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مذكرة تكميلية بدفاع للمحكمة الدستورية العليا 1
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1~Ct I~t ~~ I~n 1gt fo-r~ -1 Irri~ I(rr I1J ~If~ ~it
fl~ -q( Irrli( ~mrg (~) ~t1ti ~ If 1~rrlCt ~ fn rti r r~(~
~~~lripound fUlt(rI tn~ie ~Iflef bull
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~~ 1~(fI Ul=~ I~ (WI ~tn rrr~r ~I[Oltgt~ Irr~r~ Irll ) f~
fr ~I Irl= ~IfOlt~ Irr~r~ = -( [Fltfr lerr = rgtr ofl ~M ~~r
[nr ~a Iffl~ ) rrf If rr+1 f~rSIMi I~alfrl
Irrl~ f ltn rl ~iYr I~r Ifl~ m=cf1 ) f[ noii -gtc1 JjJ -I~Imrr
TI III [Wf91 I== I~Irr~r--1 Udeg-r fwf I~r rfl~ 11C17 ~r~r~
f~llf) r ~~lt-on f~frrfr iorl~ r= I~l I~ ~= li~ IfltiT wf
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If~~Ircrltl ~~Ir~ bull
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-~ 1(1 I~~r F1~ IfOgtOl Irr~(~ 1Mi 1(1 I~l~ I~~IMyen WT
rrT~ bull
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J f1(1I~ r~(~ 11l~(I (ri Amiddot A~ bull A IM(I ~f ~r IS I~~~
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forle91~9r~~WJ f bull
-Q shy
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Irr-r~ 1-2 FTlt1 III~ bllfl~ ~ IQ IF~ M ~ISQ IIITtiQ I~~
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I~S1~ b1 ~IP -c~ sr Irlt~ ~rf--H bi~i Ir-Cb~ Irr~~
f ~I I~(f ~KClr cnr IFf 1 rr10 b~11rlt lblillrrr 1Q ~o
-Ir~~ lrefb) 1 0([ Fv IfIi f 1lS lil~~ I~ 11 1~ (11 rbl Irrltso~
f 1-- -fiT 1--ti bull
f~r~Ir cnfr gt1 ~~lrrl~ lrii-re ~Ird ll1t shy
~IrarJ f I~
~-IM f 1il~Q IF~
)-IMf 1il~Q IFnt
]-IMf Im~Q IIYSmiddot
A_ IM f HI~Q IF~~middot
1-IM f Im~Q Irr~ bull
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l~ -IM 11 ~ 1l1~Q IrS bITQ Ir~Q I~nslr brl lt-t 1F~lr
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k-I~ rtlaquo L 5~1 k-l1lr~Ji Ir(C ~S~ CI1IW ~r IF~ 1l1~t ~IF~Q ~rfi -r~lrrJS middot
- shy
bull bull
Nonf c(r Ul~ I~O --sf bq ~~~ ~INltn Irr~(~ Irr~ e ~
Ifflt-e -sf Irf~Irr~(~ l o ~eJ oii1 ~ilr rtMtlt ~j~ ~1~-e shy
M ~U~~ Irryenrlf 1m -
Irr~(~ U-r r~~1 - bull ~ tlt b1 foaor1 ) lpoundfl~ blrrl~ blfrc ~r4rJ ~~lrir$~ 1ft r(+llfOgto e1m blrgt~e
(~I~Il~r bl~lkf1ft irOi1IrgtO Irr~(~ 1m r(flt-e r~(~
~tlt tI ~ b ~ - --tI _1t1 QrIl I 11 --n11 1 10 1gt1 1- 1T1 11 ~lt1 1 bull
r4~Q ~oicr7 ~ fK ~( ~il 1 ry rl--r gtf ~ ~Q fi l
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b~lkf~lt+J+l bWi~1 bull
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M bt 1Z1 r I~tlt Irr~(~ l ~ ~irr-I~ gt10M ii( 1 ~
il ~~( CW I~ l b~Ifl~~ bull
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1~1 INltn Irr~(~ ) btyr If~ 1poundltgtOe ~rb1 ~I~tlt 1M fH1 l
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i~ it1 S1O ~mI~ Irvft ~rl1i( ~( if+llr17 bull
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~ ~~J r1i(i1 I~ Im~~ Ib I~~ i~ i1 S1t Irrtol~ (TQ C1Tf I~
fj lt1( tlln I~middotj~ t ~fIi) ~Q ~-01 1t1rr-~~oaltr(
Irrn 1~1 I~~i-i1 o-fl(~ Ir--rr IMlf iT I~MJ bull
~M~O(g I~ 01 fIJf rm~g ~ISi-c M( t~~r9 I 01 gt1fl ~ ~ ~
rk-1lriOlg -O-sf yenG -tp 1J IfOltgt~ Irr~(il uTi -~rk-t 1rr lt101
~lIP hS eI~ ~ shytrr~G (rJ J ~AA r (~(il-~A ~ bull A
Irr~( 10 ~Wl I~~I~~ ~~1~(2 Ol~
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o~ ~J J ef1 -sf IPlto~ o~( ~o~ O~fn (Ot 1t ~-sf Irn~ 10
fj~J I~gItltf II~( ~~it ~oIr if poundltrf 1Ti~ Ir-ltO~ n~ ~g
yen~n i1 gtIt f f( 11 ~10((0 r Ir I~t ~r-e-rr o-c (r ~I~~
1~~MIrlto1~ OtgtfWl ~IS rffllS roiIr~ OltI T1 r-e-rr ih o-c Il~J InoG
I~114il ~ Imcrn I~ ~re I~iT Irk-r 1~-1~ I~(0- yen( ln
9l1t I~~ it ~I~ rlt-Jr ~I~r~~w4~ O~fII ~o
I~~(rJ ~A1~ (~(il ~J DDlt-A(~(il~A
Irr~(
Strs m gtI~ I~~I~t M ~-sf gti ~ fl~ iT ~~OIltgtlJbull
Ir-n1n Irr~(il trs It ~o 1(0lt gt i~rt1~ (fIe ~-(f(9t jI 0 ~t
J o-f~ (htlr ~~ fI~~ ~~~qt~ rcmiddotJ1 If~ 42 ~
91 ~it Ifl~ I~~I~ rt1~Wl ~Q IfOgt ~t Irlt~ Irr~(il I
(Irr~G (rJ ~~ D r (~(l-~J VJDD)
rgtft o+((g -Ol~ ~I yent 1rrltflS irH1I~f1~ 10 I(~I~ ~~I-M
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-v shy
rvr~ ( ~t-Il~f ~Irrf l1 I~~~rC~ f~ri ~~r~f~f ( trf ~
~rr rft ~I~~i~ l1f~E I~r+l fri1ri1 fir1t ri= ~01Irf I~
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I~~F rf= iK ~~r~II)ltii= frf 10-lt lCrgti fl~Il~r ~rt lefl
~Ilti ( ~~iClr~ rrrfl ~1(Wi o-r~ ~n ~~~frlil~ lt~ f~M~
~I~ri~ ~~ir rr rrr~ ~Ilfl MQ rltf w11~fl~rir ~
kl gtIe -1 1~~lri= I~~~ I~~ri ~fr~ fl~~lr Inr r-= I~rir
poundlt~ fClCH-j ~Ilfl
i)f= ~~= ii l ~Ir~ Irl~ Cgtrn ~h~~CJI 1 ~rpound01 illf~ ~ o~ron ~Il)frl ~iK euro1m w=tf ~(~Irl~ poundSl ~(~Ifl~ 1f l=
f~I~C ~WQ Iffl~ ~~wllm-i= iflo-elon ~~r~ ~1= rf=
Icrlr If efl~ ~~t-II~~
fl~~If ~1r1~ IMJ6j~ I~rI~I~nf f~Oltjr~ 1f o-con
itnf n1 ~~~9-e f ~e f ns-rC1 IltC fI1f ~In1rM fl(YOT ltr f lt-fCQ
ngtI~ 1i1lffl~ 1liri1 (c~ I)~ m-i= ~fl-i= ~Ufl1 I)~~
Imil = I(l~ Itr~rfimrM ~Itrfrr C~1 ~AI I ~ bull 4 ~r~sirlt~ l[iii l-5 r~ ~~ CIlt V~ )
( ~U~ Smiddot tr~1I~1rcCr r( I~r~ 0 ~bull ~ ~~ fTf bull ~C1 II
~ ~ ~ ( ~ttfI f ~ 1 --rr J Irvr It ~ ~fi hmiddot 1m ct 11 I I)~ I~ Iv ~It
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yenr nr Imn I~rgtf Oltl~ onli J nr ~~n~ irrlf
1l1~ ir lro-lt~ 11~(illMi r(rl~rIf11lri~ (I~ rootr
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(I~e_i rflrre I~~nr 1r1~ r1111 Il~~ r1-i lro-ltIrnt ff gt1~
~1111 ~Irlt 11$1 ~( f-t ~ ~~Ir I(ltgt~ 11~(illMi t
uTr I~~~Irn( lefltir M ~f Irnfr ~r I~~oot ~
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rrI~ cflf urgtlt Irgtl~ Il~~ Umiddotmiddotnt IrM~ u~middot Irltrril
I~ irr ~I~~ ~~~ ~ lefrr I~~ Ifoi 1(yenln
1~r ~1111 middot~i p 1~r TI-i ~ ~ Ir-Ioi 1fIC I~~
umiddotmiddot(ril ~q~~ImrJ Im(= bull
lrgtIr Iro-ltIrnt Ilgtl(~ rrl~ ttl o--~ ~roIOJ -ft) IMI~ I~~I t
11~( I~$I I~ Ur$1 Irn( lefltir r ~IT~( ~or I~Ulrr
t1 ftW ltrr 11~( I~$I o--~ ~1111 IJ~~ r ~
Ilgtl(i rrl~ r--r-err I~~ irmJ 1l~rJi Irrrf Imen I I~if ~
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~mrs ~ ffs ~ ~~ ( 1+fltllm~r ~f Irf~ 11)~$I ~J Il~
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r--~ w If Il~ shy
l~ Irn( 1ft$I ~ f-t un~r Irfrrrfr ru-frr I~~It r(~ 1J~Ir
- shy
bull bull
(fI~ Ultrlfr 1(lm rros4~ flrfsr 1nIJ I~l-oYii o r~r~ If ~)
fl~ I yen r~l1fl1 ~gt If~rr1~ It 1(Ca( Ca( l~ o-c c~ I~ ~ fwf It O o-c Ipr I~~r~ 1m jrH1
1~~lr Ir ~ oA o-c Ipr I~~( Ca() o-c c~ ~ fPm ~I
fl~ I OJ I~ jr ryfa( eli ~~ 11i~ ~OJ ltTr Mi - o-r-~ iref11 I~~r~ ~ fir ~(Cl r1~11 Ir+I~ rl~I~ltii It
frS ir I~~ 111~ I~~ ~ f11r l~ OJ ~IT11~ I~~ 1 crrJ
IrcrJ rl1fl1 iyr I~~ ~ rCrJ ~rf- ~1 1111~ ~r-srr Im~
~( It It to cfi ) ~ fif I~I~r~1F ir -srr o-c 1~~It ~ Ift+1 ~
1S 1 Mi ~~Ir Ir o-c f~I~wf ~Ipr I~~r~r If JI bull 11 ~~-(a( m~ fITf-f bull 1 ~
( -1 ~I~h I h ~ 1-- 11 ~ ltTrCl ~OA bull
~ (i 4 bull --rrt ( (i 4 fJ a(-~ ~ 11 I~ I~~e ltTt bull IT I I~~e f lrom I(C ~It 11
flrltS 1s4I I~r~ltTr ~1~lr oyrlCl -o r~r f~ bull
~~IrrI~l1fr 11yenIcn) ~ fr~ IfOSdeg 11i~ Ir ~r~1F
