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مذكرة تكميلية بدفاع للمحكمة الدستورية العليا 1

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مذكرة تكميلية بدفاع للمحكمة الدستورية العليا 1

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bull bullbull

bullbullbull

bullbullbull

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frawr mwt ~oJlio~middot~

It Ilfl rrea y~ itJ rr~

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bullbull

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- -ulgt J- - - q ~ -l tL - I lt-tt Llo I bullbull tl 1_- -tl - -9JJIIltamp I bullbull t jjJ4 - ~r-- - J J r- ~ --- tJJ ( ~ shyM

tltamp ~ ~I ~I Lo Jogtl ~ iiJlJlJ ~Lw ~ylJ y~1 js rlilllltamp ~ ~ 1oSllIJ lA~

IoS~JJI J~ rJ$ JI rJ ~ J~tgtJ - ~I ItJJlwJJI 4oSJt ~Wti ~ 1oS~ LoJ - viJ1

bull 4- ~~4 IJgt J~ ~ ~J ol~J ~ iiLl1 4~J1 ~JJI ~ ~lAij~

IoS~JJI ~ ~JJI ~o sly rJ ~ ~ul 4~~ ~ ~I JLIIoSll1 ~t)1 v~ Lol -

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M f~ M fer ~--rftySt -l ~ltf ero fl(CII M

