Russian Literature L VI (2004) 121-168 www.elsevier.com/locate/ruslit Elsevier

3AMETKH K 1-IPOBJIEME CHMYJIbTAHH3MA B HOD3HId I/I B )t(HBOHHCH

ANNA HAN

I. 0 6 u 4 e m e o p e m w t e c n u e npeOnocbta~u ~

~qBJIeHIte CttMyJIgTaIttI3Ma B ttcKyCCTBe X X BeKa ]IOYDKHO 6gITg paCCMOTpeHo i ~ p e ~ e BCeFO KaK oHpeJIeJIeHHt, I~ TIcIH xy~Io~eCTBe~IHOFO BOCrIpH~TH~, 06- yCJIOBJIeHHt,I~ 6onee O6mnMH 3aKOHOMepHOCT~MIt jIeIITeJIbHOCTrI uenoBe~ec- KOrO C03HaHrIa. Ct'IMyJII, TaHHOCTB ~eaTeJIbHOCTr~ qeJIOBeqeCKOFO CO3HaHgJL ~I B qacTHOCTH xyAo~ecTBermoro coaHarii~a, HpoaBJIaerc~ B TOM, qTO IIepIIeII- THBHaa XeaTem, nocTb, 3aneqaTJieBamma~ ~B~enrIa o K p y ~ a m m e r o Mrlpa B HX rIerlocpe~lcTBeHHo~, qbeI-iOMeria~,HOfi ~laHHOCTrI, crlnKpeTHqecKn rrepem~e- TaeTca B OAHOM rIo3HaBaTeJIr~HOM aKTe c annepi~enTi~BHo~, peqbJ~eKTnpym- m e ~ H rmTerp~pYmme~ ~eaTem, nocTLrO CO3HaHrla, ImCTrIralomero 3a qbeHO- MeHa~brIO~[ O6OJ~OqKO~ cyILIHOCT~, aBJ~eH~Ifi. II03TOMy l~pe~iBapi~TeJ~,Ho MO~- I-IO cKa3aTg, qTO rnoceoJmrmlecxy~o MoaeJ~, ~ e ~ a m y m n OCttOBe CI, IMyJ~I,- TaHHOFO TI,IIIa BOCIIpII//TIIiI MO~eT HaM IIpejIYlO~ItTb qberloMeI-iO~iori, iqecKa,q qbHaocoqbHa, r~ B uacTrmCTH qberloMenonor~uecKa~ I~nTemu~onam, HOCT~, xy - ; Io~ecTBeHnoro COaHaHna, r~pI~ KOTOpO~ socr~pHHrluaiomee Co3HaHI~e socrIp~HHMaeMoe as~en~Ie HaxoztZTC~ B oTnomeHrm ~l~iHaMrlUeci~oro B3arI- Mo~le~CTBI~S r~ B3aHMoo6yc~IoS~eHHOCTH fiX 6L~TH~. HprI Ta~O~ o6IJIefi rHO- ceoJ~orHuecKo~ Movie:m, ~ex~ame~ B OCHOBe xyz~omecTBeHHoro ~BaenHa CrI- Myn~,TaHHOCTI~, TI~n~,~ cHMy~I~Tarmoro BocHpHZTna H xy)Io~ecTBeHm,ie I~pI~- eMLI ee O~IOCpe~lOBaH~I~ B ac~yccTBe X X BeI~a o6Hapy~n~alOT ZtOCTaTO~HO 6oraToe paaHoo6paaHe. B pa6oTe ~l. 3r)KapeBi~qa B~,i)IB~raeTca I l e n r ~ pazt paanoypo~Hem, rx ~aTeropn~, n COOTHOmeHrm c KOTOp~MI~ MO~eT 6~T~, pac -

0304-3479/04/$ - see front matter © 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. doff 10.1016/j.ruslit.2004.08.009

122 Anna Han

CMOTpeH CtIMyYII~TaHIt3M KaK TPIH BOCIIp!zI~IT~DI tI KaK xy2Io)KeCTBeHHI~I~ dpeHOMeH, KaK, sa~p~Mep , K a T e r o p ~ CHHeCTe3~IH, CI4HKpew~3Ma, CI4HXpO- HHH, CIICTeMt,I IIpI4eMOB CIIMynbwaHI, I3aII~III (MOI-ITa3Ka, KOJUm~a, IOKCTaHO3H- I~H, KOHTpaHyHKTa, CrIMMeTpn3Ma, ~epe~oBagri~ r~ ~!p.). OAHaKO ~cc~eAoBa- TeJII, CqHTaeT 6aaropa3yM~M IlCXO)II, ITt~ ~Ipem~le Bcero r~3 3aKoItOB BOCIIpttIt- THZ, a B COOTnOmeurm c rmMn n3y~aT~ r~ CnCTeMaTHaapOBaT~ xy20~KeCTBeH- m, Ie rlp~ieM~i Cr~Myar~TaHrlaalm~ (U~arevid 2002: 344-345) , r~ s c o r : m c r m c 3THM B Aa~rIO~ CTaTbe I~pe)lJmraeTca ttMeHttO TaKOfI 3IOI'HtteCKIII~ XO)~ pac- CMOTpeHI4~ CHMyJIbTaH~43Ma.

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I. 1. Cmpytrmypnbte cOeueu e xyOo~eecmeennom eocnpuamuu epemenu u npo- cmpancmea

I/I3MeHH~OCb paLIHOHa3IHCTHqeCKH rtocwyjmpyeMoe r~pe~cTaB~eHne 0 Bpe- MeHH I<ag nHHe~HOM, r~ocTyrtaTenbHOM r~po~ecce, xapaKTepHOM 2 I ~ 3BOYIIO- I£HOHI'ICTCKOFO B3rna)Ia Ha Mgp nprIpO~Ib~ g e ro oTpa>KeHHa BO B3rns2~e Ha mrIp ~enor~e,~ecKo~ ~ym, Typb* -- Teop~H n p o r p e c c a . I-[peAcTaBneHHe 0 He- o6paTHMOM, dt)H3HHeCKOM, H3MepHMOM BpeMeHH B HOBOM rICKyCCTBe 3aMe- r t sno BpeMa riepe)KHBaeMoe, BHyTpeHHSa r[pOTSmeHHOCTr~ (durde intdr ieure) B Ayxe dpnnoco~pnH BeprcoHa. B TaKOM IIOHI~MaHmt Bpeua JtB)I~IeTC~I y ~ e He BHelIIHHM yCY[OBgeM, B npexeaax KOTOpOro 1]pOTeKaeT 6bIT~Ie ~B~eHH~, a BHyTpeHHHM OIIblTOU, I/I cY[e)IoBaTeYtbHO H ~OpMO~ BHyTpegHe/] CBYI3aHI-IOCTI/I ~tBYleH!4ffI, KOTOpI~Ie TaKI4M 06pa30u CTaHOB~TC~I cy6?~eKTHBHO~ KaTerop~e~ co)lep)KaH~a c o 3 g a r ~ l . I/IMeHHO TaKOe ~3MeHeH~e B HOH~IMaHrlH BpeMeHg cYly)KHJIO Ofl[HtlM II3 yC3IOBH~ 2~afl C~MyYir~TaHHOFO BOClIpI4~ITI4~t B TeMiiopa.r[t,- HOM OTHOIIIeHHH pa3HOpaItrOBblX SBJIeHI, I~I.

