozidva aqciebis gamoSvebis

gziT; aqtivebis struqturis gadaxedva da Tu aris saWiro cvlilebebis Setana

kreditoruli da debitoruli davalianebebis Semcireba;

sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis gaformebis damatebiTi SesaZleblobebis gamoye-

neba, rogoricaa internetis meSveobiT da a.S. danaxarjebis Semcireba; personalis

ricxvis optimizacia; daumTavrebeli Senobebis gayidva; avtomatizacia da axali

programuli paketebis SeZena; Sromis organizaciis srulyofa. qonebis inventari-

zacia; departamentebis ufrosebis Secvla da a.S.

amasTan, mniSvnelovania danaxarjebis moculobis gakontroleba.finansuri

mdgradobis da gadaxdisunarianobis Semcirebis dros unda ganxorcieldes zara-

lianobis analizi yoveli xeSekrulebis gaformebisas.

yovelive zemoaRniSnuli saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom finansuri

mdgradobis analizis regularuli Catareba sul ufro aqtualuri sdeba.

magram gadaxdisunarianobis modelebs gaaCniaT Semdegi Tviseba, modelebi

xSirad gamoiyeneba sazedamxedvelo organoebis mier, da yovelTvis ar aris gamo-

yenebuli sadazRvevo kompaniebis mflobelebis sasargeblod. mflobelebs ufro

xSirad ainteresebT ufro meti Semosavlis miReba. modificirebuli gadaxdisuna-

rianobis modelis (romelic daainteresebs sadazRvevo kompaniis mflobelebs) ga-

moyenebisaTvis sadazRvevo kompaniis gadasdisunarianobis modelis gamoyenebis Se-

degebi unda akmayofilebdes ara marto kompaniis gadaxdisunarianobis albaTobas,

aramed unda Seuwyos xeli sadazRvevo kompaniis momgebianobas da Semosavliano-

bas, romlebic moizidaven ufro met investorebis.

39

Jahangir Kakharov Uzbekistan. Management Development Institute

of Singapore in Tashkent

REGIONAL COOPERAION IN CENTRAL ASIA: VIEWPOINT FROM UZBEKISTAN Executive Summary Central Asia is a region strategically located in a part of the world which had attracted constantly the

attention of superpowers of the world as evidenced by the term the Great Game. The term usually attributed to Arthur Conolly, was used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British and Russian Empires for supremacy in Central Asia. The term was later popularized by British novelist Rudyard Kipling in his work “Kim”. The Silk Road turned the region into a bridge between Europe and East Asia, and between North and South Asia for many centuries. The region also had functioned as a hub for the religious, scientific and cultural development of the Islamic world for many years in the past.

As the UNDP (2005) report notes, during 70 years of Soviet rule, when the Central Asian republics were largely shut off from the rest of the world, their economies became closely linked with the rest of the union. Many analysts consider that during this period living standards improved as a result of heavy investments in physical infrastructure and human capital. However, these improvements were accompanied with some devastating impact on the environment and culture of the region.

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 resulted in the creation of new countries in Central Asia— Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan—with a total population of almost 60 million. Independent states gradually began establishing real borders separating them. This process is not over yet. The borders, tensions between some of the countries, and security policies of the countries in the region disrupted trade links and weakened critical but vulnerable region-wide water and energy systems.

This report analyzes two important aspects of regional cooperation - trade in the region as a whole and electricity/power as a micro case study of cooperation between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The main research question of the report is “What are the main obstacles for greater regional cooperation in these two areas and how can these obstacles be removed?”

In general, there are many factors which, apparently, make regional cooperation necessary for the economic development of Uzbekistan and the whole Central Asian region in general. Factors that speak in favor of regional cooperation are the following: (a) the communication, transport and energy infrastructure created by the former Soviet Union as an integrated national system which makes necessary a single and regional approach (b) the presence of environmental issues which require a regional approach to their solution (c) the potential attractiveness of the region free of trade and transit barriers for foreign and local investors compared with the limitations of small economies (d) the utilization of the regional cooperation to overcome geographical deficiencies and to improve access to global markets, thus creating opportunities for the effective integration of the region into the world market.

Nevertheless, the research of the two aspects of regional cooperation mentioned above identified the following impediments for greater regional cooperation. In the area of regional trade:

- A country’s ability to cooperate with its neighbors depends on the level of development of the market economy and democratic governance mechanisms. These are not well developed in Central Asia yet, which has become a serious impediment for regional cooperation;

- The Central Asian leaders adopted diverse economic strategies which led to divergence in their respective trade policies and hindered harmonization of regional cooperation;

- Regional Trade Agreements involving the Central Asian republics generally have a narrow range and complex rules of origin and most of them have remained agreements on paper only.

- Existence of significant trade barriers and protectionist trade policies - while formal tariffs are rela-tively low, there are many other policy instruments that Central Asian countries use, often in a discretionary

40

and non-transparent manner, to regulate trade. These include taxes on imports that are not levied on domesti-cally produced goods or that have higher rates for imported than domestically produced goods, foreign cur-rency conversion problems, export bans on some products, and crack downs on shuttle traders.

- Low degree of trade complementarity between Central Asian republics; In the power sector between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan: - The governments have had self-sufficiency as a policy goal totally ignoring possibility of

cooperation. Past tensions between the governments were partly to blame for this; - A distorted system of energy prices is a significant barrier for greater regional cooperation between

Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Primary energy sources for thermal power generation are frequently and grossly undervalued by the state policy. Also, there is no value attributed to water regulation for irrigation;

- Potential nonpayment across borders. Chapter II of the report provides an overview of the benefits of regional cooperation in Central Asia.

Chapter III reviews the present state of regional trade in the region as well as obstacles and barriers for greater regional trade. Chapter IV analyzes the micro case of regional cooperation in power sector between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and Chapter V draws conclusions.

II Benefits of Regional Cooperation Most economists specializing in international economics agree that there are gains from trade. When

countries sell goods and services to each other, this exchange is almost always to their mutual advantage. In fact, Krugman and Obstfeld (2003) notice that “the range of circumstances under which international trade is beneficial is much wider than most people imagine.” Textbooks on international economics try to prove with zeal that two countries can trade to their mutual benefit even when one of them is more efficient than the other at producing everything, and when producers in the less efficient country can compete only by paying lower wages. This economic postulate could well be applied in case of Central Asia as well. The five Central Asian landlocked countries may yield significant gains and flourish if they remove the barriers to the cross-border movement of people, goods and knowledge, among themselves as well as with their neighbors and the rest of the world.

The UNDP’s report (2005) argues that increased cooperation among the Central Asian republics will produce large gains by reducing trade costs, increasing remittances from migrant workers, and improving water and energy use. The experience of other parts of the world show that regional cooperation will especially help the poor in the region. By the same token, the cost of non-cooperation will affect the poor most. As to the issue of regional trade, the UNDP report notes that opening borders or reducing trade costs is not enough. Much will also depend on the business climate and the quality of financial services in each country. International experience confirms that reforms also require measures to combat corruption, improve the civil service, and enhance the transparency and accountability of governments. Martin Spechler points out that the revival of civilian machine building would make sense in Central Asia only if its products gain access to nearby markets.1 The Asian Development Bank emphasizes that the Central Asian republics are all relatively small economies. Therefore, they need to promote trade and closely integrate into the international trading system to achieve sustainable economic development.2 The importance and benefits of regional cooperation in Central are especially high compared to other regions of the world because Central Asia is a landlocked region located far away from major seaports.3 Given these circumstances, in many cases, Central Asian countries have to pass each others territory to gain access to major seaports or trade between each other more in order to save in significant transportation expenses associated with getting their goods to affluent but remote markets. 1 Spechler, M. (1998) Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: Promises and Reality. Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapo-lis. 2 Asian Development Bank, Central Asia: Increasing Gains from Trade Through Regional Cooperation in Trade Policy, Transport, and Customs Transit, 2006 Asian Development Bank. 3 See for analyses of the consequences of landlockedness for Central Asian countries Raballand (2005).

41

In addition to above mentioned economic factors, there are many “non economic” factors which seem to facilitate regional cooperation in Central Asia - the people of the region have very similar language and culture and majority of the indigenous ethnicities profess Islam. Before Soviet Union, territorial divisions between the “Stans” were loose, conditional, and fuzzy, which make the history of the region also common.

Multilateral institutions, donor agencies, bilateral aid programs and a number of regional organizations have been undertaking tremendous efforts to promote greater regional cooperation in the region. However, as many observers agree, the progress toward regional integration after the collapse of the Soviet Union has been very modest. Along with a number of specific barriers that impede trade in general and electricity par-ticularly, which this report will review in the following chapters, there are also obstacles of “institutional” nature that hamper regional cooperation. In connection with this, the UNDP report (2005) notes that “a country’s ability to cooperate fully with its neighbors depends on the nature of its internal institutions, regulatory system and governance culture. A nation with sophisticated market institutions is better able to engage in regional economic integration. A country with a more open, pluralistic and democratic culture can build stronger cross-border ties than one with a less open, more autocratic political culture and institutions”.1

III Regional cooperation in trade. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Central Asian republics had very high levels of trade

within the union, but it was managed centrally via Moscow. Considerations (efficiency of allocation of resources, pricing, transportation costs) taken into account in trade in a regular market economy were neglected most of the time. Trade with the countries outside of the Soviet Union was conducted from Moscow. It was only after gaining independence that the Central Asian republics received an opportunity to access world markets with their own products directly. Thus, prior to gaining independence none of the Central Asian countries had exercised significant influence over their economy and foreign trade. For example, Kazakhstan’s government claims that before 1991, 90% of its industry was controlled from Moscow via all - Union Ministries. Therefore, at independence, there were no national institutions with experience of developing and managing industrial policy, supervising state owned enterprises, and conducting foreign trade.2 Before embarking on reform process and establishing their position in world trade, Uzbekistan, as well as other Central Asian countries, had to start with the formation of a sovereign state3, creating government institutions able to control fully the economy of the country. Furthermore, this process was constrained by a variety of factors, including the need to establish new transport and trade links, the limited competitiveness of Central Asian manufactured exports in international markets and the lack of hard currency. As some of these constraints were eased or removed, the share of the former Soviet countries in Central Asian countries’ trade significantly decreased (UNDP 2005).

The UNDP report (2005) points out that the decline was especially swift and dramatic in Uzbekistan, reflecting the fact that it was relatively easy for Uzbekistan to reorient exports of internationally marketable commodities, such as gold and cotton, from the former Soviet countries to international markets. The reorientation of trade in Central Asia away from the former Soviet countries and towards the rest of the world was, however, partly reversed in recent years.

It is believed that among the most important benefits of cooperation, ones that would touch every country, could be those that come from harmonized trade and customs regulations, open borders, and en-hanced cooperation on energy production and natural resource use. During the interviews conducted by the author with a number of existing and potential foreign investors in Uzbekistan, many of the interviewed ex- 1 “Central Asia Human Development Report 2005” by the UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independ-ent States, page VI. 2 Henley, J., (1995) “Restructuring large scale state enterprises in the republics of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan: the challenge for technical assistance” 3 B. Islamov (1998), “State-Led Transformation and Economic Growth in Central Asia: From Plan to Industrial Policy”. Hitotsubashi

Journal of Economics; 39(2), December 1998, pp. 102.

42

pressed the opinion that the attractiveness of Uzbekistan and the whole of Central Asia as a recipient of for-eign investments would have been much higher had the region been a single economic area without borders, visa requirements, and customs barriers. Interviewees noted that, currently, trade within Central Asia and the trade relations of the region with the rest of the World is obstructed by serious barriers, such as, protective trade policies, difficulties in crossing the borders, visa requirements, transportation issues. Interviewed busi-nessmen noted that 60 million consumer market size would make much more sense from the view point of economies of scales compared to individual market of each Central Asian country taken separately.

The ADB report (2006) also notes that given their landlocked status, the liberalization of trade policy and regional cooperation in transport and customs transit are closely interlinked for the Central Asian repub-lics. Progress in any of these areas will have a limited positive impact on trade if there is no progress in the others. For example, liberalization of trade policy by a CAR and its nonadjacent trading partner will not boost their bilateral trade much if movements of transport equipment and goods through connecting countries remain difficult or impossible due to deficiencies of transport infrastructure or restrictive transit systems in those countries.

The table below shows that it constitutes a small percentage in the foreign trade of Central Asian republics. However, it should be noted that major part of trade in Central Asia goes unrecorded. Table below illustrates what percentage of foreign trade in each Central Asian country is intra-regional trade.

Share of intraregional exports and imports of the Central Asian Republics, 1999-2004

(in per cent of total merchandise exports/imports) Country (exports/imports) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Kazakhstan (exports) 3.4 3.3 4.3 3.8 3.7 4.2 Kazakhstan (imports) 3.6 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.6 Kyrgyz Republic (exports) 22.6 26.6 20.1 16.6 16.2 17.5 Kyrgyz Republic (imports) 27.1 24.6 32.2 32.4 29.8 27.4 Tajikistan (exports) 27.5 13.6 14.2 10.9 9.5 8.1 Tajikistan (imports) 55.2 50.2 40.6 34.8 36.1 37.8 Uzbekistan (exports) 9.7 8.3 9.2 8.0 6.6 10.6 Uzbekistan (imports) 6.7 11.7 8.8 8.3 8.1 7.5

Source: Governments of Central Asian Republics and Asian Development Bank

As we see from the table smaller Central Asian economies (Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan) are more dependent from regional trade than larger economies (Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan).

Further the UNDP (2005) points out that today, notwithstanding the recovery compared to the first years of independence, Central Asian countries trade relatively little among themselves. There may be a statistical bias - as mentioned above in this report, since local trade is more likely to go unrecorded than long-distance trade. But even allowing for this, trade within the region is probably low. The ADB (2006) explains this with the low degree of their trade complementarity and the existence of trade barriers. Although Kazakhstan can potentially absorb a relatively large proportion of the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan’s exports and supply a substantial proportion of their imports, the latter can potentially absorb small fractions of Kazakhstan’s exports and supply small fractions of its imports. Further, there is a little overlapping between the profile of the Kyrgyz Republic’s imports and the profile of Tajikistan’s exports. These countries will ultimately find greater opportunities for trade with dissimilar and hence complementary economies farther away, provided they overcome the barriers that stand in the way of access to world markets. Both trade within the region and with the rest of the world, however, will depend on regional cooperation to re-duce trade costs. IV Micro case study of cooperation between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in electricity sector

Currently, Uzbekistan is the largest electricity producer among the Central Asian republics and a net exporter of electricity. The country has a total installed generation capacity of 12,300 MW. Uzbekistan achieved self-sufficiency in energy after gaining independence in 1991. Today, about 50% of power generat-

43

ing facilities of the Central Asia Integrated Power Grid is located in Uzbekistan. This power grid also incor-porates the power systems of Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan.

However, maintenance of Uzbekistan’s power systems has deteriorated over the past years. Much of the equipment in generation, transmission and distribution systems is outdated. At present it needs serious renovation and upgrading to meet the growing demand of the economy.

The Tajikistan Energy System’s installed capacity is 4,354.5 MW. The annual average power generation of the hydropower plants is 15-17,000 GWh. The Nurek hydropower plant of 3,000 MW installed

capacity is the biggest in Central Asia. It has the seasonal-storage reservoir of 10.5 billion m3, and it

regulates the Vaksh flow for the irrigation needs in the Amu Darya basin countries. The Nurek hydro structure operates in the irrigation regime at the beginning and in the middle of the growing season (June - July) to meet the interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Therefore, Tajikistan has to buy power in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan, and pay for it hard currency. The power system of Tajikistan experiences shortages in winter and surpluses in summer within the range of 1 to 1.5 kWh. The Soviet period electricity transfer system was destroyed. During the Soviet period, the republics sharing the Amu Darya were also involved in water-energy transfers directed from Moscow. Tajikistan received Turkmen and Uzbek gas in return for electricity produced to power irrigation pumps in summer. Tajikistan also received electricity from Uzbekistan during winter. After the Soviet collapse, bilateral trade replaced this arrangement. Tajikistan, for instance, unable to cover domestic energy demand through hydropower production, continues to import Uzbek electricity and gas. The latter is used in Tajikistan’s thermal power plants. The UNDP (2005) notes that given the diverse national interests, the post-independence years have seen a serious weakening of the longstanding Soviet water and energy exchange arrangement among the republics. Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, the upstream countries along the two main rivers of the region—the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya—prefer to maximize the use of the water for generating electricity for export and to meet domestic energy demand, especially in the winter. The downstream countries, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, prefer to have maximum access to water for irrigation during the summer months, while also avoiding the floods caused by winter water releases. To cope with these interrelationships in regional trade, the Central Asian governments have resorted to bilateral and multilateral agreements that determine the quantities of water and energy (coal, electricity, and gas) that are exchanged between the countries and the values at which they are exchanged. The ADB report (2002) notes that pricing is the key to providing incentives for power trade. Regional approaches to the water-energy nexus in Central Asia would bring large benefits in terms of more efficient management of these scarce resources, a greater potential for exports of electricity, more reliable availability for communities and a reduction in the potential for conflict. However, such regional solutions would require compromises involving each country’s interests and principles, and a fundamental trust that agreements once entered would actually be implemented.

Bilateral trade is not without its problems, though. Uzbekistan has several times cut gas supplies to Tajikistan due to the latter’s inability to pay in cash, and Uzbek gas supplies are often unreliable due to low pipeline pressure.

In an attempt to reduce its energy dependence on Uzbekistan, Tajikistan is currently contemplating how it can exploit its huge hydropower potential—only 10 per cent of which has been developed. Tajikistan is actively pursuing the completion of two hydropower schemes initiated during the Soviet period. According to the former minister of energy of Tajikistan Nurmakhmatov, capital investments to the tune of $2 billion into the Rogun and Sangruda in the course of 5-7 years, the country may generate electricity for exports minimum 10 billion kWt/h a year. When these stations become operational power generation in Tajikistan will reach 31-33 billion kWt/h a year. Tajikistan’s plans for expanding upstream hydropower capacity have roused concern in Uzbekistan because this would mean possibility of decrease in irrigation water in Uzbekistan.

In this light, increased intra-regional trade could provide benefits by allowing individual countries to meet future demand at a lower cost than if they were to rely solely on their domestic resources. For example, Kazakh-

44

stan and Uzbekistan could both benefit from importing hydroelectricity from existing hydropower stations in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan during the summer, rather than generating power in their own thermal power stations. The exploitation of differences in the marginal cost of production across countries and seasons, however, requires a much greater level of transparency in the electricity sectors of the various countries.

Central Asia has considerable electricity export potential. Possible markets such as Pakistan and Iran have the added attraction of experiencing their peak demand in the summer, when the largest electricity surpluses exist in Central Asia. Access to these markets will particularly benefit Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, since they could develop the capacity to export significant quantities of electricity. Uzbekistan and to some extent Kazakhstan could export thermal power in the winter, and also serve as transit countries and power traders. According to World Bank (2004a), the Central Asian Republics will need to get an intra-regional agreement on electricity transit in place for having access to export markets including Pakistan, Iran and some other countries. Major new power generation projects in Central Asia will only be feasible if there is assured access to export markets outside the region. Western investors currently view the new generation projects as high-risk ventures. Pakistan and Iran have the added attraction of experiencing their peak demand in the summer when the largest potential electricity surpluses exist in Central Asia. Once agreements are in place they will then have to be carefully managed to ensure the benefits from intra-regional trade are optimized. Access to these markets like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, China and Russia will particularly benefit the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan since they are the countries with the potential to export significant quantities of electricity. Uzbekistan (and to some extent Kazakhstan), have the potential to export thermal power in the winter and also benefit in their role as prospective transit countries and as potential power traders. In order to promote regional cooperation in the power sector the ADB allocated a loan for a Regional Power Transmission Modernization project in 2001. One of the important conditions of the loan was signing of the new type of power trade agreement between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan market players. However, this agreement was not approved and the loan was cancelled.

The main reasons for not signing the power trade agreement and abandoning this loan which would definitely contribute to regional cooperation between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in power sector were the following:

- The financial framework didn’t not exist that would allow an efficient settlement of transactions in those cases where they are not barter-based and are dollarized. - Potential problems of currency convertibility and absence of bank guarantees easily available, if at all, for such transactions. - Potential nonpayment across borders. - The desire to preserve energy security on both sides.

V Conclusion The UNDP (2005) argues that developing a consensus and implementing follow-up action for regional

cooperation and integration cannot happen overnight. In view of the many obstacles of history, current politics and institutional weaknesses, and bearing in mind the slow progress with similar efforts elsewhere in the world, one must realistically expect that serious progress with regional cooperation and integration will take years, and even decades.

The efforts to improve regional cooperation in Central Asia in the area of trade should focus on improving trade regimes in the countries in coordination with the WTO entry process, developing market economy and democratic institutions, harmonization of trade and customs policies, removing significant trade barriers such as taxes on imports that are not levied on domestically produced goods or that have higher rates for imported than domestically produced goods, export bans on some products, and crack downs on shuttle traders.

In the power sector between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan there is a need for strong negotiator/broker to mediate the negotiation process inductive to greater cooperation in this important sector. Russia might be suitable for this role provided they prove to be fair to both sides. Cooperation between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan could bring sizeable gains for both countries but this also means that the governments should curtail energy self-sufficiency as a policy goal, tackle a distorted system of energy prices, and deal with potential nonpayment problems across borders.

45

References: 1.Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2006. Central Asia: Increasing Gains from Trade Through Regional Cooperation in Trade Policy, Transport, and Customs Transit, 2006, Philippines; 2. 2002 “Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors of Proposed loans to the Republic of Tajikistan and to the Republic of Uzbekistan for the Regional Power Transmission Modernization Project.” Manila. RRP: TAJ/UZB 35096; 3. Dadabaev, T., Central Asian Regional Integration: Between Reality and Myth, May 2, 2007 issue of the CACI Analyst; 4. Eurasianet. 2007. “Russia’s Central Asia Energy Strategy Experiences a Few Setbacks” Posted May 11, 2007 at http://www.eurasianet.org 5.Henley, J., 1995. “Restructuring large-scale state enterprises in the republics of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan: the challenge for technical assistance.” Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, Dept. of Business Studies; 6.Information Agency Regnum, 2007 “Узбекистан против строительства ГЭС на таджикской реке Зерафшан” June 6, 2007; 7.International Crisis Group. 2002. “Central Asia: Water and Conflict.” Asia Report 34, 30 May; 8. Islamov, B. 1998. “State-Led Transformation and Economic Growth in Central Asia: From Plan to Industrial Policy”. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics; 39(2), December 1998, pp. 102; 9.Kakharov, J., “Uzbekistan’s Trade Policy and its Impact on the Poor Strata of Population.” Central Asia – Caucuses Analyst, November 19, 2003; 10.Krugman, Paul R, Maurice Obstfeld. 2003. “International Economics: Theory and Policy” 6th edition, Addisson-Wesley, 2003; 11.Pomfret, Richard. 2006a. “Coordinating Aid for Regional Cooperation Projects: The Experience of Central Asia” IIIS Discussion Paper No. 163. June, 2006; 12. 2006b. “The Central Asian economies since independence.” Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press 2006; 13. Raballand, Gael, Antoine Kunth, and Richard Auty. 2005. “Central Asia’s Transport Cost Burden and its Impact on Trade.” Economic Systems No. 29: pp. 6–31; 14.Russian Information Agency Novosty. 2006. Uzbekistan to supply 700m cubic metres of gas to Tajikistan in 2007. RIA Novosty, December 28, 2006; 15.Sadykov, Alexander. 2006 “Tajikistan’s Ambitious Energy Projects Cause Tension with Uzbekistan”. Posted on October 4, 2006 at http://www.eurasianet.org 16.Spechler, M. 2000. “Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: Promises and More Promises.” PRAXIS The Fletcher Journal of Development Studies. VOLUME XVI – 2000; 17.Tumbarello, Patrizia. 2005. “Regional Integration and WTO Accession: Which is the right sequencing? An application to the CIS.” IMF Working Paper No. WP/05/94; 18.1998 “Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: Promises and Reality.” Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; 19.United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2005. “Central Asia Human Development Report 2005” by the UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. 2005. Bratislava, Slovak Republic; 20.Uzreport.com. Business Information Portal. 2007. “Tajikistan to import 1.4bn kWt/h of electric power from Uzbekistan in first two quarters of 2007”, www.uzreport.com, January 4, 2007; 21.Uzreport.com. Business Information Portal. 2007. “Uzbekistan electricity production up 3.5% in Jan-Nov.” www.uzreport.com, January 5, 2007; 22.Uzreport.com. Business Information Portal. 2007. “Tajikistan, Uzbekistan agree on mutual electricity supplies.” www.uzreport.com, January 26, 2007; 23.World Bank 2004a. “Central Asia Regional Electricity Export Potential Study.” Europe and Central Asia Region, Washington, DC. Mimeo.

nedeJda kvataSiZe saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

46

sawarmoTa gaerTianeba da finansuri angariSgeba

sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebas axlavs biznesis sxvadasxva tipis kombinaci-

ebi _ sawarmoTa gaerTianebebi. sawarmoTa gaerTianebis motivaciaa gasaRebis axali

bazris, axali srulyofili teqnologiebis, axali sakonkurento produqciis moZi-

eba, danaxarjebis Semcireba da mogebis gazrda, konkurenciis Semcireba. sawarmoTa

gaerTianebiT izrdeba sawarmos masStabebi da misi konkurentunarianoba, SesaZle-

beli xdeba Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis dabandeba da kapitalis marTva. sazoga-

dod iTvleba, rom gaerTianebis ZiriTadi mizania sinergia _ erToblivi saqmianobi-

dan upiratesobebis/sargeblianobis mopoveba.

Serwyma-gaerTianeba xorcieldeba sxvadasxva statusuri formiT:

• erTi sawarmos mier meore sawarmoze kontrolis uflebis mopovebiT da Se-

degad SeZenili sawarmo wyvets arsebobas;

• ori an meti sawarmos gaerTianebiT, romlis Sedegad warmoiqmneba axali eko-

nomikuri erTeuli _ gaerTianebis monawile-sawarmoebi wyveten iuridiul arse-

bobas da axali sawarmo iRebs yvela gaerTianebuli sawarmoebis aqtivebsa da

valdebulebebze kontrolis uflebas;

• erTi sawarmos mier meore sawarmoze kontrolis uflebis mopovebiT _ sawar-

moebi agrZeleben damoukidebel saqmianobas da maT Soris warmoiqmneba saTavo-

Svilobili sawarmoTa urTierTobebi.

fass 3 `sawarmoTa gaerTianebis~ (IFRS 3 - Business Combinations) Tanaxmad sameur-

neo operacia an sxva movlena mxolod maSin identificirdeba sawarmoTa gaerTia-

nebad, rodesac SeZenili aqtivebi da aRebuli valdebulebebi afuZneben sawarmos.

Tu SeZenili aqtivebis jgufi ar identificirdeba sawarmod, aseTi operaciebi ar

miekuTvneba sawarmoTa gaerTianebebs da ar regulirdeba fass 3-iT. aseTi operaci-

ebi aisaxeba rogorc Cveulebrivi aqtivebis SeZena.

sameurneo operaciebi an movlenebi ar identificirdeba sawarmoTa gaerTiane-

bad, rogoricaa:

• erToblivi saqmianobis formireba;

• aqtivis an aqtivebis jgufis SeZena, romelic ar afuZnebs sawarmos;

• saerTo kontrols daqvemdebarebuli sameurneo erTeulebi an sawarmoTa gaer-

Tianebebi.

amdenad, sawarmos ganmartebis gansazRvra did mniSvnelobas iZens, vinaidan

finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisa da wardgenis wesebi sawarmos SeZenis da aqti-

vebis SeZenis, romelic ar warmoadgens sawarmos, operaciebisaTvis gansxvavebu-

lia. operaciebi, romelic identificirebuli iqneba `sawarmos SeZenad~ regulir-

deba fass 3 `sawarmoTa gaerTianebiT~.

upirvelesad, unda ganisazRvros Tu ra aris sawarmo. fass 3-is Tanaxmad sa-

warmo aris saqmianobebisa da aqtivebis urTierTdakavSirebuli (integrirebuli)

kompleqsi/jgufi, romlis funqcionireba da marTva SesaZlebelia im mizniT, rom

uSualod investorebma an sxva mesakuTreebma, wevrebma an monawileebma miiRon Se-

mosavlebi dividendebis, danaxarjebis Semcirebis an sxva saxis ekonomikuri sar-

geblis saxiT. ufro martivad, sawarmo aris aqtivebis da operaciebis erToblioba,

romelsac marTaven aqcionerTa interesebis dasacavad mogebisa da sxva ekonomiku-

ri sargeblis miRebis mizniT.

47

aqtivebisa da operaciebis erToblioba aris integrirebuli jgufi (kompleq-

si), romelic moicavs procesebs, samuSao Zalas da yvelafer sxvas, rac `muSaobs~

biznesis (sawarmos) sasargeblod. amdenad, fass 3-is Tasnaxmad sawarmo Sedgeba re-

sursebisa da procesebisagan, romlebic gamoiyeneba am resursebis produqciad

gardasaqmnelad. amavdroulad, imisTvis, rom integrirebuli kompleqsi ganixile-

bodes rogorc sawarmo, ar aris savaldebulo produqciis arseboba fass 3-is Ta-

naxmad. sawarmos sami elementi ganimarteba Semdegnairad:

• resursebi aris nebismieri ekonomikuri resursi, romelic produqcias qmnis, an

gaaCnia produqciis Seqmnis unari. magaliTad, grZelvadiani aqtivebi (maT Soris,

aramaterialuri aqtivebi an grZelvadiani aqtivebis gamoyenebis uflebebi), inte-

leqtualuri sakuTreba, aucilebeli masalebis an uflebebisa da daqiravebul

momuSaveTa mozidvis unari;

• procesi aris nebismieri sistema, standarti, protokoli, konvencia an wesi,

romelic resursebis gamoyenebisas, qmnis produqcias, an gaaCnia produqciis Seq-

mnis unari. magaliTad: strategiuli marTvis procesebi, saeqspluatacio proce-

sebi da resursebis marTvis procesebi;

• produqcia aris Sedegi, romelic miiReba resursebisa da am resursebis mimarT

iseTi procesebis gamoyenebis Sedegad, romelsac moaqvs Semosavali an gaaCnia

Semosavlebis Seqmnis unari uSualod investorebis an sxva mesakuTreebisaTvis,

wevrebis an monawileebisaTvis, dividendebis, dabali danaxarjebis, an sxva eko-

nomikuri sargeblis saxiT.

imis dasadgenad, warmoadgens Tu ara saqmianobebisa da aqtivebis konkretuli

kompleqsi sawarmos, sawarmom unda ganixilos: SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom bazris

monawilem integrirebuli kompleqsis saqmianoba marTos, rogorc sawarmo. Tu ar

arsebobs sapirispiro mtkicebulebebi, aqtivebisa da saqmianobebis calkeuli kom-

pleqsi, romelSic gudvili aris warmodgenili, unda miviCnioT sawarmod. Tumca,

aucilebeli ar aris, sawarmos gudvili gaaCndes.

SeiZleba iTqvas rom, aqtivebisa da saqmianobebis integrirebuli jgufi fass

3-iT miCneulia sawarmod, Tu integrirebul jgufs produqciis warmoebis unari

Seswevs1.

aseve, fass 3-is Tanaxmad, sawarmoTa gaerTianeba aris sameurneo operacia an

sxva movlena, romlis drosac myidveli sawarmo kontrols iRebs erT an met sa-

warmoze. myidveli sawarmo aris sameurneo erTeuli, romelic kontrols iRebs Se-

Zenil sawarmoze. SeZenili sawarmo aris sawarmo an sawarmoebi, romelzec myidve-

li sawarmo iRebs kontrols sawarmoTa gaerTianebis dros. sameurneo operaciebi,

romlebsac zogjer `faqtobriv Serwymas” an `TanasworTa Serwymas” uwodeben, ase-

ve warmoadgens sawarmoTa gaerTianebas im gagebiT, ra mniSvnelobiTac es termini

mocemul standartSi gamoiyeneba.

kontroli aris sawarmos finansuri da sameurneo politikis marTvis ufleba,

am saqmianobidan sargeblis miRebis mizniT.

SeZenili kapitalis wili gansazRvravs mopovebul kontrolis dones da erTi

sawarmo aris myidveli, meore SeZenili, warmoiqmneba saTavo-Svilobili sawarmos

urTierTobebi, sadac erTi sawarmo aris `saTavo~ sawarmo, meore ki SeZenili sa-

warmos `Svilobili~ sawarmo. saTavo sawarmo iseTi sawarmoa, romelsac gaaCnia

1 fass 3 `sawarmoTa gaerTianeba~. fass. Tb., 2009. ds 18 `g~.

48

erTi an meti Svilobili sawarmo. Svilobili sawarmo aris sawarmo, maT Soris

arauiridiuli piric, magaliTad, amxanagoba, romelsac akontrolebs sxva sawarmo,

cnobili saTavo sawarmos saxelwodebiT1. gaerTianebaSi, sadac aris saTavo-Svilo-

bili urTierTobebi, SeZenili sawarmo ar kargavs Tavis iuridiul damoukideblo-

bas, is rCeba damoukidebel iuridiul pirad aqciebis garkveuli paketiT SemZen sa-

warmosTan.

sawarmoTa gaerTianebis operaciebi fass 3-is moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad aRric-

xuli unda iqnes mxolod SeZenis meTodiT (аcquisitions method), rac imas niSnavs, rom SeZenis operacia unda aisaxos myidvel sawarmosTan.

SeZenis meTodis gamoyeneba saWiroebs:

• myidveli sawarmos identificirebas;

• SeZenis TariRis gansazRvras;

• SeZenili identificirebadi aqtivebis, aRebuli valdebulebebisa da SeZenili

sawarmos aramakontrolebeli wilis aRiarebasa da Sefasebas;

• gaerTianebis kompensaciis Sefasebas; da

• gudvilis an xelsayreli Sesyidvidan miRebuli Semosulobis aRiarebasa da

Sefasebas.

rodesac SeZenilia Svilobili sawarmos kapitalis 100%-ze naklebi wili,

Svilobili sawarmos Rirebuleba Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: im nawilisagan, rome-

lic ekuTvnis saTavo sawarmos; da im nawilisagan, romelic ekuTvnis Svilobil

sawarmos. Svilobili sawarmos wili ar iZleva kontrolis uflebas, ris gamoc

mas uwodeben aramakontrolebel wils. aramakontrolebeli wili aris wili Svi-

lobili sawarmos sakuTar kapitalSi, romelic saTavo sawarmos ar ekuTvnis arc

pirdapir da arc arapirdapir.

vinaidan saTavo sawarmo akontrolebs Svilobil sawarmos, konsolidirebul

balansSi aisaxeba jgufis (da ara mxolod saTavos) aqtivebi da Sesabamisad, kapi-

talis da rezervebis ganyofilebaSi calke muxlis saxiT aisaxeba aramakontrole-

belis wili, raTa gamoCndes wminda aqtivebis is nawili, romelsac saTavo sawarmo

akontrolebs, magram mas er ekuTvnis.

myidvelma sawarmom, mas Semdeg, rac aRiarebs identificirebad aqtivebs, val-

debulebebsa da aramakontrolebel wilebs, unda daadginos gansxvaveba:

a) agregirebul gadacemul kompensacias, SeZenili sawarmos nebismier aramakon-

trolebel wilsa da etapobrivad ganxorcielebul sawarmoTa gaerTianebis

dros _ SeZenil sawarmoSi myidveli sawarmos adre kuTvnili saaqcio wilis Se-

Zenis TariRisTvis gansazRvrul realur Rirebulebasa; da

b) SeZenil wminda identificirebad aqtivebs Soris.

rogorc wesi, gansxvaveba aRiardeba rogorc gudvili. gudvili aris aqtivi,

romelic warmoadgens sawarmoTa gaerTianebisas SeZenil, sxva aqtivebidan warmoq-

mnil momaval ekonomikur sargebels, romlis calke identificireba da aRiareba

SeuZlebelia. sxvagvarad, gudvili warmoadens iseTi aqtivebis erTobliobas, ro-

melTa individualurad identificireba da aqtivad aRiareba SeuZlebelia, magram

sawarmosTvis aris momavali ekonomikuri sargebeli, romelic ver iqneba biznesisa-

gan gancalkevebulad `gayiduli~ an `gacvlili~. gudvilis Tanxa moicavs integra-

ciis sargebels _ biznesSi sakonkurento upiratesobebs, rasac SeuZlia damatebi-

1 bass 27 `konsolidirebuli da individualuri finansuri angariSgeba~. Tb., 2009. p. 4.

49

Ti Semosavlebisa da fuladi nakadebis generireba. aseT aramaterialur faqto-

rebs miekuTvneba sawarmos safirmo saxeli, reputacia bazarze, teqnologiuri da

mmarTvelobiTi kultura, kavSirebi kontragentebTan da sxva. rogoricaa xarjebis

Semcireba, operaciebis masStabebis zrda, bazarze gavlenisa da wilis zrda da

sxva.

iSviaTad SesaZlebelia1, rom myidvelma sawarmom ganaxorcielos xelsayreli

Sesyidva, romelic warmoadgens sawarmoTa iseT gaerTianebas, romelSic SeZenili

identificirebadi aqtivebisa da aRebuli valdebulebebis wminda Rirebuleba SeZe-

nis TariRisaTvis aRemateba kompensaciis Tanxas.

xelsayreli SesyidviT miRebuli Semosulobis aRiarebamde, myidvelma sawar-

mom xelaxla unda ganixilos, sworad gansazRvra Tu ara yvela SeZenili aqtivi

da yvela aRebuli valdebuleba da unda aRiaros nebismieri damatebiTi aqtivi an

valdebuleba, romlebic am Semowmebisas gamovlinda. Tu es gadameteba isev Senar-

Cunebulia, myidvelma sawarmom miRebuli Semosuloba unda aRiaros mogebaSi an

zaralSi, SeZenis TariRiT.

sawarmoTa gaerTianebaSi, romelic Seiqmna kompensaciis gadacemis gareSe,

myidvelma sawarmom gudvilis an xelsayreli Sesyidvidan miRebuli Semosulobis

Sesafaseblad unda gamoiyenos gadacemuli kompensaciis realuri Rirebuleba Se-

Zenis TariRisaTvis da ara SeZenil sawarmoSi Tavisi wilis realuri Rirebuleba

SeZenis TariRisTvis. myidvelma sawarmom SeZenil sawarmoSi Tavisi wilis realu-

ri Rirebuleba SeZenis TariRisaTvis unda Seafasos mocemuli garemoebebis Sesa-

ferisi Sefasebis erTi an ramdenime meTodiT, romlisTvisac sakmarisi monacemebi

arsebobs. Tu Sefasebis erTze met meTods iyenebs, myidvelma sawarmom unda Seafa-

sos am meTodebis Sedegebi, ganixilos gamoyenebuli monacemebis Sesabamisoba da

saimedooba da ramdenad aris xelmisawvdomi es monacemebi.

rodesac ori erToblivi sameurneo erTeuli erTiandeba, SeZenili sawarmos

realuri Rirebuleba SesaZloa ufro saimedod iyos Sefasebadi, vidre myidveli

sawarmos mier gadacemuli partniorTa wilis realuri Rirebuleba (aqciebis emi-

siis SemTxvevaSi). aseT situaciaSi fass-i moiTxovs, rom myidvelma sawarmom gud-

vilis Tanxa gansazRvros SeZenili sawarmos saaqcio wilis realuri RirebulebiT

SeZenis TariRisTvis da ara myidveli sawarmos mier kompensaciis saxiT gadacemu-

li saaqcio wilis realuri RirebulebiT SeZenis TariRisTvis.

1 magaliTad, xelsayrel Sesyidvas SeiZleba adgili hqondes sawarmoTa gaerTianebaSi, romelic

warmoadgens iZulebiT gayidvas, sadac gamyidveli iZulebiT moqmedebs.

50

paata koRuaSvili saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi SefardebiTi upiratesobis principis moqmedebisaTvis

P

SefardebiTi (SedarebiTi) upiratesobis principis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli saxeo-

bis produqti unda awarmoos im qveyanam, romelsac am saqonlis warmoebaze nakle-

bi alternatiuli danaxarji aqvs sxvasTan SedarebiT. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom es

principi marTlzomieria ara marto qveynebis, aramed calkeuli individebis da sa-

ojaxo meurneobis mimarTac.

SefardebiTi upiratesobis dadgena xdeba erTi da igive saqonlisa da momsa-

xurebis mwarmoebelTa alternatiuli danaxarjebis Sedarebis gziT. SedarebiTi

upiratesoba gaaCnia mas, visac naklebi alternatiuli danaxarji aqvs identuri sa-

qonlis wamoebaze (anu mas, romelic yvelaze naklebs Tmobs konkretuli saqonli-

sa Tu momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis).

am konteqstSi bunebrivad ismeba kiTxva: rogor viyenebT SefardebiTi upira-

tesobis princips saqarTvelos agrarul warmoebaSi? pasuxi calsaxad uaryofi-

Tia, rac Sesabamisi faqtebiTac dasturdeba. kerZod, politikuri da ekonomikuri

damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom wlebSi Cveni qveynis soflis meurneobis fex-

ze dayenebisaTvis ucxoeli specialistebis monawileobiT ramdenime proeqti iqna

SemuSavebuli. pirveli aseTi proeqti Tacis-is programis farglebSi damuSavda 1992-

1993 wlebSi frangi eqspertis, doqtor miSel sigos xelmZRvanelobiT. xsenebul

proeqts safuZvlad daedo soflis meurneobis iseTi dargobrivi struqtura, rome-

lic ZiriTadad agebuli iyo, qveynis sasursaTo uzrunvelyofis moTxovnebidan ga-

momdinare, SefardebiTi upiratesobis principze. masSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mra-

valwliani nargavebis, maT Soris vazis, xexilis, Cais da a.S. farTobis mkveTri

Semcireba da samagierod, bostneulis, baRCeulis, kartofilis, eTerzeTebis, mar-

cvleulis, pirutyvisTvis sakvebis da sxva sasursaTo Tu teqnikuri kulturebis

farTobis gazrda. proeqti, romelic mravalwliani nargavebis farTobis saSua-

lod 2_2,5-jer Semcirebas iTvaliswinebda, miuRebeli aRmoCnda qveynisTvis, rome-

lic manamde swored vazis, xexilis, subtropikuli da sxva samxreTuli kulture-

bis warmoebaze iyo specializebuli.

2001-2004 wlebSi saqarTveloSi amoqmedda msoflio bankis proeqti (IFAD), rom-

lis mier Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze gakeTda daskvna imis Taobaze, rom xor-

bali da sxva marcvleuli kulturebi Semosavlianobis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad

agebs bostneulTan, baRCeulTan, TxilTan da sxva kulturebTan, radgan maT (mar-

cvleul kulturebs) SefardebiTi upiratesoba ar gaaCniaT.

dabolos, USAID-is dafinansebiT qveyanaSi 2006-2007 wlebSi damuSavda sursaTi-

sa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis erovnuli strategia 2015 wlamde periodi-

saTvis, romelSic vkiTxulobT Semdegs (gv. 215): `saqarTveloSi marcvlovanebs da

zeTovan kulturebs ar gaaCniaT arc adgilobrivi bazris dakmayofilebis saSua-

leba da arc mniSvnelovani saeqsporto potenciali. samagierod, mogebiani iqneba

xilis, bostneulis, rZis, Tevzisa da xorcis produqtebis warmoeba~. aqve xazgas-

mulia, rom saqarTveloSi arsebobs kargi SesaZleblobebi iseTi produqtebis sa-

51

warmoeblad, romelTa bazrebi izrdeba da mowodebac deficituria, magaliTad,

kenkra, eTerzeTebi, samkurnalo mcenareebi da sunelebi, gamSrali xili da bos-

tneuli, aseve organuli produqtebis farTo asortimenti. amasTan, maT warmoebaSi

investiciebi unda ganxorcieldes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyanas eqneba konkurentuli

(SefardebiTi) upiratesoba SedarebiT xangrZlivvadian periodSi.

obieqtur kritikas da Sesabamis rCevebs arc sxva ucxoeli eqspertebi iSure-

ben. kerZod `Tacis~-is programis proeqtis (`saqarTveloSi biznesbankis SesaZleb-

lobaTa gaZliereba~) erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli, profesori qristofer kordonie

Tavis statiaSi `saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba da soflis sazogadoebis ganvi-

Tarebis perspeqtivebi. samoqmedo gegmis monaxazi~ (Jur. `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

tendenciebi~, 2005 w., dekemberi) aRniSnavs, rom `samwuxarod, bolodroindeli

cvlilebebi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi winaaRmdegobaSi modis misive saer-

TaSoriso komerciul strategiasTan. iseT produqtebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebis

nacvlad, romlebSic saqarTvelos SefardebiTi upiratesoba gaaCnia da damatebu-

li Rirebuleba SeuZlia Seqmnas (xili, Rvino da a.S.), qarTveli fermerebi ZiriTa-

dad araperspeqtiul produqcias awarmoeben, rogoric xorbali an kartofilia da

romelSic qveyanas SefardebiTi upiratesoba ar gaaCnia~ (gv. 81).

bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: ratom aRmoCnda saqarTvelosaTvis miuRebeli 2

saukunis winaT dadgenili WeSmariteba SefardebiTi upiratesobis Sesaxeb, rome-

lic praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi realuri ekonomikis dargebSi warmatebis miRwe-

vis ZiriTad garants warmoadgens? iqneb, mizezi SedarebiTi upiratesobis dadgenis

sirTulea. ara gvgonia, radgan dargebis Tu kulturebis ranJireba Semosavliano-

bis donis mixedviT ar warmoadgens raime sirTules. aq mTavaria, TiToeulma saqo-

nelmwarmoebelma icodes, ras Tmobs kultivirebuli dargis Tu kulturis sanac-

vlod, anu, ramdenad pasuxobs misi meurneobrivi saqmianoba SefardebiTi upirate-

sobis princips. Cemi azriT, mTavari mizezi ufro mamapapuri tradiciebisadmi Cveni

Seuvali erTgulebaa. sxvagvarad rogor aixsneba is faqti, rom soflis (Temis),

raionis, zonis Tu mxaris masStabiT agrosawarmoSi Tu ojaxur meurneobaSi Ziri-

Tadad erTi da igive sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebia gaadgilebuli: kerZod, ka-

xeTSi vazi (Tumca, bolo periodSi mas gauCnda alternativa `venaxis atmis~ da sa-

zamTros saxiT. araa gamoricxuli mokle xanSi mas zeTisxilic Caenacvlos), xor-

bali, mzesumzira, baRCeuli, bostneuli da a.S. qarTlSi xili, bostneuli, karto-

fili, baRCeuli da sxva, dasavleT saqarTveloSi vazi, simindi, soia, subtropiku-

li kulturebi da a.S. faqtia, rom sakarmidamo nakveTebze ojaxuri meurneobebi

awarmoeben yvela saxis kulturas, romlis movla-moyvanac ki SeiZleba mocemul

zonaSi Tu mikrozonaSi. Cven kargad gvesmis, rom dReisTvis siflad TviTdasaqme-

bulTa ZiriTadi amocana sursaTiT (maT Soris xiliT, bostneuliT, kartofiliT,

marcvleuliT, mecxoveleobis produqtebiT da a.S.) TviTuzrunvel- yofaSia, magram

es amocana, Cveni azriT, ufro iolad gadawydeba sasoflo warmoebaSi Sefardebi-

Ti upiratesobis principis gamoyenebis da warmoebuli produqciis urTierTgac-

vlis (vaWrobis) pirobebSi. sxvagvarad saojaxo meurneobaTa saqonlianobis done

mudam dabali iqneba misgan gamomdinare uaryofiTi SedegebiT.

zemoT moyvanili msjeloba, marTalia, saojaxo meurneobebs Seexeboda, magram

zustad igive principi moqmedebs qveynebs Soris mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom vina-

idan yvela qveyanas sakuTari erovnuli valuta gaaCnia SedarebiTi upiratesobis

da urTierTvaWrobis sargeblianobis donis dasadgenad, rogorc cnobilia far-

dobiT fasebs iyeneben (es aris fasi, roca erTi saqonlis fasi gamoxatulia meore

52

saqonlis naturalur erTeulSi da amgvarad, am saqonlis warmoebis alternati-

ul danaxarjebs gvixasiaTebs). ase magaliTad, Tu ruseTis federaciaSi da saqar-

TveloSi warmoebuli xorblisa da xilis Rirebulebas fardobiT fasebSi gamovsa-

xavT, aRmoCndeba, rom xilis tonebSi gamosaxuli 1 t. xorblis fasi (anu alterna-

tiuli danaxarji) ruseTSi ramdenjerme naklebia, vidre saqarTveloSi, rac cxad-

yofs, rom ruseTs (saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT) aqvs naklebi SefardebiTi danaxar-

ji xorblis warmoebaSi. rac Seexeba xils, aq piriqiT _ saqarTvelos aqvs naklebi

SefardebiTi danaxarji ruseTTan SedarebiT, radgan erTi tona xilis sawarmoeb-

lad bevrad nakleb xorbalze uwevs uaris Tqma. am principis mixedviT ruseTma

xorbali unda awarmoos (radgan xorblis alternatiuli danaxarji ufro nakle-

bia, vidre saqarTveloSi), xolo saqarTvelom ki piriqiT _ xili (radgan xilis

alternatiuli danaxarji ufro naklebia, vidre ruseTSi). xilis alternatiuli

danaxarji ruseTTTan SedarebiT sxva qveynebs ukeTesi aqvs. magaliTad, CineTs, in-

doeTs da sxv. xolo xorblis alternatiuli danaxarji saqarTvelos aSS-Tan uke-

Tesi aqvs.

nebismier qveynasTan am principis da vaWrobis sakiTxis Seswavlisas, agraru-

li politikis mesveurni ufro saintereso gadawyvetilebebs miiReben, Tu gaiTva-

liswineben xelfasebSi SefardebiTi (vinaidan xelfasebSi SefardebiTi upirateso-

bis gareSe, aranairi upiratesoba aRar arsebobs) da stiqiur sabazro procesebze

dakvirvebis Sedegebs, risTvisac seriozuli kvlevaa Casatarebeli.

rogorc vxedavT, SefardebiTi upiratesobis principis moqmedeba vlindeba

rogorc naturalur, aseve fulad TanafardobaSi. magram imis gamo, rom mewarmis

gadawyvetilebaze ganmsazRvrel gavlenas faswarmoqmniTi faqtorebi axdens (moT-

xovna-miwodebis Tanafardobidan gamomdinare), produqtebis gacvliTi urTierToba

ganixileba ara naturalur, aramed fulad erTeulebSi.

SefardebiTi upiratesobis principi warmoadgens mniSnelovan faqtors, rome-

lic udides gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva dargis Tu agroproduqtebis potenciur

Semosavlianobaze. misi gaTvaliswineba saqonelmwarmoeblisaTvis gansakuTrebiT

aucilebeli xdeba maSin, roca mis winaSea mravali alternativa da man unda ga-

dawyvitos, romeli dargi (kultura) SearCios da ra raodenobis produqti awarmo-

os TiToeulisgan.

amrigad, soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi prioritetuli mimarTu-

lebebis gansazRvrisas mTeli yuradReba unda mieqces iseTi kulturebis (darge-

bis) warmoeba-ganviTarebas, romliTac SegveZleba `saqveyno da Sinaur vaWrobaSi

Tavis gamoCena da ekonomikuri sargeblis miReba~ (i. WavWavaZe).

ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi stabiluri xasiaTis

ukusvla aRiniSneba. pirvel yovlisa, es aris naTes-nargavi farTobebis da Sesaba-

misad soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoebis permanentuli Semcireba (miuxeda-

vad amisa, statistikis erovnuli saagentos monacemebSi soflis meurneobis mTli-

ani produqcia asaxulia mxolod mimdinare sabazro fasebSi da zrdis tempic sak-

maod `STambeWdavia~), sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis dargobrivi struqturidan ise-

Ti dargebisa da kulturebis gaqroba, romlebic ramdenime wlis winaT eqsportis

sagans warmoadgenda, da sxva. yovelive aRniSnulma, ganapiroba sursaTis eqsporti-

sa da importis moculobaTa zrdis tempebis mkveTri Seusabamoba da ZiriTadi sa-

sursaTo produqtebiT qveynis mosaxleobis TviTuzrunvelyofis donis minimumamde

Semcireba.

53

TiTqos paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom dRes importul sursaTze moTxovnis

permanentuli zrdisa da saqarTvelos sagadasaxdelo balansis ukiduresi daZabu-

lobis pirobebSi, saqarTveloSi ar tardeba raime iseTi RonisZieba, romelic dar-

gis ukusvlas SeaCerebs da agrarul warmoebas qveyanaSi ganviTarebis impulss mis-

cems.

dRes bevri saubrobs ruseTis bazris dabrunebis SesaZleblobaze, magram am

SemTxvevaSic ki qarTulma produqtma SesaZloa verc fasiT da verc xarisxiT sa-

Tanado konkurencia ver gauwios ucxour analogebs, radgan isini maRali doniT

subsidirebulia. rac Seexeba daucvel adgilobriv bazars, aq konkurencia axlo

momavalSi kidev ufro gamwvavdeba, radgan infrastruqturis gaumjobeseba (gzebi,

transportis simravle da a.S.) importul produqcias iolad SeRwevads gaxdis sa-

qarTvelos yvela raionsa da Soreul soflebSic ki, rac adgilobriv agrowarmo-

ebas kidev ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayenebs. agrosasursaTo seqtori ufro

daknindeba, qalaqebsa da samrewvelo centrebSi umuSevrobis maRali donis gamo,

soflad TviTdasaqmebulebis did armias mxolod erTi gamosavali darCeba _ gaag-

rZelos iZulebiTi Sroma miwaze, romelic imdenad dabalmwarmoebluria, rom ver

uzrunvelyofs Semosavlebs saarsebo minimumis donezec ki.

amdenad, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi umuSevrobisa da

siRaribis ZiriTadi mizezi agraruli warmoebisadmi xelisuflebis uyuradRebo

damokidebulebaa. TiTqos daujerebelia, magram faqtia, rom msoflios yvelaze

ganviTarebuli qveynis aSS-is ekonomikuri siZlieris safuZvels sasoflo-sameur-

neo warmoeba warmoadgens. es arc unda iyos gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT aqsio-

matur debulebas imis Taobaze, rom qveyanas, romelsac gaaCnia ganviTarebuli

soflis meurneoba, e.i. aqvs saTanado moTxovna sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikaze, mine-

ralur sasuqebze, mcenareTa qimiuri dacvis saSualebebze, kombinirebul sakvebze

da warmoebis sxva saSualebebze, romelTa miwodeba mrewvelobis Sesabamisma dar-

gebma unda uzrunvelyos, anu soflis meurneobis ganviTareba obieqturad moiT-

xovs sxvadasxva momsaxure dargebis ganviTarebasac. meore mxriv _ ganviTarebuli

soflis meurneoba uzrunvelyofs saWiro nedleuliT kvebisa da gadammuSavebeli

mrewvelobis iseT sawarmoebs, rogoricaa Rvinisa da xil-bostneulis sakonservo

qarxnebi, wisqvilkombinatebi, elevatorebi, Cais fabrikebi, xorcisa da rZis kombi-

natebi da sxva, romelTa mier warmoebul produqcias adgilobriv bazarze aqvs

Sesabamisi moTxovna. amgvarad, ikvreba wredi _ agraruli produqciisa da nedleu-

lis warmoeba, pirveladi samrewvelo gadamuSaveba da realizacia. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, advili dasaTvlelia, ramdenad Semcirdeboda saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis

done, ramdenad gaizrdeboda TiToeuli saxis sakvebi produqtebiT TviTuzrunvel-

yofis done da ra TanxiT Seumcirdeboda sursaTis importi qveyanas, rom moTxov-

nis adekvaturi racionaluri agraruli politika da normalurad funqcionireba-

di agrosasursaTo seqtori gaaCndes. faqtia, rom isedac mciremiwian saqarTvelo-

Si damuSavebas daqvemdebarebuli miwis TiTqmis naxevari dRes ar muSavdeba (mito-

vebulia) da agraruli produqciis warmoebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba erTi mesa-

mediTac araa gamoyenebuli. ris gamoc izrdeba umuSevrobis done da qveynis saga-

dasaxdelo balansis deficiti. A aqedan daskvna: dRes saqarTvelos ara imdenad

imis codna sWirdeba, romel raionsa Tu mxareSi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis

rogori specializaciaa, aramed imisa, sad rogori unda iyos is mudmivad cvlad

sabazro garemoSi. bunebaSi mudmivi araferia da erTxel dadgenili specializaci-

54

ac ver iqneba mudmivi, miT ufro, Tu mas qveynis masStabiT sabWoTa periodSi mi-

waTmoqmedebisa da mecxoveleobis dargebis saqonlianobis done udevs safuZvlad.

agrarul seqtorSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad aucilebelia,

damuSavdes da amoqmeddes agrosasursaTo seqtoris aRorZinebis saxelmwifo miz-

nobrivi programa, romelSic dargebis (kulturebis) ganviTareba grZelvadian per-

speqtivaSi dafuZnebuli iqneba SefardebiTi upiratesobis principze. amasTan, vid-

re romelime dargze Tu kulturaze SevCerdebiT, saWiro iqneba Siga Tu gare sa-

sursaTo bazris safuZvliani marketinguli Seswavla, anu dadgena imisa, ra miewo-

deba mas Warbad da ra produqtebzea SedarebiT deficiti.

mas Semdeg, rac sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi SeirCeva, saWiroa davadginoT,

gveqneba Tu ara konkurentuli upiratesoba gamiznuli produqtebis warmoebaSi Se-

darebiT grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. am kuTxiT unda Sefasdes ara marto Cveni

soflis meurneobis tradiciulad maprofilebeli dargebi, aramed iseTebic, rom-

lebic dRemde CrdilSi arian moqceulni. am mimarTulebiT arCevani sakmaod mra-

valferovani iqneba. maT Soris moxvdeba iseTi kulturebi, rogoricaa: tungo,

eTerzeTovani kulturebi, dafna, samkurnalo mcenareebi, gamSrali xil-bostneuli

da a.S. dargis aRorZinebis saxelmwifo miznobriv programaSi personaluri midgo-

miT unda SeirCes eqsportze da importis Canacvlebaze orientirebuli dargebi,

romelTac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi SefardebiTi upiratesoba eqnebaT. yvela Sem-

TxvevaSi aqcenti unda gakeTdes maRalxarisxovani da unikaluri Rvinoebis warmoe-

baze, rac Tavis mxriv maRalxarisxovani da unikaluri vazis jiSebis gamravlebas

da Sesabamis zonebSi (mikrozonebSi) gaadgilebas moiTxovs. aseTive midgomiT unda

iqnes ganxiluli meCaieoba, mexileoba, mebostneoba da sxva dargebi.

mimaCnia, rom mxolod maRalxarisxovani produqtebis warmoeba (m.S. ekologiu-

rad sufTa, organuli da unikaluri qarTuli endemuri kulturebi, sadac monopo-

liuri renta iqmneba _ saeqsportod) da Sesabamisi marketingi SeiZleba gaxdes

adgilobrivi bazris dabrunebis da msoflio bazarze kuTvnili segmentis dakave-

bis garanti. amasTan erTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia msoflio sasursaTo bazris ko-

niunqtura, sakveb produqtebze fasebis permanentuli zrda da sursaTiT TviTuz-

runvelyofis garantiebic.

sabednierod, saqarTvelos hava, niadagi da klimati bevri agrokulturisaT-

vis qmnis SefardebiTi upiratesobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi komponentis _ warmoebuli

produqtis xarisxobriv parametrs, romlis gamoyeneba dRemde ver xerxdeba. Sefar-

debiTi upiratesobis principis safuZvelze sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis dargob-

rivi struqturis modernizacia miuRebeli SeiZleba aRmoCndes mxolod maSin, Tu

gaadgilebuli kulturis (Cai, xexili, marcvleuli da sxva) Canacvleba sxva kul-

turiT niadagur-klimaturi pirobebis gamo praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, agreTve sa-

qarTvelos mTianeTSi, sadac miwis savarguls garda profiluri funqciisa sxva

datvirTva gaaCnia (sasazRvro, mesazRvreTa sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa, mecxoveleobis

ganviTareba, romelic mTianeTis aRorZinebisa da Tavdacvis upirvelesi pirobaa da

a. S.). Tumca, arsebobs daumuSavebeli (mitovebuli, araprivatizebuli) farTobis

didi odenoba, romelzedac SeiZleba aratradiciuli kulturebis gaadgileba. ama-

ze naTlad metyvelebs kaxeTSi ukanasknel wlebSi fexmokidebuli iseTi kulture-

bi, rogoricaa: `venaxis atami~, Txili, baRCeuli, zeTisxili da sxva, romelTac Se-

fardebiTi upiratesoba gaaCniaT (anu, maTi mepatroneebi warmoebis tradiciuli

specializaciis SecvliT sxva Tanabar pirobebSi ufro met sargebels miiReben).

55

kargad mesmis, rom dRes arsebuli soflis meurneobis dargobrivi struqtu-

ris modernizacia SefardebiTi upiratesobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT erTbaSad

SeuZlebelia, magram am mimarTulebiT moZraobis dawyeba, Cveni azriT, metad saWi-

ro da gardauvali aucileblobaa.

ra unda gakeTdes am kuTxiT sawyis etapze? ramdenadac saqarTvelos agraru-

li warmoebis safuZvels dReisTvis saojaxo meurneobebi warmoadgens, saWiroa

maTTan kvalificiuri specialistebis mier saTanado axsnaganmartebiTi konsulta-

ciebis Catareba, Tumca, gadamwyveti roli am saqmeSi, Cveni azriT, xelisuflebam

unda Seasrulos. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs soflad individualur saqonelmwamoebelTa

sxvadasxva mimarTulebis sasoflo kooperativebSi nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebis

stimulireba, rac advilad miiRweva yvela qveyanaSi kooperativebisaTvis sagadasa-

xado da sxva SeRavaTebis dawesebis saSualebiT.

Sromisa da warmoebis organizaciis progresuli samarTlebrivi formebis da-

nergva soflad da aqtiuri saxelmwifo mxardaWera (maregulirebeli roli) Seq-

mnis Sesabamis pirobebs saqarTvelos agrowarmoebis dargobrivi struqturis mo-

dernizaciisaTvis SefardebiTi upiratesobis principisa da marketinguli moTxov-

nebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

56

Zurab Laliashvili Czech Republic. PHD Student of University of Economics, Prague

MANAGEMENT OF QUALIFIED LABOR RESOURCES MIGRATION FROM GEORGIA 1. INTRODUCTION Migration is currently regarded between the mainly discussed themes of the 21st century.

Approximately 192 million people, about 3% of world population, live elsewhere, than at the place of birth, and this number is constantly growing. For a better imagine, it's like a fifth most populous nation in the world. That’s why it’s natural, that this trend is reflecting the economic and social spheres of each state. Well-managed migration may be the benefit of countries, individuals and entire society.

Many destination countries, traditionally have adopted a restrictive approach to migration because of fears of threats to the local wages and working conditions, or security and social problems. However, experience shows that migration has only a minimal negative impact on wages and employment in target coun-tries1. For source countries is beneficial the positive impacts of remittances on: poverty reduction, foreign reserves and balance of payments. Furthermore benefit is, when migrants, after gaining knowledge and skills, are returning home temporary or for a long-term. Migration helps reduce unemployment and sectoral unemployment, also contributes to the emergence of new opportunities for the private sector. Respectively, the negative impact may be: the dependence of source country on the emigrants’ remittances, or the so-called: "brain drain" as a reason of outflow of skilled labor. In order to avoid these negative effects, it is necessary to manage migration in cooperation with source and destination countries.

2. Georgia Intensive emigration process from Georgia, took place since Soviet Union collapse, when Georgia and

other south Caucasian countries gain independence from Union. For Georgia, the post soviet period begins with deep social-economical, political and demographic problems, two ethno-conflicts and civil war encouraged Georgian citizens to become IDP’s and part of them just emigrate to find better life abroad.

There is no certain numbers of emigrants in the period of crises, but regarding to some researchers, till year 1996 almost million citizens emigrate from Georgia.2Most of them immigrate to Russian federation, because of: - Historical ties; - Geographical closeness; - "Open" borders; - A common transport infrastructure; - Psychological aspects (lack of language barrier, the former common territory).

A big part of Georgian population live on remittances from their relatives working in Russian federation (retail, trade).When in year 2000, Russian federation implemented visa regime for Georgian citizens, the classic target countries for labor migration from Georgia became: Greece (construction and domestic work), Turkey (unskilled labor and erotic) and other Mediterranean countries (agricultural work in Spain and domestic work in Italy). A similar impact was, when Bulgaria implemented visa regime for the citizens of Georgia, who till 2001 traveled through Bulgaria without a visa to work in Greece and other European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Switzerland, France, Netherlands and Belgium).

But, when we are going to discuss emigration of qualified labor resources from Georgia, at first we must indicate who are to be considered as “qualified labor“?! The main criterion is education; qualification of workers depends more on the educational system of the state. Next criterion is a practice, which contributes to the level of qualification. The additional criterion may be knowledge of language of the receiving country, or the communicative level one of the international languages.

Talking about education in Georgia in post-Soviet period, we should remember that Georgia's educa-tional system was part of the Soviet Union’s, this explains the massive immigration of Georgians in the Rus- 1 World Bank, Global Economic Prospects 2006 2 Tukhashvili M. “Migration of Georgian population”. Tbilisi: Lampara, 1996. (In Georgian)

57

sian Federation, since 1990 up to 2000, including the qualified workers. But, Georgians also immigrate to other countries, where they have minimal opportunity to work by their qualification.

Georgian educational system got worse, than it was before independence. Growing socio-economic cri-ses had directly and strongly affected the educational system. The state budget for the sector in 1996 was only 5% of what it was in 1989 (in the Soviet period). The share of GDP on education in 1991 amounted to 8.2% in 1992 fell to 5.0% in 1996 - 1.3% in l997 it was 1.5% in 1998 - 1.4% and remained at 1.4% in 19991.

Poverty and less than minimum funding of educational system, causes corruption grow in whole system, what meant: obtaining the high education diploma after bribing professors or high school seniors. Graduates lost trust in front of national employers. System disruption changed the existing stereotypes and also produced new demands. Many educated people, despite a significant proportion of highly skilled people among them, found themselves unprepared to carry out and intervene in solving urgent and vital socio-economical and political problems. This has led to the discrediting of education in the public eye. Many prominent scientists, who had contacts with Western research centers, went abroad to work. Some others founded private organizations and tried to attract international funds, or got down to a commercial business, often in less inspiring sector, which did not require any academic qualifications. So, as the main problem remained regressive changes in the structure of national economy and big errors in the functionality of educational system, which produced an unnecessary number of professionals on the labor market, without identifying demand and supply on it. During the crises, from 1989 to 1999, in Georgia the number of students increased 1.5 times, even when the economy did not demand them2. In such a situation in educational system, Georgia lost more than a decade, before starting any effective reform of the system and more than ten generations of students, who could contribute to the socio-economic development of the country.

The real problem is what to do with diplomas or degrees obtained, if a person wants to pursue a career in the chosen field. Beside carried out reforms in educational system, the important role play economic reforms and development trends of the country. High unemployment, corruption, criminal threats and political instability are the most important factors pushing Georgian graduates, qualified labor forces, to self-fulfillment in more developed countries, than Georgia.

The probability of this view, I tried to found by my own research, by surveying qualified Georgian citizens in the Czech Republic. In whole, by the information of Georgian embassy in Czech Republic, lives 957 Georgians, with permanent residence 553 persons and the rest with temporary residence. But part of them did not match to my survey criteria’s or just did not respond to my enquiry. Despite of all barriers I successfully interviewed 100 respondents, who emigrated from Georgia between 1989 and 2009. Among respondents were 60% men and 40% women. Only 50% of the respondents were in a marital union and the other 50% were single. According to the age difference: 36% were between 21-30 years old, 32% between 31-40 years old, 18% between 41-50 years old and 14% elder then 50 years old. High school education had 100% of respondents. Professional qualifications: Economical -48%, Technical - 24%, Humanitarian 28%. Work experience by qualification before emigration had- 36% men and women 22%, were not experienced 42%. Purpose of visa gaining: students visa - 36% and business visa - 23%, family unification 13%, better job seeking and improvement of social life conditions-28%. Work experience in Czech Republic: temporary, so called – “brigades” had 62%, by qualifications 36%. On question: if in foreseeable future (1.5 -2 years) were intending to return to homeland? Answer was: YES - 24% and NO-76%.