r11 I~~ wf oA r -srr Im~ fK ~1F ~ 1 ~I wf ( 1fltT I~~
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rMlt ~1 I~rJ ~rn 1~lr041 r1111 I~~l ~I cfa(
o-rri -srr Ir-gtl flm~ shy
~l1fl1 ~ ~fI ~~-srr IlI-sr Itf rsi Oltim ~ ~T1~~
l1fI11~~~ o-c rl-ri sf Oltim bull fwf OJ s I~~ ~OJ ir ~fi rl~
ffl~ ~~Iro-lt1mt f~S ~ frJ ~r IS o-c Umiddot~~t 1m 1rH1 Kl~
~~r~f~t l(fl~ Ir ~o-r-lri9I rIfl~ 1r1~ fefr (ff ~~
-~ ~ shy
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bull ~-lt aLgtj-J1 amp shy
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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ltt oil( ~flt I~~IM~S ~r~la -rltjl ~I( 1~1i I~~) I~rl r tr lltrr-r ~~rrr rir rfiJ 1lT~ ~~r~ If ITIoS ~ If ~I( ~9l~ f f4 rgt= ~a I~f4 rl1deg1 ~[~ fI=~If rl ~r-e ~ fgtI~ frlr Irr~)
lrffJ I= a1( r TI Im~f ~= ~~~~Mr iTfp fi~ ltffP Iri~
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1 ~r~11C1oS iYrJ rr Irr~) [cIoS ~1l1lT~ ~tltf 71
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( 0( gt0 r Irr~) r rJ rn A~ r r~r~~ 0I ~ A (fI 0 )
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~= I~[ rffl~ 11C17 ~1r4~Irr~r--1Ifrltn rl ~iYr f~rl gt~ ~ ~
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fr ~I Irl= ~IfOlt~ Irr~r~ = -( [Fltfr lerr = rgtr ofl ~M ~~r
[nr ~a Iffl~ ) rrf If rr+1 f~rSIMi I~alfrl
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TI III [Wf91 I== I~Irr~r--1 Udeg-r fwf I~r rfl~ 11C17 ~r~r~
f~llf) r ~~lt-on f~frrfr iorl~ r= I~l I~ ~= li~ IfltiT wf
Irrf~ ) flrlt1r gt~ ) oyrf~ r~~~fI== ~rfl1 I~r~ ~Irfl~
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~OA 1 -( (I~ tff vt rf( Il~ ) bull
fltf tl ( i-tr( Il~ I~y VV ~~ loogtl~ If l I~(I
tl --fi rltr- Irr+ I~H1 y ltj~ Ifr(ll~ 11~ 11~ri ~
l~ gt1(1 Irf F (( ~Irrlf oyrr~ IS 1(1 si oyrr ~bullbullbull ~ l~
n gt1(1 Im~ 1 ((0 Irr~ ~i ~Io 1(1 f ~ Im~~Irrlf bull HAAA
Ji M ~6 ~ (M ~tff f --I rJ ( - r1 ~-liM 10 Irr 1 1middot 11 ~1-M l1i Irrl f bull
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If~~Ircrltl ~~Ir~ bull
Iryen~ ~ r(I yen(I I~ r 1T1~ Irr~(~ lrtl tlTi r 1poundTri~ Iryen~ yen fl (ifr Irr~S Irr~(i1 1(1 0TICf+l 1(1 yen(I ~1 ( ~i ~~I~lt1 rIrr~S
-~ 1(1 I~~r F1~ IfOgtOl Irr~(~ 1Mi 1(1 I~l~ I~~IMyen WT
rrT~ bull
1poundTri~ lrcrltl ~~Ir~ 4)0-lt 11S ~~I~Il I~i IMyen
J f1(1I~ r~(~ 11l~(I (ri Amiddot A~ bull A IM(I ~f ~r IS I~~~
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-~~ ~ ~slt~ ~slt f1~ lri~ (lIpoundTri~ Iryen~ rr( ltfr ~
forle91~9r~~WJ f bull
-Q shy
bHL~i~ rQ ~I~ b rl~ lr91 CjCI~ r laquobC Irr-r1 bft1tn fltgt10 biQ I~
Irr-r~ 1-2 FTlt1 III~ bllfl~ ~ IQ IF~ M ~ISQ IIITtiQ I~~
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I~S1~ b1 ~IP -c~ sr Irlt~ ~rf--H bi~i Ir-Cb~ Irr~~
f ~I I~(f ~KClr cnr IFf 1 rr10 b~11rlt lblillrrr 1Q ~o
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f 1-- -fiT 1--ti bull
f~r~Ir cnfr gt1 ~~lrrl~ lrii-re ~Ird ll1t shy
~IrarJ f I~
~-IM f 1il~Q IF~
)-IMf 1il~Q IFnt
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A_ IM f HI~Q IF~~middot
1-IM f Im~Q Irr~ bull
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l~ -IM 11 ~ 1l1~Q IrS bITQ Ir~Q I~nslr brl lt-t 1F~lr
IbF-~FrJ ~
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k-I~ rtlaquo L 5~1 k-l1lr~Ji Ir(C ~S~ CI1IW ~r IF~ 1l1~t ~IF~Q ~rfi -r~lrrJS middot
- shy
bull bull
Nonf c(r Ul~ I~O --sf bq ~~~ ~INltn Irr~(~ Irr~ e ~
Ifflt-e -sf Irf~Irr~(~ l o ~eJ oii1 ~ilr rtMtlt ~j~ ~1~-e shy
M ~U~~ Irryenrlf 1m -
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(~I~Il~r bl~lkf1ft irOi1IrgtO Irr~(~ 1m r(flt-e r~(~
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b~lkf~lt+J+l bWi~1 bull
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~lyenr ~~Q ~ fj~ ~~If2 Irnr~ 1ft poundI~~ ~oofl~ l
M bt 1Z1 r I~tlt Irr~(~ l ~ ~irr-I~ gt10M ii( 1 ~
il ~~( CW I~ l b~Ifl~~ bull
r-o b1J ~~) blgt1J Irr~( lt09-1) ~lry b~foaorJ Irr~(~
1~1 INltn Irr~(~ ) btyr If~ 1poundltgtOe ~rb1 ~I~tlt 1M fH1 l
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i~ it1 S1O ~mI~ Irvft ~rl1i( ~( if+llr17 bull
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~ ~~J r1i(i1 I~ Im~~ Ib I~~ i~ i1 S1t Irrtol~ (TQ C1Tf I~
fj lt1( tlln I~middotj~ t ~fIi) ~Q ~-01 1t1rr-~~oaltr(
Irrn 1~1 I~~i-i1 o-fl(~ Ir--rr IMlf iT I~MJ bull
~M~O(g I~ 01 fIJf rm~g ~ISi-c M( t~~r9 I 01 gt1fl ~ ~ ~
rk-1lriOlg -O-sf yenG -tp 1J IfOltgt~ Irr~(il uTi -~rk-t 1rr lt101
~lIP hS eI~ ~ shytrr~G (rJ J ~AA r (~(il-~A ~ bull A
Irr~( 10 ~Wl I~~I~~ ~~1~(2 Ol~
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o~ ~J J ef1 -sf IPlto~ o~( ~o~ O~fn (Ot 1t ~-sf Irn~ 10
fj~J I~gItltf II~( ~~it ~oIr if poundltrf 1Ti~ Ir-ltO~ n~ ~g
yen~n i1 gtIt f f( 11 ~10((0 r Ir I~t ~r-e-rr o-c (r ~I~~
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I~114il ~ Imcrn I~ ~re I~iT Irk-r 1~-1~ I~(0- yen( ln
9l1t I~~ it ~I~ rlt-Jr ~I~r~~w4~ O~fII ~o
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Irr~(
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J o-f~ (htlr ~~ fI~~ ~~~qt~ rcmiddotJ1 If~ 42 ~
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(Irr~G (rJ ~~ D r (~(l-~J VJDD)
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rvr~ ( ~t-Il~f ~Irrf l1 I~~~rC~ f~ri ~~r~f~f ( trf ~
~rr rft ~I~~i~ l1f~E I~r+l fri1ri1 fir1t ri= ~01Irf I~
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I~~F rf= iK ~~r~II)ltii= frf 10-lt lCrgti fl~Il~r ~rt lefl
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~I~ri~ ~~ir rr rrr~ ~Ilfl MQ rltf w11~fl~rir ~
kl gtIe -1 1~~lri= I~~~ I~~ri ~fr~ fl~~lr Inr r-= I~rir
poundlt~ fClCH-j ~Ilfl
i)f= ~~= ii l ~Ir~ Irl~ Cgtrn ~h~~CJI 1 ~rpound01 illf~ ~ o~ron ~Il)frl ~iK euro1m w=tf ~(~Irl~ poundSl ~(~Ifl~ 1f l=
f~I~C ~WQ Iffl~ ~~wllm-i= iflo-elon ~~r~ ~1= rf=
Icrlr If efl~ ~~t-II~~
fl~~If ~1r1~ IMJ6j~ I~rI~I~nf f~Oltjr~ 1f o-con
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ngtI~ 1i1lffl~ 1liri1 (c~ I)~ m-i= ~fl-i= ~Ufl1 I)~~
Imil = I(l~ Itr~rfimrM ~Itrfrr C~1 ~AI I ~ bull 4 ~r~sirlt~ l[iii l-5 r~ ~~ CIlt V~ )
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11~( I~$I I~ Ur$1 Irn( lefltir r ~IT~( ~or I~Ulrr
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1~~lr Ir ~ oA o-c Ipr I~~( Ca() o-c c~ ~ fPm ~I
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
- shy
commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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~4J~ll rJJet ~Jo 0$I1JI o~ ui oJJ~ r as equal as possible (ulSolI
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~Id ~i Jit~J lUi 4gtli tA ~~s ~) Surbiton ujjJ a~ UjJ)JW
tfM ~1)Western Isles ~~I)~I eM -J)jij IJltS middot1 st~ JIJ uoJ1 ~~
)JS tfM ~1)Orkney amp Shetland Ji~~)JiJ (lUi ytu ~Ls JJS uUJ+l1 ~ JSlU (r bull bull ~Ls
The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy
~