Bo BHyTpeHHeM apocTpaHCTBe nepemrmaeMoro ~peMeHn oT~pr~nac~, BO3MO)KHOCTb ~JI~I CgttXpOHIt3alIIIIt pa3anqn~rx BpeMeHttt,IX IIJIOCKOCTe~ I~I a n a n x CnMynSTaHHoro socnpon3~e~IeHna B npocTpaHcz~e xy~!oxecT~eH- t toro TeKCTa. TaKoe IIOHIIMaHHe BpeMeHH H COOTBeTCTBytOIIIeFO TtlIIa BOC- 1 ] p ~ T g a 3HaqI4TeYll, nO rloBblmaeT xy~o)KeCTBenH~,I~ CTaqffC HHTeFpHpyloII~e~ ~IeJ~TeYlbHOCTH TBopqecKOFO CozgaHH~, EOHcTpyr~py~onlero ~3 pa3po3HeHHhIX BO BpeMeH~ MOMeHTaYlbHI~IX BneqaT~teH~ HOBylO IleJIOCTHyIO KapTr~Hy Mr~pa.

3 a ~ t e m x u ~ npo63e~te cu~ty3bmattux~ta e nogxuu u e ::~cueonucu 123

B CnCTeMe n H z e r p n p y t o m u x CnOCO6HOCTefi CO3ImHn~ OCO65I~ xy~oa(ecT- BeHHblfI CTaTyc np~Ha~JIeX~IT nnnno-6norpaqbu~tecro~ n KyJIbTypHo~ naM~- TtI KaK opyjIIttO CoIIpOTIIBYIeHII/I npoIIeccaM pa3~ejlni~eH~I~ H onycTomeI~Hn, IIpO/IBYIItIOIIIttMC/I B TeMrlopaJIbttOM 6blTtttI ~sJIeHI~ Ha OCH qbI~3HqecKoro npeMeHm 2

Pa3pMB C ~gne~HbN IIOHnMaHgeM BpeMenn 3aKOaOMepHo IIOBYleK 3a co6o to H H3MeHeH~I~{ B IIOHHMaHHFI IIpHqHHHOCTH..]-IHHeI~Halt Kay3aJIbHOCTb, np~ KOTOpO~I IIpHqHHHO-CJIe)~CTBeHHble p~I)It, I BOGIIpHHHMalOTC~I B HX He- 06paTHMOCTH H IIOCTylIaTeYiI, HOM pa3BepTblBOHHH, H npu KOTOpO~ IIpHqHHa He TOfII~KO Ilpe~IIIIeCTByeT BO BpeMeHH cJIe~CTBHtO, HO H 3aKOHOMepHo BJIeqeT 3a c060.~ cJIe~CTBHe KaK 06~i3aTe~ii, Hoe BO3Me3~He, ~Ji#I xy)Iox<eCTBeHHOFO CO3HaHHJ;I X X BeKa H eFO 3K3HCTeHIIHOAIbHOFO OIIbITa 6BIY[O qpeBaTO FHeTy- IIIHM OIIiyll~eHUeM ~eTepMm-IrlpOBaHI-IOCTla CO6I~ITI, I~HI, IX pn~OB, pasBepTbI- BaIOIIIHXC~ KaK B o6JIaCTrI YffIqHO-6I, IoFpaqbI, ItleCKOffI XI43I-Ila, TaK H B o6.rlaCTri HCTOp~IqeCKHX g KOCMHtleCKHX cBepmeHH~. IIp~ CHMyfIt, TaHHOM BOClIpH~tTHH pa3JIHqHbIX BpeMeHHl, IX H rlpHqHHHO-CJIe~CTBeHHblX p~UIOB, H HX CHHXpO- HH3~I-IHH B rlpOCTpaHCTBe xy~o)KeCTBeHHOFO C03HgHH~t, C O~HOlff CTOpOHbI, OTKpblBaeTcg BO3MO>KHOCTB ~JI~I OnblTa Ilepe~KHBaHH~ 06paTHMOCTH HX IIpO- ~IeccyaJIBHOFO pa3BepTBIBaHH~I, H 3TPIM CaMblM ~UIa Ilepe~KHBaHH~I BO3MO~K- HOCTH OTK3OHeHH~I OT ce6~I TpaFHqeCKOFO HCXO)Ia C06I~ITHI~HI, IX cBepmeHgl~, c ~pyFo~I CTOpOHbI, np~ xy~IoxeCTBeHHOM Ilepe)KHBaHgH CHMyJII~TaHHOFO IIpHCyTCTBHg Bcex BpeMeHHMX II~IaCTOB B e~IHHOM OIIblTe Co3HaHY6I, rlpHqHHa H cJIeACTBHe MOFyT O6MeHHBaTI~C~ MeCTaMH, H IIOgTOMy TBOp~IeCKOMy co- 3i iaHmo OTKpblBaeTca BOSMOXHOCTb ~ I ~ CBO60~HOrO B~a)IeHna n p o I ~ e c c o i KO~{CTI~3ynpOBaHH~ HOBblX 3aKOHOMepHocTe~ npI~q~IHHOCTH ~ ~X p e r y ~ a p o - BaHH~I." HOBble IIp~leMl, I xy~o)KeCTBeHHOI4 TeXHHKH, COOTBeTCTBylOII~He 3THM cTpyKTypHBIM H3MeHeHH~IM, cpe~H HHX H MOHTa~KHaa TeXHHKa KOMIIOHOBKH pa3HblX IIpOCTpaHCTBeHHBIX H BpeMeHHBIX IUIOCKOCTeIff, CO3)Ia~OT B CMbI- CJIOBOM IIpOCTpaHCTBe IIpOIt3BedleHI, I~{ l~IJIJIIO3glO CBO60)IHOI4 Bapga6e~IbgOCTH OT)Ie~IbHBIX IIpOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHblX IIJIOCKOCTeI~ g qbpaFMeHTOB, HX ~leKOHCTpyKI~tlPI I4 lIOBTOpHOfI peKOHCTpyKIittrI. 4

H a OCHOBe sbImec~a~anHoro MO~HO 3aKYItOtIIlWb, qTO O~Hy ti30CItOB- HB~X qepT xy~Io~eCTBeHHO-H03HaBaTeJIgHI~PA ~ KyJ~I~TypHO-OHTOJIOFH~ecKI~X Mo2Iene~ MblmneHn~{, c~z~am~IX rlpeAnocblnKO~ ~n~ CHMynbTaHHOrO THIIa BOClIpH~ITH~t H TeXHHKH CHMyJIBTaHH3alIHH pH3HoypoBHeBblX ~IBJIeHH~ B I4cKyccTBe, COCTaB~IHeT ilpeo)~o~IeHHe YIHHeI~HOFO IIOHHMaHH~t BpeMeHH H IIpHHHHHOCTH, H 3THM CHMBIM TeMIIopa~IH3aliHa IIpOCTpaHCTBa H c l Ia l Iga- YIH3HIIH~I BpeMeHH. ~TH cTpyKTypHble H3MeHeHtDI 3aKOHOMepHO IIpHBeJIH K BO3HHKHOBeHHIO HOBOFO THIIa CBCTeMHOCTH MHpa ~tB~eHHH H I~eYiOCTHOCTH xy)~omecTBeHHOFO MMmJIeHH~, npH KOTOpOI~ OCO6blI~ aKIIeHT IIO~IyqaeT Bl~I- ~BJIeHHe ~HHaMH~{eCKOFO B3aHMo~e~CTBH~/ H BCeo6IIIe~ CB~3aHHOCTH MeXc~Iy e)IHHHtlHI~IMH, pa3~(eJIbHl~IMH ~IBJIeHHHMH. O)IHaKO cJIe2IyeT OTMeTHTI~, HTO HOBBle OTKpBITH~I B O62IaCTH xy~oYKeCTBeHHOI~ TeXHHKH, BBITeKalOIIIHe H~