After careful analysis of the data, I discovered a very interesting case and the trend of emigration of qualified labor resources from Georgia. As it shows, numbers of emigrants decrease by increasing the age of them, what points on the fact that people are emigrating in economical and productive age. That means “nation aging”. The situation is getting worse, because of the 50% of unmarried emigrants, who have minimal obligation to return to homeland. 1 Human Development Report: for Georgia. UNDP, Tbilisi. Yearbook 1995-2001 2 Mirian Tuxashvili „Migration“Tbilisi 2008. p. 8

58

As it shows, nearly half of the emigrants have an economist qualification and only half of those quali-fied economists were able to employ by qualification, in Georgia; and others were employed not by qualifi-cation, or even remain unemployed. It can be assumed that in Georgia, supply of economists on the labor market is excessive and the competition is high, leading to a reduction in wages. This hypothesis, in addition to my research, is verified by the other Georgian labor market researchers. By my survey: in Georgia, by qualification, were employed 58% of the emigrants and after emigration, the work experience by qualifica-tion, in Czech republic had only 36% of emigrants. But those 62% (2% stated that they were not employed in Czech Republic, after emigration) were employed not by their qualification. In such a situation, the number of emigrants (76%), who don’t want to return to homeland , indirectly indicates that the Georgian profes-sionals prefer to work abroad, not by qualification, but on a high wage, rather than by qualification and on a low wage in homeland (the phenomenon of poor workers). This tendency did not surprise me and I got down defining the reasons and factors causing such a decision of migrants.

I think the first factor is immigrants’ arrival period in Czech Republic. After the Soviet Union collapse and economic crises, the largest stream of emigrants from Georgia took direction to Russia, some of not ethnic Georgians left for their countries of origin (Greeks, Jews, Armenians, and Russians). By my survey, in 2001-2009 inflow of Georgian immigrants in Czech Republic increases more then 40%, because of internal and external economic and political instability.

The second factor is the socio-economic stability of the Czech Republic. 98% of the respondents were employed in the Czech Republic, among them only 36% worked by qualification. Over years they have been long term or permanently employed and motivated by efficient income, but in the case of returning to Georgia, their integration and job seeking process could be long and painful.

As a third factor can be considered the fact, that many skilled emigrants invest so much money, time and effort in their personal human capital, that Georgia's job market does not appear advantageous for their self-fulfillment.

Here, I described one of the forms of brain drain from Georgia, but legal emigration is not the only way of outflow of skilled workers from the state. For qualified workers, there are many “push-pull” factors for migration, as from abroad so in homeland. The question is, if the Georgian government, at present socio-economic, political tenses and with high unemployment, considers emigration, and especially the emigration of qualified workers, as a problem?

Actually, Georgian government is paying attention, and by support of international organizations, he tries to control, regulate and manage the migration process. But the problem is complex and need a comprehensive approach. Government consider whether: to force their emigrant citizens to return to Georgia, and thereby increase social-economic tension, or do not control emigration and continue orienting national economy on remitting investments. After long consultations with foreign and international organizations, appeared the solution. As the government is aware, that for development of national economy and social stability is important big investments and also foreign remittances from Georgian Diaspora. Therefore the government decided to create (in 2008) a position of Minister for deepening relations with Georgian Diaspora abroad and called him: “State Minister of Georgia on Diaspora Issues”. This governmental apparatus from the beginning, via the Georgian Embassy, were gathering data on the Diaspora. And today he already starts realizing, with the Ministry of Economic Development, the project named:" return to Georgia". In frame of the project, in 2010, 17-19 of May, was held a business tour for Georgian businessmen, from abroad, to present them investment environment and its prospects in Georgia. With the Project "return to Georgia" and the business tour, Georgian government effort to attract foreign investors with Georgian origin.

Another project is in cooperation with Ministry of Education, by which, both government agencies are financing Georgian weekend schools abroad. The project also developed and supplied study program to weekend schools abroad, in consistent with national schooling. Also provide all schoolbooks in Georgian.

Regarding to qualified workers, who are the leading factors for national economy development, gov-ernment chose complex way of solving problem. First, he tries to find the necessary qualified workers abroad

59

(through the negotiation with the apparatus of the Diaspora) and give them motivation for moving to Georgia (offer them motivating working conditions). For such cases, government made a change in the constitution and allowed the dual citizenship only after the president of Georgia’s confirmation. But for growing econ-omy, to fill a demand, it is not enough qualified labor resources, attracted by Diaspora ministry. So the revo-lutionary reforms in the education system could not meet the growing demand for skilled labor too. There-fore, by the initiation of President in 2005, was created, a state funding, Master studying program for Geor-gian citizens in foreign universities. Under this program, about 400 Georgian students have studied abroad in leading universities. If we look at the Table N1; we’ll see the increasing tendency of funding the program. It means, that in spite of deep crises in Georgia since 2008 till present, government rapidly increased budgeting program for producing high skilled professionals for national job market. But unfortunately, not all the graduates of the program were employed as it was intended by program, after they return to homeland.

Researching the problem of Georgia, made me to find any developed country who had the similar past, but successful present in migration regulation, in and out of the country. By my point of view, this is Czech Republic, the country which was occupied by Soviet Union (1968-1989); borders were closed and controlled, had socialism (planned economy) and totally were depend on Moscow decisions. Czech Republic managed to get free from Russian occupation, transform his economy and became the member of powerful union, European Union. Of cause being member of EU brought a lot of wellness to Czech Republic, but by opening borders with other more developed countries of union, he faced to the problem of brain drain. Even today, Czech Republic is fighting with problem of Brain drain, but during transformation period from developing to developed country, he has used lot of strategies and programs against emigration and especially brain drain.

Table N1

. Czech Republic is actively supporting Georgia in managing its borders, migration and unemployment

problems. Following Czech experience, Georgia must explore its labor market, make parallels to economic development, make data base of unemployed labor resources and data base of employers on national market, and create the upgrade system of supply and demand on national labor market. The main aim of reforms is to develop national labor market in cooperation with national economy and not separately. But unfortunately Georgia is still struggling economically and there are partly external forces to be blamed.

3. Conclusion As we see, a problem of brain drain from Georgia is indicated and its solutions are under intensive

consideration. But all above mentioned projects and programs will be useless, if economical and investment

60

environment won’t improve, which is the main factor for creating job places and decreasing unemployment in the country.

Of course, the socio-economical and political stability depends also on external factors. Georgia, be-cause of its strategic geopolitical placement is involved in global geopolitical war. Unfortunately the core warrior in this war is Russian federation, the Georgia’s north neighbor, who is the main energy resources supplier in to Europe. Europe, on his hand is trying to release from dependence on Russia monopoly and is diversifying ways of energy supply from central Asia to Europe. Georgia is already a transit country of such pipelines and is considered as transistor of additional pipeline named “NABUCO” (main competitor to Russian alternative “NORTH STREAM”). The next factor is Georgia’s wish to join “NATO”. Russian federation sees this against its national security, and always declares that he will never let Georgia to join NATO and he proved his declaration by occupying two rebel regions of Georgia in August 2008. But fortunately, because of his geopolitical situation Georgia have “friends” also. EU and USA are strongly supporting him to become stabile and developed country in order to fulfill their strategic plans, whose realization mostly depend on stability of Georgia.

Soon after a brief war with Russia, EU and Georgia, in the frame of project "Eastern Partnership", signed an agreement on readmission and constructive cooperation in the field of migration regulation, in order to facilitate the visa regime between EU and Georgia. This fact shows that Georgia is not restricting emigration of their labor resources, even more he supports their international mobility. Government understood that the regulated legal emigration is an excellent tool for reducing socio-economic tensions by loosing unnecessary labor resources and increase inflow of foreign money in the state. But from my point of view, this strategy could make Georgia on remittance depended country. Georgia has to generate national migration concept or policy, what is not so easy. For such a national policy should be modified complex of laws and legislative norms; Even more, most important part for creating such policy is full research of national labor market and creation of professions demand and supply prognoses system, this kind of system allow Georgian education system to produce just demanded professionals on the Georgian labor market.

According to my research and the experiences of developed countries, for solving the problem of brain drain from Georgia, government should begin by creation of:

1. national strategy of economy development 2. national strategy of human resources development, oriented on realization of “national strategy of economy development” 3. national migration strategy, oriented on realization of “national strategy of human resources development” and “national strategy of economy development”

This is the brief conclusion of mine, which is hard to fulfill, but necessary for development of Georgia.

REFERENCES:

1. Human Development Report: for Georgia. UNDP, Tbilisi. Yearbook 1995-2001 2. M. Tukhashvili “Migration of Georgian population”. Tbilisi: Lampara, 1996. (In Georgian) 3. Mirian Tuxashvili „Migration“Tbilisi 2008. 4. World Bank, Global Economic Prospects 2006.(http://go.worldbank.org/0G6XW1UPP0) 5. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg.html 6. http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=62 7. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_04_01.htm 8. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg.html 9. www.doingbusiness.org

61

eka lekaSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Tanamedrove midgomebi umaRles saganamanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi

(estoneTis magaliTze)

Tanamedrove sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTareba glo-

balizaciis tendenciis daCqarebis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. sainforma-

cio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebi ara marto drosa da sivrceSi komunikaciis

xelSemwyobi saSualebaa, aramed warmatebiT gamoiyeneba biznesSi, marTvaSi, arqi-

teqturasa da dizainSi, jandacvaSi, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis mraval sferoSi

da, maT Soris, ganaTlebis sistemaSic.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi strategia orientirdeba Tanamedrove sainformacio

da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis codnasa da gamoyenebaze ganaTlebis miRebis yve-

la safexurze. msoflio bazarze lideris poziciis SenarCuneba da mZafr konku-

renciaSi warmatebis miRweva warmoudgenelia inovaciuri teqnologiebis gareSe.

imisaTvis, rom wamyvani qveynebis miRwevebis aqtualoba gaviTavisoT, aucilebelia

maTi gamocdilebis Seswavla da gaTvaliswineba Cvens samoqmedo gegmebsa da stra-

tegiebSi. estoneTi warmatebuli reformebisa da winsvlis sanimuSo magaliTia aR-

mosavleT evropis im qveynebs Soris, romlebic amJamad evrokavSiris wevr saxel-

mwifoebad warmogvidgebian.

aRmosavleTis aRmosavleTTan partniorobis programa, romelic estoneTis Ria

fondis mier xorcieldeba, warmoadgens evrokavSirTan saqarTvelos da sxva evrokav-

Siris arawevri yofili sabWoTa sistemis saxelmwifoTa integraciis daCqarebis xel-

Semwyob programas, radganac misi orientirebi mimarTulia everokavSiris wevri aRmo-

savleT evropuli saxelmwifoebis gamocdilebis gaziarebisa da danergvisken. aRniS-

nuli programis farglebSi dafinansda proeqti ,,Cooperaton and exchanging best Practices in

the Fields of Innovation and E-Learning in the Higher Education of Estonia and Georgia“.

Tanamedrove sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis umaRlesi ganaTle-

bis sistemaSi gamoyeneba gulisxmobs aRniSnuli inovaciebis danergvas ara marto

saswavlo kursebis saxiT, aramed swavlis meTodis saxiT. Tanamedrove sainformacio-

sakomunikacio saSualebebi inovaciuri saganmanaTleblo meTodebis mravalferovani

arCevanis saSualebas gvaZlevs. aRniSnuli meTodebis efeqtianobis gacnobas da ga-

mocdilebis gaziarebas emsaxureba zemoTwarmodgenili proeqtis ganxorcieleba. Ta-

namedrove sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebas saswavlo pro-

cesSi meTodis saxiT eleqtronul swavlebas (e-Learning) uwodeben. eleqtronuli swavlebis estoneTis gamocdilebis Seswavlis mizniT, saqar-

Tvelos 4 universitetidan, romelTa Soris iyvnen iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis, goris saxelmwifo universitetis, Telavis saxelmwifo

universitetis da baTumis SoTa rusTavelis universitetis warmomadgenlebi, pro-

eqtis ,,Cooperaton and exchanging best Practices in the Fields of Innovation and E-Learning in the

Higher Education of Estonia and Georgia“ farglebSi 2010 wlis 8-dan 15 noembramde saswav-

lo vizitiT vimyofebodiT estoneTSi. maspinZeli universitetebis – talinis, tar-

tus da talinis teqnologiur universitetebTan erTad, qarTvel stumrebs eleq-

62

tronuli swavlebis Sesaxeb gamocdileba gauziares estoneTis sainformacio teq-

nologiebis fondis, haafsalus kolejis, tartus universitetis, Ria sauniversite-

to centris, estoneTis umaRlesi ganaTlebis xarisxis saagentos warmomadgenleb-

ma. proeqtis mxardaWera ganxorcielda estoneTis Ria fondis mier aRmosavleT-aR-

mosavleT programis finansuri mxardaWeriT.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi estoneTSi eleqtronuli swavlebis aqtualizaciis Se-

degad Seiqmna estoneTis sainformacio teqnologiebis fondi, romlis mTavari mi-

zanic aris estoneTis universitetebisa da kolejebis sainformacio da sakomuni-

kacio teqnologiebis uzrunvelyofa swavlebaSi, kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi. fon-

dis mizania estoneTis universitetebsa da kompaniebs Soris TanamSromlobis gaZ-

liereba; eleqtronuli swavlebis, veb-ze dafuZnebuli swavlebis iniciativebis-

Tvis xelSewyoba. am mizniT estoneTSi 2003 wels Seiqmna eleqtronuli universite-

ti, romelSic 8 estonuri universiteti gaerTianda.

eleqtronuli univesitetis saqmianoba mimarTulia akademiuri personalis

treningisa da mxardaWerisken; eleqtronuli swavlebis Sinaarsis ganviTarebisken;

eleqtronuli swavlebisTvis infrastruqturis gaumjobesebisken; universitetTa-

Soriso TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisken.

universitetebSi akademiuri personalis treningis da mxardaWeris uzrunvel-

sayofad, Tavdapirvel etapze xorcieldeba personalis ranJireba sainformacio

tenologiebis codnis donis mixedviT, radgan zogierT SemTxvevaSi SedegebSi

vlindeba sabaziso codnis done, zogjer _ mowinave, zogjer ki eqspertuli done.

TiToeuli ki individualur midgomas da programul dones moiTxovs akademiuri

personalis kvalifikaciis Semdgomi srulyofisa da ganviTarebisTvis.

amasTan, Camoyalibda axali interdisciplinaruli programa ,,saganmanaTleb-

lo teqnologiebi~, romlis safuZvelzec Tavdapirvelad momzadda 53 saganmanaT-

leblo teqnologiis specialisti. aRniSnuli specializacia Tavis TavSi aerTia-

nebs sainformacio tenologiebis da saganamanaTleblo-pedagogiuri codnis mimar-

Tulebebs. saganamanaTleblo teqnologi siRrmiseulad flobs codnas Tanamedro-

ve sainformacio da sakomunikacio saSualebebis meSveobiT swavlebis da swavlis

meTodebis da formebis SemuSavebisa da danergvis Sesaxeb.

saganamanTleblo teqnologiis specialistebi axorcieleben pedagogiuri per-

sonalis gadamzadebas, satreningo masalebis da hendauTebis mozadebas, Tematuri

kavSirebis uzrunvelyofas da a.S.

amJamad estoneTSi momzadebulia 4800 saswavlo eleqtronuli kursi, romel-

sac 90 000 momxmarebeli hyavs. eleqtronuli swavlebis infrastruqturis uzrunve-

lofa emyareba IVA, WebCT VISTA, Moodle programul uzrunvelyofas da videokonfe-

renciebis sistemas.

universitetTaSorisi TanamSromloba moicavs virtualur mobilobas; Tema-

tur kavSirebs da erovnul da saerTaSoriso eleqtronuli swavlebis programebSi

erTobliv monawileobas.

eleqtronuli swavlebis meTodiT sargeblobas aqvs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

mxareebi. am meTodis sasargeblod unda iTqvas, rom igi amartivebs erToblivi saswav-

lo programebis ganxorcielebas, gansakuTrebiT samagistro da sadoqtoro programe-

bis SemTxvevaSi; xels uwyobs distanciur swavlebaze gadasvlas; amartivebs da aCqa-

rebs saganmanTleblo dawesebulebebis internacionalizacias; exmareba gacvliT

programebSi monawile studentebs im ZiriTadi programuli sagnebis aTvisebasa da

daZlevaSi, romelsac ver sTavazoben maspinZel universitetebSi; eleqtronuli sas-

63

wavlo kursebis arseboba nabeWdi saswavlo masalebis da saxelmZRvaneloebis Seuc-

vleli alternativaa, romelic nakleb danaxarjebs ukavSirdeba da yvelasaTvis xel-

misawvdomia. rogorc wesi, saswavlo kursebis saxelmZRvaneloebis gamocemebis ganax-

leba yovelwliurad mimdinareobs. amasTan, umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebebs ar ga-

aCniaT SesaZleblobebi sakmarisi raodenobis saxelmZRvaneloebis SesaZenad. amito-

mac, eleqtronuli swavleba iZleva saswavlo masalebTan wvdomis SesaZleblobas.

eleqtronul saswavlo kursebSi sistematizirebulad, silabusis Seesabami-

sad warmodgenilia saswavlo masalebi, amocanebi, prezentaciebi, qvizebi, testebi,

damatebiTi saswavlo video da audio masala. aRsaniSnavia, rom video da audio ma-

sala SesaZlebelia moicavdes ara marto leqciebis Canawerebs, aramed praqtikuli

saqmianobis aRweras da Canawerebs (magaliTad, Cawerili iyos calkeuli labora-

toriuli samuSao, operacia, sawarmoo teqnologia, moqmedeba da a.S).

talinis teqnologiur universitetSi sadoqtoro programebis 15 % efuZneba

eleqtronul swavlebas, Tumca 2015 wlisTvis yvela sadoqtoro programa unda

iyos eleqtronul swavlebaze damyarebuli. amasTan, 4-jer gaizarda distanciuri

swavlebis kursebis momxmarebelTa raodenoba, radgan studentebis didi nawili

muSaobs da isini ver axerxeben saauditoro leqciebze daswrebas. registraciisas

studenti afiqsirebs eleqtronuli swavlebis formas irCevs, Tu klasikuri tipis

saauditorio swavlebas. izrdeba ucxoeli, estoneTis ararezidenti studentebis

raodenoba. ra Tqma unda, eleqtronul swavlebaze gadasvla didi danaxarjebs mo-

iTxovs. mxolod akademiuri personalis eleqtronuli swavlebis meTodebis dauf-

lebis mizniT evropis struqturulma fondma 1 milioni evro gamoyo, romelic aT-

visebul iqna 2010 wlisTvis. Camoyalibda proeqtis organizaciis klasteri; Seiqmna

da moqmedebs eleqtronuli swavlebis qseli; dainerga eleqtronuli swavlebis

miRwevebi savarjiSoebisa da laboratoriul samuSaoebis formiT; gaumjobesda

eleqtronuli swavlebis xarisxis sistema da universitetebis swavlebis sistemis

regulaciebi; Camoyalibda eleqtronuli swavlebis motivaciis sistema.

estoneTSi eleqtronuli swavlebisTvis SemuSavda erovnuli standartebi, aseve,

monitoringis sistema eleqtronuli swavelbis standartebisTvis; umaRlesi ganaTle-

bis sistemaSi dainerga eleqtronuli swavlebis mxardamWeri organizaciuli kultura.

praqtikuli nabijebi gadaidga akademiuri personalis kvalifikaciis asamaR-

leblad eleqtronuli swavlebis kursebis SemuSavebis dawyebamde. kerZod, Semu-

Savda eleqtronuli swavlebis koncefcia, daiwyo eleqtronuli kursebis Camoya-

libeba, ganisazRvra Seswavlis obieqtebi; SerCeul iqna specialuri programebi

(Macromedia Flash; Adobe Photoshop and ect.). eleqtronuli kursebis Seswavlis obieqtebs

gansazRvraven leqtorebi, xolo eleqtronuli swavlebis specialistebi maT exma-

rebian kursebis SemuSavebaSi. amasTan isini akademiur personals awvdian im siax-

leebs, romelsac iReben estoneTis eleqtronuli swavlebis qselis meSveobiT.

eleqtronuli saswavlo kursebis SemuSaveba xorcieldeba Sesabamisi samarTleb-

rivi dokumentebis safuZvelze.

eleqtronuli swavlebis kursebi mniSvnelovania swavlebisa da swavlis xa-

risxis uzrunvelyofis Sefasebis mizniT: SesaZlebelia im masalis gacnoba, ro-

melsac profesori gadascems studentebs leqciaze, ramdenad orientirebulia

warmodgenili saswavlo masala Sedegis miRwevaze.

eleqtronuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis safuZvelze estoneTSi Seqmnilia

erTiani akademiuri qseli, romelSic yvela mecnieri or (estonur da inglisur) enaze

aTavsebs Tavis samecniero kvlevebs da naSromebs. es SesaZlebels xdis, ufro metad

64

iyos daculi saavtoro uflebebi, amaRldes gamWirvalobis xarisxi, kvlevis xarisxi,

mkvlevarTa internacionalizaciis done, kvleviTi naSromebis xelmisawvdomoba.

eleqtronuli swavlebiT daZleulia studentebis mxridan gacdenebis Sedege-

bis mniSvnelovani nawili. amasTan, saauditoro swavlebisas studentebi gansxvav-

debian saswavlo masalebis aTvisebis gansxvavebuli tempiT; maT aqvT codnis gan-

sxvavebuli done da, Sesabamisad, pirdapiri (Face to Face) leqciis SemTxvevaSi, es

gansxvaveba ufro izrdeba; studentebs swavlis gansxvevbuli stili gaaCniaT, Sesa-

bamisad, eleqtronuli swavleba maT swavlebis mravalferovani meTodebis arCevis

saSualebas aZlevs xangrZlivad gansazRvruli drois monakveTsa da sivrceSi.

eleqtronuli swavlebis saswavlo kursebi estoneTis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

xarisxis uzrunvelyofis centrSi imave reJimSi fasdeba, rogorc Cveulebrivi sas-

wavlo kursebi, Tumca umaRlesi saswavlebelebis TviTSefasebisTvis da institu-

ciuri akreditaciisTvis aucilebelia mieTiTos, ramdeni eleqtronuli saswavlo

kursi moqmdebs umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebaSi. aRniSnuli metyvelebs umaRles

saswavlo dawesebulebebSi inovaciuri teqnologiebis meTodebisa da teqnologie-

bis danergvaze da zemoTCamoTvlil dadebiT efeqtebze.

Tavis mxriv, eleqtronuli saswavlo kursebis SemuSavebis, organizebis da

sworad marTvisTvis aucilebelia Sesabamisi infrastruqtura da internetis miwo-

debis maRali da uwyveti xarisxi, rac estoneTSi muSaobs.

amasTan, ra Tqma unda, eleqtronuli swavlebis kursebi ver Secvlis im

efeqts, romelic pirdapiri saxiT leqciis wakiTxvisas arsebobs: eleqtronuli

saswavlo kurebis ganxorcieleba gamarTlebulia patara KjgufebSi.

estoneTis gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom Tanamedrove konkurenciis moTxovnebis

sapasuxod, saqarTvelos umaRles saganmanaTleblo sivrceSic unda daiwyos mzade-

ba eleqtronuli saswavlo kursebis SemuSavebasTan dakavSirebiT. codnis sazoga-

doebaSi, globalizaciis pirobebSi mcire qveynis integrirebis yvelaze efeqtiani

gza codnasa da teqnologiebze gadis. mimdinare etapze ki, unda SevZloT Sereuli

kursebis (igulisxmeba swavlebis klasikuri, saauditoro da eleqtronuli) swav-

lebis formis aqtualizacia. paralelurad unda Catardes umaRles saswavlo da-

wesebulebebSi eleqtronuli swavlebis danergvis garemos kvleva, romlis Sedege-

bis mixedviTac unda SemuSavdes saqarTvelos umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebebSi

eleqtronuli swavlebis strategia da samoqmedo gegma. strategia unda daefuZnos

Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo bazas, rac gamoiwvevs garkveul sakanonmdeblo cvlile-

bebs arsebul kanonmdeblobaSi.

eleqtronul swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTveloSi umaRlesi saswavlo

dawesebulebebis koordinirebuli saqmianobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT mizanSewo-

nilia sauniversiteto gaerTianebis Camoyalibeba, romelic gaaerTianebs institu-

ciebs konkretuli sxvadasxvaxarisxovani amocanebis gadawyvetis gzebis ZiebaSi.

gamoyenebuli sainformacio resurebi da masalebi:

http://www.e-pe.ee/en/ http://htk.ttu.ee/ http://www.c4lpt.co.uk/ http://www.intopractise.eu/eng/

65

maia margvelaSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

turizmis swavleba globalizebul msoflioSi

globalizaciam da msoflioSi bolo aTwleulis politikurma da ekonomi-

kurma cvlilebebma ekonomikis yvela seqtorze iqonia met-naklebi zegavlena. tu-

rizmmac ganicada Rrma struqturuli cvlilebebi.

am procesebma moiTxova gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamaxvileba turizmis

seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa da maTi Sromis nayofierebis urTierTkavSirze. dargSi

dasaqmebulis unari Seesatyvisebodes axal moTxovnebs, sul ufro metad xdeba da-

mokidebuli misi momzadebis doneze. es marTebulia yvela ekonomikuri seqtori-

saTvis, magram gansakuTrebiT exeba turizms.

amgvarad, saWiro gaxda turizmis sferoSi ganaTlebis rolis gadaxedva. au-

cilebeli gaxda turistul saqmianobaSi adamianuri resursebis udidesi mniSvne-

lobis gaTvaliswineba. naTeli gaxda, rom SeuZlebelia seqtoris balansirebul

ganviTarebaze, an xarisxis amaRlebaze fiqri, Tu ar iqneba mimarTuli Zalisxmeva

personalis momzadebaze. adamianuri resursebis momzadebis xarisxi sul ufro da

ufro metad xdeba ekonomikuri Sedegebisa da saqmianobis konkurentunarianobis

ganmsazRvreli1.

seqtorisa Tu firmis konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofa damokidebulia

bazris perspeqtivis xedvis SesaZleblobasa da adekvatur teqnologiur siaxleTa

gamoyenebaze, rac Tavis mxriv, damokidebulia personalis momzadebaze. aman saWi-

ro gaxada ganviTarebuli da mTliani saganmanaTleblo-mosamzadebeli sistemis

Seqmna, romelic orientirebuli iqneboda turizmis seqtoris mudmiv ganviTarebaze

da totaluri xarisxis miRwevaze.

turizmis seqtoris xarisxi udideswilad damokidebulia adamianuri resurse-

bis kvalifikaciasa da axali teqnologiebis aTvisebis unarze, aseve, axali orga-

nizaciuli procesebisa da formebis gamoyenebaze. ase, rom seqtorSi totaluri

xarisxis problema ganuyofelia ganaTlebis xarisxisagan.

arc Tu Soreul warsulSi, Tu adamiani iRebda garkveul ganaTlebas, amiT

ganisazRvreboda misi profesia, karieris saSualeba da sazogadoebrivi mdgomare-

oba. amJamad, aseTi situacia warsuls bardeba da adgils uTmobs ufro arastabi-

lur da gauTvaliswinebel viTarebas, rodesac Tavdapirveli momzadeba da ganaT-

leba ukve arasakmarisia mTeli profesiuli cxovrebis manZilze. es situacia aisa-

xeba adamianTa sam did jgufze:

1. asakovani adamianebi teqnikuri an umaRlesi ganaTlebiT;

2. Tanamedrove studentebi;

3. arakvalificiuri personali.

yvela maTgans exeba saerTo problema – profesiuli ganviTarebis problema.

saerTod, dasaqmebulTa raodenoba turizmis ekonomikaSi msoflios masSta-

biT 2009 wlisaTvis Seadgenda 219 mln adamiani (mTliani dasaqmebis 7,6%), anu yove-

1 “Human Capital in the Tourism Industry of the 21th Century” – Eduardo Fayos-Sola, WTO Tourism Education and Training Se-ries, Madrid, Spain, 1997, p.27.

66

li 13 dasaqmebulidan erTi turizmis ekonomikaSia dasaqmebuli. xolo uSualod

turizmis industriaSi dasaqmebulia – 77,3 mln-s (mTliani dasaqmebis 2,7%). maT So-

ris: CineTSi 18,0 mln adamiani, indoeTSi – 12,8 mln, xolo aSS-Si – 5,1 mln adamia-

ni1.

viskonsinis universitetis (aSS) profesor jafar jafaris2 mier SemoTavaze-

buli diagramis mixedviT (diagrama 1), turizmSi dasaqmebuli personali qmnis pi-

ramidas, romelSic: menejerebis, administratorebisa da xelmZRvanelebis mcire

jgufi ikavebs piramidis wvers (kenweros). ufro farToa saSualo da zedamxedve-

li personalis jgufi piramidis Sua nawilSi da Zalian farToa naklebad-kvali-

ficiuri da arakvalificiuri personalis jgufi piramidis ZirSi.

diagrama aCvenebs, rom piramidis wverisa da Ziris poziciebi erTmaneTis mi-

marT kontrastulia da amgvarad, erTi maTganis komentirebisas – meoresac eZleva

daxasiaTeba. turizmis bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, piramidis wverSi mdebare kadre-

bis ganaTleba warmodgenilia vertikaluri svetebis pirveli (marcxena) jgufiT,

romelic Sesrulebulia kargad gamokveTili multi-disciplinuri kurikulumebiT.

aseTi programebi SemuSavebulia sazogadoebrivi da kerZo struqturebis moqmed

Tu momaval mmarTvelTaTvis turizmis industriis mraval seqtors Soris urTier-

Tdamokidebulebis, maTSi cvlilebebisa da tendenciebis Sesaxeb codnis aucileb-

lobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

sapirispirod amisa, vertikaluri svetebis meore jgufi (Sua), romelic viw-

rovdeba wverisaken, aCvenebs imas, rom piramidis ZirSi myofi personalis amocanebi

limitirebulia da Semoifargleba maTi samsaxureobrivi movaleobebiT. diagrama,

aseve, gamoxatavs kategoriul gansxvavebas piramidis wversa da mis ZirSi ganlage-

bul jgufebs Soris. magaliTad, maRali eSelonebisaTvis Seqmnili kurikulumi

unda iTvaliswinebdes `konceptualuri azrovnebis~ unaris aRzrdas Sesabamis

multi-disciplinur konteqstSi. xolo, piramidis ZirSi ganTavsebuli jgufisaT-

vis SemuSavebuli programebi unda iTvaliswinebdes maTTvis `teqnikuri unar-Cveve-

bis~ gadacemas.

diagramis vertikaluri svetebis mesame (marjvena) jgufis araswori forma da-

mokidebulia imaze, rom piramidis samive nawilSi ganTavsebulia personali, rome-

lic uSualo kontaqtSia turistebTan (e.w. `wina xazis muSakebi~). naTelia, rom

`wina xazis~ funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad es kontingenti saWiroebs damatebiT

codnasa da unar-Cvevebs. es svetebi ar viwrovdeba arc zeviT da arc qveviT, magram

maTi sisqis cvalebadoba piramidis mTel sigrZeze – gamowveulia personalis met-

naklebi kontaqtebiT turistebTan.

profesor jafar jafaris am diagramis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda mTe-

li rigi saganmanaTleblo da profesiuli momzadebis modelebis SemuSaveba, rom-

lebic amJamad, ama Tu im formiT moqmedebaSi arian mTeli msoflios masStabiT.

1 “Travel and Tourism Economic Impact”- Executive Summary, WTTC, 2009 – www.wttc.org 3 Professor Jafar Jafari – Editor-in-Chief of Annals of Tourism Research; Chief Editor of Tourism Social Science Series; Chief Editor of encyclopedia of Tourism; and Co-Founding President of International Academy for the Study of Tourism – “tedQual”, WTO.Themis Publication, #5, 1/2002, p.34.

67

diagrama 1

gamoyofen 12 ZiriTad models. marTalia, es modelebi araa yovlismomcveli,

magram isini gamoiyenebian rogorc calcalke, ise erTmaneTTan kombinaciaSi.4

1. samuSao adgilze swavlebis modeli (The In-House Model), romelic bizness sTava-

zobs TanamSromlebis profesiul momzadebas biznesis specifikis gaTvaliswine-

biT samuSaodan mouwyvetlad;

2. saSualo-saganmanaTleblo skolis modeli (The High School Model), rac bolo

wlebSi ganviTarda da sTavazobs axalgazrdebs profesiul momzadebas ukve

skolidan, raTa amiT gaRvivdes axalgazrdebSi interesi turizmis biznesisadmi;

3. profesiuli asociaciis modeli (The Trade Association Model). zogierTi profesiu-

li asociacia afarToebs Tavis funqciebs da sTavazobs profesiul momzadeba-

ganaTlebas Tavis wevrebs, rogorc xerxs asociaciaSi gasawevrianeblad;

4. TviTmyofadi modeli (The Self-Contained Model), rac warmoadgens tradiciul

saskolo an kolejis programas, romelic sTavazobs zogad an profesiul mom-

zadeba-ganaTlebis programebs iseT sferoSi, rogoricaa sastumros an restor-

nis programebi;

5. fakultetze darTuli modeli (The Department Add-On Model), romlis programebi,

mcire specializebuli kursis formiT, iqmneba tradiciul sauniversiteto fa-

kultetebze, romlebic sTavazoben damatebiT swavlebas turizmis menejmentSi,

ekonomikaSi, anTropologiaSi da sxv.;

4 Tourism Education and Training Models – “tedQual”, WTO.Themis Publication, #5, 1/2002, p.29.

68

6. farTo saswavlo bazis mqone modeli (The Campus-Wide Model). zogi universiteti

acnobierebs turizmis segmentis mniSvnelobas, magram ara aqvs resursi am sfe-

roSi saTanado donis programis gansaxorcieleblad. amitom monaTesave darge-

bis fakultetebidan moizideba aRniSnuli resursebi, rac mogvianebiT uzrun-

velyofs axali realuri programis Seqmnas.

7. finuri modeli (The Finland Model), romelic programis erToblivad Seqmnis miz-

niT moicavs mTel qveyanas. Ees modeli cnobilia, rogorc turizmis swavlebis

finuri sauniversiteto qseli (FUNTS);

8. sxva qveynebSi swavlebis modeli (The Overseas Model). qveynebi, romlebsac ara

aqvT Seqmnili raime saxeobis programa, turizmSi xedaven TavianTi studentebis

profesiuli momzadeba-ganaTlebis SesaZleblobas sxva qveynebSi, romelTac

kargad momzadebuli programebi aqvT am sferoSi;

9. iranuli modeli (The Iran Model). qveynebisaTvis, romelTac gaaCniaT SezRuduli

saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebi maRali xarisxis programis SesaTavazeblad

turizmSi, kargi SesaZleblobaa romelime ucxour universitetTan SeTanxmeba am

universitetis programebisa da profesuris gamosayeneblad Tavisi studentebis

mosamzadeblad. Aam models ewodeba iranuli modeli, radgan am qveyanam turiz-

mSi ganaTlebis sferoSi daamyara ormxrivi urTierToba britanul universitet-

Tan. Aam ukanasknelma SesTavaza sakuTari bakalavriatis programiT swavlebis

organizeba da Catareba TeiranSi, ris gamoc iranel studentebs aRar uxdebaT

saswavleblad did britaneTSi Casvla;

10. regionuli modeli (The Regional Model), roca rigi mezobeli qveyana aerTianebs

Zalebs mTels regionSi (mag: amierkavkasiis regioni an sxv.) turizmis ganaTleba-

profesiuli momzadebis programebis Sedgena-ganxorcielebisaTvis;

11. CrdiloeT-samxreTis modeli (The North-South Model) regionulis analogiuria,

magram gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli miznebiT. AaseTi TanamSromloba damyarebulia,

magaliTad, fineTs, SvedeTsa da espaneTs Soris, magram msgavsi ram SesaZloa

dainergos sxvaganac, analogiuri an gansxvavebuli miznebiT;

12. msoflio turizmis organizaciis (saxemwifoebis samTavrobo organizaciaTa

gaerTianeba) modeli (The WTO Model) ganixilavs turizmSi warmatebul ganaTleba-

momzadebas, rogorc dainteresebul mxareebs Soris partnioruli saqmianobis

Sedegs: (a)dainteresebuli partniori (erovnuli-regionuli-adgilobrivi mTav-

roba, turistuli daniSnulebis adgilebi, kerZo sawarmoebi, an maTi kombinacia);

(b) aRmasrulebeli partniori (mto-s ganaTlebis sabWoSi gaerTianebuli ganaT-

lebis, profesiuli momzadebis Tu kvleviTi institutebi); da (g) strategiuli

partniori (mto-s adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebis departamenti, WTO.Themis –

is fondi da mto-s saganmanaTleblo sabWo).

es Tormeti modeli gvTavazobs programebis gansxvavebul jaWvs, rasac SeuZ-

lia daxmareba gauwios turizmis muSakebs gadamzadebasa da swavlebaSi. isini Se-

saZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes cal-calke, an erTad. arCevani moicavs programebs:

(a) geografiuli programebi (adgilobrivi, provinciis, erovnuli, regionuli da

saerTaSoriso); (b) mierTebuli programebi (tradiciuli kolejis an sauniversite-

to, kerZo seqtoris, an mTavrobis mxardaWeriT Seqmnili, an maTi kombinacia); (g)

sxvadasxva donis programebi (tradiciuli profesiuli unar-Cvevebis, sabakalavro,

samagistro, sadoqtoro).

69

turizmis Seswavlis swrafad mzardi survili ukve saxezea msoflios aTaso-

biT institutsa da kolejSi, romlebsac gaaCniaT Sesabamisi resursebi multi-dis-

ciplinuri bunebis mqone turizmis swavlebis uzrunvelsayofad (diagrama 2).

swored turizmis multi-disciplinuri xasiaTi warmoadgens mis erT-erT Zi-

riTad maxasiaTebels. turizmis sferos saswavlo da kvleviT saqmianobaSi CarTu-

lia iseTi mecnierebebi, rogoricaa: fsiqologia, anTropologia, sociologia, eko-

nomika, geografia, samarTalmcodneoba, statistika, ekologia da a.S. uaRresad

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli turizmTan teqnikuri progresi, rogorc transportSi,

ise sainformacio saSualebebSi.

diagrama 2

sazogadod, ganaTlebis xarisxis srulyofisa da misi kontrolis saSualebe-

bis kvlevis procesSi farTod gamoiyeneba e.w. paretos analizi. igi warmoadgens

diagramas, romlis meSveobiTac dgindeba is ZiriTadi mizezebi, romlebic iwveven

arasrulyofil ganaTlebas, dasaxuli amocanebis Seusabamobas miRweul Sedegeb-

Tan. paretos analizis mizania im problemebis gamoyofa, romlebic saWiroeben ga-

dawyvetas upirvelesyovlisa. warmodgenil diagramaze naTlad Cans, rom A tipis

mizezebi arsebuli naklovanebaTa TiTqmis 80%-s aRwevs.

70

A – moumzadebeli pedagogebi.

B – arasakmarisi daxmareba kerZo sawarmoebis mxridan.

C – saTanado kanonmdeblobis ar arseboba.

D – dainteresebis ar arseboba studentTa mxridan.

rogorc World Resources Institute-isa da The Aspen Institute's Business and Society Program-is

“Beyond Grey Pinstripes 2005: “Preparing MBA’s for Social and Environmental stewardship” moxseneba-

Sia naTqvami – “biznes skolebis profesor-maswavlebelTa pasuxismgebloba umniS-

vnelovanesia imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom socialuri da garemos sakiTxebi sru-

lad iqnen integrirebuli biznes-ganaTlebasa da biznes-praqtikaSi”. bunebrivia,

rom es pasuxismgebloba vrceldeba ara mxolod am sakiTxebze, aramed mTel sas-

wavlo procesze. isic bunebrivia, rom amgvari pasuxismgebloba vrceldeba ara

mxolod aSS-s, aramed nebismieri sxva qveynis umaRlesi saswavleblebis, maT Soris

saqarTvelos universitetebis profesor-maswavleblebzec.

marTalia saqarTvelo ukve miuerTda boloniis process, mimdinareobs mTeli

ganaTlebis sistemis Rrma reforma, ukve gatarda struqturuli cvlilebebi, kad-

rebis optimizacia da axali saswavlo programebis danergva umaRles saswavleb-

lebSi, maT Soris Tsu-Sic, magram am process, iseve rogorc nebismieri reformis

process Tan axlavs mTeli rigi sirTuleebisa, rac upirveles yovlisa profesor-

maswavlebelTa pasuxismgeblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

bolo wlebis gamocdilebam naTlad dagvanaxa, rom Tanamedrove moTxovnebis

Sesabamisi akademiuri programebis SemuSaveba turizmSi ufro ioli aRmoCnda, vid-

re im akademiuri personalis SerCeva, romelic am programebiT SeZlebda studen-

tTa swavlebas.

Tumca, amiT sulac ar vgulisxmobT imas, rom akademiuri programebis xarisxi

naklebad mniSvnelovani problemaa.

saerTod, nebismieri saswavlo programa moiTxovs mudmiv ganaxlebas da

srulyofas. miT umetes es Seexeba saqarTvelos universitetebis saswavlo progra-

mebs, romlebic mxolod axla iwyeben pirveli nabijebis gadadgmas srulyofisa da

xarisxis gaumjobesebisaken. es ki dRevandel msoflioSi SeuZlebelia farTo sa-

0

20

40

60

80

ABCD

71

erTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaziarebisa da msoflios mowinave universitetebTan

mWidro TanamSromlobis gareSe.

transnacionalur ganaTlebas, boloniis procesTan da mimdinare globaliza-

ciasTan erTobliobaSi, mosalodnelia rom eqneba ufro Rrma da Sors mimavali

Sedegebi saganmanaTleblo sistemaze mTeli msoflios masStabiT.

saerTo jamSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZiriTad mizezobriv faqtorebs, romlebic

iwveven transnacionaluri ganaTlebis eqspansias, warmoadgenen: tradiciuli ganaT-

lebis araelastikuroba, transnacionaluri ganaTlebis mier SemoTavazebuli mra-

valferovani kurikulumebi da swavlebis inovaciuri meTodebi.

dReisaTvis sainformacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba ganixileba rogorc um-

niSvnelovanesi faqtori nebismieri saswavlo procesisa, imisaTvis, rom miRweul

iqnes warmateba rogorc studentTaTvis, ise mTlianad ekonomikisaTvis. leqtorebs

uwevT gansxvavebuli azrovnebis studentTa swavleba, romlebic floben uamrav

informacias da praqtikulad anxorcieleben informaciis moZiebas, analizs, menej-

ments da integrirebas realuri problemebis mogvarebis mizniT.

glen jonsi (Glenn R. Jones) “Jones Knowledge Group and Knowledge TV”- damfuZnebeli

da prezidenti Tavis wignSi `kiberskolebi: ganaTlebis renesansi~ (“Cybersckools: An

Education Renaissance”), anu rogor miviRoT on-line ganaTleba, wers, rom moTxovna

distanciur swavlebaze miT ufro izrdeba, ramdenadac ar umjobesdeba mosaxleo-

bis finansuri SesaZleblobebi da swrafad viTardeba sainformacio teqnologiebi.

igi aRniSnavs, rom cifruli konvergenciis axali era saWiroebs rom iqnes miaxlo-

ebuli azrovnebis SesaZleblobebTan, problemebisa da barierebis ararsebobas-

Tan. `mTavaria rom mivitanoT ganaTleba xalxTan da ara piriqiT – xalxi ganaT-

lebasTan~.

msoflioSi amgvari tendenciebis fonze xazi unda gavusvaT im faqts, rom tu-

rizmis distanciuri swavleba saqarTveloSi jer-jerobiT saerTod ar aris daner-

gili.

codnis gadacema warmoadgens saganmanaTleblo procesis erT-erT ZiriTad

problemas. swavleba mudmivad viTardeba da ganicdis evolucias, ris gamoc SeuZ-

lebelia efuZnebodes mxolod istoriul analizs. amave mizeziT ar SeiZleba gav-

mijnoT erTmaneTisagan mecniereba, kvleviTi saqmianoba da swavleba, radgan es wi-

naaRmdegobaSi movidoda maT ganviTarebasTan. Tu sxva sferoebSi kvleviTi saqmia-

noba yovelTvis iyo swavlebis RerZi, turizmSi SeimCneoda misdami naklebi intere-

si meTodologiuri da Teoriuli safuZvlebis arasakmarisobis gamo.

orma faqtorma ganapiroba msoflio doneze turizmis sferoSi kvleviTi saq-

mianobis ganviTareba. pirveli faqtori iyo: saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Zalis-

xmeva (msoflio turizmis organizacia, saerTaSoriso sastumro asociacia, turiz-

misa da mogzaurobis sferoSi kvlevebis asociacia, turizmis sferoSi profesiu-

li swavlebis msoflio asociacia da sxv.). meore faqtori ki gaxda - turizmis

sferosadmi miZRvnili iseTi Jurnalebis gamocema, rogorebicaa: Cornell Hotel and

Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Journal of Travel Research, The tourism Review, Tourism Management, Problems in Tourism, International Journal of Hospitality Management, WTO.Themis tedQual, da sxv. aranakleb mniSvnelovania turizmis seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa gadamzadebisa da

kvalifikaciis amaRlebis sakiTxi. am sakiTxs uaRresad didi yuradReba eqceva

msoflios masStabiT da samecniero saqmianobis paralelurad kadrebis gadamzade-

72

ba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba warmoadgens turizmis skolebisa da institutebis

umTavres amocanas.

ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom saboloo jamSi yovelive amis ukan dgas axalgaz-

rda Taoba – momavali specialistebi, romelTac Cveni umoqmedobisa da uunarobis

gamo praqtikulad ukargavT momavals. da ase iqneba manam, sanam Tsu-Si momzadebu-

li turizmis specialistebi TavianTi kvalifikaciis doniT ar iqnebian aRiarebul-

ni msoflio turizmis sivrceSi.

erovnuli ganaTlebis sistemaSi dawyebuli reformebi gvaZlevs imis saSuale-

bas, rom gaviTvaliswinoT msoflios mowinave universitetebisa da saswavlo prog-

ramebis gamocdileba, davamyaroT maTTan mWidro kontaqtebi da TanamSromloba,

davnergoT praqtikaSi gacvliTi programebi, sakuTari pedagogiuri kadrebis mom-

zadebamde farTod CavrToT Cvens saswavlo programebSi ucxoeTidan mowveuli

specialistebi, sistematurad vawarmooT Cveni saswavlo programebis Sedareba uc-

xour analogebTan da ganvamtkicoT maTi xarisxi, mivaRwioT Tsu-s saswavlo da

samecniero programebis xarisxis aRiarebas saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT da sxv.

mxolod am gziT iqneba SesaZlebeli Tsu-s, rogorc qveynis udidesi da mTavari

saganmanaTleblo keris avtoritetis SenarCuneba, ara mxolod Cveni qveynis, aramed

mTeli kavkasiis masStabiT, rac msoflio aRiarebisaken gagvikvalavs gzas.

amrigad, mocemul etapze, Cveni amocanebi ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

• turizmis Tanamedrove akademiuri programebis Seqmna da danergva yvela done-

ze (bakalavriati, magistratura, doqtorantura);

• turizmis specialistTa gadasamzadebeli saswavlo programebis ganxorciele-

ba;

• turizmis inglisur-enovani saswavlo programebis danergva dasavlur univer-

sitetebTan TanamSromlobiT;

• distanciuri saswavlo programebis danergva;

• internaturis danergva sabazo sastumroebsa da turistul organizaciebSi;

• saswavlo programebis srulyofisaTvis aqtiuri TanamSromloba ucxoeTis

universitetebTan.

73

iaSa mesxia saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori,

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

biznesis kreatiuloba rogorc globalizaciis Tanamedrove gamowveva

Tanamedrove globalizaciis procesis gaRrmavebisa da konkurenciis gamwvavebis

Sedegad meurneobriobis tradiciuli formebi TandaTanobiT kargaven mimzidvelobas

da mis adgils ikavebs kreatiuli ekonomika. termini `kreatiuli~ inglisurad –

creative, laTinurad – creations – niSnavs Semomqmeds, Semqmnels. dasavleTSi kreatiulo-

ba aRniSnavs Semoqmedebis teqnologiur elements. qarTul mecnierul brunvaSi krea-

tiulobis kategoria TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneba, an Tu gamoiyenebaa (ZiriTadadADmasmedi-

aSi) umravlesobisaTvis misi Sinaarsi gaugebaria. aRniSnuli termini ekonomikisa da

biznesis kuTxiT axala iwyebs damkvidrebas. informaciuli epoqis dawyebamde igi eko-

nomikaSi faqtobrivad ar gamoiyeneboda. sazogadoebisaTvis sakmarisi iyo cneba `Se-

moqmedeba~, romelic cnobilia jer kidev antikuri epoqidan. Semoqmedebis kulti Se-

narCunda Sua saukuneebSic da Tavisi mniSvneloba ar daukargavs XX saukuneSic, Tum-

ca Tanamedrove etapze igi farTod SemoiWra ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi cxovre-

bis inteleqtualur, aramed ekonomikisa da biznesis sferoebSic.

marTalia, termini `kreatiuli~ sazogadoebriv praqtikaSi ixmareba rogorc `Se-

moqmedebis~ sinonimi, magram isini, Cveni azriT, mainc gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.

saqme imaSia, rom Semoqmedeba, SemoqmedebiTi procesi efuZneba avtoris, anu Semoqme-

dis STagonebas, mis unars, tradiciebs, xolo kreatiuli procesis mTavari Semadgene-

lia pragmatuli, gamoyenebiTi elementi. kerZod, kreatiuli midgomisas Tavidanve gai-

azreba ratom unda Seiqmnas esa Tu is produqti, visTvis unda Seiqmnas igi, rogor

unda Seiqmnas da iqneba Tu ara masze sazogadoebrivi moTxovnileba, anu gaiyideba Tu

ara igi bazarze. rogorc wesi, profesionali mxatvrebi, kompozitorebi, mwerlebi da

danarCeni SemoqmedebiTi sferos adamianebi TavianT produqts qmnian sakuTari ganwyo-

bisa da emociebis safuZvelze da winaswar aranair kiTxvebs ar svamen imazed, maTi

Sromis Sedegi gaiyideba Tu ara bazarze. saubaria iseT inteleqtualur Sromaze,

romelic axal, genialur, unikalur saganZurs matebs msoflio civilizacias - kul-

turas, xelovnebas, mwerlobas, mecnierebas da a.S. da ara imaTze, romlebic marTalia

am sferoebSi warmatebiT moRvaweoben, magram maTi Sromis Sedegebi upiratesad orien-

tirebulia mxolod sakuTari materialuri keTildReobis gaumjobesebisaken. pirvel

SemTxvevaSi Semoqmedeba namdvilad araa kreatiuli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi igi ata-

rebs kreatiulobis niSans. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Semoqmedeba da

kreatiuloba yovelTvis araa erTmaneTis tolfasi.

Semoqmedeba yovelTvis pirveladia, magram kreatiul produqtSi igi daqvemde-

barebulia pragmatul mizanze. magaliTad, kreatiuli produqtia ferweruli ti-

lo, romelic Seiqmna anazRaurebis safuZvelze winaswari SekveTiT, raTa gamoifi-

nos winaswar SerCeul adgilze. magram, iseTi legendaruli mxatvrebis qmnilebe-

bi, rogorebic iyvnen pablo pikaso, leonardo da vinCi, rembranti da a.S., ar war-

moadgenen kreatiul produqts misi Tanamedrove gagebiT.

amave dros, kreatiuloba Semoqmedebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. kreatiuloba un-

da gavigoT rogorc SemoqmedebiTi procesis organizaciis teqnologia. msoflio

74

globalizaciis Tanamedrove etapze, rodesac Camoyalibda informaciuli sazoga-

doeba, SesaZlebeli gaxda Semoqmedebisa da kreatiulobis sinTezi. Tanamedrove

samyaro Zalian swrafad viTardeba, icvleba sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebis saxee-

bi, igi ufro dinamikuri da mravalferovani xdeba. wina saukuneebSi adamianTa

cxovrebis pirvelad faseulobebs Seadgendnen fuli, miwa, oqro da sxva materia-

luri sagnebi. dRes mdgomareoba arsebiTad Seicvala. axla samyaros marTavs is,

vinc flobs ufro met da mniSvnelovan informacias. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samya-

ros erTi nawili (ganviTarebuli qveynebi) TiTqmis sruladaa gajerebuli materia-

luri produqtebiT, materialuri resursebiT, amitomac ekonomikuri saqmianobis

ZiriTad arealad, materialurTan erTad aseve iqca inteleqtualuri produqti, in-

teleqtualuri sakuTreba. am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebisa da ekonomikis ganviTare-

bis ZiriTadi instrumenti xdeba adamianis goneba, misi azrovnebis unari, misi

pragmatulobis done da fantaziis mimarTulebebi, romlebic drois garkveul

etapze SeiZleba realobad iqces.

ukanaskneli ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi moxda sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis paradigmis radikaluri Secvla, msoflioSi Camoyalibda axali mimarTu-

leba – codnis ekonomika. dRevandeli swrafi globalizaciis pirobebSi maRali tempe-

biT viTardeba is qveyana, romelsac Seswevs unari swrafad moipovos informacia msof-

lioSi dagrovil codnaze da misi praqtikuli realizaciis safuZvelze uzrunvelyos

konkurentunariani saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba[1]. codna cvlis ekonomikasac,

teqnologiasac, adamiansac da sociumsac. codnis uSualod raodenobrivi Sefaseba Se-

uZlebelia, praqtikaSi amisaTvis gamoiyeneba iribi Sefaseba, romlis Tanaxmadac ganvi-

Tarebuli qveynebis mTliani Sida produqtis daaxloebiT 80% modis codnaze. es niS-

navs, rom warmoebis saerTo moculobaSi maRali teqnologiebis da informaciis sfe-

roSi Seqmnili produqciisa da momsaxurebis wili Seadgens 80%. codnis wili swrafi

tempebiT izrdeba axali produqtebis RirebulebaSi. magaliTad, Tanamedrove avtomobi-

lis RirebulebaSi 80 procentze meti modis masSi Cadebul codnaze[2].

`codnis ekonomikis~ fuZemdeblad iTvleba cnobili amerikeli ekonomisti fric

maxlupi[3], Tumca Semdgom aRniSnul termins Caenacvla axali termini `codnaze da-

fuZnebuli ekonomikis~ saxelwodebiT, romlis aqtiuri populizatori iyo aseve cno-

bili amerikeli mecnieri piter drukeri[4]. amJamad es termini msoflio masStabiT ga-

moiyeneba da niSnavs momavlis sazogadoebas, romliskenac miiswrafvis ganviTarebuli

qveynebis civilizacia. swored codnis ekonomika, anu codnaze dafuZnebuli ekonomika

gamodis dRes msoflio arenaze, romelmac miiRo axali – kreatuli ekonomikis, kre-

atiuli biznesis saxelwodeba. dRes `ideebi~ qmnian axal ekonomikas da maTi Seqmna

xdeba warmoebis ZiriTadi sagani, xolo kreatiuloba – biznesis ganuyofeli nawili.

Tanamedrove etapze kategoria `kreatuloba~ farTod gamoiyeneba ekonomikis

SemoqmedebiT sferoebSi – reklamaSi, brendingSi, marketingSi, turizmSi da a.S. am

sferoebis CarCoSi kreatulobis termini niSnavs SemoqmedebiT, originalur ide-

ebs, romelebic xels uwyoben biznesis ganviTarebas, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas. magaliTad, turizmSi kreatuloba niSnavs sas-

tumroebis interieris arastandartul gaformebas, reklamaSi – dasamaxsovrebel

lozungebs da gamosaxulebebs, romlebis momxmareblebSi aRZraven interess da Se-

sabamisad izidaven maT. menejmentSi kreatiulobaze saubroben rogorc axali da

originaluri midgomebis Seqmnaze arastandartuli SemoqmedebiTi gadawyvetilebe-

bisa da marTvis procesSi. dRevandeli intensiuri konkurenciis pirobebSi mmar-

TvelobaSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan, saWiroa axali ideebis gamoyeneba. strategiuli

75

menejmenti SeuZlebelia SemoqmedebiTi azris gareSe. biznesis ganviTarebis stra-

tegiis SemuSaveba aris SemoqmedebiTi procesi, ufro metic, SeiZleba iTqvas – igi

xelovnebaa. inovaciuri menejmenti ki, romelic Tanamedrove biznes-saqmianobis

mTavari warmmarTveli veqtoria, warmoudgenelia kreatiuli gadawyvetilebebis ga-

reSe, xelmZRvanelTa da SemsrulebelTa SemoqmedebiTi iniciativis gareSe.

ramdenadac cnobilia, cneba `kreatiuli ekonomika~ SemoRebul iqna brunvaSi

Jurnal `Buzines Week~-is mier 2000 wlis agvistoSi[5]. kreatiuli ekonomikis sakiTxebSi

gaeros sakonsultacio sabWos wevrma, cnobilma amerikelma arqiteqtorma da xelov-

nebaTmcodnem jon hokinsma 2002 wels gamosca naSromi `kreatiuli ekonomika~, romel-

Sic siRrmiseuladaa gaanalizebuli kreatiulobis gavlena msoflio ekonomikasa da

biznesze. kreatiulobis gansazRvris mizniT man gamoyo 15 kreatiuli dargi, sadac

iwarmoeba inteleqtualuri sakuTreba saavtoro uflebis, patentebis, savaWro marke-

bis da sxvaTa saxiT. misi kvlevis Tanaxmad, praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi ekonomikuri

fokusi warmoebidan gadaadgilda momsaxurebis sferoSi. dReisaTvis dasavleT evro-

pasa da aSS-Si mosaxleobis 60% muSaobs momsaxurebis sferoSi. am naSromSi SemoTa-

vazebulia kreatiulobis sami principi (universaluroba, Tavisufleba, bazari da kav-

Sirebi) da SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis oTxi principi (mravalferovneba, cvalebadoba,

swavla da adaptacia). avtoris azriT, XXI saukuneSi meurneobriobis wamyvani forma

iqneba kreatiuli biznesi da rac ufro Cqara gadaerTveba masze samyaro, miT Cqara

aRmoifxvreba msoflioSi dReisaTvis arsebuli krizisuli situacia[8].

ukanaskneli ori saukunis gasayarze amerikelma ekonomistma, torontos uni-

versitetis profesorma riCard floridam kreatiulobis sakiTxs miuZRvna wigni,

romelsac uwoda `kreatiuli klasi: adamianebi, romlebic cvlian momavals~[6]. av-

toris azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebam SeiZina axali klasobrivi struqtura. mi-

si safuZvelia `kreatiuli biznesi~, xolo politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialu-

ri birTvi – kreatiuli klasi. auRiarebeli, magram de-faqto arsebul axal klass

gaaCnia Tavisi struqtura, romlis centrSi dganan superkreatiuli moRvaweebi –

mecnierebi da inJinrebi, universitetis profesorebi, poetebi da mwerlebi, mxat-

vrebi da msaxiobebi, dizainerebi da arqiteqtorebi, publicistebi, redaqtorebi,

kulturis cnobili moRvaweebi, analitikuri centrebis eqspertebi, mimomxilvelebi

da a.S. magram, r. floridis azriT, centralur kreatiul jgufSi SeRwevas axerxe-

ben specialistebic, romlebic saqmianoben maRali teqnologiebis, finansebis, sa-

marTlis, janmrTelobis dacvis da biznesis marTvis sferoebSi. es adamianebi mo-

nawileoben problemebis SemoqmedebiT gadawyvetaSi. maTi ganaTlebis maRali done

iZleva saSualebas originaluri midgomebiT srulyon axali teqnologiebi, Seqmnan

menejmentis axali strategiebi. am klasis irgvliv ganlagebulia maRalkvalifici-

uri teqnikuri personali, romelTac gaaCniaT konkretuli problemis Semoqmedebi-

Tad gadawyvetis unari da gadawyvetilebaTa damoukideblad miRebis gambedaoba.

dReisaTvis Tvlian, rom TiToeuli qveynis ekonomika (da sazogadoeba mTlia-

nad) Tavis ganviTarebaSi gadis 6 stadias, romelic ganisazRvreba am qveynis Ziri-

Tadi dargebiT, resursebiT da saqonliT. aseT stadiebs warmoadgenen:

• industriamdeli stadia (mTavari roli ganekuTvneba soflis meurneobas);

• industriuli stadia (mTavar rolSi gamodis mrewveloba);

• informaciuli ekonomikis stadia (ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa,

upirveles yovlisa, informaciuli teqnologiebiT da sistemebiT);

76

• codnis ekonomikis stadia (ekonomikaSi wamyvani roli ganekuTvneba aramateria-

lur aqtivebs da inteleqtualur sakuTrebas);

• kreatiuli stadia (ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi mTavar rols

TamaSobs axali ideebi da inovaciebi).

Tanamedrove etapze kreatiuloba ganviTarebul qveynebSi praqtikuli saqmia-

nobis mudmivi Tanamgzavri xdeba. faqtobrivad warmoebis nebismier sferoSi warma-

tebuli xdeba mxolod is, vinc flobs SemoqmedebiT potencials. kreatiuloba

vlindeba Semdegi ZiriTadi formebiT:

• samecniero (aRmoCenebi);

• teqnikuri (gamogonebebi);

• ekonomikuri (biznes-saqmianoba);

• mxatvruli (xelovneba);

• socialuri (damoukidebloba adamianebTan);

• politikuri (saxelmwifo mmarTveloba).

kreatiulobis safuZvels Seadgens kreatiuli azrovneba, romelic aris sxva-

dasxvagvari elementebis sinTezis (kombinaciis) daxmarebiT axali, mniSvnelovani

codnis Seqmnis unari, codnisa, romelsac gaaCnia didi socialur-ekonomikuri

efeqti. kreatiuli azrovneba moiTxovs sakuTar TavSi dajerebulobas, aqtiurobas

da liderobas, riskze wasvlis unars. kreatiuloba damokidebulia iseT Tvisebeb-

Tan, rogoricaa: gamomgonebloba, optimaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebis codna,

problemisadmi sxvadasxva da axali kuTxiT Sexedva, eqsperimentebisadmi interesi,

axal-axali ideebis generirebis unari. kreatiuli adamianebi yovelTvis iswrafian

gadasinjon arsebuli procedurebi da stereotipebi, adgenen momavlis scenarebs,

ganixilaven sxvadasxva gamogonebebs da maT Sedegebs. isini eZeben saerTo niSnebs

imaSi, rac miCneulia SeuTavseblad, qmnian moulodnel kombinaciebs, romlebSic

devs mocemuli problemis gadawyvetis gasaRebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Semoqmedebi-

Ti, kreatiuli saqmianoba arRvevs moZvelebul da araefeqtian stereotipebs.

kreatiuloba efuZneba gamoyenebiT cnobierebas, gamomgoneblobas da TviT-

swavlebas. kreatiulobisaTvis ganasxvaveben sam aucilebel elements[7]:

• kompetencia: codna, siaxle, gamocdileba;

• SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba: moqniloba, gamomgonebloba da Seupovroba gadawyve-

tilebis Ziebisas;

• motivacia: piradi daintereseba problemis gadawyvetaSi.

Tanamedrove etapze ukiduresad rTuli gaxda warmatebuli biznes-saqmianoba.

ekonomikis globalizaciam ufro mkacri gaxada konkurentuli garemo da Seqmna

gajerebuli bazari. amitomac saWiroa konkurentebs Soris Tavis gamoCena, momxma-

reblisaTvis axali kreatiuli produqtis SeTavazeba, romelic miscems maT saSua-

lebas icxovron ukeTesad da sainteresod.

biznesi SeiZleba warimarTos sxvadasxvagvarad. SeiZleba ideis SerCeva, masze

dayrdnoba da mciredi riskiT mogebis miReba. magram SeiZleba agreTve axali ideis,

arastandartuli midgomis mofiqreba, Tumca zogierT ideaze dayrdnobam SeiZleba sa-

erTod ar mogvces mogeba. saqme imaSia, rom metismetad Zlieri kreativi maRalriskia-

nia, magram saerTod kreativze uaris Tqma zaraliania: Znelia klientis mozidva iseT

saqonelze da momsaxurebaze, romelic bazarze aTasobiT konkurents aqvs gatanili.

77

aseT viTarebaSi saWiro xdeba `oqros Sualedis~ moZebna. Tu moviSveliebT is-

torias, advilad davrwmundebiT, rom msxvili kompaniebi warmatebebamde ucbad ar mi-

sulan. maTi warmateba miRweul iqna droSi gawelili dauRalavi SromiT da kreatiu-

li azrovnebis mudmivi ganviTarebiT. kreativis meSveobiT biznesSi warmoiSoba siner-

giuli efeqti, rodesac erTiani kreatiuli biznes-ideebis zemoqmedeba ufro metia

calkeuli ideebis jamuri zemoqmedebisagan. mniSvnelovan kreatiul ideas SeuZlia

radikalurad Secvalos biznesi da migviyvanos strategiul warmatebamde.

dRevandel etapze mravali ganviTarebuli saxelmwifos, romlebic miiswraf-

vian msoflio arenaze konkurentuli upiratesobisaken, mniSvnelovan prioritetul

amocanas Seadgens kreatiuli industriis ganviTareba. Ddidi britaneTi erT-erTi

pirveli qveyanaa, sadac samTavrobo doneze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva kre-

atiuli industriis ganviTarebas. Sedegad amisa, gasuli saukunis miwuruls gaer-

Tianebuli samefos kulturis, mediisa da sportis saministroSi Camoyalibda krea-

tiuli industriis programebis ganviTarebis departamenti. aRniSnulma samsaxurma

SeimuSava biznesis kreatiuli seqtoris CamonaTvali da oficialurad Camoayaliba

kreatiuli industriis saqmianobis sazRvrebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kreatiuli dargebis gansazRvraSi garkveuli gansxvaveba arse-

bobs amerikul da britanul midgomebSi. mag., amerikuli midgomiT kreatiul dargebs

ganekuTvnebian: samecniero-kvleviTi da sakonstruqtoro-eqsperimentuli damuSavebebi;

sagamomcemlo saqme; programuli uzunvelyofa; televizia da radio; dizaini; musika;

kino; saTamaSoebi da TamaSebi; reklama; arqiteqtura; saSemsruleblo xelovneba; vi-

deoTamaSebi; moda da xelovneba. britanuli midgomiT ki kreatiuli biznesis ZiriTa-

di dargebia: reklama; arqiteqtura; xelovneba; avejis dizaini; tansacmlis modelire-

ba (dizaini); kino da video; grafikuli dizaini; gasarTobi programuli uzrunvelyo-

fa (kompiuteruli TamaSebi); cocxali da Cawerili musika; saSemsruleblo xelovne-

ba; televizia; radio da interneti; vizualuri xelovneba da antikvariati; samwerlo

da sagamomcemlo saqme; muzeumebi da memkvidreoba[8].

arsebobs agreTve kreatiuli saqmianobis klasifikaciis profesiuli midgoma,

romelic efuZneba zemoxsenebul superkreatiul birTvs da kreatiul profesiona-

lebs[6]. superkreatiul birTvs ganekuTvneba profesiebi Semdgom sferoebSi:

• maTematika da programireba;

• arqiteqtura da sainJinro saqme;

• sabunebismetyvelo da socialuri mecnierebebi;

• ganaTleba, aRzrda, garToba, sporti, masmedia.

kreatiuli profesionalur qveklass Seadgenen:

• mmarTvelobiTi profesiebi;

• profesiebi biznesisa da finansebis sferoSi;

• profesiebi samarTlis sferoSi;

• profesiebi janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi (eqimebi da teqnikuri specialistebi).

mkvlevarTa gaangariSebiT [6] aSS kreatiuli klasi Seadgens mTeli momuSave

mosaxleobis 30%, romelic aRemateba muSebisa da agrarul klass erTad aRebuls.

yvelaze mravalricxovania momsaxure klasi, Tumca 1980-iani wlebidan kreatiuli

klasis zrdam momsaxurebis klasis mniSvnelovani Semcireba gamoiwvia. Semosavle-

bis mixedviT kreatiuli klasi lideria, ramdenadac am seqtorSi ileqeba Semosav-

lebis udidesi nawili (2-jer meti momsaxure klasTan SedarebiT).