I~~~ M ~r I I~~ I~ Iwomiddotmiddot 1Mgt ~ 15 IfOTl I-u -

1lFl5 iYrJ rlinl I~ I~t ~ Mf T~ ~1r9-r ltT oyf1r1 I~

1~Ct I~t ~~ I~n 1gt fo-r~ -1 Irri~ I(rr I1J ~If~ ~it

fl~ -q( Irrli( ~mrg (~) ~t1ti ~ If 1~rrlCt ~ fn rti r r~(~

~~~lripound fUlt(rI tn~ie ~Iflef bull

It1n 11t(iai e I~ ~~fCJ Ol ~ ltgt1J Irr~( frf11 ~ ~fI lri~ ~

I~~~ 61wr fo firl 1 I1J Irr~ rlo ol~fl hw ltO~ I~~~ ~ ~

~~rrI i-r f1 Ifl~[+rl I~~~ r~I( lt i e tfO~r rl(Tflt -1 lt r

M ltiTlt) ~~ f --r ( ( o-tI (n M

gtltT 1~5 ~UTI ~~ ~lmiddotmiddot 1tmiddotI fl atmiddot I I~r ~ I~ICrI

rsfPlt ~1r1~ 0 ~ tTP Ofcm ~ -0 1 ~Un~ f1 Mlt+9j ~ ~ p

1r1~ orrfl hw ffr I~I~~~r4orf1 frw ir ~I~rS r~(~

61m5 (1( (~ I~Ir-fl ~~rrI (~ () O~ ~t Irrg ~~~~

f~i~ frr15 -1 1 WJ fn gtIt Irr~ fC lf1J rlo If~~crri ~trr r ir ~

ltie IrrS Irrli(~ ~~(M ~~~rrI ~1r1~ bull

lri~ f~ rJ f ~1 wro I~ ~I~ ~ 1-1( I~ fgto Irr~ r ~~S ~~~ 1~ rJ ifi r~f(lpound rJ S 1~ ~r ~Irr~ fo-r~g ltrf(P

~

Irrli(~ r l~ht ~S it ~r~it ~Im~ fC (lrr Irr~ 1f ~ fC r

0 bull ~ ~ltro~ r Mt 1~rI~ ~~( 1~5 ~1r1~ 61rl gtI~ tf(lpound IrrS

~ Irrli( fUt~ ~91~ ~ltf- (1( (~ I~1rrrt1 ~~rrI (~ ( )

Im(~ rI~g IM~ f~~wr-CJ 0(1 ~I~~~fln~ ffl ~mrg (w )

~11rl= -f~ ~[f-rITo 1lT~ ~rg~i fi~g ~ Ir-rI~ rm== I~=r

ltt oil( ~flt I~~IM~S ~r~la -rltjl ~I( 1~1i I~~) I~rl r tr lltrr-r ~~rrr rir rfiJ 1lT~ ~~r~ If ITIoS ~ If ~I( ~9l~ f f4 rgt= ~a I~f4 rl1deg1 ~[~ fI=~If rl ~r-e ~ fgtI~ frlr Irr~)

lrffJ I= a1( r TI Im~f ~= ~~~~Mr iTfp fi~ ltffP Iri~

-M bullI= lerr TI( TI Im~ ~1lT~ rr Mfa Irrrr Ie ~sf ofl f~

1 ~r~11C1oS iYrJ rr Irr~) [cIoS ~1l1lT~ ~tltf 71

rf= I= rgt= ~~1-e ~i~fi~g f4 coS rr-rlrre n I~~p)oS IfOlt~ Irr~r~ )bull

f~ ~ ~= I~I~ If) Uli TI( I~rgtr ofl I~r-rrJ r1ir~ Irrl~

( 0( gt0 r Irr~) r rJ rn A~ r r~r~~ 0I ~ A (fI 0 )

~fI== I~Irr~r~

~= I~[ rffl~ 11C17 ~1r4~Irr~r--1Ifrltn rl ~iYr f~rl gt~ ~ ~

~~r ~iilrl ~sTr1 ~Ifl~ [ltfIt+J Irr~r tKIoS rc~ i[l= e~ [f-rITof I= bull

~~ 1~(fI Ul=~ I~ (WI ~tn rrr~r ~I[Oltgt~ Irr~r~ Irll ) f~

fr ~I Irl= ~IfOlt~ Irr~r~ = -( [Fltfr lerr = rgtr ofl ~M ~~r

[nr ~a Iffl~ ) rrf If rr+1 f~rSIMi I~alfrl

Irrl~ f ltn rl ~iYr I~r Ifl~ m=cf1 ) f[ noii -gtc1 JjJ -I~Imrr

TI III [Wf91 I== I~Irr~r--1 Udeg-r fwf I~r rfl~ 11C17 ~r~r~

f~llf) r ~~lt-on f~frrfr iorl~ r= I~l I~ ~= li~ IfltiT wf

Irrf~ ) flrlt1r gt~ ) oyrf~ r~~~fI== ~rfl1 I~r~ ~Irfl~

O~ A iT~ Im~[~~ ~Irfl~ lrcr-= ~11 ) f~ ~rgt= Irr~) Irr~r--1

r~Irltr~ fl[~r I~r~ l~r ~If~11 1 r ffr i lrrlr rrJ rn

Im== ) (IoS gtI= ~ rvsr gtI 1J r ~vo ) fr-o T~~e~ ~lrffJ ~~(

vt ~Iflr 1l~(I ltr( r11~ mlti-p bull

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~OA 1 -( (I~ tff vt rf( Il~ ) bull

fltf tl ( i-tr( Il~ I~y VV ~~ loogtl~ If l I~(I

tl --fi rltr- Irr+ I~H1 y ltj~ Ifr(ll~ 11~ 11~ri ~

l~ gt1(1 Irf F (( ~Irrlf oyrr~ IS 1(1 si oyrr ~bullbullbull ~ l~

n gt1(1 Im~ 1 ((0 Irr~ ~i ~Io 1(1 f ~ Im~~Irrlf bull HAAA

Ji M ~6 ~ (M ~tff f --I rJ ( - r1 ~-liM 10 Irr 1 1middot 11 ~1-M l1i Irrl f bull

~Irr(~ 14)~ 1r1~ rrrleg I~~-( 1e9 I~ r~Irt ~~

IM(I ~~J o-ltI~ I~1r-1r llgtIf ~~Irrle gt1(1lrr~ vt ~(I

-1 rfgt I~~ 0Cflt Irr~ r~S Irr~(~ Ifl~ (1 Irr~ ~~11l~(I f

( I~1f1( rIrr~S (ri ~ ~~ r ~(~ lt-rl ~IA I bull A)

If~~Ircrltl ~~Ir~ bull

Iryen~ ~ r(I yen(I I~ r 1T1~ Irr~(~ lrtl tlTi r 1poundTri~ Iryen~ yen fl (ifr Irr~S Irr~(i1 1(1 0TICf+l 1(1 yen(I ~1 ( ~i ~~I~lt1 rIrr~S

-~ 1(1 I~~r F1~ IfOgtOl Irr~(~ 1Mi 1(1 I~l~ I~~IMyen WT

rrT~ bull

1poundTri~ lrcrltl ~~Ir~ 4)0-lt 11S ~~I~Il I~i IMyen

J f1(1I~ r~(~ 11l~(I (ri Amiddot A~ bull A IM(I ~f ~r IS I~~~

~tmiddoti im~ Icrt (ri ~O-A~--~~11r1 (II iri~ I~S vt f f

-~~ ~ ~slt~ ~slt f1~ lri~ (lIpoundTri~ Iryen~ rr( ltfr ~

forle91~9r~~WJ f bull

-Q shy

bHL~i~ rQ ~I~ b rl~ lr91 CjCI~ r laquobC Irr-r1 bft1tn fltgt10 biQ I~

Irr-r~ 1-2 FTlt1 III~ bllfl~ ~ IQ IF~ M ~ISQ IIITtiQ I~~

-bS k-li~ f ~I I~r fo-t I~rrlf1 b1 I~I1 rli-rl rQQ l~g ftn

I~S1~ b1 ~IP -c~ sr Irlt~ ~rf--H bi~i Ir-Cb~ Irr~~

f ~I I~(f ~KClr cnr IFf 1 rr10 b~11rlt lblillrrr 1Q ~o

-Ir~~ lrefb) 1 0([ Fv IfIi f 1lS lil~~ I~ 11 1~ (11 rbl Irrltso~

f 1-- -fiT 1--ti bull

f~r~Ir cnfr gt1 ~~lrrl~ lrii-re ~Ird ll1t shy

~IrarJ f I~

~-IM f 1il~Q IF~

)-IMf 1il~Q IFnt

]-IMf Im~Q IIYSmiddot

A_ IM f HI~Q IF~~middot

1-IM f Im~Q Irr~ bull

-IMf III~ mn If~Q I~nslr brllt-t 1F~lr

-IM 1il~Q Irsi If~Q I~~Ir brllt-t 1F~lr bull

l~ -IM 11 ~ 1l1~Q IrS bITQ Ir~Q I~nslr brl lt-t 1F~lr

IbF-~FrJ ~

In~ 1 rf shy

~lti6J7 Irr~si b~o ltil F ~I rQ WCO I1SO b~Ir ~-SI blr Wr( ~ 0- bull 4o4o I ~1

k-I~ rtlaquo L 5~1 k-l1lr~Ji Ir(C ~S~ CI1IW ~r IF~ 1l1~t ~IF~Q ~rfi -r~lrrJS middot

- shy

bull bull

Nonf c(r Ul~ I~O --sf bq ~~~ ~INltn Irr~(~ Irr~ e ~

Ifflt-e -sf Irf~Irr~(~ l o ~eJ oii1 ~ilr rtMtlt ~j~ ~1~-e shy

M ~U~~ Irryenrlf 1m -

Irr~(~ U-r r~~1 - bull ~ tlt b1 foaor1 ) lpoundfl~ blrrl~ blfrc ~r4rJ ~~lrir$~ 1ft r(+llfOgto e1m blrgt~e

(~I~Il~r bl~lkf1ft irOi1IrgtO Irr~(~ 1m r(flt-e r~(~

~tlt tI ~ b ~ - --tI _1t1 QrIl I 11 --n11 1 10 1gt1 1- 1T1 11 ~lt1 1 bull