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fl~ -q( Irrli( ~mrg (~) ~t1ti ~ If 1~rrlCt ~ fn rti r r~(~
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lrffJ I= a1( r TI Im~f ~= ~~~~Mr iTfp fi~ ltffP Iri~
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~~ 1~(fI Ul=~ I~ (WI ~tn rrr~r ~I[Oltgt~ Irr~r~ Irll ) f~
fr ~I Irl= ~IfOlt~ Irr~r~ = -( [Fltfr lerr = rgtr ofl ~M ~~r
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vt ~Iflr 1l~(I ltr( r11~ mlti-p bull
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fltf tl ( i-tr( Il~ I~y VV ~~ loogtl~ If l I~(I
tl --fi rltr- Irr+ I~H1 y ltj~ Ifr(ll~ 11~ 11~ri ~
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( I~1f1( rIrr~S (ri ~ ~~ r ~(~ lt-rl ~IA I bull A)
If~~Ircrltl ~~Ir~ bull
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-~ 1(1 I~~r F1~ IfOgtOl Irr~(~ 1Mi 1(1 I~l~ I~~IMyen WT
rrT~ bull
1poundTri~ lrcrltl ~~Ir~ 4)0-lt 11S ~~I~Il I~i IMyen
J f1(1I~ r~(~ 11l~(I (ri Amiddot A~ bull A IM(I ~f ~r IS I~~~
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f 1-- -fiT 1--ti bull
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)-IMf 1il~Q IFnt
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A_ IM f HI~Q IF~~middot
1-IM f Im~Q Irr~ bull
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-IM 1il~Q Irsi If~Q I~~Ir brllt-t 1F~lr bull
l~ -IM 11 ~ 1l1~Q IrS bITQ Ir~Q I~nslr brl lt-t 1F~lr
IbF-~FrJ ~
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k-I~ rtlaquo L 5~1 k-l1lr~Ji Ir(C ~S~ CI1IW ~r IF~ 1l1~t ~IF~Q ~rfi -r~lrrJS middot
- shy
bull bull
Nonf c(r Ul~ I~O --sf bq ~~~ ~INltn Irr~(~ Irr~ e ~
Ifflt-e -sf Irf~Irr~(~ l o ~eJ oii1 ~ilr rtMtlt ~j~ ~1~-e shy
M ~U~~ Irryenrlf 1m -
Irr~(~ U-r r~~1 - bull ~ tlt b1 foaor1 ) lpoundfl~ blrrl~ blfrc ~r4rJ ~~lrir$~ 1ft r(+llfOgto e1m blrgt~e
(~I~Il~r bl~lkf1ft irOi1IrgtO Irr~(~ 1m r(flt-e r~(~
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r4~Q ~oicr7 ~ fK ~( ~il 1 ry rl--r gtf ~ ~Q fi l
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b~lkf~lt+J+l bWi~1 bull
~~ ~~ bull Krt -Go (~~t bull ~ft - ruth II I ~ 1 I it CWl 1 bull gt1 I~r 0- rim r I
~lyenr ~~Q ~ fj~ ~~If2 Irnr~ 1ft poundI~~ ~oofl~ l
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
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commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
- shy
commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
- shy
commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
- shy
commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
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In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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f -~ Yo C ft - L t ) 1 r tt f ~ i ~i ~ Y If ~ bull omiddot ~ Lmiddot ( 1 v ~ g [ ~r it middott ~ ~ -( -( ~~ -( I~ ~ f7 ~ Lmiddot b ~~ Yo
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fi9l ~fe ~O) r~ ~~rf)~ H~ fi9l ~f fo ryenie rr~ f(rr ~
~rs ~fl ~~5-tf rffo ~~H~ ~H(r~~~rl(l
bull ~~~I~
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~r r)~ ~ tr ~~ ~ ~ H)~ f r r~ ~
fJ ~~Hfrsectl ~rryr ~ltr ~t~~ ~ro-~H1~ ry()
bull ~~~er
H~lri ~~r~ ~(I ~~)r (I ~~r bull 1 bull -I
rr 5-t ~~Qtr mK~ ~o-C J1(1 ~~Hf r-rff ~rHr(l
~r oil ~~~r~ ~C1r ~l r~ J1(1 f( fJ ~f~ fA
f~ Hl~ tsr ltr~ ~f~ ~bullbull J ~ 1~ 01 rY(IO1-e
iltor ~rrer~ ~f r~ r ~~ r ~~(I
ir1~ ~ f ~r~ J ~ -o-e ~~ r~ ~rnf ~~ ~
~ ~~illr(I ~i~t(I U(irr ~lteJ1~ ~~J 01~ ~
fj ~ -1 C~middot ( o ~ -t1 ~ t k v t
~ f -0 ~ t I [ [ h e- ~o ~ f -~ I [ -h - ltt ~( f _ r- f ~ ~fi cmiddot c bull -f e
L
(fi b t c~middot ( h 0 ~ 1ii -0 shy
r ~ f ~ G 1~ r ( t ( t y y -- U _
I kmiddot I S L t Ei t [ b (C -~ -c ~ ~ ~ ~ [ 1 t GL ~ -[1 ~ of ~ ~L 1 e ~ t [ ~ eshy
rt t ~~ ~ [ f 1 ( ltt t euro t t t k t 5 B ~ - -~ ( -I c--0 - --1 -[ _ [ I ~ f ~ ~ ~ c -ol --t -f ~ _ -0 -_ bull Iv h f)
~ - -~ 1 [ ~ ~ ~ 7 t ~ ~ h ~ c 1f 1 ~ ~ ~ -[1D 1 ~1 ~ ~ --0 I f sect i ci l ~ ~ ~ -t [l f- -tL lt-(r ~ t -to e --0 h bull ( bullk Q ~ ( (I ~ P I ~ r= ff ( h -~ f I - E
I ~ t f ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~~ f 1 tmiddot ~ ~ -r E ~ f [ ltt t~ ~ -0 _ c C ~ _ h _ _ -0
bullbullbullbull
11lt-~ rI~fie bull f -fir f fit bull
Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy
~
-ushy
bullbull
_0 _
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t ub1JoO
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~JII~I ampIWII JJI+ILI -y
- ~t ~(r) rlJ oJi ~JA~IJji-tJJI ~~LiJI OJUI ~
Representatives Shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union
according to their respective Numbers
bullbull lJi d ~ttt I boJl L1IJ jJj lt ~I -JJI Li ~jJ ~ ~U rJ ~r- J - -J-JA J~ Uf J
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only the limited population variances are unavoidable despite a good faith effort to achieve absolute equality or for
which justification is shown
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- shy
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rLJ1
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vlJ c a1o4 ~~4olJ ~I~ ~Iyl dttlJJ t1 J~ iJJr ~I c v~
u mahan a~ j J ~c 0Jr4 Y4-w~ ~lS ~ll=awjlll j ~jI~~1 ~ ~
Jlj )IJJJI ~v~ +Igt~ ~lil IoSYJ ~~~lSJ v~ rlthowell
l Jt dl ~( JI~~I ~~j~1 ~WJ~I gti ) lt ~t4J) JI~~I
~J ~I ~I aoSgtoJ1 dl jO~1 ~JJ c ~JJ JJl ~~~IJ ~
one person o~li vi 4JJi c Uo~1 llrb ~ aol+ll cIoSJ 41I ~ a~
~IJ ~IJJI dtLWI UI J~ JAgt jib c WIgt Jgt1 o~1J ~Iii one vote
ii~1 aosgtoJI ~J 6gt 41Jz~1 )IJ)I ~~ a middotgtII f
we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
vi ~~l aJJJJI ~lt ) ~41Jz~1 )IJ)I ~ui ~i aoSgtoJ1 ~J LoS
yj~ ~ 0JY-OJ aJjLo ~J d JUJ aJ~ ~IJ~~ ~lS JI~~1 ~~JM
aJJ)I
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that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
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~ ~o JI ~~~JgtJI J~~ JI~I ~O~~~J ~ OJ4~ ~~
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uo Ut~IJ AV r~ ~ I~I r~1 ~~o J$lill uo ~OJjJ ~IIA r~1JJJ
LJ1Sw JJ$ ~1 ~~~JgtIJ JAio c~ rJ ~ r~ ~J r~ ~ IJAio ~
JJ$ ~~I ~~~jlijamp 4iJl JgtIJ JAio OJJJ ~JLj1UU bjltl uo ~ Iii ~UI ~ t~
~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
- shy
commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
~JIjl ~i ~ Yo V4 PS4 ~1gtJj~1 IJJJI ~~JJn Ji~1 jJ~~1
~IJU11 oIJJI r-wJ OJ~ ~ui 1 ~uY11J1 u~l rr ~V4 psi JlJI~11 ~
~aw ~J91~ ui ~~jJl ~U~I -=~I ~I~U~I uylAJJ ~JJ=t1 ~I ~
Y crl ~~JiJ1 JIWI ~~I~10 IJiiSJ IAj~ ~aall ~JlgtJ11 ylJJJI
bull lti t rrJ1 -11 ~~Ijl ~1gtJj11 ~I JJI ~- -J Jgt-i -J ~ -J J -
In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
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V4 lUi ~~JJet IA~ J ~~11 ~t~IO$11J1 o~ ui ~( Yo ~J1~11
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~4J~ll rJJet ~Jo 0$I1JI o~ ui oJJ~ r as equal as possible (ulSolI
(~i) ulSoll J~~JllJ ~JIJl1
shy
~~~lgtJ1 ~I~I JJ~IJ JoI~1 ~Wtti dlJ vs-~LuJI ~LoS