78

kreatiulobis Sefasebis sxva midgomebic arsebobs. magaliTad, gaeros konfe-

rencia vaWrobasa da ganviTarebaze (UNCTAD) qveynebis, jgufebisa da regionebisaT-

vis iyenebs kreatiuli produqtebis eqsportisa da importis moculobis maCveneb-

lebs. kreatiuli dargebis saqmianoba, iseve rogorc momsaxurebis sferos, dakavSi-

rebulia arameterialur sawyisebTan, magram gansxvaveba mainc arsebobs. kerZod,

momsaxurebisagan gansxvavebiT kreatiulobis Sedegebi SesaZlebelia realizebul

iqnas rogorc ganuyofeli nawili saboloo materialuri produqtisa. gamomdinare

aqedan, formirebul iqna kreatiuli dargebis produqtebis CamonaTvali, sadac Zi-

riTads damatebul RirebulebaSi Seadgens SemoqmedebiTi wili. Sesabamisad, krea-

tiuli produqtis eqsportisa da importis monacemebis safuZvelze SeiZleba Se-

fasdes ama Tu im qveynis wvlili kreatiuli ekonomikis msoflio moculobaSi. sa-

Tanado analiziT dgindeba, rom am kriteriumiT liderobs aSS, romelic uzrun-

velyofs kreatiuli produqciiT msoflio vaWrobis TiTqmis meoTxeds. kreatiuli

produqtiT vaWrobis maRali maCvenebeli aqvs iaponias, xolo am mxriv sustad ga-

moiyurebian italia da kanada[9].

kreatiulma ekonomikam ukanasknel periodSi, erTi mxriv, xeli Seuwyo msof-

lio ekonimikuri globalizaciis gaRrmavebas, xolo meore mxriv, kidev ufro ga-

aRrmava globalizacis Tanmdevi winaaRmdegobrivi movlenebi. igi rogorc ekonomi-

kuri globalizaciis stimulatori da mamoZravebeli faqtori ZiriTadad integri-

rebulia industriulad ganviTarebul samkuTxedSi: CrdiloeT amerika-dasavleT

evropa-aRmosavleT azia. industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac cxovrobs

msoflio mosaxleobis 19 procenti, modis saerTaSoriso vaWrobis 71 procenti,

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis 58 procenti, internetis momxmarebelTa 91 pro-

centi. Mmaterialurad uzrunvelyofiliMmsoflio mosaxleobis mexuTedi nawilis

Semosavlebsa da siRaribeSi mcxovrebi amdenive nawilis mosaxleobis Semosavlebs

Soris gansxvaveba dReisaTvis ganisazRvreba TanafardobiT 75:1, maSin, rodesac igi

1990 wels Seadgenda 60:1 da 1960 wels-30:1. [8]. Ggamomdinare aqedan SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom kreatiuli ekonimikis ganviTareba ZiriTadad orientirebulia ganviTarebul

qveyanaTa ekonomikebis globalizaciisaken, Tumca am bolo wlebSi am procesebSi

aqtiurad erTvebian msxvili ganviTarebadi qveynebic.

kreatiuli midgoma dRevandel etapze gansazRvravs saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis konkurentunarianobis dones. warmoebuli produqtis damatebul RirebulebaSi

sul ufro met porocents ikavebs kreatiuli mdgenelebi da originaluri inovaci-

ebi. magaliTad, SemoqmedebiTma dizainerulma srulyofam iaponur kompania `toio-

tas~ saSualeba misca daekavebina mowinave adgili msoflio avtomrewvelobaSi.

Mmravali qveynis ekonomikaSi kreatiuli midgoma dRevandel etapze saxelmwifo

donezea ayvanili. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, am mxriv pirveli nabiji gadadga in-

glisma. Semdeg es gamocdileba gavrcelda sxva evropul qveynebSi da DdRes man

moicva evropis yvela ganviTarebuli qveyana, aSS, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis qveyne-

bi. Aam kuTxiT mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwies CineTma, baltiisa da laTinuri

amerikis qveynebma. CineTma olimpiuri TamaSebis gaxsnis ceremoniaze mTels msof-

lios daanaxa kreatiuli ekonomikis realuri nayofi. sayuradReboa, rom kreatiu-

lobam ekonomikaSi mniSvnelovnad Secvala msoflio ekonomikis geografiuli

struqtura. magaliTad, 1950-ian wlebSi aSS mTliani Sida produqti msoflios ama-

ve maCveneblis 50 procentze mets Seadgenda, xolo, dReisaTvis is daaxloebiT 22

procentamde Semcirda. Ees dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom SemoqmedebiTma, kreatiul-

79

ma industriam swrafi ganviTareba hpova sxva qveynebSic da, Sesabamisad, gaizarda

maTi wili msoflio ekonomikis struqturaSi.

saqarTveloSi kreatiuli ekonomikis pirveli niSnebi Canasaxovan mdgomareo-

baSia. Mmisi swrafi ganviTarebis samecniero-kvleviTi baza da saproeqto-eqsperi-

mentuli potenciali krizisul mdgomareobaSia. kerZo seqtoris umravlesobas

jer kidev saTanado doneze ara aqvs gacnobierebuli kreatiuli midgomis mniSvne-

loba produqciis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaSi. Tumca aris mcire gamonakli-

sebic. magaliTad, zogierTma firmebma kreatiuli midgoma gamoiyenes Rvinis mrew-

velobaSi, misi taris dizainis gaformebaSi da reklamirebaSi (kompania “badagoni”

da sxvebi), ramac gazarda produqtis konkurentunarianoba rogorc qveynis SigniT,

aseve mis gareTac. Kkreatiuli midgomis niSnebi gamoCnda tansacmlis samodelo

xelovnebaSi, ramac safuZveli Cauyara samodelo industrias. Kkreatiuli midgome-

bis niSnebi ikveTeba erovnuli suvenirebis warmoebaSi, tele-sivrceSi reklamebiT,

originaluri gasarTobi programebiT da SouebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kerZo biz-

nesTan SedarebiT saxelmwifo ufro met yuradRebas aqcevs kreatiuli midgomebis

praqtikul realizacias. Aamis magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes wertilovani, asi-

metriuli midgomebi regionul ganviTarebaSi: infrastruqturuli, sanaxaobiTi, ar-

qiteqtoruli da sxva saxis SemoqmedebiTi industriis ganviTareba qalaqebSi-ba-

TumSi, siRnaRsa da quTaisSi, aseve nawilobriv TbilisSi, rac xels uwyobs ara

mxolod turistebis mozidvas, dasvenebisa da momsaxurebis garemosa da xarisxis

gaumjobesebas, aramed agreTve SemoqmedebiTi, kreatiuli biznesis ganviTarebas.

amrigad, Tanamedrove etapze mTels msoflioSi da gansakuTrebiT ganviTare-

bul qveynebSi Zalas ikrebs strategiuli azrovneba biznesSi, romelmac miiRo

kreativis saxelwodeba. kreatiuli biznesis tradiciulisagan ganmasxvavebeli Ta-

visebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom masSi mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens

codna, resurss – informacia, xolo Sedegs – kreatiuli produqti. imavdroulad,

kreatiuli ekonomikis koncefcia aerTianebs dacalkavebul kategoriebs: `informa-

ciuli ekonomika~, `codnis ekonomika~ da `inovaciuri ekonomika~. biznesi kreati-

ul xasiaTs atarebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis mier warmoebuli produqtis Rirebule-

baSi umetesi nawili modis SemoqmedebiT mdgenelze.

l i t e r a t u r a:

1. mesxia i. mecnierebis reformebis finansur-organizaciuli orientirebi, krebulSi:

`gardamavali periodis safinanso-ekonomikuri problemebi~. t. 7., Tbilisi, fski, 2004;

2. Барышева А. В. Экономика знаний (htth://nest-exspert.ru);

3. Махлуп Ф. Производство и распространение знаний в CША, пер. с англ., М., Прогресс, 1966;

4. Питер Ф. Друкер. Эффективный управляюший, изд-во: Book chamber Internftional, 2004;

5. Исаев Д. Креативный класс и креавтивная цивилизация. Новый прорыв уммы

(http://www.islam.ru/hrtssclub/analitika/creativeclass/;

6. Ричард Флорида. Креативный класс: люди которые меняют будушее, М., Издателский дом –

«классика – ХХI», 2005;

7. Амайстайл Т.М. Как убить креативную инициативу. В книге: Креативное мышление в бизнесе,

М., Алпина Бизнес Букс, 2006;

8. Глобализация: человеческое измерение, М.: РОССПЭН, 2003;

9. Howkins J. The Creative Economy, NY, The penguinpress, 2001;

10. UNCTAD, Clobal databank on world trade in creative products, 2010.

80

babulia mRebriSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

globaluri marketingis ganviTarebis sakanonmdeblo baza

globalizacia marketingis erT-erTi strategiuli prioritetia, vinaidan is

riskisa da danaxarjebis saerTaSoriso bazrebze gadanawilebis SesaZleblobas iZ-

leva (1, gv. 227). amitom miiswrafian sawarmoTa menejerebi saerTaSoriso bazrebis-

ken, riTac globalizaciis procesi Rrmavdeba da globaluri bazris momcvelobis

areali farTovdeba.

globaluri bazris Camoyalibeba mraval faqtorzea damokidebuli. am faqto-

rebs Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi faqtorebia, e.i. is kanonebi da

kanonqvemdebare aqtebi, romlebic ayalibeben globaluri biznesis, da Sesabamisad

amisa globaluri marketingis, politikur-samarTlebriv garemos.

politikur-samarTlebrivi garemo nebismieri qveynis nebismieri sawarmosTvis,

romelic gadis saerTaSoriso arenaze, yalibdeba saerTaSoriso kanonebiT, mSob-

liuri qveynis kanonebiT da im qveynis/an qveynebis kanonebiT, romelSic/an romleb-

Sic mocemuli konkretuli sawarmo axorcielebs Tavis saqmianobas. maSasadame,

globaluri marketingis politikur-samarTlebrivi garemo moicavs:

Ma) mSobliuri qveynis garemos;

b) im qveynis garemos, romelSic sawarmo funqcionirebs;

g) saerTaSoriso garemos (2,gv. 179).

saerTaSoriso politikur-samarTlebrivi garemo yalibdeba qveynebs Soris Se-

TanxmebebiT Seqmnili saerTaSoriso kanonebiT. rac Seexeba mSobliuri qveynis po-

litikur-samarTlebriv garemos da im qveynis garemos, romelSic sawarmo funqcio-

nirebs, is yalibdeba adgilobrivi sakanonmdeblo organoebis mier SemuSavebuli

kanonmdeblobis bazaze. Cveni kvlevis obieqtia nawili im kanonebisa, romlebic

saqarTveloSi aregulireben bizness da ayalibeben samarTlebriv garemos.

globaluri marketingis ganviTarebis politikur-samarTlebrivi garemos Ca-

moyalibeba saqarTveloSi mimdinareobs Semdegi kanonebis safuZvelze:

1. saqarTvelos kanoni sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis

Sesaxeb;

2. saqarTvelos kanoni Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb;

3. saqarTvelos kanoni samewarmeo saqmianobis kontrolis Sesaxeb;

4. saqarTvelos kanoni sazRvargareTis qveynebisa da kompaniebisTvis koncesiebis

gacemis wesis Sesaxeb;

5. saqarTvelos kanoni investiciebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris Sesaxeb;

6. sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba da sxv.

aRniSnuli kanonebi, erTi mxriv, samarTlebriv safuZvlebs ayalibebs adgilob-

rivi sawarmoebis rogorc qveynis Sida bazarze samuSaod, ise saerTaSoriso arenaze

gasasvlelad, meore mxriv ki ucxouri kompaniebis saqmianobas saqarTvelos bazarze

adgilobriv kanonebs uqvemdebarebs da maT sakanonmdeblo pirobebSi muSaobis SesaZ-

leblobas uqmnis.

biznesis maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobis codna aucilebelia rogorc adgi-

lobrivi, ise ucxoeli biznesmenebisTvis arakanonieri Semowmebebisa da zogierTi

samTavrobo Cinovnikis TviTneburi moqmedebisgan Tavis dasacavad.

81

saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso marketingis politikur-samarTlebrivi bazis

formirebisTvis kanonebis Seqmna gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi daiwyo. aRniSnuli

kanonebis srulyofa dResac grZeldeba.

saqarTvelos kanoni sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis

Sesaxeb gansazRvravs investiciis arss, misi xelSeuxeblobis wess, saWiroebis Sem-

TxvevaSi kompensaciis odenobas da misi gacemis pirobebs, ucxoeli investoris uf-

lebebs sakompensacio Tanxis sazRvargareT gatanisas (3, gv. 135). aRniSnuli kanonis

me-10 muxlis Sesabamisad investors ufleba aqvs samsaxurSi miiRos ucxoeli, igive

muxlis mixedviT `ar SeiZleba dawesdes sawarmos xelmZRvanel organoebSi saval-

debulod asarCevi an dasaniSni saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa aucilebeli minimaluri

ricxvi~ (3, gv. 137). Cveni azriT, es muxli saWiroebs dazustebas. sasurvelia, ucxo-

el investors kanoniT moeTxovos adgilobrivi specialistebisa da muSebis dasaq-

meba, Tu, ra Tqma unda, amis SesaZlebloba arsebobs. bunebrivia, ucxoel investor-

Ta nawils adgilobrivi muSaxelis dacvis aseTi midgoma ar moewoneba, magram es

aucilebelia qveynis ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze. kanonis dadebiT mxared unda

CaiTvalos is, rom ucxoel investorebs saomari mdgomareobisa da SeiaraRebuli

konfliqtis dros miyenebuli zarali adgilobrivi investorebis msgavsad aunaz-

RaurdebaT. aseTi midgomiT sainvesticio klimati umjobesdeba, vinaidan kapitalis

saqarTveloSi dabandebiT misi dakargvis riskis done mcirdeba.

saqarTvelos kanoni Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb mowode-

bulia xeli Seuwyos konkurentuli garemos Seqmnas qveyanaSi, rac, erTnairad

mniSvnelovania rogorc adgilobrivi, ise ucxoeli biznesmenebisTvis. aRniSnuli

kanoni krZalavs iseT saxelmwifo daxmarebebs da miznobriv programebs, romlebic

Seaferxeben konkurencias (3. gv.120), rac savsebiT samarTliania. kanonSi araferi

ar aris naTqvmi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda iqnes Tavidan acilebuli konkuren-

ciis SezRudva ucxouri kompaniebis mier, rac, vfiqrobT, am kanonis naklia.

amoqmedebis dRidan dRemde mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada saqarTvelos ka-

nonma samewarmeo saqmianobis kontrolis Sesaxeb. dRes am kanonis Sesabamisad makon-

trolebel organos sawarmoTa saqmianobis gakontrolebis ufleba aqvs im SemTxveva-

Si, Tu arsebobs mosamarTlis brZaneba, romelic im dros gaicema, roca makontrole-

beli organo dasabuTebul informacias warudgens mosamarTles mewarmis mier kanon-

mdeblobis darRvevis Sesaxeb. amasTan makontrolebeli organo uflebamosilia Sea-

mowmos mewarme mxolod im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romlis Sesaxebac arsebobs mosa-

marTlis brZaneba. kanoni gansazRvravs makontrolebel organoebsac. aseT pirobebSi

mewarmeebi advilad icaven sakuTar bizness, riTac misi momgebianad ganxorcielebis

da globaluri bazris ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi izrdeba.

kanoni sazRvargareTis qveynebis da kompaniebisaTvis koncesiebis gacemis wesis Se-

saxeb aregulirebs ucxouri kapitalis investiciis mizniT saxelmwifos mier gaforme-

buli grZelvadiani saijaro xelSekrulebis gaformebis wess. kanoniT gansazRvrulia

koncesioneris mier saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis dacvis valdebulebebi, agreTve, is

pirobebi, romliTac sakoncesio sawarmoebi gadaecema saqarTvelos. am kanonis mixed-

viT xelSekrulebis gaformebamde eqspertiza utardeba sakoncesio obieqts (3, gv. 260).

Cveni azriT, kanonSi unda iyos muxli, romelic eqspertizas savaldebulod CaTvlis

sakoncesio obieqtis saqarTvelosTvis gadacemis drosac. es gazrdis koncesioneris

pasuxismgeblobas saijaro xelSekrulebis SesrulebasTan mimarTebaSi. koncesioneris

uflebebis gansazRvrisas kanoni ganmartavs, rom koncesioners SeuZlia `. . . sakonce-

sio sawarmoebis muSebad da mosamsaxureebad saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, ucxoeli moqa-

82

laqeebi da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi miiRos~ (3, gv. 261). Cveni azriT, saWiroa meti

dakonkreteba da investorebis, garkveulwilad, davaldebuleba, rom man adgilobrivi

muSaxeli gamoiyenos sawarmoSi. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi ar arian kvalificiuri

muSebi, Tumca maTi adgilze momzadebis wesis kanoniT dadgenac ar migvaCnia zedmetad.

vfiqrobT eqvsi Tve sruliad sakmarisia imisTvis, rom koncesionerma adgilobrivi mu-

Sebi moamzados da daasaqmos sawarmoSi.

globaluri marketingis ganviTarebaSi didi roli akisria samTavrobo organiza-

ciebis mier gatarebul RonisZiebebs da eqsportis mxardamWer programebs. saeqsporto

subsidiebi uzrunvelyofs calkeuli sawarmos da mTlianad dargis stimulirebas,

amaRlebs maTi konkurentunarianobis dones. subsidireba xdeba sxvadasxva formiT:

mcirdeba gadasaxadebi, sawarmoebs aZleven kompensaciebs, SeRavaTian kreditebs.

eqsportis stimulirebas da am safuZvelze globaluri bazris ganviTarebas

xels uwyobs savaWro barierebis Semcireba, zogjer ki gauqmebac. saqarTvelo, ro-

gorc vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis wevri, sargeblobs upiratesi xelSemwyobi

reJimiT (MFN) sxva wevr qveynebTan. am qveynebSi eqsportirebul saqonelze dabali

tarifebi moqmedebs (amasTan saqarTvelo aSS-Tan, kanadasTan, SveicariasTan da ia-

poniasTan TanamSromlobs preferenciebis ganzogadebuli sistemiT (GSP +). dsT-is

qveynebidan evrokavSirTan da TurqeTTan preferenciebis ganzogadebuli sistemiT

mxolod moldaveTi da saqarTvelo sargeblobs. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo

msoflios 15 qveyanaSi Sedis (http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=74Slang_id=GEO). cxa-dia, aRniSnuli faqti eqsportis gafarToebis, msoflio bazrisa da globaluri

marketingis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs zrdis.

saqarTvelos aqvs imis potenciali, rom soflis meurneobis produqtebiT aqtiu-

rad CaerTos globalur biznesSi, magram dReisTvis ZiriTad saeqsporto poziciebad

kvlav feroSenadnobebi, Savi liTonebis jarTi, oqro, azotovani sasuqebi, spilenZis

madani da koncentratebi, spirtiani sasmelebi, Txili da kakali rCeba

(http://finanecal.ge/index php?.option-com_content& task=view@id=66832@Itemd=58). saqarTvelos sof-

lis meurneobis problemebis mogvareba SesaZlebelia mxolod saxelmwifos aqtiuri

mxardaWeris gziT. es gulisxmobs rogorc soflis meurneobis mxardamWeri programe-

bis amoqmedebas, ise globaluri marketingis gaaqtiurebas. Cveni azriT, soflis meurne-

obis aRorZineba qveynis ekonomikis gajansaRebis da globaluri bazris subieqtad sa-

qarTvelos gadaqcevis (eqsportis TvalsazrisiT) ZiriTad gzas warmoadgens. soflis

meurneobaSi Seqmnili ekologiurad sufTa produqtebi saqarTvelos bazars, rogorc

saerTaSoriso bazris nawils, mkveTrad gaaqtiurebs.

amrigad, saqarTveloSi biznesis ganviTarebis sakanonmdeblo baza sul ufro

srulyofili xdeba, rac xels uwyobs eqsportis stimulirebas da ainteresebs ucxoel

investorebs qarTuli bazriT. srulyofili xdeba biznesis maregulirebeli saerTaSo-

riso normatiuli aqtebic. amiT saqarTvelos globalur bazarze gasvlis xelSemwyo-

bi pirobebi eqmneba, Tumca qveyana am SesaZleblobebiT jerjerobiT ver sargeblobs.

l i t e r a t u r a:

1. Маркетинг. Энциклопедия. Пер с англ. Питер.2002; 2. Холенсен с. Глобальный маркетинг. Пер с англ. Мн. 2005; 3. samagido wigni iuristebisTvis, ekonomistebisTvis, saqmiani adamianebisTvis.

sakanonmdeblo aqtebis krebuli. Tb., 2009; 4. http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=74Slang_id=GEO

5. (http://finanecal.ge/indexphp?.option-com_content& task=view@id=66832@Itemd=58).

83

iza naTelauri saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis struqturuli da raodenobrivi optimizaciis kriteriumebis Sesaxeb: postkomunisturi periodi

saqarTvelo mravalmxrivi sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis qveyanaa. Ta-

namSromlobs partniorTa diversificirebul wresTan da aviTarebs saerTaSoriso

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis rogorc tradiciul (sagareo vaWroba, ucxouri tu-

rizmi da sxv.), ise axal (erToblivi sawarmoebi, Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi

da sxv.) formebs [1].

Kkvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, SemovifarglebiT postkomunisturi saqarTve-

los eqsport-importis raodenobrivi da struqturuli maCveneblebis, sagareo vaW-

robis geografiisa da sagareo savaWro kavSirebis cvlilebis tendenciebis ana-

liziT; gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas eqsportisa da importis optimizaciis (yvelaze

xelsayreli, yvelaze ufro Sesaferisi variantis amorCevis) winapirobebze Cvens

qveyanaSi; SevecdebiT CamovayaliboT saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis raodenobrivi

da struqturuli optimizaciis kriteriumebi, qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri

da socialur-ekonomikuri mowyobis moTxovnebisa da konkurentunarianobis msof-

lio reitingis CarCo moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

saqarTveloSi eqsporti tradiciulad sanedleuloa, importi ki warmodgenilia

ZiriTadad Sualeduri da erTjeradi moxmarebis saqoneliT. Eeqsportze gadis fero-

Senadnobebi, Savi liTonebis narCenebi da jarTi, spilenZis madnebi da koncentrate-

bi, cementi, daumuSavebeli an naxevrad damuSavebuli oqro, mineraluri an qimiuri

azotovani sasuqebi da sxv. rac Seexeba imports, saqarTveloSi importirdeba navTobi

da navTobproduqtebi, msubuqi avtomobilebi, samkurnalo saSualebebi, gadamcemi apa-

ratura radiomauwyeblobisa da televiziisaTvis, naxSirbadiani foladis wnelebi,

kompiuterebi da maTi blokebi da sxv. [4,5]. eqsports raodenobrivad bevrad Warbobs

importi. Ddeficiti qronikuli da wlidan wlamde mzardia. 2009 wels wminda eqspor-

tis maCvenebelma Seadgina-1510 mln aSS dolari, 2007 wels _ 3983 mln aSS dolari,

2006 wels _ 2742 mln aSS dolari, 2005 wels _ 1624 mln aSS dolari, 2004 wels _

1197 mln aSS dolari, 2003 wels _ 680 mln aSS dolari.

gansakuTrebuli gansjis sagania Tanamedrove saqarTvelis sagareo vaWrobis

geografia da partniorTa wre. 2008-2009 wlebis monacemebiT [5] saqarTvelo Tanam-

Sromlobs 150-ze met qveyanasTan, m.S. 134-Si axorcielebs eqsports, 158-dan ki im-

ports. Cveni qveynis msxvili savaWro partniorebi arian: TurqeTi, ruseTi, germa-

nia, ukraina,Aazerbaijani, aSS, italia, safrangeTi, somxeTi da avRaneTi.

saqarTvelos umsxvilesi partniori qveynebia TurqeTi da ruseTi. damoukideb-

lobis mopovebis Semdeg gaaqtiurda Cveni qveynis TanamSromloba mezobel TurqeT-

Tan, saqoneliTa da momsaxurebiT sagareo vaWrobis, erToblivi sawarmoebis Seq-

mnis, regionuli da strategiuli TanamSromlobis sferoebSi. sazRvrebis gaxsnis-

Tanave (gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan) saqonelgacvliTi opera-

ciebi saqarTvelos ZiriTadad hqonda TurqeTTan. Ggahqonda: liTonebi, xe-tye, jar-

Ti, eleqtroenergia da sxv. sanedleulo saqoneli. Semodioda: erTjeradi moxmare-

bis saqoneli farTo asortimentiT. Turqi partniorebis TanamonawileobiT saqar-

84

Tvelos teritoriaze registracia gaiara uamravma erToblivma sawarmom. saqarTve-

los TurqeTTan akavSirebs baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenic.

Ggardamavali ekonomikis qveynebidan, garda ruseTisa, saqarTvelos partnio-

rebi arian Aazerbaijani, ukraina da somxeTi. saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis Tanam-

Sromloba, ori erTnair politikur, ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobaSi myi-

fi qveynis TanamSromlobaa. maT erTnairad exebaT kavkasiis regionuli probleme-

bi. Oorive gardamavali ekonomikis, mcire Ria ekonomikaze orientirebuli qveyanaa.

teritoriuli siaxlove am qveynebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs aqtiuri monawileoba

miiRon TRASECA -s proeqtSi. Aam proeqtidan mosalodneli socialur-ekonomikuri

efeqtebi orive qveynisTvis Zalzed mniSvnelovania. navTobsadeni baqo-Tbilisi-jei-

hani da baqo-Tbilisi-sufsa saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis warmatebuli TanamSromlo-

bis proeqtebia.

ganviTarebuli qveynebidan saqarTvelos partniorebs Soris gansakuTrebuli

adgili ganekuTvnebaT aSS-s, did britaneTsa da germanias. Kkvlav aqtualuria

TRASECA. aSS-ma am proeqtis farglebSi Tavis Tavze aiRo azia-evropis satran-

sporto derefnis usafrTxoebis dacva. saqarTvelos mxarisTvis mniSvnelovania am

qveynebis finansuri daxmareba, arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,

sagadamxdelo balansis deficitis regulirebaSi da makroekonomikuri wonasworo-

bis uzrunvelyofaSi.

garda calke aRebuli qveynebisa, saqarTvelo aqtiurad TanamSromlobs evro-

kavSiris qveynebTan, Savi zRvis auzis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciis

qveynebTan da ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis qveynebTan – savaWro

kavSirebis gafarToebis xaziT; dsT-s qveynebTan savaWro kavSirebis gadaxedvis

kuTxiT, saqarTvelo-ruseTis gamwvavebuli urTierTobebis gamo. 2003-2009 wlebSi

saqarTvelos eqsportisa da importis maCveneblebi mzardia qveynebis oTxive jgu-

fis mixedviT. statistika metyvelebs saqarTvelos savaWro TanamSromlobis evro-

pul orientaciaze. Tumca am SemTxvevaSic gadauWrel problemad rCeba eqsportisa

da importis struqturuli optimizaciis sakiTxi.

rac SeexebaT dsT-is qveynebs, maT Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxu-

rebs qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebi, savaWro ekonomikuri kavSirebis CaTvliT [1,3].

2004 wlamde, aTeulobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli mniS-

vneloba eniWeboda ruseTTan TanamSromlobas. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebi

– politikuri, ekonomiuri, kulturuli, religiuri _ atarebda istoriul xasiaTs.

saqarTvelo da ruseTi, rogorc ori mezobeli da damoukidebeli saxelmwifo,

wlebis manZilze viTardebodnen erTiani, teritoriulad didi da ekonomiurad

Zlieri qveynis – ssrk-is SemadgenlobaSi. orive qveyanas miniWebuli aqvs gardama-

vali ekonomikis qveynis statusi da msgavsi sastarto pirobebiT orientirebuli

arian Ria ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmnaze, saqarTvelo mcire Ria ekonomikuri sis-

temis Seqmnaze, ruseTi ki didi Ria ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmnaze. saqarTvelos

ruseTze ekonomikuri damokidebulebis xarisxi maRali iyo 2004 wlamde. 1998-2004

wlebSi ruseTze modioda saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvis 19,46%, eqsportis

saerTo moculobis 22,89% da importis saerTo moculobis 18,08%. Eqsport-impor-

tis operaciebi xorcieldeboda 97 sasaqonlo poziciis mixedviT. eqsportSi didi

xvedriTi wilis maCvenebliT warmodgenili iyo mineraluri wylebi, Rvino, spirti-

ani sasmelebi, kakali, madnebi da koncentratebi, feroSenadnobebi da sxv.; impor-

tSi – navTobproduqtebi, eleqtroenergia, xorblis fqvili, sakonditro nawarmi,

samkurnalo saSualebebi da sxv. 2002-2004 wlebSi aRiniSneboda rogorc eqsportis,

85

ise importis zrda. eqsportis zrdis tempma 2003 wels 2002 welTan SedarebiT Se-

adgina 144%, 2004 wels 138,3% 2003 welTan SedarebiT da 199,2% 2002 welTan Sedare-

biT. importis Sesabamisi maCveneblebi toli iyo: 136%-is, 172%-is da 234%-is. wliu-

ri zrdis tempebi metyvelebs imaze, rom ruseTidan importi saqarTveloSi izrde-

boda ufro swrafad vinem saqarTvelos eqsporti ruseTSi. 2005 wlidan dawyebuli

ruseTTan saqarTvelos eqsportica da importic klebadi aqvs. man, 2007 wels, sa-

qarTvelos umsxviles savaWro partniorTa pirvel aTeulSi (TurqeTi, ukraina, ru-

seTi,Aazerbaijani, germania, aSS, bulgareTi, arabTa gaerTianebuli emiratebi, Cine-

Ti da TurqmeneTi) mesame adgilze gadainacvla.

2003-2009 wlebis statistikuri monacemebis misedviT [4,5] saqarTvelos produq-

cia eqsportirdeba evropis 41, aziis 42, afrikis 19,amerikis 29 da okeaneTis 3 qveya-

naSi, sul msoflios 134 qveyanaSi. qarTuli produqciis momxmarebelTa pirvel

aTeulSi Sedian: TurqeTi, aSS, avRaneTi, somxeTi, kanada, bulgareTi, germania, ru-

seTi, TurqmeneTi da gaerTianebuli samefo. saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad importirde-

ba Sualeduri saqoneli da samomxmareblo saqoneli [4] kapitalur saqonelTan er-

Tad, Sualeduri saqonelis xvedriTi wilis maCvenebelma importis saerTo mocu-

lobaSi Seadgina 2007 wels _ 63,5%, 2006 wels _ 69,8%, 2005 wels _ 60,8%, 2004 wels

_ 62,4%, 2003 wels _ 65,7%; samomxmareblo saqonelma Sesabamisad, 2007 wels _

36,1%, 2006 wels _ 38,0%, 2005 wels _ 37,7%, 2004 wels _ 35,6% da 2003 wels _ 33,9%.

sagareo vaWrobis operaciebidan saqarTveloSi umniSvnelovanesia reeqspor-

tis operacia. Mmas gansakuTrebul aqtualobas sZens satransporto derefani. Tavi-

si perspeqtiviTa da mniSvnelobiT azia-evropis derefani saqarTveloSi badebs sa-

gareo vaWrobis Tvisobrivi ganviTarebis perspeqtivas. kerZod, ganviTardeba momsa-

xurebiT vaWroba, rac msoflios nebismieri qveynisTvis sasurvelia. Ggaizrdeba

qveynis Semosavlebi, Seiqmneba importis struqturis gaumjobesebis realuri per-

speqtiva. saqonlis eqsportsa da imports Caenacvleba momsaxurebis eqsporti da

importi. Tu ar Semcirdeba sagareo savaWro balansis deficiti, mas eqneba gamar-

Tleba im mxriv, rom qveyanaSi gaumjobesdeba sainvesticio garemo

amrigad, saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro balansis qronikulad mzardi defici-

tis pirobebSi obieqturi mizezebiT gamowveuli, eqsport-importis arasasurveli

struqtura aqvs. importis moculobasa da struqturas gansazRvravs arsebuli

ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri viTareba. Mmoxmarebul mSp-Si importi di-

di xvedriTi wilis maCvenebliT aris warmodgenili: 2007 weli _ 51,2%, 2006 weli-

47,3%, 2005 weli _ 38,8%, 2004 weli _ 36,0%, 2003 weli _ 29,6% [4,5] Dda struqturu-

lad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTjeradi moxmarebis saqonelisagan Sedgeba. Aarc

erTi da arc meore maCvenebeli axali ar aris – ase iyo sabWoTa periodSi da asea

axlac. Ggansxvaveba imaSia, rom imports sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelosTvis gansa-

kuTrebuli mniSvneloba ar hqinda. amJamad ki maszea damokidebuli, mniSvnelovan-

wilad, qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri mowyobis bedi. rac Seexeba eqsports,

gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi sagareo ekonomikuri reformis dawyeisTaneve, daiw-

yo aqtiuri muSaoba eqsportis struqturis gaumjobesebasTan dakavSirebiT. Mmagram

yvelaferi dasrulda cnobili movlenebiT. Ddamoukidebel qveynebSi daiSala eko-

nomikuri sistemebi. importma SeiZina sasicocxlo mniSvneloba. Aaman ki moiTxova

eqsportis sanedleulo struqturis SenarCuneba. amasTan, deficiturma samomxma-

reblo bazarma da momxmarebelTa dabalma Semosavlebma, arsebul struqturaSi

astimulira importirebuli produqciis dabali xarisxi. Kkidev ufro gauaresda

importis struqtura da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi.

86

aucilebelia iTqvas isic, rom saqarTveloSi sagareo vaWroba, rogorc rao-

denobrivad ise struqturulad, warmoadgens ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegsac

da stabilurobis damoukidebel faqtorsac. 2003 wels, xelisuflebis erTi jgu-

fis mier minimaluri xelfasebis gazrdis iniciativas swored samomxmareblo im-

portis gafarToveba edo safuZvlad [1].

perspeqtivaSi saqarTvelos, msoflios sxva nebismieri qveynis msgavsad, glo-

baluri konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis xelSemwyobi sagareo savaWro kavSirebi

sWirdeba, raodenobrivadac da struqturuladac.

sagulisxmoa, rom sagareo (saerTaSoriso) vaWroba, msoflio bankis angariSe-

bis mixedviT, biznesis keTebis simartivis indeqsSi erT-erTia, Tanabari wonebiT

warmodgenil 10 indikators Soris [2]

biznesis keTebis simartivis reitingSi saqarTvelos pirveli adgili ukavia

evropisa da centraluri aziis im qveynebs Soris, romlebSic mosaxleobis simWid-

rove aris saSualo, Semosavlebi ki saSualoze dabali. rac Seexeba indikatorebs,

pirveli indikatoria sawarmoebis registracia (am indikatoris mixedviT saqar-

Tvelo 5-e adgilzea, axali zelandiis, kanadis, avstraliisa da singapuris Sem-

deg); meorea mSeneblobis nebarTvis miReba (saqarTvelo 7-e adgilzea); mesame _ sa-

muSao Zalis daqiraveba (9-e adgilze varT); meoTxe _ qonebis registracia (2-e ad-

gilze varT saudis arabeTis Semdeg); mexuTe _ dakrediteba (30-e adgili gvikavia);

meeqvse _ investiciebis dacva (41-e adgili gvikavia); meSvide _ dabegvra (64-e adgi-

li gvikavia); merve _ saerTaSoriso vaWroba (30-e adgili gvikavia; mecxre _ kon-

traqtebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa (41-e adgili gvikavia); meaTe _ warmoebis

likvidacia (95-e adgili gvikavia).

ocdameaTe adgili sagareo vaWrobis indikatoris mixedviT, saqarTvelos kon-

kurentunarianobis amaRlebis realur SesaZleblobaze miuTiTebs. mxedvelobaSia

misaRebi is faqtic, rom sagareo vaWrobis indikatorebis (eqsportisa da importis

ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro dokumentebis raodenoba, dro da Rirebuleba) maCve-

neblebiT saqarTvelo win uswrebs evropisa da centraluri aziis regionsac da

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciasac.

literatura:

1. naTelauri i., sagareo ekonomikuri kompleqsis funqcionireba da

ganviTareba gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi mcire Ria ekonomikiT (saqarTve-

los magaliTze). Tbilisi, `mecniereba~, 2004;

2. naTelauri i., naTelauri n., saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianoba.

Jur. Ekonomisti, 2010w., # 4;

3. naTelauri i., TaflaZe T., saqarTvelos eqsporti postkomunistur periodSi

da misi gavlena qveynis konkurentunarianobaze. Ppaata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli, t.2, Tbilisi, paata guguSvilis eko-

nomikis institutis gamomcemloba, 2009;

4. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi. ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTleb-

rivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli centri, Tbilisi, 2008;

5. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2009 saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis saministro, statistikis departamenti, Tbilisi, 2009;

6. wereTeli g., naTelauri i., bibilaSvili n., saqarTvelo ruseTis ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da perspeqtivebi. Jur. saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis `macne~, ekonomikis seria, Tbilisi, 2004, t. 3-4.

87

ia nacvliSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

mewarmeobisadmi damokidebuleba saqarTveloSi (empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebi Tbilisis magaliTze)

samewarmeo saqmianobas udidesi roli ekisreba rogorc mikrodoneze calke-

ul bazrebze inovaciuri produqtebisa da momsaxurebis saxeebis SeTavazebiT, ase-

ve makroekonomikuri masStabiT dasaqmebis donis gazrdasa da qveynis ekonomikur

ganviTarebaSi. samewarmeo saqmianobis sakiTxebis Seswavlas didi yuradReba

eTmoba ekonomikur literaturasa da biznesis Semswavlel mecnierebebSi. bolo

sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom mewarmeoba ekono-

mikuri zrdis erT-erTi mTvari mamoZravebeli Zalaa (Acs da sxv. 2004; Audretsch da

Keilbach 2004; Wennekers 2006). sadReisod samecniero literaturaSi dagrovda mdidari

masala sxvadasxva qveyanaSi samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis

da mewarmeobisadmi damokidebulebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb ( Blanchflower da sxv.,

2001; Wennekers, 2006). cxadi gaxda, rom samewarmeo saqmianobasa da individebis me-warmeobisadmi damokidebulebaSi arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi ara mxo-

lod supra-nacionalur doneze qveynebs Soris, aramed nacionalur donezec qvey-

nis SigniT regionebis mixedviT (Sternberg, 2000; Parker, 2005; Fritsch da Mueller, 2006; Tamásy

2006). ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos ekonomikasa da soci-

alur sistemaSi mimdinare transformaciuli procesebi, cxadia, udides gavlenas

axdenen mosaxleobis samewarmeo saqmianobisadmi ganwyobis formirebaze. Giwvevs

Tu ara saqarTveloSi mimdinare reformebis procesSi warmoSobili siZneleebi

da problemebi uaryofiTi damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas mewarmeobisadmi? iwvevs

Tu ara aRniSnuli procesebi mewarmeobis survilis gaqrobas Tu piriqiT? ramde-

nad Rrmadaa gacnobierebuli mosaxleobis mier mewarmeobasTan dakavSirebuli

riskebi da saSiSroebebi? rogoria mosaxleobis survilebi da molodini samewar-

meo saqmianobis dawyebisadmi, TviTdasaqmebis perspeqtivisadmi momavali uaxloesi

wlebis ganmavlobaSi?

am kiTxvebze amomwuravi pasuxebis misaRebad mravalwliani da farTomasStabi-

ani gamokvlevebis Catarebaa saWiro. Mmsgavsi kvlevis erT-erT pirvel nabijad Se-

iZleba CavTvaloT Tbilisis masStabiT respondentTa eqspres-gamokiTxva. gamokiT-

xvis Sedegebi saSualebas iZleva SevafasoT rogorc maTi ganwyoba mewarmeobi-

sadmi, aseve monacemTa analizis gziT vimsjeloT saqarTveloSi mewarmeobisadmi

mosaxleobis damokidebulebis ZiriTad tendenciebze.

2010 wlis ivlis-seqtemberSi avtoris mier Catarebuli eqspres-gamokiTxvis

sakvlev Temas warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi mewarmeobisadmi mosaxleobis damoki-

debulebis specifikuri niSnebis, mewarmeobisadmi ganwyobis sxvadasxva aspeqtis,

momavalTan dakavSirebuli molodinis, aseve TviTdasaqmebisa da samewarmeo saqmia-

nobis dawyebisaTvis mimzidveli dargebis gamovlena. kvlevis obieqti iyo Tbili-

sis sxvadasxva ubanSi mcxovrebi individebi da ojaxebi (Sinameurneobebi). cxa-

dia, es obieqti ar aris reprezentatuli mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, magram un-

da gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Tbilisi yvelaze didi qalaqia saqarTveloSi, sadac

88

qveynis mosaxleobis mesamedi cxovrobs. ASesabamisad, TbilisSi mcxovrebi respo-

dentebis ganwyoba sakmarisi sizustiT unda asaxavdes saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis

ganwyobis ZiriTad tendenciebs.

gamokvlevis hipoTezaa is, rom saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis maRali donisa da

mimdinare ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis fonze arsebuli siZneleebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

aseve ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi met-naklebad warmatebuli reformebis

fonze, mosalodneli unda yofiliyo TviTdasaqmebis didi survili da momavalSi

samewarmeo saqmianobis dawyebis aseve didi molodini.

kvlevis meTods warmoadgenda anketuri gamokiTxva araalbaTuri SerCevis

sxvadasxva saxeebis gamoyenebiT. kerZod, gamoyenebul iqna egreTwodebuli stiqiu-

ri SerCevis da `quCis SerCevis~ tipi. stiqiuri SerCeva gamoiyeneba quCaSi adamia-

nebis gamokiTxvisas. igi sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT ufro martivi, iafi da nak-

lebreprezentatulia. SeuZlebelia ganzogadebis moxdena mTel populaciaze. Mmiu-

xedavad am xarvezisa, stiqiuri SerCeva xSirad gamoiyeneba socialur kvlevebSi,

rac swored misi simartiviT da moxerxebulobiT aixsneba (wulaZe l. 2008; gv. 43-

44). `quCis SerCevis~ tipis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi interviuerebi gamokiTxaven res-

pondentebs winaswar gansazRvrul adgilebze (zurabiSvili T. da sxv. 2006; gv. 105-

106). Ppirveladi informacia Segrovebul iqna ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis TbilisSi

mcxovrebi studentebis mier sakuTari ojaxis wevrebis, mezoblad mcxovrebi Sina-

meurneobebis, aseve Tbilisis sxvadasxva ubanSi mcxovrebi ojaxebisa da indivi-

debis gamokiTxvis gziT (ix. danarTi 1 _ kiTxvari). aseTi gziT miRebuli SerCevis

erToblioba moicavs Tbilisis masStabiT generaluri erTobliobisTvis damaxasi-

aTebel niSnebs. respondentebi iyvnen Tbilisis sxvadasxva ubanSi mcxovrebi sxva-

dasxva asakis, ganaTlebis, sqesis, socialuri statusis, Semosavlebis mqone adamia-

nebi (ix. danarTi 2 – respondentTa demografiuli monacemebi). sul gamoikiTxa

1116 respondenti. miRebuli monacemebi damuSavda SPSS programis saSualebiT.

kvlevis Sedegebi STambeWdavia da xazsgasmiT warmoaCenen saqarTveloSi me-

warmeobisadmi damokidebulebis specifikas Tbilisis magaliTze. empiriuli masa-

lis analizi adasturebs, rom respodentTa 91,5% isurvebda yofiliyo TviTdasaq-

mebuli. am mxriv evropelebi bevrad ufro TavSekavebulni arian. evrokavSirSi res-

podentTa mxolod 45% gamoTqvams TviTdasaqmebis da mewarmeobis dawyebis sur-

vils. aSS-Si msgavs survils gamoTqvams 65%, xolo CineTSi – 71%. (Who want to be an

entrepreneur?; http://www.euronews.net/2010/06/14/who-want-to-be-an-entrepreneur/ ; 14/06 20:59 CET 2010; last retrieved July 10, 2010).

ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi warmatebuli reformebis fonze sustia

uaryofiTi ganwyoba mewarmeobisadmi. UmaRali umuSevrobis donis fonze mniSvne-

lovnad didia TviTdasaqmebis survili. aseve, Zlieria momavalSi samewarmeo saq-

mianobis dawyebis molodini. saqarTveloSi Tbilisel respodentTa pozitiuri

damokidebuleba mewarmeobisadmi mianiSnebs respodentTa Tavdajerebulobaze, so-

cialuri da politikuri stabilurobis gancdis arsebobaze, bazarze orientire-

buli ekonomikuri reformebis warmatebis molodinze.

gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans warmoadgens gamokiTxul adamianTa amJamin-

deli samewarmeo saqmianobis faqtiuri mdgomareoba. respodentTa pasuxebi kiTxva-

ze `eweviT Tu ara mewarmeobas (gaqvT Tu ara sakuTari biznesi)?~ cxadyofs, rom

respodentTa 81,8% ar eweoda mewarmeobas. Mmxolod 10.0% iyo TviTdasaqmebuli.

89

6,1% eweoda mewarmeobas mcire an saSualo biznesSi, xolo 1.4% _ msxvil biznesSi.

monacemebi ar aris respodentTa 0,6%-dan (ix. diagrama #1). aRsaniSnavia, rom ev-

rokavSirSi respodentTa 12% aris dakavebuli samewarmeo saqmianobiT, iaponiaSi _

15%, aSS-Si – 21%, CineTSi _ 27%.

diagrama #1

respodentTa 91,5% dadebiTad pasuxobs kiTxvaze `rom SegeZloT, isurvebdiT

Tu ara yofiliyaviT TviTdasaqmebuli?~. uaryofiTad pasuxobs 6,0%. monacemebi ar

gvaqvs respodentTa 2,5%-dan.

respodentTa didi nawili (48,4%) mewarmeobisaTvis yvelaze did saSiSroebad

miiCnevs araregularul Semosavlebs. Ggakotrebis safrTxe saSiSoroebad miaCnia

respodentTa 39,6%-s (ix. diagrama #2). saqarTveloSi es maCveneblebi gansxvavdeba

evropisa da sxva qveynebis monacemebisagan. CinelebisaTvis mewarmeobasTan dakav-

Sirebul saSiSroebaTa Soris pirvel adgilzea gakotrebis safrTxe _ 56%. evro-

pelebisTvisac mewarmeobasTan dakavSirebul saSiSroebaTa Soris pirvel adgil-

zea gakotrebis safrTxe _ 49%. aSS-Si da da iaponiaSi, qarTvelebis msagavsad, me-

warmeobasTan dakavSirebul saSiSroebaTa Soris pirvel adgilzea araregularu-

li, arastabiluri Semosavlebi. aSS-Si respodentTa 46% fiqrobs ase, xolo iapo-

niaSi 37%. (Who want to be an entrepreneur?; http://www.euronews.net/2010/06/14/who-want-to-be-an-

entrepreneur/; 14/06 20:59 CET 2010; last retrieved July 10, 2010).

90

diagrama #2

gamokiTxulTa naxevarze meti (51,4%) imeds gamoTqvams, rom uaxloesi 5 wlis

ganmavlobaSi gaxdeba mewarmeobiT dakavebuli. PkiTxvaze _ “migaCniaT Tu ara, rom

uaxloesi 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaxdebiT mewarmeobiT dakavebuli?” _ pasuxebi Semdeg-

nairad gadanawilda: diax, gavxdebi TviTdasaqmebuli _ 25,6%; diax, daviwyeb mewarmeo-

bas mcire an saSualo biznesSi _ 20,8%; diax, daviwyeb mewarmeobas msxvil biznesSi

_ 5%; ara _ 46,1%; monacemebi ar aris respodentTa 2,5%-dan (ix. Ddiagrama #3).

diagrama #3

91

gansakuTrebiT aRniSvnis Rirsia is garemoeba, rom respodenta 82,6%-s urCev-

nia iyos TviTdasaqmebuli. respodentTa mxolod 13,9 %-s urCevnia iyos sxva or-

ganizaciis/piris mier daqiravebuli. monacemebi ar aris respodentTa 3,5%-dan.

TviTdasaqmebis didi survilis miuxedavad, paradoqsulad Cans is faqti, rom

respodentTa udides nawils (55,7%) urCevnia dasaqmeba saxelmwifo seqtorSi da ara

kerZo seqtorSi. KkerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebas amjobinebs respodentTa 41,2%. monaceme-

bi ar aris respodentTa 3,1%-dan. aseTi paradoqsuli viTareba SesaZlebelia imiT

aixsnas, rom saqarTveloSi respodentebs mewarmeobasTan (da Sesabamisad kerZo biz-

nesTan) dakavSirebuli saSiSroebebidan yvelaze did saSiSroebad miaCniaT araregu-

laruli Semosavlebi. Aam mxriv saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmeba respodentTa mier,

savaraudod, stabiluri Semosavlebis miRebis garantad aRiqmeba.

gansakuTrebuli interesis sagania respodentTa pasuxebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ro-

meli seqtori miaCniaT yvelaze ufro sasurvelad mewarmeobis dawyebis Tvalsaz-

risiT. raoden saocaric ar unda iyos respodentTa umravlesoba mewarmeobis da-

sawyebad yvelaze ufro sasurvelad miiCnevs ganaTlebis, kulturisa da dasvene-

bis seqtors (19,5%). sasurveli seqtoris mixedviT ranJirebisas pirvel xuTeulSia:

safinanso, sabanko da sadazRevo momsaxureba (15,3%); turizmi da sakurorto meur-

neoba (14,7%); vaWroba/komercia (11,6%); jandacva (9,5%) (ix. diagrama #4).

kiTxvaze _ `arCevanis saSualeba rom gqondeT, romel seqtorSi isurvebdiT

TviTdasaqmebas/mewarmeobis dawyebas?~ _ respodentTa pasuxi Semdegia: soflis meurne-

oba da soflis meurneobis produqtebis gadamuSaveba _ 5,4%; mrewveloba _ 5,2%; vaW-

roba/komercia _ 11,6%; mSenebloba _ 3,0%; transporti _ 2,1%; kavSirgabmuloba _ 2,7%;

saTbobi, energetika _ 0,7%; turizmi, sakurorto meurneoba _ 14,7%; safinanso, saban-

ko, sadazRevo momsaxureba _ 15,3%; operaciebi uZravi qonebiT _ 2,2%; jandacva _ 9,5%;

ganaTleba, kultura, dasveneba _ 19,5%; sastumroebi da restornebi, kvebis obieqtebi

_ 3,8%; sxva momsaxureba _ 3.6%; monacemebi ar aris _ 0,8%.

diagrama #4

92

Damgvarad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom gamokiTxvis Sedegad mopovebuli empiri-

uli masalis analizi adasturebs kvlevis hipoTezas. ukanaskneli wlebis refor-

mebis fonze arc Tu ise didia uaryofiTi ganwyoba mewarmeobisadmi. UmaRali umu-

Sevrobis donis fonze mniSvnelovnad didia TviTdasaqmebis survili. aseve, Zli-

eria momavalSi samewarmeo saqmianobis dawyebis molodini. respodentTa umeteso-

ba (48%) mewarmeobasTan dakavSirebul yvelaze did saSiSroebad araregularul

Semosavlebs miiCnevs. gamokiTxulTa 51,4% Tvlis, rom uaxloesi 5 wlis ganmavlo-

baSi dakavdeba mewarmeobiT. Tbilisel respodentTa pozitiuri damokidebuleba

mewarmeobisadmi mianiSnebs maT TviTdajerebulobaze, socialuri da politikuri

stabilurobis gancdaze, bazarze orientirebuli ekonomikuri reformebis warma-

tebis molodinze.

danarTi 1. respodentTa demografiuli monacemebi

ganaTleba

1. saSualo 23.0%

2. saSualo profesiuli/teqnikuri 17.0%

3. umaRlesi 59.0%

monacemebi ar aris 0.9%

samuSao adgili

1. dausaqmebeli/droebiT umuSevari 46.5%

2. daqiravebuli sxva kerZo organizaciis/piris mier 19.7%

3. daqiravebuli sabiujeto organizaciis mier 14.8%

4. TviTdasaqmebuli 11.2%

5. mewarme/biznesmeni mcire da/an saSualo biznesSi 4.1%

6. mewarme/biznesmeni msxvil biznesSi 0.6%

monacemebi ar aris 3.0%

saSualo Tviuri piradi Semosavali

1. 150 larze naklebi 34.8%

2. 150-550 laramde 40.1%

3. 550 laridan 2000 laramde 15.6%

4. 2000-ze meti 2.9%

monacemebi ar aris 6.7%

asaki

1. 15-25 weli 36.9%

2. 25-45 weli 34.9%

3. 45-65 weli 24.8%

4. 65 weli da meti 2.3% monacemebi ar aris 1.2 %

sqesi

1. MmdedrobiTi 73.25

2. mamrobiTi 25.9%

monacemebi ar aris 0.9%

93

danarTi 2. kiTxvari

gTxovT, yuradRebiT gaecnoT qvemoT dasmul SekiTxvebs da savaraudo pasuxe-

bidan SemoxazoT TqvenTvis misaRebi mxolod erTi pasuxi.

1. EeweviT Tu ara mewarmeobas (gaqvT Tu ara sakuTari biznesi)?

1. diax, var TviTdasaqmebuli

2. diax, vewevi mewarmeobas mcire da/an saSualo biznesSi

3. diax, vewevi mewarmeobas msxvil biznesSi

4. ara 2. rom SegeZloT isurvebdiT Tu ara yofiliyaviT TviTdasaqmebuli?

1. Ddiax 2. Aara

3. Tqveni azriT ra aris yvelaze ufro didi saSiSroeba samewarmeo saqmianobi-

saTvis?

1. gakotrebis safrTxe

2. araregularuli, arastabiluri Semosavlebi

3. sxva

4. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom uaxloesi 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaxdebiT mewarmeobiT

dakavebuli?

1. diax, gavxdebi TviTdasaqmebuli

2. diax, daviwyeb mewarmeobas mcire da/an saSualo biznesSi

3. diax, daviwyeb mewarmeobas msxvil biznesSi

4. ara 5. arCevanis saSualeba rom gqondeT, TviTdasaqmebuli girCevniaT iyoT Tu sxva

organizaciis/piris mier daqiravebuli?

1. TviTdasaqmebuli

2. sxva organizaciis/piris mier daqiravebuli

6. arCevanis saSualeba rom gqondeT, saxelmwifo seqtorSi (sabiujeto organi-

zaciebSi) isurvebdiT dasaqmebas Tu kerZo seqtorSi?

1. saxelmwifo seqtorSi

2. kerZo seqtorSi

7. arCevanis saSualeba rom gqondeT, romel seqtorSi isurvebdiT TviTdasaqme-

bas/mewarmeobis dawyebas?

1. soflis meurneoba da sasoflo sameurneo produqtebis gadamuSaveba

2. mrewveloba

3. vaWroba/komercia

4. mSenebloba

5. transporti,

6. kavSirgabmuloba

7. saTbobi, energetika

8. turizmi, sakurorto meurneoba

9. safinanso. sabanko. sadazRevo momsaxureba

10.operaciebi uZravi qonebiT

11.jandacva

12. ganaTleba, kultura, dasveneba

13. sastumroebi da restornebi, kvebis obieqtebi

94

14.sxva momsaxureba

8. asaki:

1. 15-25 weli

2. 25-45 weli

3. 45-65 weli

4. 65 weli da meti

9. sqesi:

1. mdedrobiTi

2. mamrobiTi

10. ganaTleba

1. saSualo

2. saSualo profesiuli/teqnikuri

3. umaRlesi

11. saSualo Tviuri piradi Semosavali

1. 150 larze naklebi

2. 150-550 laramde

3. 550 laridan 2000 laramde

4. 2000-ze meti

12. samuSao adgili/dasaqmeba

1. dausaqmebeli/droebiT umuSevari

2. daqiravebuli sxva kerZo organizaciis/piris mier

3. daqiravebuli sabiujeto organizaciis mier

4. TviTdasaqmebuli

5. mewarme/biznesmeni mcire da/an saSualo biznesSi

6. mewarme/biznesmeni msxvil biznesSi

l i t e r a t u r a:

1. Tamar zurabiSvili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. sociologiuri kvlevis meTodika.

raodenobrivi meTodebi. saleqcio kursi. samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti. soci-

alur mecnierebis magistrebisaTvis. socialur mecnierebaTa centri. Tbilisi

2006;

2. lia wulaZe. raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebi socialur mecnierebebSi.

socialur mecnierebaTa centri. Tbilisi 2008;

3. hasidi iosef, komselisi aleqsios-stefanos, iren fafalious da maria

fsilakisis monawileobiT, ,,Sesavali mewarmeobaSi’’ nawili III, samewarmeo mcire

firmebis menejmenti. pireusis universiteti – ivnisi, 2008, Tbilisis

universiteti – dekemberi 2008. http://entrepreneurship-

georgia.unipi.gr/files/intro_to_entrepreneurship_part3_geo.pdf ;

4. hasidi iosef, komselisi aleqsios-stefanos, - `mewarmeobis Sesavali”, nawili

II, mewarmeoba _ ekonomikuri zrdis mamoZravebeli Zala. pireusis universiteti

– 2007 wlis maisi, Tsu - 2008 wlis Tebervali. http://www.europe-

eac.com/tbilisi/files/intro_to_entrepreneurship_part2_geo.pdf;

5. hasidi iosef, komselisi aleqsios-stefanos- `mewarmeobis Sesavali”, nawili I,

mewarmeobis Teoria, samewarmeo saqmianobis mimoxilva, leqciebis kursi. pireo-

95

sis universiteti – 2007 wlis maisi, Tsu - 2007 wlis noemberi,

http://www.europeeac.com/tbilisi/files/INTRODUCTION%20TO%20ENTREPRENEURSHIP_ver2R_geo.pdf ; 6. Acs, Z., Audretsch, D., Braunerhjelm, P., & Carlsson, B. (2003). “The Missing Link: The Knowledge Filter and Endogenous Growth.” Center for Business and Policy Studies, Stockholm, Sweden; 7. Audretsch, D. B. and M. Keilbach (2004), Entrepreneurship Capital and Economic Performance, Regional Studies 38(8), 949–960; 8. Bosma, N.S., A.J. Van Stel, K. Suddle (2006), The Geography of New Firm Formation: Evidence from Independent Start-ups and New Subsidiaries in the Netherlands, EIM Research Report; 9. Bosma Niels, Mapping Entrepreneurial Activity and Entrepreneurial Attitudes in European Regions. www.supdeco-montpellier.com/fileadmin/cerom/img/iecer/Bosma.pdf ; last retrieved Noveber 10, 2010 10. Blanchflower, D.G., A. Oswald and A. Stutzer (2001), Latent Entrepreneurship across Nations, European Economic Review 45, pp. 680-691; 11. Fritsch, M. & Mueller, P. (2006). The evolution of regional entrepreneurship and growth regimes. In Fritsch, M. & Schmude, J. (2006), Entrepreneurship in the region. International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 14. New York: Springer Science; 12. Mohd Noor, Mohd Shariff, Mohammad Basir Saud; An Attitude Approach to the Prediction of Entrepreneurship on Students at Institution of Higher Learning in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Management April, 2009 page 129-135; 13. Parker S. C. (2005) Explaining regional variations in entrepreneurship as multiple equilibria, Journal of Regional Science 45, pp. 829–850; 14. Tamásy, C. (2006) Determinants of Regional Entrepreneurship Dynamics in Contemporary Germany: A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis, Regional Studies 40(4), p364-384; 15. Wennekers, A.R.M. (2006). Entrepreneurship at country level; Economic and non-economic determinants. ERIM Ph.D. Series Research in Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam 16. Who want to be an entrepreneur?; http://www.euronews.net/2010/06/14/who-want-to-be-an-entrepreneur/ 14/06 20:59 CET 2010; last retrieved July 10, 2010

96

НЕСТЕРОВА АНАСТАСИЯ, Республика Беларусь

Белорусский государственный университет Старший преподаватель

МИГРАЦИЯ ТРУДОВЫХ РЕСУРСОВ НА ПОСТСОВЕТСКОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ Заметные масштабы трудовая миграция приобрела на постсоветском пространстве. По

оценкам, в ней участвуют около 4-5% занятого населения. Разрывы в уровнях экономического развития и материального благополучия в странах Содружества огромны и нарастают. Так, коэффициент вариации среднедушевого ВВП в государствах-участницах СНГ в 2007 году достигал 67%, а его максимальный показатель в России превосходил минимальный в Таджикистане почти в 9 раз.

Трудовая миграция оказывает значительное воздействие на конъюнктуру рынка труда, позволяя улучшить сбалансированность между спросом на рабочую силу и ее предложением.

В настоящее время Россия является основной принимающей стороной и главным миграционным партнером для государств-участников СНГ, поскольку здесь относительно более высокие оплата труда и уровень жизни, а также больше возможностей найти работу. Динамичное развитие и сравнительно высокий уровень оплаты труда делают Казахстан привлекательным для рабочих мигрантов из бывших советских республик (Киргизстан, Таджикистан и Узбекистан). Эти факторы в сочетании с географической близостью, безвизовым режимом, «прозрачностью» пересечения границ, общностью культуры и языка, наличием родственных связей и деловых отношений, конвертируемостью дипломов об образовании формируют потоки трудовых мигрантов внутри СНГ в пользу России и Казахстана. Более высокие показатели уровня жизни и зарплаты формируют достаточно большие потоки трудовых мигрантов из стран СНГ в экономически развитые страны.

Таблица 1. Численность иностранных работников, занятых в экономике, из стран СНГ в 2009, чел.

Принимающие страны

Беларусь Казахстан Молдова Россия Украина Всего 4835 30988 590 2223596 19030 В том числе: прибывшие из стран СНГ

1943 2749 131 1648250 5844

Азербайджана 77 426 8 60664 705 Армении 77 10 8 81970 135 Беларуси - 55 5 - 586 Казахстана 56 - 2 11187 95 Кыргызстана 5 75 1 156110 141 Молдовы 118 87 - 101894 513 России 1 1276 39 - 2441 Таджикистана 104 168 - 359215 41 Туркменистана 3 25 - 2419 236 Узбекистана 163 213 1 666286 682 Украины 1308 372 59 205312 - Прибывшие из других стран мира

2892 28239 459 575346 13186

97

В Украине и Беларуси потоки трудовых мигрантов направлены как въезд, так и на выезд. Азербайджан, Армения, Кыргызстан, Молдова и, Таджикистан и Узбекистан продолжают оставаться государствами, где преобладает выезд граждан на работу за границу.

Для стран, экспортирующих рабочую силу, переводы мигрантов стали важным фактором экономического развития. В Таджикистане и Кыргызстане трансферты из России достигают 11-14 %, в Азербайджане – 8, в Молдове – 5-6.

Для стран СНГ трудовая миграция имеет множество положительных моментов. Благодаря мигрантам развиваются целые сектора экономики принимающих стран: торговля, строительство, транспортные услуги, сельское хозяйство. Трудовые иммигранты заполняют ниши на рынке труда с тяжелыми условиями работы, на которые не всегда соглашаются местные жители. За счет трудовой иммиграции можно уменьшить дефицит трудовых ресурсов на региональных рынках труда.

Однако страны-участницы Содружество не в полной мере используют взаимные выгоды от миграции. Так, в согласно Докладу о развитии человека-2009 «Преодоление барьеров: человеческая мобильность и развитие», странам СНГ необходимо осознать взаимную пользу от миграции и реформировать миграционную политику, позитивно реагируя на проблемы, связанные с мировой рецессией и будущим развитием. «При необходимости с помощью миграции можно заполнить многие ожидаемые вакансии на рынке трудовых ресурсов, особенно в секторе неквалифицированного труда, - отмечается в докладе. - Чтобы это стало возможно, необходимо признать права мигрантов и снять ограничения на передвижение. Барьеры для передвижения людей, принимающие различные формы, могут провоцировать нелегальную миграцию».

В условиях сокращения численности населения и нарастающего дефицита трудовых ресурсов в принимающих странах становится актуальной идея создания общего рынка труда и миграционного пространства в рамках СНГ, где будут полностью устранены все препятствия для людей, осуществляющих трудовую миграцию.

В ближайшей перспективе следует ожидать нарастания конкуренции за трудовых мигрантов между постсоветскими трудодефицитными странами и стареющей Европой. При этом старение европейского населения будет сопровождаться кардинальной перестройкой рынков труда. Одним из направлений этой перестройки станет увеличение спроса на труд мигрантов и обострение конкуренции за привлечение иностранной рабочей силы.

Кроме того, в европейский миграционный поток все активнее будут вливаться трудовые контингенты из России и Казахстана. Таким образом, Европа будет перетягивать в свою сторону не только мигрантов из западных республик, но и возрастающее число квалифицированных рабочих из иных трудодефицитных республик постсоветского пространства. Особенно это справедливо в отношении молодых возрастных групп населения, в которых нехватка трудовых ресурсов ощущается особенно остро. Отток ресурсов на европейские рынки, вероятнее всего, приведет к повышению в Россию и Казахстане спроса на иностранную рабочую силу из Азербайджана, Кыргызстана, Таджикистана и Узбекистана.

Поводя итог, можно сказать, что в обозримой перспективе интенсивность трудовой миграции на постсоветском пространстве не только не ослабеет, но, и скорее всего, даже усилится.

98

nino papaCaSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

globalizacia da neoproteqcionizmi

globalizaciis arsebobis sakiTxi, misi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi aspeqtebi ukve

ori aTeuli welia iqca samecniero wreebis aqtiuri ganxilvis sagnad. procesi Sinaar-

sobrivad gulisxmobs qveyanaTa urTierTdamokidebulebas da mis gansakuTrebul

zrdas bolo aTwleulebSi. finansur-ekonomikurma krizisma bevri kritikuli kiTxva

warmoSva; maT Soris globaluri masStabiT proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis intensiu-

rad, farTod da TiTqmis sayovelTaod gamoyenebam. globalizaciisa da neoproteqcio-

nizmis urTierTmimarTebis srulyofili analizisTvis saWiroa jer kidev garkveuli

periodis gavla, magram sainteresoa TviT movlenis gaSuqeba sawyis etapze.

qveyanaTa ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis amaRlebasTan erTad izrde-

boda Tavisufali vaWrobis ideis popularoba. mtkicebebi SeuzRudavi savaWro ur-

TierTobebis upiratesobebis Sesaxeb Teoriulad metad gonivrulad gamoiyureba,

rac asaxulia saerTaSoriso vaWrobis klasikur TeoriebSi. misi momxreni saTana-

do politikis gatarebas gvTavazoben. igi farTod aris deklarirebuli vaWrobis

msoflio organizaciis debulebasa da ganviTarebuli qveynebis sagareo savaWro

politikis koncefciebSi. jer gatt-is (generaluri SeTanxmeba tarifebisa da vaW-

robis Sesaxeb), xolo mogvianebiT vmo-is (vaWrobis msoflio organizacia) far-

glebSi warmoebuli molaparakebebis bazaze Semcirda satarifo barierebi, ro-

gorc saerTaSoriso vaWrobis SezRudvis ZiriTadi forma. konceftualuri aRiare-

bis miuxedavad msoflio realoba gviCvenebs, rom absoluturad Tavisufali vaW-

roba dReisaTvis ufro gamonaklisia, vidre wesi. ganviTarebadi da gardamavali

ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis didi winaaRmdegobebia gare bazrebze gasasvlelad. TviT

ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris vaWrobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba `aradeklarirebuli~

SezRudvebi. faqtobrivad, msoflio masStabiT farTod gvxvdeba faruli sagareo

savaWro proteqcionistuli politikis magaliTebi. praqtikulad dRemde aseve po-

pularulia idea proteqcionizmis Sesaxeb, romlis sistematizebuli koncefcia

pirvelad merkantilisturma skolam (XV-XVIII ss.) warmoadgina.

proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gatareba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda Tana-

medrove finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi da bevrma farulma damcavma zo-

mam aSkara da gardauvali forma miiRo. aseTi midgoma erovnuli ekonomikis ga-

darCenis saSualebad miiCnia uamravma qveyanam, rac TiTqmis dauregulirebel situ-

acias qmnis msoflio savaWro urTierTobebSi da did aRSfoTebas iwvevs vaWrobis

msoflio organizaciisa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mmarTvel wreebSi.

faqtobrivad msoflio savaWro urTierTobebi neoproteqcionizmis konteqstSi vi-

Tardeba. bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi am movlenis daregulirebas araerTi glo-

baluri masStabis Sexvedra mieZRvna. moxsenebis Tema swored am movlenis gaanali-

zebaa, romlis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebi, Cveni azriT, sasrgeblo iqneba

Cveni qveynis optimaluri sagareo savaWro politikis formirebisa da gare bazreb-

ze gasvlis efeqtianobis amaRlebisTvis. amave dros, mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia TviT

faqtis aRniSvna-dafiqsireba qarTul samecniero publikaciaSi, rasac, albaT, jer

kidev uaxloes warsulSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gamo, ar daTmobia saTanado

99

yuradReba. TviT proteqcionizmis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli araerTi globaluri

donis Sexvedris mizans swored informirebulobis amaRleba, procesis monitorin-

gi da misi SeCerebis SesaZleblobebis gamovlena Seadgenda.

meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi saerTaSoriso vaWrobis wliuri zrda

meryeobda 0-15 %-is farglebSi, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT sam did Cavrdnas, romelTac

aSkarad aRemateba mimdinare globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisi. saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis mkveTri vardna dafiqsirda 2008 wlis mesame-meoTxe kvartalSi. wina wlis

donesTan SedarebiT 15 %-iT daeca vaWrobis moculoba. rogorc eqspertebi afaseben,

es iyo meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi msoflio vaWrobis yvelaze mkveTri, mo-

ulodneli da sinqronuli kolafsi (1). globaluri vaWrobis dacema sanavTobo SokiT

gamowveul recesias ukavSirdeboda 1974-75 wlebSi (dasawyisSi vaWrobis moculoba Sem-

cirda 11 %-iT wina wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT), inflaciuri marcxis recesias _

1982-83 wlebSi da teqnikuri marcxis recesias 2001-2002 wlebSi (rogorc erTi, ise meo-

re SemTxvevisTvis dasawyisSi vaWrobis moculoba Semcirda 5 %-iT wina wlis maCvene-

belTan SedarebiT). marTalia, amJamad mas ar miuRwevia iseTi siRrmisaTvis, rogorsac

didi depresiis periodSi, magram aRmoCnda metad mkveTri da sinqronuli. ,,didi savaW-

ro kolafsi~ gagrZelda 2008 wlis mesame kvartlidan 2009 wlis meore kvartlamde.