r4~Q ~oicr7 ~ fK ~( ~il 1 ry rl--r gtf ~ ~Q fi l

wo 1rl9 -r ImM1 1ft er-e Ir-r~ Icr ftYr2 a1~ M ~rr f (I -rj ~~6 ~ ~~-JI ltf~ M Il 1 ~ ~Irv-~ ~ ~h- 1middot 1 ~r If ~ t-I W

b~lkf~lt+J+l bWi~1 bull

~~ ~~ bull Krt -Go (~~t bull ~ft - ruth II I ~ 1 I it CWl 1 bull gt1 I~r 0- rim r I

~lyenr ~~Q ~ fj~ ~~If2 Irnr~ 1ft poundI~~ ~oofl~ l

M bt 1Z1 r I~tlt Irr~(~ l ~ ~irr-I~ gt10M ii( 1 ~

il ~~( CW I~ l b~Ifl~~ bull

r-o b1J ~~) blgt1J Irr~( lt09-1) ~lry b~foaorJ Irr~(~

1~1 INltn Irr~(~ ) btyr If~ 1poundltgtOe ~rb1 ~I~tlt 1M fH1 l

Irr~(~ l 1~fiJ oii1 ~ilr rtMtlt fl~~ ~1~-e -r twef rcmiddotJ9llff7 r M bt Ifflt-e 11m~ 1ft i1~1 I~Irr~(~ 1m r ~r I~~

i~ it1 S1O ~mI~ Irvft ~rl1i( ~( if+llr17 bull

b~Clt1 1fC1i( bl~ bltr ~bco-Cr-c b~If ~t IJTltS0 t ~~~J 1fC1i(rr ~ (shy

~ ~~J r1i(i1 I~ Im~~ Ib I~~ i~ i1 S1t Irrtol~ (TQ C1Tf I~

fj lt1( tlln I~middotj~ t ~fIi) ~Q ~-01 1t1rr-~~oaltr(

Irrn 1~1 I~~i-i1 o-fl(~ Ir--rr IMlf iT I~MJ bull

~M~O(g I~ 01 fIJf rm~g ~ISi-c M( t~~r9 I 01 gt1fl ~ ~ ~

rk-1lriOlg -O-sf yenG -tp 1J IfOltgt~ Irr~(il uTi -~rk-t 1rr lt101

~lIP hS eI~ ~ shytrr~G (rJ J ~AA r (~(il-~A ~ bull A

Irr~( 10 ~Wl I~~I~~ ~~1~(2 Ol~

4~ i1 -Of utfJ 1~lkfuf~(il ~llmt I yent f flrr 1T1(g IM~go-c bull

o~ ~J J ef1 -sf IPlto~ o~( ~o~ O~fn (Ot 1t ~-sf Irn~ 10

fj~J I~gItltf II~( ~~it ~oIr if poundltrf 1Ti~ Ir-ltO~ n~ ~g

yen~n i1 gtIt f f( 11 ~10((0 r Ir I~t ~r-e-rr o-c (r ~I~~

1~~MIrlto1~ OtgtfWl ~IS rffllS roiIr~ OltI T1 r-e-rr ih o-c Il~J InoG

I~114il ~ Imcrn I~ ~re I~iT Irk-r 1~-1~ I~(0- yen( ln

9l1t I~~ it ~I~ rlt-Jr ~I~r~~w4~ O~fII ~o

I~~(rJ ~A1~ (~(il ~J DDlt-A(~(il~A

Irr~(

Strs m gtI~ I~~I~t M ~-sf gti ~ fl~ iT ~~OIltgtlJbull

Ir-n1n Irr~(il trs It ~o 1(0lt gt i~rt1~ (fIe ~-(f(9t jI 0 ~t

J o-f~ (htlr ~~ fI~~ ~~~qt~ rcmiddotJ1 If~ 42 ~

91 ~it Ifl~ I~~I~ rt1~Wl ~Q IfOgt ~t Irlt~ Irr~(il I

(Irr~G (rJ ~~ D r (~(l-~J VJDD)

rgtft o+((g -Ol~ ~I yent 1rrltflS irH1I~f1~ 10 I(~I~ ~~I-M

~-Of~ (I~ Oil(~ I N(( Ifff ~ il ~O(2 ~~i-i1 -It-

-v shy

rvr~ ( ~t-Il~f ~Irrf l1 I~~~rC~ f~ri ~~r~f~f ( trf ~

~rr rft ~I~~i~ l1f~E I~r+l fri1ri1 fir1t ri= ~01Irf I~

~I~~i~ I~t= rf~ r1Hj ( ~rrf1 ft= ~ iJ Irrfl1 1rlt1f rf1~

I~~F rf= iK ~~r~II)ltii= frf 10-lt lCrgti fl~Il~r ~rt lefl

~Ilti ( ~~iClr~ rrrfl ~1(Wi o-r~ ~n ~~~frlil~ lt~ f~M~

~I~ri~ ~~ir rr rrr~ ~Ilfl MQ rltf w11~fl~rir ~

kl gtIe -1 1~~lri= I~~~ I~~ri ~fr~ fl~~lr Inr r-= I~rir

poundlt~ fClCH-j ~Ilfl

i)f= ~~= ii l ~Ir~ Irl~ Cgtrn ~h~~CJI 1 ~rpound01 illf~ ~ o~ron ~Il)frl ~iK euro1m w=tf ~(~Irl~ poundSl ~(~Ifl~ 1f l=

f~I~C ~WQ Iffl~ ~~wllm-i= iflo-elon ~~r~ ~1= rf=

Icrlr If efl~ ~~t-II~~

fl~~If ~1r1~ IMJ6j~ I~rI~I~nf f~Oltjr~ 1f o-con

itnf n1 ~~~9-e f ~e f ns-rC1 IltC fI1f ~In1rM fl(YOT ltr f lt-fCQ

ngtI~ 1i1lffl~ 1liri1 (c~ I)~ m-i= ~fl-i= ~Ufl1 I)~~

Imil = I(l~ Itr~rfimrM ~Itrfrr C~1 ~AI I ~ bull 4 ~r~sirlt~ l[iii l-5 r~ ~~ CIlt V~ )

( ~U~ Smiddot tr~1I~1rcCr r( I~r~ 0 ~bull ~ ~~ fTf bull ~C1 II

~ ~ ~ ( ~ttfI f ~ 1 --rr J Irvr It ~ ~fi hmiddot 1m ct 11 I I)~ I~ Iv ~It

i~ rI)~ Irt crJ ~if I= 1 ~e oT-rllrlflg ff ~~IQrfm

yenr nr Imn I~rgtf Oltl~ onli J nr ~~n~ irrlf

1l1~ ir lro-lt~ 11~(illMi r(rl~rIf11lri~ (I~ rootr

~o 11)ltgtlJ r~-fr ~ril bull

(I~e_i rflrre I~~nr 1r1~ r1111 Il~~ r1-i lro-ltIrnt ff gt1~

~1111 ~Irlt 11$1 ~( f-t ~ ~~Ir I(ltgt~ 11~(illMi t

uTr I~~~Irn( lefltir M ~f Irnfr ~r I~~oot ~

09Yit I~11~ irf~ ~~ ~Ir-Ioi 11)~$I lt

rrI~ cflf urgtlt Irgtl~ Il~~ Umiddotmiddotnt IrM~ u~middot Irltrril

I~ irr ~I~~ ~~~ ~ lefrr I~~ Ifoi 1(yenln

1~r ~1111 middot~i p 1~r TI-i ~ ~ Ir-Ioi 1fIC I~~

umiddotmiddot(ril ~q~~ImrJ Im(= bull

lrgtIr Iro-ltIrnt Ilgtl(~ rrl~ ttl o--~ ~roIOJ -ft) IMI~ I~~I t

11~( I~$I I~ Ur$1 Irn( lefltir r ~IT~( ~or I~Ulrr

t1 ftW ltrr 11~( I~$I o--~ ~1111 IJ~~ r ~

Ilgtl(i rrl~ r--r-err I~~ irmJ 1l~rJi Irrrf Imen I I~if ~

~ u(1 Il~ ro (I~ I~IMrr rr-gtlr Iro-ltIrnt I~

~mrs ~ ffs ~ ~~ ( 1+fltllm~r ~f Irf~ 11)~$I ~J Il~

-Irn( rIm~r I~f rrrr I~~~It r(~ 1l~Ir

r--~ w If Il~ shy

l~ Irn( 1ft$I ~ f-t un~r Irfrrrfr ru-frr I~~It r(~ 1J~Ir

- shy

bull bull

(fI~ Ultrlfr 1(lm rros4~ flrfsr 1nIJ I~l-oYii o r~r~ If ~)

fl~ I yen r~l1fl1 ~gt If~rr1~ It 1(Ca( Ca( l~ o-c c~ I~ ~ fwf It O o-c Ipr I~~r~ 1m jrH1

1~~lr Ir ~ oA o-c Ipr I~~( Ca() o-c c~ ~ fPm ~I

fl~ I OJ I~ jr ryfa( eli ~~ 11i~ ~OJ ltTr Mi - o-r-~ iref11 I~~r~ ~ fir ~(Cl r1~11 Ir+I~ rl~I~ltii It

frS ir I~~ 111~ I~~ ~ f11r l~ OJ ~IT11~ I~~ 1 crrJ

IrcrJ rl1fl1 iyr I~~ ~ rCrJ ~rf- ~1 1111~ ~r-srr Im~

~( It It to cfi ) ~ fif I~I~r~1F ir -srr o-c 1~~It ~ Ift+1 ~

1S 1 Mi ~~Ir Ir o-c f~I~wf ~Ipr I~~r~r If JI bull 11 ~~-(a( m~ fITf-f bull 1 ~

( -1 ~I~h I h ~ 1-- 11 ~ ltTrCl ~OA bull

~ (i 4 bull --rrt ( (i 4 fJ a(-~ ~ 11 I~ I~~e ltTt bull IT I I~~e f lrom I(C ~It 11

flrltS 1s4I I~r~ltTr ~1~lr oyrlCl -o r~r f~ bull

~~IrrI~l1fr 11yenIcn) ~ fr~ IfOSdeg 11i~ Ir ~r~1F

r11 I~~ wf oA r -srr Im~ fK ~1F ~ 1 ~I wf ( 1fltT I~~