124 Anna Han

3TOFO HOBOFO CHCTeMHOrO Hoaxo~a K MHpy ~BJIeHH~, HeCMOTp~ Ha TO, tITO C03~atOT HJIJIIO3HtO IIOJIHOTBI H IIeJIBHOCTH xy~IomeCTBeHHOrO 3i~an~a, B TO me c a n o e BpeM~I 3aI<OHOMepHo COtIpOgOmJIatOTC~ H onpe)le~eHrimMr~ HpoI~ec- CaMH pejIyK~riOHH3Ma KaK B 06JIaCTH xyJIomeCTBeHHOFO BrljIeHI~a, Tar H B ~popMax e ro BOCI~pOH3Be/~eH~IX. ~TOT riOCTeneHHSI~ pe~IyKtIgOHHaU, KOTO- pbI~ B CBOHX IIOCJIe)~HHX HTOFaX H HpHBOAHT K BO3HHKHOBeHHtO pa3HgIX BH)IOB 6eciipe~MeTHoro xyJIomecTBeHHOrO HBBIKa, CB~IZaH H C TeM, HTO HOBaIt CHCTeMa ~IHHaMriHeCKO~ B3ariMOCBItBaHHOCTH ~BXeHrI~ pacKpBmaeTc~ ~I rio- CTHraeTcH HCKJriOqHTeJIbHO TOJIBKO BO BHyTpeHHeM MHpe xyAomeCTBeHHOFO Co3HaH~, nO~TOMy ~TOT O~bIT HOBO~ CHCTeM~OCTH HOCHT aM6nBa~eHTHSlI~ x a p a ~ e p ,

l - lpo~r isope~ne pacm~peHHoro r~ s ~o me ~peMa pe~yKT~BHOrO BOC- HpH~TH~ MOmeT 6btTg oxapa~Tepr~3ogaHo c IIOMOII~BIO COHOCTaBJIeHH~ /IgyX THriOJ~OFI~HeCKH pa37~HHHBIX 6BITHI~HBIX H TeMr~opa~bHbIX MO~yGOB /IBJIeHH~ H BOCIIpHHHMaIOIIIeFO HX CO3HaHHII, 6t,ITHIt IIpoI~eccyaJIBHOFO, HalIpaBJIeH- HOFO Ha 3aJ~aHHyIO IIeJIB, H ~BITHfl CTaTHHeCKOFO, BBIpBaHHOFO H3 Hpo~ec- cyanBHOCTH H oFpaHHHeHHOFO ]IaltHBIM COCTOHHHeM. Ecni~ 9TO COriOCTaBJIe- HH~ c~opMyJIgpOBaTb HHSHe, MOmHO FOBOpHTB 0 "IIpOI~eCCe pa3BepTBIBaHHH gaK 3a~aHHOCTH" H 0 "COCTOHHHH KaK 7IaHHOCTH". FIpri BOCripH/ITHH 6BITHIt HBJIeHH~ B HX npoHeccya~hHOM pa3BepTt, lBaHgH, IIOCTyIIaTeY[BHbIe 9TanBI n p o m ~ o r o , HaCTOa~Iero H 6y/IyIIIero pa3~Ht~aroTc~ He TOJIBKO IIO CBOeMy TeMnopa~HO~y ~oz~ycy, aO n nO CBOeMy ~eaHOC~OMy C~aTycy. I/Ix x~dp- qbepeH~IHaJIBHB~e KaHeCTBeHHBIe HpH3HaKH CB~3aHBI HMeHHO C TeM, HTO ca- Mm~ B~ICOK~ tteH~OCmH~ CTaxyc 3aH~MaeT ocy~ecTBnZeMoe 6 y ~ y ~ e e KaK 3a~IaHHOCTB, onpe~tenzmmee Hanpa~aeHHe npo~ecca pa3BepTBIBaHH~. KagK- ~II, IH )IaHHBIH MOMeHT, Ka)g]Ioe COCTO~tHHe ~aK /IaHHOCTb no~yqaeT CBO~ KaHeCTBeHHt, II~ HpH3HaK H I~eHHOCTHBII~ CTaTyc OT OT6JIecKa 3a)~aHnoro, OT ~HHaJII~HOFO, TeJIeOJIOFHNeCKOFO CMbICJIa eFO cBeplIIeHHll.

[IpH CHMyJIbTaHHOM THIIe BOCIIpH/ITHH BpeMeHH, JIIOgoe ~aHHOe COCTO- ItHHe B CBOeH TotIeqHOCTII H MOMeHTaJIBHOCTH MO)t(eT HpHo6pecTri a6co- JIIOTHytO IIeHHOCTB H 3HaqHMOCTB, eCJIH IIO)I Bo3~eI~CTBHeM ero HHTeHCHB- HOFO nepemrmanna BO BHyTpeHHHX npe~eaax OCTaHOBJIeHHOFO MOMeHTa cnoco6Ha pacKp~,maT~cz ~c~ ~InHaMri~ec~az CeTB sceo6IIIefi CB/IaaHHOCTH. ~ MomHo IIOJIOI~TH K 9TO~ 3aKOHOMepHOCTH H C jlpyroI~ TOHI~ 3pe~n~, nro6oe ~lBJIeHtle Kan HeriocpeAcTSeHna~I 7IaHHOCTB, oKaaa~mric~ n ~poKyce ~IHTeH- CHBHOFO BOC17pHaTHg, MOTHBHpOBaHHOFO COCTOHHHeM "HpHHy~IHTeJIBHOCTH ~IymeBHoro ~IpaMaTrBMa", ecJiri BOCnOJ1B3OBaTBCa CJIOBaMH B o p a c a l-Iac~ep- HaKa (1-IacTepHaK 1991: 353), Mo:~eT paapacwr~cs ~Io IIpeJIezloB r a o 6 a ~ H o ~ CBJt3aHHOCTH Bcex JtBJIeHHI~. I/[MeHHO IIO3TOMy HMIIpeCCHOHHCTHqeC~H~ THII BOCIIpHItTHII, rIp~ KoTopoM BOCIIpHHHMatOILIH~ c y ~ e K T norpy)KaeTca B HHTeHCHBHBri~ OHBIT ~IaHHoro COCTOaHrIa ri, 3aMBri(a~icB KOY[BIIOM pacmi~peH- ItBIX paMog Aam~oro MOMeHTa, rmraomaeTc~l riM, MO~eT CTaTI~ 3auaTO~HO~ qbopuo~ CHMyJIBTariHOrO THIIa BOCIIpHHTriH (CM. Medarid 2002: 301-305).