Semdgomi periodis ganmavlobaSi SeiniSneba mcireodeni gamococxleba. garkveuli Se-

fasebebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis aseTi mkveTri vardnis umTavresi mizezi moTxovnis

Sokuri Semcireba iyo.

krizisis fonze bevri qveyana ganicdis eqsportisa da importis moculobebis Zli-

er dacemas, swrafi tempebiT izrdeba umuSevroba. proteqcionistuli politikis gamoye-

neba aqtiurad daiwyo vaWrobisa da investiciebis sfroSi. miuxedavad araerTi mcdelo-

bisa, romelic dafiqsirda ,,didi oceulis~ samitebze, vmo-isa da sxva saerTaSoriso or-

ganizaciebis farglebSi gamarTul Sexvedrebsa da mimarTvebSi, proteqcionizmis tenden-

cia mainc Zlierdeba. garTulda savaWro urTierTobebis daregulireba vmo-is fargleb-

Si aRiarebuli wesrigis CarCoebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom gadawyvetileba saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi barierebis SemoRebis uaryofis Sesaxeb miRebul iqna 2008 wlis noembris di-

di oceulis Sexvedraze, msoflio moicva sayovelTao proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis

talRam _ rogorc reaqciam msoflio finansur-ekonomikur krizisze. dReisaTvis proteq-

cionizmi vlindeba sxvadasxva formiT. zogierTi gamokvleviT 600-ze meti saxelmwifo

RonisZieba gatarda am TvalsazrisiT, maTgan didi oceulis qveynebze modis _ 179. yvela

maTgani ar aris zianis momtani komerciuli interesebisTvis, magram pirdapiri Tu ara-

pirdapiri gziT gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze (3). 2008 wlis 1 noembridan

diskriminaciuli zomebis yvelaze metad gamoyenebuli formebia: migraciasTan dakavSire-

buli zomebi (2%); importis akrZalva (2%); saeqsporto gadasaxadebi da SezRudvebi (3%);

sanitariuli da fitosanitariuli RonisZiebebi (4%); arasatarifo barierebi (4%); saja-

ro prokurmenti (4%); eqsportis subsidireba (4%); satarifo SezRudvebi (14%); vaWrobis

Tavdacvis RonisZiebebi (20%); Tavdeboba an saxelmwifo daxmareba (32%); sxva (11%) (2).

gansakuTrebiT farTod wamoiwyes antidempinguri kvlevebi, rasac mohyva antidempinguri

baJebis SemoReba-daweseba; aseve, vaWrobis erovnuli interesebiT warmarTvis mizniT mi-

marTaven sakuTari valutis gaufasurebas da sxva finansur RonisZiebebs.

2009 wels londonSi ,,didi oceulis~ samitze miiRes gadawyvetileba Tavi Se-

ekavebinaT proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gatarebisagan saqonliTa da momsaxu-

rebiT vaWrobaSi da aseve, sainvesticio politikaSi (3). magram forumis monawile-

ebma ganacxades im aucileblobis Sesaxeb, rom droulad ecnobebinaT vmo-sTvis

SesaZlebeli antikrizisuli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, romelsac iReben sxvadasxva

100

qveynis mTavrobebi. faqtobrivad, es SeiZleba miviCnioT garkveul (mo)Txovnad vmo-

is mxridan daTmobebze wasasvlelad.

yovelive es iZleva im varaudis safuZvels, rom globaluri krizisis Sedegad

gamZafrebuli neoproteqcionizmi SeiZleba grZelvadian periodSi aisaxos postkrizi-

sul qcevaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis winaswari monace-

mebiT 2010 wels saerTaSoriso vaWroba 9,5 %-iT gaizarda wina welTan SedarebiT da

prognoziT mosalodnelia Semdgomi Zlieri zrda 2011 da 2012 wlebSi, SemaSfoTebe-

lia proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis farTod gamoyenebis kampania. 2010 wlis ganmav-

lobaSi isve gamoiyeneboda diskriminaciuli zomebi, rogorc wina 2009 wels. yovel

kvartalSi mTavrobebi axorcieleben daaxloebiT 125 axal proteqcionistul RonisZie-

bas da Zalian mcired amcireben ukve arsebuls. aseT viTarebaSi saeWvoa saerTaSoriso

savaWro wesrigi daubrundes Zalian swrafad winakrizisul mdgomareobas.

GGTA-s monacemebiT (qvemoT aRvniSnavT am organizaciis Sesaxeb) yvelaze meti

diskriminaciuli zoma saSualod gamoiyena ruseTma (37), argentinam (20), germaniam

(16), CineTma, idoneziam, gaerTianebulma samefom (TiToeulma 11-11), braziliam (10),

italiam da espaneTma (TiToeulma 9-9). ucxoeli partniorebis mier gamoyenebuli

sxvadasxva RonisZiebebiT yvelaze dazaralebuli qveynebi arian CineTi (141 zoma 58

partnioris mxridan), amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi (112 zoma 49 partnioris mxri-

dan), germania (110 zoma 32 partnioris mxridan), safrangeTi (101 zoma 32 partnioris

mxridan), belgia (96 zoma 30 partnioris mxridan), iaponia (94 zoma 47 partnioris

mxridan), niderlandebi (94 zoma 31 partnioris mxridan), gaerTianebuli samefo (112

zoma 49 partnioris mxridan), italia (89 zoma 27 partnioris mxridan), SvedeTi (85

zoma 23 partnioris mxridan) (4).

msoflio finansur-ekonomikuri krizisi, bunebrivia, Seexo postsocialistur

qveynebs. eqsportis yvelaze didi danakargebi ganicades yazaxeTma, belorusma, ta-

jikeTma, ruseTma da somxeTma. amJamad, finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis periodSi, im

qveynebis saeqsporto problemebi, romlebic jer kidev ar mierTebian vmo-s, gansa-

kuTrebiT mwvaved igrZnoba. isini pirvel rigSi aRmoCndnen dazaralebulni da ga-

nicades diskriminacia da proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gavlena, sxva qveynebis,

maT Soris vmo-is wevri qveynebis mxridan. (vmo-Si 2008 wlis 23 ivlisis mdgomareo-

biT 153 qveyanaa. aRmosavleT evropis, kavkasiis da centraluri aziis qveynebidan 6

maTgani awarmoebs vmo-sTan mierTebis process _ azerbaijani, belorusi, yazaxeTi,

ruseTi, tajikeTi da uzbekeTi) (7). aRsaniSnavia, rom eqsportis dacema qveynebSi,

romlebic ar arian vmo-is wevrebi, aseve sxvaoba importisa da eqsportis dacemis

maCveneblebs Soris am qveynebSi ufro metad arsebiTia, vidre vmo-is wevr qveynebSi

(aekca-s – aRmosavleT evropis, kavkasiis da centraluri aziis qveynebis fargleb-

Si). es tendencia SeiZleba aixsnas sxvadasxva mizezebiT, romlebic ukavSirdeba am

qveynebis specifikas. magaliTad, msoflio fasebis dacema navTobze, erovnuli valute-

bis arastabiluroba, gazis krizisi. SesaZlebelia aseve vivaraudoT, rom vmo-is wev-

roba aris stabilurobis Taviseburi faqtori, romelic pozitiur rols TamaSobs.

gansakuTrebiT es exeba eqsportis problemebs da masTan dakavSirebiT proteqcionis-

tuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas. magaliTad, msoflio krizisis aqtiuri fazis msvlelo-

baSi proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis raodenoba, romelic ruseTis mimarT gamoiyene-

boda, gaizarda xuTjer. evrokavSirma cota xnis win SemoiRo antidempinguri baJebi Se-

duRebul milebsa da rkinis an aralegirebuli foladis milebze belorusidan, ruse-

Tidan da ukrainidan. evrokavSirma aseve inicireba gaukeTa antidempingur kvlevebs Se-

duRebul milebTan da Rru profilebTan dakavSirebiT ukrainidan da belorusidan.

101

moldova dazaralda 2009 wlis TebervalSi evrokavSiris mier SemoRebuli droebiTi

antidempinguri baJebiT liTonis naglinis garkveuli saxeobebze. proteqcionizmis po-

litika SeiniSneba agreTve TviT aekca-is qveynebs Sorisac. magaliTad, ruseTma Semoi-

Ro SezRudvebi belorusis saqonlis mimarT, yazaxeTma _ ruseTis mimarT. Tavis mxriv,

ruseTma SemoiRo antidempinguri baJebi uJangavi foladis milebis Setanaze CineTidan

da braziliidan, gazarda tarifebi foladisa da rkinis produqtebze, fexsacmelze,

brinjze da naxmar avtomobilebze, akrZala Roris xorcis importi aSS-dan, meqsikidan

da didi britaneTidan. ukrainam gaatara antidempinguri RonisZiebebi sayofacxovrebo

macivrebsa da sayinule mowyobilobebze CineTidan da TurqeTidan; asve, gazarda 13%-

iT saimporto baJebi farTo asortimentis saqonelze sakuTari sagadasaxdelo balan-

sis deficitis dasafinanseblad (rogorc RonisZieba finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis

daregulirebisTvis). yazaxeTma, imis gamo rom cdilobda daecva adgilobrivi bazari

ufro iafi saimporto produqciisagan, ganaxorciela erovnuli valutis gaufasureba

25 %-iT. ruseTis eqsportis moculobaze gavlena moaxdeina navTobis fasebma, gazTan

dakavSirebulma skandalma ukrainasTan, aseve, saerTaSoriso bazrebze SemoRebulma sa-

vaWro barierebma ruseTis saeqsporto saqonlisaTvis. amasTan, ruseTma da ukrainam

TiTqmis 50%-iT Seamcires saqonlis importi, rac aseve metyvelebs am qveynebis mier Se-

moRebul damcav RonisZiebebze. erTaderTi qveyana, romlis eqsportic gaizarda wina

welTan SedarebiT 60%-ze meti odenobiT, aris azerbaijani. savaraudod es ukavSirdeba

am qveynis eqsportis struqturas, sadac bunebrivi resursebis wili 82%-s Seadgens (5).

es ar aris sruli sia proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebisa, romlebic zegavlenas axde-

nen saqonlis eqsportze am regionis qveynebidan.

saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis moculobam 2010 wlis ianvar-oqtomberSi 5 230 mln

aSS dolari Seadgina, rac wina wlis analogiur maCvenebels 18%-iT aRemateba, Tumca

amave periodSi uaryofiTma sagareo savaWro balansma 7%-iT meti Seadgina _ 2 775 mln

aSS dolari. mimdinare wels 2008 wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT savaWro

brunva 22 %-iT, eqsporti 9 %-iT, xolo importi 25%-iT Semcirda. uaryofiTi savaWro

balansi 31%-iT naklebi dafiqsirda, vidre 2008 wlis Sesabamis periodSi. rogorc Cans,

mimdinare wels gagrZelda saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis moculobis kleba, rac da-

iwyo `globaluri savaWro kolafsis~ periodSi da gaamZafra saqarTvelo-ruseTis ag-

vistos omma. 2009 wels eqsporti wina welTan SedarebiT 1 350 mln aSS dolaridan Sem-

cirda 924 mln aSS dolaramde, importi ki 5 360 mln aSS dolaridan 3 525 mln aSS

dolaramde (6). saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT 2010 wlis

saqarTvelos umsxvilesi savaWro partniorebi arian azerbaijani _ 15,7%; TurqeTi _

14,4%; aSS _ 11,3%; somxeTi _ 10,4%; ukraina _ 6,2%; kanada _ 5,1%; bulgareTi _ 3,9%; ya-

zaxeTi _ 2,55; ruseTi _ 2,4%; espaneTi _ 2,3%; danarCeni qveynebi _ 25,8%. GTA-is sain-

formacio bazaze dayrdnobiT Catarebulma gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom umsxvilesi par-

tniorebis mier gatarebuli sxvadasxva proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebidan saqarTve-

loze gavlena SeiZleba iqonios ruseTis mier SemoRebulma SezRudvebma samuSao Za-

lis migraciasTan da sxvadasxva saxis produqciasTan, m.S. sasoflo-sameurneo produq-

ciasTan dakavSirebiT. TviTon saqarTvelos mxridan araviTari saSiSroeba ar aRiniSne-

ba savaWro partniorebisaTvis am TvalsazrisiT da miekuTvneba Tavisufali savaWro

reJimebis mqone qveyanaTa pirvel xuTeuls. samwuxarod GTA sainformacio portali ver

CaiTvleba bolomde srulyofilad am kuTxiT Casatarebeli kvlevebisTvis, magram igi

TandaTan ixveweba da albaT mcire qveynebis Sesaxebac ganTavsdeba srulyofili in-

formacia. Tumca, igi metad sasargebloa gare bazrebze gasvlis strategebis SemuSave-

bisas.

102

TavisTavad is garemoeba, rom aseTi globaluri portali Seiqmna, miuTiTebs

sakiTxis simwvaveze. SeiniSneba situacia, roca mTavrobebs ar surT aRiaron pro-

teqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gamoyeneba. aseT viTarebaSi mniSvnelovania, rom sa-

erTaSoriso akademiurma wreebma ikisres monitoringis funqcia. zemoaRniSnuli

damoukidebeli sainformacio portali (www.globaltradealert.org) politikurad damou-

kidebelma struqturam _ ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis londonis centrma

(CEPR) Seqmna msoflio vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis profesoris evenetis xelmZRva-

nelobiT. damoukidebel mecnierTa da eqspertTa jgufi awarmoebs sxvadasxva pro-

teqcionistuli RonisZiebebis monitorings _ savaWro barierebidan dawyebuli sa-

muSao vizebis gacemis SezRudvebiT damTavrebuli, axorcieleben aseve finasuri

RonisZiebebis Seswavlas, romlebic tardeba mrewvelobis gadasarCenad. Global

Trade Alert avsebs monitoringis monacemebs, romelic xorcieldeba vmo-isa da msof-

lio bankis farglebSi. garda amisa, is avlens savaWro partniorebs, romlebzec

saxelmwifos mier SemoRebulma damcavma an diskriminaciulma RonisZiebebma SeiZ-

leba potenciurad moaxdinos negatiuri zemoqmedeba.

es saiti martivia da misi daniSnulebaa saxelmwifo moxeleebis, eqsportiorebis,

importiorebis, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis TanamSromelTa momsaxureba. saiti

sasargeblo iqneba sxvadasxva saxis kvlevebis gansaxorcielevblad saerTaSoriso vaW-

robisa da proteqcionizmis sakiTxebze. saZiebo sistema saSualebas iZleva gakeTdes

moTxovnebi saqonlis kodis, saxelmwifos mixedviT, romelic atarebs RonisZiebas, ase-

ve qveynebis mixedviT, romlebic potenciurad dazaraldnen damcavi an diskriminaciu-

li RonisZiebebisagan. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom mesame qveynebs SeuZliaT Seitanon

ganacxadi saitze proteqcionistul RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebiT, saxelmwifos ki Se-

uZlia komentari gaukeTos nebismier RonisZiebas, romelic gamoqveynebulia saitze. yve-

la monacemi, romelic aq qveyndeba, guldasmiT mowmdeba eqspertTa jgufis mier iqamde,

vidre is xelmisawvdomi iqneba sajaro ganxilvisTvis.

problemis masStaburobaze miuTiTebs is, rom dReisaTvis proteqcionizmis mo-

nitoringiT dakavebulia ara marto saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (rogoricaa, maga-

liTad, msoflio banki da vaWrobis msoflio organizacia), aramed kerZo kompanie-

bic. vmo atarebs proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis yovelkvartalur monitorings

vaWrobisa da investiciebis sferoSi. rigi kerZo struqturebi, rogoricaa ,,doiCe

bank~, analitikur kvlevebs akeTebs am Tematikaze. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom pro-

teqcionizmis sakiTxi aris politikurad ukiduresad mgrZnobiare problema, qveyne-

bis mTvarobebisTvis Znelia erTian azramde misvla rogorc mocemuli monitorin-

gis parametrebis sakiTxze, aseve imaze, ra RonisZiebebi unda CarTon masSi.

proteqcionizmsa da saxelmwifo interesebis gonivrul dacvas Soris zRvari Za-

lian bundovania. es SeiZleba iqces did problemad msoflio ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

dinamikisaTvis. zemoaRniSnuli iniciativebis msgavis iniciativebi _ akademiuri, arako-

merciuli da politikurad damoukidebeli institutebis mxridan sasargeblo iqneba

msoflio savaWro sistemis stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad. SesaZlebelia, maT ubiZgon

saxelmwifoebs proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebi gamoiyenon rogorc ukiduresi zoma da

ara rogorc pirveli RonisZieba alternatiuli variantebidan. swored amgvari qcevis

Taobaze aRniSnavda vmo-is generaluri direqtori paskal lami, romelic regularul

angariSebs waradgens msoflio savaWro sistemis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. misive Sefase-

biT, proteqcionizmis buneba Seicvala recesiis periodSi. bevri umsxvilesi movaWre

qveyana axorcielebs eqsportis xelSewyobis sqemebs, ubrundeba subsidiebs, iafi kredi-

103

tebis sistemas, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs da eqsportiorTa gaTavisuflebas gadasaxade-

bisagan. proteqcionizmi dRes amiT Zalian gansxvavdeba 1930-iani wlebis proteqcioniz-

misagan, roca mTel rig qveynebSi tarifebis zrdam Seaferxa msoflio vaWroba. es ag-

resiuli eqsportis xelSewyobis sqemebi, erToblivi moTxovnis aRdgenasTan erTad,

rogorc Cans, metia, vidre diskriminaciuli RonisZiebebis zrdis Canacvleba (8). marTa-

lia, SeiniSneba garkveuli `Camococeba~ proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebidan iseTi qvey-

nebis mxridan, rogoricaa avstralia, CineTi, ekvadori, egvipte, indoeTi, indonezia, meq-

sika, paragvai, filipinebi, ruseTi, saudis arabeTi, ukraina da vietnami (2009 wlis gan-

mavlobaSi), magram problema rCeba. amJamad gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gadatanilia an-

tidempinguri kvlevebis inicirebasa da Sesabamisi zomebis gatarebaze (9).

saqarTvelom, romlis eqsporti aradiversificirebuli, sagareo vaWrobis saldo

ki mudmivad (gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan) uaryofiTia, ganuxrelad airCia saga-

reo savaWro politikis fritrederuli orientacia. miviCnevT, rom umuSevrobis maRali

donisa da saeqsporto prioritetebis gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi saWiroa garkveuli sa-

xis proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gatareba. es ar gulisxmobs (tradiciuli gage-

biT) importis pirdapir SezRudvas an saeqsporto dargebis aucileblad pirdapir sti-

mulirebas. SesaZlebelia Cvens qveyanSic daiwyos antidempinguri kvlevebi da gatardes

Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi, ganxorcieldes sawyisi stadiis biznesis stimulireba, Seiq-

mnas pirobebi iafi kreditebis sistemis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebisTvis, upiratesoba mie-

niWos im ucxour investiciebs, romlebic saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisi pro-

duqciis warmoebis saSualebebs Semoitanen qveynisaTvis prioritetul dargebSi, gatar-

des RonisZiebebi informirebulobis asamaRleblad, gare bazrebze gasvlis efeqtiano-

bis gasazrdelad. sxva maraval faqtorTan erTad umniSvnelovanesia gavecnoT Tanamed-

rove proteqcionistul RonisZiebebs, romlebsac mimarTaven TviT ganviTarebuli qvey-

nebic ki sakuTari ekonomikis dasacavad. xazgasasmelia, rom Cveni mewarmeebi jer kidev

mwiri informirebulobis problemis winaSe dganan. am TvalsazrisiT sasargeblo iqne-

ba erTi mxriv, CaverToT zemoaRniSnuli sainformacio sistemis kvlevebSi (es inicia-

tiva SeiZleba akademiurma wreebmac ikisron) da meore mxriv, gamoviyenoT ukve arsebu-

li saerTaSoriso sainformacio bazebi (am TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia saxelmwi-

fos xelSewyoba) _ uaxlesi sainformacio sistemebi, romlebic uaxles analitikur in-

formacias gvTavazoben ama Tu im qveynis mier gatarebuli ekonomikuri politikisa da

mosalodneli efeqtis Sesaxeb.

literatura da internet-resursebi:

1. R. Baldwin, The great trade collapse: What caused and what does it mean? The Great Trade Collapse: Causes, Consequences and Prospects, 2009, A VoxEU.org Publication 2. www.ictsd.org-http://trade.ecoaccord.org 3. S.J. Evenett, Crisis-era protectionism one year after the Washington G20 meeting, The Great Trade Collapse: Causes, Consequences and Prospects, 2009, A VoxEU.org Publication 4. GTA database, www.globaltradealert.org 5. Д. Герасименко, Прозрачность – ответ на глобальный протекционизм (июнь-июль 2009,выпуск 4) http://www.cisstat.com/rus/mac13_qrt.htm 6. www.geostat.ge 7. www.wto.org 8. www.ictsd.org-http://trade.ecoaccord.org (5- 2009) 9. http://www/wto/org/english/news_e/news09_e/tpr_13ju/09_e.htm

10. http://ictsd.net/downloads/2009/07/tpr-report.pdf

104

Oksana Pyatkovska Ukraine . Lviv Commerce Academy; International Institute of Education,

Culture and Relations with Diaspora of National University “Lviv Polytechnic”, Scientific researcher

Globalization and International Labor Migration: The Macroeconomic Impact of Migrants’

Remittances One of the main recent changes in contemporary international affairs is the increase in the scope and

intensity of social relations or the development of what has commonly been termed as globalization. Globalization has increased the interconnectedness in nation states speeding up the flow of goods, services, ideas and people across national boundaries. The international migration existed long before the age of globalization, but the speed, scope, complexity and value of world migration under the era of globalization are unprecedented.

Today international migration is one of the most important factors affecting economic relations between developed and developing countries. There are now about 192 million people living outside their place of birth, which is about 3 % of the world's population. This means that roughly one of every thirty-five persons in the world is a migrant. Between 1965 and 1990, the number of international migrants increased by 45 million-an annual growth rate of about 2.1 %. The current annual growth rate is about 2.9 % [1].

The international remittances sent back home by these migrant workers have a profound impact on the developing countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. Officially recorded remittances flows to developing countries reached 336 billion in 2008 [9, 1]. After the latest revision to data for 2009, India, China, Mexico and Philippines retain their position as the top recipients of migrant remittances in US dollars terms. Other large recipients among developing countries include Bangladesh, Nigeria, Poland, Pakistan, Egypt. The top recipients in terms of the share of remittances in GNP in 2008 include many smaller economies such as Tajikistan (where remittances totaled 50% of GNP), Tonga (38% of GNP), Moldova (31% of GNP), Samoa (26% of GNP), Lesotho (27 % ), Kyrgyz Republic (28% of GNP) [9, 2].

Given the large size of aggregate remittance flows, they should be expected to have significant macroeconomic effects on the economies that receive them.

Many researches suppose that remittances have both welfare and growth effects. One of the most comprehensive research of remittances’ influence on poverty was made by R. Adams and J. Page by con-structing and analyzing a new data set on international migration, remittances, inequality, and poverty from 71 developing countries. The results show that both international migration and remittances significantly re-duce the level, depth, and severity of poverty in the developing world. After instrumenting for the possible endogeneity of international migration, and controlling for various factors, results suggest that, on average, a 10% increase in the share of international migrants in a country’s population will lead to a 2.1% decline in the share of people living on less than $1.00 per person per day. After instrumenting for the possible endoge-neity of international remittances, a similar 10% increase in per capita official international remittances will lead to a 3.5% decline in the share of people living in poverty [2]. Other researches in Sub-Saharan Africa, made by S. Gupta et al [7], in Pakistan, made by R. Siddiqui et al [11], also prove that migrants’ remittances directly alleviate poverty levels by increasing recipient family’s income and living standards. D. Ratha and S. Mohapatra state that remittances have reduced poverty and resulted in better development outcomes in many low-income countries [10, 3]. Remittances may have reduced the share of poor people in the popula-tion by 11% points in Uganda, 6% points in Bangladesh and 5% points in Ghana. Studies in El Salvador and Sri Lanka find that the children of remittance recipient households have a lower school drop-out rate and that these households spend more on private tuition for their children. In Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Sri Lanka children in remittance recipient households have higher birth weights and better health indicators than other households. Remittances are also often used for small business investments, especially in countries

105

with a good investment climate [10, 3-4]. Studies of Ch. Woodruff and R. Zenteno show that remittances provide capital to small entrepreneurs, reduce credit constraints and increase entrepreneurship. For instance, remittances from the United States accounted for about one fifth of the capital invested in microenterprises in urban Mexico [12]

S. Drinkwater and P. Levine examine the relationship between remittances from international migration and imperfections in labor and capital markets. The authors use a search-matching model of the labor market to show that remittances can have two opposing effects on the labor market of the source country. First, they raise the utility of the unemployed members back home and, if a worker's bargaining power is low, this causes the unemployment rate to rise. Second, remittances available for investment will relax credit constraints encountered by firms. If the investment effect outweighs the “search income” effect, then remittances will reduce the unemployment rate. Their empirical analysis suggests that remittances have a small negative effect on unemployment, but a positive and significant effect on investment [5].

At the same time D. Ratha and S. Mohapatra state that, notwithstanding the fact that migrants’ remittances are an important, stable and countercyclical external finance in developing countries, which has many positive effects, but their effect on long-term growth is inconclusive [10, 5]. Beside that, large and sustained remittance inflows can cause an appreciation of the real exchange rate and therefore a loss in relative export competitiveness, by making the production of cost-sensitive tradables, including cash-crops and manufacturing less profitable. Although empirical evidence on the adverse effect of large inflows of foreign exchange on terms of trade and growth is limited, it is plausible that this effect exists and is significant for some small economies where remittances are very high. Several countries such as El Salvador, Kenya and Moldova are concerned about the effect of large remittance inflows on currency appreciation [10, 5]. A doubling of worker’s remittances may have resulted in real exchange rate appreciation of more than 20% in countries in the Latin America and Caribbean region [3]. The real exchange rate appreciated in parallel with an increase in remittances during 1993-2005 in 7 out of 8 countries with the highest remittances to GDP ratio in Latin America, except for Nicaragua. This may have affected export competitiveness in these countries [6]. Thus, the controversial effect of migrants’ remittances raise the main issue, or even challenge to policymakers: how to manage their macroeconomic effects in receiving country? At the same time the appropriate macroeconomic policy concerning remittances management should take into account the following important factors:

• Measurement. The category workers’ remittances in the balance of payments best represents what economists have in mind when modeling remittances. The properties of this series differ significantly from those of employee compensation and migrants’ transfers, so combining these three items into a single measure of remittances, as is common practice in the literature, can lead to invalid conclusions about the properties of remittances and, in turn, suboptimal policy decisions [8, I].

• Fiscal policy. Remittances should not be taxed directly. Consumption-based taxation provides the optimal incentive structure for maximizing the benefits of remittances, whereas labor income taxation exacerbates the labor-leisure incentives of remittances and encourages the use of inflation as an indirect tax. Remittance-receiving countries should be advised to shift toward consumption-based tax systems to mitigate possible negative effects on economic growth, minimize the level of distortion generated by fiscal and monetary policy, and benefit from any tax-induced increase in investment resulting from remittances.

• Debt sustainability. Remittances can lead to reduced country risk and improve the sustainability of government debt. In addition to increasing household saving, significant inflows of remittances can directly or indirectly increase the government’s revenue base, thereby reducing the marginal cost of raising revenue.

106

• Fiscal discipline. Remittances may reduce the government’s incentive to maintain fiscal pol-icy discipline. The empirical evidence suggests that governments take advantage of the fiscal space afforded by remittances by consuming and borrowing more [8, I].

• Economic growth. Remittances are usually associated with an increase in domestic invest-ment especially in countries with a good investment climate. Remittances have both welfare and growth effects by declining the share of people living in poverty although analysis reveals that remit-tances do not have statistically significant effect on GDP growth.

• Exchange rate. Since large and sustained remittance inflows can cause an appreciation of the real exchange rate and therefore a loss in relative export competitiveness, policymakers must find ways to mitigate this real exchange rate effect or address any loss of competitiveness arising from equilibrium real exchange rate appreciation.

• Role of international financial institutions. Outside engagement may be required to prompt governments to undertake needed reforms in the presence of remittances. In particular, international institutions have an important role to play in encouraging remittance receiving countries to undertake or accelerate necessary reforms. A one-size-fits-all reform strategy is likely to be counterproductive. Instead, an approach that differentiates among countries based on their remittance-driven characteristics will be more helpful in achieving its targets.

The main challenge for policymakers, stated in general terms, is to design policies that promote remittances and increase their benefits while mitigating adverse side effects. Getting these policy pre-scriptions correct early on is imperative. Globalization and the aging of developed economy populations will ensure that demand for migrant workers remains robust for years to come. Hence, the volume of remittances likely will continue to grow, and with it, the challenge of unlocking the maximum societal benefit from these transfers.

References:

1. About Migration / IOM // http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/about-migration/lang/en. 2. Adams R., Page J. Do International Migration and Remittances Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries? / World Bank. Washington DC, 2005. 3. Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina, and Susan Pozo Workers’ Remittances and the Real Exchange Rate: A Paradox of Gifts. // World Development. – 2004. – Vol. 32(8). – P. 1407-1417. 4. Bhaskara R., Gazi H. A Panel Data Analysis of the Growth Effects of Remittances / MPRA Paper. – 2009. – № 18021. 5. Drinkwater S., Levine P., Lotti E. Labor Market and Investment Effects of Remittances. 2006. // http://www.surrey.ac.uk/economics/files/apaperspdf/2006_DP19-06.pdf 6. Fajnzylber P., López J.. Close to Home: The Development Impact of Remittances in Latin America. / World Bank. Washington, DC, 2007. 7. Gupta S., Pattillo C., Wagh S. Effects of Remittances on Poverty and Financial Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. // World Development. – 2009. – Vol. 37(1). – P. 104-115. 8. Macroeconomic Consequences of Remittances/ Ed. by R. Chami, A. Barajas, Th. Cosimano, C. Fullenkamp, M. Gapen, P. Montiel. – Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2008. 9. Migration and Development Brief 12. Outlook for Remittance Flows 2010-11. / By Ratha D. , Mohapatra S., Silwal A. World Bank, 2010. – 18 p. 10. Ratha D., Mohapatra S. Increasing the Macroeconomic Impact of Remittances on Development. / The World Bank. Washington DC, 2007. 11. Siddiqui R., Kemal A. Remittances, Trade Liberalization and Poverty in Pakistan: The Role of Excluded Variables in Poverty Change Analysis // The Pakistan Development Review. – 2006. – Vol. 45(3). – P. 383-415. 12. Woodruff Ch., Zenteno R. Remittances and Microenterprises in Mexico. / UCSD, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies Working Paper. 2001.

107

Семив Галина Александровна Украина. Львовская коммерческая академия

Аспирант СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКИЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ

НЕФТЕПЕРЕРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ОТРАСЛИ УКРАИНЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ К главным структурным проблемам на рынке нефтепродуктов Украины относятся

непрозрачность экономических отношений, нестабильная ценовая конъюнктура, необходимость обновления основных фондов и технологической переоснастки нефтеперерабатывающих предприятий, большое влияние иностранных компаний, на этом рынке, заострение внешних угроз стабильности развития рынка. Это требует от субъектов рынка поиска более эффективных путей и методов сбыта своей продукции, в том числе на внешнем рынке, использования комплекса международного маркетинга как действенного инструмента расширения внешних рынков при осуществлении внешнеэкономических операций. Таким образом, актуальность данной проблемы обусловливается необходимостью анализа тенденций и обоснования на этой основе путей преодоления депрессивного рынка нефтепродуктов Украины, возможностей усиления его, экспортной ориентации.

Проблемы развития нефтеперерабатывающей отрасли мировой экономики в условиях глобализации рассматривались в трудах таких западных исследователей, как Д.Джонстона, Д.Ергина, А.Коршака, Я.Кумминса, А.Шаммазова и других. Отдельные аспекты развития внешнеэкономической деятельности (ВЭД) предприятий ТЭК Украины исследовались в трудах Г. Бурлаки, С. Дорогунцова, В. Зиневича, Л. Кузнецовой, Л. Назарчука, В. Омельченко, В. Саприкина, А. Сухорукова, П. Топильницкого, Г. Шерстюка, О. Шпака и других. Вместе с тем вне поля зрения исследователей остаются отдельные аспекты усиления экспортного потенциала предприятий нефтеперерабатывающей сферы, механизмы обеспечения их конкурентоспособности на внешнем рынке.

Целью данной статьи является обоснование приоритетных направлений деятельности национальных предприятий нефтеперерабатывающей сферы на внешних рынках в условиях заострения конкуренции на внутреннем и зарубежном рынках.

Для определения потенциала экспорта нефтепродуктов из Украины необходимо прежде всего проанализировать состояние производства в этой отрасли. Согласно данным Министерства топлива и энергетики Украины, в 2009 г. на нефтеперерабатывающие заводы (НПЗ) поступило 9 682,6 тыс. тонн нефти, в том числе: 2 500,9 тыс. тонн – собственной добычи (25,8% от общего объема поставки), 7 181,7 тыс. тонн импортировано (соответственно – 74,2%), в том числе: 6 397,8 тыс. тонн - из Российской Федерации (соответственно – 66,1%). В соответствии с показателем 2008 года объем поставки нефти увеличился на 266,6 тыс. тонн (на 2,8%). Производство горючего концентрируется в шести регионах, где функционируют такие нефтеперерабатывающие предприятия: ОАО "Лисичанскнафтооргсинтез" (г. Лисичанск, Луганская обл.), ОАО "Лукойл-Одеский НПЗ" (г. Одесса), ОАО, "Нефтеперерабатывающий комплекс “Галичина” (г. Дрогобыч, Львовская область), ОАО "Нефтехимик Прикарпатья" (г. Надворная, Ивано-Франковская область), ЗАО, "Укртатнефть" (г. Кременчуг, Полтавская область) и ОАО "Херсоннафтопереробка" (г. Херсон).

Даже невзирая на рост объемов производства, общие мощности из первичной переработки нефти в 2009 г. загружены в среднем на 20,92%, что значительно ниже средних показателей в европейских странах. Таким образом, в Украине не используется имеющийся потенциал производства нефтепродуктов, прежде всего в результате обветшалой материально-технической базы и низкого технологического развития НПЗ, неритмичных поставок нефти из-за границы, отсутствия стратегических запасов нефти, низких возможностей расширения экспорта высококачественного

108

автомобильного горючего. Дестабилизацийни процессы на отечественном рынке нефтепродуктов предопределяет также практически полная зависимость от поставок из России.

Обратим внимание, которое в последнее время наблюдается тенденция к активизации конкурентной борьбы между ведущими операторами розничной продажи нефтепродуктов, которая направляется на повышение качества обслуживания и удовлетворения потребностей потребителей. Примерами таких мероприятий могут быть следующие действия со стороны сетей АЗС на общегосударственном и региональном уровнях: 1) проведение акций из стимулирования сбыта и лояльности, выпуск карточек клиентов; 2) расширение ассортимента за счет горючего повышенного уровня качества; 3) инвестирование в развитие сопутствующей инфраструктуры АЗС – автомоек, магазинов и заведений быстрого питания.

Рассматривая экспортную деятельность отечественных предприятий нефтеперерабатывающей сферы, необходимо отметить, что главные колебания в отечественном экспорте нефтепродуктов объясняются в первую очередь изменением конъюнктуры и значительной амплитудой колебания цен внешнего рынка в сравнении с внутренним. Поэтому одним из главных факторов развития экспорта отечественных нефтепродуктов есть ценовой фактор.

Как свидетельствуют результаты наших расчетов индекса обнаруженных сравнительных преимуществ за 2009 г., наивысшие сравнительные преимущества в торговле нефтепродуктами Украина имеет в Словении (значение индекса RCA – 169,62), Греции (138,1), Латвии (132,01), Италии (124,76) и Нидерландах (121,12). Указанное объясняется настроенными поставками нефтепродуктов к этим странам в первую очередь в результате сезонного колебания ценовой конъюнктуры. Также традиционно высокие конкурентные позиции отечественные предприятия нефтеперерабатывающего комплекса имеют на рынках Германии, Мальты, Венгрии, Польши, Испании, Великобритании и Эстонии.

Больше всего отрицательное значение индекса (-283,03) характерно для взаимных торговых отношений с Россией, поскольку эта страна есть нетто-експортером нефтепродуктов к Украине и имеет сильные конкурентные позиции на отечественном рынке нефтепродуктов. Такая же ситуация является характерной для рынков Литвы, Румынии, Австрии, Франции, Швеции и Дании.

Как показывает мировая практика, эффективная работа НПЗ стран Запада, базируется на принципах диверсификации поставок нефти. В нашей стране это требование нажаль не придерживается и отечественные нефтеперерабатывающие предприятия по большей части ориентируются на поставки из России. Это привело к тому, что наибольшими НПК нашей страны владеют русские инвесторы и государство не может влиять на возможность диверсификации поставок нефтепродуктов.

Выводы: В условиях нестабильности деятельности на внутреннем рынке, экспорт нефтепродуктов становится существенным направлением расширения хозяйственной деятельности и пополнения оборотных средств НПЗ Украины. Главными путями развития международного сотрудничества отечественной нефтеперерабатывающей отрасли является организация снабжения нефти из стран Каспийского региона, Ближнего Востока и Северной Африки; постепенное увеличение объемов добычи собственной нефти (на Азово-черноморском шельфе); внедрение современных технологий с целью повышения качества переработки нефти на НПЗ Украины.

109

Eka Sepashvili Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University.

Assosiate Professor, Academic Doctor of Economics

Georgia’s Economic Integration into European Space: Challenges and Prospects

In early 1990, after gaining an independence, the newly established state of Georgia among the numerous important goals faced the problem to deal with the country’s foreign economic relations which required a to be set up by totally different approaches than that of during the Soviet period. The main question: how does the country use the opportunities offered by the world economy for economic growth in a such way to avoid negative impacts of external development occurring outside the national economy?- was high on the agenda of Georgia. The issue was especially important as the country had to make dual transition towards market economy and democratization making the national economy vulnerable to the international changes.

Despite these new challenges Georgia actively began renewing the existing political-economic relations and establishing the new ones for a very simple reason: in modern reality during the international division of labor it's impossible to live on your own, especially for such a little country as Georgia. Here in the article we will focus our attention on economic aspects as the political issues which are closely linked to the development of the democratic institutions of the country should have separate judgment. Though that doesn’t mean that political and economic factors could be easily separated, just visa-versa, they are thoroughly related to each other. However, from country’s development point of view, it is not important which factors, economic or political, first boost the advancement of the country.

Nowadays, the key words are the interdependence of nations and the imperative that a globalize economy imposes on us. The current globalization has political, economic, military, social and cultural dimensions, though integration initially started with economic relations. Today integration speed rises and economic integration continues to gain greater importance. Globalization of the world economy often goes through regional integration. In modern market economy, the primary objective of regional policy is to reduce negative phenomena arising from natural conditions, geographical location, political situation or economic processes, and to create as favorable conditions as possible for closing the development gap and for encouraging innovative economic activities of developing countries. All above mention appears fair for Georgia too. Thus, there is no surprise that from the very beginning integration into European economic and political space become top priority for Georgia’s independent Foreign Policy Agenda. Nemely, Georgia’s foreign Policy goal is to ensure increased access to the EU’s internal market, deepening the political relations, enhancing the cooperation on security policy and conflict resolution, as well as further promotion of educational and scientific links.

The question that one may ask hearing about European Union enlargement are: what are the consequences of this extension?

While in aftermath of the Second World War was characterized by ideological and strategically bipolarity, the more recent period has been changed by the multi-polar world creation tendency. An era of competitive coexistence between capitalism and socialism as the two alternative social systems has ended with the victory of the market system that facilitates a single global system to emerge. The communication and information revolutions are turning the world into truly 'global village". The single global system has political, economic, social and cultural dimensions. As nations achieve higher economic development, societies become increasingly pluralistic and complex. Thus, the world appears to be moving towards an era of global cooperation and integration.

Global system entails interdependence of those regions and nations that are not interconnected yet. The main problem is that majority of states do not regard globalization as a principle and key trend of their own political and economic policies. The attention is focused on national interests' strategies resulted by country's social-economic needs. On the other hand, ignorance of globalization and regionalization or, to say in other word the global environment of the planet, or non adequate recognition of its importance is likely to lead to missing the chance of participation in international relations and gain profits. Globalization does not

110

mean that national features are disappeared; just on the contrary, national advantages are being strengthened. The country’s place in the world market is directly connected to the ability of national firms fruitfully and efficiently uses the national advantages that are unique by their nature.

The political Economy of integration in Europe Towards the end of XX century the process of globalization has gained more speed of development.

Globalization of the world often goes through regional integration. One of the most vivid illustrations of regionalism is development of multilateral institutions. Development of regional institutions and degree of their activity significantly depends on relationship between region and international system. The growth of number of regional institutions and increase of regional organization levels taking place simultaneously and are linked to each other.

Regional integration development includes economic, political, social and cultural aspects, and goes far beyond free trade. This has been proved by experience of European Community, the Northern American Common Market and other examples. Here we are discussing the EU is a vivid example of successful regional integration. The process of closuring of European nations begun in the beginning of 20th century went through several legislative agreements and by the beginning of 21st century turn into one of the major player of the global system, which dictates further development and trends of evolution of surrounding aria.

After almost the hundred years, the primary objectives of regional policy is still the same: to create as favorable conditions as possible for development, for achieving democracy, respect for human rights, rules of law, for encouraging innovative economic activities. As a whole, the success of integrated groups in significant degree depends on elaboration such motivating forms of political and economic relations, that most of all appropriates specific features of concrete region and nation.

Over the history of its existence the EU went though Deepening the integration from Free Trade up to Single Market and Common currency (EURO) and five stages of Enlargement beginning with 6 states and end with 27 states.

Expansion process of EU seems to be continued. The EU actively tries to establish harmonized space on borders for long-term goal of extension. The policy tends to transform partner countries through its foreign political instrument: intergovernmental agreements, common strategies and joint actions.

Theoretically, implementation of such intergovernmental agreements might enable any country to achieve such level of development that it would be enough to become the member of the EU. In early 90th number of so called European agreements were signed with central and Eastern European countries. The articles of these agreements proved the EU aspiration to prepare these countries for membership. 2004 year was marked by great enlargement when 10 CEE countries became the member of the EU, and later in the beginning of 2007 two more countries joint the big family of Europe.

In the beginning of 21st century some of traditional concepts are needed to be revised due to the new solid arguments which enable the concepts to gain a new, contemporary meaning. . I'd like to draw attention to two concepts which profoundly changed their meaning and that lay down the basis for future development of Georgia and its international relations:

1. The new concept of security: 2. The new concept of economic cooperation; A new concept of security suggests us to use such a structure of economic cooperation, which is

based on the balance of interests of the states, and secures the most stable political climate in the region in stand of measuring the security by the quantity of arms and ammunitions.

As for new concept of economic cooperation, it is no longer treated as "hostage" of political tension. Just the vice-versa, it is through active economic cooperation that various political conflicts can be solved. Even if the solutions are not easy to reach, the proper atmosphere for it is being created, which earlier or later, would inevitably bring the expected results in this issue.

These two new concepts of security and economic cooperation define the basic philosophy of the develop-ment and evolution of the new economic and political links and relations of the state. Georgia is still in period of a great political and economic transformation. The country faces numerous sources of challenges and uncertainties.

111

Thus, to rely on obove-mention new paradigm some sort of cooperation among challenging sides has become neces-sary to utilize the economic opportunities. In this regard Georgia’s integration into the huge region of Europe is very important. Sides should try to find common interests and thus, gain maximum profit from the cooperation.

This short overview shows that Georgia has no other way but to become the part of global society, the foremost part of which is the EU itself. After the gaining independence all former societ countries began to build new political and economic relations with each other and surrounding world, becoming the members of various international or regional organizations. In this context, the moving of towards the Europe seems quite natural.

EU-Georgia legal relation is based on PCA which was singed in 1996. This was the first legal document that acknowledged Georgia’s European Aspiration. In 1999 the agreement countries (The European Union has concluded nine partnership and cooperation agreements with countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia) entered into force. It represents the basis for relations with the EU and separate countries. The goal of this agreement is to move towards the closing the gap between states belonging in the past to deferent systems: socialist and capitalist. The accompanied goals of the agreement are to encourage strengthening the democracies in new independent countries and development market economy through cooperation and political dialog in wide range of fields.

The PCA aims to provide a basis for cooperation in the legislative, economic, social, financial, scientific, civil, technological and cultural fields.

After enlargement, in 2004 The European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) was developed, with the objective of avoiding the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbors and instead strengthening the prosperity, stability and security of all concerned. It was the other and more strong instrument for creation fertile environment around the EU for enlargement (though in long term future) in European space, that the EU offers its neighbor countries. ENP covers 16 countries among them Georgia.

In November 2006, ENP Georgian Action Plan was adopted by the EU-Georgia Cooperation Council on 14th of November, 2006 after prolonged consultation with different line ministries of Georgia.

ENP is considered as a preparatory stage for entering EU, but not immediate acceptation in EU. The fact that within the framework of the ENP the process of harmonization of legislative bases and gradual movement towards European regulations is going in neighbor countries, which creates necessary environment for common policy is very important because it guarantees the faster movement toward European integration.

This policy was elaborated for states to overcome their domestic difficulties and challenges and have common strong strategy towards the similar goals. The implementation of ENP in every country entails to put into action real changes.

This fact further reinforced the political and economic interdependence between the EU and Georgia and offered the opportunity for the EU and Georgia to develop an increasingly close relationship, going beyond co-operation, to involve a significant measure of economic integration and a deepening of political cooperation.

Nowadays, the Georgian Government is strongly committed to fully exploit the opportunities of ENP. Extension of four freedoms is the most attractive in the ENP policy. Georgia’s economic reforms and

trade liberalization is an integral part of our reform agenda. We are actively implementing ENP AP agenda significant part of which denotes economical

approximation of Georgia and ensuring progress in improving business and investment climate, ensuring more transparency and eternal fight against corruption, steady economic development through prudent monetary and fiscal policies including promotion of social cohesion and poverty reduction.

Last year was remarkable by launching of the Eastern Partnership at the Prague Summit on May 7 in 2009. This new partnership is intended to turn into an effective mechanism bringing Eastern European countries to functional arrangements with the EU in all directions based on tailor-made approaches and ensuring the possible highest degree of integration with the EU.

The main principles and perspectives offered by the initiative for Georgia, which are reflected in the Commission Communication on Eastern Partnership (of December 3, 2008) and EaP Joint Declaration (of May 7, 2009 are mainly in line with Georgia’s priorities

112

Eastern partnership’s bilateral format divine gradual visa liberalization, creation of a free trade area, conclusion of an Association Agreement, energy security, economic and social convergence with the EU and etc. We are also developing multilateral cooperation with other partner countries in the framework of the-matic platforms and different Flagship initiatives through implementing joint projects.

Currently Georgia is intensively negotiates different articles of the Association Agreement, which represents a rather high form of integration with the EU. It includes wide commercial preferences in the trade of goods and services, which among other priority issues, includes the DC FTA as its integral part and serves as a general frame for deepening of EU-Georgia relations.

Trade liberalization with the EU and issues related to DC FTA representing one of key priorities for Georgia are discussed within bilateral format of Eastern Partnership. Therefore, the question to start negotiations with the EU on DC FTA is actively discussed on every level. Political decision to sign the agreement is already made, therefore we are going to carry out every necessary actions in reasonable time-table. The Georgian side has undertaken concrete steps to meet the recommendations outlined in the Commission’s assessment of Georgia’s preparedness for the DC FTA. A special inter-ministerial task force was created according to the European Commission recommendation to work on DC FTA preparation process. DCFTA preparatory process focused on a set of administrative measures and legal and institutional reforms in the area of technical barriers to trade (TBT), food safety, intellectual property rights (IPR), competition policy, strengthening the administrative capacity of institutions to be involved in the eventual negotiations. Strategies in the area of food safety, competition and TBTs were already discussed with the EU and adopted.

As for multilateral dimension of the Eastern Partnership, Eastern Partnership consists of 4 platforms: I platform – Democracy, Good Governance and Stability – Office of the State Minister of European

and Euro Atlantic Integration II Platform – Economic Integration and Convergence with EU policies – Ministry of Economic

Development of Georgia III Platform – Energy Security – Ministry of Energy of Georgia IV Platform – Contacts Between people - Ministry of Culture, Monuments Protection and Sports of

Georgia Within the platforms Flagship initiatives and panels are functioning to stress the attention on particular

thematic spheres. In particular, there are following Flagship initiatives: 1. Integrated Border Management Programme; 2. Prevention of, preparedness for, and response to natural and man-made disasters 3. SME Facility 4. Environmental Governance 5. Regional Electricity Markets, Improved Energy Efficiency and Increased use of Renewable Resources

And Panels: 1. Integrated Border Management 2. Fight Against Corruption 3. Improved Functioning of the Judiciary 4. Public Administration Reform 5. and Trade Related Regulatory Cooperation Linked to DCFTAs 6. Environment and Climate Change

Considerable progress is in place in negotiating with EU: 1. Visa Facilitation and Readmission Agreements, 2. the EU-Georgia bilateral agreement on Mutual Protection of Geographical Indications of Agricultural Products and Other Foodstuff (GIs); 3. Agreement between the EU and Georgia on Common Aviation Area are already initialized and will be sing in foreseen future.

To summarize, there are significant achievements in place under European integration agenda, includ-ing: Strengthening of institutional Guarantees for opposition participation in the governance, together with

113

Parliamentary governance and decision-making; Drafting new constitution upon the principles of the rule of law, protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, clear separation of powers and system of checks and balances with increased role of the Parliament; Continuation of the reforms of Judiciary system aiming at strengthening its independence; Drafting of a new Election Code; Facilitating media pluralism; Establish-ment of National Mechanism to Prevent Torture under the Public Defender’s Office; Establishment of Edu-cation Activities in the Penitentiary and Probation System; Enhancement of Legal Aid; Adoption of a new law on the Chamber of Control by bringing it in line with the EU standards. Institutional Reforms in Border Management; Increased security of travel document and introduction of Biometric Passports; Effective fight against Trafficking, Money Laundering, Corruption and Organized Crime; Effective support to IDP’s and adoption on the Action Plan for Implementation of State IDP Strategy; Signature of the Joint Declaration of the “Mobility Partnership”. Successful Fiscal and Monetary policies minimizing the effects of the world eco-nomic crises; Increased social spending and public investments in labor-intensive construction projects; In-vestments and improvement of infrastructure, Introduction of the new social insurance schemes oriented on vulnerable gropes of society, Further modernization of the Custom Service; Increased diversification in En-ergy sector and focus on renewable sources especially utilization of country’s huge hydro potential.

Overall, it can be regarded that country’s progress on the way of European Integration will be one of the most important facilitating factors for further development Georgia. Reports of different international organisations prove the advancements made by the country, for instance: Georgia advances from 15th place in 2009 to 11th place in the WB “Ease of Doing Business” report; the Heritage Foundation’s “Index of Economic Freedom 2010” notes Georgian economy as mostly free and the Transparency International improved Corruption Perception Index for Georgia in 2009.

Thus, to conclude, significant efforts were done to accomplish Georgia’s European integration agenda. But this process does not end yet; The Country still much to implement and significant efforts are needed to secure our achievements and get closer to the EU.

References: 1. evrokomisiis delegacia saqarTveloSi, evrokavSiris institutebis muSaobis

meqanizmi, 2006;

2. evrokomisiis delegacia saqarTveloSi, angariSi evrokavSirsa da saqarTve-

los Soris TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, 2005;

3. ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sa-

konsultacio centri (GEPLAC), saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi, 2008;

4. fridrix ebertis fondi saqarTveloSi, `evrokavSiris samezoblo politika

da saqarTvelo-damoukidebel eqspertTa analizi~, 2007;

5. ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sa-

konsultacio centri (GEPLAC), „evrokavSir-saqarTvelos samoqmedo gegmis Semu-

Savebis, ganxorcielebisa da ganxorcielebis programis monitoringis saxel-

mZRvanelo“. 2006 wlis noemberi;

6. Joseph H.H.Weiler, Community, Member States and European Integration. Is the Law relevand?, in:

Journal of Common Market Studies, vol.21, no. 1-2(September/December 1982); Marcus Höreth, Stille

Revolution im Namen des Rechts?, ZEI-Discussion Paper C 78/2000 (Center for European Integration

Studies), Bonn 2000;

7. Ivaniashvili, G. (2007), Analyzing EU-Georgia Neighbourhood Policy Action Plan: Modern

Benchmarking Approaches to Knowledge Management and Innovations in Georgia. Norwegian Institute

of International Affairs;

8. Ivaniashvili, G. (2006), Implications of Globalization on European Integration: Black Sea Region in the

Context of Future Eastern Enlargement. Insight Turkey.

114

daviT sixaruliZe saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

universitetis ganviTarebis marketinguli strategia

globalizaciis pirobebSi

konkurentul globalur sabazro sivrceSi warmatebis misaRwevad aucilebelia

momxmarebelze orientirebuli saqmianobis ganxorcieleba. organizaciam maRali fase-

ulobis SeTavazebiT unda SeZlos konkurentebis myidvelebis mozidva, SenarCuneba

da maTi raodenobis zrda. magram momxmareblis moTxovnilebis maqsimaluri damayo-

filebisaTvis organizaciam unda gansazRvros ra surs da ra sWirdeba mas. es ki Se-

saZlebelia bazarze orientirebuli marketinguli strategiis formirebiT, romelic

warmoadgens organizaciis mTliani strategiis Semadgenel nawils.

universitetis strategiuli ganviTarebisa da marketingili strategiis gan-

sazRvrisaTvis, pirvel rigSi aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT produqti (momsaxureba),

riTac universiteti gadis bazarze.

momsaxurebis kostomizaciis, calkeuli momxmareblis specifiuri moTxovni-

lebis dakmayofilebis, momxmarebelTa erTdroulad momsaxurebis moculobis, sa-

momxmareblo faseulobis formirebis procesSi front-ofisis da beq-ofisis mona-

wilebis mixedviT momsaxurebis klsifikacia SesaZlebelia Semdegnairad:

profesiuli momsaxureba (klientebi urTierTqmedeben TanamSromlebTan da

ara mowyobilobebTan, es kontaqti sakmarisad xangrZlivia, SesaZlebelia momsaxu-

rebis kostomizacia. samomxmareblo faseulobis ZiriTadi Semqmneli aris front

ofisi). msgavsi momsaxurebis magaliTebia: sakonsultacio kompaniebis momsaxureba,

advokatis, auditoris momsaxureba.

masobrivi momsaxureba. klientebi urTierTqmedeben danadgarebTan, kontaqtis

xangrZlivoba mcirea an saerTod ar arsebobs. samomxmareblo faseulobis formi-

reba xdeba beq-ofisis mier. aseT momsaxurebas sTavazoben satransporto organiza-

ciebi, beWvdiTi organizaciebi da a.S.

momsaxurebis maRaziebi. ikavebs Sualedur mdgomareobas pirvelsa da meore

kategorias Soris. am SemTxvevaSi faseulobis formirebis procesSi monawileoben

rogorc TanamSromlebi, aseve danadgarebi. klientTan kontaqtis xangrZlivoba da

kostomizaciis SesaZleblobebi saSualoa.

rTulia, saganmanaTleblo momsaxureba mivakuTvnoT romelime kategorias. er-

Ti mxriv, ra Tqma unda am SemTxvevaSi momxmarebeli urTierTqmoqedebs adamianeb-

Tan da ara danadgarebTan, Tumca arsebobs swavlebis distanciuri forma, rode-

sac studenti maswavleblebTan da universitetis TanamSromlebTan urTierTqme-

debs mxolod kompiuteris saSualebiT, praqtikulad universitetSi siarulis ga-

reSe. momxmareblis kontaqtis dro universitetis pedagogebTan ganisazRvreba sa-

ganmanaTleblo programisa da swavlebis formatiT.

kostomizaciis xarsxi aseve damokidebulia saswavlo programaze. umaRlesi

ganaTlebis standartuli programebi aris masobrivi, gaTvlili yvela momxmare-

belze erTdroulad. Tumca, SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas profesiuli da korporaciuli

programebi konkretuli organizaciebis da specialuri jgufebis individualuri

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. standartuli programebis pirobebSic ki

115

umaRlesi saswavleblebi studentebs sTavazoben am programebis sakuTari varian-

tis formirebis SesaZleblobas, konkretuli kursebis arCeviT mravali arsebuli

disciplinebidan. dabolos, faseulobis formirebis procesSi mniSvnelovan rols

TamaSoben universitetis profesor-maswavleblebi. momxmarebelTa dakmayofileba-

ze aseve gvalenas axdenen biblioTekis TanamSromlebi da dacvis TanamSromlebi,

mdivnebi, buRalteri, romelsac mivakuTvnebT beq-ofiss.

saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis saintereso Taviseburebaa klientis aqtiuri

monawileoba momsaxurebis SeTavazebis procesSi. es aixsneba ori mniSvnelovani

elementis SexamebiT _ procesi da Sedegi. Sedegi aris is, risi miRwevac surs uni-

versitets SeTavazebuli momsaxurebiT, xolo procesis qveS igulisxmeba is, Tu

rogor sTavazobs universiteti saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebas. saganmanaTleblo

momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi aris cvlileba saganmanaTleblo donesa da pro-

fesiul kvalifikaciaSi, romliskenac miiRvwis momxmarebeli. xolo procesi aris

Tavad swavleba, romlis organizeba xdeba Sesabamisi resursebiT. Sedegi mniSvne-

lovania, Tumca, universitetebs Soris konkurencia mimdinareobs procesis doneze.

globalizaciis pirobebSi ris safuZvelze afasebs bazari universitetis xa-

risxs? pirvel rigSi ra Tqma unda Sedegis safuZvelze: kursdamTvrebulis momza-

deba ramdenad Seesabameba bazris moTxovnebs, ramdenad efeqtianad SeuZlia mas Se-

asrulos mis winaSe mdgari valdebulebebi. process aseve aqvs didi mniSvneloba

da gaiTvaliswineba universitetis arCevisas. abiturientisa da mSobelisaTvis su-

lerTi ar aris, ramdenad saintereso iqneba swavlebis procesi, ramdenad datvir-

Tuli iqneba studenti, ramdenad moaxdens procesi studentis motivirebas, misi Se-

saZleblobebisa da swavlebis gaaqtiurebiT.

aq mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT, ra aris sakuTriv saganmanaTleblo momsaxu-

reba. ras sTavazobs universiteti bazars momsaxurebebs Soris, romlis miReba Se-

uZlia students, universitetSi Caricxvisas. universitetebis mier SeTavazebul

momsaxurebebs SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes:

� codnis gadacema leqciis dros, Cvevebis ganmtkiceba saseminaro, praqtikuli

da laboratiuli muSaobisas;

� swavlebis procesis organizeba. es erTis mxriv misi struqturis organizeba

(disciplinebis swavleba gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT, saleqcio da praqtiku-

li samuSaoebebis monacvleoba), meores mxriv swavlebis sxvadasxva formebis

organizeba (davalebebis, gamocdebis, konsultaciebis da swavlebis sxvadasxva

formebis ganrigi);

� samecniero-kvleviT samuSaoebSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba sxvadasxva sa-

mecniero sazogadoebis, konferenciebis saxiT;

� saerTaSoriso studentur gacvliTi programebSi, staJirebis programebSi mo-

nawileoba da a.S;

� praqtikis uzrunvelyofa kompaniebsa da organizaciebSi.

� ucxoeli da samamulo specialistebis da praqtikosebis mowveva master–kla-

sebis Catarebis mizniT.

es CamonaTvali SeiZleba gagrZeldes. amasTan, zogierTi universitetisaTvis is

SeiZleba iyos Zalzed grZeli, xolo zogierTisaTvis SedarebiT mokle. is aseve SeiZ-

leba moicavdes Tanmdev momsaxurebas: studentebisaTvis saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxov-

rebis SeTavazeba, samuSao adgiliebze mowyobis Sesaxeb konsultacia, studentebis sa-

vizo mxardaWera sazRvargareT swavlis gasagrZeleblad, kulturuli programebis

116

mowyoba studentebisa da sazRvargareTis partniori universitetebis profesor-maswav-

leblebisaTvis, sazafxulo sklebis da gasarTobi RonisZiebebis organizeba da a.S.

zemoT CamoTvlil momsaxurebasTan erTad universiteti bazars sTvazobs ma-

terialur produqtsac:

� saxelmZRvaneloebi da saleqcio kursebi;

� monografiebi, samecniero naSromebis krebuli;

� Jurnalebi da sxva perioduli gamocemebi.

amgvarad universitets SeuZlia SesTavazos sxvadasxva saqonlis da momasaxure-

bis kompleqsi, romelic moicavs ramdenime elements:

� saganmanaTleblo momsaxureba;

� Tanmdevi momsaxureba.

Tanmdevi momsaxurebis erTi nawili pirdapir dakavSirebulia saswavlo pro-

cesTan, isini uzrunvelyofen da avseben saganmanaTleblo mosaxurebas. meore nawi-

li – iribad aris dakavSirebuli saganmanaTleblo procesTan. magaliTad, kvlevi-

Ti proeqtebi, romelic xorcieldeba mecnierebisa da studentebis mier kompaniis

an organizaciis dakveTiT, romelic saSualebas aZlevs maT miiRon damatebiTi

codna, gamocdileba da gamoimuSavon unar-Cvevebi maTi profesiuli zrdisaTvis.

Tavad saganmanaTleblo momsaxureba aseve warmoadgens rTul kompleqsur pro-

duqts, romelic moicavs rogorc materialuri produqtis elementebs, aseve momsaxure-

bis elementebs. imisaTvis, raTa gavigoT da sworad ganvsazRvroT is produqti, riTac

gadis universiteti bazarze, mniSvnelovania SevxedoT imas, Tu ratom modis studenti

an dainteresebuli piri universitetSi. misi mizania miiRos codnisa da unar-Cvevebis

gansazRvruli kompleqsi, romelic students saSualebas miscems gazardos an Secva-

los misi saganmanaTleblo done an profesiuli kvalifikacia. zogierTi umaRlesi

saswavlebeli produqtad miiCnevs swored codnisa da kvalifikaciis am zrdas, rasac

studenti iRebs universitetis saganmanaTleblo produqtis moxmarebis Sedegad. magram

faqtia, rom momsaxurebis am nakrebis moxmarebisas studentTa erT nawilSi es zrda

SeimCneva, sxvebSi ki ara. codnis miReba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba damokidebulia ase-

ve ara mxolod universitetis momsaxurebaze, aramed Tavad studentis SesaZlebloba-

ze, mis motivaciaze, adrindel momzadebasa da a.S. amitom, ganaTlebis Sedegad miRebu-

li kvalifikacia ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos universitetis produqtad iseve, rogor kur-

sdamTvrebulebic ver CaiTvlebian amgvar produqtad. universitetis produqti aris mi-

si saganmanaTleblo programebi. saganmanaTleblo programa _ aris saganmanaTleblo

da Tanmdevi produqtebisa da momsaxurebis erToblioba, romlis mizania Secvalos

momxmareblis saganmanaTleblo done da profesiuli kvalifikacia uzrunvelyofili

universitetis Sesabamisi resursebiT. am gansazRvris Tanaxmad Cven SegviZlia universi-

tetis produqtis klasificireba SeTavazebuli ganaTlebis doneebis mixedviT (baka-

lavri, diplomirebuli specialisti, magistri, doqtoranti), profilis mixedviT (fi-

nansebi, marketingi, buRalteria da auditi da a.S.). swavlebis meTodebis gamoyenebis mi-

xedviT (sendviC-kursebi, samuSao adglize swavleba da. a.S.) aseve damatebiTi komponen-

tebis mixedviT, rodesac dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad ar aris sakmarisi mxolod uni-

versitetis resursebi (saerTaSoriso programebi, korporaciuli programebi). ama Tu im

saswavleblis SerCeviT studenti arsebiTad irCevs mis saganmanaTleblo programas.

ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis zrda, romlis miRebasac imedovnebs studenti misi aTvi-

sebis Sedegad aris swored saganmanaTleblo programis xarisxis sazomi.

117

saganmanaTleblo programa aris swored is produqti romliTac gadis universi-

teti ama Tu im bazarze. vinaidan Tavis saganmanaTleblo programas universitetebi

sTvazoben, rogor uSualo momxmareblebs _ studentebsa da dainteresebul pirebs,

aseve TavianTi kursdamTvrebulebis saSualebiT Sromis bazars da saxelmwifo orga-

noebs. amgvarad, saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis momxmreblad gvevlinebian erTi mxriv,

studentebi/dainteresebuli pirebi da meore mxriv, kompaniebi da organizaciebi. swo-

red maTi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilblad unda SemuSavdes universitetis ganviTa-

rebis strategiuli gegma. Tumca universitetis ganviTarebis strategiuli gegmis Semu-

Savebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb erTmniSvnelovani mosazreba ar arsebobs. mklevarTa

erTi jgufi miiCnevs, rom strategiuli dagegmva aris instrumenti romlis gamoyeneba

SesaZlebelia krizisul situaciebSi. am mklevarTa argumentia is, rom universitets

ar gaaCnia gare garemoSi situaciis ganviTarebis kontroli da vinaidan aseTi kontro-

li ar arsebobs, universitets SeuZlia gamoiyenos mxolod operatiuli dagegmva, ra-

sac akeTebs yovelwliuri biujetis SemuSavebiT da akreditaciisaTvis momzadebiT.