~~~11i~ ~~(~1 rn 1~~lr In+r r~r f~rgti

rMlt ~1 I~rJ ~rn 1~lr041 r1111 I~~l ~I cfa(

o-rri -srr Ir-gtl flm~ shy

~l1fl1 ~ ~fI ~~-srr IlI-sr Itf rsi Oltim ~ ~T1~~

l1fI11~~~ o-c rl-ri sf Oltim bull fwf OJ s I~~ ~OJ ir ~fi rl~

ffl~ ~~Iro-lt1mt f~S ~ frJ ~r IS o-c Umiddot~~t 1m 1rH1 Kl~

~~r~f~t l(fl~ Ir ~o-r-lri9I rIfl~ 1r1~ fefr (ff ~~

-~ ~ shy

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

percent or more ~~~LiI J -

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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Im(~ rI~g IM~ f~~wr-CJ 0(1 ~I~~~fln~ ffl ~mrg (w )

~11rl= -f~ ~[f-rITo 1lT~ ~rg~i fi~g ~ Ir-rI~ rm== I~=r

ltt oil( ~flt I~~IM~S ~r~la -rltjl ~I( 1~1i I~~) I~rl r tr lltrr-r ~~rrr rir rfiJ 1lT~ ~~r~ If ITIoS ~ If ~I( ~9l~ f f4 rgt= ~a I~f4 rl1deg1 ~[~ fI=~If rl ~r-e ~ fgtI~ frlr Irr~)

lrffJ I= a1( r TI Im~f ~= ~~~~Mr iTfp fi~ ltffP Iri~

-M bullI= lerr TI( TI Im~ ~1lT~ rr Mfa Irrrr Ie ~sf ofl f~

1 ~r~11C1oS iYrJ rr Irr~) [cIoS ~1l1lT~ ~tltf 71

rf= I= rgt= ~~1-e ~i~fi~g f4 coS rr-rlrre n I~~p)oS IfOlt~ Irr~r~ )bull

f~ ~ ~= I~I~ If) Uli TI( I~rgtr ofl I~r-rrJ r1ir~ Irrl~

( 0( gt0 r Irr~) r rJ rn A~ r r~r~~ 0I ~ A (fI 0 )

~fI== I~Irr~r~

~= I~[ rffl~ 11C17 ~1r4~Irr~r--1Ifrltn rl ~iYr f~rl gt~ ~ ~

~~r ~iilrl ~sTr1 ~Ifl~ [ltfIt+J Irr~r tKIoS rc~ i[l= e~ [f-rITof I= bull

~~ 1~(fI Ul=~ I~ (WI ~tn rrr~r ~I[Oltgt~ Irr~r~ Irll ) f~

fr ~I Irl= ~IfOlt~ Irr~r~ = -( [Fltfr lerr = rgtr ofl ~M ~~r

[nr ~a Iffl~ ) rrf If rr+1 f~rSIMi I~alfrl

Irrl~ f ltn rl ~iYr I~r Ifl~ m=cf1 ) f[ noii -gtc1 JjJ -I~Imrr

TI III [Wf91 I== I~Irr~r--1 Udeg-r fwf I~r rfl~ 11C17 ~r~r~

f~llf) r ~~lt-on f~frrfr iorl~ r= I~l I~ ~= li~ IfltiT wf

Irrf~ ) flrlt1r gt~ ) oyrf~ r~~~fI== ~rfl1 I~r~ ~Irfl~

O~ A iT~ Im~[~~ ~Irfl~ lrcr-= ~11 ) f~ ~rgt= Irr~) Irr~r--1

r~Irltr~ fl[~r I~r~ l~r ~If~11 1 r ffr i lrrlr rrJ rn

Im== ) (IoS gtI= ~ rvsr gtI 1J r ~vo ) fr-o T~~e~ ~lrffJ ~~(

vt ~Iflr 1l~(I ltr( r11~ mlti-p bull

tlrtfr -1(llrrP lyrrS yJ fr Irr~S 1~~ o~llt1lrr~ IM~ r-cr ~o

~OA 1 -( (I~ tff vt rf( Il~ ) bull

fltf tl ( i-tr( Il~ I~y VV ~~ loogtl~ If l I~(I

tl --fi rltr- Irr+ I~H1 y ltj~ Ifr(ll~ 11~ 11~ri ~

l~ gt1(1 Irf F (( ~Irrlf oyrr~ IS 1(1 si oyrr ~bullbullbull ~ l~

n gt1(1 Im~ 1 ((0 Irr~ ~i ~Io 1(1 f ~ Im~~Irrlf bull HAAA

Ji M ~6 ~ (M ~tff f --I rJ ( - r1 ~-liM 10 Irr 1 1middot 11 ~1-M l1i Irrl f bull

~Irr(~ 14)~ 1r1~ rrrleg I~~-( 1e9 I~ r~Irt ~~

IM(I ~~J o-ltI~ I~1r-1r llgtIf ~~Irrle gt1(1lrr~ vt ~(I

-1 rfgt I~~ 0Cflt Irr~ r~S Irr~(~ Ifl~ (1 Irr~ ~~11l~(I f

( I~1f1( rIrr~S (ri ~ ~~ r ~(~ lt-rl ~IA I bull A)

If~~Ircrltl ~~Ir~ bull

Iryen~ ~ r(I yen(I I~ r 1T1~ Irr~(~ lrtl tlTi r 1poundTri~ Iryen~ yen fl (ifr Irr~S Irr~(i1 1(1 0TICf+l 1(1 yen(I ~1 ( ~i ~~I~lt1 rIrr~S

-~ 1(1 I~~r F1~ IfOgtOl Irr~(~ 1Mi 1(1 I~l~ I~~IMyen WT

rrT~ bull

1poundTri~ lrcrltl ~~Ir~ 4)0-lt 11S ~~I~Il I~i IMyen

J f1(1I~ r~(~ 11l~(I (ri Amiddot A~ bull A IM(I ~f ~r IS I~~~

~tmiddoti im~ Icrt (ri ~O-A~--~~11r1 (II iri~ I~S vt f f

-~~ ~ ~slt~ ~slt f1~ lri~ (lIpoundTri~ Iryen~ rr( ltfr ~

forle91~9r~~WJ f bull

-Q shy

bHL~i~ rQ ~I~ b rl~ lr91 CjCI~ r laquobC Irr-r1 bft1tn fltgt10 biQ I~

Irr-r~ 1-2 FTlt1 III~ bllfl~ ~ IQ IF~ M ~ISQ IIITtiQ I~~

-bS k-li~ f ~I I~r fo-t I~rrlf1 b1 I~I1 rli-rl rQQ l~g ftn

I~S1~ b1 ~IP -c~ sr Irlt~ ~rf--H bi~i Ir-Cb~ Irr~~

f ~I I~(f ~KClr cnr IFf 1 rr10 b~11rlt lblillrrr 1Q ~o

-Ir~~ lrefb) 1 0([ Fv IfIi f 1lS lil~~ I~ 11 1~ (11 rbl Irrltso~

f 1-- -fiT 1--ti bull

f~r~Ir cnfr gt1 ~~lrrl~ lrii-re ~Ird ll1t shy

~IrarJ f I~

~-IM f 1il~Q IF~

)-IMf 1il~Q IFnt

]-IMf Im~Q IIYSmiddot

A_ IM f HI~Q IF~~middot

1-IM f Im~Q Irr~ bull

-IMf III~ mn If~Q I~nslr brllt-t 1F~lr

-IM 1il~Q Irsi If~Q I~~Ir brllt-t 1F~lr bull

l~ -IM 11 ~ 1l1~Q IrS bITQ Ir~Q I~nslr brl lt-t 1F~lr

IbF-~FrJ ~

In~ 1 rf shy

~lti6J7 Irr~si b~o ltil F ~I rQ WCO I1SO b~Ir ~-SI blr Wr( ~ 0- bull 4o4o I ~1

k-I~ rtlaquo L 5~1 k-l1lr~Ji Ir(C ~S~ CI1IW ~r IF~ 1l1~t ~IF~Q ~rfi -r~lrrJS middot

- shy

bull bull

Nonf c(r Ul~ I~O --sf bq ~~~ ~INltn Irr~(~ Irr~ e ~

Ifflt-e -sf Irf~Irr~(~ l o ~eJ oii1 ~ilr rtMtlt ~j~ ~1~-e shy

M ~U~~ Irryenrlf 1m -

Irr~(~ U-r r~~1 - bull ~ tlt b1 foaor1 ) lpoundfl~ blrrl~ blfrc ~r4rJ ~~lrir$~ 1ft r(+llfOgto e1m blrgt~e