3a~emtcu r, npo6aeme cumyabmanu3ma e no93uu u e atcueonucu 125

I-[OaTOMy Bceogma~ CIICTeMa ~HHaMHqecKIIX B3a14MOCB~t3e~, pacKpsI- BatOLLIa~C~ IIp14 C14MyJIbTaHHOM TH14e BOCIIp1411THIt BO BHyTpeHHeM MHpe CO- 3HaH145I, cyIIIeCTByeT TOJII~KO HptI ItItTeHC14BHOM tt IIp14HyJI14TeYIt,HOM n e p e - )K~BaH14H )IaHHOrO MOMe14Ta, qTO I4 eCTI~ TOTaYII~HOCT5 nepex~HBaH14~ ~IaHHOrO COCTOZH14n, rip14 KOTOpOM OTMeHgeTC~I 3a~a14140CT15 6y~ymero u )I14KTyeMsIe 14M I/e14HOCT14t,Ie op14ettT14pbI. BnaroAap~ aTOMy CH14MaIOTCIt KaHeCTBeHHsIe pa3n14~i14TenMtsle np143HaKH Me~jIy npomnr, IM, 14acwo~m14M H 6yAymttM. L~eHHOCTHBII~ CTaTyc I-IaCTO~IIleFO MOMeHTa B e ro ocylIIeCTBJIetIHOCT14, H lle14- HOCTHt,I~ CTaTyc 6 y ~ y m e r o S e ro 3a2Ia~IHOCTI~, wd~ymero CBOeFO ocyIJIeCT- BJIeI-IItIt, ypaBH14BaIOTC~I !4 BO3t114KaeT HHaII, KaHeGTBeHHO FOMOFeHHa~ G14- CTeMHOCTB. ~Ty KaHeCTBeHHyIO FOMOFe14HOCTB BCeM COCTaBJI/ItOIH14M 9TOfI CHCTeMSI np~Io6maeT 14MeHHO 3MOII140HaJIBI-Iag 14 14c14xonor~IqecKa~ oKpa- meHHOCTb 14epe)gHBaH~t~, rrp14KpenneHHoro K AaHHOMy MOMeHTy (CM. CH- H~IBCKUfI 1965: 41-55) . C06CTBeH140 rosop~ , ytI14BepcarlI~Ha~i CttCTeMa Baatt- MOCBII314 eCTS He qTO 14HOe, KaK y1414Bepca~143aII14~ BHyTpe14Hero o6~eMa [Iepe)K14BaHH/I jIaHtIOrO MOMe14Ta, KOTOpBIfI TaKIIM 06pa3oM CaM CTa140B14TClI 3a~aHHOCTbtO 14 r tpgo6peTaeT a6contOTHytO 314atItlMOCTIa. HaM IIpe)ICTaBJDt- eTC~I, ~ITO IIMeHHO aTa 3aKOHOMepHOCTb MoYKeT cJIy)KIITI~ (~yHKI214OHaJIIa14IJIM 067~tctIetttteM oP6HaMeHTaJIBttOCT14 KaK CTtlJIeBOFO ~IBJIeH14g B CoBpeMettHOI~ Hpoae 14 no9314m I/IMeHHO B 3aBttC14MOCTtI OT TeMIIOpaJII~HOI'O MO~yca 3TOFO 14HTettCtlBHO nepe)r14BaeMoro MOMeHTa r a n ~alt140CT14, OT e ro np14Ha~ne)r- 14OCT14 K 14pomnoMy, HaCTO~meMy, 14rig ~Ke K BOO6pax~aeMOMy 6y~ymeMy, o14peAengeTc~t B 06paaHO-CMI~ICnOBO!~ cTpyI~Type xy~o~eCTBeHHOrO TercTa ttaiIpaBne14ttOCTg pa3BepTbIBamI~I op14aMeHTaYIlSttO~ CeT14 BaaHMOCBII3e~, OHa Mo~KeT IIpOCTI~paTt, C~ OT HaCTO~II~eFo K npomnoMy, o6neKa~ BecB 06~eM co~ep~ai~ri~ 14pomnoro o14r, ITa Tparn~ecKo~ oKpame14gOCTMO HaCTO~II~eFo MOMeHTa (Ka~ B II033tlg panHe~ AXMaTOBOfi), HO o14a MO~eT pac14pOCT14paT~ ~opMym, r BOCIIpH/IT141t ~ nepe~14BaH14~ apxeT14H~qecI(o~ 3HatI14MOCT14 ~eTCTBa Ha Becr, rlpeAr, Urcm14~ xo;l rlaCToamero 14 6y~ymero, nornonla ,q Hx B CBOI~ rrpe~e:14,~ ( K ~ B rlpoae ByH14Ha, B UaCTHOCT14 B a~To614orpaqbrI~eCKOM pOMaHe )Kuxm, Apcem, eea).

1-Iapannem, HO c m,~me oxapa~Tep14aozaH14~r~n cTpyI(Typm, I~H c)Isnra- M14 B xy~torxeCTBeHHOM BocnpHZTHr~ npeMeHm 143MeHHJ~OC~ 14 ripe~lcTaBnenHe o qb14314qecI(OM npocTpa14CTBe, KOTOpOe cy~IeCTByeT I(a~ 6r~ HeaaB14C14MO OT 3a140n14~rom14x e ro ~BJIeHH~ 14 cny~14T BHem1414M ycnoB14eM 14 IIOripHILIeM 14pOTeKaHHIt 14X 6I~IT14/I. OHO 3aMeH/ieTc~i XHBI, IM OIIt~ITOM BeqHO CTa140B~I- IILeFoclt X14HaMtttleCKoFo 14pocTpaHCTBa, 2IBttraTeJIeM KOTOpOFO IIBJI~IeTCg pHT- M14qecga~ IlyYlt, calI14II, 140~I06HO "cepztlIe614eHrlIO" X~14BOFO opraH143Ma. I/IMe14 - HO 6naro~apz "TeMIIOpaJ1H3alIgH" npocTpaHCTBa, BttejIpeH14IO allan vital, ~K143rle14HOrO 14OpblBa B TpexMep14oe npOCTpaHCTBO, 14peo~IoneBaeTca T~irOTe- 14He HpOCT13a14CTBa K pacnl , IJieHglO, aTOMH3alIttH, 14 CTa140B14TCg BO3MOXtSHt,IM 14rlTerpaLI14J~ pa3HSlX IIpOCTpatlCTBeHHlblX TOqeg B O)IHO l /enoe. TaK14M o6pa - 3OM npocTpa14CTBO TepgeT CBOI] 14epBoHatlaYII, HO FlyCTOI~, agcTpaKTHt, II~ xa -

126 Anna Han

paKTep, ero CTaHOBneH~e n p o n c x o ) m x cnMyn~TanHo C npotIeccoM y c z a ~ o - Bnenna Bnyxpense f i CB~I3aHnocTn 3aIIOJItDllOIIInX ero ~IBJIeHIcII~. I/Inane ro- BOp~l, I4 BpeM~t It IIpOCTpaHCTBO B tlX HepacqJIeHaeMocTn CTattOB~ITC~I ~O~M0.~ BnyTpeHHefi CB/t3aHttOCTn ~iBYIeItn!~, a He BI~emH~IM yCJIOBHeM laX 6bITn~I.

1.2. BceeOmtcmao u geabnocmb nan Ouna~uu~tec~ca,q cucmema a~au~toOe~cm-

eu(2

Bcnex 3a Kpn3IICOM paImoHam~cTnqecKo~ MoAeJIH no3naHna, KaK B HayKe, TaK t IB HCKyCCTBe pa3pa6axbmmOTCa HOBble, nocTpa~HoHan~cxHqecK~e nO- 3HaBaTeJIbgBIe n KyJIbTypHO-OHTOJIOr~t~eCK~Ie npOeKTbI, KOTOpgle pyKOBO)ICT- ByIOTClt lleYIbIO BOCCTattOBYIeHtlg noTepaHHON "IIeJIbHOCTn" KapTnHbI M~pa n

cTpyKTyp~I CozHaH~a. 8 Torj Ia KaK pa~oHaaHcTn~ecKaa Mo~IeJ~L aHaYIIITH- • tecKoro II03HanlIIt paccMaTpHBaeT Ka)KAOe aB~ienHe B ero ~HA~BH)Iyan~HO~ e)~iiHnqHocTn i4 pa3)IeJIbHOCTtt, H )IYI~ C03AaHtDI HX "O~IIIHOCTH" Iipe~iJIaraeT