MmkvlevarTa meore jgufi miiCnevs, rom globalur cvalebad garemoSi universi-

teti saWiroebs strategiul dagegmvas. mkvlevarTa es jgufi, rogoricaa g. keleri, b.

duderSati, p. loranJi, TavianT naSromebSi asabuTeben ara mxolod strategiuli da-

gegmvis aucileblobas universitetebisaTvis, aramed gamoyofen am procesis mniSvnelo-

van elementebs. g. keleris azriT, strategiuli dagegmvis Sida aspeqtebs miekuTvneba:

tradiciebi da faseulobebi, Zlieri da susti mxareebi, SesaZleblobebi da xelmZRva-

nelobis principebi. xolo gare aspeqtebs miekuTvneba: gare garemoSi arsebuli tenden-

cia, bazris ganviTarebis mimarTuleba da konkurentuli situacia. rac Seexeba piter

loranJis (Sveicariis biznesis skolis direqtori) Sexedulebas, is xazs usvams stra-

tegiuli dagegmvis Semdeg ZiriTad elementebs: samecniero kvlevebi, anu axli codnis

formireba, swavleba anu codnis gavrceleba, socialurad pasuxismgebeli moqalaqis

rolis Sesruleba.

am mimarTuelebis realizebisas universitets SeuZlia gamoiyenos sxvadasxva

strategiuli alternativebi. am mxriv, universitetebTan mimarTebiT aRsaniSnavia m.

porteris klasikuri strategiebi, romelic moicavs oTx ZiriTad alternativas:

U cxrili 1

universitetis strategiuli alternativebi

strategiuli alternativebi Oorientacia farTo bazarze orientacia sabazro niSaze

momsaxurebis warmoeba daba-

li danaxarjebiT

msxvili saxelmwifo univer-

sitetebi (magaliTad: Tsu,

ilias universiteti, teqni-

kuri universiteti)

mcire saxelmwifo speciali-

zirebuli universitetebi

ISET

momsaxurebis diferenciacia

mxvili kerZo universitetebi,

romlebic specializdebian

erT an ramodenime sferoSi

(grigol robaqiZis saxelobis

universiteti, Tavisufali

universiteti, kavkasiis uni-

versiteti, g. TavarTqilaZis

saxelobis universiteti)

mcire kerZo specializire-

buli universitetbi

miuxedavad imisa, ra models airCevs universiteti Tavisi saqmianobis strate-

giis SemuSavebisas, mTavaria ganisazRvros, rogor xedavs universitetis xelmZRva-

neloba samomxmareblo faseulobis formirebas SeTavazebuli saganmanaTleblo

118

programis saSualebiT da am mxriv ra rols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso saqmianoba.

saerTaSoriso strategiis SemuSaveba moicavs ramdenime etaps:

I. situaciuri analizi;

II. strategiuli miznebis gansazRvra, maT safuZvelze universitetis misiisa da

xedvis gansazRvra;

III. samomxmareblo faseulobis formirebis modelis arCeva;

IV. organizaciuli struqturis SemuSaveba arCeuli modelis realizaciisaTvis.

cxrili 2 integrirebuli marketinguli sistema

monitoringisa da informaciis ganyofileba

(marketologi)

� marketinguli kvlevebis dagegmva da or-

ganizacia;

� pirveladi da meoradi marketinguli do-

kumentebis momzadeba

� informaciis eleqtronuli fondis Seqmna

da mimdinare ganaxleba

sareklamo ganyofileba (reklamis specia-

listi)

� universitetis sareklamo RonisZiebebis

dagegmva. Tematuri sareklamo kompaniis or-

ganizeba;

� partnioruli urTierTobebis damyareba

sareklamo SuamavlebTan;

� sareklamo masalebis momzadeba, damuSa-

veba dadizaini;

� sareklamo biujetis dagegmva da kontroli

marketinguli komunikaciebis ganyofileba

(sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis specilisti)

� PR-proeqtebis dagegmva, organizacia da resursebiT uzrunvelyofa, romelic mimar-

Tulia umaRlesi saswavleblis imijis for-

mirebisaken;

� dagegmva da programebis organizaciuli

uzrunvelyofa, romelic mimarTulia kor-

poraciuli kulturis ganviTarebaze;

� komunikaciis eleqtronuli saSualebebis

dagegmva

gayidvebisa da momsaxurebis ganyofileba

� universitetis saganmanaTleblo momsaxu-

rebis regionuli da saqalaqo sistemebis ageba;

� pirveladi da meoradi marketinguli do-

kumentaciis momzadeba;

universitetis servisuli momsaxurebis pake-

tis momzdeba.

dasaqmebis mxardamWeri centri

� studentebis dasaqmebis mxardamWeri sis-

temis Seqmna da studentebisa da kursdam-

Tavrebulebis Sromis bazrisadmi adaptacia;

� dasaqmebis mxardamWeri sistemis ganviTa-

rebis grZelvadiani da mimdinare programis

SemuSaveba;

universitetis imijis gantmkiceba rogorc uni-

versitetis, romelic iyenebs marTvisa da stra-

tegiuli ganviTarebis inovaciur meTodebs.

119

universitetis strategiuli miznebis gansazRvras mohyveba, samomxmareblo fa-

seulobis formirebis mniSvnelovani etapi. p. loranJi gvTavazobs sam midgomas:

• masobrivi warmoeba da masStabis ekonomiis gamoyeneba (warmoeba naklebi dana-

xarjebiT, orientacia farTo bazarze);

• partnioruli qselebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba;

• miznobrivi momxmareblebis unikaluri problemebis gadawyveta.

ganaTlebaSiMmasobrivi warmoeba gulisxmobs studentebis raodenebis zrdiT

danaxarjebis Semcirebas TiToeul studentze. Tumca ganviTarebis es strategia

SezRudulia SromiTi resursebiT (pedagogebiT). garda amisa, dabali danaxarjebis

mixedviT strategiis gamoyeneba moiTxovs universitetis mniSvnelovan resursebs,

amitomac am strategiis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia msxvili universitetebisaTvis,

romlebsac aqvT ganviTarebuli materilaur-teqnikuri baza, finansuri resursebi,

kadrebi, inteleqtualuri sakuTreba da reputacia.

partnioruli qselebis gamoyenebisas samomxmareblo faseulobis formireba

xdeba qselSi CarTuli mravali monawilis mier. universiteti gamodis Suamavlis

rolSi, romelic Tavisi resursebis investirebas axorcielebs, xolo Semdgom im-

kis mis Sedegebs.

swavlebis procesis didi nawili, romelic mimarTulia unikaluri probleme-

bis gadawyvetaze, dafuZnebulia klientis gansakuTrebuli moTxovnilebebis gage-

baze. vinaidan amgvari swavlebis procesSi Seqmnili samomxmareblo faseuloba

unikaluria da klienti mzad aris gadaixadios didi Tanxa.

strategiis SemuSavebisas, universitetma arCevani unda SeaCeros ara romelime ze-

moT aRweril midgomaze, aramed maT dabalansebul gamoyenebaze. masobrivi warmoeba

anu samomxmareblo faseulobis formireba auditoriaSi kidev didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

iqneba universitetebis ZiriTadi saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba. Tumca globalur cvale-

bad garemoSi, romelSic konkurencia sul ufro mwvavdeba universitetebi iZulebulni

gaxdebian gamoiyenon mxolod Tanamedrove marketinguli codna da teqnika. saWiroeba

xarisxian marketingul saqmianobaze aSkaraa. amas mowmobs zrdadi moTxovna iseT sa-

konsultacio saqmianobaze, rogoricaa strategiis SemuSaveba, merketinguli kvlevebis

ganxorcieleba, sareklamo RonisZiebebis dagegmva, PR. konkurentul brZolaSi warmate-

bis misaRwevad universitetma unda gansazRvros ra saxis partnioruli qselebis da in-

dividualuri programebis SeTavazebisaTvis aris mzad. magaliTad, partnioruli qse-

lebis Seqmna da maTi efeqtiani gamoyeneba saSualebas miscems universitetebs ganamtki-

con TavianTi masobrivi programebi da daakmayofilon miznobrivi momxmareblebis

zrdadi moTxovna biznesis globalizaciis pirobebSi. es ki gulisxmobs umaRles sa-

ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi integrirebuli marketinguli sistemis danergvas (ix.

cxrili 2), romlis saSualebiT marketingis sxvadasxva ganyofileba koordinirebuli

saqmianobiT miaRwevs dasaxul mizans, konkurentebTan SedarebiT samomxmareblo faseu-

lobis efeqtiani miwodebiT.

l i t e r a t u r a:

1. Питер Лоранж. Новый взгляд на управленческое образование: задачи руководителей. Олимп-Бизнес. 2005. 2. Маикл Портер. Конкурентная Стратегия. Москва. 2005. 3. Frederick E. Balderston Managing Today's University: Strategies for Viability, Change, and Excellence. 4. saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro.

http://www.mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=131&lang=geo

120

larisa yorRanaSvili saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da samarTlis

saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori,

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

inovaciuri saqmianobis marTvis problemebi

globalur ekonomikaSi

meoce saukunis 90-iani wlebidan msoflio samecniero sazogadoebaSi aqtua-

luri gaxda erovnuli inovaciuri sistemebis Seqmnis koncefcia da mravalma qveya-

nam gaaqtiura Tavisi inovaciuri politika. rogorc cnobilia, dasawyisSi erovnu-

li inovaciuri sistemis cneba firmis moqmedebis garemos ganmsazRvrel mecniere-

basa da teqnologiebze iyo koncentrirebuli, meoce saukunis 90-iani wlebidan ki

am cnebam socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis yvela elementi moicva. amJamad

erovnuli inovaciuri sistemebis koncefciaSi inovaciur ganviTarebaze urTier-

TdakavSirebuli instituciuri struqturebis (universitetebi, samecniero-kvleviTi

centrebi, mcire da saSualo firmebi, inovaciuri infrastruqturis obieqtebi da a.

S.) zegavlena igulisxmeba, xolo efeqtiani erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis formi-

rebisas orientacia msoflios inovaciuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad tendenciebzea

aRebuli. amasTan, Tanamedrove sazogadoebisa da ekonomikis ganviTareba globalu-

ri ekonomikuri da samecniero sivrcis Seqmnas ganapirobebs.

codnaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis mqone daGglobalur ekonomikaSi inovaciu-

rad warmatebuli qveynebis gamocdilebis analiziT dadgenilia, rom yvela qveya-

nas aqvs inovaciuri ganviTarebis saerTo instrumentebi, magram ar arsebobs inova-

ciuri ganviTarebis mTlianad identuri programebi da strategiebi: yoveli qveyana

individualurobiT xasiaTdeba da amitom mas inovaciuri ganviTarebis sakuTari

strategia sWirdeba.

inovaciuri procesebis organizacia moicavs informaciul, samecniero, sapro-

eqto-sakonstruqtoro, sawarmoo, damxmare, ekonomikur-mmarTvelobiT da socialur-

kulturul saqmianobas. masSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs inteleqtualuri ka-

pitali, romlis resursebia: muSakTa xelovneba, kompetencia, Sromisunarianoba,

reputacia, brendebi, momxmareblebi; kvlevebi da damuSavebebi; inovaciuri unari;

patentebi; informaciuli teqnologiebi, organizaciis marTvis sistema, kavSirebi

da urTierTobebi. Sesabamisad, inovaciuri procesebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ada-

mianis faqtoris aqtivizacia, yvela saxis codnis ekonomikuri rolis amaRleba da

am formebze orientirebuli marTvis srulyofa [1, gv.28].

Tanamedrove etapze inovaciuri saqmianobis gaaqtiureba nebismieri qveynisa da

mTlianad msoflio meurneobis ganviTarebis mastimulirebeli faqtoria, xolo

qveynis ekonomikis inovaciuri unari yvela sferoSi siaxleebis Seqmnisa da gavrce-

lebis SesaZleblobaSi gamoixateba. amasTan, inovaciebis, rogorc konkurentuli

iaraRis gamoyeneba, inovaciuri procesis gaazrebas, efeqtiani inovaciuri strate-

giisa da taqtikis formireba-gamoyenebas saWiroebs.

ganviTarebuli qveynebis inovaciuri sferos Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis ga-

mocdileba gviCvenebs, rom am sferoSi arsebuli problemebis gadaWraSi mTavaria

saxlmwifos mxardaWera. inovaciebis marTvaSi saxelmwifos roli gamoixateba

efeqtiani inovaciuri politikis formirebaSi, misi prioritetebis swor gansaz-

RvraSi, realizaciis strategiebisa da meqanizmebis formirebaSi, wamoWrili prob-

121

lemebis gadawyvetis xelSewyobaSi. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom inovaciebis

mniSvnelovani mamoZravebeli Zala konkurenciaa, amitom inovaciur sferoSi saxel-

mwifos Carevis nebismieri mcdeloba konkurenciis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas ar un-

da iwvevdes.

inovaciuri saqmianobis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris msoflio gamocdilebis

analizi gviCvenebs, rom inovaciebis xelSewyoba Semdegi principebis dacviT

xorcieldeba:

• komplementaroba, romelic `Savi laqebis~ aRmofxvraze gamiznuli samuSaoe-

bis prioritets gulisxmobs. am SemTxvevaSi Qqveynis inovaciuri ganviTareba Si-

da da gare pirobebis Sesabamisi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiis adekvatu-

ri unda iyos;

• qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi R&D mxardaWera, romelic msoflio donis miR-

wevebze orientirebuli kvlevebisa da damuSavebebis mxardaWeras gulisxmobs;

• sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi samecniero-teqnikuri produqtebis miRebis mxar-

daWera, romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos mier am produqtebis dafinansebas

iseTi saxiT, rom bazarze daculi iyos erovnuli firmebs Soris arsebuli Ta-

nafardoba;

• mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa mxardaWera, romelic mxolod garkveuli sawar-

moebis (da ara yvelas) mxardaWeras gulisxmobs.

inovaciuri politikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapis erT-erTi Tavisebure-

baa umsxvilesi firmebis mier erTiani samecniero-teqnikuri kompleqsebis Seqmna.

Aam kompleqsebSi warmoeba da kvleva erTian procesadaa warmodgenili, rac “mec-

niereba-warmoeba~ ciklis yvela etapis mWidro kavSirsa da mis efeqtian marTvas

uzrunvelyofs. amasTan erTad izrdeba kontaqtebis mniSvneloba saxelmwifo, sau-

niversiteto da samrewvelo samecniero organizaciebs Soris. universitetebisa da

samrewvelo-samecniero TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi formebia: samecniero-teqnikuri

parkebi, inovaciuri centrebi, erToblivi sawarmoebi, sauniversiteto samecniero-

teqnologiuri centrebi, SeTanxmebebi samrewvelo-sauniversiteto kvlevebis Sesa-

xeb, samecniero-kvleviTi konsorciumebi da sxv.

XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi msxvili firmebis inovaciur politikaSi gamoikve-

Ta cvlilebebi samecniero-teqnikuri da sawarmoo-gasaRebiTi saqmianobis mimarTu-

lebebSi. es, upirvelesad, gamoixata produqciis gamoSvebul asortimentSi mecnie-

rebatevadi produqciis wilis amaRlebaSi. amJamad mecnerebatevadi produqciis

msoflio bazris moculoba 2,3 trln dolaradaa Sefasebuli. aqedan aSS-is wilad

modis 39%, iaponiaze _ 30%, germaniaze _ 16%, ruseTze _ 0,3%. mecnierebatevadi

produqciis gasaReba, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs Tanamdevi teqnikuri momsaxurebis (inJi-

niringi, lizingi, konsaltingi da a. S) gafarToebas [2, gv. 46].

cvlilebebi teqnologiur politikaSi ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendenciis

Sedegia. erTi mxriv, regionuli ekonomikuri integracia, aaxloebs ra standarteb-

sa da momxmarebelTa arCevans, mTel rig dargebSi qmnis mravalnacionaluri kor-

poraciebis efeqtiani strategiuli marTvis pirobebs (centralizebuli kontroli-

sa da sakuTari filialebis safuZvelze). meore mxriv, arsebobs mravali dargi da

firma, sadac TanamSromlobis strategia ufro efeqtiania, radgan igi uazro kon-

kurenciis Tavidan acilebis saSualebas iZleva. aRsaniSnavia, rom TanamSromlobis

strategia saerTaSoriso firmebs aZlevebs diversifikaciis, pirdapiri ucxouri in-

vesticiebis da STanTqmis strategiebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. Tavis mxriv, am

122

strategiebis gamoyenebiT sul ufro izrdeba gansxvaveba qveyanaTa teqnologiuri

ganviTarebis doneebSi. Tanamedrove etapze msoflio mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 15%

teqnologiuri inovaciebiT uzrunvelyofs danarCen msoflios, planetis mosaxle-

obis daaxloebiT naxevars Seswevs sakuTar warmoebasa da moxmarebaSi am teqnolo-

giebis danergvis unari, xolo danarCeni nawili (msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloe-

biT 1/3) arc inovaciebs awarmoebs da arc ucxour teqnologiebs nergavs [3, gv. 68].

centralizebuli ekonomikidan Ria sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesSi

saqarTvelos ekonomikam seriozuli transformacia ganicada, romelmac inovaciu-

ri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani resursis dakargva gamoiwvia: Semcirda samecniero-

kvleviTi institutebisa da mecnier-mkvlevarTa ricxvi, agreTve gaqra an moZvelda

inovaciebis marTvis sabWoTa periodSi Camoyalibebuli modelebi, maTi Canacvleba

ki axali modelebiTa da marTvis efeqtiani sistemebiT jer ver moxerxda. dRes

inovaciuri potencialis zrda saxelmwifos strategiul mimarTulebas ar warmo-

adgens da amis gamo qveynis inovaciuri ganviTareba Seferxebulia. es, upirvele-

sad, SeiZleba aixsnas Semdegi mizezebiT:

• ekonomikis dargebis mxridan inovaciebsa da inovaciur teqnologiebze moTxov-

nis ararseboba;

• inovaciur-teqnologiuri sferos formirebisa da ganviTarebis saxelmwifo

mxardaWeris, saxelmwifo inovaciuri politikis ararseboba;

• qveynis samecniero potencialis Semcireba;

• qveynis biznes-garemos arsebiTi gaumjobesebis miuxedavad, inovaciuri sferos

ganviTarebisaTvis araxelsayreli sainvesticio garemo (maRali riskisa da ganu-

sazRvrelobis gamo).

adamianebis mier inovaciebis Seqnis, gamoyenebis da marTvis unari damokide-

bulia 3 faqtorze:

1. zogadi, saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis Taviseburebebi (ganaTlebis xan-

grZlivoba sxvadasxva doneze, saganmanaTleblo programebi, ganaTlebis xarisxi

skolasa da umaRles saswavleblebSi);

2. ganaTlebis done qveyanaSi;

3. mowafeTa raodenoba 1 maswavlebelze.

2010 wlis adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsiT (0,698) saqarTvelos 74-e adgili

ukavia msoflioSi da igi maRali ganviTarebis qveyanaTa jgufSi Sedis. misi moz-

rdili (15 da meti asakis) mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donis koeficientia 99,7. umaR-

lesi ganaTlebis mocvis done saskolo asakze ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis 34,3 %-s

Seadgens. saqarTveloSi 1 maswavlebelze modis 12,5 mowafe (aSS-Si – 14,3; germania-

Si – 18,0; iaponiaSi – 18,8; safrangeTSi – 20,3; SveicariaSi – 18,0; SveciaSi – 10,7) [4,

gv. 193].

2000-2007 wlebSi saqarTveloSi ganaTlebaze saSualod ixarjeboda mSp-is

2,9%, jandacvaze – 1,5%, samecniero kvlevebsa da damuSavebebze – 0,2 % Tavdacvaze

– 8,5 %. 2008 wels ZirTad kapitalSi dabandebulia mSp-is 22,5 % [4, gv. 194].

saqarTvelos ekonomikis struqturis, agreTve misi eqsportis analizi gviCve-

nebs, rom:

• Zalian dabalia qarTuli firmebis inovaciuri aqtivoba, rac aferxebs maTi sa-

erTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis donis amaRlebas;

• saqarTvelos ar gaaCnia adgili inovaciuri produqciis msoflio bazarze;

123

• ekonomikuri ganviTarebis qarTuli modeli ar Seesabameba (ufro metic, msgav-

si elementebic ki ar gaaCnia) warmatebiT ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikur

modelebs;

saqarTvelos efeqtiani ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis sWirdeba ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis inovaciuri modeli. am axal ekonomikur modelze gadasasvlelad qveyanas

aqvs Semdegi Zlieri mxareebi da SesaZleblobebi:

• mosaxleobis ganaTlebis maRali done;

• umaRlesi ganaTlebis ganviTarebuli da reformirebuli sistema;

• dagrovili inteleqtualuri kapitali, ganviTarebuli qveynebis Sesaferisi

mecnieruli elita da saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mqone mecnierebis sakmao raode-

noba;

• iafi da kvalificiuri samuSao Zala;

• Ria ekonomika da liberaluri biznes-garemo;

• sakmaod demokratiuli politikuri sistema;

• Tavisufali industriuli da savaWro zonebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobebi;

• xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba;

• mravali saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevroba;

• saerTaSoriso proeqtebSi monawileoba.

amasTan, ekonomikis ganviTarebis inovaciur modelze gadasvlas aferxebs

Semdegi susti mxareebi da SesaZleblobebi:

• moZvelebuli sawarmoo fondebi, teqnikisa da mowyobilobis dabali teqnolo-

giuri done;

• finansuri saxsrebis ukmarisoba arsebuli sawarmoo simZlavreebis moderniza-

ciisaTvis da axali maRalteqnologiuri sawarmoebis Sesaqmnelad;

• menejmentis dabali done;

• arasrulyofili instituciuri da samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi inovaciuri saqmi-

anobis stimulirebisaTvis;

• inovaciuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebis dabali done;

• mrewvelobis dargobrivi struqturis deformacia;

• susti orientacia produqciis xarisxze;

• politikuri arastabilurobis saSiSroeba, dakarguli teritoriebi;

• ganviTarebis inovaciur gzaze gadasvlis mniSvnelobis gauTavisebloba da biz-

nesis dabali kultura.

qveynis inovaciuri ganviTarebis marTvaSi erT-erTi sakvanZo problemaa teqno-

logiebis komercializacia. Aamitom saqarTvelos inovaciuri seqtoris Sesaqmne-

lad saWiroa inovaciuri potencialis Sefaseba, arsebuli mecnieruli damuSavebe-

bisa da gamogonebebis dayvana `sabazro kondiciaze~, aqtualuri siaxleebis Zieba

da maTze moTxovnis stimulireba, venCuruli biznesis ganviTareba da a. S. [5. gv.

131].

qarTuli firmebis saqmianobis prioritetul mimarTulebad unda iqces axali

mcire inovaciuri (start-up tipis) sawarmoebis Seqmna da sawyis etapze maTi saxelmwi-

fo stimulireba, samecniero-kvleviT institutebsa da sawarmoebs Soris Tanam-

Sromlobis xelSewyoba, inovaciebisa da axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis mastimu-

lirebeli organizaciul-samarTleblivi pirobebis Seqmna da, saerTo jamSi, iseTi

erovnuli politikis formireba, romelic xels Seuwyobs mZlavri inovaciuri seq-

124

toris Camoyalibebas. am politikis birTvi unda gaxdes saqarTvelos ekonomikis

progresuli struqturul-teqnologiuri cvlilebebis uzrunvelmyofeli RonisZie-

bebis sistema, romelic Tanamedrove teqnologiuri wyobis sawarmoebSi konkuren-

tunariani erovnuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis SesaZleblobas ganapi-

robebs.

erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis formirebisaTvis unda gamoiZebnos saTanado

saxsrebi, romlebic moxmardeba mecnierebis aRorZinebasa da ganaTlebis sistemis

srulyofas. inovaciuri saqmianobis gaaqtiureba da misi efeqtiani marTva saxel-

mwifos sistematuri zrunvis sagnad unda iqces. Cvenma mTavrobam ar unda dauSvas

`tvinebis gadineba~, axalgazrda perspeqtiuli kadrebis dakargva. amisaTvis ki sa-

Wiroa samecniero infrastruqturis ganviTareba da maRali xelfasebi, Cvens sasar-

geblod im Tanamedrove msoflio tendenciis gamoyeneba, romelic gamoixateba gan-

viTarebad qveynebSi maRalteqnologiuri warmoebebis gadatanaSi, radgan iq iafia

Sroma. aRniSnulTan erTad gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dRes teritoriis efeqtiani

aTviseba misi finansuri da inteleqtualuri resursebis amoRebaa. ganviTarebuli

qveynebi izidaven saukeTeso mecnierebs, specialistebs da aseTi saxiT zrdian Ta-

vianT inteleqtualur kapitals. adamianiseuli kapitalis koncentracia obieqturi

procesia. ufro ganviTarebuli samyaros progresi mimdinareobs `asaTvisebeli~

qveynebis degradaciis xarjze. swored am problemis gaazrebam warmoSva e.w.

,,wyalwaRebuli~ qveynebis cneba. esaa is qveynebi, romelTac dakarges ganviTarebis

resursi da maTi warmoebis unari. saqarTvelos winaSec dgas aseTi saSiSroeba da

misi Tavidan acileba progresuli ekonomikuri politikiTaa SesaZlebeli, romlis

mTavari Semadgeneli unda iyos axali codnis dagrovebis xelSewyoba, inteleqtua-

luri kapitalis xarisxis amaRleba. msoflio meurneobaSi mimdinare revoluciuri

cvlilebebi naTlad metyvelebs, rom codnis gareSe `axali ekonomikis~ produq-

tebis moxmareba, axal inovaciur konturebSi Cawera ubralod SeuZlebelia. msof-

lio ekonomikis inovaciur konturebs gareT darCenili qveynebi ki ganwirulni

arian.

l i t e r a t u r a:

1. ინტელექტუალური კაპიტალი და ტექნოლოგიების საერთაშორისო გაცვლა. თბ.,

გამომცემლობა „უნივერსალი“, 2004.

2. Николаева Л.А. Региональные аспекты реализации интеллектуального потенциала в условиях инновационных преобразований. Ж. Проблемы современной экономики, N 4(32), с.45-51 3. საერთაშორისო ეკონომიკისა და ბიზნესის აქტუალური საკითხები. თბ., გამომცემლობა

„უნივერსალი“, 2009.

4. Human Development Report 2010. 20th Anniversary Edition. 2010

5. Л. Корганашвили. Перспективы инновационного развития Грузии. III международная научная

конференция ”Роль научной инновации в развитии экономики страны”. Материалы. Национальная

академия наук Азербайджана. Баку, 2009, с. 130-132.

125

SoTa SaburiSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis ucxouri gamocdileba

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis dinamikuri ganviTare-

ba ganpirobebulia im upiratesobebiT, romelsac biznesis organizaciis es forma

flobs: meti moqniloba da mobiloba, SedarebiT mcire moculobis sastarto kapi-

talis da sabrunavi saSualebebis saWiroeba, inovaciuroba, gansakuTrebuli soci-

aluri daniSnuleba. mocemuli sakiTxis Seswavlis aqtualoba gamomdinareobs

msoflio warmoebis procesSi mimdinare cvlilebebidan, romelic zrdis transna-

cionaluri korporaciebis teqnologiur jaWvSi CarTuli mcire da saSualo sa-

warmoebis mniSvnelobas.

statiis mizania mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis sagareo ekonomikuri saqmiano-

bis mowinave ucxouri gamocdilebis Seswavla da analizi, rac dagvexmareba qar-

Tuli biznesis winaSe mdgari problemebis gadaWris gzebis gamovlenaSi.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi gansazRvraven mosaxle-

obis didi nawilis socialur mdgomareobas da cxovrebis dones, agreTve gvevli-

nebian sxvadasxva saxis produqciis mwarmoeblebad da momxmareblebad. erovnuli

biznesis sistemaSi mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis seqtori warmodgenilia firmaTa

farTod ganStoebuli qseliT, romlebic ZiriTadad adgilobriv bazarze saqmiano-

ben da axlo kavSiri gaaCniaT momxmareblebTan. amasTan, aseve didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba maT mier warmoebuli produqciis sazRvargareT gayidvas, rac zrdis saga-

reo savaWro brunvas da aRrmavebs sawarmoo kooperacias ucxoel partniorebTan

(ix. cxrili1).

cxrili 1 mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis saqmianobis maCveneblebi sazRvargareTis

qveynebSi.1

qveyana

sawarmo-

Ta raode-

noba (aTa-

si)

dasaqme-

bulTa

raodeno-

ba (mln.

kaci)

wili da-

saqmebulTa

saerTo ra-

odenobaSi

(%)

wili mSp-

Si (%)

eqspor-

tze ori-

entirebu-

li sawar-

moebis wi-

li (%)

wili qvey-

nis eqspor-

tSi

(%)

didi brita-

neTi

2630,0 13,6 49,0 50-53 10 _

germania 2290,0 18,5 46,0 50-54 35-40

italia 3920,0 16,8 73,0 57-60 _

safrangeTi 1980,0 15,2 54,0 55-62 _

evrokavSiri 15770,0 68,0 72,0 63-67 _

aSS 19300,0 70,2 54,0 50-52

25 (saSua-

lod)

29-30

iaponia 6450,0 39,5 78,0 52-55 6 35-40

1 www.oecd.org

126

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, calkeuli qveynis mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa sa-

gareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis maCveneblebSi didi gansxvavebaa. ekonomikuri Tanam-

Sromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis monacemebiT, ganviTarebul qveynebSi

mcire sawarmoebis meoTxedi Semosavlebis 10-40%-s sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobi-

dan iRebs. maT mier eqsportirebuli produqcia msoflio eqsportis 25-35%-s Sead-

gens, romelic ganuxrelad izrdeba da dinamikis tempebiT daaxloebiT 2-2,2-jer

aRemateba msxvili kompaniebisas.

dasavleT evropis mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis sazRvargareT reali-

zebuli produqciis wili 20-47% Seadgens, xolo iaponiisa da aSS-is manqanaTmSe-

neblobis dargebSi es maCvenebeli Sesabamisad 30 da 40%-ia. ganviTarebul qveynebSi

sagareo-savaWro saqmianobas 130-150 aTasi arc Tu ise msxvili kompania axorcie-

lebs. magaliTad, Tu mxolod saqonlis eqsports aviRebT, aSS-is mcire da saSua-

lo sawarmoebze modis qveynis eqsportis 20%, xolo iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa ho-

landia, belgia, germania, iaponia calkeul wlebSi es maCvenebeli 35-40%-s aRwevda.

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi eqsportis sxvadasxva formebs da meTodebs mi-

marTaven. sazRvargareT stabiluri momxmareblebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi es sa-

warmoebi TavisiT axorcieleben eqsports, aformeben kontraqtebs da qmnian mcire

masStabis sagareo-savaWro ganyofilebebs. aSS-Si mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis

3/4 aqvs sakuTari gayidvebis kantorebi, magram gasaRebis zrda da axali bazrebis

moZieba did danaxarjebs saWiroebs, romelTa gaReba xSir SemTxvevaSi aseT sawar-

moebs ar SeuZlia. amis gamo iaponiaSi mcire sawarmoebis saeqsporto funqciebs

kisruloben savaWro saxlebi. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi aseve mimarTaven savaW-

ro Suamavlebis momsaxurebas _ kerZo specializebuli saagentoebi da kantorebi.

amiT mcirdeba sagareo-savaWro operaciebSi monawileobasTan dakavSirebuli riski,

magram ikargeba mcire sawarmos sagareo bazarze saqmianobis ZiriTadi upiratesoba

_ momxmareblebTan pirdapiri kavSiri. savaWro SuamavlebTan komerciul sawyisebze

awyobili urTierTobebi aseve iTvaliswinebs maTTvis sakomisios gadaxdasac. saga-

reo vaWrobidan miRebuli Semosavlebis gasazrdelad mcire da saSualo sawarmoe-

bi mimarTaven savaWro-samrewvelo palatebs da asociaciebs, romlebic daxmarebas

SedarebiT SeRavaTian pirobebSi axorcieleben. ganviTarebul qveynebSi aseve far-

Todaa gavrcelebuli mcire sawarmoebis saeqsporto kavSirebi, romlebic sindika-

tebis an konsorciumebis formiT arian organizabuli. msgavsi gaerTianebebi far-

Todaa gavrcelebuli italiaSi, sadac 2005 wels arsebobda 300-mde konsorciumi,

romelSic 10000-ze meti firma iyo CarTuli.1

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi aqtiurad mimarTaven saerTaSoriso biznesis

iseT formas, rogoricaa ucxoel partniorebTan erToblivi sawarmoebis formire-

ba. am dros gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar eniWeba partniorebis finansuri paritetis

dacvas, winaswari SeTanxmebiT monawile mxareebis wilobrivi Senatani SeiZleba

ganxorcieldes materialuri resursebis miwodebiT, an Senobebis, mowyobilobebis,

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis, teqnikuri informaciis, perspeqtiuli samecniero ga-

mokvlevebis saxiT.

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi aqtiurad yidian licenziebs ucxour kompanieb-

ze, iseve rogorc amas akeTeben transnacionaluri kompaniebi. aSS-is mcire da sa-

Sualo biznesis wilad modis saeqsporto salicenzio SeTanxmebebis 50%. unda

1 http://www.smallbiznes.net/Business.php

127

aRiniSnos, rom mcire sawarmoebis mier teqnologiuri siaxleebis realizacia xde-

ba maTi sasicocxlo ciklis adreul statiebze, rodesac produqtze moTxovna ma-

Ralia da bazari araa gajerebuli. amasTan, msxvili kompaniebisagan gansxvavebiT,

axali teqnologiebis myidvelebs Tavs ar axveven zedmet pirobebs da valdebule-

bebs. licenziis gayidva sazRvergareT saerTaSoriso biznesis sxva formebTan Se-

darebiT naklebad sariskoa, amitom mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis sazRvar-

gareTidan miRebuli salicenzio Semosavlebi mTlianis 25-45% Seadgens. msxvili

kompaniebisaTvis es maCvenebeli 3-5% ar aRemateba.

aRniSnulis garda, mcire da sSualo sawarmoebi aqtiurad erTvebian regio-

nul integraciul procesebSi ucxouri investiciebis da subkontraqtebis safuZ-

velze. dasavleT evropaSi erTiani bazris formirebam ganapiroba Sida sasazRvo

raionebSi dasaqmebis Semcireba. es problema mcire biznesis ganviTarebis gziT ga-

daiWra. am mizniT evrokavSirma mimarTa iuridiul, organizaciul da finansur zo-

mebs, ris Sedegad sawarmoo subkontraqtebSi CarTuli aRmoCnda 203 aTasi sawarmo,

sadac daaxloebiT 7,5 mln adamiani iyo dasaqmebuli, aqedan 4 mln uSualod sub-

kontraqtuli SekveTebis SesrulebiTaa dakavebuli.1

msxvili da mcire biznesic ganicdis konkurenciis zemoqmedebas, rogorc Si-

da, aseve sagareo bazarze. msxvili kompaniebis produqcia bazarze Sedis Suamav-

lebis meSveobiT, romlebic konkurenciaSi arian erTmaneTTan da pouloben kom-

promisul gadawyvetilebebs. Sedegad msxvil sawarmoebs gaaCnia meti SesaZleblo-

bebi dakavdnen warmoebiT da ganaxorcielon struqturuli cvlilebebi, raTa aa-

maRlon rogorc sakuTari produqciis, ise maTi Suamavlebis konkurentunarianoba.

ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom konkurentul brZolaSi war-

matebis misaRwevad mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi unda akmayofilebdnen Semdeg pi-

robebs:

_ pespeqtiuli, patentiT daculi teqnologiuri siaxlis floba, romelic ap-

robirebulia lokalur doneze da Sesabamisad mzadaa sazRvargareT komerciuli

gavrcelebisaTvis;

_ maRali ekonomikuri efeqtianoba, gamoSvebul produqcias unda gaaCndes sa-

Tanado samomxmareblo Tvisebebi, xolo warmoebis xarjebi mcire unda iyos;

_ praqtikulad garantirebuli gasaRebis bazari;

_ kapitaldabandebebis maRali rentabeloba da saWiro investiciebis mcire

moculoba;

_ warmoebis procesis tiraJirebis simartive.

rogorc wesi, msxvili sawarmoebi subkontraqtorebs mkacr moTxovnebs uyene-

ben. amasTan, TiToeuls subkontraqtoris SerCevis sakuTari kriteriumebi gaaCnia,

rac saSualebas aZlevT miwodebuli produqciis maRal xarisxs miaRwion. msxvili

sawarmoebi subkontraqtorebisagan xSirad iTxoven kadrebis profesionalizmis

amaRlebas, mudmivad akontroleben miwodebuli produqciis da ganxorcielebuli

operaciebis xarisxs.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcire biznesis dinamikuri ganviTareba srulebiTac

ar amcirebs im problemebis mniSvnelobas, romelsac lokaluri Tu saerTaSoriso

specializaciis mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi awydebian. amasTan, aRniSnuli ori

kategoriis sawarmoebis problemebs Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli xasiTi gaaCnia. Si-

1 http://www.parliament.ge/files/437_1262_228785_437_1262_702572_mcirebiznesi%5B1%5D.pdf

128

da bazarze moRvaweobisas xSirad Tavs iCens iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa _ daba-

li Semosavali, biznesis maregulirebeli rTuli sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli

baza, personalis dabali kvalifikacia, gamoucdeloba da a.S. did britaneTSi mci-

re da saSualo sawarmoebis regularuli gamokiTxvebi gviCvenebs, rom adgilobriv

bazarze orientirebul mewarmeebs yvelaze metad Semosavlebis dabali done awu-

xebs. amis gageba martivia _ dabali Semosavali zRudavs investiciebs da biznesis

zrdis SesaZleblobas.1 amasTan, es srulebiTac ar niSnavs am qveynis mcire bizne-

sis araefeqtianobas, aramed araxelsayrel ekonomikur da samarTlebriv garemoze

miuTiTebs.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi iaponuri mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis mxolod 6%-ia

orientirebuli mTlianad sagareo bazarze, maSin rodesac msxvili sawarmoebis na-

xevarze meti (54%) aqtiuradaa CarTuli saerTaSoriso biznesSi. amasTan, bevri mci-

re sawarmo acnobierebs sagareo bazarze gasvlis upiratesobas, Tumca sxvadasxva

mizezis gamo ver axerxebs amas. wamyvani iaponuri firmebis gamokiTxvebi gviCvenebs,

rom saqmianobis sazRvrebs gareT gafarToebas xels uSlis Semdegi faqtorebi:

_ Sesabamisad momzadebuli mmarTvelobiTi personalis deficiti;

_ sazRvargareT gasagzavni kadrebis ukmarisoba;

_ ucxouri bazris aTvisebasTan dakavsirebuli problemebi;

_ sazRvargareT saWiro teqnologiuri donis ar arseboba, rac iq warmoebis

organizebas gaxdida SesaZlebels;

_ sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb informaciis deficiti;

_ iaponiaSi produqciis ufro efeqtianad warmoebis SesaZleblobebi;

_ sazRvargareT potenciuri partniorebis ar yola;

_ sazRvargareT warmoebis procesis makompleqteblebiT da nedleuliT uz-

runvelyofis sirTule.

amgvarad, mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis uc-

xouri gamocdilebis Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom biznesis es umniSvnelovanesi forma

ganicdis msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare sakvanZo procesebis _ internacionaliza-

cia, globalizacia, regionalizacia, mudmiv zemoqmedebas. mcire biznesis mowyobi-

sa da funqcionirebis principebi, mxardaWeris formebi da meTodebi gansxvavdeba

qveynebisa da regionebis mixedviT. mowinave ucxouri gamocdilebis gaziarebiT Se-

saZlebelia saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis efeqtianobis amaRleba,

rac uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis damatebiT dasaqmebas, samecniero teqnikur prog-

resis Sedegebis warmoebaSi danergvas, saeqsporto potencialis da sabiujeto Se-

mosavlebis zrdas.

Temur Sengelia saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori,

1 http://www.realty-inform.ru/articles/article.php?idx=151

129

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

globalizacia da msoflios ekonomikuri wesrigi

lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT termini globalizacia warmodgeba franguli

sityva global-isagan, rac sayovelTaos niSnavs. is asocirdeba laTinur sityva

globus-Tan [1, gv. 211]. globalizacia fragmentaciis (dayofa, danawevreba) sawinaaR-

mdego terminad mogvevlina XX- saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, rodesac pirvelad ameri-

kelma mecnierma t. levitma [7, pp.92-102] igi calkeuli bazrebis Seswavlis proce-

sis asaxsnelad gamoiyena. amrigad, Tavdapirvelad is wminda ekonomikuri Sinaarsis

terminia, magram sul ramodenime weliwadSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfe-

ro moicva. 1990 wels londonSi gamocemul krebulSi – `globalizacia, Semecneba

da sazogadoeba~ _ es termini erT-erTma pirvelma gamoiyena m. elbroum msoflio

qveynebisa da xalxebis, sxvadasxva kulturisa da civilizaciis erTianobis gamosa-

xatavad [2, gv. 116].

literaturaSi damkvidrda globalizaciis, rogorc terminisadmi uamravi

midgoma. magaliTad, cnobili ingliseli sociologi e. giddensi miiCnevs, rom is

upiratesad aris socialuri movlena `globalizacia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, ro-

gorc socialuri urTierTobebis iseTi intensifikacia, romelic daSorebul adgi-

lebs iseTnairad akavSirebs, rodesac adgilobrivi yalibdeba aTasobiT milis

iqiT momxdari movlenebis safuZvelze da piriqiT~ [3,gv.11] _ wers is. amerikeli

ekonomisti g. bhagvati ganmartavs, rom es aris `sagareo vaWrobis, ucxouri pirda-

piri investiciebis, moklevadiani kapitalis nakadebis, samuSao Zalis da saerTod

mosaxleobis gadaadgilebis, aseve teqnologiebis, saerTaSoriso gacvlis safuZ-

velze msoflio sistemaSi erovnuli ekonomikis integraciis procesi~ [3, gv.12].

amave azrs iziarebs amerikeli ekonomisti j. stiglici, romlis mixedviTac `glo-

balizacia aris qveynebisa da xalxis sul ufro mWidro integracia, romelic gan-

pirobebulia transportisa da danaxarjebis mniSvnelovani SemcirebiT, saqonlis,

momsaxurebis, kapitalis, codnis, adamianebis erovnul sazRvrebs miRma gadaadgi-

lebiT, procesi, romelic xorcieldeba xelovnuri barierebis mospobiT~ [3, gv.2].

miuxedavad mravali interpretaciisa, rogorc wesi termini globalizacia gamoi-

yeneba sami gansxvavebuli, magram urTierTdakavSirebuli aspeqtiT: pirveli, im eko-

nomikuri movlenebis gansazRvrisaTvis, romlebic iwvevs erovnuli bazrebis in-

tegraciis process; meore, im politikuri procesebis asaxbis mizniT, romlebic

dakavSirebulia saqonlis momsaxurebisa da kapitalis moZraobis saerTaSoriso ba-

rierebis likvidaciasTan; mesame, im zogadi politikuri movlenis dasadgenad,

romlebic asaxavs globaluri politikis gavrcelebas saSinao da saerTaSoriso

bazrebis doneebze.

me-20 saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi kacobrioba ganviTarebis axali etapi _

dakavSirebulia globalizaciasTan, ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba erTiani, globalu-

ri ekonomikuri sistemis formireba, romelic efuZneba Ria, sabazro ekonomikisa

da politikuri demokratiis principebs. amasTan, Tanamedrove globalizacias hyavs

winamorbedi, romelmac daaxloebiT asi wlis win dakarga Tavisi, rogorc wamyvani

Zalis roli, es aris pirveli samrewvelo revolucia. Tanamedrove mecnierul-teq-

nikuri revoluciisagan gansxvavebiT, am pirveli globalizaciis ZiriTad mamoZra-

vebels teqnologia warmoadgenda. am epoqaSi, teqnologia afarToebda Sromis sa-

130

erTaSoriso danawilebis sazRvrebs, politika ki ubiZgebda saxelmwifoebs pro-

teqcionizmis, imperializmisa da militarizmisaken, risi tragikuli Sedegic aR-

moCnda pirveli msoflio omi, romlis ekonomikuri Sedegebi: inflacia, ekonomiku-

ri dacema, umuSevroba miuTiTebdnen antiliberaluri, totalitaruli doqtrinis

aRdgenaze, xolo mogvianebiT didma depresiam kidev ufro gaaRrmava erovnuli

bazrebis dacvis aucilebloba, ramac sabolood laxvari Casca liberalur ekono-

mikur politikas. mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganviTarebulma kapitalis-

turma qveynebma aSS-is xelmZRvanelobiT moaxdines liberaluri ekonomikuri wes-

rigis restavracia. komunisturi qveynebi ki kvlavindeburad axdendnen avtokratii-

sa da izoliacionizmis politikis realizacias da mxolod sabWoTa imperiis daS-

lis, CineTis ekonomikis gaxsnis da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis mier bazrebis

liberalizaciis Semdeg, SesaZlebeli gaxda globalizaciis axleburi aRqma. am-

denad, globalizacia aris ara teqnologiuri imperativi, an mxolod ekonomikuri

movlena, aramed istoriuli perspeqtivis kuTxiT is ganixileba, rogorc msoflio

qveynebis politikuri da ekonomikuri integraciis procesi. Uufro farTo Tval-

sazrisiT, globalizacia es aris centralizebuli dagegmvisagan gandgomis erT-

erTi Sedegi, brZolis procesi a.smitis `uxilav xelsa~ da ekonomikis centrali-

zebuli marTvis `mkvdar xels~ Soris. globalizaciis procesebis Sedegad msof-

lio meurneoba sul ufro Rrmad iWreba erovnul ekonomikaSi, gansazRvravs misi

ganviTarebis proporciebs, urTierTqmedebis meqanizms, funqcionirebis normebs da

standartebs, magram ar cvlis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTadi monawilis

– saxelmwifos funqcias, aramed, aZlierebs sxva monawileebis _ transerovnuli

korporaciebis (tek), saerTaSoriso bankebis (teb), regionuli organizaciebis

mzardi roliT.

XX saukuneSi msoflioSi damkvidrebulma ekonomikurma wesrigma, meore msof-

lio omis omis Semdgomi periodidan 80-iani wlebis CaTvliT, is sam nawilad: kapi-

talistur, socialistur da e.w. ,,mesame samyaros~ qveynebad dahyo. es qveynebi er-

TmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT, politikuri da sa-

marTlebrivi sistemebiT, msoflmxedvelobiT. aRniSnul periodSi msoflio wesri-

gis cvlilebebis dinamika warmogvidgeba Semdegi saxiT: pirveli etapi, meore

msoflio omis Semdeg kapitalistur da socialistur sistemebs Soris urTierTo-

ba e.w. `civi omis~ koncefciaze iyo dafuZnebuli; meore etapis safuZvelia 90-iani

wlebis dasawyisi. is ,,civi omis~ damTavrebiT, socialisturi sistemis daSliT,

germaniis gaerTianebiT da Sesabamisad or antagonistur bloks Soris winaaRmde-

gobis mospobiT xasiaTdeba, rac biZgi gaxda globalizaciis daCqarebaSi, romelic

ganviTarebuli qveynebis, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-is sagareo-politikuri umniSvnelo-

vanesi Semadgeneli komponentia. am periodSi erTmaneTis mimarT antagonisturad

ganwyobili qveynebi, gansakuTrebiT aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri cdilobdnen TavianTi

gavlenis orbitaSi moeqciaT sxva saxelmwifoebi, umTavresad ,,mesame samyaros”

qveynebi. e. i. globalizaciisaken swrafva XX saukunis me-2 naxevris mTavari poli-

tikuri mimarTulebaa, romelSic, ramdenadac paradoqsulad ar unda JRerdes, Ta-

viseburi wvlili Sehqonda sabWoTa kavSirsac. globalizaciisaken swrafvaSi maT

Soris gansxvaveba iyo is, rom sabWoTa kavSiri msoflioSi gasavrceleblad iyeneb-

da socializmis, komunizmis ideebs, rac SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc socialis-

turi globalizacia anu globalizacia ideologiis meSveobiT, xolo aSS gamodi-

oda demokratiis, sityvis Tavisuflebis, kerZo sakuTrebis da sxva egidiT, rasac

kapitalisturi globalizacia, anu ekonomikur-politikuri globalizacia SeiZle-

131

ba ewodos. amrigad, globalizaciisaken swrafva kacobriobis ganviTarebis damaxa-

siaTebeli Taviseburebaa, yoveli Zlieri saxelmwifo anxorcielebda politikas

Tavisi gavlenis sferos gafarToebisaTvis. globalizaciis politikas emsaxurebo-

da nacistur-hitleruli reJimi, romelic germaniis batonobis qveS mTeli msofli-

os gaerTianebas cdilobda, anu es iyo globalizaciisaken swrafva samxedro Za-

lis gamoyenebiT, msoflioSi ekonomikuri dominirebis mopovebis yvelaze saSiSi

gza. ase magaliTad, 30-iani wlebis germaniaSi saxelmwifo socializmis politika

Seicvala nacional-socializmiT, romlis ZiriTadi idea mdgomareobda ludvig

fon mizesis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: `germaniisaTvis lebenstraum-is (sasicocxlo

sivrcis ) mopovebaSi~ [8, с. 18]. es Tezisi waagavs dRevandeli ruseTis xelisufle-

bis mier deklarirebul `sasicocxlo interesebis~ koncefcias. aRsaniSnavia, rom

faSisturi germaniis swrafva da wina saukuneebis am politikis ganxorcielebis

yvela wamowyeba (Tundac napoleon bonapartes politika) warmatebiT rom dasru-

lebuliyo, rogorc msoflio istoria naTelyofs, didxans mainc ver gagrZelde-

boda. kapitalisturma sistemam, upirveles yovlisa ki aSS-ma SearCia yvelaze opti-

maluri gza globalizaciisaken _ ekonomikuri globalizacia. dawyebuli ,,marSa-

lis gegmiT~, man strategiul mokavSired aqcia dasavleT evropis qveynebi. igive

politika ganxorcielda iaponiaSi (,,makarturis politika~), sadac ekonomikuri re-

formebi aSS-is programiT mimdinareobda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom kapitalisturi

sistemis SigniTac arsebobda winaaRmdegobebi (savaWro-ekonomikuri uTanxmoebani),

magram es ufro taqtikuri sakiTxi iyo, romelic zians ar ayenebda miznis miRwe-

vas.

globalizaciis pirobebSi izrdeba qveynebs Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba,

magram es procesi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. farTovdeba ganviTarebuli qveyne-

bis roli globalur procesebSi, amasTan ganviTarebadi qveynebi ufro metad da-

mokidebulni arian ganviTarebulebze, vidre piriqiT. ganviTarebuli qveynebi imde-

nad arian dainteresebulni ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebuli mdgomareobiT, ramde-

nadac es Sedis maTi gavlenis an geopolitikur interesTa sferoebSi.

globalizaciis Sedegad ganviTarebadi qveynebis avtarkia ufro sazianoa ma-

Ti ekonomikisaTvis, vidre Ria ekonomika. avtarkia globalizaciis pirobebSi uar-

yofiT zegavlenas axdens ara marto erovnul ekonomikaze, aramed am qveynebis de-

mokratizaciis procesze. adaptacia xdeba aSS-is ekonomikur Tu politikur kur-

sTan, romelic am qveynis erovnuli interesebidan Tu erovnuli uSiSroebis mizne-

bidan gamomdinareobs da exameba udidesi tek-ebis da teb-ebis strategiuli mizne-

bis realizacias[4, gv.158].

aSS-is mTavrobis mier 80-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebulma neokonservatiulma

reformebma, romlebmac am qveynis tek-ebis msoflio masStabiT gavlenis gafarToe-

bis SesaZleblobebi gazarda, iZulebuli gaxada sxva ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoe-

bi, rom miemarTaT igive deregulirebis meTodebisaTvis. ganviTarebul qveynebSi

gatarebuli neokonservatiuli reformebi, romlebmac mniSvnelovnad Seamcires sa-

xelmwifos roli ekonomikaSi, swrafad gavrcelda msoflios ganviTarebad qveyana-

ebze, rameTu es saxelmwifoebi damokidebulni arian ganviTarebuli qveynebis, ase-

ve saerTaSoriso organizaciebis daxmarebebze, romelTa umTavresi moTxovna swo-

red ekonomikis liberalizacia, privatizacia, sazogadoebis demokratizacia da

deregulirebaa.

globaluri ekonomikuri sistemis formirebis da misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis

safuZveli ekonomikis liberalizacia, sabazro da Ria ekonomikis formirebaa. sa-

132

bazro ekonomikas ar ZaluZs socialurad orientirebuli globaluri sistemis Ca-

moyalibeba, radganac ekonomikis ganviTarebis sabazro modeli dafuZnebulia moT-

xovnisa da miwodebis koncefciaze, romelic Sorsaa socialuri samarTlianobisa-

gan. socialurobas sabazro ekonomika, rogorc Sereuli ekonomikuri sistemis

birTvi iZens saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis meSveobiT. [6 gv. 491] amdenad, globa-

luri ekonomikuri sistemis socialuri orientaciisaTvis aucilebelia saerTaSo-

riso organizaciebis meSveobiT moxdes stiqiuri sabazro urTierTobebis reguli-

reba.

ekonomikuri saqmianobis internacionalizaciis, globalizaciis generatore-

bad tek-ebi gvevlineba, romlebic aaxloeben sxvadasxva qveynebis sawarmoebs da

amiT xels uwyoben erovnuli ekonomikebis urTieTgadaWdobis process. globali-

zaciis procesebis gaZlierebis Sedegad msoflio politika sul ufro naklebad

arsebobs erovnuli saxelmwifoebis doneze, gadainacvla ra zeerovnul doneze,

erTi mxriv, kapitalis da teqnologiebis mflobeli globaluri jgufebis xelSi,

xolo meore mxriv, am resursebis mflobeli saxelmwifoebis Sida ekonomikuri

procesebis doneze.

msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi tek-ebi da teb-ebi gadadian

globalur strategiaze, rac amcirebs maTTvis erovnuli ekonomikis mniSvnelobas.

tek-ebi da saxelmwifoebi msoflio ekonomikaSi TiTqmis erTnairi siZlieris par-

tniorebi gaxdnen, romlebic TanamSromloben da konkurencias uweven erTmaneTs,

qmnian ra globaluri ekonomikis ori Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli maregulirebeli

qvesistemis garkveul simbiozs. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom tek-ebis moqmedebebi, miuxe-

davad globalizaciis procesebis gaZlierebisa, moicavs garkveul regionebs da

ara mTel msoflios. globalizaciis procesi ar cvlis geografias, aramed gadah-

yavs is axal Tvisebriv ganzomilebaSi, sadac geografiuli manZili mokldeba,

magram ar qreba [6.gv.12].

globalizaciis procesi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli informaciuli teqno-

logiebis ganviTarebasTan, romlis farglebSic formirdeba e. w. ,,neoekonomika~,

rac Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia samecniero-teqnikuri progresTan.

l i t e r a t u r a:

1. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni. S. TezelaSvilis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 2007;

2. asaTiani r. Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. Tbilisi, 2009;

3. globalizacia da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba: gamowvevebi da

SesaZleblobebi. Tbilisi 2008;

4. eTeria e. globalizacia da erovnuli ekonomika: Teoria da praqtika.

Tbilisi, 2009;

5. globalizaciis Tanamedrove aspeqtebi. Bbsu, Sromebi, 2007;

6. msoflio ekonomika. g.Toduas da S.veSapiZis redaqciiT. Tb. 2001;

7. Levit T. The Globalizacion of markets, Harvard Buziness Review, May 1983;

8. Мизес Л. Всемогущее правителъствою. М. 2006.

NATALIA SHCHERBINA, Republic of Belarus. National Academy of

Science of The Republic of Belarus, Institute of Economics Scientific researcher

133

ELENA KOVSHAR, Republic of Belarus. Assistant Professor of Belarus State University,

Department Of International Economic Relation

THE POLICY OF THE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ATTRACTION IN BELARUS Foreign direct investment attraction is perceived by many countries in transition as an important task.

Such policy is based on the expectation that FDI would positively affect the economy, bring new technologies, open new markets, and improve management and administration.

Since 2002 in the Republic of Belarus investment activity has been getting up. During the last years we have high rates of growth of investments in the fixed assets, the year-on-year increase of which was exceeded by the increase of GDP in 2 times. Thus the major parameter of economic security of country is the correlation of investments and GDP. On the level of his threshold values, the stake of investments in the fixed assets must make no less than 20 percents from GDP. Actually in 2000 it made 19,8 percent, in 2005 - 23,2 percent, in 2006 - 25,7 percent, in 2007 - 26,8 percent, in 2008 grew up to 27,9 percent, and in 2009 - 31,5 percent.

859 451 749 1314 2280 4821

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Pic. 1. Foreign Investment Inflow to the real sector of economy of the Republic of Belarus

(USD million)

The system of measures developed and accepted in a country in the field of investment activity

provided both the growth of investments and played a positive role in a technical rearmament and the modernization of economy.

Large-scale investment projects are realized in the country, such as an input of new power of “Industrial Association “Belaruskaliy”, building of a factory on the production of newsprint in Shklov, a reconstruction and technical rearmament of the Minsk tractor and motor-car factories is conducted, cement factories, modernization of power-stations and other projects.

One of the measures of state administration of investments is organizing the monitoring system of investment projects realization.

The data of monitoring system showed that the LED rates are carry out in realization of such projects, taken Government into the group of major, as: "Organization of production of sheet glass in "Gomel' glasses", "Building the setting of gidrocleaning of fuel-oil" in "Mozyrskiy oil-processing factory", "Reconstruction of production of starters and generators" in "Borisovskiy factory of motor-vehicle and tractor equipment", "Reconstruction of cheesemaking production with setting the automated line with 10 tons power per day" and etc.

134

In the conditions of reduction of internal sources (budget, personal funds of enterprises) for the main-tenance of high rates of growth of investments the fixed assets with the purpose of realization of large-scale modernization of production potential of our country, maintenance of stable competitiveness of producible products, development of sphere of services, sharply a requirement grew in foreign investments.

Therefore, in spite of the fact that foreign investments while do not play a considerable role in investment activity in a republic, most attention is spared this sector.

Results testify to the rightness of the accepted measures in area of bringing in of foreign investments. During January-December, 2009 the economy of Republic of Belarus has received 9303,7 million

dollars USA of foreign investments, that there is a more then in 2008 on 43%. 4821 million dollars USA of which were the direct foreign investments, and that exceeds more then 2 times the level of 2008 year. Other foreign investments (credits and loans, financial leasing) was acted in a volume 4480,8 million dollars USA.

The most amount of foreign investments is attracted in the followings industries and sectors of economy:

- transport is 3572,1 million dollars USA (38,4% from the general volume of the attracted foreign investments),

- industry is 2816,8 million dollars USA (30,3%), - general commercial activity for providing of market functioning is 1479,3 million dollars USA

(15,9%), - trade and public food consumption is 945,9 million dollars USA (10,2%), - connection is 153,8 million dollars USA (1,7%). Among the countries the leadears on the influx of foreign investments are Russia (6076,6 million

dollars USA or 65,3% from the general volume of the attracted foreign investments) and Austria (931,7 mil-lion dollars USA or 10% from the general volume of the attracted foreign investments).

Also among the investing countries we can see: - Cyprus is 536,5 million dollars USA (5,8%); - The United Kingdom is 467,7 million dollars (5,0%); - Netherlands are 439,3 million dollars USA (4,7%); - Switzerland is 371,2 million dollars USA (4,0%). Since 2007, the banking sector has been considered as a highly attractive sector of the Belarusian

economy and many foreign investors have actively entered through the acquisition of controlling stakes in private and state-controlled Belarusian banks. Currently, 25 out of banks operating in Belarus have significant foreign ownership (20 banks with 50-100 per cent of foreign investments and 8 banks with 100 per cent foreign investments). As a result, the quota on foreign capital participation in the Belarusian banking system has been recently increased. Since 4 September 2008, the quota on foreign capital participation is equal to 50 per cent instead of the former 25 per cent. The actual share of foreign capital in the Belarusian banking sector have grown from 9.8 per cent in early 2008 to 17 per cent as of 1 January 2009.

The creation of favorable investment climate and attraction of foreign direct investments are the prior areas of the new economy liberalization initiatives of the state.

In general the main recommendations for creating favorable investment climate and attracting foreign direct investments are the following:

- restructurization of state regulation of economy system - implementation of further economy liberalization - reforming of investment legislation for FDI protecting - development of active measures for FDI attraction - elaboration of trade policy and regional integration - development of financial sector - development of insurance service - development of infrastructure

135

- development of human capital. Improving the investment climate in such areas as taxation, competition is necessary precondition not

only to FDI attraction but also to foster the development of competitive Belarusian private sector that can efficiently compete with and supply the TNCs. The key areas for improvement of invest climate are general taxation, labour, property of land, competition, licensing.

Notwithstanding resent reforms in the area of general taxation, Belarus’ fiscal competitiveness is held back by multiplicity of flat taxes based on sales, introduced at the local level, by ad hoc contributions to the various innovation funds of the public administration and by the complexity that tax reporting and payment impasses on business. The main recommendation on re-orienting of the tax policy including establishing loss carry-forward for at least five years and fixing the capital depreciation rates at the highest end of the current ranges; abolishing the sales and services taxes introduced by the local authorities; replacing the “innovative funds” and other ad hoc contributions by “payments for services offered”; replacing the mostly payments of the corporate tax and most other taxes by three payment year.

The current wage determination system is overly rigid and does not allow investors to attract and reward managers and employees based on the skills and productivity. It is recommended that the government revise the wage classification system such as protection of the lowest paid workers by introducing different minimum wage levels for different categories of workers, while allowing entrepreneurs the freely negotiated wage above the minimum levels. Belarus should also consider introducing the possibility for employers to term contracts upon provision of sufficient notice, in accordance with good international practice.

The new Land Code entering into force in January 2009 lays the grounds for the development of a proper real estate market. Until sufficient number of titles are accessible thought this market, however, investors will continue to find it extremely difficult to obtain land title from the state. During this transition period, it is recommended that access to the land should be facilitated in a number of ways, including identifying sufficient land areas to the pre-zoned and made available for commercial and industrial use; benchmarking regions against each other with respect to the support offered to investors in facilitating land access; and streamlining both the producers for land zoning and those for land allocation by carrying out a step-by-step diagnostic of the current administrative and procedural requirements and rationalizing the coordination between the local and central authorities.

A property level playing field among the different economic agents will be key to maximizing the benefits of FDI for the development of the local private sector and reducing potential crowing out effects from the entry of TNCs. In this respect, the competition policy and regime in Belarus need significant strengthening. The main recommendations in this field connected with reviewing all discriminatory practices with respect to the access to inputs with a view to removing distortions where these are not strictly justified by public interest; creating an independent, professionally staffed and adequately funded National Competition Authority; and amending the competition legislation to bring it up to international standards.

The licensing regime should be further streamlined and reviewed to ensure that licenses are required only for those activities that pose potential public interest concerns with respect to health, safety or consumer protection. In the process, it is important rot the authority to ensure that repealed licenses are not replaces on a systematic basis by equally burdensome certification requirements. Moreover, the license performance requirements should be streamlined so as to protect the relevant public interest without imposing unnecessary restrictions on the licensed activity, and appropriate administrative and judiciary appeal mechanism should be introduced in case of license withdrawal.

Developed financial sectors provide payment services, mobilize savings, and allocate financing to firms wishing to invest. When they work well, they give firms the ability to seize promising investment op-portunities, especially small and innovative enterprises and entrepreneurs that need external funding to ex-pand and develop their business ideas. Well-functioning financial markets also impose discipline on firms to perform, boosting efficiency, both directly and by facilitating new entry into product markets. They also en-able firms and households to manage better risks. Based on experience, the key factors that support the de-

136

velopment of modern financial sectors include macroeconomic stability; competition in financial services, including foreign enterprises; secure rights of borrowers, creditors, and shareholders; transparency and the flow of information; and prudential oversight of risk taking in accordance with international standards. Al-lowing foreign investors participation in the domestic banking sector does not prejudice the non-discriminatory application of existing policies to facilitate the financing of rural and disadvantaged areas. Host countries’ authorities should also take advantage of information sharing arrangements to facilitate ade-quate supervision of foreign financial institutions operating in the countries, and generally international co-operation initiatives designed to support the development of a domestic financial sector. A large, vibrant and competitive financial sector with adequate prudential safeguards minimizes risks in terms of systemic insta-bility, with consequences for macroeconomic and investment performance.

137

Ms. SITORA SHOKAMOLOVA Tajikistan. School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore

MPP Lee Kuan Yew Tajikistan. School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore Faculty Development Programme Fellow, University of Central Asia

INTERTWINES OF DYNAMISMS ON THE GLOBAL AND DOMESTIC LEVEL:

HOW TO SET THE DYNAMIC DEVELOPING POLICY THROUGH CULTURE AND CAPABILITIES IN TAJIKISTAN

“Dynamic governance is the key to success in a world undergoing accelerating globalization and unrelenting technological advancement.”

- Neo Boon Siong - Introduction Globalisation is a dynamic multifaceted concept. Practically every state of the contemporary world is

being affected by globalisation mechanisms socio-economically, politically or culturally. It is unavoidable that the dynamisms of global processes affect National Governments. However, whether these effects work towards or against the Nation-States is a questionable issue. This paper will argue that unless the States set their governance practices towards dynamism1, they risk losing domestic control over the pressing global matters, and instead of the progress, the static and uncoordinated policies may lead to the countries’ stagna-tion. The paper will be based on the central argument provided by Professor Neo Boon Siong in his research of Dynamic Governance concept (NEO & CHEN, 2007), where the positive change in society is only possi-ble through the duet of dynamic capabilities2 and culture1 within the state.

In the realm of this argument, the paper will review two globalisation-related cases from contemporary Tajikistan. It will first provide their analysis, move into the challenges that the State has faced in resolving them, and finally, provide the results and suggestions for the state policy on facing globalisation.

Selected cases provisions After the collapse of Soviet Union, many developing countries, like Tajikistan, have inherited the

centralized decision-making model of governance. One could argue that such model is preferable in dealing with the pressing and dynamic global issues, since those issues often require immediate reaction from the Central Governments. However, as the evidence shows, such countries lack the dynamic capabilities of visioning and strategising, quick adaptation to the new realties, and learning from the external experiences (NEO & CHEN, 2007). Besides, they also lack the enabling cultural environment, with the important principles of transparency, meritocracy and incorruptibility required for the development. Let us try to review this through the below cases.

1 Neo Boon Siong defines dynamism by “new ideas, fresh perceptions, continual upgrading, quick actions, flexible adaptations, and creative innovations” at the government level (NEO & CHEN, 2007) 2 Dynamic capabilities include: “(1) the ability to perceive early signals of future developments that may affect the a nation in order to remain relevant to the world, (2) the ability and willingness to rethink and remake currently functioning policies so that they per-form better, (3) the ability and openness to cross boundaries to learn from the experience of others so that new ideas and concepts may be introduced into an institution” (NEO & CHEN, 2007)

138

a) Is Islamism a threat? The first global issue case to be explored in this paper is related to the domestic management of Politi-

cal Islam (Islamism2), expansion in Tajikistan. The shift of Islamism from national to transnational (or “neo-fundamental”, as defined by Oliver Roy (Roy, 2004)) took a new radical trajectory particularly after the dramatic events of September 11, 1999. Tajikistan, at the time, economically impoverished country with the GDP of $178.23 (NationMaster.com), lacking a clear ideological line after the Soviet-based moral was col-lapsed, and having the two Tajik (Persian)-speaking and pro-Islamic countries of Iran and neighbouring Af-ghanistan as its counterparts, could not avoid falling into the trap of Islamism expansion in the country. Un-der the influence of external Islamist forces signs of increased religiosity in the country have increased – wearing Arab-style head-scarves by women and growing beard and “Islamic” outfit by men, increased number of mosques across the country and high visitorship at the mosques, increased number of students at the madrassas. The more threatening though was the expansion of the radical ideas through secretive, membership in global and regional Islamist organisations, such as Salafia, Wakhabism and others3 (Akiner, 2000). Mislead by the increased religiosity and missing the threat of radicalism expansion in the country, the State have started major campaigns supporting religion, assuming this will help to fill in the gap between the Tajik state and its society which was getting more and more obvious. The support was also within the framework of National Identity construction for a young and confused nation that went through a number of geopolitical turmoil. However, State had to draw back quickly soon after the reactionist mood in the society have started to significantly intensify the risks to the national security in the country in the late 2009 and 2010 – signing off the international contracts on grand Mosques construction, and banning wearing of the hejabs.

b) Economic development through fixing traditions?

The second case will demonstrate the way Tajik State is tackling poverty, as a global issue, in Tajiki-stan. Most of the anti-poverty measures in the country with 60% of population below the poverty line (Nazriev & Manzarshoeva, 2009), are circled around the international aid models. The list of challenges with such models may reach the infinity, but the most obvious ones include: lack of overall coordination of aid mechanism, lack of transparency as to how the aid funds are being employed, ‘templated’ approach of aid agencies that does not consider the capacity of the State in implementation of the programmes.

One of the alternative measures that the Tajik government undertook in eradicating poverty in the country is ratification of the “Law on Traditions of the Republic of Tajikistan” in May 2007. The law, initi-ated by President Emomali Rahmon, was ratified with minimal debate in parliament and without much input from civil society groups and the general public. The law, which was originally intended to reduce the eco-nomic costs that Tajik households have to bear on extravagant traditional ceremonies, heavily regulated the nature of these ceremonies up to the point of specifying how many guests a celebrant could invite to the wedding. Critics of the law argue that the policy makers did not consider the crucial cultural component that weaves the social fabric of Tajik community where weddings, as social gatherings, have become more than just ceremonies.

This has led to a number of externalities which, contrary to the economic rationale provided by the au-thorities, has increased the total expenses of households. To circumvent the law while still maintaining tradi- 1 “Culture denotes certain group beliefs and values that are shared or held in common, so it can be thought of as the accumulated shared learning of a given community, based on a history of shred experience” (NEO & CHEN, 2007) 2 Islamism in this paper is defined as a “political ideology of Islam which should be integrated into all aspects of society (politics, law, economy, social justice, foreign policy)” (Roy, 1994). Due to its holistic nature, this definition is of particular importance for this analysis. 3 Today 14 extremist Islamic organizations are banned in Tajikistan including: Al-Qaida, Islamic movement of Eastern Turkestan, Islamic Party of Turkestan, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Taliban, Muslim Brotherhood, Lashkari Toyiba, Sozmoni Tablighot, Free Tajikistan, Khizb ut Tahrir and Salafia. This ban, however did not fully eradicate their activity in Tajikistan, but has rather shift-edvto the underground level.