SlolS ~IJ St~ )~~ cAr r~ ~ ~Lbr ~ -J~lgtU~1 ~UJI ~I~ JUlI
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~Id ~i Jit~J lUi 4gtli tA ~~s ~) Surbiton ujjJ a~ UjJ)JW
tfM ~1)Western Isles ~~I)~I eM -J)jij IJltS middot1 st~ JIJ uoJ1 ~~
)JS tfM ~1)Orkney amp Shetland Ji~~)JiJ (lUi ytu ~Ls JJS uUJ+l1 ~ JSlU (r bull bull ~Ls
The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
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bull bull
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bqrb 1rJ~ ~ ir-fC ~~Jl ~ ~ooCi1lt J~mort bJro-JClf Jmort
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to t - ( ~ ~ k cpound~ Ji -ltf ~ =1middot 1 i~ ~ -I r F ~ 1-f Ib I V Yo It - If - l
Er ~--( it ~ E l-~ c gt C-t -I 0 ~ep te ( c b -~ C L ( c CL
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c c ~ ~-e ~~ ~ ~ -~~ _ If t Y) -bull V c 1 (
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f -~ Yo C ft - L t ) 1 r tt f ~ i ~i ~ Y If ~ bull omiddot ~ Lmiddot ( 1 v ~ g [ ~r it middott ~ ~ -( -( ~~ -( I~ ~ f7 ~ Lmiddot b ~~ Yo
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r ( omiddot bull P s ~- omiddot r ~ Vmiddot ~ ( c-~ t ril 1 t bull ( bull bull bull ~ l~ -~ ~
t C bullbull -~ bull C I
~ ~ ~~ t E ~ ~ ~ middot middot ~ ( ~ middotr e k-~ sshy~ t te ~ c bull t ~ l t~ L -Lmiddot pC C-c tf ~ I --0 _ --1-~ I v _~ e bull ( t i
( - 1- I v ~ ~ 1 f b ~~ r 1 tf ~ ~ -t ~ ~ 1 l G- ~ ~ I
d~~ 1
l~~~lf~ ~Il~I~~~o-C ~cTr~ltr ~Jlt~ ~r
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mre l~~f(r I~ ~cr ~If I~~af) I~~r I~ ~
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(If~ El( Ifor middot middotOAJ~(
CJf~ Ifor middotoH1 ~(
bull fIIIlm I~~rp
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(v ~ poundfi) ~ 0) ~trr ~(I (I ~O f rolM ~(I ~
~r(Q ~ ~poundfi) ~~J 01~ (I ~~ 1~Uc ~~ 1~ ~(I
sectl~ ~rerr ~ ~~~Hre H~ ~~ H~~ )(1 f~
Frr f( ~~)~~ ~~(l7 ~~ ~~ f(oi ~Mr ~~~ ~~
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bull ~~I~~
H1~
tr~ ~~ ~ ~(I ~~ t1fl ~rr ~rr~~ ry r)~ ~ ~~f Jer ~ McJ H~~ ~re f~tr f ~ ~~( ~
fi9l ~fe ~O) r~ ~~rf)~ H~ fi9l ~f fo ryenie rr~ f(rr ~
~rs ~fl ~~5-tf rffo ~~H~ ~H(r~~~rl(l
bull ~~~I~
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~r r)~ ~ tr ~~ ~ ~ H)~ f r r~ ~
fJ ~~Hfrsectl ~rryr ~ltr ~t~~ ~ro-~H1~ ry()
bull ~~~er
H~lri ~~r~ ~(I ~~)r (I ~~r bull 1 bull -I
rr 5-t ~~Qtr mK~ ~o-C J1(1 ~~Hf r-rff ~rHr(l
~r oil ~~~r~ ~C1r ~l r~ J1(1 f( fJ ~f~ fA
f~ Hl~ tsr ltr~ ~f~ ~bullbull J ~ 1~ 01 rY(IO1-e
iltor ~rrer~ ~f r~ r ~~ r ~~(I
ir1~ ~ f ~r~ J ~ -o-e ~~ r~ ~rnf ~~ ~
~ ~~illr(I ~i~t(I U(irr ~lteJ1~ ~~J 01~ ~
fj ~ -1 C~middot ( o ~ -t1 ~ t k v t
~ f -0 ~ t I [ [ h e- ~o ~ f -~ I [ -h - ltt ~( f _ r- f ~ ~fi cmiddot c bull -f e
L
(fi b t c~middot ( h 0 ~ 1ii -0 shy
r ~ f ~ G 1~ r ( t ( t y y -- U _
I kmiddot I S L t Ei t [ b (C -~ -c ~ ~ ~ ~ [ 1 t GL ~ -[1 ~ of ~ ~L 1 e ~ t [ ~ eshy
rt t ~~ ~ [ f 1 ( ltt t euro t t t k t 5 B ~ - -~ ( -I c--0 - --1 -[ _ [ I ~ f ~ ~ ~ c -ol --t -f ~ _ -0 -_ bull Iv h f)
~ - -~ 1 [ ~ ~ ~ 7 t ~ ~ h ~ c 1f 1 ~ ~ ~ -[1D 1 ~1 ~ ~ --0 I f sect i ci l ~ ~ ~ -t [l f- -tL lt-(r ~ t -to e --0 h bull ( bullk Q ~ ( (I ~ P I ~ r= ff ( h -~ f I - E
I ~ t f ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~~ f 1 tmiddot ~ ~ -r E ~ f [ ltt t~ ~ -0 _ c C ~ _ h _ _ -0
bullbullbullbull
11lt-~ rI~fie bull f -fir f fit bull
Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy
~
-ushy
- shy
IoSJ~J ~JJ-J ~~ ~j~ll ~I aoS~1 ~jib llrb vi JSYJ JJN
~IJ~~ lioJ ~1llrb aoSgtoJ1 ~~Ji ~j ~JJ aaJW1 olJu4 JJ Flgt Ji c SIJUI ~liJJo 6JgtJ~ IoS~1 J~)I vi J~~I ~ ili c rLJ1 d~1
~I ~ rli 10 JS JogtZ dJi y4 ~ ~IM ubJ c jilSlllJ aJlJAJI ~ 6JgtJ ~
d~1 Jo~ ~~IJ~I ~J c rt4tt 111 lojgtJ1 ~I ~1J1fIJ ~LlIJ
rLJ1
rlt mahan aj ~ CIoSJ+o IJIle vi ~I aoS~1 ~J ~jJ ji~jJ
vlJ c a1o4 ~~4olJ ~I~ ~Iyl dttlJJ t1 J~ iJJr ~I c v~
u mahan a~ j J ~c 0Jr4 Y4-w~ ~lS ~ll=awjlll j ~jI~~1 ~ ~
Jlj )IJJJI ~v~ +Igt~ ~lil IoSYJ ~~~lSJ v~ rlthowell
l Jt dl ~( JI~~I ~~j~1 ~WJ~I gti ) lt ~t4J) JI~~I
~J ~I ~I aoSgtoJ1 dl jO~1 ~JJ c ~JJ JJl ~~~IJ ~
one person o~li vi 4JJi c Uo~1 llrb ~ aol+ll cIoSJ 41I ~ a~
~IJ ~IJJI dtLWI UI J~ JAgt jib c WIgt Jgt1 o~1J ~Iii one vote
ii~1 aosgtoJI ~J 6gt 41Jz~1 )IJ)I ~~ a middotgtII f
we reaffirm that the Equal Protection Clause requires that State make an honest and good faith effort to construct districts in both houses of its legislature as nearly of equal
population as is practicable
vi ~~l aJJJJI ~lt ) ~41Jz~1 )IJ)I ~ui ~i aoSgtoJ1 ~J LoS
yj~ ~ 0JY-OJ aJjLo ~J d JUJ aJ~ ~IJ~~ ~lS JI~~1 ~~JM
aJJ)I
-wshy
that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
~t) 100 U1 JIFES tJ JJI JllgtJj~1 ~ tf -tl ~I _ ~I I ~J$j MI -J 4S bull 4J )J ~ M shy
IJJJI ~~ui uo ~ ~~WI cA JSj Lo J a)lill ~Lgtu~1 IJJJI ~
~ ~o JI ~~~JgtJI J~~ JI~I ~O~~~J ~ OJ4~ ~~
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bulloSgt~IJo11
( ~IIA ~o)JP ~I~)
Jlitl~~
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vSJ ~o ~~~Lgtu~1 IJJJI ~ ~JJ$ is J~y J4Lgtu~ LJJI ~Ij~
U~I J tt ~IC)J bull ~A r~lw J- A bull IgtUbull cr- c ~JI
uo Ut~IJ AV r~ ~ I~I r~1 ~~o J$lill uo ~OJjJ ~IIA r~1JJJ
LJ1Sw JJ$ ~1 ~~~JgtIJ JAio c~ rJ ~ r~ ~J r~ ~ IJAio ~
JJ$ ~~I ~~~jlijamp 4iJl JgtIJ JAio OJJJ ~JLj1UU bjltl uo ~ Iii ~UI ~ t~
~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
- shy
commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
~JIjl ~i ~ Yo V4 PS4 ~1gtJj~1 IJJJI ~~JJn Ji~1 jJ~~1
~IJU11 oIJJI r-wJ OJ~ ~ui 1 ~uY11J1 u~l rr ~V4 psi JlJI~11 ~
~aw ~J91~ ui ~~jJl ~U~I -=~I ~I~U~I uylAJJ ~JJ=t1 ~I ~
Y crl ~~JiJ1 JIWI ~~I~10 IJiiSJ IAj~ ~aall ~JlgtJ11 ylJJJI
bull lti t rrJ1 -11 ~~Ijl ~1gtJj11 ~I JJI ~- -J Jgt-i -J ~ -J J -
In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
jJ~ rJJet -ujJ 0pound pound r~ ~1gtJj11 IJJJI ~J ~L~I O$11J1 ~Jgtj ~
V4 lUi ~~JJet IA~ J ~~11 ~t~IO$11J1 o~ ui ~( Yo ~J1~11
J~~~IW) ~1JU11 ylJJJI us ut0JJ J lJb ~I$IJAJI)1J -= JWI CtJUJI
~4J~ll rJJet ~Jo 0$I1JI o~ ui oJJ~ r as equal as possible (ulSolI
(~i) ulSoll J~~JllJ ~JIJl1
shy
~~~lgtJ1 ~I~I JJ~IJ JoI~1 ~Wtti dlJ vs-~LuJI ~LoS
SlolS ~IJ St~ )~~ cAr r~ ~ ~Lbr ~ -J~lgtU~1 ~UJI ~I~ JUlI
~I~ ~)I)t11 )JigtJ1 rlpl ~ Vgt ~r 4gtliCo bull bull ro 1A)1y ui ~) oJgtIJ ~lgtU1
~Id ~i Jit~J lUi 4gtli tA ~~s ~) Surbiton ujjJ a~ UjJ)JW
tfM ~1)Western Isles ~~I)~I eM -J)jij IJltS middot1 st~ JIJ uoJ1 ~~
)JS tfM ~1)Orkney amp Shetland Ji~~)JiJ (lUi ytu ~Ls JJS uUJ+l1 ~ JSlU (r bull bull ~Ls
The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
~j~I01) ~J~)jlwgtJ1 S~gtJI ~ ~ll ~~I 01gtJ1 vI~J rJAj 10$ ~J
tI
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~j 0~1 ~~~IJ 01gtJ1 I)~ ~JI )JS ui uo I)I~) aJ~ ~ll ~i
r~)fC lt5 o-cn-TI ~mr2 ~ - ~1tT~( r-o t- 0- U~5 K ~ItTS
f~~iC 1 f(r -TI~C ~ltTflr ~c ~~oywr rpound1r-t2 11middotmiddotV( ( 1~2
F4 w dfl 0(1 r-rF4 ~ t Il~1 II