nyT~ o6o6men~a, BeAymero OT H~IJI~BU)Iyan~I~O-KORKpeTHOrO ~ B a e ~ a OTBJIetIeHHO-IIOItItTIIfIHOMy OgUleMy, ItOgI~Ie IlOcTpaIinoHa.rlncTnqecKHe rIyTH Ho3I-IaHn~ cTpeM~ITCfl CO3)~aTI~ waKne MoAe~H Bceo6II~e~ IleY[OCTHOCTH, rjIe coxpaHaJ~ac~ 6 ~ ~HAHBnAyansHa~ KOHKpeTHOCTt, ~ a ~ I o r o e x ~ n ~ H o r o aBJ~eHga, g OHO, 6y)IyqH B TO )Ke CaMoe BpeMa ~ opraHrIqecKo~ qaCTI,~O IIeJIOCTHO~ cTpyKTypI~I, B CBepHyTOM BII)~e c o ~ e p x a n o 6s~ B ce6e BCrO CnOX- HyIO CeTt, B3atlMOOTHOIIIeHHfI Me~,~y OT~eY/~bHt, IMrI ~B.rleHH~MH. OcyIReCTB3Ie- H~e TaKoro no3naBaTem, Horo I~poeKTa npe~monaraeT HOBm~ ~ n )!HItaMn- ~ e c r o r o COOTHOIIIeHnlt u e ~ y qaCT~IO rI IIeJII~IM, Mex~y e~I~4~IrIqHb~M ~I

nceo6~nM, n p n KOTOpOM o6mee BO3HnKanO 6~I He ny~eM o 6 o 6 ~ e n n a na e;~HttnqHo-nHjittBttjIyaJIMtoro, a n p e 2 n o n a r a n a c ~ 6 ~ BO3MO)KnOCTI~ TaI(OI~ (~OpMbI IIeJIOCTItOCTIt, I')Ie CTaHOBHTCg BO3MO~HbIM BOIIYiOII~eHtte MHO)KeCT- BeltHOCTn B e~nHH~II-IOM la o6mero B ng)IIIBnjlya~t, noM ~blTHH. 9 HaM Ka- 7KeTCIt, qTO HMeHHO 3TOT )IttI-IaMHtlecKH~ THII BetlttO KOJIe6fitOlllHxca B3aHMO- OTHOLUeHHI~ MexAy qflCTgIO g IIeJIblM ftBYiJteTC~I FHOCeOJIOFnHecKoI~ n OHTO- nornnecKo~ r~peAr~ocNJH;O~ Tex xy)Io~KeCTBenHo-gcTeTHqecKHx npOeKTOg, l~pg KOTOpBIX c03•aeTcJt BO3MO)KHOCTB )IJIf[ cnMyJIBTaHIt3aI/HH TaKHx ~epap- xi~necKn paanopaHroB~iX gpeMeItHt, IX nnoc rocTe~ n BeJIIdqnH raK BeqI-IOCTI, H MOMeHTaJIBHOCTB, M ~Ipe~nonaraeTc~, c O~IHO~ CTOpOHbI, BO3MO)KHOCTI~ cBepTI~iBann~l, "ynaKOBKn" Be~HOCTH B npe~enax MOMeHTa, a c ~pyro~, BO3- MoxnocT~, pa~BepT~maHna, "pacnai;oBKn" Moueaxa ao npe~IeJIOB Be~HOCTn (CM. IIacTepHaK 1991: 354-359), a r~x ~mHaMnnecKaa n3anMoo6paTnMOCX~ cHoco6na BOCCO3)IaTb o~yli~enHe BetII-IOFO, TBopqecKoFO CTaHoBneHH~ Bcero IIpOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHOFO KOHTHHyyMa B ero )I(HBOH opraHntlHOCTI4 n IIeJIOCTHOCTH. 10

HaM KaxeTca npaBOMepHblM yTBep)KJIaTl~, qTO 6e3 CnCTeMHOrO no]I- xo~a K Mnpy ~IBJIeHHfI, 6e3 ~Ipe/IIiOJ~OmeHna o cyIIIeCTBOBaHtlH 3aKOHa Bce-

3wvtemnu ~ npo6ae~ue cumya~,ma~tuxma a nogxuu u e c~cueonucu 127

o6me~ CB~I3aHHOCTIt Me~Ay IIB3eHHIIMH, HeT HtI CHMyYlbTaHHOFO THHa BOC- IIpIt~TH~[, HH BO3MO)KHOCTtl CI4My~I~TaHtt3alIIIH pa3po3HeHnbrx ftBJIeHttfI C IIOMOII1MO xy)Iox~eCTSettltOfI TeXHttKI~. l/I 3Ta B3atlMOCBII3aHHOCTI~ B paBItO~ Mepe MO~tCeT cKpI~IBaTI~C~I S cBepHyTOM BttJIe BO BHyTpeutteM a;Ipe ~tBJIeHHI~,

ox<H)Ia~ CBOeFO pacgpblTH~, H nO Mepe CBOeFO ~pO~B~eHHa H pa3BepTbIBaHHS pa3MblKaTb 3aMKHyTOe, IIJIaCTHqecKoe TeJIO BelIIel~, KaK ri MONET pacl ipo- CTHpaTt, Ca Ha ~BJIeHHn cBepxy, o6JIeKa~ ~IX CeTblO B3atlMOCBft3H BI, IClIIero nopa~IKa. ~l

O~I-1aKO TaKo~ CHCTeMHBII~ IIO;VXO)I, npe~nonaratomn~ CylIIeCTBOBaHHe 3aKoHa Bceo6IIIel~ )IHHaMH~IecKof[ B3aHMOCB~i3aHHOCTH B MHpe ~BJIeHtlI~, MO)KeT IIpOHBJIItTI, C/t B O6JIaCTH xyJIo)KecTBeHHO_~ TeXHHKH B pa3JIHqHblX qbopMax, H3 KOTOpBIX xOHeTC~I BBuIeJIHTB TOJIt, KO ABa OCHOBHBIX THIIa.

B IlepBOM c~yqae n3 MHOXeCTBa ~IBJIeHHf~ BI, I~e~I~teTc~ O)IltO onpe)le- aeHHoe ~B~ieHrle, Ha KOTOpOe HalIpaBJIeH qbogyc BOCIIptI/tTtlII, H 3TO aBJIeltrle, CTaBIIIee IIprI3MO~ BOCIIpIIIITIt~I It )IJIJt )IpyFIIX ~IBJIeHHI~, paccMaTp~BaeTc~ OCMBICYlgeTC~I B CBOefI IIOYIHCNHKtlHOHaJII~HOCTH, B CrlCTeMe MHoroaa~pa- BJIeHHbIX B3aHMOCBII3eI~. B IITOFe 3TOFO, oT~e~sn~Ie qbyH~imOnmlSH~ie CBH3H AaHHOFO ~BJIeHH~ B xy)Io)KeCTBeHHOM IIpocTpaHCTBe MOFyT oIIpeAMeqHBaTI,- C~I, BBIpHCOBbIBaTBC/I B KaqeCTBe opHaMeHTaJII, HO~ CeTrI, rI IIpH 9TOM CaMO

~B~eHne MO)KeT pacmegazT~C~, n~maT~c~ CBOe~ npe~!MeTHO~ t I e ~ n o c T ~ npe~paT~TSca B M~ICZnM~I~ npe~MeT. 3~Iec~, ~a~ HaM ~axeTC~, ~Ie~CTByeT OqeH~ ~pocTaz 3a~oHoMepBocT~, COCTO~ma~ B TOM, qTO Te~ecHa~ I ~ e ~ - HOCTI~, ~iJiaCTrlqecKa~ I~orepeHTHOCTI, JIIO6Oro Iipe~MeTa coxpau~eTca TOm, gO IIpII ero BOClIptt~ITHH B OAHOM, onpe~e~enHoM pa~ypce, MHOFOacIIeKTyaJIt,- H~Ifi a~e IIO~XO;~ a6cTparnpyeT npeAMeT, paaMslKaeT ero rpaHmls i n paaM~i- BaeT ero KOHTypM. I-[pH CHMyJIbTaHHOM TrlIIe xy)IoxeCTBeHHOFO BOCIIpHIITHH IIO~IBJIIIeTCH HOBBII~I THII a6cTpaKI~Hg, IIpHHIIHIItlaJIBHO OTYIHtIatOI//HI~Cll OT oIIepaI_IHH JIOFHtleCKOFO O606II~eHHH palI;HOHaJIHCTHtleCKOFO MBIILIJIeHI~, H