(~I~Il~r bl~lkf1ft irOi1IrgtO Irr~(~ 1m r(flt-e r~(~

~tlt tI ~ b ~ - --tI _1t1 QrIl I 11 --n11 1 10 1gt1 1- 1T1 11 ~lt1 1 bull

r4~Q ~oicr7 ~ fK ~( ~il 1 ry rl--r gtf ~ ~Q fi l

wo 1rl9 -r ImM1 1ft er-e Ir-r~ Icr ftYr2 a1~ M ~rr f (I -rj ~~6 ~ ~~-JI ltf~ M Il 1 ~ ~Irv-~ ~ ~h- 1middot 1 ~r If ~ t-I W

b~lkf~lt+J+l bWi~1 bull

~~ ~~ bull Krt -Go (~~t bull ~ft - ruth II I ~ 1 I it CWl 1 bull gt1 I~r 0- rim r I

~lyenr ~~Q ~ fj~ ~~If2 Irnr~ 1ft poundI~~ ~oofl~ l

M bt 1Z1 r I~tlt Irr~(~ l ~ ~irr-I~ gt10M ii( 1 ~

il ~~( CW I~ l b~Ifl~~ bull

r-o b1J ~~) blgt1J Irr~( lt09-1) ~lry b~foaorJ Irr~(~

1~1 INltn Irr~(~ ) btyr If~ 1poundltgtOe ~rb1 ~I~tlt 1M fH1 l

Irr~(~ l 1~fiJ oii1 ~ilr rtMtlt fl~~ ~1~-e -r twef rcmiddotJ9llff7 r M bt Ifflt-e 11m~ 1ft i1~1 I~Irr~(~ 1m r ~r I~~

i~ it1 S1O ~mI~ Irvft ~rl1i( ~( if+llr17 bull

b~Clt1 1fC1i( bl~ bltr ~bco-Cr-c b~If ~t IJTltS0 t ~~~J 1fC1i(rr ~ (shy

~ ~~J r1i(i1 I~ Im~~ Ib I~~ i~ i1 S1t Irrtol~ (TQ C1Tf I~

fj lt1( tlln I~middotj~ t ~fIi) ~Q ~-01 1t1rr-~~oaltr(

Irrn 1~1 I~~i-i1 o-fl(~ Ir--rr IMlf iT I~MJ bull

~M~O(g I~ 01 fIJf rm~g ~ISi-c M( t~~r9 I 01 gt1fl ~ ~ ~

rk-1lriOlg -O-sf yenG -tp 1J IfOltgt~ Irr~(il uTi -~rk-t 1rr lt101

~lIP hS eI~ ~ shytrr~G (rJ J ~AA r (~(il-~A ~ bull A

Irr~( 10 ~Wl I~~I~~ ~~1~(2 Ol~

4~ i1 -Of utfJ 1~lkfuf~(il ~llmt I yent f flrr 1T1(g IM~go-c bull

o~ ~J J ef1 -sf IPlto~ o~( ~o~ O~fn (Ot 1t ~-sf Irn~ 10

fj~J I~gItltf II~( ~~it ~oIr if poundltrf 1Ti~ Ir-ltO~ n~ ~g

yen~n i1 gtIt f f( 11 ~10((0 r Ir I~t ~r-e-rr o-c (r ~I~~

1~~MIrlto1~ OtgtfWl ~IS rffllS roiIr~ OltI T1 r-e-rr ih o-c Il~J InoG

I~114il ~ Imcrn I~ ~re I~iT Irk-r 1~-1~ I~(0- yen( ln

9l1t I~~ it ~I~ rlt-Jr ~I~r~~w4~ O~fII ~o

I~~(rJ ~A1~ (~(il ~J DDlt-A(~(il~A

Irr~(

Strs m gtI~ I~~I~t M ~-sf gti ~ fl~ iT ~~OIltgtlJbull

Ir-n1n Irr~(il trs It ~o 1(0lt gt i~rt1~ (fIe ~-(f(9t jI 0 ~t

J o-f~ (htlr ~~ fI~~ ~~~qt~ rcmiddotJ1 If~ 42 ~

91 ~it Ifl~ I~~I~ rt1~Wl ~Q IfOgt ~t Irlt~ Irr~(il I

(Irr~G (rJ ~~ D r (~(l-~J VJDD)

rgtft o+((g -Ol~ ~I yent 1rrltflS irH1I~f1~ 10 I(~I~ ~~I-M

~-Of~ (I~ Oil(~ I N(( Ifff ~ il ~O(2 ~~i-i1 -It-

-v shy

rvr~ ( ~t-Il~f ~Irrf l1 I~~~rC~ f~ri ~~r~f~f ( trf ~

~rr rft ~I~~i~ l1f~E I~r+l fri1ri1 fir1t ri= ~01Irf I~

~I~~i~ I~t= rf~ r1Hj ( ~rrf1 ft= ~ iJ Irrfl1 1rlt1f rf1~

I~~F rf= iK ~~r~II)ltii= frf 10-lt lCrgti fl~Il~r ~rt lefl

~Ilti ( ~~iClr~ rrrfl ~1(Wi o-r~ ~n ~~~frlil~ lt~ f~M~

~I~ri~ ~~ir rr rrr~ ~Ilfl MQ rltf w11~fl~rir ~

kl gtIe -1 1~~lri= I~~~ I~~ri ~fr~ fl~~lr Inr r-= I~rir

poundlt~ fClCH-j ~Ilfl

i)f= ~~= ii l ~Ir~ Irl~ Cgtrn ~h~~CJI 1 ~rpound01 illf~ ~ o~ron ~Il)frl ~iK euro1m w=tf ~(~Irl~ poundSl ~(~Ifl~ 1f l=

f~I~C ~WQ Iffl~ ~~wllm-i= iflo-elon ~~r~ ~1= rf=

Icrlr If efl~ ~~t-II~~

fl~~If ~1r1~ IMJ6j~ I~rI~I~nf f~Oltjr~ 1f o-con

itnf n1 ~~~9-e f ~e f ns-rC1 IltC fI1f ~In1rM fl(YOT ltr f lt-fCQ

ngtI~ 1i1lffl~ 1liri1 (c~ I)~ m-i= ~fl-i= ~Ufl1 I)~~

Imil = I(l~ Itr~rfimrM ~Itrfrr C~1 ~AI I ~ bull 4 ~r~sirlt~ l[iii l-5 r~ ~~ CIlt V~ )

( ~U~ Smiddot tr~1I~1rcCr r( I~r~ 0 ~bull ~ ~~ fTf bull ~C1 II

~ ~ ~ ( ~ttfI f ~ 1 --rr J Irvr It ~ ~fi hmiddot 1m ct 11 I I)~ I~ Iv ~It

i~ rI)~ Irt crJ ~if I= 1 ~e oT-rllrlflg ff ~~IQrfm

yenr nr Imn I~rgtf Oltl~ onli J nr ~~n~ irrlf

1l1~ ir lro-lt~ 11~(illMi r(rl~rIf11lri~ (I~ rootr

~o 11)ltgtlJ r~-fr ~ril bull

(I~e_i rflrre I~~nr 1r1~ r1111 Il~~ r1-i lro-ltIrnt ff gt1~

~1111 ~Irlt 11$1 ~( f-t ~ ~~Ir I(ltgt~ 11~(illMi t

uTr I~~~Irn( lefltir M ~f Irnfr ~r I~~oot ~

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rrI~ cflf urgtlt Irgtl~ Il~~ Umiddotmiddotnt IrM~ u~middot Irltrril