i(F4 ~ Inf~ f1 fIf ~~rc~ ~ltIltTfll fUOltrr i-trrr VV I~ rl
1 ii-rl rltrfr I~l~ i-trr ltW1r-t lrTc I~~tI ll~~ ~tltf 1 f(r
rc-of ---AAA I~ flC I~fC ~~1tTlr2 oywrC bullIS fl~ ---l I~ fflf
1tT(r-t Il~ r+P -V I~ ~1~2 r~ nV ~~ ~1tT(r-t I~~ ISbull
-shy
bull bull
~J~Jri~
~~i~iyene J~h~ br~ ~~i~Jri~ bmre bltb( ~rampl
bqrb 1rJ~ ~ ir-fC ~~Jl ~ ~ooCi1lt J~mort bJro-JClf Jmort
~~H~hJ r~~~~IrJ ll(~ ir-v J~(~ (lJA) b (~ )) ~i~(
b~J~r ~(Jfrn ltrJlt bO ~ IrJrb ~ (Jf~ bl~~ ~lt (If~ 0 ~ O~ yen(
J~ J~n~~ ( ~in b~r Jrt1~)
~tryen OJZ ~J(bull bull bull 00 1~or ~re b~l J~ooC ~rb lrni( JITS
ltrJlt ~( Jrl~ ~(Jflt ltr1lt oAAAV ~ b~r J~ ~~Jrrlt J~
bull ~ lm~~
b~~bJ~~
i~rpound1 ~bJ~ ~~rrltJf~ Jmyene J~ ~~( Jrl~ ~4
P1 ~4 (~ m ~( 1~ b~i ~~ Jrl~ JrJ~ ~1lt Jf(Jf~
~~ rfC J~cr if ~~Q J~~f llt (Jf~ r~ J~~
~(~((~] ~( Jrl~middoto b~rpound1~4
JOn J~~ bullbull AA n~b(Jf~ JjOr b~IM~ [~(~~ Jr=r( ((l
(Jf~ r~ J~b~M~[(~ en~ rb~~ J)f(]
bull l~l~~ l~fF ( ~ l~)
liIP-IIP1shy~m tr rtTtf ~tIt rfl i 1rtlrr
---
bull bull
G ~ t G- ~~ S L ~ ~ -lt
[ ~ ~ f I - h ~ ~~ t If ~ 1~ ~ [ l f t + c -~ c--
t c t t ~ bull
G O~ ~ ( 1 L ~ c tmiddot 01 ~ r 1[ -f~ t ltt --eo v Jshy
to t - ( ~ ~ k cpound~ Ji -ltf ~ =1middot 1 i~ ~ -I r F ~ 1-f Ib I V Yo It - If - l
Er ~--( it ~ E l-~ c gt C-t -I 0 ~ep te ( c b -~ C L ( c CL
~~ G- [ r n ~ S-n tI~ v V( ~ J ~ ~ C k t Yo
Vmiddot l --Yo -shy I
J G -~ f i t --- 1 1-Ot I
t ~ ~ ( 1 ~ -= ril Yo
c c ~ ~-e ~~ ~ ~ -~~ _ If t Y) -bull V c 1 (
~ ~ v 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i t b E ~ l C c lt l f ( 1t 5t ~ 9i a I I bull bull I Yo ~
f -~ Yo C ft - L t ) 1 r tt f ~ i ~i ~ Y If ~ bull omiddot ~ Lmiddot ( 1 v ~ g [ ~r it middott ~ ~ -( -( ~~ -( I~ ~ f7 ~ Lmiddot b ~~ Yo
~ fL c ~~ M c~ ~t ft ~ ~t v C ~ ~ l _ 1 c r c ~ ( ~ ~ C 1gt shy c e Yo (J bull Yo I c -~ ~ =--_ Ji ~ ~ _ -( gt c- -( c -Yo bull I rmiddott I lt ~o ~ ~- c ~4middot5tmiddot ~ ~ ~ G- _euro ~ b
f) 0 ~ P tf t f1~ c C cL I
r ( omiddot bull P s ~- omiddot r ~ Vmiddot ~ ( c-~ t ril 1 t bull ( bull bull bull ~ l~ -~ ~
t C bullbull -~ bull C I
~ ~ ~~ t E ~ ~ ~ middot middot ~ ( ~ middotr e k-~ sshy~ t te ~ c bull t ~ l t~ L -Lmiddot pC C-c tf ~ I --0 _ --1-~ I v _~ e bull ( t i
( - 1- I v ~ ~ 1 f b ~~ r 1 tf ~ ~ -t ~ ~ 1 l G- ~ ~ I
d~~ 1
l~~~lf~ ~Il~I~~~o-C ~cTr~ltr ~Jlt~ ~r
~l~lri~l~~IrrTIr~Umiddoti~middot
mre l~~f(r I~ ~cr ~If I~~af) I~~r I~ ~
pK ~( K2 IptC~ ~~~l~~~~~~~0) ~rP
~~QI~lf~
l~rH~fl~ 1( ~l H~~rl( JIof ~~r( l~lrf~$i
f I~lh ~fJ ~~lf~r El( IMo-C( ~cr lt~ lror(IrgtJ~
rIMo-Ch El~ IMo-Ch
~IptC~ bull ool~
1-~(If~ K2 IptC~ (lf~ r IMo-C~ ~-f~$I ~ K T
It 1FI bull 0] ~1P 1Cl bull
(If~ El( Ifor middot middotOAJ~(
CJf~ Ifor middotoH1 ~(
bull fIIIlm I~~rp
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~~OZ J~~ ~( (ff I11f J~rrH~r$i 1mof ~~
(v ~ poundfi) ~ 0) ~trr ~(I (I ~O f rolM ~(I ~
~r(Q ~ ~poundfi) ~~J 01~ (I ~~ 1~Uc ~~ 1~ ~(I
sectl~ ~rerr ~ ~~~Hre H~ ~~ H~~ )(1 f~
Frr f( ~~)~~ ~~(l7 ~~ ~~ f(oi ~Mr ~~~ ~~
~~ff1 ~(~(I-J1(1 ryofg Hmrb( f( ~f(~ ff1 ~(
bull ~~I~~
H1~
tr~ ~~ ~ ~(I ~~ t1fl ~rr ~rr~~ ry r)~ ~ ~~f Jer ~ McJ H~~ ~re f~tr f ~ ~~( ~
fi9l ~fe ~O) r~ ~~rf)~ H~ fi9l ~f fo ryenie rr~ f(rr ~
~rs ~fl ~~5-tf rffo ~~H~ ~H(r~~~rl(l
bull ~~~I~
P~r ~~~~~~fe rr l~ (Y1lte H~fFe ltlr~
~r r)~ ~ tr ~~ ~ ~ H)~ f r r~ ~
fJ ~~Hfrsectl ~rryr ~ltr ~t~~ ~ro-~H1~ ry()
bull ~~~er
H~lri ~~r~ ~(I ~~)r (I ~~r bull 1 bull -I
rr 5-t ~~Qtr mK~ ~o-C J1(1 ~~Hf r-rff ~rHr(l
~r oil ~~~r~ ~C1r ~l r~ J1(1 f( fJ ~f~ fA
f~ Hl~ tsr ltr~ ~f~ ~bullbull J ~ 1~ 01 rY(IO1-e
iltor ~rrer~ ~f r~ r ~~ r ~~(I
ir1~ ~ f ~r~ J ~ -o-e ~~ r~ ~rnf ~~ ~
~ ~~illr(I ~i~t(I U(irr ~lteJ1~ ~~J 01~ ~
fj ~ -1 C~middot ( o ~ -t1 ~ t k v t
~ f -0 ~ t I [ [ h e- ~o ~ f -~ I [ -h - ltt ~( f _ r- f ~ ~fi cmiddot c bull -f e
L
(fi b t c~middot ( h 0 ~ 1ii -0 shy
r ~ f ~ G 1~ r ( t ( t y y -- U _
I kmiddot I S L t Ei t [ b (C -~ -c ~ ~ ~ ~ [ 1 t GL ~ -[1 ~ of ~ ~L 1 e ~ t [ ~ eshy
rt t ~~ ~ [ f 1 ( ltt t euro t t t k t 5 B ~ - -~ ( -I c--0 - --1 -[ _ [ I ~ f ~ ~ ~ c -ol --t -f ~ _ -0 -_ bull Iv h f)
~ - -~ 1 [ ~ ~ ~ 7 t ~ ~ h ~ c 1f 1 ~ ~ ~ -[1D 1 ~1 ~ ~ --0 I f sect i ci l ~ ~ ~ -t [l f- -tL lt-(r ~ t -to e --0 h bull ( bullk Q ~ ( (I ~ P I ~ r= ff ( h -~ f I - E
I ~ t f ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~~ f 1 tmiddot ~ ~ -r E ~ f [ ltt t~ ~ -0 _ c C ~ _ h _ _ -0
bullbullbullbull
11lt-~ rI~fie bull f -fir f fit bull
Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy
~
-ushy
-wshy
that (i)n reapportionment cases the burden is on the State to justify deviations from parity by legitimate considerations incident to the effectuation of a rational
state policy ~I~ (377US at 577 84 SCt at 1390)
~t) 100 U1 JIFES tJ JJI JllgtJj~1 ~ tf -tl ~I _ ~I I ~J$j MI -J 4S bull 4J )J ~ M shy
IJJJI ~~ui uo ~ ~~WI cA JSj Lo J a)lill ~Lgtu~1 IJJJI ~
~ ~o JI ~~~JgtJI J~~ JI~I ~O~~~J ~ OJ4~ ~~
~J ~I~IJ ~)~JJI Uo~1 ytgto ~oSgti J arJJ ~t1gtj aJWI ul ~
bulloSgt~IJo11
( ~IIA ~o)JP ~I~)
Jlitl~~
-failll 1111 -~
vSJ ~o ~~~Lgtu~1 IJJJI ~ ~JJ$ is J~y J4Lgtu~ LJJI ~Ij~
U~I J tt ~IC)J bull ~A r~lw J- A bull IgtUbull cr- c ~JI
uo Ut~IJ AV r~ ~ I~I r~1 ~~o J$lill uo ~OJjJ ~IIA r~1JJJ
LJ1Sw JJ$ ~1 ~~~JgtIJ JAio c~ rJ ~ r~ ~J r~ ~ IJAio ~
JJ$ ~~I ~~~jlijamp 4iJl JgtIJ JAio OJJJ ~JLj1UU bjltl uo ~ Iii ~UI ~ t~
~llbjUl uo Jii ~UI j ~O ~1Sw - In Canada the independent commissions charged with creating federal electoral districts are allowed to deviate by up to 25 percent from the provincial quotas But since 1986
(l~uls LJ A 1iJ ~Lisa Handley JIltgt wlJli) ~b J~~~JJ Challenging the Norms and Standards of Election Administration Boundary Delimitation Standards
- shy
commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
~JIjl ~i ~ Yo V4 PS4 ~1gtJj~1 IJJJI ~~JJn Ji~1 jJ~~1
~IJU11 oIJJI r-wJ OJ~ ~ui 1 ~uY11J1 u~l rr ~V4 psi JlJI~11 ~
~aw ~J91~ ui ~~jJl ~U~I -=~I ~I~U~I uylAJJ ~JJ=t1 ~I ~
Y crl ~~JiJ1 JIWI ~~I~10 IJiiSJ IAj~ ~aall ~JlgtJ11 ylJJJI
bull lti t rrJ1 -11 ~~Ijl ~1gtJj11 ~I JJI ~- -J Jgt-i -J ~ -J J -
In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
jJ~ rJJet -ujJ 0pound pound r~ ~1gtJj11 IJJJI ~J ~L~I O$11J1 ~Jgtj ~
V4 lUi ~~JJet IA~ J ~~11 ~t~IO$11J1 o~ ui ~( Yo ~J1~11
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~4J~ll rJJet ~Jo 0$I1JI o~ ui oJJ~ r as equal as possible (ulSolI
(~i) ulSoll J~~JllJ ~JIJl1
shy
~~~lgtJ1 ~I~I JJ~IJ JoI~1 ~Wtti dlJ vs-~LuJI ~LoS
SlolS ~IJ St~ )~~ cAr r~ ~ ~Lbr ~ -J~lgtU~1 ~UJI ~I~ JUlI
~I~ ~)I)t11 )JigtJ1 rlpl ~ Vgt ~r 4gtliCo bull bull ro 1A)1y ui ~) oJgtIJ ~lgtU1
~Id ~i Jit~J lUi 4gtli tA ~~s ~) Surbiton ujjJ a~ UjJ)JW
tfM ~1)Western Isles ~~I)~I eM -J)jij IJltS middot1 st~ JIJ uoJ1 ~~
)JS tfM ~1)Orkney amp Shetland Ji~~)JiJ (lUi ytu ~Ls JJS uUJ+l1 ~ JSlU (r bull bull ~Ls
The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
~j~I01) ~J~)jlwgtJ1 S~gtJI ~ ~ll ~~I 01gtJ1 vI~J rJAj 10$ ~J