KOTOphlfI O~IHaKO BCe x e OcTaeTc~ a6cTparHpylOIIIHM THIIOM MI, ImJIeHH~. Bo BTOpOM cY~y-qae MHO)KeCTBO gBJIeHHfI BOCIIpHHHMaeTclI H paccMaTpHBaeTclt B CBOeM CmlOmHOi eilHHCTBe II0)I orlpe~eJIeHHI~IM yrJIOi 3 p e H ~ , KOTOpI, I~ B

pa3HopoAH~IX ~tBneH~X 6~aro~ap~ BHyTpeHseMy ~HTerpI~pyloIIteMy 3peomo B~iCBemasae~ Te me ca i~ Ie OCHOBHSle Ka~IeCTBeHHI, Ie IIp~3~Ia~n H COOT~eTCT- BylOlime HM 3JIeMeHTapnl~Ie qbopMyJIl, I H pa3JIIt~Int,Ie HX KOttqbI'IrypaIItm. 12

II. Om uMnpeccuo,ucmu~ecKoeo muna xyOoc~cecmaeHnoeo eocnpuamua ~c cuMy~bmattu3My

B AaHHOfI CTaTbe HaM XOTeJIOCb 6hi Ilpe~JIO)KHTB TaKyIO TpaKTOBKy ~BJIeHII~I cHMyYlbTaHH3Ma B COBpeMeHItOM IIcKyCCTBe, COFJIaCHO KOTOpO~I eFO BO3HIIK- HOBeHHe BOCXO)IHT K IlepBoMy, KJIaccHtleCKOMy IlepI~oJIy HMIIpeCCHOHII3Ma KaK HOBOFO THIIa xy2IO)KeCTBeHHOH CeHCHTHBHOCTH H BH3yaJIbltOfI gyJIbTyplbI.

128 Anna Hart

IA~rryaLcoM an~ TaKoro OCMLIC~eHnsi cnMynbralln3Ma n o c a y ~ n a a Teope- TII~ecKasi t~om~ermHsi, n3~o~elllla~ B KnHre A. FeaeHa Zeit-Bilder. Zur So- zioIogie und ]{sthetik der modernen Malerei (Gehlen 1987: 85-95).

ABTOp Ha3BaltllO~ Kllllrll ~IMeliHO B HMIIpecctlOHIa3Me IlepBofI BOJIHI, I BmmT HauaJIO IIpO~S~eH~Isi Bcex BII~OB xyxoxeCTBeHHOrO KOHIIenTyaJIll3Ma II a6cTpaKTlloro Xl~BOlmClloro Si3~ma. Cor~acHo 3TO~ KOHllenlmH, ImlTeHH- ~IIOHaJIbHOCT]5 HalIpsi)KeHHOFO BtI3yaJIl~lloro BOClIplisiTHIt HMeHHO B HMIIpec- CHOHIt3Me 6l, Iaa BIIepBble o6paliIeHa He Ha MIIp (~It3HtleCKHX SiBJIellllfl, a Ha CaMbI~ Ilpol/ecc tIx BOClIptISITIISI. ~TOT C~BIIr B yCTaliOBKe xyJIo>KeCTBeliHOFO BHj!eliiiIf IIpltBeJI K TOMy, qTO 113 OIITH~IeCKOFO Kpyro3opa HaqaYIH BBIIIa~IaTI~ ~H3HtleGKHe SIBJIeHIISI CO CBOHMH IIJIaCTtIqeCKIIMH CBOHCTBaMH, g Ha tea MecTe OCTaJIaCb JIHillb BH6pHpytomasi CeT~ IIBeTOBblX IISITeli, KOTOpa,'I o6pa- 3OBaJIaCb 113 OIITIIqeCKHX KaqeCTB, H3HaqaJIbHO IIpHHa~JIeXCalILHX K CaMtlM Ilpe/IMeTaM, HO 060C06JleHHblX OT CBOHX Ilpe)IMeTllblX HOCtITeJIe!~, 6yiaI'oJIa- psi I-IOBOfI IIpII3Me BH~eHH/I. HOBaII BH3yaJIbHa/t KyJII, Typa HMIIpeccI~IOHII3Ma, F~Ie cy6q3eKTIIBHa~[ pe~JIeKCtt~i HaripaBJiella Ha CaMylO CliIOCO611OCTb BII)IeHIISI, COFJIaCliO KOHILelIIIIIII A. FeJIeHa, pacmllp~eT BO3MO)KIIOCTII BH3yaJIbI-IOFO BOClIplisiTIISI H OTKpbIBaeT HOBOe OIITllqecKoe IIpocTpaHCTBO BHyTpeHIIeFO, HHTeJIJIeKTyaJII, I-IOFO BH~eHIIJt, KOTOpOe rlam~llaeT 3MaHCHIIIIpOBaTI~C~I OT IIpocTpaHCTBa BHemHero, ~ll3IIqecKoro BOClitpli~ITIISI. ~TO HHOBOe OlllTlltleCKoe IIpOCTpaHCTBO B 6 6 ~ m e ~ Mepe 6y~eT 3aBtICeTb OT KatIeCTBeliHblX IIpli3Ha- KOB MeHTaJIbHOFO H HHCHXHNeCKOFO COCTOSIHH/t BOClIpHHIIMaIOIIIeFO cy6~eKTa, gem OT )Ie~CTBllTeJII~llblX (~H3HqecKIIX KaqeCTB BOCtlpliiiiiMaeMblX ltBflellttl~. TaKo~ pacmKa:ist~Zlfi IIOBOpOT B xy~oxeCTBeHHO~ ceHCHT~BHOCTII C O)IHO~ CTOpOH~I npe)lea~llo pacm~p~eT BO3MO)KHOCTH BH~IeHII/t (Be~Ib)UI~I coaep- IIaHIISI HMrlpecclioiiiiCTIItleCKIIX KapTHH HOT 3pllTeJIlt Tpe6yeTcsi COBepllIell- no HOBaZ yCTaHOB~a, OH ~IO~X<eH "~epecTaBllT~" CBOII HaB~IKII Bll3yaJI~HOrO BOCrlp~aTII~ n yqliT~CS pe~nei~T~poBallmo C06CTBeliHO~ ~rI3yaJISHO~ Kyn~- TypbI), C Apyro~ CTOpOHt~I BbI3l~IBaeT pa/IllKaJIBHl, ie lllaMeHHell~a KaK B CTaTyce BOClipmmMaeM~iX SiBaetm~, Ta~ ~ B cl loco6e ~esiTe~IIOCTII xy~oxeCTBeli- HOrO COaHaliii~t. 17IoB~ituerme pon~ ri yTOll~IeHlle qbopM "oll~ll~ect<o~ peqbJie~- CrlH", cor:IaCHO KOHIIeliIIHH A. FeJIella, iiOKOJie6mlO CaMOCTO/iTeJIbI-IblfI OHTO- JIOFHqeeKI~Ifi CTaTyc SIBJIeFIII~ ~I IIX IIIJIaCTIIqecKHX CBOI~CTB, H CIIOC06CT- BOBaJIO HX llOCTelIelllloMy a6cTparllpoBaHHmo B tlllCTble IIBeTOBbIe KaqeCTBa ti CBeTOBBIe ~ellOMeHbI.