I~ irr ~I~~ ~~~ ~ lefrr I~~ Ifoi 1(yenln

1~r ~1111 middot~i p 1~r TI-i ~ ~ Ir-Ioi 1fIC I~~

umiddotmiddot(ril ~q~~ImrJ Im(= bull

lrgtIr Iro-ltIrnt Ilgtl(~ rrl~ ttl o--~ ~roIOJ -ft) IMI~ I~~I t

11~( I~$I I~ Ur$1 Irn( lefltir r ~IT~( ~or I~Ulrr

t1 ftW ltrr 11~( I~$I o--~ ~1111 IJ~~ r ~

Ilgtl(i rrl~ r--r-err I~~ irmJ 1l~rJi Irrrf Imen I I~if ~

~ u(1 Il~ ro (I~ I~IMrr rr-gtlr Iro-ltIrnt I~

~mrs ~ ffs ~ ~~ ( 1+fltllm~r ~f Irf~ 11)~$I ~J Il~

-Irn( rIm~r I~f rrrr I~~~It r(~ 1l~Ir

r--~ w If Il~ shy

l~ Irn( 1ft$I ~ f-t un~r Irfrrrfr ru-frr I~~It r(~ 1J~Ir

- shy

bull bull

(fI~ Ultrlfr 1(lm rros4~ flrfsr 1nIJ I~l-oYii o r~r~ If ~)

fl~ I yen r~l1fl1 ~gt If~rr1~ It 1(Ca( Ca( l~ o-c c~ I~ ~ fwf It O o-c Ipr I~~r~ 1m jrH1

1~~lr Ir ~ oA o-c Ipr I~~( Ca() o-c c~ ~ fPm ~I

fl~ I OJ I~ jr ryfa( eli ~~ 11i~ ~OJ ltTr Mi - o-r-~ iref11 I~~r~ ~ fir ~(Cl r1~11 Ir+I~ rl~I~ltii It

frS ir I~~ 111~ I~~ ~ f11r l~ OJ ~IT11~ I~~ 1 crrJ

IrcrJ rl1fl1 iyr I~~ ~ rCrJ ~rf- ~1 1111~ ~r-srr Im~

~( It It to cfi ) ~ fif I~I~r~1F ir -srr o-c 1~~It ~ Ift+1 ~

1S 1 Mi ~~Ir Ir o-c f~I~wf ~Ipr I~~r~r If JI bull 11 ~~-(a( m~ fITf-f bull 1 ~

( -1 ~I~h I h ~ 1-- 11 ~ ltTrCl ~OA bull

~ (i 4 bull --rrt ( (i 4 fJ a(-~ ~ 11 I~ I~~e ltTt bull IT I I~~e f lrom I(C ~It 11