tI
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~j 0~1 ~~~IJ 01gtJ1 I)~ ~JI )JS ui uo I)I~) aJ~ ~ll ~i
r~)fC lt5 o-cn-TI ~mr2 ~ - ~1tT~( r-o t- 0- U~5 K ~ItTS
f~~iC 1 f(r -TI~C ~ltTflr ~c ~~oywr rpound1r-t2 11middotmiddotV( ( 1~2
F4 w dfl 0(1 r-rF4 ~ t Il~1 II
i(F4 ~ Inf~ f1 fIf ~~rc~ ~ltIltTfll fUOltrr i-trrr VV I~ rl
1 ii-rl rltrfr I~l~ i-trr ltW1r-t lrTc I~~tI ll~~ ~tltf 1 f(r
rc-of ---AAA I~ flC I~fC ~~1tTlr2 oywrC bullIS fl~ ---l I~ fflf
1tT(r-t Il~ r+P -V I~ ~1~2 r~ nV ~~ ~1tT(r-t I~~ ISbull
-shy
bull bull
~J~Jri~
~~i~iyene J~h~ br~ ~~i~Jri~ bmre bltb( ~rampl
bqrb 1rJ~ ~ ir-fC ~~Jl ~ ~ooCi1lt J~mort bJro-JClf Jmort
~~H~hJ r~~~~IrJ ll(~ ir-v J~(~ (lJA) b (~ )) ~i~(
b~J~r ~(Jfrn ltrJlt bO ~ IrJrb ~ (Jf~ bl~~ ~lt (If~ 0 ~ O~ yen(
J~ J~n~~ ( ~in b~r Jrt1~)
~tryen OJZ ~J(bull bull bull 00 1~or ~re b~l J~ooC ~rb lrni( JITS
ltrJlt ~( Jrl~ ~(Jflt ltr1lt oAAAV ~ b~r J~ ~~Jrrlt J~
bull ~ lm~~
b~~bJ~~
i~rpound1 ~bJ~ ~~rrltJf~ Jmyene J~ ~~( Jrl~ ~4
P1 ~4 (~ m ~( 1~ b~i ~~ Jrl~ JrJ~ ~1lt Jf(Jf~
~~ rfC J~cr if ~~Q J~~f llt (Jf~ r~ J~~
~(~((~] ~( Jrl~middoto b~rpound1~4
JOn J~~ bullbull AA n~b(Jf~ JjOr b~IM~ [~(~~ Jr=r( ((l
(Jf~ r~ J~b~M~[(~ en~ rb~~ J)f(]
bull l~l~~ l~fF ( ~ l~)
liIP-IIP1shy~m tr rtTtf ~tIt rfl i 1rtlrr
---
bull bull
G ~ t G- ~~ S L ~ ~ -lt
[ ~ ~ f I - h ~ ~~ t If ~ 1~ ~ [ l f t + c -~ c--
t c t t ~ bull
G O~ ~ ( 1 L ~ c tmiddot 01 ~ r 1[ -f~ t ltt --eo v Jshy
to t - ( ~ ~ k cpound~ Ji -ltf ~ =1middot 1 i~ ~ -I r F ~ 1-f Ib I V Yo It - If - l
Er ~--( it ~ E l-~ c gt C-t -I 0 ~ep te ( c b -~ C L ( c CL
~~ G- [ r n ~ S-n tI~ v V( ~ J ~ ~ C k t Yo
Vmiddot l --Yo -shy I
J G -~ f i t --- 1 1-Ot I
t ~ ~ ( 1 ~ -= ril Yo
c c ~ ~-e ~~ ~ ~ -~~ _ If t Y) -bull V c 1 (
~ ~ v 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i t b E ~ l C c lt l f ( 1t 5t ~ 9i a I I bull bull I Yo ~
f -~ Yo C ft - L t ) 1 r tt f ~ i ~i ~ Y If ~ bull omiddot ~ Lmiddot ( 1 v ~ g [ ~r it middott ~ ~ -( -( ~~ -( I~ ~ f7 ~ Lmiddot b ~~ Yo
~ fL c ~~ M c~ ~t ft ~ ~t v C ~ ~ l _ 1 c r c ~ ( ~ ~ C 1gt shy c e Yo (J bull Yo I c -~ ~ =--_ Ji ~ ~ _ -( gt c- -( c -Yo bull I rmiddott I lt ~o ~ ~- c ~4middot5tmiddot ~ ~ ~ G- _euro ~ b
f) 0 ~ P tf t f1~ c C cL I
r ( omiddot bull P s ~- omiddot r ~ Vmiddot ~ ( c-~ t ril 1 t bull ( bull bull bull ~ l~ -~ ~
t C bullbull -~ bull C I
~ ~ ~~ t E ~ ~ ~ middot middot ~ ( ~ middotr e k-~ sshy~ t te ~ c bull t ~ l t~ L -Lmiddot pC C-c tf ~ I --0 _ --1-~ I v _~ e bull ( t i
( - 1- I v ~ ~ 1 f b ~~ r 1 tf ~ ~ -t ~ ~ 1 l G- ~ ~ I
d~~ 1
l~~~lf~ ~Il~I~~~o-C ~cTr~ltr ~Jlt~ ~r
~l~lri~l~~IrrTIr~Umiddoti~middot
mre l~~f(r I~ ~cr ~If I~~af) I~~r I~ ~
pK ~( K2 IptC~ ~~~l~~~~~~~0) ~rP
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rIMo-Ch El~ IMo-Ch
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(If~ El( Ifor middot middotOAJ~(
CJf~ Ifor middotoH1 ~(
bull fIIIlm I~~rp
~~pound91~pound91 ~Clf~ I~
~~OZ J~~ ~( (ff I11f J~rrH~r$i 1mof ~~
(v ~ poundfi) ~ 0) ~trr ~(I (I ~O f rolM ~(I ~
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sectl~ ~rerr ~ ~~~Hre H~ ~~ H~~ )(1 f~
Frr f( ~~)~~ ~~(l7 ~~ ~~ f(oi ~Mr ~~~ ~~
~~ff1 ~(~(I-J1(1 ryofg Hmrb( f( ~f(~ ff1 ~(
bull ~~I~~
H1~
tr~ ~~ ~ ~(I ~~ t1fl ~rr ~rr~~ ry r)~ ~ ~~f Jer ~ McJ H~~ ~re f~tr f ~ ~~( ~
fi9l ~fe ~O) r~ ~~rf)~ H~ fi9l ~f fo ryenie rr~ f(rr ~
~rs ~fl ~~5-tf rffo ~~H~ ~H(r~~~rl(l
bull ~~~I~
P~r ~~~~~~fe rr l~ (Y1lte H~fFe ltlr~
~r r)~ ~ tr ~~ ~ ~ H)~ f r r~ ~
fJ ~~Hfrsectl ~rryr ~ltr ~t~~ ~ro-~H1~ ry()
bull ~~~er
H~lri ~~r~ ~(I ~~)r (I ~~r bull 1 bull -I
rr 5-t ~~Qtr mK~ ~o-C J1(1 ~~Hf r-rff ~rHr(l
~r oil ~~~r~ ~C1r ~l r~ J1(1 f( fJ ~f~ fA
f~ Hl~ tsr ltr~ ~f~ ~bullbull J ~ 1~ 01 rY(IO1-e
iltor ~rrer~ ~f r~ r ~~ r ~~(I
ir1~ ~ f ~r~ J ~ -o-e ~~ r~ ~rnf ~~ ~
~ ~~illr(I ~i~t(I U(irr ~lteJ1~ ~~J 01~ ~
fj ~ -1 C~middot ( o ~ -t1 ~ t k v t
~ f -0 ~ t I [ [ h e- ~o ~ f -~ I [ -h - ltt ~( f _ r- f ~ ~fi cmiddot c bull -f e
L
(fi b t c~middot ( h 0 ~ 1ii -0 shy
r ~ f ~ G 1~ r ( t ( t y y -- U _
I kmiddot I S L t Ei t [ b (C -~ -c ~ ~ ~ ~ [ 1 t GL ~ -[1 ~ of ~ ~L 1 e ~ t [ ~ eshy
rt t ~~ ~ [ f 1 ( ltt t euro t t t k t 5 B ~ - -~ ( -I c--0 - --1 -[ _ [ I ~ f ~ ~ ~ c -ol --t -f ~ _ -0 -_ bull Iv h f)
~ - -~ 1 [ ~ ~ ~ 7 t ~ ~ h ~ c 1f 1 ~ ~ ~ -[1D 1 ~1 ~ ~ --0 I f sect i ci l ~ ~ ~ -t [l f- -tL lt-(r ~ t -to e --0 h bull ( bullk Q ~ ( (I ~ P I ~ r= ff ( h -~ f I - E
I ~ t f ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~~ f 1 tmiddot ~ ~ -r E ~ f [ ltt t~ ~ -0 _ c C ~ _ h _ _ -0
bullbullbullbull
11lt-~ rI~fie bull f -fir f fit bull
Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy
~
-ushy
- shy
commissions have been permitted to exceed the 25 percent limit under extraordinary circumstances
This provision was used to create five of the 295 seats in the Canadian House of Commons in 1987 and two of 301 seats in 1996 In 1996 one Quebec seat was created with a population 402 percent below the provincial average and one Newfoundland district was created with a population 625
percent below the provincial average ~UI~Lill J -J
~JIjl ~i ~ Yo V4 PS4 ~1gtJj~1 IJJJI ~~JJn Ji~1 jJ~~1
~IJU11 oIJJI r-wJ OJ~ ~ui 1 ~uY11J1 u~l rr ~V4 psi JlJI~11 ~
~aw ~J91~ ui ~~jJl ~U~I -=~I ~I~U~I uylAJJ ~JJ=t1 ~I ~
Y crl ~~JiJ1 JIWI ~~I~10 IJiiSJ IAj~ ~aall ~JlgtJ11 ylJJJI
bull lti t rrJ1 -11 ~~Ijl ~1gtJj11 ~I JJI ~- -J Jgt-i -J ~ -J J -
In Germany like Canada districts are not to deviate from the electoral quota by more than 25 percent It is not until a district deviates by more than 33 percent however that the law requires that a district be redrawn The German legislature which must approve any proposed federal districting plan before it can be implemented often refrains from adopting district modifications recommended by the Electoral Districts Commission until a district deviates by 33
percent or more ~~~LiI J -
jJ~ rJJet -ujJ 0pound pound r~ ~1gtJj11 IJJJI ~J ~L~I O$11J1 ~Jgtj ~
V4 lUi ~~JJet IA~ J ~~11 ~t~IO$11J1 o~ ui ~( Yo ~J1~11
J~~~IW) ~1JU11 ylJJJI us ut0JJ J lJb ~I$IJAJI)1J -= JWI CtJUJI
~4J~ll rJJet ~Jo 0$I1JI o~ ui oJJ~ r as equal as possible (ulSolI
(~i) ulSoll J~~JllJ ~JIJl1
shy
~~~lgtJ1 ~I~I JJ~IJ JoI~1 ~Wtti dlJ vs-~LuJI ~LoS
SlolS ~IJ St~ )~~ cAr r~ ~ ~Lbr ~ -J~lgtU~1 ~UJI ~I~ JUlI
~I~ ~)I)t11 )JigtJ1 rlpl ~ Vgt ~r 4gtliCo bull bull ro 1A)1y ui ~) oJgtIJ ~lgtU1
~Id ~i Jit~J lUi 4gtli tA ~~s ~) Surbiton ujjJ a~ UjJ)JW
tfM ~1)Western Isles ~~I)~I eM -J)jij IJltS middot1 st~ JIJ uoJ1 ~~
)JS tfM ~1)Orkney amp Shetland Ji~~)JiJ (lUi ytu ~Ls JJS uUJ+l1 ~ JSlU (r bull bull ~Ls
The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
~j~I01) ~J~)jlwgtJ1 S~gtJI ~ ~ll ~~I 01gtJ1 vI~J rJAj 10$ ~J
tI
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~~litl ui dlj JI)iJ~ ~lilJ ~~J~j ~ ~JI u~~lpoundilIJ J)WI ~~
~j 0~1 ~~~IJ 01gtJ1 I)~ ~JI )JS ui uo I)I~) aJ~ ~ll ~i