HaM IlpedLCTaBJIaeTC~I lllpaBoMepllI~IM llpe)mo~oT~eu~e o TOM, q[TO IIMeHHO 3~Iecl,, Ha IlepBOM 3TalIe BO3HIIKHOBeHIISI IIMIIIpeCCtlOHII3Ma BOBHII- KaIOT llepBl~Ie OllblTbI CHMyJIBTaHII3alIIIII )~ByX pa3Yl~IqHl, lX ~opM AeaTeJII,- HOCTH CO3HaliiiII: ClIOHTaHIIO~, IleplIelITllBHO~ 2tesiTeJII, HOCTH, 3alieqaTJieBaIO- me~ aB2Iellllsi B HX CHtOMIIIIyTIIO-q nnenocpe~cTBeHHao~ )IaHHHOCTII, I~ annep- IIelITHBHOI~, peqbJieKTHpylomefi Ae~Te~bHHOCTH CO3Haliii~I, KOHCTpyllpyloIIIe~ ~I3 pa3po3HHelllll, IX ~qbeMepHHsix BneqaTJIellla~ e~I~igolIeJiocTny~o KapTlllly IIpI~- poRttoro Mllpa. B HOBO~ IIMIIIpecclioHIICTHqeCKOfI I<yn~Type xyjIo)KeCTBeli-

3amem~u ~ npo6ae~ue cwuyabmauux:ua e no33uu u 8 o~cueonucu 129

HOH CeHCHTHBHOCTH BO3HHKaeT BOripoc 0 BO3MO>KHBIX CIIOCO6aX co rnaco - BaHHOCTH H cOqeTaeMOCTH 3TriX AByx pa3~HqHBIX ypOBHe~ )~e~Te~bHOCTH XyAo>KeCTBeHriOrO Co3HaHgH.

Pa3nHnHBm THIIBI HX CB~I3aHHOCTH H COOTBeTCTByIOIIIHe HM xy~o>KeCT- SeHHI, Ie IlplleubI CHMyJIBTaHH38HHH OTYIHHatOTCIt OAHOfI o 6 m e ~ gepTo~: B HX HpeAenax B3aliMOOTHOIIIeHHe IlepllelIT~IBHO~ (C06CTBeHHO riMIIpeCCHOHriCTn- ~ecKoI~) H alIIIeplIelITriBHOfi (peqb~eKTllpy~omefi II KOHCTpyllpyloIIIe~) Ae~- TeJIbHOCTII C03HaHriB He peryJIllpyeTc~ 3aKOHOM JlriHefIllO~ HOCJIe~OBaTeJIb- HOCTII, Me>KAy HIIMH OTKpMBaIOTClt HOBBIe ~IHHaMlltleCKrie TrillM B3aliMO- OTHOIIIeHIII~. O~HaKO BapliaHTM COtleTaeMOCTII 3TIIX ~ByX ypOBHel~ )Ie/ITeJIb- HOCTII xyJ?:oxeCTBeHHOrO Co3HaHIIa 6y)IyT pa3pa6oTaHl~i B TeopeTll~IeCKHHX MaHHqbecTax HH B xyjIo>KeCTBeHHOfI npaKTlli(e HOBBIX >KHBOriHCHBIX llIgo.rI IlperiMyrileCTBeHHO B 3IIOXy IIOCTriMIIpeccriorill3Ma I4 aBaI-IFapAa. ~OeTaTOqHO BClIOMHIITI, caMoai-IaJiri3 B. I£aH)IIIIICKOrO B aBTO611orpaqblltIeCKOM 3TIOAe 'CTyneHri ' , TeKCTbI jIeKJIapallri~ Jlyqri3Ma, CqbopMyJIllpOBaHlll, Ie M. JlaprioHo- BI, IM I13III CTaTt, tt II. qbriYIOriOBa II ero IIHCBMO K Bepe IIIomlo (CM. JlapllolloB 1913; KaHAHIICKri~ 1918; ~riJIOHOS 1928 [1978]). B 9noxy >Ke HMIIpeccrio- HH3Ma BO31111KaJIH elIIe xyAo>KeCTBeriHBIe }IHJIeMMBI IIHOFO nopaAKa, KOTOpI, Ie C OCO60~ peYiseqbHOCTLIO BBlpriCOBBIBaJIIICB IIMeHHO B pyCCKOM IlMIIpeccllO- Hri3Me py6e)Ka BeKOB, IIOCKOJIBKy 3TO 6bI~O y>Ke BTOpOfI BOJIHOft ~IMIIpeccrio- Hri3Ma riO cpaBHeHIIIO c 3alIa~lloeBpolIe~CKO~ MoAeJIt,to pa3BriTllg >KriBOIIIIIG- HO~ Ky~BTypLI.

HMeHHO 6~aro~apa IIMIIpecclioriliCTIItleCKOMy TglIy xyAo>KeCTBeHHOFO BOCllpli/tTria OTKpBIBaeTc~ riOBOe OlITriqecKoe HpocTpaliCTBO, KOTOpOe IIOCTe- IlellH0 060CO6JI~eTCa OT BHelIIrieFO, qbH311tleCKOFO OIITIItleCKOFO IIpOCTpaI-ICT- Ba H riaqllllaeT )IeflCTBOBaTb rio CBOHM BHyTpeliHIIM 3aKollaM, llOgBJIJriOTCII xyAo>KeCTBeriHI~Ie IlpejIIIOCblJIKll "y2IBOeHllII" 3pliTeJIBHBIX CriOCO6HOCTe~, pa3JIritIeHllg "Bll~glIIeFO 17Jia3a", T. e. ClIOC06riOCTII BOCripriltTH/t d)Fl3riqecKllX 3pliTeJI~HLIX ~qbqbeKTOB, I~ylJmX OT llH~llBri~IyaJmHO-ImHI~peTH~IX ~B~e l l~ , II "311alOlIiero" r~asa, T. e. ClIOC06HOCTII "~AeTll~ieci<oro ' ' BriAeHllII, IlOCTri- ra~omero 3a BnemI-IeI~ lllJIaCTlltleCKOl~ qbopMofi ~lBJIellgl~ IIX CylI/II-IOCTIIylO qbopiyJIy.

TBOp~IeCKI~e AHJIeMMH, CBaaaallt, Ie C IIOltBJIeHHeM AByX pa311oKaqecT- BeHHI, IX TriIIOB BIt)IeHIIIt, B pycc~o~ xy~Io>KeCTBeli-IIIOI~ KpliTIIKe lla'-IaJta X X BeKa 6~iari CqbopMyJIripOBaHl, I IIMeHIIO Ha MaTepHHaJie aHaJiM3a ~BO~CTBeH- HOrO CTriJIeBOrO dpelloMella 3alIO3~IaJIoro pyccKoFo HMIIIpecclioiiii3Ma, ){{IlBO- IIriCHag cricTeMa BaJieHTlli-ia CepoBa AYI~ xy)Io>KecTBellriol~ KpliTHKH oKa3a- JlacI, IlpllMepoM cOCylIIeCTBOBaHII~t pa3JIHHqllI~IX CTHHYleBI~IX qbopMalIItl~ B ripe- ~IeJIax oA~to~ aBTOpCKOI~ CriCTeMBI. CepoB IlponleJI ilyr~, 0T Ilepe~IBriXHri- tIeCKHX TpaAIII_IHI~ K HMIIpeccliOHII3My, ri OT llMllpeccriorill3Ma K CTllJIll3aI~rill II ~ coaAaJamo grand style B ~Iyxe celIecc~oHa ri Aa>Ke i~ nepsslM qbopMaM a6cTpaI~TllO-3KclIpeccllollriCTllqecKoro >KIIBOIIIICliOrO S~LIKa Ha TaKIIX Im- ~OTIIax Kat~ ' I IopTpeT HJ1J, I Py6riHmTel~H' (Capa6l~HOB 1980 :172-181) .