flrltS 1s4I I~r~ltTr ~1~lr oyrlCl -o r~r f~ bull

~~IrrI~l1fr 11yenIcn) ~ fr~ IfOSdeg 11i~ Ir ~r~1F

r11 I~~ wf oA r -srr Im~ fK ~1F ~ 1 ~I wf ( 1fltT I~~

~~~11i~ ~~(~1 rn 1~~lr In+r r~r f~rgti

rMlt ~1 I~rJ ~rn 1~lr041 r1111 I~~l ~I cfa(

o-rri -srr Ir-gtl flm~ shy

~l1fl1 ~ ~fI ~~-srr IlI-sr Itf rsi Oltim ~ ~T1~~

l1fI11~~~ o-c rl-ri sf Oltim bull fwf OJ s I~~ ~OJ ir ~fi rl~

ffl~ ~~Iro-lt1mt f~S ~ frJ ~r IS o-c Umiddot~~t 1m 1rH1 Kl~

~~r~f~t l(fl~ Ir ~o-r-lri9I rIfl~ 1r1~ fefr (ff ~~

-~ ~ shy

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bull ~J~ JJ~~aJJJJI ~lS LoJS

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bull ~-lt aLgtj-J1 amp shy

bullbull ~J

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bull ~511 ~IJJgtoJ4 ulso-JI J~rljlJ-J1 ~I~IJ LoSf

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bull bull

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I~Irr~r~ Irf~ rrflt-e r~ri1 ~~ c I~ l ~

~rI~o-rl= If~= l l( - frr-rf) I~o-rl= Imr icr+o1 l ~

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-rf mrtf ftC~ r~ftr Ir

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f-o-rl~S ~frs I~~1FltrolJi flrrmltl( nr Irrf l1 IF~~

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Iro-lt1rnr lriltn flrc-rfri1 flr IMltlr I~fltr 1Jf rr1~ (

r -o-rl~S I~ff flF~flr 1iyenln flr-gtl~ 1N1~ iYrr ~

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~

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

percent or more ~~~LiI J -

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

percent or more ~~~LiI J -

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

percent or more ~~~LiI J -

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

percent or more ~~~LiI J -

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

percent or more ~~~LiI J -

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

- shy

commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

percent or more ~~~LiI J -

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

- shy

commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

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of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

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rr 5-t ~~Qtr mK~ ~o-C J1(1 ~~Hf r-rff ~rHr(l

~r oil ~~~r~ ~C1r ~l r~ J1(1 f( fJ ~f~ fA

f~ Hl~ tsr ltr~ ~f~ ~bullbull J ~ 1~ 01 rY(IO1-e

iltor ~rrer~ ~f r~ r ~~ r ~~(I

ir1~ ~ f ~r~ J ~ -o-e ~~ r~ ~rnf ~~ ~

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~ f -0 ~ t I [ [ h e- ~o ~ f -~ I [ -h - ltt ~( f _ r- f ~ ~fi cmiddot c bull -f e

L

(fi b t c~middot ( h 0 ~ 1ii -0 shy

r ~ f ~ G 1~ r ( t ( t y y -- U _

I kmiddot I S L t Ei t [ b (C -~ -c ~ ~ ~ ~ [ 1 t GL ~ -[1 ~ of ~ ~L 1 e ~ t [ ~ eshy

rt t ~~ ~ [ f 1 ( ltt t euro t t t k t 5 B ~ - -~ ( -I c--0 - --1 -[ _ [ I ~ f ~ ~ ~ c -ol --t -f ~ _ -0 -_ bull Iv h f)

~ - -~ 1 [ ~ ~ ~ 7 t ~ ~ h ~ c 1f 1 ~ ~ ~ -[1D 1 ~1 ~ ~ --0 I f sect i ci l ~ ~ ~ -t [l f- -tL lt-(r ~ t -to e --0 h bull ( bullk Q ~ ( (I ~ P I ~ r= ff ( h -~ f I - E

I ~ t f ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~~ f 1 tmiddot ~ ~ -r E ~ f [ ltt t~ ~ -0 _ c C ~ _ h _ _ -0

bullbullbullbull

11lt-~ rI~fie bull f -fir f fit bull

Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy

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t ub1JoO

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- ~t ~(r) rlJ oJi ~JA~IJji-tJJI ~~LiJI OJUI ~

Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union

according to their respective Numbers

bullbull lJi d ~ttt I boJl L1IJ jJj lt ~I -JJI Li ~jJ ~ ~U rJ ~r- J - -J-JA J~ Uf J

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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for

which justification is shown

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~IJ ~IJJI dtLWI UI J~ JAgt jib c WIgt Jgt1 o~1J ~Iii one vote

ii~1 aosgtoJI ~J 6gt 41Jz~1 )IJ)I ~~ a middotgtII f

we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

vi ~~l aJJJJI ~lt ) ~41Jz~1 )IJ)I ~ui ~i aoSgtoJ1 ~J LoS

yj~ ~ 0JY-OJ aJjLo ~J d JUJ aJ~ ~IJ~~ ~lS JI~~1 ~~JM

aJJ)I

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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( ~IIA ~o)JP ~I~)

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JJ$ ~~I ~~~jlijamp 4iJl JgtIJ JAio OJJJ ~JLj1UU bjltl uo ~ Iii ~UI ~ t~

~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

- shy

commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

~JIjl ~i ~ Yo V4 PS4 ~1gtJj~1 IJJJI ~~JJn Ji~1 jJ~~1

~IJU11 oIJJI r-wJ OJ~ ~ui 1 ~uY11J1 u~l rr ~V4 psi JlJI~11 ~

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bull lti t rrJ1 -11 ~~Ijl ~1gtJj11 ~I JJI ~- -J Jgt-i -J ~ -J J -

In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

percent or more ~~~LiI J -

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~4J~ll rJJet ~Jo 0$I1JI o~ ui oJJ~ r as equal as possible (ulSolI

(~i) ulSoll J~~JllJ ~JIJl1

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~Id ~i Jit~J lUi 4gtli tA ~~s ~) Surbiton ujjJ a~ UjJ)JW

tfM ~1)Western Isles ~~I)~I eM -J)jij IJltS middot1 st~ JIJ uoJ1 ~~

)JS tfM ~1)Orkney amp Shetland Ji~~)JiJ (lUi ytu ~Ls JJS uUJ+l1 ~ JSlU (r bull bull ~Ls

The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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bullbullbullbull

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Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy

~

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rLJ1

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u mahan a~ j J ~c 0Jr4 Y4-w~ ~lS ~ll=awjlll j ~jI~~1 ~ ~

Jlj )IJJJI ~v~ +Igt~ ~lil IoSYJ ~~~lSJ v~ rlthowell

l Jt dl ~( JI~~I ~~j~1 ~WJ~I gti ) lt ~t4J) JI~~I

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one person o~li vi 4JJi c Uo~1 llrb ~ aol+ll cIoSJ 41I ~ a~

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ii~1 aosgtoJI ~J 6gt 41Jz~1 )IJ)I ~~ a middotgtII f

we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal

population as is practicable

vi ~~l aJJJJI ~lt ) ~41Jz~1 )IJ)I ~ui ~i aoSgtoJ1 ~J LoS

yj~ ~ 0JY-OJ aJjLo ~J d JUJ aJ~ ~IJ~~ ~lS JI~~1 ~~JM

aJJ)I

-wshy

that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

~t) 100 U1 JIFES tJ JJI JllgtJj~1 ~ tf -tl ~I _ ~I I ~J$j MI -J 4S bull 4J )J ~ M shy

IJJJI ~~ui uo ~ ~~WI cA JSj Lo J a)lill ~Lgtu~1 IJJJI ~

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( ~IIA ~o)JP ~I~)

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LJ1Sw JJ$ ~1 ~~~JgtIJ JAio c~ rJ ~ r~ ~J r~ ~ IJAio ~

JJ$ ~~I ~~~jlijamp 4iJl JgtIJ JAio OJJJ ~JLj1UU bjltl uo ~ Iii ~UI ~ t~

~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

- shy

commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

~JIjl ~i ~ Yo V4 PS4 ~1gtJj~1 IJJJI ~~JJn Ji~1 jJ~~1

~IJU11 oIJJI r-wJ OJ~ ~ui 1 ~uY11J1 u~l rr ~V4 psi JlJI~11 ~

~aw ~J91~ ui ~~jJl ~U~I -=~I ~I~U~I uylAJJ ~JJ=t1 ~I ~

Y crl ~~JiJ1 JIWI ~~I~10 IJiiSJ IAj~ ~aall ~JlgtJ11 ylJJJI

bull lti t rrJ1 -11 ~~Ijl ~1gtJj11 ~I JJI ~- -J Jgt-i -J ~ -J J -

In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

percent or more ~~~LiI J -

jJ~ rJJet -ujJ 0pound pound r~ ~1gtJj11 IJJJI ~J ~L~I O$11J1 ~Jgtj ~

V4 lUi ~~JJet IA~ J ~~11 ~t~IO$11J1 o~ ui ~( Yo ~J1~11

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~4J~ll rJJet ~Jo 0$I1JI o~ ui oJJ~ r as equal as possible (ulSolI

(~i) ulSoll J~~JllJ ~JIJl1

shy

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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J~ J~n~~ ( ~in b~r Jrt1~)

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ltrJlt ~( Jrl~ ~(Jflt ltr1lt oAAAV ~ b~r J~ ~~Jrrlt J~

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b~~bJ~~

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to t - ( ~ ~ k cpound~ Ji -ltf ~ =1middot 1 i~ ~ -I r F ~ 1-f Ib I V Yo It - If - l

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f -~ Yo C ft - L t ) 1 r tt f ~ i ~i ~ Y If ~ bull omiddot ~ Lmiddot ( 1 v ~ g [ ~r it middott ~ ~ -( -( ~~ -( I~ ~ f7 ~ Lmiddot b ~~ Yo

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f) 0 ~ P tf t f1~ c C cL I

r ( omiddot bull P s ~- omiddot r ~ Vmiddot ~ ( c-~ t ril 1 t bull ( bull bull bull ~ l~ -~ ~

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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational

state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)

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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986

(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards

- shy

commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

percent or more ~~~LiI J -

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SlolS ~IJ St~ )~~ cAr r~ ~ ~Lbr ~ -J~lgtU~1 ~UJI ~I~ JUlI

~I~ ~)I)t11 )JigtJ1 rlpl ~ Vgt ~r 4gtliCo bull bull ro 1A)1y ui ~) oJgtIJ ~lgtU1

~Id ~i Jit~J lUi 4gtli tA ~~s ~) Surbiton ujjJ a~ UjJ)JW

tfM ~1)Western Isles ~~I)~I eM -J)jij IJltS middot1 st~ JIJ uoJ1 ~~

)JS tfM ~1)Orkney amp Shetland Ji~~)JiJ (lUi ytu ~Ls JJS uUJ+l1 ~ JSlU (r bull bull ~Ls

The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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---

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to t - ( ~ ~ k cpound~ Ji -ltf ~ =1middot 1 i~ ~ -I r F ~ 1-f Ib I V Yo It - If - l

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~~ G- [ r n ~ S-n tI~ v V( ~ J ~ ~ C k t Yo

Vmiddot l --Yo -shy I

J G -~ f i t --- 1 1-Ot I

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f -~ Yo C ft - L t ) 1 r tt f ~ i ~i ~ Y If ~ bull omiddot ~ Lmiddot ( 1 v ~ g [ ~r it middott ~ ~ -( -( ~~ -( I~ ~ f7 ~ Lmiddot b ~~ Yo

~ fL c ~~ M c~ ~t ft ~ ~t v C ~ ~ l _ 1 c r c ~ ( ~ ~ C 1gt shy c e Yo (J bull Yo I c -~ ~ =--_ Ji ~ ~ _ -( gt c- -( c -Yo bull I rmiddott I lt ~o ~ ~- c ~4middot5tmiddot ~ ~ ~ G- _euro ~ b

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r ( omiddot bull P s ~- omiddot r ~ Vmiddot ~ ( c-~ t ril 1 t bull ( bull bull bull ~ l~ -~ ~

t C bullbull -~ bull C I

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( - 1- I v ~ ~ 1 f b ~~ r 1 tf ~ ~ -t ~ ~ 1 l G- ~ ~ I

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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances

This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625

percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J

~JIjl ~i ~ Yo V4 PS4 ~1gtJj~1 IJJJI ~~JJn Ji~1 jJ~~1

~IJU11 oIJJI r-wJ OJ~ ~ui 1 ~uY11J1 u~l rr ~V4 psi JlJI~11 ~

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bull lti t rrJ1 -11 ~~Ijl ~1gtJj11 ~I JJI ~- -J Jgt-i -J ~ -J J -

In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33

percent or more ~~~LiI J -

jJ~ rJJet -ujJ 0pound pound r~ ~1gtJj11 IJJJI ~J ~L~I O$11J1 ~Jgtj ~

V4 lUi ~~JJet IA~ J ~~11 ~t~IO$11J1 o~ ui ~( Yo ~J1~11

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~4J~ll rJJet ~Jo 0$I1JI o~ ui oJJ~ r as equal as possible (ulSolI

(~i) ulSoll J~~JllJ ~JIJl1

shy

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SlolS ~IJ St~ )~~ cAr r~ ~ ~Lbr ~ -J~lgtU~1 ~UJI ~I~ JUlI

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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~~H~hJ r~~~~IrJ ll(~ ir-v J~(~ (lJA) b (~ )) ~i~(

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J~ J~n~~ ( ~in b~r Jrt1~)

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bull ~ lm~~

b~~bJ~~

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to t - ( ~ ~ k cpound~ Ji -ltf ~ =1middot 1 i~ ~ -I r F ~ 1-f Ib I V Yo It - If - l

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f) 0 ~ P tf t f1~ c C cL I

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rt t ~~ ~ [ f 1 ( ltt t euro t t t k t 5 B ~ - -~ ( -I c--0 - --1 -[ _ [ I ~ f ~ ~ ~ c -ol --t -f ~ _ -0 -_ bull Iv h f)

~ - -~ 1 [ ~ ~ ~ 7 t ~ ~ h ~ c 1f 1 ~ ~ ~ -[1D 1 ~1 ~ ~ --0 I f sect i ci l ~ ~ ~ -t [l f- -tL lt-(r ~ t -to e --0 h bull ( bullk Q ~ ( (I ~ P I ~ r= ff ( h -~ f I - E

I ~ t f ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~~ f 1 tmiddot ~ ~ -r E ~ f [ ltt t~ ~ -0 _ c C ~ _ h _ _ -0

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tfM ~1)Western Isles ~~I)~I eM -J)jij IJltS middot1 st~ JIJ uoJ1 ~~

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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle

of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of

31000) their own representatives

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rc-of ---AAA I~ flC I~fC ~~1tTlr2 oywrC bullIS fl~ ---l I~ fflf

1tT(r-t Il~ r+P -V I~ ~1~2 r~ nV ~~ ~1tT(r-t I~~ ISbull

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bull bull

~J~Jri~

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bqrb 1rJ~ ~ ir-fC ~~Jl ~ ~ooCi1lt J~mort bJro-JClf Jmort

~~H~hJ r~~~~IrJ ll(~ ir-v J~(~ (lJA) b (~ )) ~i~(

b~J~r ~(Jfrn ltrJlt bO ~ IrJrb ~ (Jf~ bl~~ ~lt (If~ 0 ~ O~ yen(

J~ J~n~~ ( ~in b~r Jrt1~)

~tryen OJZ ~J(bull bull bull 00 1~or ~re b~l J~ooC ~rb lrni( JITS

ltrJlt ~( Jrl~ ~(Jflt ltr1lt oAAAV ~ b~r J~ ~~Jrrlt J~

bull ~ lm~~

b~~bJ~~

i~rpound1 ~bJ~ ~~rrltJf~ Jmyene J~ ~~( Jrl~ ~4

P1 ~4 (~ m ~( 1~ b~i ~~ Jrl~ JrJ~ ~1lt Jf(Jf~

~~ rfC J~cr if ~~Q J~~f llt (Jf~ r~ J~~

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(Jf~ r~ J~b~M~[(~ en~ rb~~ J)f(]

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liIP-IIP1shy~m tr rtTtf ~tIt rfl i 1rtlrr

---

bull bull

G ~ t G- ~~ S L ~ ~ -lt

[ ~ ~ f I - h ~ ~~ t If ~ 1~ ~ [ l f t + c -~ c--

t c t t ~ bull

G O~ ~ ( 1 L ~ c tmiddot 01 ~ r 1[ -f~ t ltt --eo v Jshy

to t - ( ~ ~ k cpound~ Ji -ltf ~ =1middot 1 i~ ~ -I r F ~ 1-f Ib I V Yo It - If - l

Er ~--( it ~ E l-~ c gt C-t -I 0 ~ep te ( c b -~ C L ( c CL

~~ G- [ r n ~ S-n tI~ v V( ~ J ~ ~ C k t Yo

Vmiddot l --Yo -shy I

J G -~ f i t --- 1 1-Ot I

t ~ ~ ( 1 ~ -= ril Yo

c c ~ ~-e ~~ ~ ~ -~~ _ If t Y) -bull V c 1 (

~ ~ v 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i t b E ~ l C c lt l f ( 1t 5t ~ 9i a I I bull bull I Yo ~

f -~ Yo C ft - L t ) 1 r tt f ~ i ~i ~ Y If ~ bull omiddot ~ Lmiddot ( 1 v ~ g [ ~r it middott ~ ~ -( -( ~~ -( I~ ~ f7 ~ Lmiddot b ~~ Yo

~ fL c ~~ M c~ ~t ft ~ ~t v C ~ ~ l _ 1 c r c ~ ( ~ ~ C 1gt shy c e Yo (J bull Yo I c -~ ~ =--_ Ji ~ ~ _ -( gt c- -( c -Yo bull I rmiddott I lt ~o ~ ~- c ~4middot5tmiddot ~ ~ ~ G- _euro ~ b

f) 0 ~ P tf t f1~ c C cL I

r ( omiddot bull P s ~- omiddot r ~ Vmiddot ~ ( c-~ t ril 1 t bull ( bull bull bull ~ l~ -~ ~

t C bullbull -~ bull C I

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I ~ t f ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~~ f 1 tmiddot ~ ~ -r E ~ f [ ltt t~ ~ -0 _ c C ~ _ h _ _ -0

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---

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f -~ Yo C ft - L t ) 1 r tt f ~ i ~i ~ Y If ~ bull omiddot ~ Lmiddot ( 1 v ~ g [ ~r it middott ~ ~ -( -( ~~ -( I~ ~ f7 ~ Lmiddot b ~~ Yo

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f) 0 ~ P tf t f1~ c C cL I

r ( omiddot bull P s ~- omiddot r ~ Vmiddot ~ ( c-~ t ril 1 t bull ( bull bull bull ~ l~ -~ ~

t C bullbull -~ bull C I

~ ~ ~~ t E ~ ~ ~ middot middot ~ ( ~ middotr e k-~ sshy~ t te ~ c bull t ~ l t~ L -Lmiddot pC C-c tf ~ I --0 _ --1-~ I v _~ e bull ( t i

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---

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(fi b t c~middot ( h 0 ~ 1ii -0 shy

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Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy

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-ushy

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~ - -~ 1 [ ~ ~ ~ 7 t ~ ~ h ~ c 1f 1 ~ ~ ~ -[1D 1 ~1 ~ ~ --0 I f sect i ci l ~ ~ ~ -t [l f- -tL lt-(r ~ t -to e --0 h bull ( bullk Q ~ ( (I ~ P I ~ r= ff ( h -~ f I - E

I ~ t f ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~~ f 1 tmiddot ~ ~ -r E ~ f [ ltt t~ ~ -0 _ c C ~ _ h _ _ -0

bullbullbullbull

11lt-~ rI~fie bull f -fir f fit bull

Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy

~

-ushy

fj ~ -1 C~middot ( o ~ -t1 ~ t k v t

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(fi b t c~middot ( h 0 ~ 1ii -0 shy

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rt t ~~ ~ [ f 1 ( ltt t euro t t t k t 5 B ~ - -~ ( -I c--0 - --1 -[ _ [ I ~ f ~ ~ ~ c -ol --t -f ~ _ -0 -_ bull Iv h f)

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I ~ t f ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~~ f 1 tmiddot ~ ~ -r E ~ f [ ltt t~ ~ -0 _ c C ~ _ h _ _ -0

bullbullbullbull

11lt-~ rI~fie bull f -fir f fit bull

Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy

~

-ushy

bullbullbullbull

11lt-~ rI~fie bull f -fir f fit bull

Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy

~

-ushy