139

tion, households have simply split the grand celebration into two, practically doubling their spending. In other cases, the law has provided a platform for unofficial payments to the authorities who were checking the standards of the events. Today, while the law is still in operation on paper, in reality its impact on poverty eradication didn’t prove to be efficient.

Where do the problems in approaches reside? The above cases, while representing a minor segment of political decision-making in Tajikistan, have

demonstrated a few fundamental challenges in Tajik Governance with regards to the dynamic governance framework that we utilise in this paper. These challenges become particularly important to understand when dealing with the dynamic global issues, and include the following:

• Lack of the “ability to perceive early signals of future developments” (NEO & CHEN, 2007) – as it has been shown in the case of Islamism above, the State finds it difficult to forecast the potential out-comes of the policies it implements. In policy analysis it often considers the immediate needs only, with-out the potential longer-terms implications. Similarly, the poverty eradication case has shown that the State did not conduct a comprehensive evaluation over the extent of benefits the Law on Traditions ratifi-cation will bring. The empirical evidence was missing. As a result, the expectations of the State to signifi-cantly impact the poverty level were not met. • The insufficient “ability and willingness to rethink and remake currently functioning policies” (NEO & CHEN, 2007) – when we talk about this challenge, it is not the willingness, but the ability of Ta-jik State to re-think functioning policies. With the Islamism expansion the State did remake its policy and put religion in a very tight framework of State control. However, these action, again, were reactionist in nature, in response to the growing radical moods in the society. The policy didn’t fit into a longer-term strategy of the State. Talking in a Public Policy language, in the decision-making, the state jump from the “Agenda Setting” to “Policy Implementation”, while missing the important stages of formulation and analysis. • The insufficient “ability and openness to cross boundaries to learn from the experiences of oth-ers” (NEO & CHEN, 2007) – No problems of the State are 100% unique to a particular country. I have found the analysis of this challenge in Tajikistan rather paradoxical. For example, from one side, the State allows the Aid agencies to implement their programs in Tajikistan without any adaptation to the local context. From the other, with regards to religious and cultural matters, the State believes in its uniqueness and makes decisions purely based on their intuitive understanding of the situation. All in all, the major problem observed here, is the lack of analytical tools and the capacity to conduct a constant analysis at all level of what may or may not work in Tajikistan.

The lack or insufficient utilisation of the above capabilities is being “complimented” by the unfavour-able cultural environment of corruption and nepotism in the country. The latest corruption perception report indicates Tajikistan on the 158th (Transparency International, 2009) position. Such political culture hinders the good governance processes in the country, and as a result, the development.

Ways forward The goal of this paper was to review how the contemporary Tajik government reacts to the globalisa-

tion-related issues from the perspective of domestic decision-making capacity, identify the challenges in its approaches, and propose possible solutions for improvement.

Some of the ways forward to improve the current governance challenges include: - Identify a comprehensive list of all the current and potential global issues that may impact Tajikistan in one way or another;

140

- Ensure a holistic National Development Strategy is in place. It is important to ensure that the Strategy is available with all levels of government and that the officials are aware of the context. Once the urgent global problem arises the State will be able to evaluate as to what part of the strategy, solving of this problem fits. That way, the State will be able to approach the problem not just from the top-down, but get constructive and quick contributions from various levels of government; - Ensure that the number and quality of public servants meets the needs of the State. For that, and ena-bling uncorrupted and meritocratic environment needs to be established, where the public servants would receive adequate benefits; - Ensure that proper strategic management training mechanisms for different levels of public servants are in place. As the practice shows, it is important to not only send a public servant for a training, but cre-ate proper pre- and post-training accountability and implementation control mechanisms;

These measures, while giving more leverage to different layers of government, will help to improve the dynamic capabilities and culture in Tajikistan that would enable the State to have a better-quality reaction in dealing with global issues that constantly impact the country.

References:

1.Akiner, S. (2000). Religious Gap. Harvard International Review , pp. 62-65; 2.NationMaster.com. (n.d.). Economy Statistics > GDP (per capita) (1999) by country. Retrieved November 19, 2010, from http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_gdp_percap-economy-gdp-per-capita&date=1999; 3.Nazriev, S., & Manzarshoeva, A. (2009, August 2009). Poverty Tajikistan's only growth area. Retrieved November 19, 2010 (from Asia Times Online : http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/KH06Ag01.html); 4.NEO, B. S., & CHEN, G. (2007). Dynamic Governamce: Embedding Culture, Capabilities and Change in Singapore. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd; 5.Roy, O. (2004, November 8). Globalized Islam . Religioscope; 6.Roy, O. (1994). The Failure of Political Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

141

eka Coxeli saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

globalur kompaniebSi adamianuri resursebis marTvis sakiTxebi

msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciasTan erTad kompaniebi warmatebis misaRwevad da

SesanarCuneblad gadian sazRvargareTis bazrebze. globaluri biznesis ganxorcieleba,

Tavis mxriv mraval sirTules ukavSirdeba, romelTagan mniSvnelovania sazRvargareT

Seqmnil kompaniebSi Sesabamisi adamianuri resursebis menejmentis sistemis formireba.

adamianuri resursebis marTva globalur doneze dakavSirebulia seriozul

problemebTan. upirveles yovlisa, igi dakavSirebulia im TaviseburebebTan, rome-

lic damaxasiaTebelia: pirveli, calkeuli qveynebisTvis; gansxvavebebi qveynebs So-

ris kulturaSi, ekonomikur sistemebSi, samarTlebriv Tu politikur midgomebSi

gavlenas axdens adamianuri resursebis marTvis kanonebsa Tu praqtikaze da moiT-

xovs TviToeuli qveynis mixedviT Sesabamisi adamianuri resursebis menejmentis

formirebas. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom portugalieli muSis wliuri samuSao moi-

cavs 1.980 sT, maSin roca germanelisa aris 1.648 sT weliwadSi; aseve sawarmoo sfe-

roSi dasaqmebuli muSis saaTobrivi anazRaureba meqsikaSi iwyeba 2,75 dolaridan,

taivanSi _ 6,43 dolaria, aSS-Si 23,82 dolari, gaerTianebul samefoSi 27,10 dolari,

germaniaSi 34,21 dolari. evropis umetes qveyanaSi muSaTa daqiraveba da ganTavisuf-

leba warmoadgens rTul proceduras. aq mniSvnelovan rols asruleben momuSaveTa

sabWoebi, romlebic aris damsaqmebelis mier dasaqmebulebis warmomadgenlebidan

arCeuli jgufebi. isini yovelTviurad xvdebian menejerebs da monawileoben yvela

sakiTxis ganxilvaSi, dawyebuli mowevis akrZalviT da damTavrebuli momuSaveTa

ganTavisuflebiT. amasTan dasaqmebuls gaaCnia xmis micemis legaluri ufleba kom-

paniis kanonebis miRebaSi, maSin roca aSS-Si, adamianTa resusrebis kanonebi umetes

sakiTxSi (rogoricaa mogeba da xelfasi), dgindeba damsaqmeblis mier an leiboris-

tTa kavSiris gadawyvetilebiT;Mmeore, im gaerTianebisaTvis (kavSirisTvis) romelSic

mocemuli qveynebia Sesuli. magaliTad, roca kompania Sedis iseT qveyanaSi, rome-

lic aris evrokavSiris wevri, aucilebelia gaiTvaliswinos evrokavSiris mier miRe-

buli direqtivebi Tu kanonebi. magaliTad, evrokavSiris direqtivebi moiTxovs dam-

saqmeblisagan, rom dasaqmebuli werilobiT iqnas informirebuli samuSaos vadebisa

da pirobebis Sesaxeb: inglisSi detaluri werilobiTi dokumenti aucilebelia, ro-

melic unda Seicavdes anazRaurebas, muSaobis dawyebis TariRs da samuSao saaTebis

raodenobas. germania ar iTxovs werilobiT kontraqts, magram raime sabuTi unda

arsebobdes samuSaos Sesaxeb; evrokavSiri awesebs samuSao kviris 48 saaTs, Tumca

zogierTi evrikavSiris qveyana Semoifargleba 40 sT-iT; evropas gaaCnia dasaqmebu-

lis samuSaoze wardgenis ramodenime safexuri, safrangeTSi, damsaqmebeli 50 an me-

ti dasaqmebuliT unda SeuTanxmdes dasaqmebis warmomadgenlebs samuSao pirobebze,

treningebze, valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze da samuSaodan ganTavisuflebis sakiT-

xebzec ki. italiaSi, yvela damsaqmebeli, Tu hyavs 15 an meti dasaqmebuli, unda Seu-

Taxnmdes sabWos muSaobis Sida wesebis Sesaxeb da a.S.

mniSvnelovania globaluri kompaniebis samuSao adgilebiT dakompleqteba, ro-

melic tradiciulad warmoadgens saerTaSoriso adamianuri resursebis marTvis sa-

fuZvels. procesi moicavs im adamianTa mozidvasa da SerCevas, romlebic daikaveben

142

firmebSi ama Tu im samuSao adgils. amisaTvis kompaniebi mimarTaven kadrebis SerCe-

vas adgilobrivi an emigrirebuli moqalaqeebisgan. adgilobrivebi faqtobrivad

warmoadgenen im qveynis moqalaqeebs, sadac kompania funqcionirebs. emigrirebulebi

arian is dasaqmebulebi, romlebic ar arian im qveynis moqalaqeebi, sadac kompania

awarmoebs bizness. xSirad kompaniis top-menejeri am or alternativas Soris arCeva-

nis gakeTebisas efuZneba iseT Sexedulebebs, rogoricaa: eTnocentruli, policen-

truli da geocentruli. eTnocentruli Sexedulebis dros menejeri upiratesobas

aniWebs mSobliuri qveynis marTvis stils, codnas, Sefasebis kriteriumebsa da da-

saqmebulebs; policentrulis dros upiratesobas aniWebs maspinZeli qveynis dasaqme-

bulebs, radgan maTi azriT mxolod maT SeuZliaT gaigon maspinZeli qveynis baz-

ris kultura da qceva; geocentruli Sexedulebis dros, menjerisTvis mTavaria sa-

ukeTeso kadrebis SerCeva romelime qveynis moqalaqeobis miuxedavad.

roca kompaniis menejmenti aqcents akeTebs emigrirebul adamianebze, am dros

aseTi kadrebis SerCeva da marTva dakavSirebulia mTel rig materialur Tu mora-

lur moTxovnebTan. kerZod:

1. dasaqmebulebis adaptaciis skriningis Catareba. igi gulisxmobs: pirveli, emigran-

tis individualuri maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvras. magaliTad, 143 emigranti dasaqmebu-

lis Seswavlisas, aRmoCnda, rom damyolni da emociurad stabilurebi naklebad to-

vebdnen samuSao adgils; meore, ojaxuri zewolis donis Sefaseba. erT-erTma kvlevam

aCvena, rom ojaxs, ucxo garemosTan adaptirebaSi exmareba: enis srulyofilad codna,

skolamdeli bavSvebis yola, mWidro kavSiri axloblebTan;

2. SerCeuli kandidatebis treningi da orientireba. Aam dros gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba eTmoba iseTi sakiTxebis ganxilvas, rogoricaa: kulturul gansxvavebe-

bis Seswavla; monawileTa qcevisa da damokidebulebis gavlenis Sefaseba; faqtiu-

ri codnis miReba ucxo qveynis Sesaxeb; enis codna da ucxo garemosTan Seguebis

gamocdilebis gaziareba;

3. dasaqmebulebis samSobloSi dabrunebis programebis SemuSaveba. erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani problema dasaqmebulis sazRvargareT gagzavnisa aris is, rom sam-

SobloSi dabrunebisas maTma 40-60% SeiZleba sam weliwadSi datovos kompania.

Ees ricxvi gacilebiT mcirdeba, Tu kompanias gaaCnia dabrunebis formaluri

programa, romelic moicavs Semdeg RonisZiebebs:

- kompania Tavis dasaqmebulsa da mis ojaxs utarebs trenings fsiqologTan.

fsiqologi esaubreba dasaqmebulsa da mis ojaxs, uxsnis im sirTuleebs,

rac SeiZleba SexvdeT sazRvargareT, aZlevs rekomendaciebs, rogor Seeguos

TviToeuli ojaxis wevri axal kulturas da rCeba maTTan kontaqtze;

- kompania arwmunebs TanamSromlebs, rom isini mudmivad arian saqmis kursSi

da maT yovelTvis ician ra xdeba mTavar ofisSi. kompania periodulad ab-

runebs sazRvargareT dasaqmebulebs mTavar ofisSi, raTa isini Sexvdnen da

gaesaubron kolegebs;

- roca dgeba TanamSromlis da misi ojaxis ukan dabrunebis dro, kompania uz-

runvelyofs dabrunebis formalur momsaxureobebs. dabrunebidan 6 TviT adre,

fsiqologi da adamianuri resursebis warmomadgeneli xvdeba sazRvargareT wa-

sul dasaqmebulsa da mis ojaxs, raTa moamzadon isini dasabruneblad. magali-

Tad, isini exmarebian dasaqmebuls dagegmos Tavisi momavali karieris winslva.

Semdeg, daaxloebiT dabrundebidan erTi Tve, dasaqmebuli da misi ojaxi eswreba

seminars `keTili iyos Tqveni dabruneba saxlSi~, sadac isini Tavisufldebian im

stressisgan, romelic dabrunebis Sedegad miiRes.

143

dRes sazRvargareT adamianuri resursebis marTvis praqtika metad prioritetu-

lia anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba adgilobrivi

dasaqmebulebis marTvas sazRvargareT. roca menejmenti aqcents akeTebs adgilobri-

vi samuSao Zalis gamoyenebiT biznesis ganxorcielebaze, niSnavs gyavdes adgilob-

rivi dasaqmebulebi sazRvargareT, romlebic asruleben samuSaoebs ise, rogorc

firmis personali akeTebda Tavis qveyanaSi. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi top menejeris

problemebi dakavSirebulia maRali xarisxis, dabali anazRaurebis, organizaciuli

kulturis mimdevari samuSao Zalis moZiebaze da im qveyanaSi arsebuli ganaTlebis,

xelfasis donis da samuSao pirobebisadmi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebaze.

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianuri resursebis marTvis praqtikaSi, qveynebs Soris

gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswineba xSirad ar aris aucilebeli, an Tundac sasurveli, mTava-

ria kompaniebis mier adamianuri resursebis marTvis standartuli sistemis SemuSaveba

da ganxorcieleba. amisaTvis msoflio praqtikaSi gamoikveTa sami mimarTuleba:

1. adamianuri resursebis efeqtiani sistemis ganviTareba. risTvisac aucilebelia:

pirveli, globaluri adamianuri resursebis qselis formireba, sadac adamianuri

resusrebis msoflio menejerebma unda gaiTavison, rom isini arian erTi mTliani-

adamianuri globaluri resusrebis menejmentis qselis nawili da aucilebelia

adgilobriv adamianuri resusrebis menejerebs moeqcnen rogorc partniors da

ara rogorc aRmasrulebels. meore, orientacia standartebsa da kompetenciebze

da ara specifikur meTodebze.

2. adamianuri resursebis globaluri sistemis ufro misaRebad gardaqmna. AamisaTvis

aucilebelia: pirveli, realuri globaluri sistemis Camoyalibeba. realuri globa-

luri kompaniebi moiTxoven menejerebisagan imuSaon, rogorc globalurma gundma,

moizidon da SearCion dasaqmebulebi globalur doneze, rac daexmareba maT ufro me-

tad standartuli adamianuri resursebis marTvis sistemis SeqmnaSi; meore, zewolis

kvleva ufro zusti sistemis gansazRvrisaTvis. xSiradAadgilobrivi menejerebi ewina-

amRdegebian standartul SerCevas, treningsa da msoflioSi aRiarebul adamianTa re-

sursebis sxva praqtikebis gamoyenebas qveynebs Soris gansxvavebis gamo. `kvleva~ saSu-

alebas iZleva dazustebiT Sefasedes kulturuli da sxva gansxvavebi da Seiqmnas Se-

sabamisi sistema; mesame, korporaciuli kulturis mkacrad dacva. kompaniebs, romle-

bic qmnian mkacr korporaciul kulturas advilad aRweven SeTanxmebas dasaqmebu-

lebs Soris. isini swavloben faseulobebs, tradiciebs, TviTdisciplinas da meTo-

dur miRwevebs. korporaciul kulturaSi globaluri erTianoba aadvilebs adamianu-

ri resursebis marTvis standartuli praqtikis ganviTarebas.

3. globaluri adamianuri resursebis sistemis danergva. amisaTvis aucilebelia mud-

mivi kontaqti TviToeul qveyanasTan, adamianebTan, romlebic CarTulebi arian da

iyeneben arsebul sistemas da Sesabamisi resursebiT uzrunvelyofa damatebiTi qmede-

bebisaTvis.

amrigad, adamianuri resursebis marTvis sakiTxebi globalur kompaniebSi mra-

val Taviseburebebs ukavSirdeba, romelic TiTqmis saerToa yvela im kompaniisTvis,

romlebic gadian globalur doneze. amisaTvis aucilebelia kompaniebma SeimuSaon

saerTo midgomebi da ganaviTaron sistemebi, romlebic misaRebi iqneba, rogorc da-

saqmebulebisaTvis aseve damsaqmeblebisaTvis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.

G

l i t e r a t u r a:

1.Gary Dessler., Human Resourse Management., Pearson., 2010 2.Richard L. Daft., New Era of Management.,Vanderbilt University., 2010

144

NATALIYA CHERKAS Ukraine. Lviv Academy of Commerce

PhD, Assistant Professor

MACROECONOMIC STIMULATION OF MANUFACTURED EXPORT IN UKRAINE

The qualitative growth is one of the main sources of economic development under the conditions of globaliza-tion of world economic processes. It should be based on the innovative activity and its efficiency is directly reflected by the commodity structure of foreign trade. The manufactured export growth is considered by many as an engine of sustainable economic growth in contrast to the mainly negative effects from primary exports. Such observations are typical equally to industrial countries [1, 3, 7] as well as certain groups of developing countries [2, 5].

For specific conditions of Ukrainian economy with prevailing primary export (Fig.1) the increase of manufac-tured exports is considered as an important element of improving the structure of foreign trade exchange, accelera-tion of the dynamics of long-term growth and implementation of investment and innovative model of economic de-velopment. It is known that higher share of manufactured export reflects the higher level of development of the economy while a significant share of raw materials and energy in export structure indicates primary orientation of country’s exports and most likely low level of economic development. The macroeconomic policy undoubtedly de-fines the directions of the economy’s development and may significantly influence short- and long-term quantitative and qualitative dynamics of export. However the commonly recommended macroeconomic instruments of manufac-tured exports stimulation differ significantly between the authors and precise mechanisms and relationships are still not clearly understood. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to study the impact of macroeconomic policies for manu-factured export.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

billi

on d

olla

rs

technological exportlow-tech exportmetalurgy exportexport of raw materials

Fig. 1. Export structure in Ukraine, billion dollars, 1998–2010 (quarterly data)

Despite the permanent debates of politicians and economists on effective instruments of manufactured exports promotion there is no consensus on the conclusions and recommendations. Most authors emphasize the usefulness of the programs of targeted government incentives [6]; focus on innovative development [4], the policy of "strong" currency [8, 9]. Less attention is paid to the microeconomic aspects: the involvement of world's technological leader companies, cross-border regional programs of innovative development, export orientation in the special/free economic areas. Significant conflict concerns the identification of a favorable macroeconomic environment for manufactured exports. It is important to emphasize that some policy instruments can boost total exports, but predominantly by the redistribution of its export structure with the increase of primary sector. It is important to emphasize the following issues: 1) the characteristics of macroeconomic environment which supports manufactured sector development, 2) the complex of structural measures aimed to accelerate the technologically driven reformation, 3) the proper geographical orientation of the foreign trade. Specific issue is to choose correct option of two - to strengthen the currency versus maintaining an undervalued exchange rate. The implementation of structural changes could be provided with the government support or in the self-regulatory manner. The optimal geographic

145

orientation of Ukrainian export remain to be equivocal while it is not clearly understood which country could play the main role in stimulating of demand on its technological, or at least manufactured production.

Figure 2 presents a generalized scheme of manufactured exports basic functional connections. The research hypothesis is that the export structure determinates the dynamics of long-term economic growth. The driving force of the manufactured exports increasing is the state macroeconomic policy, which should stimulate structural changes in the economy in favor of high-tech industries.

Fig 2. Functional connections of manufactured exports

The macroeconomic policy defines price and non-price stimuli for the values of export and its qualita-tive structure, while significant importance is concentrated on price and monetary stability, attraction of foreign investment and technology transfer. Low level of technological development in Ukraine provides the evidence of reasonability technological import involvement for the expansion of export sector based on the qualitative reforms. Geographical orientation of exports is important because it can increase or decrease the amplitude of selected macroeconomic policy and structural measures.

Suggested scheme consider the methodology and results of similar studies however offers a different approach, based on the simultaneous consideration of functional correlations between the main instruments of export promotion (the structure of production, fiscal and monetary policy, geographical orientation of foreign trade).

The empirical estimations of high-tech export determinants for the quarterly data of 1998-2010 reveal negative dependence on currency devaluation and positive relations with budget discipline (1). In the other words national currency stability serves as the solid base of qualitative growth and restriction of budget deficit provide controlled level of inflation. Technological industry in general is much more competitive and less dependant on price factors, while the primary exports rely predominantly on low prices which, in case of Ukraine, are supported by tax preferences and parliament and government lobby.

026,279,0.

)922,1()961,1()712,10()408,1(

105,0440,0930,0429,1

2

*******111

==−

+−+= −−−

DWRadj

bdeextechextech tttt

(1)

The most important factors of macroeconomic stimulation of manufactured export are the exchange rate of national currency, the limitation of budget expenses, foreign investment in export-oriented industries, the import of raw materials and equipment for the technology sector. The currency revaluation (for the Ukrainian economy it happens in the context of increase of real exchange rate to a certain equilibrium level), which is supported by a budget surplus, can reduce inflationary expectations and thus enhance the production of technology products by

Sustainable

economic

growth Production struc-

ture

Qualitative export structure

Technological import

Geographic orientation of

foreign trade

Investment

Manufactured

exports

Primary ex-

ports

Macroeconomic

policy:

− trading

− price

− fiscal

− monetary

Structural measures

146

increasing the real money supply. The localization of capital in high-tech branches and the development of intellectual property market are the major factors of labor productivity improvement. FDI provide technology transfer for the modernization of the technological and organizational capabilities. For specific Ukrainian conditions the factor of salary is considered to be relatively insignificant (it is remarkably lower than the equilibrium value) and protectionism (openness de facto is provided by the "transparency" of borders and the spread of corruption).

The analysis of manufactured exports stimulation of South-Easter Asia enables an opportunity to formulate the main priorities of government policy: maintaining price and monetary stability, providing of significant role of government in defining of structural priorities, the limitation of inflationary processes, involving FDI in technology branches and subsidizing the import of equipment, creating of preferential zones for manufactured exports, technology parks, preferential credit facilities for financing and taxation of high-tech sector, raising wages and increasing a gap between qualified and unskilled workers, including subsidies for companies providing labor training and education. In Central and Eastern Europe a positive impact on the export structure was provided by increase in funding of fundamental sciences, the promotion of innovative small and medium enterprises, accelerated amortization, improvement of tax legislation and the wide state support of regional innovative development programs.

Among the mechanisms of influence on the manufactured exports, the major may be considered: The national currency revaluation supported by a budget surplus, FDI involvement in high-priorities industries, improving productivity and skilled labor demand, providing favorable conditions for import of industrial equipment, promoting availability of credit resources and revenues from primary exports in the technological sector, European integration. Favorable effects of the reorientation of the Ukrainian export to the EU markets are associated with technological diversification of exports based on modern technologies due to the intensification of cross-border cooperation and increasing quality demands.

The perspective branch of Ukrainian manufacturing exports is engineering, including primarily aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding, power equipment manufacturing etc. The situation for high-tech export development in Ukraine is rather contradictory whether the realization of large scientific potential and available qualified personnel is significantly restricted by administrative constraints and insufficient govern-ment support for investment in high-tech sector.

References 1. Chang H.J. Institutional Foundations for Effective Design and Implementation of Trade and Industrial Poli-cies in Least Development Economies // World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, Washington, НР, 2005. – № 3763. – 68 p.; 2. Gallagher K.P., Shafaeddin M. Policies for industrial learning in China and Mexico // Technology in Society. – Volume: 32. – Issue: 2. – May, 2010. – P. 81-99; 3. Giles J.A., Williams C.L. Export–led Growth: A survey of the empirical literature and some non–causality re-sults. Part 1. // Journal of International Trade and Development. – 2000. – Vol. 9, № 3. – P. 261–237; 4. Sudhir Kumar R.; Bala Subrahmanya M.H. Influence of subcontracting on innovation and economic performance of SMEs in Indian automobile industry // Technovation. –Volume: 30. – Issue: 11-12. – No-vember – December, 2010. – P. 558-569; 5. Torres-Fuchslocher C. Understanding the development of technology-intensive suppliers in resource-based developing economies // Research Policy. – Volume: 39. – Issue: 2. – March, 2010. – P. 268-277; 6. Давиденко С.В. Вплив розширення внутрішнього ринку на економічне зростання України // Стратегічні пріоритети. – 2006. – № 1. – С. 93–101; 7. Управління міжнародною конкурентоспроможністю в умовах глобалізації економічного розвитку: Монографія: У 2 т. – Т.І. / [Д.Г. Лук’яненко, А.М. Поручник, Л.Л. Антонюк та ін.]; за заг. ред. Д.Г. Лук’яненка, А.М. Поручника. – К.: КНЕУ, 2006. – 816 с.; 8. Черкас Н.І. Обмінний курс, сальдо бюджету та структурні зрушення в українській економіці // Економіст – 2007. – № 1. – C. 38–42; 9. Шевчук В.О. Копич Р.І. Вплив бюджету на макроекономічні показники України // Фінанси України. – 2010. – № 3. – С. 3–12.

147

manana xarxeli saqarTvelo.

asistent-profesori

globalizacia da saqarTvelos inovaciuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

globalizacia is Temaa, romelzec mTeli msoflios mecnierebi da aramecnie-

rebi bevrs kamaToben. maTi umravlesoba winaaRmdegia ekonomikis globalizaciis

amJamindeli neoliberaluri modelisa, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom igi upirate-

sad industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebis interesebs pasuxobs. isini weren, rom

dRevandeli msoflio viTardeba wamyvan industriul qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki

hegemon qveynebSi SemuSavebuli ekonomikuri TeoriebiTa da doqtrinebiT, romle-

bic sxva qveynebis specifikasa da Taviseburebebs ar iTvaliswineben da, rom axali

saerTaSoriso wesrigis formirebis procesi, romelic amJamad msoflioSi mimdina-

reobs, xasiaTdeba ufskrulis gaRrmavebiT da gafarToebiT ganviTrebul qveynebsa,

romelTa umTavres sawarmoo resurss codna da gamocdileba warmoadgens da da-

narCen msoflios Soris (1, gv. 139).

dRevandel globalizebul msoflio bazarze sameurneo subieqtad gamodian cal-

keuli pirebi (oligarqebi), romlebic mSobliuri qveynisa da transnacionaluri Zale-

bis yovelmxrivi mxardaWeriT msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi axorcieleben politiku-

ri, ekonomikuri, samarTaldacviTi da humanitaruli proeqtebis dafinansebas. amiT isi-

ni, erTi mxriv, axorcieleben sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebis realizacias da meo-

res mxriv, amzadeben niadags mSobliuri qveynisa da transnacionaluri Zalebis globa-

luri interesebis gasatareblad. amis paralelurad mecnierebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom

globalizacia ,,obieqturi procesia, romelic bevr progresul cvlilebebs ganapiro-

bebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi (2, gv. 97). magram am cvlilebebis dadebiTi Sedegebi al-

baT gamoCndeba (Tu saerTod gamoCndeba?!) Soreul perspeqtivaSi, dRes ki misi mxolod

negatiuri Sedegebi Cans, da, es Sedegebi aris uTanasworobis gaRrmaveba industriu-

lad ganviTarebuli qveynebis da ,,ganviTarebadi samyaros~ mosaxleobis cxovrebis do-

neTa Soris. msoflio bankis monacemebiT CrdiloeT amerikis (aSS, kanada), evropis da

iaponiis mosaxleobis erT sulze dRiurad modis saSualod 70 aSS dolari, xolo

msoflios 63 uRaribesi qveynis (m.S saqarTvelo) mosaxleobis erT sulze dRiurad sa-

Sualod 2 aSS dolarze naklebi (3, gv. 57). es gansxvaveba ukanaskneli wlebSi ki ar

mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba.

socialisturi sistemis daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelos mosaxleoba ukiduresad

gaRaribda. maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis cxovrebis saSualo donisagan

misi CamorCena imdenad didia, rom poloneli mecnieris g. kolodkos gaangariSebiT,

man rom erT sul mosaxleze mosuli mTliani Sida produqtis moculobiT daewios

maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis Sesabamis saSualo maCvenebels, rac Seadgens 30 000

aSS dolars, optimaluri gaangariSebiT 27 weli, xolo pesimisturi gaangariSebiT 80

weli dasWirdeba (4, gv. 25). metad gaRrmavda qonebrivi uTanasworoba saqarTvelos mo-

saxleobis fenebs Sorisac. sazogadoebis mcire nawili arnaxulad gamdidrda, udide-

si nawili ki gaRatakda. sxva tipis Raribi qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT socialisturi

qvyenebis da maT Soris saqarTvelos Raribebi upiratesad maRali kvalifikaciisa da

ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi arian. es aris inteligenciis fena, romelTac samecnie-

ro-kvleviT samuSaoebis saxelmwifoebrivi dafinansebis Semcirebis, da, xSir SemTxve-

148

vaSi, Sewyvetis gamo, dakarges samuSao. es procesi dResac grZeldeba. 2010 wlis 1-li

noembridan uqmdeba molekuluri biologiis da biofizikis samecniero-kvleviTi in-

stituti, iv. beritaSvilis saxelobis fiziologiis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti,

radiobilogiisa da radiaciis ekologiuri centri da eqsperimentuli nervologiis

samecniero-kvleviTi centri. maT bazaze moiazreba sicocxlis Semswavleli mecniere-

bebis erTiani centris Seqmna. Tu es gadawyvetileba ucxoeTis gavlenis gamoZaxilia,

maSin maTi gamocdileba arasworad aris gagebuli. iq, am tipis centrebis SeqmniT ki

ar uqmdeba samecniero-kvleviTi institutebi, aramed isini aseT centrebSi Sedian.

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis mier momzadebul

angariSSi _ ,,mecniereba, teqnologia da mrewveloba 2001 wels~ samecniero-kvleviT

da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro samuSaoze (sksss) mTel msoflioSi daxarjulia 800

mlrd dolari. aqedan aSS-Si 282 mlrd dolari, iaponiaSi _ 103 mlrd dolari, germa-

niaSi _ 53,9 mlrd dolari, safrangeTSi _ 35,1 mlrd dolari, did britaneTSi _ 29,4

mlrd dolari, italiaSi _ 15,5 mlrd dolari, ruseTSi _ 11,6 mlrd dolari, SvedeT-

Si _ 9,9 mlrd dolari da a.S. mTlian Sida proeqtSi (mSp) sksss-ze gaweuli xarjebis

wiliT lideria israeli. igi xarjavs Tavisi mSp_s 4,81%_s, saqarTvelo ki _ 0,3%_s,

am maCvenebliT saqarTvelos msoflios qveynebs Soris mxolod 56-e adgili ukavia (5,

gv. 77). metic, radikaluri gardaqmnis Semdeg mecniereba saqarTveloSi ise umniSvne-

lo sferod CaTvales, rom igi statistikur klasifikatorSic ar aris moxvedrili

da biujetis xarjviT nawilSic sxva xarjebSia gaerTianebuli. am mizeziT mis Sesa-

xeb informaciis moZieba sakmaod rTulia. 2005 wels mecnierebis ganviTarebaze saqar-

Tvelos biujetidan daxarjulia 21 mln lari (mSp _ 0,15 %), xolo 2006 wels 18, 2

mln lari (anu mSp-s 0,13%) (6, gv. 31). am cifrebidan Cans Cveni mTavrobis damokidebu-

leba inovaciebis mimarT d misi inovaciuri politika. gasagebia, rom Cven ver Seved-

rebiT iaponias, romelic am mizniT mTliani Sida produqtis 3%-s xarjavs, magram im-

dens mainc xom unda vxarjavdeT, ramdensac xarjavs erTi transnacionaluri kompa-

nia, romelic weliwadSi 4,5-7.0 mlrd dolars Seadgens?

qarTveli mecnieri a. abralava svams aseT kiTxvas: ,,nuTu ar SeiZleba viarse-

boT an vicxovroT normalurad mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis miRwevebze orien-

taciisa da masSi Cveni erovnuli fenomenis CarTvis gareSe~? da TviTonve iZleva

pasuxs: ,,diax, cxovreba SeiZleba. amas mravali qveynis magaliTi gviCvenebs, sadac

ZiriTad saqmianobad iafi Sromis gayidva da komerciaa miCneuli, moixmareba msof-

lio mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevaTa Sedegebi da TviT es qveynebi uSualod ar

arian CarTulni SemoqmedebiTi mecnieruli Sromis procesSi... analogiuri mdgoma-

reoba SeiZleba iyos saqarTveloSic, magram aseT midgomaze aqcentis aReba iqneba

ukangadadgmuli nabiji da erovnuli ubedureba, radganac Cvens xalxSi, gamomdina-

re maTi bunebrivi ltolvidan ganaTlebisaken, maRalinteleqtualuri Sromisken,

Camoyalibebulia prioritetuli damokidebuleba mecnierebisadmi. amis gauTvalis-

winebloba gamoiwvevs arsebuli mecnieruli skolebis sabolood ganadgurebas, is-

toriulad Camoyalibebuli tradiciebis, kulturuli Rirebulebisa da eTnofsiqi-

kis Secvlas, Cveni nacionaluri cnobierebisa da cxovrebis wesis gardaqmnas (7, gv.

197-198). Cven srulad veTanxmebiT pativcemuli mecnieris a. abralavas am azrs, mag-

ram 2001 wels gamoTqmuli misi es pozicia, romelsac viziarebT ara mxolod Cven,

aramed qarTvel mecnierTa 95%, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier dResac ar aris

gaTvaliswinebuli. garda imisa, rom igi zedized xuravs samecniero-kvleviT in-

stitutebs, igi uxeSad ereva kerZo saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis

saqmianobaSi da araoficialurad specializaciis Secvlis brZanebebsac ki aZlevs.

149

sabazro urTierTobebis mqone qveyanaSi saswavleblis profili bazarma unda daa-

reguliros da ara qveynis mTavrobam. saqarTvelos patriarqi uwmindesi da uneta-

resi ilia meore brZanebs: ,,ganaTlebis reformirebisas daSvebulma Secdomebma, Se-

degad mogvitana is, rom mozardebi codnis SeZenis survils ufro naklebad am-

JRavneben, samecniero moRvaweoba ki araprestiJulad miaCniaT, radgan xedaven, rom

inteligencias saTanado dafaseba ara aqvs. es mdgomareoba unda gamoswordes. mec-

nierebis ganviTarebis gareSe qveyanas ara aqvs momavali (8, gv. 4).

sayovelTod cnobilia, rom maRalteqnologiuri, maRalmecnieruli warmoebis

mTavari resursi aris ganaTleba da mecniereba. ganaTlebis sakmaod maRali done iqna

miRebuli sabWoTa wyobilebis pirobebSi. swored am periodSi Seiqmna saqarTvelos

saganmanaTleblo potenciali. Sedegad 2002 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis do-

nis indeqsi 0,89-s Seadgenda anu 13 aRemateboda msoflios saSualo indeqss (9, gv. 287-

288). aseve mdidari gamocdileba iyo dagrovili mecnierebis sferoSic. saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis kvleviT institutebSi 1990 wlisTvis kvleviT saqmianobas ewe-

oda 6-aTasamde mecnieri, m.S. 450-mde mecnierebis doqtori da 3 aTasamde mecnierebaTa

kandidati. am dros arsebobda 131 _ samecniero dawesebuleba, maT Soris 115 samecnie-

ro-kvleviTi instituti da 4 _ saproeqto-sakonstruqtoro organizacia. 2007 wlis-

Tvis saqarTveloSi samecniero dawesebulebaTa raodenoba 92-mde Semcirda. amis gar-

da, Tu 2002 wels gamoSvebuli iyo 602 aspiranti, 2007 wels maTi ricxvi 101-mde davi-

da. amaTgan yvela isini momzadda umaRles saswavleblebSi da arcerTi samecniero-

kvleviTi dawesebulebaSi (10, gv. 91). es ukve imas niSnavda, rom samecniero dawesebu-

lebebSi 2007 wels amis baza ukve aRar arsebobda.

gamoCenil qarTvel mecniers e. meqvabiSvils miaCnia, rom ,,mecnierebis aseTi stag-

naciis da depresiis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo am sferos mimarT xelisuflebaSi Camoyali-

bebuli safuZvelSive mcdari mosazrebaa, rom patara, Rarib da postkomunistur tran-

sformaciis siZneleebiT datvirTul qveyanaSi qveynisTvis fundamenturi kvlevebis Ca-

tareba da masze finansebis gamoyofa zedmeti fufunebaa~ (6, gv. 31). Cven Cveni mxriT

mxolod imas davamatebT, rom pativcemuli mecnieris es mixvedra sworia, im mcire Ses-

worebiT, rom es mcdari mosazreba Cven xelisufalTa TavSi ki ar daibada, aramed ga-

redan _ saerTaSoriso struqturebidan moexviaT maT Tavze. sxvanairad warmoudgene-

lia, rom qarTvel kacs saqarTveloSi TviTneburad ebadebodes imis survili, rom qar-

TvelebSi Caklas mecnierebisa da ganaTlebisken ltolvis bunebrivi moTxovnileba da

es _ odiTganve inteleqtualuri eri aqcios sxva erebis momsaxure erad. saqarTvelos

mTavrobam unda icodes, rom misTvis garedan Tavs moxveuli es politika, romelic ar

aris SeTanxmebuli da mxardaWerili sakuTari mosaxleobisagan, dRes Tu ara xval,

xval Tu ara zeg, azvirTdeba da metad savalalo Sedegs miscems maT.

ukve ramdenime welia Tvalyurs vadevneb presaSi gamoqveynebul axal-axal

cnobebs qarTveli mecnierebis mier gakeTebul msoflio mniSvnelobis aRmoCenebis

Sesaxeb. bolos erT-erTi aseTi iyo Jurnal ,,biznesi da kanonmdeblobis~ 2010

wlis maisis nomerSi gamoqveynebuli cnoba konstruqtor merab qardavas Sesaxeb.

merab qardava da misi jgufi hidromanqanis Seqmnaze muSaoben. man da misma jgufma

aRmoaCines, rom wyalSi 10 metris siRrmeze 1 kuburi metris sxeuls 40-50 tona

wylis wneva awveba. wyalqveS waroqmnili am Zalis gardaqmna ki saSualebas iZleva

warmoiSvas eleqtroenergia. Cveulebriv satvirTo gemSi CamontaJebuli energoblo-

ki, Tavisuflad SeiZleba gaxdes energomwarmoebeli. merab qardavas gamoTvliT

6000 tonian gemSi Cadgmul energobloks wylis wnevis xarjze SeuZlia Seasrulos

200 megavatiani eleqtrosadguris funqcia anu ,,engurhesis~ uzarmazari kompleqsis

150

identuri eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba. axla davfiqrdeT da warmovidginoT ram-

xela mogebis motana SeuZlia am aRmoCenas saqarTvelosTvis!

metic, gamomgonebeli merab qardava da misi jgufi irwmuneba, rom es gamogoneba

aris seriozuli iaraRi, da, rom am wnevis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba kosmosuri raketebis

gaSveba da Cvens sahaero sivrceSi SemoWrili nebismieri arasasurveli sxeulis Camog-

deba. axla gavixsenoT agvistos omi samaCabloSi da ruseTis aviaciis mier Cveni ja-

riskacebis da mSvidobiani mosaxleobis ulmobeli xocva, aviaciisa, romelsac Cven ve-

raferi davupirispireT, garda imedisa, rom Cvens dasaxmareblad wami-wamze Semovlen

amerikelebi da... amerikelebi marTlac Semovidnen, magram Semovidnen ara samaCabloSi,

aramed Sav zRvaSi, Semoiyvanes sazRvao floti da gaaCeres... es iyo da es.

ase gacruvda Cveni imedi da Tu ase gavagrZeleT, am imeds momavalSic bev-

rjer mouwevs gacrueba. amitom Cven TviTon unda vizrunoT Cven Tavze da sxvisi

imedi naklebad gvqondes. vaJa-fSavelas sityvebia: ,,romeli adamianic Tavis ers em-

saxureba keTilgonierad da cdilobs Tavis samSoblo aRamaRlos gonebriv, qoneb-

riv da zneobriv, amiT is umzadebs mTel kacobriobas saukeTeso wevrebs, xels uw-

yobs mTel kacobriobis ganviTarebas, keTildReobas~.

imis miuxedavad, rom globalizaciis Temam patriotizmi TiTqmis ,,gaauferu-

la~, qveyanaSi mainc erovnuli faseulobebis pativiscema unda dominirebdes. es

grZnoba saamayo unda iyos yoveli CvenTaganisTvis. esec ar iyos, gana SeiZleba me-

rab qardavas dar qarTvelebs vuTxraT, rom maTi saqme ar aris mecniereba, radgan

saqarTvelom mxolod momsaxurebis sfero unda ganaviTaros da qarTvelebma Tavi-

si goneba unda mimarTon mxolod momsaxurebis profesiuli xelobebis _ barmeni,

gidi, mimtani, mebarguli, mkeravi, SemkeTebeli da a.S. dasaufleblad (!!!).

istoriulad qarTveli kaci an miwaTmoqmedi iyo, an inteleqtualuri Sromis

muSaki. igi arc vaWari iyo, arc xelosani da miT ufro _ arc mebarguli. es unari

mas RmerTisgan qonda boZebuli. amitomac aris, rom qarTveli glexi miwis siyva-

ruliT, xolo inteligencia SemoqmedebiTi Sromis SedegiT mTel msoflios ao-

cebs. saqarTvelos mTavrobam Tavis mosaxleobas swored im niWis ganviTarebas da

samSoblosTvis mis moxmarebas unda Seuwyos xeli, romelic maT genetikurad gaaC-

niaT. aseT dros, gamomgonebelma merab qardavam, dRe ar gava, romelime instancia

ar moinaxulos, mas yvelgan xvdeba mxolod aRtaceba, mowoneba, arfrTovaneba, fi-

nansuri mxardaWera ki _ ara. saqarTvelos bankebic ki Tavs ikaveben am masStaburi

proeqtis xelmisawvdom procentad (13%) dafinansebaSi. es maSin, roca Cexuri mxare

mzadaa mas sesxi misces 3%-ad, inglisis mxare ki _ 1%-ad. magram maSin gamogonebis

Sedegs miiRebs is mxare da ara saqarTvelo.

aseT SemTxvevaSi isini ukavSirdebian ucxoel investorebs da iq agrZeleben

saqmes. bolos sacxovrebladac iq gadadian da samudamod iq rCebian. ase gvekarge-

ba Cveni inteleqtualuri resursi, romelic radikaluri gardaqmnis Semdeg, ,,tvi-

nebis gadinebad~ moinaTla.

bolo 10 _ 15 wlis msoflio gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom Cvennairma patara

qveynebma _ irlandiam, samxreT koream da sxvebma STambeWdav Sedegebs miaRwies

mecnierebasa da ganaTlebaze damyarebuli inovaciuri ekonomikis ganviTarebiT.

inovaciuri ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis saqarTvelos jer kidev SemorCenili aqvs

inteleqtualuri potenciali _ aqvs ganviTarebuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema,

samecniero-kvleviTi institutebi da hyavs saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli mecnierebi.

amis garda, gvaqvs xelsayreli sainvesticio garemo da geografiuli mdebareoba,

demokratiuli politikuri institutebi, Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Seq-

151

mnis perspeqtiva da sxva. Tumca, marto es pirobebi ar aris sakmarisi. yovelive

amasTan saWiroa saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWera, qveyanaSi iseTi safinanso samar-

Tlebrivi, safinanso-sabanko, sagadasaxado, saganmanaTleblo-samecniero politi-

kis gatareba, romelic xels Seuwyobs inovaciuri seqtoris ganviTarebas. saqar-

TveloSi rom jer-jerobiT ase ar aris, amaSi vfiqrob eWvi aravis aRar epareba.

rogorc wesi, qveynis inovaciuri ganviTareba sami strategiiT xdeba (11. gv.

32): 1. ,,gadmotanis~ strategia (roca qveyanas ucvlelad gadmoaqvs sazRvargareT

arsebuli samecniero-teqnikuri siaxleebi da iyenebs maT sakuTar qveyanaSi);

2. `dasesxebis~ strategia (roca qveyana sakuTari muSa-xeliT da samecniero

teqnikuri potencialiT iwyebs im mecniertevadi produqci-is gamoSvebas, romelic

ukve iwarmoeba sazRvargareTis qveynebSi);

3. ,,gaZlierebis~ strategia (roca qveyana mudmivad qmnis da nergavs inovaci-

ebs sakuTari samecniero-teqnikuri potencialis gamoyenebiT).

sabazro urTierTobebze swrafad gadasvlis TvalsazrisiT da qveynis teqni-

ka-teqnologiuri CamorCenis aseve swrafi likvidaciisaTvis, cxadia, ufro misaRe-

bia ,,gadmotanis~ strategiis gatareba, rac amJamad tardeba kidec saqarTveloSi,

magram es ver wyvets dasaqmebis problemas. Cveni azriT, ukeTesia, ,,dasesxebis~ da

,,gaZlierebis~ strategiebis kombinirebuli gamoyeneba. ,,dasesxebis~ strategiiT ad-

gilobrivi muSa-xeli daiwyebs sazRvargareT ukve aprobirebuli mecnierebatevadi

produqciis gamoSvebas, romlis aTviseba saqarTvelos 1-2 weliwadSi SeuZlia. es

strategia saqarTvelos umokles vadebSi konkurentunariani produqciis warmoebis

SesaZleblobas miscems. amasTan, radgan ar SeiZleba teqnika-teqnologiebis ,,dases-

xebis~ procesi mudmivad gagrZeldes, saWiroa, paralelurad gaaqtiurdes adgi-

lobrivi, prioritetul teqnologiebze momuSave samecniero-kvleviTi struqture-

bis da calkeuli mecnier-gamomgoneblebis finansuri mxardaWera.

ucxoeTis mTavrobebi ara mxolod sakuTar inteleqtualebs afaseben, aramed

sxva qveynebSic nadiroben ,,tvinebze~. Tu CvenTan imis materialuri SesaZlebloba

ara gvaqvs, rom sxva qveynidan movizidoT isini, sakuTars mainc nu davkargavT!

l i t e r a t u r a:

1. Мунтян М., Урсул А. Глобализация и устоичивое развитие, М., 2003, ст. 139;

2. e. meqvabiSvili, m. meqvabiSvili, ekonomikis globalizaciis modelebi, J. ,,sa-

qarTvelos ekonomika’’, 3, 2008, gv. 97;

3. Грани глобализации, М. 2003. с.57;

4. Колодко Г. Глобализация и сближение уровней экономического развития, Ж. ,,Вопросы

экономики’’; 2005, 6, с. 25;

5. S. SaburiSvili, saqarTvelos inovaciebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi, J. ,,sa-

qarTvelos ekonomika’’, N 4, 2008, gv. 77;

6. e. meqvabiSvili, globalizaciis gamowvevebi da saqarTvelos ekonomikis per-

speqtiva, J. ,,biznesi da kanonmdebloba’’ 2009, aprili, gv. 31;

7. a. abralava, gza maRalteqnologiuri ekonomikisken, Tb. Tsu, 2001, gv. 197-198;

8. afxazeTis sulierebis da kulturis centris yovelTviuri sainformacio or-

ganos biuleteni 1, ianvari, 2010, gv. 4;

9. l. Ciqava, inovaciuri ekonomika, Tb, 2006, gv. 287-288;

10. saqarTvelos statistikuriweliwdeuli, Tb. 2008, gv. 91;

11. z. RuduSauri, e. baliaSvili da sxvebi, mewarmeoba, mcire mewarmeoba: Teoria

da praqtika, Tb. 2004. gv. 32.

152

merab xmalaZe saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mowveuli

profesori, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis SromiTi migracia

SromiTi migraciis moculoba da mizezebi

globalizaciis pirobebSi mosaxleobis, da maT Soris samuSao Zalis, migra-

ciam miiRo arnaxuli masStabebi. 2010 wlisTvis, gaeros monacemebiT, msoflioSi

Tavisi qveynis farglebs gareT cxovrobda 214 mln adamiani, e.i dedamiwis mosax-

leobis 3,1%. aRniSnul process gverdi ar auvlia saqarTvelosTvisac.

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 1992-2009 wlebSi gare migraciis gaaqtiurebis da So-

badobis Semcirebis Sedegad 1992 wlis 5467,4 aTasidan (yvelaze meti ricxovnoba

saqarTvelos istoriaSi) 2009 wels Semcirda 4385,4 aTasamde, e.i. 1082 aTasiT, rome-

lic gamowveuli iyo 1990-iani wlebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli sayo-

velTao (ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialuri) krizisiT. Sesabamisad, 1992 wlis

mimarT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis danaklisma Seadgina misi 19,8%. aseT mdgomareo-

baSi aRmoCnda bevri yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublika. moskovSi, 2001 wels Ca-

tarebul saerTaSoriso konferenciaze _ `centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropa

globaluri migraciis sistemaSi~ (romlis monawilecaa am striqonebis avtori),

aRiniSna, rom somxeTidan emigrirebulia 1 mln adamiani, e.i. mosaxleobis 26,0%,

azerbaijanidan mxolod ruseTis federaciaSi emigrirebuli iyo da muSaobda 2

mln adamiani. e.i azerbaijanis mosaxleobis 25,0%-mde (a. iunusovis moxsenebidan);

moldaveTidan emigraciaSi wasuli iyo 500 aTasamde adamiani e.i. moldaveTis mo-

saxleobis 30,0%-mde.

SromiTi emigracia 1990-iani wlebis Semdeg realobad iqca. aseT movlenas sab-

WoTa epoqa ar cnobda, ramdenadac gare migraciisaTvis sazRvrebi `saimedod~ iyo

Caketili. amitom aRmoCnda, rom sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo moumzadebeli iyo mi-

si regulirebisaTvis, xolo mecnierebs ar hqondaT misi Seswavlis gamocdileba.

sirTuleebs kidev aZlierebs is garemoeba, rom qveyanaSi ar arsebobs SromiTi

emigraciis statistikuri aRricxvis sistema. amitom SromiTi emigraciis Seswavli-

sas veyrdnobiT SerCeviT gamokvlevebs, romliTac arc Tu ise varT ganebivrebuli.

SromiTi migraciis SerCeviTi gamokvlevisas arsebobs ramdenime gza. pirveli _

sazRvargareT myofi migrantebisgan informaciis miReba uSualo kontaqtiT (rac

moiTxovs interviueris wasvlas sxva qveyanaSi, rac Zviri siamovnebaa) an sxva

gziT, magaliTad internetiT; meore _ samSobloSi dabrunebuli SromiTi migrante-

bis gamokiTxva; mesame _ informaciis miReba SromiTi migrantebis saqarTveloSi

darCenili ojaxis wevrebisgan (am meTods hqvia `Semcvleli respodentebis~ meTo-

di), meoTxe _ potenciuri migraciis Sesaxeb informacia SeiZleba miviRoT aq

mcxovrebi mosaxleobisagan.

zogierTi gamokvleviT, SromiT emigraciaSi saqarTvelodan wasulia 300-dan

400 aTasamde adamiani.1 Tavdapirvelad, migraciis veqtori mimarTuli iyo ruseTisa

da TurqeTisaken. dReisaTvis is mimarTulia maRalanazRaurebadi dasavleT evropi-

sa da aSS Sromis bazrebisken. ruseTis ganze `gaCoCebas~ xeli Seuwyo ruseTis mi-

1 naTia WeliZe, SromiTi migracia postsabWoTa saqarTvelodan. Tb., 2006, gv. 112;

153

er saqarTvelosTan savizo reJimis SemoRebam da bolo 20 wlis manZilze Riad

mtrulma moqmedebebma 2008 wlis agvistos omis da saqarTvelos teritoriebis sam-

xedro okupaciis CaTvliT.

SromiTi migraciis struqtura

SromiTi migraciis struqtura SeiZleba ganvixiloT sxvadasxva niSniT, rogo-

ricaa:

_ ojaxuri Semadgenloba;

_ migrantTa asakobrivi struqtura;

_ migrantTa ganaTlebis done;

_ mosaxleobis migraciuli ganwyoba (potenciuri migracia).

migrantTa ojaxuri Semadgenloba. SromiTi migraciis rigi sakiTxebis Sesas-

wavlad saerTaSoriso grantis farglebSi Cvens mier 2000 wels Catarebul iqna

SerCeviTi gamokvleva SromiTi migrantis ojaxis wevrebis gamokiTxvis saSualebiT.

gamokvlevam aCvena, rom SromiTi migracia damaxasiaTebelia didi ojaxebisTvis.

gamokvleuli ojaxebis 56,7% Sedgeboda 6 da meti wevrisgan. amasTan, sxvadasxva

TaobaTa da naTesavTa Tanacxovrebis mixedviT SromiTi migracia ufro damaxasi-

Tebelia didi (mravalricxovani) ojaxebisaTvis. araviTar dasabuTebas ar saWiro-

ebs didi ojaxebis cxovrebis dabali done. sxvadasxva TaobaTa da naTesavTa Ta-

nacxovrebis mixedviT SromiTi migrantis ojaxi sakmaod rTuli struqturisaa.

kerZod, dadginda, rom SromiTi migrantis ojaxi Sedgeba sami Taobisagan: mSoble-

bi _ 30,5%, Svilebi _ 27,5%, SviliSvilebi _ 6,5%. maT garda ojaxSi cxovrobden:

migrantis meuRle _ 17,4%, migrantis da-Zmebi an sxva naTesavebi _ 18,1% (sul

100,0%).1 n. WeliZis gamokvleviT SromiT migrantTa naxevarze mets daojaxebuli

mosaxleoba Seadgens.

migrantTa asakobrivi sturqtura. migraciis Teoriis da migraciis statisti-

kis Tanaxmad istoriulad dasabuTebulia, rom migraciaSi Sedian upiratesad

axalgazrdebi. XX da XXI saukunis mijnaze migrantTa asaki gaizarda. magaliTad,

statistikis departamentis 2001 wlis gamokvleviT gare migraciaSi monawileTa So-

ris 40 wels gadacilebulni Seadgenden 20,6%, xolo Cveni gamokvleviT _ SromiT

migrantebSi _ 40,0%. qalebi Seadgendnen migrantTa 40,0%-s.2

SromiTi migrantebis ganaTlebis done. statistikis departamentis erTdrou-

li gamokvleviT emigrantis saSualo asakma Seadgeina 36,1 weli, xolo Cveni ga-

mokvleviT _ 38,5 weli, e.i. 2,4 wliT meti. aRniSnuli faqti gasakviri ar unda iyos,

radgan SromiT migraciaSi monawileoben garkveuli ganaTlebis da kvalifikaciis

mqone adamianebi, xolo ganaTlebis da kvalifikaciis SeZenas dro unda. Cveni ga-

mokvleviT aRmoCnda, rom SromiTi migrantebidan mamakacebis 74,7% da qalebis 83,3%

hqonda umaRlesi da saSualo specialuri ganaTleba. n. WeliZis gamokvleviT aR-

niSnulma maCvenebelma orive sqesisTvis 80,1% Seadgina.

SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi mizezia cxovrebis pirobebi. SromiT migrantTa

60,0%-mde emigraciaSi wavida im mizeziT, rom gaeumjobesebina materialuri pirobe-

bi, xolo 50,0% iyvnen umuSevrebi.1

Cvens mier studentTa migraciuli ganwyobis Seswavlam mogvca Semdegi savala-

lo suraTi. sazRvargareT mudmivad an droebiT wasvlis survili gamoTqva kargi

1 m. xmalaZe, e. menabdiSvili. Tbilisis mosaxleobis SromiTi migracia. Jurn. demografia. 1(6) 2004, gv. 80; 2 naTia WeliZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 78.

154

materialuri da sabinao pirobebis mqone studentebis 75,1%-ma, saSualo sabinao pi-

robebis mqoneTa 78,2%-ma da cudi sabinao pirobebis mqoneTa 84,8%-ma.2

potenciuri migracia. imis miuxedavad, rom iseTi mcirericxovani qveynidan,

rogorc saqarTveloa, milionze meti adamiania wasuli, dReisaTvis saqarTvelodan

emigraciis survili (migraciuli ganwyoba), an kidev emigraciuli potenciali jer

kidev maRalia, im dros, rodesac emigraciis pikma saqarTveloSi miaRwia 1991-1995

wlebSi. erovnuli katastrofis tolfasad migvaCnia is Sedegebi, romlebic Cven

miviReT studentebis gamokiTxviT. kerZod, is faqti, rom studentTa 7,4%-s surs

saqarTvelodan wasvla mudmivad, xolo 58,5% droebiT (sul 65,9%).3 praqtikulad

analogiuri Sedegi miiRo n. WeliZem studentTa gamokiTxviT (550 studenti), ro-

melTa 61,0%-ma gamoTqva saqarTvelodan emigraciis survili.4 es sakiTxi seriozul

dafiqrebas moiTxovs. mudmivad wamsvlelTa potenciali, 7,4% utoldeba (dReisaT-

vis) 325 aTas mcxovrebs. es exeba ZiriTadad qarTvelebs, radgan n. WeliZis gamok-

vleviT, SromiT emigrantebSi 80-dan 96 procentamde qarTvelia.5

SromiTi emigraciis efeqtianoba

erT-erTma ojaxma Cvens mier Catarebul gamokiTxvis anketaSi Tavisufal ad-

gilze Cawera: imedia, rom (migranti) bedis anabara ar migvatovebso.

migraciis efeqtianoba gaizomeba migrantis mier ojaxisaTvis gamogzavnili

Tanxis moculobiT da am TanxiT gadaWrili problemebiT. imavdroulad qveyana

iRebs sakmao raodenobiT sazRvargareTis valutas.

SromiTi emigraciis efeqtianoba SeiZleba davaxasiaToT maCvenebelTa sistemiT,

romelTa gaangariSeba eyrdnoba SerCeviT gamokvlevebs. aRniSnuli maCveneblebia:

_ SromiTi migrantebis xvedri wili, vinc Tavis ojaxs exmareba fuladi gzav-

nilebiT. kvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom aseTi migrantebi Seadgenen migrantTa daax-

loebiT 80,0%;6

_ migrantTa fuladi gzavnilebi saSualod TveSi da saSualod weliwadSi;

qveyanaSi wlis ganmavlobaSi migrantebis mier gamogzavnili valutis moculoba.

migrantis mier saSualo Tviuri gzavnili ganisazRvreba 178,5 aSS dolariT.7

Sesabamisad saSualowliuri Tanxa toli iqneba 2 142 dolaris (178,5X12).

qveyanaSi wlis ganmavlobaSi migrantebis mier gamogzavnili valutis mocu-

loba ganisazRvreba migrantebis ricxovnobis gamravlebiT erTi migrantis mier

gamogzavnili saSualowliuri Tanxis moculobaze. SromiTi migrantebis ricxov-

nobad Tu aviRebT 400 aTass, saSualo wliur gzavnils _ 2 142 dolars, maSin qve-

yanaSi Semosuli valutis moculoba wlis ganmavlobaSi toli iqneba daaxloebiT

860 milioni dolaris, rac saqarTvelos mSp-is 7,4 procentia 2005 wlisaTvis, ro-

desac Catarda gamokvleva.

gzavnilebis moculoba damokidebulia recipienti qveynis ekonomikur mdgoma-

reobaze. yvelaze dabali saSualoTviuri gzavnilebia dsT-is qveynebidan. magali-

Tad, somxeTidan gzavnilma Seadgina 29,8 dolari, ukrainidan _ 115, xolo azerbai-

1 naTia WeliZe, SromiTi emigracia postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2006, gv. 50-51. m. xmalaZe, e. menab-

diSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv.80; 2 m. xmalaZe, T zubiaSvili. studenti axalgazrdobis gare saswavlo SromiTi emigracia. krebulSi:

migracia 1, Tb., 2007, gv. 70; 3 m. xmalaZe, T zubiaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 70; 4 n. WeliZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 122; 5 n. WeliZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 76-77. 6 n. WeliZe. dasax. naSromi, gv.105. 7 n. WeliZe. dasax. naSromi, gv.105.

155

janidan - 0, maSin, rodesac aSS-dan is toli iyo 397,3, israelidan _ 268,5, germani-

idan _ 167,3 dolaris.1

_ migraciis xangrZlivoba da efeqtianoba. udavoa, rom migraciis efeqtianoba

damokidebulia mis xangrZlivobaze. Cveni gamokvleviT, migrantis saSovarze yofnis

xangrZlivoba 2,7 wels Seadgenda. aseve dadginda, rom im ojaxebidan, romlis wevric

saSovarze imyofeboda 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 63,6 procentma Tavisi ojaxebis materia-

luri mdgomareoba gaiumjobesa an mniSvnelovnad gaiumjobesa, xolo im ojaxebidan,

romelTa wevric saSovarze imyofeboda 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi, _ 72,7%-ma.2

_ ramdeniTaa uzrunvelyofili ojaxis (Sinameurneobis) biujeti sazRvargare-

Tidan gzavnilebiT? amisaTvis Sinameurneobis saSualo Semosavls adgilze daema-

teba saSualoTviuri gzavnili, da miiReba Sinameurneobis mTliani saSualoTviuri

Semosavlebi. amis Semdeg ganisazRvreba gzavnilis xvedri wili Sinameurneobis

mTlian SemosavlebSi.

magaliTad, erTi Sinameurneobis saSualoTviurma Semosavalma saqarTveloSi

2008 wels Seadgina 537,4 lari, gzavnilma _ 178,5 dolari, rac dolaris imdroindli

kursiT (aSS dolari/lari = 1,4902) tolia 266 laris (178,5X1,4902 = 266). Sesabamisad,

erTi Sinameurneobis mTliani saSualoTviuri Semosavali tolia 803,4 laris, xolo

gzavnilis xvedri wili Sinameurneobis SemosavlebSi tolia 33,1%-is (226:803,4=33,1%).

Cvens mier 2000 wels gamoTvlili gzavnilis xvedri wili Seadgenda Sinameurneobis

Semosavlis 69,4%, e.i. ojaxis biujetis 69,4% uzrunvelyofili iyo gzavnilebiT, nac-

vlad 33,1%-sa 2008 wels. Tumca 33,1 procentic mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia.

aseTi tendencia gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi Sinameurneobebis saSualoTviuri

Semosavlebis zrdam. kerZod, aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 2000-2008 wlebSi 174,8 laridan

gaizarda 537,4 laramde, e.i. samjer, maSin, rodesac gzavnilebis moculoba Semcir-

da kidevac saSualod 200 dolaridan 178,5 dolaramde.

_ SromiTi migrantis daxmarebiT ojaxis mier gadaWrili problemebi.

dRevandeli saqarTvelos gaWianurebuli ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi sa-

zRvargareTidan SromiT emigrantTa fuladi gzavnilebis mniSvneloba Seufasebe-

lia. fuladi gzavnilebi aq darCenili ojaxebis biujets saarsebo minimumamde av-

sebs (saarsebo minimumi 2008 wels Seadgenda 127,9 lars), da aWarbebs kidec. amas-

Tan ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom SromiTi emigranti TviTon ikmayofilebs adgilze

misTvis aucilebel moTxovnilebebs.3

rac Seexeba migraciis efeqtianobas, Cveni gamokvleviT dadginda, rom gamokiT-

xulTa 31,2%-ma sazRvargareT myofi axloblebis materialuri daxmarebiT gadaWra

kvebisa da Cacmis problema, 24,6%-ma _ sabinao pirobebi, 13,1%-ma janmrTelobaze

zrunvis problemebi, 4,9%-ma daiwyo biznesi, 8,2%-ma SeiZina avtomobili an sxva niv-

Tebi. araviTari problema ar gadauWria ojaxebis 18,0%-s.1

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mocemuli gamokvleviT migraciis efeqtianoba aRwevs

82,0%-s, araefeqtianoba _ 18,0%-s.

unda aRiniSnos, rom migraciis efeqtianobis maCveneblebi SeiZleba gansxvavde-

bodes sxvadasxva gamokvlevebiT, ramdenadac isini rogorc wesi, tardeba sxvadas-

xva dros. gansxvavebis meore mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes erTdroulad an drois ax-

lomdgom monakveTSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis gansxvavebuli meTodologia.

1 n. WeliZe. dasax. naSromi, gv.106. 2 m. xmalaZe, e. menabdiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 82. 3 naTia WeliZe, dasax. mnaSromi, gv. 107.

156

lela jamagiZe saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti asistent-profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri integracia

regionuli ekonomikuri integraciuli dajgufebebis raodenoba swrafad izrde-

ba. 1990-ian wlebSi iTvlidnen 40 regionul dajgufebas, xolo 2007 wlisTvis, vaWro-

bis msoflio organizaciis monacemebis Tanaxmad, maTi raodenoba 205 iyo. ra Tqma

unda, integraciis Tavdapirveli etapi savaWro reJimebis Ggamartivebas gulisxmobs,

magram bolo wlebSi gamoikveTa iseTi dajgufebebi, romlebSic savaWro barierebis

moxsnasTan erTad specialuri sainvesticio reJimebis amoqmedebac mimdinareobs. maT

preferenciul savaWro da sainvesticio SeTanxmebebs uwodeben (PTIA)2.

integraciuli dajgufebis pirdapir ucxour investiciebze (pui) gavlenis Se-

fasebis Sesaxeb Teoriuli Sexedulebebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

- regionuli integraciis gavlena pirdapiri investiciebis nakadebze sxvadasxva

wevri qveynis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia;

- gansxvaveba SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes investirebis motivebs, aseve, regionSi

saerTaSoriso vaWroba da investiciebi urTierTSemcvlelia Tu urTierTSemavse-

beli;

- es gavlena ukavSirdeba, aseve, arsebul satarifo da arasatarifo barierebs;

- mniSvnelovania qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba (anu qveyana regionisTvis

centria da Tu periferia).

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi ucxouri bazrebisTvis saqonlisa da momsa-

xurebis miwodebis umniSvnelovanesi formaa. integrirebuli sawarmoo sistemebi ki

firmebis efeqtianobis zrdis saSualebaa. pui-is gaZlierebaze integraciis gavle-

nis or mimarTulebas ganixilaven:

1) savaWro barierebis moxsniT yalibdeba ufro farTo bazari, sadac SesaZle-

belia masStabis efeqtis miReba;

2) dajgufebis wevr qveynebSi adgilmdebareobis advilad Secvlis SesaZleb-

loba. es fardobiTi upiratesobis ZiebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

amdenad, regionuli integraciis upiratesobebiT firmebi ver isargebleben,

Tu wevri qveynebi sainvesticio barierebs SeinarCuneben, radgan zemoT aRniSnuli

ori efeqtis realizaciisTvis mxolod savaWro barierebis gauqmeba arasakmarisia.

Teoriulad cnobilia ramdenime mimarTuleba, romlebic xels uwyobs regio-

nuli integraciis farglebSi pui-is gaZlierebas. esenia:

a) preferenciuli savaWro SeTanxmebebi,

b) investiciebTan dakavSirebuli zomebi da

g) sxva regionuli iniciativebi.

1 m. xmalaZe, T. zubiaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 69. 2 UNCTAD 2006. Developments in international investment agreements in 2005 IIA monitor No. 2 (2006).