r~)fC lt5 o-cn-TI ~mr2 ~ - ~1tT~( r-o t- 0- U~5 K ~ItTS
f~~iC 1 f(r -TI~C ~ltTflr ~c ~~oywr rpound1r-t2 11middotmiddotV( ( 1~2
F4 w dfl 0(1 r-rF4 ~ t Il~1 II
i(F4 ~ Inf~ f1 fIf ~~rc~ ~ltIltTfll fUOltrr i-trrr VV I~ rl
1 ii-rl rltrfr I~l~ i-trr ltW1r-t lrTc I~~tI ll~~ ~tltf 1 f(r
rc-of ---AAA I~ flC I~fC ~~1tTlr2 oywrC bullIS fl~ ---l I~ fflf
1tT(r-t Il~ r+P -V I~ ~1~2 r~ nV ~~ ~1tT(r-t I~~ ISbull
-shy
bull bull
~J~Jri~
~~i~iyene J~h~ br~ ~~i~Jri~ bmre bltb( ~rampl
bqrb 1rJ~ ~ ir-fC ~~Jl ~ ~ooCi1lt J~mort bJro-JClf Jmort
~~H~hJ r~~~~IrJ ll(~ ir-v J~(~ (lJA) b (~ )) ~i~(
b~J~r ~(Jfrn ltrJlt bO ~ IrJrb ~ (Jf~ bl~~ ~lt (If~ 0 ~ O~ yen(
J~ J~n~~ ( ~in b~r Jrt1~)
~tryen OJZ ~J(bull bull bull 00 1~or ~re b~l J~ooC ~rb lrni( JITS
ltrJlt ~( Jrl~ ~(Jflt ltr1lt oAAAV ~ b~r J~ ~~Jrrlt J~
bull ~ lm~~
b~~bJ~~
i~rpound1 ~bJ~ ~~rrltJf~ Jmyene J~ ~~( Jrl~ ~4
P1 ~4 (~ m ~( 1~ b~i ~~ Jrl~ JrJ~ ~1lt Jf(Jf~
~~ rfC J~cr if ~~Q J~~f llt (Jf~ r~ J~~
~(~((~] ~( Jrl~middoto b~rpound1~4
JOn J~~ bullbull AA n~b(Jf~ JjOr b~IM~ [~(~~ Jr=r( ((l
(Jf~ r~ J~b~M~[(~ en~ rb~~ J)f(]
bull l~l~~ l~fF ( ~ l~)
liIP-IIP1shy~m tr rtTtf ~tIt rfl i 1rtlrr
---
bull bull
G ~ t G- ~~ S L ~ ~ -lt
[ ~ ~ f I - h ~ ~~ t If ~ 1~ ~ [ l f t + c -~ c--
t c t t ~ bull
G O~ ~ ( 1 L ~ c tmiddot 01 ~ r 1[ -f~ t ltt --eo v Jshy
to t - ( ~ ~ k cpound~ Ji -ltf ~ =1middot 1 i~ ~ -I r F ~ 1-f Ib I V Yo It - If - l
Er ~--( it ~ E l-~ c gt C-t -I 0 ~ep te ( c b -~ C L ( c CL
~~ G- [ r n ~ S-n tI~ v V( ~ J ~ ~ C k t Yo
Vmiddot l --Yo -shy I
J G -~ f i t --- 1 1-Ot I
t ~ ~ ( 1 ~ -= ril Yo
c c ~ ~-e ~~ ~ ~ -~~ _ If t Y) -bull V c 1 (
~ ~ v 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i t b E ~ l C c lt l f ( 1t 5t ~ 9i a I I bull bull I Yo ~
f -~ Yo C ft - L t ) 1 r tt f ~ i ~i ~ Y If ~ bull omiddot ~ Lmiddot ( 1 v ~ g [ ~r it middott ~ ~ -( -( ~~ -( I~ ~ f7 ~ Lmiddot b ~~ Yo
~ fL c ~~ M c~ ~t ft ~ ~t v C ~ ~ l _ 1 c r c ~ ( ~ ~ C 1gt shy c e Yo (J bull Yo I c -~ ~ =--_ Ji ~ ~ _ -( gt c- -( c -Yo bull I rmiddott I lt ~o ~ ~- c ~4middot5tmiddot ~ ~ ~ G- _euro ~ b
f) 0 ~ P tf t f1~ c C cL I
r ( omiddot bull P s ~- omiddot r ~ Vmiddot ~ ( c-~ t ril 1 t bull ( bull bull bull ~ l~ -~ ~
t C bullbull -~ bull C I
~ ~ ~~ t E ~ ~ ~ middot middot ~ ( ~ middotr e k-~ sshy~ t te ~ c bull t ~ l t~ L -Lmiddot pC C-c tf ~ I --0 _ --1-~ I v _~ e bull ( t i
( - 1- I v ~ ~ 1 f b ~~ r 1 tf ~ ~ -t ~ ~ 1 l G- ~ ~ I
d~~ 1
l~~~lf~ ~Il~I~~~o-C ~cTr~ltr ~Jlt~ ~r
~l~lri~l~~IrrTIr~Umiddoti~middot
mre l~~f(r I~ ~cr ~If I~~af) I~~r I~ ~
pK ~( K2 IptC~ ~~~l~~~~~~~0) ~rP
~~QI~lf~
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f I~lh ~fJ ~~lf~r El( IMo-C( ~cr lt~ lror(IrgtJ~
rIMo-Ch El~ IMo-Ch
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It 1FI bull 0] ~1P 1Cl bull
(If~ El( Ifor middot middotOAJ~(
CJf~ Ifor middotoH1 ~(
bull fIIIlm I~~rp
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(v ~ poundfi) ~ 0) ~trr ~(I (I ~O f rolM ~(I ~
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bull ~~I~~
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tr~ ~~ ~ ~(I ~~ t1fl ~rr ~rr~~ ry r)~ ~ ~~f Jer ~ McJ H~~ ~re f~tr f ~ ~~( ~
fi9l ~fe ~O) r~ ~~rf)~ H~ fi9l ~f fo ryenie rr~ f(rr ~
~rs ~fl ~~5-tf rffo ~~H~ ~H(r~~~rl(l
bull ~~~I~
P~r ~~~~~~fe rr l~ (Y1lte H~fFe ltlr~
~r r)~ ~ tr ~~ ~ ~ H)~ f r r~ ~
fJ ~~Hfrsectl ~rryr ~ltr ~t~~ ~ro-~H1~ ry()
bull ~~~er
H~lri ~~r~ ~(I ~~)r (I ~~r bull 1 bull -I
rr 5-t ~~Qtr mK~ ~o-C J1(1 ~~Hf r-rff ~rHr(l
~r oil ~~~r~ ~C1r ~l r~ J1(1 f( fJ ~f~ fA
f~ Hl~ tsr ltr~ ~f~ ~bullbull J ~ 1~ 01 rY(IO1-e
iltor ~rrer~ ~f r~ r ~~ r ~~(I
ir1~ ~ f ~r~ J ~ -o-e ~~ r~ ~rnf ~~ ~
~ ~~illr(I ~i~t(I U(irr ~lteJ1~ ~~J 01~ ~
fj ~ -1 C~middot ( o ~ -t1 ~ t k v t
~ f -0 ~ t I [ [ h e- ~o ~ f -~ I [ -h - ltt ~( f _ r- f ~ ~fi cmiddot c bull -f e
L
(fi b t c~middot ( h 0 ~ 1ii -0 shy
r ~ f ~ G 1~ r ( t ( t y y -- U _
I kmiddot I S L t Ei t [ b (C -~ -c ~ ~ ~ ~ [ 1 t GL ~ -[1 ~ of ~ ~L 1 e ~ t [ ~ eshy
rt t ~~ ~ [ f 1 ( ltt t euro t t t k t 5 B ~ - -~ ( -I c--0 - --1 -[ _ [ I ~ f ~ ~ ~ c -ol --t -f ~ _ -0 -_ bull Iv h f)
~ - -~ 1 [ ~ ~ ~ 7 t ~ ~ h ~ c 1f 1 ~ ~ ~ -[1D 1 ~1 ~ ~ --0 I f sect i ci l ~ ~ ~ -t [l f- -tL lt-(r ~ t -to e --0 h bull ( bullk Q ~ ( (I ~ P I ~ r= ff ( h -~ f I - E
I ~ t f ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~~ f 1 tmiddot ~ ~ -r E ~ f [ ltt t~ ~ -0 _ c C ~ _ h _ _ -0
bullbullbullbull
11lt-~ rI~fie bull f -fir f fit bull
Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy
~
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shy
~~~lgtJ1 ~I~I JJ~IJ JoI~1 ~Wtti dlJ vs-~LuJI ~LoS
SlolS ~IJ St~ )~~ cAr r~ ~ ~Lbr ~ -J~lgtU~1 ~UJI ~I~ JUlI
~I~ ~)I)t11 )JigtJ1 rlpl ~ Vgt ~r 4gtliCo bull bull ro 1A)1y ui ~) oJgtIJ ~lgtU1
~Id ~i Jit~J lUi 4gtli tA ~~s ~) Surbiton ujjJ a~ UjJ)JW
tfM ~1)Western Isles ~~I)~I eM -J)jij IJltS middot1 st~ JIJ uoJ1 ~~
)JS tfM ~1)Orkney amp Shetland Ji~~)JiJ (lUi ytu ~Ls JJS uUJ+l1 ~ JSlU (r bull bull ~Ls
The United Kingdom allows even larger deviations in district populations The original standard was set at 25 percent in 1944 But the standard was repealed only two years later The current rule requires that constituencies be as equal as possible but this rule must be balanced against the principle
of respect for local boundaries as much as possible Equi-populous districts can also be disregarded for special geographic circumstances Allowances for natural communities prompted English Boundary Commissioners in 1983 to leave the Isle of Wight with 95000 electors as a single constituency while respect for local London boundaries left suburban Surbiton with only 48000 electors Likewise recognizing the difficulties of island travel the commissioners in Scotland granted the Western Isles (with a population of 24000) and Orkney and Shetland (with a population of
31000) their own representatives
~j~I01) ~J~)jlwgtJ1 S~gtJI ~ ~ll ~~I 01gtJ1 vI~J rJAj 10$ ~J
tI
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~~litl ui dlj JI)iJ~ ~lilJ ~~J~j ~ ~JI u~~lpoundilIJ J)WI ~~
~j 0~1 ~~~IJ 01gtJ1 I)~ ~JI )JS ui uo I)I~) aJ~ ~ll ~i
r~)fC lt5 o-cn-TI ~mr2 ~ - ~1tT~( r-o t- 0- U~5 K ~ItTS
f~~iC 1 f(r -TI~C ~ltTflr ~c ~~oywr rpound1r-t2 11middotmiddotV( ( 1~2
F4 w dfl 0(1 r-rF4 ~ t Il~1 II
i(F4 ~ Inf~ f1 fIf ~~rc~ ~ltIltTfll fUOltrr i-trrr VV I~ rl
1 ii-rl rltrfr I~l~ i-trr ltW1r-t lrTc I~~tI ll~~ ~tltf 1 f(r
rc-of ---AAA I~ flC I~fC ~~1tTlr2 oywrC bullIS fl~ ---l I~ fflf
1tT(r-t Il~ r+P -V I~ ~1~2 r~ nV ~~ ~1tT(r-t I~~ ISbull
-shy
bull bull
~J~Jri~
~~i~iyene J~h~ br~ ~~i~Jri~ bmre bltb( ~rampl
bqrb 1rJ~ ~ ir-fC ~~Jl ~ ~ooCi1lt J~mort bJro-JClf Jmort
~~H~hJ r~~~~IrJ ll(~ ir-v J~(~ (lJA) b (~ )) ~i~(
b~J~r ~(Jfrn ltrJlt bO ~ IrJrb ~ (Jf~ bl~~ ~lt (If~ 0 ~ O~ yen(
J~ J~n~~ ( ~in b~r Jrt1~)
~tryen OJZ ~J(bull bull bull 00 1~or ~re b~l J~ooC ~rb lrni( JITS