157

regionis qveynebs Soris satarifo barierebis gauqmeba gavlenas axdens ro-

gorc regionisSida, aseve, regionisgare sainvesticio nakadebze. investiciebTan da-

kavSirebuli zomebi gulisxmobs pui-is dacvas, investiciebis Sedinebamde da Sedi-

nebis Semdeg arsebul reJimebs, davebis gadawyvetis wesebs. sxva regionuli inicia-

tivebi ki moicavs TanamSromlobis nebismier formas, maT Soris adamianTa da in-

formaciis nakadebis moZraobas, kontraqtebis Sesrulebis pirobebs da a. S.

miRebulia ekonomikuri integraciis dayofa formaluri da realuri integra-

ciis cnebebad1. pirveli ukavSirdeba qveynebs Soris formaluri SeTanxmebis arse-

bobas barierebis moxsnisa da zenacionaluri institutebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. rea-

lur integracias ki adgili aqvs aseTi formaluri SeTanxmebebis ararsebobis Sem-

TxvevaSic, rodesac savaWro da sainvesticio nakadebis gazrdili moculobis gamo

ekonomikebis urTierTdamokidebuleba Rrmavdeba. amdenad, realuri ekonomikuri in-

tegracia damokidebulia ekonomikuri subieqtebis qcevasa da maT strategiul ga-

dawyvetilebebze.

tnk-ebis saqmianoba dakavSirebulia maRal xarjebTan, ganusazRvrelobasa da

riskTan, amitom saqmianobis warmarTva SedarebiT mcire bazrebze maTTvis komerci-

ulad mizanSewonili ar iqneba. msoflio masStabiT Tavisufali vaWroba ver miiR-

weva mokle an saSualovadian periodSi, amitom ekonomikuri integraciuli dajgu-

febebis farglebSi savaWro da sainvesticio saqmianobis warmarTva SeiZleba meore

alternativa iyos. farTo da mzardi bazrebi met ndobas iwvevs investorebis

TvalSi. integraciuli dajgufebis farglebSi vrceli bazris formirebiT wevri

qveynebi axerxeben warmoebis, dasaqmebisa da investiciebis gazrdas, amcireben sa-

gareo Sokebis zemoqmedebis safrTxes da aumjobeseben sakuTar poziciebs saerTa-

Soriso bazrebze.

erT-erTi mosazrebiT, pui bazris arasrulyofilebis Sedegia. Tavisufali

vaWrobis pirobebSi resursebis ganawileba qveynebsa da dargebs Soris srulyofi-

lia da ar arsebobs safuZveli pui-sTvis. tnk-ebi mZlavri sawarmoo qselebis for-

mirebiT xels uwyoben regionul ekonomikur integracias. transnacionaluri sa-

warmoo qselebi, saqmianobis globaluri konfiguracia da koordinacia gzas ux-

snis sxvadasxva regionebisa da qveynebis bazrebis integracias. integraciulma

dajgufebebma (EU, NAFTA) Secvales msoflio bazrebi. regionalizaciis yovel pro-

cess aqvs Tavisi logikuri ganviTareba, dominanti qveynebi, oficialuri da arao-

ficialuri politikuri da ekonomikuri kavSirebi.

integracias SeuZlia masSi Semavali qveynebis vaWrobis pirobebis gaumjobese-

ba danarCeni msoflios xarjze. davuSvaT, A da B qveyana qmnian integracias. Tu tnk

mdebareobs B qveyanaSi, awarmoebs X saqonels integraciamde da agrZelebs iq muSa-

obas regionuli dajgufebis formirebis Semdegac, X saqonlis fasi SeiZleba dae-

ces an gazrdili konkurenciis gamo, an gazrdili efeqtianobis gamo, romelic

masStabis ekonomiidan gamomdinareobs. Tu A qveyana X saqonlis imports ganaxor-

cielebs B qveynidan misi momxmareblebis danazogi gaizrdeba. am SemTxvevaSi A qve-

yana ganicdis ucxouri mogebis Sekavebis efeqts. Tu A qveyanaSi meore tnk awarmo-

1 Lindström M. Globalization and Economic Integration – What Challenges the Economies in Transition, European University in St. Petersburg, 1999, gv. 14

158

ebs Ysaqonels, romlis eqsportireba xdeba B qveyanaSi integraciis Semdeg, adgili

eqneba ucxouri mogebis Seqmnis efeqts. es efeqtebi mniSvnelovania integraciis

sqemebSi im qveynebisTvis, romelTa ekonomikebSi tnk-ebi dominireben. tnk-ebi umTav-

resad dainteresebulni arian xelsayreli ucxouri mogebis Seqmnis efeqtiT. Tu

ori qveyana qmnis integracias da orive qveyanaSi imyofebian tnk-ebi, romlebic er-

Tgavrovan aradiferencirebul saqonels awarmoeben, maT Soris dapirispirebam Se-

iZleba xeli SeuSalos integracias. mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi, biznessazogadoebis

interesebs iTvaliswineben. amdenad, tnk-ebs SeswevT Zala, rom mTavrobebi erTmane-

Tis sawinaaRmdegod ganawyon da resursebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT araefeqti-

ani warmoebac ganagrZon, romelic maTTvis momgebiania.

integraciuli dajgufebis politika tnk-ebis mimarT am jgufis ZiriTad amo-

canebzea damokidebuli. Tu es am amocanaa dasaqmebis gazrda, maSin firmis mflo-

beli naklebad mniSvnelovania. pui, bolos da bolos, investiciaa. Tu mizania ren-

tis gadanacvleba integrirebuli qveynebis mxares, maSin mniSvnelovania, vinaa mesa-

kuTre.

dResdReobiT regionalizaciis efeqtebis Sefaseba, tradiciulad miRebuli

vaWrobis Seqmnisa da vaWrobis SeCerebis efeqtebis mixedviT, metad mwiria. amasTan,

sabaJo kavSiris tradiciuli Teoria uSvebs, rom bazrebi aris srulyofili kon-

kurenciis. magram gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri garigebe-

bis sul ufro didi nawilis transnacionaluri korporaciebis xelSi koncentri-

rebis gamo, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT arasrulyofili konkurencia.

Tu integrirebuli qveynebis bazari kvlav imdenad mcirea, rom SeuZlebelia

urTierTdakavSirebuli mimwodeblebis klasteris formireba, maSin mTavari mosar-

gebleebi iqnebian TviTon tnk-ebi, romlebic awyoben saqonels an asruleben warmo-

ebis mxolod garkveul operaciebs.

potenciurma mimRebma qveynebma SeiZleba konkurencia gauwion erTmaneTs tnk-

ebis subsidirebis TvalsazrisiT, rom moizidon maTi investiciebi. am situaciaSi

mTavari mosargebleebi TviTon tnk-ebi arian, radgan maTi zemoqmedebis Zalauf-

leba maRalia. arsebobs gamokvlevebi, romlebic adasturebs, rom tnk-ebs aqvT mid-

rekileba xeli Seuwyon mcire bazrebis mqone ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris integra-

cias, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu integraciamde iq operaciebs ar axorcielebdnen. rac See-

xeba did ganviTarebad qveynebs, maT Soris integracias SeiZleba xelic ki SeuSa-

lon, radgan am SemTxevvaSi mniSvnelovania ara mxolod warmoebis efeqtianoba,

aramed sxva tnk-ebis moqmedebebi da konfliqtebis acilebis survili.

1960-70-ian wlebSi evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis Seqmnam aSS-is bevr

tnk-s misca stimuli, rom iq investiciebi ganexorcielebinaT. meore etapze erTia-

ni bazris amoqmedebis Semdeg, kidev ufro gaizrada investiciebi evrokavSirSi, maT

Soris iaponiidan, Tumca es nakadebi damokidebuli iyo ara mxolod satarifo,

aramed arasatarifo barierebis gauqmebazec. 1999 wels ki monetaruli kavSiris

Seqmnis Semdeg kidev ufro amaRlda am regionis, rogor tnk-ebis ganlagebis adgi-

lis mimzidevloba. am etapis mTavari amocana iyo yovelgvari savaluto riskis mi-

nimizacia, romlebic xels SeuSlidnen pui-is mozidvas. aRmosavleTiT gafarToeba,

meoTxe etapi, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc EU-is sainvesticio mimzidvelobis

amaRlebis kidev erTi SesaZlebloba. Tavdapirvelad iyo molodini, rom evrokavSi-

ri Seuqmnida barierebs kavSiris arawevri qveynebidan Semosul kapitals da bevrma

tnk-m saswrafod SeaRwia iq, vidre es barierebi amoqmeddeboda, Tumca, aRsaniSna-

159

via, rom evrokavSiri kvlav darCa warmoebis mimzidvel adgilad da ucxouri tnk-

ebi, aseve, aqtiurad ganixilaven evropul tnk-ebTan strategiuli aliansebis Seq-

mnis SesaZleblobebs.

aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, evrokavSirSi ar aris erTi saerTo kanoni pui-is dasa-

regulireblad. romis xelSekrulebis muxlebi, romlebic exeba konkurencias, da-

begvars, garemos dacvis sakiTxebs, aseve, ukavSirdeba pui-s. OECD-is SefasebiT, ev-

rokavSiri ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris erT-erTi gamorCeulia pui-ze minimaluri

SezRudvebiT.

evrokavSiri erT-erTi udidesi investoria msoflioSi. amasTan, pirdapir uc-

xour investiciebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad saSualebad miiCnevs. evro-

kavSiris investiciebis maregulirebeli wesebi SesabamisobaSia WTO-is wesebTan,

OECD-s mravalerovnuli korporaciebis saxelmZRvanelosTan da mas avsebs, aseve,

wevri qveynebis mier ormxrivad gaformebuli xelSekrulebebi. amJamad yuradRebas

aqceven investiciebis maregulirebeli wesebis Camoyalibebas mesame qveynebisaTvis

miniWebuli preferenciuli savaWro SeTanxmebebis konteqstSi. evrokavSiriSi pui-is

regulirebis ZiriTadi principebia:

• aqcenti grZelvadian investiciebze, romlebic uzrunvelyofs stabilur da-

saqmebasa da ekonomikur zrdas;

• maregulirebeli wesebi unda uzrunvelyofdes gamWvirvalobas;

• rogor gamcemi, ise mimRebi qveyana srulad inarCunebs regulirebis uflebas,

• investiciebisaTvis bazris xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba;

• uzrunvelyofs erovnul reJims investiciebisTvis, romlebic mimRebi qveynis

kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad aris ganxorcielebuli;

• uzrunvelyofs investiciebTan dakavSirebuli kapitalis nakadebis Tavisufal

moZraobas, magram itovebs gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi TavdacviTi zomebis mi-

Rebis SesaZleblobas;

• aadvilebs adamianebis gadaadgilebas, rac investiciebTan aris dakavSirebu-

li.

calkeul qveynebs Soris SeiZleba konkurencia warmoiSvas erTi da imave pui-

is mozidvis mizniT, integraciis farglebSi ki TanamSromlobis meti SesaZleblo-

bebi arsebobs da erToblivad investiciebis waxalisebiT miRebuli sargebeli

dajgufebaze gadanawildeba. magaliTad, ASEAN-ma ministrTa doneze Camoayaliba in-

vesticiebis xelSewyobis erToblivi programa, romlis mizani iyo dadebiTi regio-

nuli imijis formireba. am dajgufebis farglebSi gamoiyenes mravalferovani me-

Todebi, rogorebicaa informaciis gavrceleba portalebis, monacemTa bazebis, pub-

likaciebisa da statistikuri krebulebis gamocemis gziT, rac gacilebiT metia,

vidre savaWro da sainvesticio maregulirebeli wesebis danergva.

NAFTA-s SeTanxmebis me-11 muxliT gansazRvrulia investiciebis maregulirebe-

li debulebebi. isini, faqtobrivad, yvela seqtors exeba, Tumca, TiToeuli qveyana

gansazRvravs im seqtorebs, romlebic am debulebebiT regulirebas ar eqvemdebare-

ba. magaliTad, meqsika maTgan gamoricxavs benzinis warmoebis dargs da saxelmwi-

fos sakuTrebaSi myof yvela seqtors, kanada _ kulturuli, jandacvisa da soci-

aluri momsaxurebis dargebs, aSS _ aseve, jandacvasa da socialur momsaxurebas.

ganxilulis fonze sainteresoa ra rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia integracias

saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi investiciebis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT. regionuli integ-

raciuli dajgufebebi cvlian vaWrobisa da investiciebis efeqtebsa da mimarTule-

160

bebs. myari da ganviTarebuli integracia maRali mwarmoeblurobisTvis xelsayrel

garemos qmnis. evrokavSiris magaliTi metyvelebs imas, rom wevrma qveynebma mniS-

vnelovnad gaaumjobeses sakuTari ekonomikis funqcionireba da dargebma ukeT SeZ-

les konkurentuli SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba.

saqarTvelo BSEC-is regionuli dajgufebis wevria. BSEC-is iniciativa warmo-

adgens TanamSromlobis iseT meqanizms, romelmac xeli unda Seuwyos regionis

qveynebSi savaWro, sainvesticio da sxva saxis ekonomikuri saqmianobis damabrkole-

beli barierebis moxsnas. BSEC qmnis uzarmazar bazars 350 mln momxmarebliT da

Tavisi adgilmdebareobiT igi mimzidveli regionia investiciebisTvis. cxrilSi mo-

cemulia BSEC wevri qveynebidan saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi Semosuli pui. rogorc

Cans, investiciebis done sakmaod dabalia.

cxrili 1

pui BSEC-is qveynebidan saqarTveloSi (aTasi dolari)

2005 2006 2007 2008

pui-s mTliani nakadebi 449 785 1 190 375 2 014 842 1 563 963

azerbaijani 66 920 77 804 41 368 23 943

bulgareTi 71 319 21 13

TurqeTi 21 812 129 728 93 871 164 526

rumineTi 5 431

ruseTi 38 738 34 210 88 997 26 212

saberZneTi 2 217 2 507 1 350 -1 850

somxeTi 396 1 034 -4 895 -15 061

ukraina 1 701 1 056 24 381 -6 442

wyaro: Statistical Yearbook of Georgia, State Department of Statistics of Georgia, 2009, p.288

adgilmdebareobis upiratesoba qveynisTvis aSkaraa pui-s mozidvis Tvalsaz-

risiT, magram dabrkolebas qmnis arsebuli sakanonmdeblo bazis realur amoqmede-

basTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. saqarTvelos aqvs preferenciuli savaWro reJi-

mi evrokavSiris bazarze, SedarebiT dabali danaxarjebi samuSao Zalaze da ma-

Ralkvalificiuri muSaxeli. investirebis SesaZleblobebi auTvisebelia iseT dar-

gebSi, rogorebicaa agrosamrewvelo kompleqsi, infrastruqtura da sxva seqtore-

bi. amdenad, TavisTavad integraciuli dajgufebis formireba da misi wevroba ar

uzrunvelyofs sainvesticio aqtivobis amaRlebas. Tu gavixsenebT ekonomikuri in-

tegraciis dayofas formalur da realur integraciad, realur integracias SeiZ-

leba adgili hqondes formaluri SeTanxmebebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic, rode-

sac savaWro da sainvesticio nakadebis gazrdili moculobis gamo ekonomikebis

urTierTdamokidebuleba Rrmavdeba. amdenad, realuri ekonomikuri integracia da-

mokidebulia ekonomikuri subieqtebis qcevasa da maT strategiul gadawyvetile-

bebze.

l i t e r a t u r a:

1. Jovanovic M, The Economics of Euroepan Union, 2005

2. Statistical Yearbook of Georgia, State Department of Statistics of Georgia, 2009

3. Jamagidze L. Evaluation of Georgia’s International Competitiveness in bSEC Membership context,

Donetsk National University Collection of Scientific Works, Istanbul-Donetsk, 2010

4. http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/trade-topics/investment/

161

nino abralava saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis doqtoranti

komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Taviseburebebi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi

istoriuli TvalsazrisiT bankebi Tavidan rogorc kerZo komerciuli formi-

rebebi warmoSobilan, romlebic savaWro-sabazro infrastruqturis elementebs,

anu bazris sagareo CarCos warmoadgenen. ueWvelia, rom pirveli bankebi TavianT

saqmianobaSi xelmZRvanelobdnen ara marto Ffuladi saxsrebis sesxad gacemis meS-

veobiT, maTi moZraobis xelSewyobis saxiT, aramed mevaxSeebad arsebobisa da aqe-

dan, rogorc ityvian, mniSvnelovani sargebelis miRebis mizniTac. saxelmwifo ban-

kebi msoflioSi kerZoebze ufro gvian warmoiSvnen da maTTan Tanaarseboba iseTi

saxiT daiwyes, rom ekonomikur urTierTobaSi,Yanu ekonomiur sivrceSi TiToeulma

maTganma sakuTari niSa daikaves.

socialisturma wyobam,Ysabanko fulad operaciebze sruli monopoliis damya-

rebiT kerZo-safinanso-komerciuli biznesis Crdilovan sferoSi gadaweviT da mi-

si akrZalul saqmianobad gamocxadebiT Taviseburad gardaqmna sabanko sistema. me-

urneobriobis socialistur sistemaSi miRweulma saxelmwifo bankis monopoliz-

mis umaRlesma donem gamoiwvia is, rom respublikuri da adgilobrivi bankebi

faqtobrivad ssrk-is saxelmwifo bankis ganyofilebebs warmoadgenen. ufro metic,

imdenad, ramdenadac ssrk-is saxelmwifo banki uSualod MmTavrobis da finansTa

saministros daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda, ukontrolo saxelmwifo safinanso sa-

banko oligarqia warmoiSva, romelmac mTlianobaSi qveyanaSi arsebuli oqros mar-

gi, fulis mimoqcevaSi gamoSveba, fuladi saxsrebis ganawileba da gamoyeneba, sa-

xelmwifo valis moculoba saidumlo gaxada1.

sabanko sistemis zRvrul centralizacias calkeuli ekonomikuri subieqte-

bis sakuTari mimzidveli mxarec gaaCnda. fuladi sistemis regulireba erTian

xelSi imyofeboda, rac inflaciis moTokvis, fuladi mimoqcevis stabilizaciis,

saxelmwifo Sida da sagareo valebis Sekavebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. aseT pi-

robebSi praqtikulad saxelmwifo sawarmoebis da gansakuTrebulad meurneobisa

da kolmeurneobis sabanko uprocento dakrediteba gaxda SesaZlebeli, ramac rig

SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo bankebisaTvis valebis ubralod daubruneblobisa da maTi

dotaciebad gardaqmnis SesaZleblobebi warmoSva.

Semdgom periodSi, rodesac qveyanaSi sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis kon-

cefcia momwifda, naTeli gaxda, rom, wina ekonomikaSi Camoyalebebuli da damkvid-

rebuli sabanko sistema _ sabanko saqmeze saxelmwifo monopoliis likvidaciiT,

saxelmwifo bankebze sakanonmdeblo organoebis mxridan kontrolis dawesebiT,

saxelmwifo bankis rigi funqciebisa da uflebamosilebis respublikur, regiuna-

lur, adgilobriv bankebze delegirebiT, komerciuli arasaxelmwufo sabanko

struqturebis aRorZinebiT kardinalurad gardaiqmna. Tumca unda aRiniSnos iseTi

garemoebac, rom sabanko sistema nebismieri ekonomikisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,

1 Лучшие рефераты по банковскому делу. (Экономические основы формирования коммерческих банков.-с.120-148.)/Сост. Э. Нестерова. Серия «Банк рефератов». – Ростов-на-Дону: «Феникс», 2002.- 320 с.

162

magram igi marTvis finansuri kontrolis centraluri rgolis rols mxolod sa-

bazro ekonomikis pirobebSi iZens. sabazro tipis ekonomikaSi sasaqonlo-fuladi

urTierTobis gabatonebuli roli fuladi mimoqcevis saxiT, xolo misi meSveobiT

mTlianad sameurneo saqmianobis regulirebis problemebi wina frontzea wamoweu-

li. amitom sabazro ekonomikaSi bankebs, maTi gamovlinebis mravalferovnebebiT,

rogorc safinanso sakredito procesebis marTvis centrebs metad mniSvnelovani

funqciebi akisriaT.

administraciul-komanduri sistemis gabatonebis periodSi qveyanaSi bankebis

roli mkveTrad iyo Seviwroebuli. maTi funqciebi Semdegi saxis saqmianobis gan-

xorcielebamde iyo dayvanili: sawarmoebs Soris unaRdo angariSsworeba, sakaso

momsaxureba, agreTve saxlmwifo biujetisa da miznobrivi fondebis kapitaluri

dabandeba da dafinanseba. bankebi warmoadgenen ra saxelmwifo aparatis Semadge-

nel nawils, isini centraluri saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi dagegmvis pirobebSi sak-

redito operaciebs axorcieleben fuladi saxsrebisa da dakreditebis limitire-

buli fondebis gamoyenebis mkacrad reglamentirebuadi mimarTvis CarCoebSi. ara-

gegmiuri operaciebi mxolod partiuli da samTavrobo organoebis gadawyvetile-

bis Tanaxmad iyo dasaSvebi. sawarmoebis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis da TviT bankis Ta-

namSromlebisaTvis faqtobrivad sabiujeto da sakredito dafinansebas Soris ar-

sebiTi sxvaoba ar arsebobda, dakrediteba pirobiTad procentualurad imave biu-

jetidan xorcieldeboda. saxelmwifo (centraluri) banki kreditis meSveobiT

Fkvlavwarmoebis finansuri saxiT mudmivad axorcielebda direqtiuli saxelmwifo

saxalxo meurneobis gegmis, samTavrobo programebisa da dadgenilebis meSveobiT.

saxelmwifo banki, im periodSi Tavisi arsiT, xSirad deficituri, gaflangviTi da

xSirad ubralod araaucilebeli saWiroebis samTavrobo progremebis dafinansebi-

saTvis fuladi da sakredito emisiis ganxorcielebiT mTavrobis salaros warmo-

adgenda. saxelmwifo qselSi dargobrivi specializirebuli bankebis CarTva saq-

mes arsebiTad ar cvlida, radganac isini dayofil centralizirebul bankebs war-

moadgendnen, romlebSic mxolod vertikaluri struqturebis ricxvi gaizarda.

aseTi saxis sabanko sistema mxolod sasaqonli-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTare-

bis damuxruWebas uwyobda xels.

mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, rom bankebi TavianTi ZiriTadi arsiT ubralod

fulis sacavs, maT gasacem salaros da kreditebis gamcem dawesebulebas ar war-

moadgens. isini TavisTavad samewarmeo saqmianobis, sawarmoo da socialuri obieq-

tebis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro finansebis, sabanko da kreditebis

formiT kapitalis investiciebis gadanawilebis gziT ganxorcielebadi ekonomikis

struqturuli politikisa da regulaciis mZlavr instruments warmoadgenen. ban-

kebs SeuZliaT finansuri saxsrebi, finansuri resursebi kreditebis saxiT im dar-

gSi, sferoSi, regionebSi mimarTon, sadac kapitali ufro efeqtianad iqneba gamo-

yenebuli.

Ddakreditebis gauazrebel politikas, xelovnurad Semcirebul sakredito

ganakveTebs upiratesad damangrevel inflaciur procesebamde, saxelmwifo biuje-

tis deficitamde, saxsrebis ubralod gaflangvande mivyavarT. iseT pirobebSi, ro-

desac bankebi saxelmwifo aparatis wnexis qveS imyofebian, finansuri TviTregula-

cia xSirad ara realuri, aramed fiqtiuri fuladi saxsrebis iZulebiTi ganawi-

lebis, mkvdari kapitalis moZraobis saxiT gardaiqmneba. saboloo jamSi yovelive

aRniSnuls qveynis krizisisaken mivyavarT. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam sabanko

163

sistemis saxelmwifo zemoqmedebis wnexisgan zomierad gamoTavsufleba da misi

ekonomikis marTvis finansuri konturis nawilis marTvis aqtiur instrumentad

gardaqmna aucilebel pirobad gaxada. sabanko sistemis reformis Sedegad 1990-1991

wlebSi igi sabazro ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiTebel, oriarusian sabnko struqtu-

rad gardaiqmna, romlis zeda safexurze-qveynis erovnuli (centraluri) banki da

meoreze ki _ aqcioneruli tipis universaluri komerciuli sakredito dawesebu-

lebebi Camoyalibda.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba bankis cnebis avtoriseuli sakuTari

interpretacia CamovayaliboT: komerciuli banki sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi _

aris aqcioneruli tipis universaluri komerciuli sakredito dawesebuleba, ro-

melic Tavis saqmianobas axorcielebs erovnuli (centraluri) bankis mier dadge-

nili wesebis, limitebisa da normativebis dacviTa da mogebis miRebis mizniT.

komerciuli banki aris dawesebuleba, sadac SeiZleba aiRoT krediti, Tu da-

arwmunebT kreditors, rom Tqven warmatebuli mewarme xarT da finansurad ar gi-

WirT. banki aris sakredito organizacia, romelic Seqmnilia iuridiuli da fizi-

kuri pirebidan droebiT Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis akumulirebisa da maTi

dabrunebadobis, fasianobis, vadianobisa da miznobriobis pirobebis qveS, sakuTari

saxeliT ganTavsebis mizniT.

bankis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa _ fuladi saxsrebis gadaadgilebaSi Suamavlo-

ba kreditorebidan msesxeblebisken da gamsaReblebidan myidvelebisken. Bazrebze

fuladi saxsrebis gadaadgilebas bankebTan erTad kidev sxva safinanso da sakre-

dito – safinanso dawesebulebebi axorcieleben, rogoricaa: sainvesticio fonde-

bi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi, sabrokero dileruli firmebi da a.S. magram bankebs, ro-

gorc finansuri bazris subieqtebs, ori arsebiTad mniSvnelovani niSan-Tviseba ga-

aCniaT, romlebic maT sxva danarCeni subieqtebisagan ganasxvaveben, rogorebicaa:

pirvel rigSi, bankebisTvis savalo valdebulebis ormagi gacvla aris damaxa-

siaTebeli: isini sxvadasxva subieqtebisagan droebiT Tavisufali fuladi saxsre-

bis akumulirebas axorcieleben. sakuTari savalo valdebulebebis (depozitebis,

saSemnaxvelo serTifikatebis da sxva) saxiT, xolo aseTi saxiT mobilizebul sax-

srebs ganaTavseben savalo valdebulebebSi da sxva subieqtebis mier gamoSvebul

fasian qaRaldebSi.Dbankebi swored aRniSnuli faqtoriT gansxvavdebian finansuri

brokerebisa da dilerebisagan, romlebic sakuTari savalo valdebulebis gamoSve-

bas ar axorcieleben.

Mmeore mxriv, bankebi aseve iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis winaSe valis fiq-

sirebuli Tanxis upirobo valdebulebis sakuTar Tavze miRebiTac gansxvavdebian.

bankebi aseve sxvadasxva sainvesticio fondebisaganac sakuTari aqtivebisa da pasi-

vebis Rirebulebis cvalobadobasTan dakavSirebul yvela riskebis sakuTar aqcio-

nerebs Soris gadanawilebis SesaZleblobiTac gansxvavdebian.

dRes saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sabazro ekonomikis mqone damoukidebeli

qveyynebis umetesobaSi, `bankebisa da sabanko saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ moqmedi kanonis

Tanaxmad, qveyanaSi funqcionireben, rogorc universaluri sakredito dawesebule-

bebi, romlebic safinanso bazarze farTo wrisa da speqtris operaciebs axorcie-

leben, rogorebicaa: sxvadasxva saxis da vadianobis kreditebis miwodeba, yidva –

fasiani qaRaldebis gayidva da Senaxva, ucxouri valutis da sxva saxsrebis mo-

zidva anabrebSi, angariSsworeba, garantiebis, Tavdebebisa da sxva saxis valdebu-

lebebis gacema, saSuamavlo da ndobiTi operaciebis ganxorcieleba da a.S.

164

komeciuli bankis saqmianobis ZiriTadi principebia:

a) pirveli da fuZemdebluri principia _ komerciuli bankis realurad arsebu-

li resursebis farglebSi muSaoba;

meore umniSvnelovanes princips warmoadgens _ Kkomerciuli bankis saqmianobis

ekonomikuri damoukidebloba, romelic bankis saqmianobis Sedegze sakuTar eko-

nomikur pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebs. uSualod ekonomikuri damoukideblo-

ba ki iTvaliswinebs maT mier sakuTari da miziduli saxsrebis gankargvis Tavi-

suflebas, klientebisa da meanabreebis, bankis Semosavlebis gankargvis Tavisu-

fal arCevans;

b) mesame principi _ mdgomareobs imaSi, rom komerciuli bankis urTierToba Ta-

vianT klientebTan agebulia rogorc Cveulebrivi sabazro urTierTobebi sesxe-

bis miwodebiT, komerciuli banki upirveles yovlisa momgebianobis, riskisa da

likvidurobis sabazro kriteriumebidan gamomdinareobs.

g) meoTxe principi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom komerciuli bankis saqmianobis re-

gulireba SeiZleba mxolod iribi ekonomikuri (da ara administraciuli) meTo-

debiT ganxorcieldes. Ksaxelmwifo uSuald komerciuli bankebisaTvis mxolod

TamaSis wesebs gansazRvravs, magram maTze brZanebis gacemis ufleba ar gaaCnia.

Tanamedrove Kkomerciuli bankebis ZiriTadi funqciebia:

Ka) komerciuli bankis erT-erT mniSvnelovan funqcias warmoadgens Suamavlo-

ba kreditebSi, romelsac isini sawarmos fondebisa da kerZo pirebis fuladi Se-

mosavlebis wrebrunvis procesSi droebiT gamonTavisuflebuli fuladi saxsre-

bis gadanawilebis gziT anxorcieleben. Kkomerciuli bankis saSuamavlo funqciis

Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom msesxeblis mier kreditis gamoyenebis momge-

bianoba resursebis gadanawilebis mTavar kriteriums warmoadgens. resursebis ga-

danawileba xorcieldeba horizontalurad sameurneo kavSiris saxiT kreditori-

sagan msesxeblisaken zemdgomi sabanko struqturebis uSualo SuamdgomlobiTa

da fasianobisa da dabrunebadobis pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Ggacemul da miRe-

bul sesxebze safasuris formireba nasesxebi saxsrebis moTxovnisa da miwodebis

zemoqmedebis qveS xorcieldeba, ris Sedegad meurneobaSi sabazro urTierTobi-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli finansuri resursebis Tavisufali gadanawileba miiRweva;

b) Kkomerciuli Kbankebis meore umniSvlelovanes funqcias – warmoadgens da-

nazogebis stimulireba meurneobaSi. Kkomerciulma bankebma finansur bazarze sak-

redito resursebze moTxovnis ganxorcielebisas, meurneobaSi arsebuli danazoge-

bis aramarto maqsimaluri mobilizeba unda moaxdinos, aramed saxsrebis dagrove-

bis mizniT sakmaod efeqturi stimulebis formirebac unda ganaxorcielos. Ffu-

ladi saxsrebis dagrovebisaken da dazogvisaken stimulebis formireba komerciu-

li bankebis moqnili depozituri politikis safuZvelze unda ganxorcieldes. ban-

kebis kreditorebs, anabrebze gadasaxdeli maRali saprocento ganakveTebis garda,

aucileblad dazogili resursebis bankSi saimedod ganTavsebis maRali garantie-

bic Wirdeba. garantiebis Seqmnis mniSvnelovani safuZvelia sabanko dawesebulebeb-

Si aqtivebis, depozitebisa da dazRvevis fondis formireba;

Bg) bankis mesame funqcias _ warmoadgens calkeul damoukidebel subieqtebs

Soris Suamavloba gadasaxdelebSi;

d) unda aRiniSnos, rom safinanso bazris formirebasTan dakavSirebiT Tana-

medrove pirobebSi bankis iseTi axali meoTxe funqciac _ fasian qaRaldebTan da-

kavSirebul operaciebSi Suamavloba viTardeba, sadac bankebi _ Suamavlis, broke-

165

ris, sainvesticio konsultantis, sainvesticio kompaniisa da fondis saxiT gamodi-

an.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare mokle daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba Camovayali-

boT, rom:

sasaqonlo bazris ganviTarebisa da finansuri bazris Camoyalibebis pirobeb-

Si sabanko sistemis struqtura mkveTrad icvleba da warmoiSoba klientebis mom-

saxurebis axali saxis finansuri dawesebulebebi, axali sakredito instrumentebi

da meTodebi;

mimdinareobs sakredito sistemis mowyobis optimaluri formebis, kapitalis

bazarze efeqturad momuSave meqnizmebis, komerciuli struqturebis momsaxurebis

axali meTodebis Zieba. xorcieldeba moqnili da efeqtiani sabanko infrastruq-

tuqturis Seqmna, rac saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformis ganxorcielebis erT-

erT umniSvnelovanes amocanas warmoadgens;A

amocana rTuldeba imiTac, rom sufTa ekonomikur siZneleebs socialurebic

emateba: mudmivad icvleba sakanonmdeblo baza, qveyanaSi damnaSaveoba matulobs;

bankebis umetesobis miswrafeba matulobs myisieri mogebis miRebasTan mimarTebaSi,

rasac saboloo jamSi bankebis gakotrebamde da sabanko sistemis krizisamde mivya-

varT;

axali sakredito institutebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb gancxadebebis gakeTeba warma-

tebisTvis sakmarisi ar aris, vinaidan urTierTobebis mTliani sistema Zirfesvia-

nad unda Seicvalos. aseve saWiroa bankiris fsiqologiis Secvla, bankis axali

TanamSromlebis aRzrda, romlebic Sesabamisad ganaTlebulebi, moazrovneebi, ini-

ciativianebi da gonivrulebi iqnebian. da Sewonil riskze wasvlisaTvis iqnebian

mzadyofnaSi, rasac saTanado droc esaWiroeba. amasTan mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,

rom ucxouri gamocdileba gulmodgined unda iqnas Seswavlili, aRdgenili iqnas

sakredito dawesebulebebis formirebis dakarguli racionaluri principebi, rom-

lebic civilizirebul samyaroSia miRebuli da sabazro finansuri struqturebis

mravalsaukunovan gamocdilebas efuZnebian.

l i t e r a t u r a:

1. caava g., sabanko saqme (leqciebis kursi), Tbilisi, gamomcemloba: “afx. mecn.

akademia”, 2005. gv. 66;

2. Лучшие рефераты по банковскому делу. /Сост. Э. Нестерова. Серия «Банк рефератов». –

Ростов-на-Дону: «Феникс», 2002.- 320 с.;

3. Банковское дело: учебник/Под ред. О.И. Лаврушина. Москва, «КНОРУС», 2009.- 768 с.

166

reziumeebi

nugzar babuaZe saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

SoTa veSapiZe saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

sruli profesori,

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

ilia da globalizmi

ilia WavWavaZe umTavres orientirad gvisaxavda sxva qveynebis mowinave gamoc-

dilebis gaziarebas da amisTvis konkretul gzebsac gvTavazobda. mas samagali-

Tod miaCnda `evropiuli ganaTleba, mmarTveloba da gamgebloba qveynisa, evropis

wesi da rigi~. gvmoZRvravda, rom kari gagveRo evropuli civilizaciisaTvis, rad-

gan is yvelaze mowinave, progresuli iyo. miiCnevda, rom mowinave gamocdilebas

yvela qveynisas unda viTvaliswinebdeT, radgan `xalxebs Soris kargi urTierTo-

bebis gareSe, saqarTvelos xsnis gza ar arsebobs~. misi mTavari daskvna aseTia:

zogadad mowinave saxelmwifoebidan yvelaferi unda gadmoviRoT, rasac moiTxovs

qveynis sikeTe da bedniereba.

ilia WavWavaZe did rezervebs xedavda kavkasiis xalxebTan Cveni savaWro eko-

nomikuri kavSirebis ganviTarebaSi. igi didi mowonebiT Sexvda baqo-Tbilisi-foTis

rkinigzis gaxsnas, vinaidan miaCnda, rom am gziT kaspiispireTTan da Sua aziasTan

dakavSireba qveyanas did sargeblobas moutanda iseve, rogorc baqo-baTumis nav-

Tobsadeni. ilia miiCnevda, rom saqarTvelom unda Seasrulos evropasa da azias

Soris damakavSirebeli qveynis funqcia, riTac igi xels Seuwyobda sami regionis

– kavkasiis, axlo aRmosavleTis da kaspiispireTis Taviseburi `saerTo bazris~

Seqmnas. es idea amJamad Tavisebur gagrZelebas poulobs, xorcieldeba baqo-Tbi-

lisi-axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigzis mSenebloba, rac kidev ufro mtkiced SeakavSi-

rebs saqarTvelos, TurqeTis da azerbaijanis meurneobebs. yovelive amasTan erTad

ilia gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas evropis qveynebTan da ruseTTan mWidro ekonomiku-

ri kavSiris damyarebas da maTTan integrirebas aniWebda.

ineza gagniZe

saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

ganaTleba da mecniereba saqarTveloSi msoflio da globaluri konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebis aspeqtiT

Tanamedrove ekonomikur TeoriaSi nacionaluri konkurentunarianoba erT-er-

Ti yvelaze sakamaTo da kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod rTuli sakiTxia. or aTe-

ul welze metia rac nacionaluri konkurentunarianobis (Compeptitiveness of Nations)

167

kvleva yvelaze farTo masStabebiT mimdinareobs msoflio ekonomikur forumsa

(aSS) da menejmentis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso institutSi (Sveicaria). moxsene-

baSi ganxilulia saqarTveloSi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis amsaxveli maCveneble-

bis avkargianoba zemoaRniSnuli skolebis mier SemoTavazebuli msoflio da glo-

baluri konkurentunarianobis angariSebSi gamoyenebul maCveneblebTan Sedarebis

safuZvelze. mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT aRvniSnavT qveyanaSi samecniero

kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis sistemis Camoyalibebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. mocemu-

lia evrostatis monacemebi, romlebic asaxaven kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze ek-27-is

qveynebSi gaweuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb. rogorc xelSemwyobi saSualeba, vfiqrobT

aucilebelia qveynis ekonomikaSi or sibrtyeSi moqmedi klasterebis (samecniero-

saganmanaTleblo da tradiciuli) Camoyalibeba.

evgeni baraTaSvili

saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

revaz gvelesiani

saqarTvelo. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

sruli profesori,

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

kadrebis momzadebisa da dasaqmebis politika

mcire da saSualo biznesSi

statiaSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom profesiuli ganaTleba Cveni qveynis sa-

ganmanaTleblo sistemis erT-erTi wamyvani komponenti xdeba. unda moxdes profe-

siuli ganaTlebis sistemis misadageba swrafad da mudmivad cvalebad Sromis baz-

ris moTxovnebTan. Camoyalibebulia profesiuli ganaTlebis miznebi, romelTa So-

risac erT-erTi mniSvnelovania profesiuli ganaTlebis sferoSi saswavlo-same-

warmeo partniorobis sistemis Seqmna. aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelos xelisufle-

bas araTu dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis SesaZleb-

loba ara aqvs, aramed dasaqmebis statistikis arasrulyofilebis, did nawilSi ki

misi uzustobis gamo, damaxinjebuli saxiT aqvs warmodgenili dasaqmebis, gansa-

kuTrebiT ki umuSevrobis sferoSi arsebuli problemebis simwvave. dasaqmebis ar-

sebuli araefeqturi struqtura mniSvnelovnad arTulebs siRaribis daZlevis sa-

kiTxs.

mocemulia rekomendaciebi dasaqmebis sferoSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis gaum-

jobesebis mizniT.

168

irina gogoriSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

saqarTvelos ekonomikis inovaciuri ganviTarebis upiratesobaTa formireba globaluri krizisis pirobebSi

globaluri krizisis pirobebSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis inovaciuri ganvi-

Tarebis upiratesobaTa formirebis daxasiaTebisaTvis ganxilulia msoflio eko-

nomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi mexuTe teqnologiuri ciklis depresi-

is fazasa da meeqvse ciklis sawyis stadiebze. mexuTe teqnologiuri ciklis Ziri-

Tadi maxasiaTebelia RerZuli magistraluri inovacia - kompiuteruli teqnologi-

ebi. meeqvse teqnologiuri ciklis periodSi dominirebadi iqneba kompiuteruli

da nanobioteqnologiebis mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis sferos formireba, xolo Zi-

riTadi ekonomikuri maxasiaTebelia warmoebis masStabis mzardi efeqtis procesis

globalizacia. ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris mimdinare ekonomikuri integracia da-

eqvemdebareba masStabis mzardi efeqtis safuZvelze organizebuli inteleqtualu-

ri produqtis warmoebaSi kooperirebisa da specializaciis procesebs. ganviTare-

bad mcire Ria ekonomikebs (maT Sorisaa saqarTvelo) sagareo vaWrobisTvis im

produqtebisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba eqnebaT, sadac masStabis mzardi efeqti

ar warmoiqmneba. saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi logistikuri procesebis diferencire-

bis safuZvelze viwro specializebuli safinanso da sasaqonlo nakadebis moZrao-

basTan gveqneba saqme. qveynis istoriuli misia xelovnebisa da sulier faseulo-

baTa Seqmnisa da gavrcelebis sferoSia. amdenad, swored am mimarTulebiT unda

gaaqtiurdes saqmianoba. gansakuTrebiT unda gaZlierdes saqarTvelos inteligen-

ciis roli da funqciebi, rac grZelvadian periodSi warmatebis garantia iqneba.

zurab vaSakiZe

saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis asocirebuli profesori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

merab miqelaSvili

saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis doqtoranti

saxelmwifos sagadasaxado politikis zogierTi Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtis Sesaxeb

sagadasaxado politika warmoadgens qveynis ekonomikuri politikis umniSvne-

lovanes Semadgenel nawils. igi gvevlineba seriozul berketad, romlis saSuale-

biTac xelisufleba zegavlenas axdens warmoebisa da ganawilebis procesze. am

sferoSi arsebuli gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sfero

warmoadgens ekonomikaze saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis mZlavr instruments. ekonomi-

kis efeqtiani funqcionireba, samewarmeo seqtoris aqtiuroba mniSvnelovnad aris

169

damokidebuli imaze, ramdenad sworad aris konceftualurad SerCeuli modeli,

ra principebze da rogor aris agebuli dabegvris erovnuli sistema, ramdenad

aris is harmonizebuli saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobasTan. sagadasa-

xado politikam unda uzrunvelyos saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisa da me-

warmeebis komerciuli interesebis SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba.

daviT vekua saqarTvelo. Tbilisis ekonomikuri urTierTobaTa

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

nino faresaSvili saqarTvelo. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

samuSao Zalis aqtivobis mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi

da misi gaumjobesebis perspeqtivebi

naSromSi ganxilulia saqarTveloSi samuSao Zalis aqtivobis gaumjobesebis

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. saqarTveloSi umuSevroba, rogorc problema, mniSvnelo-

vanwilad aris ekonomikis transformaciis Sedegi, romelic gamoiwvia makroekono-

mikurma Zvrebma, ramac mniSvnelovnad Seamcira moTxovna samuSao Zalaze. erT-erT

umniSvnelovanes amocanad rCeba daCqardes misi struqturuli reorganizaciis

procesi, ris Sedegadac unda Semcirdes umuSevrobis done da xangrZlivoba im

masStabiT, ramdenadac es mizanSewonilia da ekonomikurad efeqtiania. Tavis mxriv

Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis aqtivizaciam unda uzrunvelyos misi nayofierebis

zrda da maTi mobilurobis amaRleba.

umuSevrobis daZlevis strategia unda daefuZnos Semdeg RonisZiebebs: umuSe-

varTa kategoriebis monitorings, profesiul da asakobriv WrilSi; resursuli

bazis gansazRvras;ASromis bazris efeqtiani infrastruqturis Seqmnas; damsaqme-

belTa aqtiurobis stimulirebas.

nato kakaSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

sadazRvevo kompaniis finansuri mdgradoba da gadaxdisunarianoba

mzRvevelis finansuri mdgradoba aris mzRvevelis unari SeinarCunos balansi

sadazRvevo saqmianobisgan miRebul Semosavlebsa da damzRvevis winaSe valdebu-

lebebis Sesrulebas Soris. mzRveveli Tavisi aqtivebis ZiriTad nawils ayalibebs

moziduli saxsrebis xarjze, oRond momavali gadaxdebis vadebis da sidideebis,

170

gaTvaliswinebiT. amasTan igi SeiZleba Sefasdes albaTobis didi xarisxiT. sadaz-

Rvevo kompaniis finansuri mdgradoba miiRweva garegani da Sida faqtorebis xar-

jze. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens gare faqtorebi, romelTa Secvla kompani-

as ar SeuZlia. gare faqtorebs miekuTvneba erovnuli ekonomikis saerTo mdgomare-

oba, sadazRvevo saqmianobis saxelmwifo regulireba, sadazRvevo da safondo baz-

rebis koniunqtura, mosaxleobis gadaxdisunarianoba, samomxmareblo Tvisebebi.

sadazRvevo kompaniis finansuri mdgradobis ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiroa:

satarifo ganakveTebis koreqtireba dazRvevis saxeebis mixedviT; gadazRvevis

dacvis gafarToeba; damatebiTi finansuri resursebis mozidva aqciebis gamoSvebis

gziT; aqtivebis struqturis gadaxedva da Tu aris saWiro cvlilebebis Setana

kreditoruli da debitoruli davalianebebis Semcireba.

sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis gaformebis damatebiTi SesaZleblobebis gamoye-

neba, rogoricaa internetis meSveobiT da a.S. danaxarjebis Semcireba; personalis

ricxvis optimizacia; daumTavrebeli Senobebis gayidva; avtomatizacia da axali

programuli paketebis SeZena; Sromis organizaciis srulyofa. qonebis inventari-

zacia; departamentebis ufrosebis Secvla da a.S.

jangir kaxarovi

uzbekeTi. singapuris ganviTarebis

instituti taSkentSi

regionuli TanamSromloba centralur aziaSi: uzbekeTis Tvalsazrisi

naSromSi ganxilulia centraluri aziaSi ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis per-

speqtivebi. aRniSnulia, rom centraluri azia mudmivad msoflios supersaxelmwi-

foebis yuradRebis centrSia; istoriulad didi abreSumis gzis funqcionirebam

ganapiroba regionis gadaqceva evropa-aziis SemakavSirebel rgolad. gamoTqmulia

mosazrebebi centraluri aziis saxelmwifoebis savaWro reJimebis liberalizacii-

sa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb vaWrobis msoflio organizaciaSi gasawevrianeb-

lad; energetikul seqtorSi uzbekeTisa da tajikeTis TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb.

nedeJda kvataSiZe saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

sawarmoTa gaerTianeba da finansuri angariSgeba

biznesis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove pirobebSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

iZens gaerTianebul sawarmoTa finansuri angariSgeba, romelic regulirdeba fi-

nansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartiT _ fass 3-iT `sawarmoTa gaerTiane-

ba~ (IFRS 3 - Business Combinations). standartis Tanaxmad sameurneo operacia an mov-

lena mxolod maSin identificirdeba sawarmoTa gaerTianebad, rodesac SeZenili

aqtivebi da aRebuli valdebulebebi afuZneben sawarmos da garigebaSi monawile

erT-erTi mxare Rebulobs kontrolis uflebas.

171

sawarmoTa gaerTianebad identificirebuli sameurneo operaciebi an movlene-

bi fass 3-is Tanaxmad unda iqnes aRricxuli da asaxuli finansur angariSgebaSi

e.w. `SeZenis meTodiT~ (аcquisitions method), rac niSnavs: myidveli sawarmos identi-

ficirebas; SeZenis TariRis gansazRvras; SeZenili identificirebadi aqtivebis,

aRebuli valdebulebebisa da SeZenili sawarmos aramakontrolebeli wilis (non-

controlling interests) aRiarebasa da Sefasebas; gaerTianebis kompensaciis Sefasebas; da

gudvilis an xelsayreli Sesyidvidan (bargain purchase/negative goodwill) miRebuli Semo-

sulobis aRiarebasa da Sefasebas.

paata koRuaSvili saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi SefardebiTi upiratesobis principis moqmedebisaTvis

agrarul seqtorSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad, uaxloes peri-

odSi, unda damuSavdes da amoqmeddes saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtoris

aRorZinebis strategia da miznobrivi saxelmwifo programebi, romelSic dargebis

(kulturebis) ganviTareba grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi dafuZnebuli iqneba Sefarde-

biTi upiratesobis principze. amasTan, saWiro iqneba Siga Tu gare sasursaTo baz-

ris safuZvliani marketinguli Seswavla, anu dadgena imisa, ra miewodeba mas War-

bad da ra produqtebzea SedarebiT deficiti. mimaCia, rom mxolod maRalxarisxo-

vani produqtebis warmoeba (m.S. unikaluri qarTuli endemuri kulturebi, ekolo-

giurad sufTa, organuli produqcia _ saeqsportod, sadac monopoliuri renta

iqmneba) da Sesabamisi marketingi SeiZleba gaxdes adgilobrivi bazris dabrune-

bis da msoflio bazarze kuTvnili segmentis dakavebis garanti.

Sromisa da warmoebis organizaciis progresuli samarTlebrivi formebis da-

nergva soflad da aqtiuri saxelmwifo mxardaWera (maregulirebeli roli), Seq-

mnis Sesabamis pirobebs saqarTvelos agrowarmoebis dargobrivi struqturis mo-

dernizaciisTvis, SefardebiTi upiratesobis principisa da marketinguli moTxov-

nebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

zurab laliaSvili CexeTis respublika. praRis

ekonomikuri universitetis doqtoranti

saqarTvelodan kvalificiuri SromiTi resursebis migraciis marTva

naSromi eZRvneba saqarTveloSi migraciis marTvis arsebul problemebs, gan-

sakuTrebiT ki kvalificiuri SromiTi resursebis emigracis kontrolis proble-

mas. ganxilulia saqarTvelodan `tvinebis gadinebis~ mimarTulebebi post-sabWoTa

periodidan moyolebuli dRemde. aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelodan emigraciis an

ukan dabrunebis motivaciaze specifikuri informaciis mosaZieblad avtorma Caata-

172

ra gamokiTxva saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone moqalaqeebisa, romlebic

dResdReobiT swavloben an muSaoben CexeTis respublikaSi legalurad. gamokiTxvam

gamoavlina ZiriTadi problemebi da motivaciuri faqtorebi, romlebic gasaTvaliswi-

nebelia saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier migraciuli politikis dagegmvis da `tvinebis

gadinebis~ maregulirebeli proeqtebisa Tu saxelmwifo programebis Seqmnisas.

eka lekaSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Tanamedrove midgomebi umaRles saganamanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi

(estoneTis magaliTze)

ganviTarebul qveynebSi strategia orientirdeba Tanamedrove sainformacio

da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis codnasa da gamoyenebaze ganaTlebis miRebis yve-

la safexurze.

estoneTis gamocdilebis Seswavlam gviCvena, rom Tanamedrove konkurenciiis

moTxovnebis sapasuxod, saqarTvelos umaRles saganmanaTleblo sivrceSic unda

daiwyos mzadeba eleqtronuli saswavlo kursebis SemuSavebasTan dakavSirebiT.

codnis sazogadoebaSi, globalizaciis pirobebSi mcire qveynis integrirebis yve-

laze efeqtiani gza codnasa da teqnologiebze gadis. mimdinare etapze ki, unda

SevZloT Sereuli kursebis (igulisxmeba swavlebis saauditoro da eleqtronuli)

swavlebis formis aqtualizacia. paralelurad unda Catardes umaRles saswavlo

dawesebulebebSi eleqtronuli swavlebis danergvis garemos kvleva, romlis Sede-

gebis mixedviTac unda SemuSavdes saqarTvelos umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebeb-

Si eleqtronuli swavlebis strategia da samoqmedo gegma. strategia unda daefuZ-

nos Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo bazas, rac gamoiwvevs garkveul sakanonmdeblo cvli-

lebebs arsebul kanonmdeblobaSi.

maia margvelaSvili

saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

turizmis swavleba globalizebul msoflioSi

globalizaciam da msoflioSi bolo aTwleulis politikurma da ekonomi-

kurma cvlilebebma ekonomikis yvela seqtorze iqonia met-naklebi zegavlena. tu-

rizmmac ganicada Rrma struqturuli cvlilebebi.

am procesebma moiTxova gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamaxvileba turizmis

seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa da maTi Sromis nayofierebis urTierTkavSirze. saWiro

gaxda turizmis sferoSi ganaTlebis rolis gadaxedva. aucilebeli gaxda turis-

173

tul saqmianobaSi adamianuri resursebis udidesi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswineba.

turizmis seqtoris xarisxi udideswilad damokidebulia adamianuri resursebis

kvalifikaciasa da axali teqnologiebis aTvisebis unarze, axali organizaciuli

procesebisa da formebis gamoyenebaze. seqtorSi totaluri xarisxis problema ga-

nuyofelia ganaTlebis xarisxisagan.

naSromSi detalurad ganxilulia turizmis swavlebis da profesiuli gadam-

zadebis modelebi; transerovnuli ganaTlebis gafarToebis mizezebi; boloniis

procesTan mierTebis Sedegebi da globalizaciis gavlena ganaTlebis sistemaze.

statiis daskvniT nawilSi dasaxulia turizmis erovnuli ganaTlebis sistemis

amocanebi da SemoTavazebulia maTi ganxorcielebis gzebi.

iaSa mesxia saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori,

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

biznesis kreatiuloba rogorc globalizaciis Tanamedrove gamowveva

moxsenebaSi gaxsnilia kreatiulobis arsi da roli Tanamedrove globaluri

ekonomikisa da biznesis ganviTarebaSi. kreatiuloba rogorc SemoqmedebiTi, nova-

toruli saqmianoba da aratradiciuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis wyaro, Tanamed-

rove mwvave konkurenciis pirobebSi, gamodis mTavar gamowvevad konkurentunariani

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi. Gglobalizaciis Tanamedrove etapze araa

sakmarisi mxolod konkurentunariani produqtis warmoeba, aramed saWiroa misi

SemoqmedebiTad da efeqtianad miwodeba saSinao da sagareo bazrebze.

praqtika adasturebs, rom Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi prioritetuli xdeba ara

mxolod warmoeba, aramed kreatiuloba da inovaciuroba, ara mxolod saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis raodenoba, aramed agreTve maTi maRali xarisxi, Tvisobrioba da

mimzidveloba. Aamitomac kreatiuli ekonomikis farglebi TandaTanobiT farTovde-

ba. dReisaTvis kreatiuli azrovnebis sfero gaxda ara mxolod materialuri war-

moeba, aramed iseTi dargebi da mimarTulebebi, rogorebicaa kinoindustria, musi-

ka, xelovneba, moda, sagamomcemlo saqme, reklama, dizaini, arqiteqtura, kompiute-

ruli teqnologiebi da a.S. msoflio ekonomikis struqturaSi swrafad farTovde-

ba kreatiuli biznesis wili, rac mianiSnebs globalizaciis axal paradigmaze as-

vlas. saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi kreatiuli midgoma dReisaTvis Canasaxovan mdgo-

mareobaSia, magram mas ganviTarebis didi perspeqtivebi gaaCnia.

naSromSi gakeTebulia daskvna, rom kreatiuli ekonomikis gansxvaveba tradi-

ciulisagan mdgomareobs imaSi, rom misi mTavari instrumentia - codna, resursi - in-

formacia, xolo produqti - inovacia. avtoris azriT, biznesis kreatiuloba war-

moadgens Tanamedrove msoflio globalizaciis mTavar gamowvevas da misi ganviTa-

reba uzrunvelyofs momavalSi globalizaciis procesebis gaRrmavebas da, Sesa-

bamisad, axali socialurad orientirebuli ekonomikuri wesrigis formirebas.

174

babulia mRebriSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

globaluri marketingis ganviTarebis sakanonmdeblo baza

statia exeba globaluri marketingis Camoyalibebis politikur-samarTlebriv ga-

remos, romelic moicavs: mSobliuri qveynis garemos; im qveynis garemos, romelSic sa-

warmo funqcionirebs; saerTaSoriso garemos. statiis avtori aanalizebs saqarTvelos

sakanonmdeblo organoebis mier miRebuli im kanonebis nawils, romlebic globaluri

marketingis samarTlebriv bazas qmnian saqarTveloSi. avtori gamoTqvams mosazrebebs

kanonebis xarvezebisa da dadebiTi mxareebis Sesaxeb da ayalibebs Tavis Sexedulebebs

kanonebis srulyofasTan dakavSirebiT. sabolood, gakeTebulia daskvna imis Taobaze,

rom biznesis ganviTarebis sakanonmdeblo baza saqarTveloSi TandaTanobiT srulyo-

fili xdeba, ramac, avtoris azriT, xeli unda Seuwyos eqsportis stimulirebas da uc-

xoeli investorebis dainteresebas qarTuli bazriT.

iza naTelauri saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis struqturuli da raodenobrivi optimizaciis kriteriumebis Sesaxeb: postkomunisturi periodi

naSromSi gaanalizebulia eqsportisa da importis optimizaciis winapirobebi

postkomunistur saqarTveloSi; Camoyalibebulia saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis

raodenobrivi da struqturuli optimizaciis kriteriumebi, qveynis sazogadoebriv-

politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri mowyobis moTxovnebisa da konkurentunari-

anobis msoflio reitingis CarCo moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

ia nacvliSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

mewarmeobisadmi damokidebuleba saqarTveloSi (empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebi Tbilisis magaliTze)

naSromi warmoadgens saqarTveloSi mewarmeobisadmi mosaxleobis damokide-

bulebis specifikuri niSnebis Seswavlis mizniT 2010 wlis ivlis-seqtemberSi

avtoris mier Catarebuli piloturi kvlevis Sedegebis aRweras da mopovebuli

empiriuli masalis analizs. kvlevis Sedegebi xazgasmiT warmoaCenen saqarTveloSi

175

mewarmeobisadmi damokidebulebis specifikas Tbilisis magaliTze. respondentTa

91,5% isurvebda yofiliyo TviTdasaqmebuli. am mxriv evropelebi bevrad ufro

TavSekavebulni arian da naklebad gamoTqvamen TviTdasaqmebis da mewarmeobis daw-

yebis survils. kvlevis Sedegebi aseve adastureben kvlevis hipoTezas: ukanaskneli

wlebis ganmavlobaSi met-naklebad warmatebuli reformebis fonze sustia uaryo-

fiTi ganwyoba mewarmeobisadmi. UmaRali umuSevrobis donis fonze mniSvnelovnad

didia TviTdasaqmebis survili. aseve, Zlieria momavalSi samewarmeo saqmianobis

dawyebis molodini. qarTvel respondentTa umetesoba (48%) mewarmeobasTan dakav-

Sirebul yvelaze did saSiSroebad araregularul Semosavlebs miiCnevs. gamokiT-

xulTa 51,4% Tvlis, rom uaxloesi 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaxdeba mewarmeobiT daka-

vebuli. saqarTveloSi Tbilisel respondentTa pozitiuri damokidebuleba me-

warmeobisadmi mianiSnebs respondentTa TviTdajerebulobaze, socialuri da po-

litikuri stabilurobis gancdaze, bazarze orientirebuli ekonomikuri reforme-

bis warmatebis molodinze.

anastasia nesterova belorusis respublika. belorusis saxelmwifo

universitetis ufrosi maswavlebeli

SromiTi resursebis migracia postsabWoTa sivrceSi

naSromSi ganxilulia SromiTi resursebis migraciis sakiTxebi dsT-is far-

glebSi. aRniSnulia, rom am procesSi CarTulia dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis 4-5%.

ganxilulia SromiTi migraciis procesis kavSiri bazris struqturastan dsT-is

farglebSi.

nino papaCaSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

globalizacia da neoproteqcionizmi

statia eZRvneba proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gaaqtiurebis movlenas Ta-

namedrove finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi. aRniSnulia, rom saerTaSori-

so vaWrobis klasikur TeoriebSi damtkicebulia SeuzRudavi savaWro urTierTobe-

bis upiratesobebi da misi momxreni saTanado politikis gatarebas gvTavazoben.

Tavisufali vaWrobis politika farTod aris deklarirebuli vaWrobis msoflio

organizaciis debulebasa da ganviTarebuli qveynebis sagareo savaWro politikis

koncefciebSi. wina periodSi jer gatt-is, xolo mogvianebiT vmo-is farglebSi

warmoebuli molaparakebebis bazaze Semcirda satarifo barierebi, rogorc saer-

TaSoriso vaWrobis SezRudvis ZiriTadi forma. magram msoflio realoba gviCve-

nebs, rom absoluturad Tavisufali vaWroba dReisaTvis ufro gamonaklisia, vid-

re wesi. ganviTarebadi da gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebisTvis didi winaaRmdego-

176

bebia gare bazrebze gasasvlelad. TviT ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris vaWrobaSi

arsebobs `aradeklarirebuli~ SezRudvebi. faqtobrivad, msoflio masStabiT far-

Tod gvxvdeba faruli sagareo savaWro proteqcionistuli politikis magaliTebi.

proteqcionistuli politika Tanamedrove finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis pirobeb-

Si erovnuli ekonomikis gadarCenis saSualebad miiCnia uamravma qveyanam, rac TiT-

qmis dauregulirebel situacias qmnis msoflio savaWro urTierTobebSi da did

aRSfoTebas iwvevs vaWrobis msoflio organizaciisa da sxva saerTaSoriso orga-

nizaciebis mmarTvel wreebSi. faqtobrivad msoflio savaWro urTierTobebi neop-

roteqcionizmis konteqstSi viTardeba. bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi am movlenis

daregulirebas araerTi globaluri masStabis Sexvedra mieZRvna.

saqarTvelom, romlis eqsporti aradiversificirebuli, sagareo vaWrobis

saldo ki mudmivad (gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan) uaryofiTia, ganuxrelad

airCia sagareo savaWro politikis fritrederuli orientacia. avtori miiCnevs,

rom saWiroa garkveuli saxis proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebis gatareba. es ar gu-

lisxmobs (tradiciuli gagebiT) importis pirdapir SezRudvas an saeqsporto dar-

gebis pirdapir stimulirebas. gare bazrebze gasvlis efeqtianobis asamaRleblad

sxva maraval faqtorTan erTad umniSvnelovanesia gavecnoT Tanamedrove proteqci-

onistul RonisZiebebs, romlesac mimarTaven TviT ganviTarebuli qveynebic ki sa-

kuTari ekonomikis dasacavad. Cveni mewarmeebi jer kidev mwiri informirebulobis

problemis winaSe dganan. am TvalsazrisiT sasargeblo iqneba uaxlesi saerTaSo-

riso sainformacio sistemebis gamoyeneba, romlebic uaxles analitikur informa-

cias gvTavazoben ama Tu im qveynis mier gatarebuli ekonomikuri politikisa da

mosalodneli efeqtis Sesaxeb.

oqsana piatkovska

ukraina. lvovis komerciuli

akademiis mecnier-mkvlevari

globalizacia da saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia: migrantTa gzavnilebis makroekonomikuri efeqti

statia eZRvneba SromiTi migrantebis fuladi gzavnilebis sxvadasxva ekono-

mikuri efeqtebis ganxilvas ganviTarebad qveynebSi. ganxilulia is mTavari faqto-

rebi, romelTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia fuladi gzavnilebis marTvis saTana-

do politikis formirebisaTvis.

galina semiva

ukraina. lvovis komerciuli

akademiis aspiranti

ukrainis navTobgadammuSavebeli dargis sawarmoTa saqmianobis ganviTarebis

strategiuli mimarTuleba globalizaciis pirobebSi

naSromSi gaanalizebulia ukrainis navTobproduqtebis bazris Tanamedrove

mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis problemebi. gansazRvrulia erovnuli kompaniebis

konkurentuli upiratesobebi da maTi saqmianobis prioritetebi dsT-isa da ek-is

qveynebSi.

177

eka sefaSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri integracia evropul sivrceSi:

gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi

statiaSi avtori ganixilavs saqarTvelos sagareo politikis erT-erT umniS-

vnelovanes mimarTulebas, kerZod, evropul struqturebSi integraciasa da evro-

pul sivrcesTan TandaTanobiT daaxloebas. sakiTxi ganxilulia mimdinare globa-

lizaciis fonze, sadac TiToeul qveyanas uwevs gansazRvros Tavisi adgili da

roli. avtori ganixilavs usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis koncef-

ciebs, romlebmac Zireulad Seicvales TavianTi mniSvneloba da warmoadgenen sa-

qarTvelos momavali ganviTarebisa da misi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis safuZ-

vels. statiaSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan urTierToebebis ganmsaz-

Rvreli iseTi dokumentebi, rogoricaa SeTanxmeba evrokavSirTan partniorobisa

da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, evropuli samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegma, aR-

mosavleT partnioroba. statiaSi gaSuqebulia am dokumentebis mier SemoTvazebu-

li SesaZleblobebi, miRweuli progresi, arsebuli gamowvevebi da momavlis per-

speqtivebi.

daviT sixaruliZe saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

universitetis ganviTarebis marketinguli strategia

globalizaciis pirobebSi

konkurentul globalur sabazro sivrceSi warmatebis misaRwevad aucilebe-

lia momxmarebelze orientirebuli saqmianobis ganxorcieleba. organizaciam maRa-

li faseulobis SeTavzebiT unda SeZlos konkurentebis myidvelebis mozidva, Se-

narCuneba da maTi raodenobis zrda. magram momxmareblis moTxovnilebis maqsima-

luri damayofilebisaTvis organizaciam unda gansazRvros ra surs da ra sWirde-

ba mas. es ki SesaZlebelia bazarze orientirebuli marketinguli strategiis for-

mirebiT, romelic warmoadgens organizaciis mTliani strategiis Semadgenel na-

wils.

saganmanaTleblo programa aris swored is produqti romliTac gadis uni-

versiteti ama Tu im bazarze, vinaidan Tavis saganmanaTleblo programas universi-

tetebi sTvazoben, rogor uSualo momxmareblebs _ studentebs da dainteresebul

pirebs. aseve, TavianTi kursdamTvrebulebis saSualebiT Sromis bazars da saxel-

mwifo organoebs. saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis momxmreblad gvevlinebian erTi

mxriv, studentebi/dainteresebuli pirebi da meore mxriv, kompaniebi da organiza-

ciebi. swored maTi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilblad unda SemuSavdes univer-

sitetis ganviTarebis strtegiuli gegma. Tumca universitetis ganviTarebis stra-

tegiuli gegmis SemuSavebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb erTmniSvnelovani mosazreba ar

178

arsebobs. mkvlevarTa erTi jgufi miiCnevs, rom strategiuli dagegmva aris in-

strumenti, romlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia krizisul situaciebSi. am mkvlevarTa

argumentia is, rom universitets ar gaaCnia gare garemoSi situaciis ganviTarebis

kontroli da vindaidan aseTi kontroli ar arsebobs, universitets SeuZlia gamo-

iyenos mxolod operatiuli dagegmva, rasac akeTebs yovelwliuri biujetis Semu-

SavebiT da/an akreditaciisaTvis momzadebiT.

mkvlevarTa meore jgufi, miiCnevs, rom globalur cvalebad garemoSi universite-

ti saWiroebs strategiul dagegmvas.

larisa yorRanaSvili

saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da samarTlis

saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori,

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

inovaciuri saqmianobis marTvis problemebi

globalur ekonomikaSi

naSromSi ganxilulia inovaciuri saqmianobis ganviTarebisa da inovaciebis

efeqtiani marTvis sakiTxebi. Qqveynis inovaciuri saqmianobis dadebiTi da uaryo-

fiTi mxareebis Sefasebis safuZvelze naCvenebia saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove inova-

ciuri sistemis formirebisa da ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi. gansakuTrebuli yu-

radReba gamaxvilebulia saxelmwifos rolze qmediTi inovaciuri politikis Semu-

SavebaSi, romlis realizacia xels Seuwyobs arsebuli inovaciuri potencialis

efeqtian gamoyenebasa da qveynis ekonomikur zrdas.

SoTa SaburiSvili saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis ucxouri gamocdileba

naSromSi ganxilulia mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis sagareo ekonomikuri

saqmianobis mowinave ucxouri gamocdileba. Tanamedrove msoflioSi mcire da sa-

Sualo mewarmeobis dinamikuri ganviTareba ganpirobebulia im upiratesobebiT, ro-

melsac biznesis organizaciis es forma flobs: meti moqniloba da mobiloba; Se-

darebiT mcire moculobis sastarto kapitalis da sabrunavi saSualebebis saWi-

roeba, inovaciuroba, gansakuTrebuli socialuri daniSnuleba.

mcire da saSualo biznesi ganicdis msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare sakvanZo

procesebis _ internacionalizacia, globalizacia, regionalizacia, mudmiv zemoq-

medebas. mcire biznesis mowyobisa da funqcionirebis principebi, mxardaWeris for-

mebi da meTodebi gansxvavdeba qveynebisa da regionebis mixedviT. mowinave ucxouri

179

gamocdilebis gaziarebiT SesaZlebelia saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo sawarmo-

ebis efeqtianobis amaRleba, rac uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis damatebiT dasaqmebas,

samecniero teqnikur progresis Sedegebis warmoebaSi danergvas, saeqsporto poten-

cialis da sabiujeto Semosavlebis zrdas.

Temur Sengelia saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori,

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

globalizacia da msoflios ekonomikuri wesrigi

naSromSi ganxilulia msoflio ekonomikuri wesrigis sakiTxebi globalizaciis

pirobebSi. avtori ganixilavs globalizaciis sxvadasxva ganmartebebsa da sxvadasxva

aspeqtebs da miiCnevs, rom globalizaciis arsi gamoixateba: pirveli – im ekonomikuri

movlenebis gansazRvrisaTvis, romlebic iwvevs erovnuli bazrebis integraciis pro-

cess; meore _ im politikuri procesebis asaxvis mizniT, romlebic dakavSirebulia

saqonlis momsaxurebisa da kapitalis moZraobis saerTaSoriso barierebis likvidaci-

asTan; mesame _ im zogadi politikuri movlenis dasadgenad, romlebic asaxavs

globaluri politikis gavrcelebas saSinao da saerTaSoriso bazrebis doneebze.

amasTan, globalizacia aris ara teqnologiuri imperativi, an mxolod ekonomikuri

movlena, aramed istoriuli perspeqtivis kuTxiT is ganixileba, rogorc msoflio qvey-

nebis politikuri da ekonomikuri integraciis procesi. am WrilSi ganxilulia XX sa-

ukuneSi msoflioSi damkvidrebuli ekonomikuri wesrigis sakiTxebi _ saxelmwifoTa

urTierTobis ZiriTadi koncefciuri sakiTxebi, transerovnuli korporaciebis da sa-

erTaSoriso bankebis mzardi roli.

natalia SCerbina belorusis respublika. belorusis respublikis

mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia.

ekonomikis institutis mecnier-mkvlevari

elene kovSari

belorusis respublika. belorusis saxelmwifo universitetis

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis departamentis

asistent-profesori

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis politika belorusSi

naSromSi mocemulia belorusis respublikaSi pirdapiri ucxouri sainvesti-

cio nakadebis dinamika 2002-2009 ww. mimoxilulia msxvili sainvesticio proeqtebi.

aRniSnulia, rom miuxedavad pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis zrdisa, isini ar

TamaSoben mniSvnelovan rols respublikis sainvesticio aqtivobaSi. ZiriTadi sai-

vesticio nakadebi warmarTulia transportis seqtorSi (38,4), mrewvelobaSi (30,4%),

komerciul seqtorSi (15,9%), vaWrobasa da sazkvebaSi (10,2%), kavSirgabmulobaSi

(1,7%). ZiriTad investor qveynebs warmoadgenen: ruseTi (65,3%), avstria (10%); aseve,

180

kviprosi, gaerTianebuli samefo, niderlandebi, SvedeTi. naSromSi Camoyalibebu-

lia sainvesticio klimatis gaumjobesebis pirobebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs pui-

is mozidvas: sagadasaxado sistemis gaumjobeseba, miwis kanoni, finansuri seqto-

ris ganviTareba da a.S.

sitora Sokamolova tajikeTi. singapuris nacionaluri universiteti.

sajaro politikis skola

li k. eu tajikeTi. singapuris nacionaluri universiteti.

sajaro politikis skola

centraluri aziis universiteti

globaluri da saSiano dinamizmis urTierTgadaxlarTva: rogor gavataroT dinamikuri ganviTarebis politika tajikeTSi

naSromSi ganxilulia sakiTxi, Tu rogor axdens globaluri procesebi gav-

lenas erovnuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze. "dinamikuri mmarTvelobis"

analitikuri meTodis gamoyenebiT avtori ganixilavs saxelmwifo marTvis da siRa-

ribis aRmofxvris sakiTxebs Tanamedrove tajikeTSi. igi aanalizebs im gamowvevebs,

romlebic dgas saxelmwifos winaSe da sTavazobs rekomendaciebs, rogor Seicva-

los marTvis praqtika dinamikuri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT.

eka Coxeli saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

globalur kompaniebSi adamianuri resursebis marTvis sakiTxebi

globalur kompaniebSi adamianuri resursebis marTva mraval sirTules ukav-

Sirdeba. radgan globaluri kompania mraval qveyanaSi axdens biznesis ganxorcie-

lebas, misTvis mTavar problemas kompaniis samuSao adgilebis Sesabamisi kadrebiT

dakompleqteba warmoadgens. aRniSnuli sakiTxi tradiciulad iTvleba saerTaSo-

riso adamianuri resursebis marTvis safuZvlad. amisaTvis kompaniebi mimarTaven

kadrebis SerCevisas ori alternatiuli midgomis gamoyenebas: pirveli, kadrebis

SerCeva emigrirebuli moqalaqeebisgan, romelic kompaniebs sakmaod Zviri ujdebaT

moraluri Tu materialuri TvalsazrisiT, da meore, kadrebis SerCeva adgilobri-

vi moqalaqeebisgan, romelic UTanamedrove msoflioSi ufro prioritetulad iT-

vleba. marTalia qveynebs Soris arsebobs gansxvavebebi kulturaSi, ekonomikur

sistemebSi, samarTlebriv Tu politikur midgomebSi, magram aucilebelia Camoya-

libdes adamianuri resursebis marTvis erTiani standartuli sistema, sadac aq-

centebi gakeTdeba iseT RonisZiebebze, rogoricaa: globaluri adamianuri resur-

181

sebis qselis formireba, qveynebs Soris gansxvavebebis kvleva, orientacia stan-

dartebsa da kompetenciebze, kompaniaSi realuri globaluri sistemis Seqmna, kor-

poraciuli kulturis mkacrad dacva, mudmivi kontaqti TviToeuli qveynis perso-

nalTan.

natalia Cerkasi ukraina. lvovis komerciuli akademiis asistent-profesori,

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati

ukrainis arasandeleulo eqsportis makroekonomikuri stimulireba

naSromSi gamokvleulia ukrainis arasanedleulo eqsportis stimulirebis

struqturul-funqciuri faqtorebi; kerZod, makroekonomikuri garemos gavlena. av-

tors ganxiluli aqvs inovaciuri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakiTxebi. aRniSnu-

lia, rom ukrainis eqsporti Zalian mgrZnobiarea safaso Sokebisadmi, ramac SeiZ-

leba gamoiwvios rTuli makroekonomikuri Sedegebi ekonomikisTvis ukanaskneli

wlebis krizisis Sedegad. arasanedleulo eqsportis stimulirebisaTvis aucile-

belia Sesabamisi makroekonomikuri garemos uzrunvelyofa dabalansebuli biuje-

tiT (ukeTesia proficitiT), Sesabamisi monetaruli politikiTa da myari fuladi

erTeuliT. es SesaZleblobas iZleva gakontroldes inflacia, xeli Seewyos inves-

ticiebs, Semcirdes saprocento ganakveTebi, aseve Semoifarglos samomxmareblo

importi, rac Tavis mxriv, SezRudavs sanedleulo produqciis eqsports.

manana xarxeli saqarTvelo. asistent-profesori

globalizacia da saqarTvelos inovaciuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

statiaSi ,,globalizacia da saqarTvelos inovaciuri ganviTarebis perspeqti-

vebi~ ganxilulia msoflios sayovelTao da sruli glbalizaciis pirobebSi ise-

Ti mcire qveynis inovaciuri ganviTarebis perspeqtiva, rogoric aris saqarTvelo.

statiaSi naTqvamia, rom marTalia, amJamad saqarTvelos ekonomika inovaciebis

,,gadmotanis~ strategiiT viTardeba, magram es ar SeiZleba didxans gagrZeldes.

saqarTvelom ekonomika unda ganviTardes inovaciebis ,,dasesxebis~ da ,,gaZliere-

bis~ strategiebiT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces ,,gaZlierebis~ strate-

gias, anu adgilobrivi mecnieruli miRwevebis saxelmwifoebriv mxardaWeras da

maT danergvas ekonomikaSi. statiaSi es imiTaa dasabuTebuli, rom genetikurad

qarTvelebs aqvT didi swrafva ganaTlebisa da mecnierebisken, ris gamoc qveyanas

maRali inteleqtualuri potenciali gaaCnia.

merab xmalaZe saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mowveuli

profesori, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

182

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis SromiTi migracia

1992 wlidan dRemde, migraciis da Sobadobis Semcirebis Sedegad, saqarTve-

los mosaxleoba Semcirda 1082 aTasiT, romelTagan 400 aTasi aris SromiTi mig-

ranti;

arsebuli gamokvlevebiT, SromiT migrantTa ojaxebis 56,7% Sedgeboda 6 da

meti wevrisagan, aqedan, 40 wels gadacilebulni Seadgendnen 40% SromiTi migran-

tebidan 60% mamakacia, 40% qali;

Cveni gamokvleviT, SromiTi migrantebidan mamakacebis 74,7% da qalebis 83,3%

hqonda umaRlesi da saSualo specialuri ganaTleba;

Cvens mier studentebSi Catarebuli gamokvleviT aRmoCnda, rom maT 7,4%-s

surs saqarTvelodan wasvla mudmivad, 58,5%-s ki droebiT;

migraciis efeqtianoba gaizomeba im ojaxebis xvedri wiliT, romlebmac Sro-

miTi migrantebisagan gamogzavnili TanxiT gadaWres raime problema. Cveni gamok-

vleviT, SromiTi migraciis efeqtianoba Seadgens 82%-s, rac niSnavs, rom SromiTi

migracia saqarTveloSi araefeqtiania ojaxebis 18% SemTxvevaSi.

lela jamagiZe saqarTvelo. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti asistent-profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri integracia

naSromSi warmodgenilia pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis nakadebze regio-

nuli integraciuli dajgufebebis gavlenis aspeqtebi. aRniSnulia, rom pui-s gaZ-

lierebaze integracia ori mimarTulebiT zemoqmedebs. esenia gazrdil bazarze

masStabis efeqtis miRwevis SesaZlebloba da kompaniebis mier adgilmdebareobis

iolad Secvla fardobiTi upiratesobis moZiebis mizniT. statiaSi gaanalizebu-

lia sxvadasxva integraciuli dajgufebebis sainvesticio regulirebis principebi

da ganixilulia saqarTvelosTvis regionul integraciaSi monawileobis mniSvne-

loba investiciebis modinebis TvalsazrisiT.

183

nino abralava saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis doqtoranti

komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Taviseburebebi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi

naSromSi gadmocemulia komerciuli bankebis funqcionirebis ZiriTadi prin-

cipebi da Taviseburebebi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi. aRniSnulia,

rom administraciul-komanduri sistemis gabatonebis periodSi bankebis roli

mkveTrad iyo Seviwroebuli. bankebi warmoadgendnen ra saxelmwifo aparatis Se-

madgenel nawils, isini centraluri saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi dagegmvis pirobeb-

Si sakredito operaciebs axorcieleben fuladi saxsrebisa da dakreditebis limi-

tirebuli fondebis gamoyenebis mkacrad reglamentirebadi mimarTvis CarCoebSi.

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam sabanko sistemis saxelmwifo zemoqmedebis wnexis-

gan zomierad gamoTavsufleba da misi ekonomikis marTvis finansuri konturis na-

wilis marTvis aqtiur instrumentad gardaqmna aucilebel pirobad gaxada. naS-

romSi SemoTavazebulia bankis cnebis avtoriseuli interpretacia: komerciuli

banki sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi aris aqcioneruli tipis universaluri komer-

ciuli sakredito dawesebuleba, romelic Tavis saqmianobas axorcielebs erovnu-

li (centraluri) bankis mier dadgenili wesebis, limitebisa da normativebis dac-

viTa da mogebis miRebis mizniT.

184

S u m m a r i e s

Nugzar Babuadze Georgia. Technical University of Georgia.

Associate professor, Academic doctor of economics Shota Veshapidze

Georgia. Technical University of Georgia. Associate professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences

Ilia and Globalism

The foresight of the best practices of other countries was the main reference point for Ilia Chavchavadze and for this purpose he offered concrete ways. A bright example of it he considered «the European education and a country government, the European order“. He allowed manuals - to open doors for a western civilisation because Europe was most advanced and progressive. He recognised, that in general should provide the best practices of all countries. Its main conclusion the following: in general, it is necessary to adopt everything from the advanced states, that will serve well-being and country prosperity.

Ilia Chavchavadze saw the big reserves in the development of trade and economic relations with the Caucasian people and the states. He with the big approval has met opening of the railway of Baku-Tbilisi-Poti because recognised, that it by communication with Caspian and Central Asia would bring the big advantage to the country, also as well as an oil pipeline of Baku - Tbilisi. Ilia recognised, that Georgia should be a connecting link between Europe and Asia, to these it would promote creation original «the General market» countries of three regions – Caucasus, the Near East and Caspian region. Now this idea finds continuation, building of the railway of Baku-Tbilisi-Akhalkalaki-Karss is carried out, that even more will strengthen economy of Georgia, Turkey and Azerbaijan. Together with it, Ilia Chavchavadze crucial importance gave to an establishment of close economic relations with Russia and the European countries, to-gether with integration with them.

Evgeni Baratashvili Georgia. Georgian Technical University,

Full professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences Revaz Gvelesiani

Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Full professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences

Personnel Preparation and Employment Policy In Small and Medium Sized Business

Professional education is becoming one of the main components of Georgian educational system. The professional educational system should correspond to the requirements of the continuously changing labour market. The goals of professional education are given by the authors. One of the most important among them is the ceration od educational and entrepreneurial partnership. It is mentioned that the government in Georgia is not only unable to regulate unemployment, but also has incorrect information about the acuteness of unemployment related problems because of incomplete employment statistics. The ineffective structure of employment makes the resolution of poverty problem more difficult. The authors give recommendations for the improvement of the situation in employment field.

185

Natalya Cherkas The Ukraine. PhD, Assistant Professor

Macroeconomic Stimulation of Manufactured Export in Ukraine

The structural and functional factors of Ukraine’s manufactured export promotionare studied in the article. The

special attention is paid to the parameters of macroeconomic environment. The issues of innovation-driven economic development are analyzed. It was demonstrated that Ukraine’s exports is extremely sensitive to the terms-of-trade shocks, which in turn lead to severe adverse macroeconomic collapse, as it has happened during recent economic crisis. The development of manufactured exports first of all implies appropriate macroeconomic environment, with balanced budget (or even better, budget surplus), restrictionary monetary stance, and policy of the ‘strong’ national currency. These measures could take inflation under control as a prerequisite for investment – friendly interest rate cuts, increase in foreign direct investments, as well as for reduction in consumer imports combined with disincentives for primary exports.

Eka Chokheli Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Associate Professor, Academic doctor of economics

The Human Resources Management Issues in Global Companies

Human resources management in global companies is related to many difficulties. As global company realizes its business in many countries, the main problem is recruiting the appropriate personnel. This is considered the key ob-jective of international human resources management.For this reason the companies use two alternative ways of per-sonnel selection: first- selection from immigrated citizens, which are much expensive for companies both morally and materially, and the second - selecting from native citizens, which is more advantageous in the modern world. There are many cultural, economic, legal or political differences among the countries, so it is necessary to make the standard sys-tem of the human resources management, where the main points will be: formation of the global human recourses webs, studying of the countries differences, orientation on standards and competences, creation of the real global system in company, strict obzervation of corporate culture, permanent contact with the personnel of each country.

Ineza Gagnidze Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Associate Professor, Academic doctor of economics

Education and Science in Georgia from the Standpoint of World and Global Competitiveness Ranking

Competitiveness of a nation is regarded to be one of the most debatable and difficult issue from the standpoint of

research. For the last two decades a large-scale research on Competitiveness of Nations has been conducted by the World Economic Forum (USA) and International Institute for Management Development (Switzerland). In the pre-sented work we discuss the situation in the field of education and science in Georgia on the basis of comparing figures provided by the competitiveness reports issued by these institutions. It is noted as well, that to improve situation in this field it is essential to develop a system of scientific research and development in the country. The article provides Euro-stat’s information describing the activities conducted by 27 EU member states for research and development. We con-sider that development of two-dimensional clusters (scientific-educational and traditional) in the country’s economy, as a supportive measure, is essential.

186

Irina Gogorishvili Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Associate Professor, Academic doctor of economics

Formation of Innovation Developemnt Advantages of Georgia’s Economy Under Conditions of Global Crisis For the analysis of formation of innovation development advantages of Georgia’s economy under conditions of

global crisis the main trends of development of the world economy are discussed at the fifth technological depression and the beginning of the sixth phase. The main characteristic of the fifth technological cycle is the axial magistral innovation – computer technologies. During the sisxth cycle computer and nano-biotechnologies will domionate and its major economic characteristic will be the globalization of the increasing effect of scales of production. The economic integration between the developed countries will be subject to the processes of cooperation and specialization in intellectual production based on the increasing effect of scales. The developing small open economies (including Georgia) will develop production of those products, in which the increasing effect of scales does not take place. In Georgia’s economy specialized finanacial and commodity flows will take place based on logistic process differentiation. The historical mission of the country is to createand disseminate artistic and mental values. These are the very directions that should be activated. The role and functions of Georgian intellectual circles should be enhanced, which can bring the success in the long run.

Nato Kakashvili

Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Assistant Professor, Academic doctor of economics

Financial Stability and Solvency of Insurance Companies

Financial sustainability of the insurer is the ability to maintain a balance between the income received from in-

surance business and execution of insured obligations. Insurer combines its key assets at the expense of attracted funds, but future terms of payments and values are considered. At the same time it can be estimated as a large degree of probability. Insurance company's financial stability is achieved at the expense of external and internal factors. The ex-ternal factors are very important because a company is not able to make any changes. External factors include general condition of the national economy, state regulation of insurance activities, insurance and stock markets, state of the population solvency and consumer purchasing power.

To strengthen company's financial stability it is necessary to correct tariff rates according to the type of insur-ance, expansion of reinsurance protection, attraction of additional financial resources by issuing securities, review the structure of assets, use of insurance agreement with additional opportunities, for example, web-based and etc. cost re-duction, optimization of staff numbers, sell unfinished buildings, automation and purchase of software packages, im-provement of the labor organization, inventory of property, change heads of departments and etc.

Jahangir Kakharov Uzbekistan. Management Development Institute of

Singapore in Tashkent

Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: Viewpoint from Uzbekistan Central Asia is a region strategically located in a part of the world which had attracted constantly the attention of

superpowers of the world as evidenced by the term the Great Game. The term usually attributed to Arthur Conolly, was used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British and Russian Empires for the supremacy in Central Asia. The term was later popularized by British novelist Rudyard Kipling in his work “Kim”. The Silk Road turned the region into a bridge between Europe and East Asia, and between North and South Asia for many centuries. The region also had functioned as a hub for the religious, scientific and cultural development of the Islamic world for many years in the past.

187

Manana Kharkheli Georgia. Assistant professor

Globalization and Prospects of Georgia’s Innovative Development

The article explores the innovative development of such a small country as it is Georgia under conditions of

globalization. It is argued that today Georgia has adopted the economy the strategy of innovation importing but this cannot continue for long, because it is disastrous for a country to be at the expense of others. Georgia should develop innovation borrowing and innovation strengthening strategies. The specific attention is to be paid to the strategy of strengthening or the support for the local scientific achievements and their implementation by the state. It is well founded in the article by the fact that genetic Georgians have a great strive to education and science and the country has high intellectual potential.

Merab Khmaladze Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences

Labour Migration of Georgian Population Since 1992 due to migration and reduced birth rate the population of Georgia decreased by 1082 thousand peo-

ple. 400 000 of them are labour migrants. According to the research, 56,7% of the migrant families consisted of 6 and more memebers, 40% of which were above 40 years. 60% of labour migrants are male and 40% - females. Our research showed that 74,7% of male migrants and 83,3% of female migrants have higher and secondary special education. The research conducted among the students showed that 7,4% of them are willing to emigrate from Georgia forever, and 58,5% would leave the country temporarily. The efficiency of migration can be measured by the ration of the families, which resolved some problems using the money trasnfered by the migrants. The efficiency of migration is 82% accord-ing to our evaluation. Thus, labour migration is inefficient for 18% of families.

Paata Koguashvili Georgia. Georgian Technical University,

Full professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences

On the Question of Comparative Advantage Principle in Agricultural Production

The author stresses on the necessity of the implementation of the agricultural and food sector renovation strategy and purposeful governmental programs, in which the development of sectors will be based on the principle of comparative advatage. In addition the marketing research of internal and external food markets will be necessary in order to identify surplus and shortage of products. The author argues that only production and export of ecologically pure, high quality products and appropriate marketing may become the prerequizite of taking the due segment in the local and international markets.

188

Larisa Korganashvili Georgia. University of Economics and Law of Georgia.

Full professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences

Innovation Activity Management Issues in the Global Economy

The article explores the issues of innovation activity development and effective management. On the basis of the evaluation of the positive and negative sides of innovation activity of the country the author shows the opportunities of formation and development of the modern innovation system. A special attention is paid to the role of government for the elaboration of innovation policy, realization of which can stimulate the effective use of the innovation potential and the economic growth of the country.

Nadejda Kvatashidze Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Associate Professor, Academic doctor of economics

Business Combination and Financial Reporting

At the modern stage of business development a special importance is attached to the financial reporting of combined businesses, which is regulated on the basis of International Financial Reporting Standard IFRS 3. Economic operation or transaction can be idetified as business combination, when purchased assets and taken liabitiies establish the enterprise and one of the participants of the transaction takes the control.

Economic operations or transactions identified as business combination should be reflected in financial repor-ting based on the acquisition method, which implies: identification of the buyer enterprise, setting the date of purchase, recognition and evaluation of the identified assets, liabilities and non-controling interests, evaluation of the compensa-tion, bargain purchase/negative goodwill evaluation and recognition.

Zurab Laliashvili, Prague University of Economics (VŠE),

Phd Student

Management of Qualified Labor Resources Migration From Georgia

The purpose of the paper was to determine present problems of migration management in Georgia and mainly, qualified labor resources emigration control problems. It discusses the trends of “brain drain” from Geor-gia, since post Soviet period till now. For gaining the specific information about the motivation to emigrate or to re-turn to home land, I made the survey for high educated Georgian citizens, who work or study in Czech Republic le-gally. The survey discovered main problems and the factors of migration motivation, which should be taken into consideration by the Georgian government, when planning the migration policy and creating some projects or pro-

grams for managing “brain drain”.

189

Eka Lekashvili Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Associate Professor, Academic doctor of economics

Modern Approaches of Using Information and Communication Technologies in High Educational Institu-tions (The Case of Estonia)

The strategies of the developed countries are oriented on the knowledge and use of modern information and

communication technologies at all education levels. Estonian experience has shown that to meet the requirements of modern competition in the higher education system, we have to start preparing e-learning courses in Georgia. The inte-gration through the knowledge and technologies is the most effective way for small countries in the society of knowl-edge and under the globalization. Currently we should be able to make the teaching form of mixed courses (includes auditoria lectures and e-Learning forms) more actual. In parallel, the research of the environment for the introduction of e-learning in higher education institutions should be conducted. E-learning strategy and action plan of higher educa-tional institutions should be developed according to the results of this research. Strategy should be based on the appro-priate legislative base, which will cause the need of some legislative changes in the existing legislation.

Maya Margvelashvili

Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Full professor, Doctor of Economis

Study of Tourism in the Globalized World

Globalization and recent political and economic changes in the World have influenced every sector of the econ-omy, including tourism. These processes require a special attention to the relation of tourism sector employees and their labor productivity. It became necessary to revise the role of education in the tourism sector. Quality of tourism sector highly depends on human resources qualification and possibility of assimilating new technologies, use new organiza-tional processes and forms. Thus, problem of total quality in the sector is inseparable with quality of education.

This paper describes and analyses in details tourism education and training models, reasons of transnational edu-cation expansion, Bologna process and continued globalization consequences on the education system. In conclusion, objectives for the national education system of tourism and ways for their implementation are offered.

Babulia Mgebrishvili Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Assistant Professor, Academic doctor of economics

Legislative Basis for Global Marketing Development

The article deals with the political and legal environment for the formation of the global marketing, which in-cludes: environment in a home country; environment in the country where the enterprise operates; international envi-ronment. The author analyzes some of the regulations, approved by the legislative bodies of Georgia, which make legal basis for global marketing in Georgia. The author expresses her opinions about advantages and disadvantages of these regulations and gives her own views about making the regulations perfect. It is concluded, that in Georgia legislative basis for the development of business is being improved. The author considers that this fact will stimulate export and make foreign investors interested in the Georgian market.

190

Jacob Meskia Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Full professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences

Business Creativity as the Challenge of Modern Globalization The essense of creativity and its role in the development of modern global economy and business is disclosed in

the report. Creativity as creative, innovative activity and the source of non-traditional decisions become the major chal-lenge of producing competitive goods and services in the conditions of modern intense competition. Competitive prod-uct manufacturing is not enough at the current stage of globalization, it is also necessary to offer it creatively and effec-tively to the domestic and foreign markets.

Iza Natelauri Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Associate Professor, Academic doctor of economics

On the Quantitative and Structural Optimization Criteria of Georgia’s Foreign Trade: Post-Soviet Period

The article analyzes the preconditions of export and import optimization in post Soviet Georgia. The author gives the criteria for quantitative and structural optimization, considering the requierements of social, poltica and eco-nomic l organization of the country and the world competitivenes framework.

Ia Natsvlishvili Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Associate

Professor, Academic doctor of economics

Entrepreneurial Attitudes in Georgia (Empirical Research Results, The Case of Tbilisi)

The article highlights the peculiarities of entrepreneurial attitudes in Georgia. According to the empirical re-search results 91.5% of Georgian respondents would like to be self-employed. In contrast, Europeans remain far less keen on becoming an entrepreneurs. Several factors explain why people prefer to remain employees. Nations differ according to their concerns and fears of becoming entrepreneurs. In Georgia the greatest fear of respondents is related to the uncertain income from entrepreneurship – 48% of respondents consider uncertain income from entrepreneurship as the greatest fear of becoming an entrepreneur. 39.6% of respondents are concerned of bankruptcy. One of the spe-cific characteristics of Georgians’ entrepreneurial attitudes is the Georgians’ expectations of becoming self-employed: about 51.4% of Georgians see the feasibility of becoming self-employed in the next five years. Georgians’ positive atti-tudes towards feasibility of becoming self-employed show the self-confidence and expectations of success of market oriented economic reforms and feeling of social and political stability in Georgia.

191

Nino Papachashvili Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Associate Professor, Academic doctor of economics

Globalization and Neoprotectionism The article is devoted to the activization of protectionist measures under conditions of the modern finacial-

economic crisis. It is mentioned, that advantages of free trade are confirmed by the classical theories of international trade and supporters of these theories offer to carry out an appropriate policy. The free-trade policy is widely declared in the WTO regulations and the concepts of the developed countries foreign trade policies. Tariff barriers as the basic form of restriction of international trade have decreased as a result of the negotiations within the framework of GATT, and later WTO. But reality of the world economy shows that absolutely free trade is an exception, rather than a rule today. Developing countries and the countries of transitional economy face big obstacles for entry the external markets. In addition, between the developed countries there are "the nondeclared" restrictions of trade. Actually, on a global scale there are many examples of the conspired protectionist foreign trade policy. Many countries have concidered pro-tectionist policy implementation as the mean for saving national economy. That creates almost nonregular situation in the international trade relations and causes great concern in the managements of WTO and other international organiza-tions. Actualy world trade relations develop in the context of neoprotectionism. A number of global-scale meeting are devoted to the regulation this situation. Georgia, with its nondiversified export and the negative foreign trade balance (after 90s of the last century), consistently chose the free trade orientation. The author believes that some kind of protec-tionist measures need to be implemented. This does not mean (the traditional sense) the direct restriction of import or direct stimulation of export. For increasing the efficiency of entry the foreign markets it is very important to carry out modern protectionist measures, also used by developed countries to protect their own economy. Our businessmen feel information deficit up to present. In this regard using the latest international information systems, which provide the newest analitical information about countries economic policies and its effects, will be very useful.

Oksana Pyatkovska Ukraine. Lviv Commerce Academy; International Institute of Education,

Culture and Relations with Diaspora of National University “Lviv Polytechnic”, Scientific researcher

Globalization and International Labor Migration: The Macroeconomic Impact of Migrants’ Remittances

The article outlines different economic effect of labor migrants’ remittances in developing countries and deter-

mines important factors which should be taken into account for the development of the appropriate remittance manage-ment policy.

Shota Shaburishvili Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Associate Professor, Academic doctor of economics

Foreign Experience in International Economic Activities of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

The article discusses advanced foreign experience in international economic activities of small and medium-

sized enterprises. In modern world, small and medium enterprises develop dynamically due to the advantages owned by this form of business organizations, such as more flexibility and mobility; necessity of comparably small number of start-up capital and cash flow, innovativeness, particular social importance.

Small and medium-sized business is constantly influenced by the key processes going on in the world economy – internationalization, globalization and regionalization. The principles of organizing and functioning of small business and supporting forms and methods vary throughout different countries and regions. Sharing advanced foreign experi-

192

ence will make it possible to enhance efficiency of small and medium-sized enterprises in Georgia, which will result in the increase of employment rate, introduction of the results of scientific and technical progress in production process, increase of export potential and budget incomes.

David Sikharulidze Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Associate Professor, Academic doctor of economics

Marketing Strategy of High School Development at the Condition of Globalization

In modern conditions the statement that the high school can work only in the local market and consequently doesn't need the international activity, is wrong for all high schools without an exception. National borders become more and more transparent, and the market of educational services even outperforms other spheres of economy in it. All Georgian high schools to some extent work under conditions of the international competition.

The educational program is that product with which high school enters the market. The high school offers the educational programs to their direct consumers - to students and listeners, and through the graduates, to the labor market and state structures. Thus, the consumers of educational services of high school on the one hand are students/listeners, and on the other _ companies and the organizations. The high school aspires to satisfy their requirements.

The question on necessity of working out of strategy of development of high school is recognized by researchers unequivocally. Many researchers argue, that the idea of strategic planning for high schools, including its tools should be used only in emergency situations. Their argument is that the situation in the external environment is beyond the control of high schools and they can use only operational planning which includes making the annual budget or preparing for periodic certification.

Other researchers consider that the high school needs strategic planning, through and within the limits of influence so-called "historical forces". Keller, Blau Dudershtadt, etc. in their works not only have proved the necessity of strategic planning for high schools, but also have allocated the most important components of this process. Keller has distinguished three internal aspects (traditions and values, strengths and weaknesses, possibilities and management priorities) and three external aspects (tendencies of environment, a direction of development of the market and a competitive situation).

Temur Shengelia Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Full professor, Doctor of Economic Sciences

Globalization and World Economic Order The author discusses the problems of world economic order under conditions of globalization. several definitions

and several aspects of globalization are given and it is argued that the essence of globalization is revealed in the identi-fication of the processes, which cause the integration of markets; in the political processes, which remove the barriers to the flows of goods, services and capital and in the identification of the general political events, which reflect the spread of global policies in domestic and international markets. It addition to it, globalization is neither a technological impera-tive, nor only an economic event, but in the historical point of view, it can be discussed as a political and economic in-tegration process. In this pryzm the author explores the issues of the economic order established in XX century – the basic conceptional issues of state relations, the increasing role of transnational corporations and transnational banks.

193

Ms. SITORA SHOKAMOLOVA Tajikistan. School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore

MPP Lee Kuan Yew Tajikistan. School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore Faculty Development Programme Fellow, University of Central Asia

Intertwines of Dynamism on the Global and Domestic Level: How to Set the Dynamic Developing Policy Through Culture and Capabilities in Tajikistan

This paper discusses the effects of global issues on the national decision-making process. Using the “dynamic

governance” (NEO & CHEN, 2007) analytical framework, it reviews two cases on State management of Political Islam and poverty eradication in contemporary Tajikistan. It covers the challenges the State is facing and provides recommen-dations on changing the governance practices towards dynamism, through dynamic capabilities and culture.

Eka Sefashvili Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Associate Professor, Academic doctor of economics

Georgia’s Economic Integration into European Space: Challenges and Prospects In the article the author discusses one of the main direction of Georgia’s foreign policy, namely, integration into

the European structures and gradual approximation to the European space. The question is discussed in the context of current globalization, when every country has to define its place and role. The author explores the concepts of security and economic cooperation, which profoundly changed their meanings and lay down the basis for the future develop-ment of Georgia and its international relations. Cooperation and Partnership Agreement with the EU, European Neighborhood policy Action Plan, Eastern Partnership are the main formats of current cooperation of Georgia with the EU. The perspective offered by these cooperation, achieved progress, current challenges and future prospects are broadly discussed in the article.

Galina Aleksandrovna Semiv The Ukraine. Lviv Commerce Academy;

Post graduate student

The Strategic Orientations of the Development of Oil Enterprises in the Ukraine under Conditions of Globalization

The current situation and problems of development of foreign trade in oil products in the Ukraine are analyzed

in the paper. The author argues that domestic enterprises hold comparative advantages in the markets of oil products of the European countries and the CIS.

194

David Vekua Georgia. Tbilisi State University of Economic Relations

Associated Professor, Academic Doctor of economics

Nino Paresashvili Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Assistant Professor, Academic doctor of economics

State of Activity of Labor in Georgia and Prospects of its Improvement The article considers the key directions of the improvement of labor activity in Georgia. In Georgia, unem-

ployment, as a problem, mostly comes from economic transformation caused and macroeconomic changes, which sig-nificantly reduced demand for labor; One of the most significant objectives is acceleration of its structural reorganiza-tion, as a result of which the unemployment rate and duration should decrease to the reasonable and economically effec-tive level. The activation of the labor in the market should ensure growth of productivity and improvement of mobility.

Strategy for overcoming of the unemployment should be based on the following: monitoring of the catego-ries of the unemployed; identification of the resource base with respect to professional skills and age; development of the effective infrastructure of the labor market; stimulation of the activities of the employers.

Zurab Vashakidze

Georgia. Technical University of Georgia. Associate professor, Academic doctor of economics

Merab Mikelashvili

Georgia. Technical University of Georgia. Doctoral student

On Some Aspects of Tax Politics

Tax politics is one of the most important components of every economy. It is also a serious lever by which the govern-ment influences manufacturing and distributing processes. Depending on the existing experience in this particular sphere budgetary-tax sphere is the strong instrument of the state, so the improvement of its quality has a very important role and it demands broad and deep theoritical analysis and research of micro and macro economic problems.

Lela Jamagidze Georgia. Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,

Assistant Professor, Academic doctor of economics

Foreign Direct Investments and International Economic Integration

The paper explores several aspects of international economic integration impact on foreign direct investmet flows. It is argued that the influence of integration on the intensification of foreign direct investments can be perceived in two directions: attainment of economy of scales as a result of grown markets and increasing opportunities of chang-ing location in search for the comparative advantage. The author analyzes investment regulation principles within some of the regional integrations and emphasizes the importance of participation of Georgia in integration processes in order increase investment inflows.

195

Nino Abralava Georgia. Technical University of Georgia.

Doctoral student

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS DURING THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION TO MARKET ECONOMY

The work deals with the main operational principles and specifics of commercial banks during tran-sition to market economy. It is pointed out, that during domination of command-administrative system, the role of banks was considerably restricted. Banks, being the constituent part of the state machinery, under the overall central planning conducted credit operations within the strictly regulated framework for appropria-tion of monetary funds and limited loan fund capital. With transition to market economy, reasonable libera-tion of the banking system from the state pressure and turning it into an active instrument for managing part of the economy’s financial pattern became prerequisite. In the work the author’s own interpretation of the concept of a bank is suggested, namely: a commercial bank under market economy is a joint-stock type uni-versal commercial credit institution, conducting its activities in compliance with the rules, limits and norms established by the national (central) bank in order to make profit.

196

Р е з ю м е

Нугзар Бабуадзе Грузия. Грузинский технический университет.

Ассоцированный профессор, академический доктор экономики Шота Вешапидзе Грузия. Грузинский технический университет.

Ассоцированный профессор, доктор экономических наук

Илья и глобализм Главным ориентиром для Ильи Чавчавадзе было предусмотрение передового опыта других

стран и для этого он предлагал конкретные пути. Наглядным примером этого считал “Европейское просвещение и управление страной, европейский порядок”. Он давал наставления - открыть двери для европейской цивилизации, потому, что Европа была самой передовой и прогрессивной. Признавал, что в общем должны предусматривать передовой опыт всех стран. Его главное заключение следующее: В общем, надо перенять от передовых государств все, что послужит благосостоянию и процветанию страны.

Евгений Бараташвили Грузия. Грузинсий Технический университет.

Полный профессор, доктор экономических наук Реваз Гвелесиани

Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили. Полный профессор, доктор экономических наук

Политика подготовки и трудоустройства кадров в малом и среднем бизнесе

В статье подчеркнуто, что профессиональное образование становится одним из ведущих

компонентов образовательной системы нашей страны. Должно произайти сближение системы профессионального образования с требованиями быстро и вечно изменяющимся рынком труда. Сформированы цели профессионального образования, самым значительным из которых является создание системы учебно-предпринимательского партнерства в сфере профессионального образования. Отмечено, что правительство Грузии не то что не имеет возможности государственного регулирования трудоустройства и безработицы, а из-за несовершенствования статистики трудоустройства, в большой части из-за её неточности, оно искажённо представляет остроту

существующих проблем в сфере трудоустройства, особенно в сфере безработицы. Существующая неэффективная структура трудоустройства значительно затрудняет решения вопросов бедности. В статье даны рекомендации с целью улучшения созданного положения в сфере трудоустройства.

197

Инеза Гагнидзе Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Ассоцированный профессор, кандидат экономических наук

Образование и наука в Грузии с точки зрения Мировой и глобальной конкурентоспособности

Конкурентоспособность нации считается одним из самых спорных и сложных вопросов с

точки зрения научных исследований. На протяжении более двух десятилетий крупномасштабные исследования по конкурентоспособности стран были проведены Всемирным экономическим форумом (США) и Международным институтом развития менеджмента (Швейцария). В представленной работе мы обсуждаем ситуацию в сфере образования и науки в Грузии на основе сравнения данных, представленных по докладом конкурентоспособности, подготовленными этими школами. Следует отметить также, что для улучшения ситуации в этой области необходимо создать в стране систему развития и научных исследований. В статье содержится информация Евростата, которая описывает мероприятия, проведенные в ЕС. Мы считаем, что в экономике страны развитие двумерных кластеров (научно-образовательных и традиционных) имеет существенное значение.

Паата Когуашвили Грузия. Технический университет Грузии.

Полный профессор, доктор экономических наук

Для действия принципа относительного преимушества в сельско-хозяйственном производстве

С целью улучшения положения в аграрном секторе, в ближайшем будущем нужно выработать

и задействовать стратегию возрождения агропродуктового сектора Грузии и целевые государственные программы, в которых развитие отраслей (культур), в долгосрочной перспективе, будут основаны на принципе относительного преимушества. При этом, необходимо основательно изучить внутренний и внешний маркетинговый продуктовый рынок, т.е. какие продукты представлены на нем с избытком и на какие продукты имеется дефицит. Автор считает, что производство только высококачественной продукции (уникальные грузинские эндемные культуры, экологически чистая, органическая продукция – на экспорт, где создается монополистическая рента) и соответственный маркетинг могут стать гарантом возврата на местный рынок и занятия принадлежащего сегмента на мировом рынке.

Внедрение прогрессивных правовых форм труда и организации производства в деревне и активная государственныя поддержка, создаст соответствующие условия для модернизации отраслевой структуры агропроизводства Грузии с учетом принципа относительного преимущества и маркетинговых требований.

198

Ия Нацвлишвили Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Ассоцированный профессор, кандидат экономических наук

Отношение к предпринимательству в Грузии (итоги эмпирических исследований на примере г.Тбилиси )

Статья освещает особенности отношения к предпринимательской деятельности в Грузии. В

статье описываются итоги исследований, проведенных автором в июле- сентябре 2010 году в Тбилиси с целью изучения отношения грузинского населения к предпринимательству. Проводится анализ собранных эмпирических материалов. Итоги исследований выявляют специфику отношений к предпринимательству в Грузии на примере г.Тбилиси. По эмпирическим результатом исследования 91,5% грузинских респондентов

хотели бы быть самозанятыми. В отличие от Грузии европейцы более сдержаны и выявляют меньшее желание к предпринимательству чем американцы и китайцы. Результаты исследований так же подтверждают гипотезу: за последние годы на фоне успешных реформ в Грузии замечается слабое, отрицательное расположение к предприниаательству. На фоне большого уровня безработицы, у многих появилось большое желание стать самозанятым. Так же замечается сильное ожидание начать предпринимательскую деятельность в дальнейшем. Большинство грузинских респондентов (48%) считают самой большой опасностью в предпринимательской деятельности нерегулярные доходы. 51.4% опрошенных считают, что будут заняты предпринимательством в ближайшие 5 лет. В Грузии в ожидании успехов экономических реформ ориентированных на рынок, позитивное отношение Тбилисских респондентов к предпринимательству указывает на их самоуверенность, веру в социальную и политическую стабильность.

Эка Лекaшвили Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили. Ассоцированный профессор, академический доктор экономики

Современные подходы использования информационных и коммуникационных технологий в высших учебных заведениях (на примере Эстонии)

Ключевые слова: Глобализация, образования, э-обучения Стратегии развитых стран ориентированы на знание и использование современных

информационных и коммуникационных технологий на всех уровнях образования. Эстонский опыт показывает, что в соответствии с требованием современной конкуренции в системе высшего образования, мы должны начать подготовку электронного обучения в Грузии. Интеграция посредством знаний и технологий является наиболее эффективным способом для малых стран в условиях глобализации. В настоящее время мы должны быть в состоянии обеспечить обучение в форме смешанных курсов (включая лекции электронные формы обучения) более актуально. Паралельно должо быть проведено исследование об условиях внедрения электронного обучения в высшие учебные заведения . Стратегия и план электронного обучения высших учебных заведениях должны быть разработаны в соответствии с результатами этого исследования. Стратегия должна быть основана на соответствующей законодательной базе, что приведет к необходимости некоторых изменений в действующее законодательство.

199

Зураб Лалиашвили Mагистр. Докторант Экономического Университета в Праге (VŠE)

Управление миграции квалифицированной рабочей силы из Грузии

Целью проекта было описать существующие проблемы управления миграционными процессами в Грузии, в частности проблемы управления эмиграции квалифицированных трудовых ресурсов. Обсуждается тенденции "утечки мозгов" из Грузии с постсоветского периода до настоящего времени.

Для получения информации о мотивации к эмиграции или возвращению на родину в Грузию, я провел опрос граждан Грузии с высшим образованием, которые работают или учатся в Чехии, на законных основаниях. В процессе опроса выявились основные проблемы и факторы мотивации, которые должны быть приняты на рассмотрение правительством Грузии, при планировании миграционной политики и создания некоторых проектов или программ для управления " утечки мозгов ".

Эка Сепашвили

Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили. Ассоцированный профессор, кандидат экономических наук

Экономическая интеграция Грузии в Европейское Пространство: Проблемы и Перспективы

В статье автор обсуждает один из главных направлении Грузинской внешней политики , а

именно, интеграция в европейские структуры и постепенное приближение к европейскому пространству. Вопрос обсужден в условиях текущей глобализации, где каждая страна должна определить свое место и роль. Автор рассматривает концепции безопасности и экономического сотрудничества, которые совершенно изменили свое значение и которые определяют основу и фуидамент для будущего развития Грузии и ее международных отношений. Сотрудничество и Соглашение о сотрудничестве с ЕС, европейский стратегический План действий Соседства, Восточное Товарищество - главные форматы текущего сотрудничества Грузии с ЕС. В статье широко обсуждены перспектива, предлагаемая ими сотрудничество, достигнутый прогресс, текущие проблемы и будущие перспективы.

200

Давид Векуа Грузия. Тбилисский государственный университет

экономических отношений

Ассоциированный профессор, кандидат экономических наук Нино Паресашвили

Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили. Ассистент-профессор, кандидат экономических наук

Cостояние активности рабочей силы в Грузии и перспективы его улучшения

В работе «состояние активности рабочей силы в Грузии и перспективы его улучшения»

рассматриваются основные направления улучшения активности рабочей силы. Принимая во внимание то обстоятельство, что в Грузии безработица, как проблема, в значительной степени является результатом трансформации экономики, обусловленный макроэкономическими сдвигами, что значительно уменьшило спрос на рабочую силу, одной из наиболее важных задач остается ускорение процесса его структурной реорганизации, вследствие чего уровень и период безработицы должны уменьшиться, в той мере, в какой это целесообразно и экономически эффективно. Со своей стороны, активизация рабочей силы на рынке труда должна обеспечить увеличение производительности и повышение мобильности.

Стратегия преодоления безработицы должна основываться на следующих мероприятиях: мониторинг категорий безработных, в профессиональном и возрастном плане; определение ресурсной базы; создание эффективной инфраструктуры рынка труда; стимулирование активности нанимателей.

Майя Маргвелашвили

Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили. Полный профессор, кандидат экономических наук

Обучение туризма в глобализованном мире

Глобализация и политические и экономические изменения последнего периода в мире так или

иначе повлияли на все отрасли экономики, в том числе и на туризм. Туризм потерпел глубокие

структурные изменения. Эти процессы потребовали особое внимание к взаимоотношениям

работников сектора и производительности их труда. Настала необходимость пересмотра роли

образования в сфере туризма. Качество туристского сектора во многом зависит от квалификации

человеческих ресурсов и способности освоения новых технологии. Так-же, на использование новых

организационных процессов и форм. Так, проблема тотального качества в секторе неразделима с

качеством образования.

В статье детально рассмотрены модели обучения и профессиональной переподготовки

туризма, причины экспансии транснационального образования, результаты присоединения к

Болонийскому процессу и влияние глобализации на образовательную систему. В заключительной

части статьи намечены задачи национальной образовательной системы туризма и предложены пути

их осуществления.

201

Бабулия Мгебришвили Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Ассистент-профессор, академический доктор экономики

Законодательная база развития глобального маркетинга

Статья посвящена политическо-правовой среде формирования глобального маркетинга, которая содержит: среду отечественной страны; среду той страны, где функционирует предприятие; международную среду. Автор статьи анализирует часть тех законов, принятых законодательными органами Грузии, которые создают правовую базу глобального маркетинга в Грузии. Автор выражает свое мнение насчет недостатков и положительных сторон законов и формирует свои взгляды в связи с их совершенствованием. В конце статьи сделан вывод насчет того, что законодательная база развития бизнеса в Грузии постепенно совершенствуется, что по мнению автора, должно повлиять на стимулирование экспорта и заинтересованность зарубежных инвесторов грузинским рынком.

Манана Хархели Грузия. Ассистент-профессор

Глобализация и перспективы инновационного развития Грузии

В статье «Глобализация и перспективы инновационного развития Грузии» рассматривается

перспектива инновационного развития мелких странах, таких как Грузия, в условиях общей и полной мировой глобализации. В статье говорится, что хотя на данный момент экономика Грузии развивается по стратегии «заимствование» инноваций, это не может длиться долго, так как постоянное нахождение на чужом иждивении губительно для страны! Грузия должна развивать свою экономику по стратегии «займов» и «укрепления» инноваций. Особое внимание нужно уделять стратегии «укрепления», то есть государственной поддержке местных научных достижений и их внедрения в экономику. В статье это обосновывается и тем, что генетически у грузин большое стремление к образованию и науке, и благодаря этому у страны высокий интеллектуальный потенциал.

Яков Месхия Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Полный профессор, доктор экономичесеий наук

Креативность бизнеса как вызов современной глобализации В докладе раскрыта сущность и роль креативности в развитии современной глобальной экономики и бизнеса. Креативность как творческая, новаторская деятельность и источник нетрадиционных решений, в условиях острой конкуренции выступает главным вызовом в производстве конкурентоспособного товара и услуг. На современном этапе глобализации недостаточно производить лишь конкурентоспособный продукт, но и необходимо творчески и эффективно его продвигать на внутренных и внешных рынках.

202

Практика подверждает, что в современной экономике приоритетным становится не только производство, но и креативность и инновационность, не только количество товаров и услуг, но и их качество и привлекательность. Поэтому рамки креативной экономики постепенно расширяются. В настоящее время сферой креативного мышления становится не только материальное производство, но и такие отрасли и направления, как киноиндустрия, музыка, изобразительное искусство, мода, издательское дело, реклама, дизайн, архитектура, компьютерные технологии и т.п. В структуре мировой экономики быстро расширяется доля креативного бизнеса, что является подтверждением выхода глобализации на новую парадигму развития. В настояшее время в экономике Грузии креативный подход находится в зачаточном состоянии, но он имеет большие перспективы развития. В работе сделан вывод о том, что отличительная особенность креативной экономики от традиционной состоит в том, что главный инструмент в ней - знания, ресурс - информация, а продукт - инновация. По мнению автора, креативность бизнеса является главным вызовом современной мировой глобализации , ее развитие обеспечит углубление глобализационных процессов в будущем и, следовательно, формирование нового социально-ориентированного мирового экономического порядка.

Зураб Вашакидзе Грузия. Грузинский технический университет.

Ассоцированный профессор, академический доктор экономики Мераб Микелашвили

Грузия. Грузинский технический университет, докторант

Некоторые аспекты налоговой политики государства

Важнейшим механизмом государственного воздействия на рыночную экономику является бюджетно-налоговая политика. От того, насколько концептуально правильно выбрана модель, на каких принципах, и как построена национальная система налогообложения, в какой мере она гармонизирована с международным налоговым законодательством зависит эффективное функционирование всего народного хозяйства и активность предпринимательского сектора. Налоговая политика является важнейшим экономическим методом управления экономикой и обеспечения согласования общегосударственных интересов с коммерческими интересами предпринимателей и населения.

Шота Шабуришвили Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Ассоцированный профессор, кандидат экономических наук

Зарубежный опыт внешнеэкономической деятельности малых и средних предприятии

В статье рассмотрен зарубежный опыт внешнеэкономической деятельности малых и средних предприятий. Динамичное развитие в современном мире малого и среднего бизнеса обусловлено рядом преимуществ, которыми он обладает: высокая гибкость и мобильность, относительно малое

203

количество необходимого стартового капитала и оборотных средств, склонность к инновациям, особое социальное назначение.

Малый и средний бизнес находится под воздействием ключевых тенденций развития мировой экономики - интернационализация, глобализация, регионализация. Принципы организации и функционирования малого бизнеса, формы и методы поддержки различаются по странам и регионам. Разделением современного зарубежного опыта Грузия возможно повысит эффективность функционирования малых и средних предприятий, это будет способствовать росту занятости населения, инновационного потенциала местного производства, экспорта и бюджетных доходов.

Эка Чохели

Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили. Ассоцированный профессор, кандидат экономических наук

Вопросы управления человеческими ресурсами в глобальных компаниях

Управление человеческими ресурсами в глобальных компаниях имеет много трудностей. Так

как глобальная компания осуществляет свою деятельность во многих странах, основная проблема заключается в комплектации рабочих мест. Эти упомянутые задачи считаются базой международного управления человеческими ресурсами. Из-за этого, компании выбирают два альтернативных подхода к выбору персонала: во-первых, выбрав из имигрантов граждан, которые гораздо дороже для компаний, как морально, так существенно, и второго выбора из коренных жителей, более приоритетных в современном мире. Несмотря на то, что есть много культурных, экономических, юридических или политических различий между странами, необходимо формировать единую систему управления человеческими ресурсами, где основными вопросами будут: формирование глобальной человеческой сети ресурсов, изучение различия между странами, ориентация на ста-ндарты и компетенции, создание реальной глобальной системы в компании, строгая защита корпоративной культуры, постоянный контакт с персоналом каждой страны.

Давид Сихарулидзе Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Ассоцированный профессор, кандидат экономических наук

Маркентиговые аспекты развития вуза при глобализации

В современных условиях утверждение, что вуз может работать только на местном рынке и

поэтому не нуждается в международной деятельности, неправильна для всех без исключения вузов. Национальные границы становятся все более прозрачными, и рынок образовательных услуг в этом порой даже опережает другие сферы экономики. Все Грузинские вузы в той или иной степени работают в условиях международной конкуренции. Даже если их абитуриентам и студентам не предлагаются образовательные программы зарубежных вузов, выпускаемые вузом специалисты будут работать в условиях международной конкуренции, следовательно, вузы участвуют в международной конкуренции на рынке труда.

Образовательная программа есть тот продукт, с которым вуз выходит на рынок. Ведь свои образовательные программы вуз предлагает как их непосредственным потребителям - студентам и слушателям, так и опосредованно, через своих выпускников, рынку труда и государственным

204

органам. Таким образом, к потребителям образовательных услуг вуза можно отнести с одной стороны студентов/слушателей, а с другой компании и организации. Именно их потребности стремится удовлетворить вуз.

Вопрос о необходимости разработки стратегии развития вуза воспринимается исследователями совсем не так однозначно, как могло бы показаться. Целый ряд исследователей, высказывались против идеи стратегического планирования для вузов, считая его инструментом, используемым лишь в чрезвычайных ситуациях. Их аргументом было отсутствие контроля вуза за развитием внешней ситуации. А раз этого контроля нет, вуз может использовать лишь оперативное планирование, что он и делает, составляя ежегодный бюджет или готовясь к периодической аттестации.

Другие исследователи считают, что вуз нуждается в стратегическом планировании, хотя и в рамках влияния так называемый "исторических сил". Келлер, Блау Дудерштадт и др. в своих работах не только обосновали необходимость стратегического планирования для вузов, но и выделили наиболее важные составляющие этого процесса. Келлер отнес к ним три внутренних аспекта (традиции и ценности, сильные и слабые стороны, возможности и приоритеты руководства) и три внешних аспекта (тенденции окружающей среды, направления развития рынка и конкурентную ситуацию). Президент известной швейцарской бизнес школы IMD Питер Лоранж выделяет несколько основных направлений создания вузом общественно значимой потребительской ценности: научные исследования, т.е. создание новых знаний; обучение, т.е. распространение знаний; и выполнение роли ответственных граждан.

Иза Нателаури Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Ассоцированный профессор, кандидат экономических наук

О критериях количественной и структурной оптимизации внешней торговли Грузии:

посткоммунистический период Проанализированы предпосылки оптимизации экспорта и импорта в посткоммунистической

Грузии; сформулированы критерии количественной и структурной оптимизиции внешней торговли Грузии с учетом требований общественно-политического и социально-экономического устроиства страны и требований всемирной конкурентоспособности стран мира

Лариса Корганашвили

Грузия. Доктор экономических наук, профессор.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИННОВАЦИЯМИ В ГЛОБАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ

В работе рассматриваются вопросы развития инновационной деятельности и значения

эффективного управления инновациями. На основе оценки сильных и слабых сторон инновационной деятельности страны, показана возможность формирования и развития современной инновационной системы в Грузии. Особое внимание уделено роли государства в разработке действенной инновационной политики, реализация которой позволит эффективно использовать имеющийся инновационный потенциал для экономического роста страны.

205

Надежда Кваташидзе Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Ассоцированный профессор, кандидат экономических наук

Объединение бизнеса и финансовая отчетность На современном этапе развития бизнеса определенное значение приобретает представление финансовой отчетности объединенных предприятий, которая регулируется 3-им Международным стандартом финансовой отчетности Объединение бизнеса (IFRS 3 - Business Combinations). Согласно стандарту, хозяйственная операция только тогда идентифицируется объединением предприятий, когда приобретенные активы и признанные объязательства образуют предприятие, а также при котором одно предприятие получает контроль над другим. Идентифицирование хозяйственной операции как объединение бизнеса требует представление финансовой отчетности по методу приобретения (аcquisitions method), что означает: идентифицирование предприятия покупателя; определение даты приобретения; признание и оценка приобретенных идентифицированных активов, признанных обязательств и неконтролирующей (non-controlling interest) доли меньшинств приобретенного предприятия; оценки компенсации объединения; признания и оценки гудвилла или дохода от выгодной сделки (bargain purchase /отрицательный гудвилл).

Нато Какашвили Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Ассистент-профессор, кандидат экономических наук

Финансовая устойчивость страховой компании и платежеспособность

Финансовая устойчивость страховщика это способность поддерживать баланс между доходом, полученным со страховой деятельности и перед обязательства застрахованного. Страховщик свои ключевые активы составляет за счет привлеченных средств, но с учетом будущих сроков оплаты и количества. В то же время это можно оценить как уровень вероятности. Финансовая устойчивость страховой компании достигается за счет внешних и внутренних факторов. Особое значение имеют внешные факторы, менять которые компания не может. Внешние факторы включают: общее состояние национальной экономики, государственного регулирования страховой деятельности, конъюнктуры фондового рынка, платежеспособность населения и потребительские свойства.

Для финансовой устойчивости страховой компании необходимо: Коррекция тарифных ставок по видам страхования, расширение перестраховочной защиты, привлечения дополнительных финансовых ресурсов путем выпуска акций, обзор структуры активов,сокращение расходов,оптимизация численности персонала, продажа недостроенных здании, автоматизация и покупка новых пакетов программного обеспечения, улучшение организации труда, инвентаризация имущества, изменения главы департаментов и так далее.

206

Темур Шенгелия Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Полный профессор, доктор экономичесеий наук

Глобализация и мировой экономический порядок

В статье затронуты вопросы мирового экономического порядка в условиях глобализации. Автор рассматривает различные толкования и аспекты глобализации и полагает, что её суть состоит: 1. для определения тех экономических явлений, которые вызывают процесс интеграции национальных рынков; 2. для описания тех экономических процессов, которые связаны с ликвидацией международных барьеров товара, услуг и движения капитала; 3. для утверждения тех общих политических явлений, которые отображают расспространение глобальной политики на уровне внутренних и международных рынков. При этом, глобализация является не технологическим императивом или не только экономическим явлением, а процессом политической и экономической интеграции стран мира, рассмотренным в разрезе исторической перспективы. В этом аспекте затронуты вопросы мирового экономического порядка установившегося в XX веке – основные

концептуальные вопросы отношений государств, возрастающая роль транснациональных

корпораций и международных банков.

Семив Галина Александровна, аспирант Украина. Львовская коммерческая академия

Аспирант

СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКИЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ НЕФТЕПЕРЕРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ОТРАСЛИ УКРАИНЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ

Анализируется современное состояние и проблемы развития украинского рынка нефтеп-

родуктов. Определены конкурентные преимущества национальных компаний и приоритеты их деятельности на рынках нефтепродуктов стран СНГ и ЕС.

ЧЕРКАС НАТАЛИЯ Украина. Львовская коммерческая академия

к.э.н. МАКРОЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ СТИМУЛИРОВАНИЕ НЕСЫРЬЕВОГО ЭКСПОРТА УКРАИНЫ

В работе исследованы структурно-функциональные факторы стимулирования несырьевого

экспорта на Украине, в частности влияние макроэкономической среды. Автором рассматриваются вопросы инновационного экономического развития. Доказано, что украинский экспорт очень чувствителен к ценовым шокам и это может привести к сложным макроэкономическим последствиям для экономики вследствие кризиса последних лет. Для стимулирования несырьевого экспорта

207

необходимо обеспечение соответствующей макроэкономической среды и сбалансированным бюджетом (лучше профицитом), рестрикционной монетарной политикой и «сильной» национальной денежной единицей. Это позволит контролировать инфляцию, будет содействовать инвестициям, снижению процентной ставки, а также ограничит потребительский импорт, что в свою очередь ограничит экспорт сырьевой продукции.

Ирина Гогоришвили Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили. Ассоцированный профессор, академический доктор экономики

Формирование преимушеств инновационного развития экономики Грузии в условиях

глобального кризиса

В статье рассмотрены и охарактеризованы основные тенденции развития мировой экономики на фазе депрессии пятого технологического и на начальной стадии шестого цикла. Основным свойством пятого технологического цикла является стержневая магистральная инновация – компьютерные технологии. В период шестого технологического цикла будут доминировать сферы многостороннего пользования компьютеров и нанобиотехнологий, но а основной экономической характерной чертой явится глобализация процесса возрастающего эффекта масштаба производства. Экономическая интеграция, протекающая между развитыми странами, будет подчиняться процессам кооперации и специализации в производстве интелектуального продукта, организаванного на основе возрастающего эффекта масштаба. Развивающиеся малые открытые экономики (в том числе и экономика Грузии) для внешней торговли будут производить те продукты и услуги, где не формируется возрастающий эффект масштаба. В экономике Грузии на основе диференциации логистических процессов, мы будем иметь дело с движением узко специализованных финансовых и товарных потоков. Историческая миссия страны состоит в созданияи и распространении исскуственных и духовных ценностей. Поэтому именно в этом направлении должна активизироваться деятельность. Особенно должны усилиться роль и функции грузинской интеллигенции, что и станет гарантом успеха в долгосрочной перспективе.

Мераб Хмаладзе Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Ассоцированный профессор, доктор экономических наук

Трудовая миграция населения Грузии

С 1992 года до сегодняшнего дня, население грузии сократилось на 1082 человек в результате миграции и сокращения рождаемости.

Существующие исследования показывают, что 56.7% из семей трудовых мигрантов состояла из 6 и более членов. Отсюда 40% состовляли люди за 40 лет, из трудовых мигрантов 60% мужского пола и 40% - женского.

По нашим исследованиям 74.7% мужчин и 83.3% женщин из трудовых мигрантов имели высшее и среднее специальное образование. Исследования показали, что 7.4% студентов хотят уехать из страны навсегда, а 58.5% - временно.

208

Эффективность миграции измеряется по удельному весу тех семей, которые решили свои проблемы суммой присылаемой трудовыми мигрантами. По нашим исследованиям эффективность трудовой миграции состовляет 82% и это означает, что трудовая миграция в Грузии неэффективна для 18% семей.

Нино Папачашвили Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Ассоцированный профессор, доктор экономических наук

Глобализация и неопротекционизм

Статья посвящена активизации протекционистских мероприятий в условиях современного финансово-экономического кризиса. Отмечено, что в классических теориях международной торговли потверждаются преимушества неограниченных торговых отношений, а её последователи предлагают проводить соответствующую политику. Политика свободной торговли широко декларирована в постановлениях WTO и в концепциях политики внешней торговли развитых стран. В предыдущем

периоде в рамках GATT, а позднее WTO, на базе переговоров сократились нетарифные барьеры,

как основная форма ограничения международной торговли. Но мировая реальность показывает,

что абсолютно свабодная торговля на сегодняшний день является больше исключением, чем

правилом. Для стран с развивающейся и переходной экономикой существуют большие

препятствия для выхода на внешние рынки. Даже в торговле между развитыми странами

существует «недекларированные» ограничения. Фактически, в мировом масштабе мы часто

сталкиваемся с примерами скрытой внешнеторговой протекционистской политикой. Очень многие

страны протекционистскую политику считают способом спасения национальных экономик в условиях современного финансого-экономического кризиса, что создает почти нерегулируемую ситуацию в мировых торговых отношениях и вызывают большое возмущение в управленческих сферах WTO и других международных организациях. Фактически, мировые торговые отношения

развиваются в контексте неопротекционизма. В последние два года урегулированию этого события

была посвящена не одна встреча глобального масштаба. Грузия, чей экспорт недиверсифицирован, а сальдо внешней торговли всегда отрицательно (с

90-их годов прошлого века), выбрала фритредерскую ориентацию внешней торговли. Автор полагает, что нужно проводить определенные виды протекционистских мероприятий. Под этим не подразумевается (в традиционном понятии) прямое ограничение импорта или прямое стимулирование экспортных отраслей. Для повышения эффективности выхода на внешние рынки, вместе другими факторами, наиболее важно познакомиться с современными протекционистскими мероприятиями, которые используют даже развитые страны для защиты своих экономик. Наши предприниматели все еще стоят перед проблемой неинформированности. С этой точки зрения будет полезно использование новейших международных информационных систем, которые предлагают новейшую аналитическую информацию насчет проводимой экономической политики разных стран и ожидаемого эффекта.

209

Лела Джамагидзе Грузия. Государственный университет им. Ив. Джавахишвили.

Ассистент- профессор, доктор экономических наук

Прямые иностранные инвестиции и международная экономическая интеграция В статье представлены аспекты влияния региональных интеграционных групп на

инвестиционные потоки. Отмечено, что на прямые иностранные инвестиции интеграция воздействует по двум направлениям: возможность достижения эффекта масштаба на растущем рынке и легко заменяемое местонахождение компаний с целью поисков относительных преимушеств. В статье проанализированы принципы инвестиционного регулирования разных интеграционных групп и рассмотрена значимость участия Грузии в региональной интеграции с точки зрения притока инвестиции.

210

s a r C e v i

nugzar babuaZe, SoTa veSapiZe

ilia da globalizmi (rusul enaze) ...........................................................................................................7

evgeni baraTaSvili, revaz gvelesiani

kadrebis momzadebisa da dasaqmebis politika mcire da saSualo biznesSi.....................................................................................................................................11 ineza gagniZe

ganaTleba da mecniereba saqarTveloSi msoflio da globaluri konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebis aspeqtiT ...............................................................................15

irina gogoriSvili

saqarTvelos ekonomikis inovaciuri ganviTarebis upiratesobaTa formireba globaluri krizisis pirobebSi...........................................20 zurab vaSakiZe, merab miqelaSvili

saxelmwifos sagadasaxado politikis zogierTi Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtis Sesaxeb .................................................................................................................................25 daviT vekua, nino faresaSvili

samuSao Zalis aqtivobis mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi da misi gaumjobesebis perspeqtivebi............................................................................................................29 nato kakaSvili

sadazRvevo kompaniis finansuri mdgradoba da gadaxdisunarianoba................................................................................................................................................35 jangir kaxarovi

regionuli TanamSromloba centralur aziaSi: uzbekeTis Tvalsazrisi (inglisur enaze) ................................................................................................39

nedeJda kvataSiZe

sawarmoTa gaerTianeba da finansuri angariSgeba ......................................................................47 paata koRuaSvili

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi SefardebiTi upiratesobis principis moqmedebisaTvis .....................................................................................................................................50

zurab laliaSvili

saqarTvelodan kvalificiuri SromiTi resursebis migraciis marTva (inglisur enaze)..................................................................................................................56

eka lekaSvili

sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Tanamedrove midgomebi umaRles saganamanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi (estoneTis magaliTze) .................................................................................................................................................61

211

maia margvelaSvili

turizmis swavleba globalizebul msoflioSi ............................................................................65

iaSa mesxia

biznesis kreatiuloba rogorc globalizaciis Tanamedrove gamowveva .......................................................................................................................................................................................73

babulia mRebriSvili

globaluri marketingis ganviTarebis sakanonmdeblo baza............................................80

iza naTelauri

saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis struqturuli da raodenobrivi optimizaciis kriteriumebis Sesaxeb: postkomunisturi periodi............................83

ia nacvliSvili

mewarmeobisadmi damokidebuleba saqarTveloSi (empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebi Tbilisis magaliTze)............................................................................................................................87

anastasia nesterova

SromiTi resursebis migracia postsabWoTa sivrceSi (rusul enaze)....................96

nino papaCaSvili

globalizacia da neoproteqcionizmi.....................................................................................................98 oqsana piatkovska

globalizacia da saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia: migrantTa gzavnilebis makroekonomikuri efeqti (inglisur enaze).....................................................104

galina semiva

ukrainis navTobgadammuSavebeli dargis sawarmoTa saqmianobis ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTuleba globalizaciis pirobebSi (rusul enaze)..............................................................................................................................................107

eka sefaSvili

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri integracia evropul sivrceSi: gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi (inglisur enaze) ................................................................................109

daviT sixaruliZe

universitetis ganviTarebis marketinguli strategia globalizaciis pirobebSi .......................................................................................................................................114

larisa yorRanaSvili

inovaciuri saqmianobis marTvis problemebi globalur ekonomikaSi................................................................................................................................................120

SoTa SaburiSvili

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis ucxouri gamocdileba....................................................................................................................................................125

212

Temur Sengelia

globalizacia da msoflios ekonomikuri wesrigi...................................................................129

natalia SCerbina

elene kovSari

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis politika belorusSi (inglisur enaze)......................................................................................................133

sitora Sokamolova

li k. eu

globaluri da saSiano dinamizmis urTierTgadaxlarTva: rogor gavataroT dinamikuri ganviTarebis politika tajikeTSi (inglisur enaze) ......................................................................................................137

eka Coxeli

globalur kompaniebSi adamianuri resursebis marTvis sakiTxebi..........................141

natalia Cerkasi

ukrainis arasandeleulo eqsportis makroekonomikuri stimulireba (inglisur enaze) ...............................................................................................................................144

manana xarxeli

globalizacia da saqarTvelos inovaciuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi......................................................................................................................................147

merab xmalaZe

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis SromiTi migracia.................................................................................152

lela jamagiZe

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri integracia .............................................................................................................................................156

nino abralava

komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Taviseburebebi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi.................................................................................................................161 reziumeebi ..................................................................................................................................................................................166

Summaries ...............................................................................................................................................184

Резюме .....................................................................................................................................................196

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 1, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: universal@internet.ge