ltrJlt ~( Jrl~ ~(Jflt ltr1lt oAAAV ~ b~r J~ ~~Jrrlt J~
bull ~ lm~~
b~~bJ~~
i~rpound1 ~bJ~ ~~rrltJf~ Jmyene J~ ~~( Jrl~ ~4
P1 ~4 (~ m ~( 1~ b~i ~~ Jrl~ JrJ~ ~1lt Jf(Jf~
~~ rfC J~cr if ~~Q J~~f llt (Jf~ r~ J~~
~(~((~] ~( Jrl~middoto b~rpound1~4
JOn J~~ bullbull AA n~b(Jf~ JjOr b~IM~ [~(~~ Jr=r( ((l
(Jf~ r~ J~b~M~[(~ en~ rb~~ J)f(]
bull l~l~~ l~fF ( ~ l~)
liIP-IIP1shy~m tr rtTtf ~tIt rfl i 1rtlrr
---
bull bull
G ~ t G- ~~ S L ~ ~ -lt
[ ~ ~ f I - h ~ ~~ t If ~ 1~ ~ [ l f t + c -~ c--
t c t t ~ bull
G O~ ~ ( 1 L ~ c tmiddot 01 ~ r 1[ -f~ t ltt --eo v Jshy
to t - ( ~ ~ k cpound~ Ji -ltf ~ =1middot 1 i~ ~ -I r F ~ 1-f Ib I V Yo It - If - l
Er ~--( it ~ E l-~ c gt C-t -I 0 ~ep te ( c b -~ C L ( c CL
~~ G- [ r n ~ S-n tI~ v V( ~ J ~ ~ C k t Yo
Vmiddot l --Yo -shy I
J G -~ f i t --- 1 1-Ot I
t ~ ~ ( 1 ~ -= ril Yo
c c ~ ~-e ~~ ~ ~ -~~ _ If t Y) -bull V c 1 (
~ ~ v 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i t b E ~ l C c lt l f ( 1t 5t ~ 9i a I I bull bull I Yo ~
f -~ Yo C ft - L t ) 1 r tt f ~ i ~i ~ Y If ~ bull omiddot ~ Lmiddot ( 1 v ~ g [ ~r it middott ~ ~ -( -( ~~ -( I~ ~ f7 ~ Lmiddot b ~~ Yo
~ fL c ~~ M c~ ~t ft ~ ~t v C ~ ~ l _ 1 c r c ~ ( ~ ~ C 1gt shy c e Yo (J bull Yo I c -~ ~ =--_ Ji ~ ~ _ -( gt c- -( c -Yo bull I rmiddott I lt ~o ~ ~- c ~4middot5tmiddot ~ ~ ~ G- _euro ~ b
f) 0 ~ P tf t f1~ c C cL I
r ( omiddot bull P s ~- omiddot r ~ Vmiddot ~ ( c-~ t ril 1 t bull ( bull bull bull ~ l~ -~ ~
t C bullbull -~ bull C I
~ ~ ~~ t E ~ ~ ~ middot middot ~ ( ~ middotr e k-~ sshy~ t te ~ c bull t ~ l t~ L -Lmiddot pC C-c tf ~ I --0 _ --1-~ I v _~ e bull ( t i
( - 1- I v ~ ~ 1 f b ~~ r 1 tf ~ ~ -t ~ ~ 1 l G- ~ ~ I
d~~ 1
l~~~lf~ ~Il~I~~~o-C ~cTr~ltr ~Jlt~ ~r
~l~lri~l~~IrrTIr~Umiddoti~middot
mre l~~f(r I~ ~cr ~If I~~af) I~~r I~ ~
pK ~( K2 IptC~ ~~~l~~~~~~~0) ~rP
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f I~lh ~fJ ~~lf~r El( IMo-C( ~cr lt~ lror(IrgtJ~
rIMo-Ch El~ IMo-Ch
~IptC~ bull ool~
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It 1FI bull 0] ~1P 1Cl bull
(If~ El( Ifor middot middotOAJ~(
CJf~ Ifor middotoH1 ~(
bull fIIIlm I~~rp
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(v ~ poundfi) ~ 0) ~trr ~(I (I ~O f rolM ~(I ~
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sectl~ ~rerr ~ ~~~Hre H~ ~~ H~~ )(1 f~
Frr f( ~~)~~ ~~(l7 ~~ ~~ f(oi ~Mr ~~~ ~~
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bull ~~I~~
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tr~ ~~ ~ ~(I ~~ t1fl ~rr ~rr~~ ry r)~ ~ ~~f Jer ~ McJ H~~ ~re f~tr f ~ ~~( ~
fi9l ~fe ~O) r~ ~~rf)~ H~ fi9l ~f fo ryenie rr~ f(rr ~
~rs ~fl ~~5-tf rffo ~~H~ ~H(r~~~rl(l
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~r r)~ ~ tr ~~ ~ ~ H)~ f r r~ ~
fJ ~~Hfrsectl ~rryr ~ltr ~t~~ ~ro-~H1~ ry()
bull ~~~er
H~lri ~~r~ ~(I ~~)r (I ~~r bull 1 bull -I
rr 5-t ~~Qtr mK~ ~o-C J1(1 ~~Hf r-rff ~rHr(l
~r oil ~~~r~ ~C1r ~l r~ J1(1 f( fJ ~f~ fA
f~ Hl~ tsr ltr~ ~f~ ~bullbull J ~ 1~ 01 rY(IO1-e
iltor ~rrer~ ~f r~ r ~~ r ~~(I
ir1~ ~ f ~r~ J ~ -o-e ~~ r~ ~rnf ~~ ~
~ ~~illr(I ~i~t(I U(irr ~lteJ1~ ~~J 01~ ~
fj ~ -1 C~middot ( o ~ -t1 ~ t k v t
~ f -0 ~ t I [ [ h e- ~o ~ f -~ I [ -h - ltt ~( f _ r- f ~ ~fi cmiddot c bull -f e
L
(fi b t c~middot ( h 0 ~ 1ii -0 shy
r ~ f ~ G 1~ r ( t ( t y y -- U _
I kmiddot I S L t Ei t [ b (C -~ -c ~ ~ ~ ~ [ 1 t GL ~ -[1 ~ of ~ ~L 1 e ~ t [ ~ eshy
rt t ~~ ~ [ f 1 ( ltt t euro t t t k t 5 B ~ - -~ ( -I c--0 - --1 -[ _ [ I ~ f ~ ~ ~ c -ol --t -f ~ _ -0 -_ bull Iv h f)
~ - -~ 1 [ ~ ~ ~ 7 t ~ ~ h ~ c 1f 1 ~ ~ ~ -[1D 1 ~1 ~ ~ --0 I f sect i ci l ~ ~ ~ -t [l f- -tL lt-(r ~ t -to e --0 h bull ( bullk Q ~ ( (I ~ P I ~ r= ff ( h -~ f I - E
I ~ t f ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~~ f 1 tmiddot ~ ~ -r E ~ f [ ltt t~ ~ -0 _ c C ~ _ h _ _ -0
bullbullbullbull
11lt-~ rI~fie bull f -fir f fit bull
Sii -Mrfrf fit bull tq(~ shy
~
-ushy
r~)fC lt5 o-cn-TI ~mr2 ~ - ~1tT~( r-o t- 0- U~5 K ~ItTS
f~~iC 1 f(r -TI~C ~ltTflr ~c ~~oywr rpound1r-t2 11middotmiddotV( ( 1~2
F4 w dfl 0(1 r-rF4 ~ t Il~1 II
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1 ii-rl rltrfr I~l~ i-trr ltW1r-t lrTc I~~tI ll~~ ~tltf 1 f(r
rc-of ---AAA I~ flC I~fC ~~1tTlr2 oywrC bullIS fl~ ---l I~ fflf
1tT(r-t Il~ r+P -V I~ ~1~2 r~ nV ~~ ~1tT(r-t I~~ ISbull
-shy
bull bull
~J~Jri~
~~i~iyene J~h~ br~ ~~i~Jri~ bmre bltb( ~rampl
bqrb 1rJ~ ~ ir-fC ~~Jl ~ ~ooCi1lt J~mort bJro-JClf Jmort
~~H~hJ r~~~~IrJ ll(~ ir-v J~(~ (lJA) b (~ )) ~i~(
b~J~r ~(Jfrn ltrJlt bO ~ IrJrb ~ (Jf~ bl~~ ~lt (If~ 0 ~ O~ yen(
J~ J~n~~ ( ~in b~r Jrt1~)
~tryen OJZ ~J(bull bull bull 00 1~or ~re b~l J~ooC ~rb lrni( JITS
ltrJlt ~( Jrl~ ~(Jflt ltr1lt oAAAV ~ b~r J~ ~~Jrrlt J~
bull ~ lm~~
b~~bJ~~
i~rpound1 ~bJ~ ~~rrltJf~ Jmyene J~ ~~( Jrl~ ~4
P1 ~4 (~ m ~( 1~ b~i ~~ Jrl~ JrJ~ ~1lt Jf(Jf~
~~ rfC J~cr if ~~Q J~~f llt (Jf~ r~ J~~
~(~((~] ~( Jrl~middoto b~rpound1~4
JOn J~~ bullbull AA n~b(Jf~ JjOr b~IM~ [~(~~ Jr=r( ((l
(Jf~ r~ J~b~M~[(~ en~ rb~~ J)f(]
bull l~l~~ l~fF ( ~ l~)
liIP-IIP1shy~m tr rtTtf ~tIt rfl i 1rtlrr
---
bull bull
G ~ t G- ~~ S L ~ ~ -lt
[ ~ ~ f I - h ~ ~~ t If ~ 1~ ~ [ l f t + c -~ c--
t c t t ~ bull
G O~ ~ ( 1 L ~ c tmiddot 01 ~ r 1[ -f~ t ltt --eo v Jshy
to t - ( ~ ~ k cpound~ Ji -ltf ~ =1middot 1 i~ ~ -I r F ~ 1-f Ib I V Yo It - If - l
Er ~--( it ~ E l-~ c gt C-t -I 0 ~ep te ( c b -~ C L ( c CL
~~ G- [ r n ~ S-n tI~ v V( ~ J ~ ~ C k t Yo
Vmiddot l --Yo -shy I
J G -~ f i t --- 1 1-Ot I
t ~ ~ ( 1 ~ -= ril Yo
c c ~ ~-e ~~ ~ ~ -~~ _ If t Y) -bull V c 1 (
~ ~ v 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i t b E ~ l C c lt l f ( 1t 5t ~ 9i a I I bull bull I Yo ~
f -~ Yo C ft - L t ) 1 r tt f ~ i ~i ~ Y If ~ bull omiddot ~ Lmiddot ( 1 v ~ g [ ~r it middott ~ ~ -( -( ~~ -( I~ ~ f7 ~ Lmiddot b ~~ Yo
~ fL c ~~ M c~ ~t ft ~ ~t v C ~ ~ l _ 1 c r c ~ ( ~ ~ C 1gt shy c e Yo (J bull Yo I c -~ ~ =--_ Ji ~ ~ _ -( gt c- -( c -Yo bull I rmiddott I lt ~o ~ ~- c ~4middot5tmiddot ~ ~ ~ G- _euro ~ b
f) 0 ~ P tf t f1~ c C cL I
r ( omiddot bull P s ~- omiddot r ~ Vmiddot ~ ( c-~ t ril 1 t bull ( bull bull bull ~ l~ -~ ~
t C bullbull -~ bull C I
~ ~ ~~ t E ~ ~ ~ middot middot ~ ( ~ middotr e k-~ sshy~ t te ~ c bull t ~ l t~ L -Lmiddot pC C-c tf ~ I --0 _ --1-~ I v _~ e bull ( t i
( - 1- I v ~ ~ 1 f b ~~ r 1 tf ~ ~ -t ~ ~ 1 l G- ~ ~ I
d~~ 1
l~~~lf~ ~Il~I~~~o-C ~cTr~ltr ~Jlt~ ~r
~l~lri~l~~IrrTIr~Umiddoti~middot
mre l~~f(r I~ ~cr ~If I~~af) I~~r I~ ~
pK ~( K2 IptC~ ~~~l~~~~~~~0) ~rP
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rIMo-Ch El~ IMo-Ch
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CJf~ Ifor middotoH1 ~(
bull fIIIlm I~~rp
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(v ~ poundfi) ~ 0) ~trr ~(I (I ~O f rolM ~(I ~
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Frr f( ~~)~~ ~~(l7 ~~ ~~ f(oi ~Mr ~~~ ~~
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