1 30 Anna Han

XyN~oIKeCTBeHHhII~ Kp11TttK H. PaAaoB B CTaTbe ' T p a r e ~ a CepoBcKoro TBOpqeCTBa' Haxo)111T OCO~blH Ha311JIaTeJIbHbI~ CMbIC31 R31/t HCKyCCTBa X X BeHa B TBopqecKo~ cy~b6e CepoBa. HCTOK11 3TOrO TparllzMa oH BH)1HT He B rpaHI~t~ax xy)1omecTBenHoro ~xapOBaHH~ >XHBOnHCIm, a "B CaMO~ C11CTeMe HcHyCCTBa BTOpOro nOKOaeItn~ rIMnpecc110H11CTOB" (Pa)131OB 1914: 34). H a B3r31~I)~ I(p11T11Ka, B~iCTyn31e1111e nepBoro 110I(031eHHZ qbpaHLIyaCKnX 11~rIpec- CtlOH11CTOB C OC060~I HarJLq)1110CTblO )18510 OIIIyT11Tb O)1Hy tt30CHOB1113IX ~1131eMM xyAo>KecTBeHHoro TBopnecTBa, COCTO~my~o B c31exyromeM: n~o6o~ xy)10)tfH11K CT831KttBfleTC~t C Bo11pOCOM 0 TOM, OT11paBJIJteTC~I 3111 OH OT IIIKOJIb- 11bIX aKC110M yC310BHOFO KaHOHa, OT npeABap11Te31bHoro 3HaH11S O M11pe 11pr~- po)1bI II JtB31eHH~, I4 TaK11M 06pazoM r~p11Me11~eT "11poeKIIHOHHb11¥' MeTO)1, m m ~Ke CaM "BbmCKrmaeT" HOBbm HaHOHb~ 11 CTpO~T HoBy~o xy)10)KeCT- BeHH3aO C11CTeMy 113 cBoero Henocpe)1CTBeHHOrO OnblTa. I/IMnpecc11OHHCTbI r~epBoro 11OKO31e11I<I~I Hbi6pa~11 3TOT II0C31e~1111~ 11yTb, Korea XOTeJI11 "rI11CaTb TO31bI~O C HaTypbf', 110TKaZblBa~Cb OT "npe)1Bap11Te31b~rx 3HaH111~", ormpa- 3111Cb Ha Henocpe)1cTHeHHOCTb BneqaT31eH11fL 11 e)1I~HCTBeHHblM HCTO~IH11KOM xy)1omecTBeHHO~ HCTHHbI npH3HaBa~H TOglbKO npllpoAy B e e He~e3111MO~ L~e31BHOCT11 H paBHOL~eHHOCT11 BO Bcex ee ~aCT~tX. O)1HaKO 11Me11HO B IlpO-

t tecce paapa6oTH11 X)~BOnllCHOrO /I3glKa ~pacoK 11 3111H~, KOTOp~I~ cTa~ 65I aJIeKBaTHI, IM TaKOMy T1111y Hellocpe)1cTBeHnoro BOCllp111tT11II, 11 o6napyx11- BamTC~ 11pOT11Bope~11S, 3a~oXeHHbIe H CaMOfi 3TO~ xy~IoxecTHe11HOf~ 3a)1a~e.

"B11Aam11~ r31a3", coaep~a~omllfi npllpo)1y ~<aK ae)1e3111Moe tte31oe, Ha- q11HaeT 3a6NHaTb O cyII~eCTBOBaHH110T)1e31BHI3IX 11peAMeTOB (11~eromllx cHoe 11pe)1Ha3Hatie11110e MeCTO B C11CTeMe pea31bHO~ )1efICTB11TeYIt,110CTH, 11 COOT- BeTCTBeHHO 3TOMy ~ CBOIO 11H)1nB11)1ya~yro 1131acTrmecHym dpop~y 11 310- Ha.rlbHbIfI HO~IOp11T), 11 1]OCTelleH11o CTa11OBHTCa "3HaBOIII11M F31a3OM", Ha~11- HaeT B11)~eTb "TO31bKO ~THa, COCTaB~[~OUI11e 06U/11~ y~op". B 11Tore, OT- )1e31bHoe 115tTHO, 11Me~oI~Iee nepBoHaqa~11o CBO~ 31oKa~bHb~ ~BeT H ~bopMy, 11OCTer~eHHO 110Aq11HaeTC~t O6IIIeMy y3opy KpacoqHblX II~tXeH. ~TO 3aKO110- Mepllo HpaBO~T K TOMy, qTO Ha>K)1oe OTAe31bHOe ~tD31eH11e Ha~ta~HaeT BOC- 11pttH11MaTBCg Hall y3op, Hal< dpopMyJm ~HneH11S 11 g11maeTcz CB0e~ 11nacTr~- qecHor] o6~eMHOCT11 11 npeBpamaeTcs B 11310CKOCT110~ opHaMeHT. C11CTeM11a.q CB~I3811HOCTb ~IB31eH11~ Tpallcdpop~11pyeTcz B a6cTpaKTHy~ opllaMe11Ta~bHym CeTB.

3Ham4e xy)10}KHHKa-11MHpecc11011HCTa 0 M11pe, 11epBollaqa.rtbllo H11TaIO- meeca H30HBITa HeHocpe)1CTBeHHblX Br~eqaT31eH11fL HOCTeI~e11HO CTattOBItTCll "npoeI<g11OSHbrM 3HaHHeM", B ycTaHos~e BOClIpllsT11a CHosa I~por~cxo)1HT c)1Hur, "B11~Zln~ rna~" CHOHa npeBpamaeTcz B " 3 H a t o m ~ r~az". X e ~ c r s n - Te31BHa~, ~IpllpO)1Ha~ CBYI3b Me)~Ay SIBXeHH~IMH Tep~eT CBO~O )K11BOII11CHyIO 3HaHHMOCTI~, xy)10)K1111K yx~e He c31e)1nx aa ~opMaMH )1el]CTB11Te31bHbIX ~pe)1- MeTOB, Ta~ Ha< OH nepecTaeT r~x BOCllprI11IIMaTt, 13 CBOefI HenocpeAcTBeHHO~ )1att11OCT11. 1-IepBOHaqSJIbHa.q "c31yqal~I-IOCTb", CmOM1111yTttOCTb nocllpnzTaa aB31eHH~ qb11311~ecKoro M11pa Ha H31OCHOCT~ XO31CTa nprm6peraeT "a6co-

3 a ~ e m ~ u K npo6ae~te cuMyabmanu3~ta e no93uu u e ~cueonucu 131

YItOTHBIH" xapa~Tep, xy)IO)KHHK co3)laeT HOBBIH yCJIOBHLIH KaHOH, H60 BO BHyTpe~HeM (HHTeJuIeKTyaJIBHOM) OIITHqeCKOM IIpOCTpaHCTBe ero coatIatti4~l r~pHpo)Ia cymecTByeT Ka~ rOTOBa~, 3apaHee 3ajiaHHa~ KapwHHa.

B 0TOM o6paTrIOM c)lsrlre, KOTOpBI~ coBepmaeTc~t B )~rISOIIrlCttOfi KyJIt,Type HMIIpeccHoHtt3Ma OT HeIIocpeJICTBeHHOFO BOCIIpHgTtlX K co3)lattIlIO HOBOrO yCJ~OBHOFO )~HBOnHCHOFO KaHoHa, H. PaAJIOB BH)lHT ~orn~ec~He ripeAHocB~Kg TOFO 3aKOHOMepHorO nepexo~Ia, KOTOpbI~I Be)leT y xy)Io~HH- KOB BTOpO~ BOJIHBI HMIIpeCCHOHHgMa OT "qHCTBIX BOCIIpH~tTH~" K HOBOMy " 3 n o x a ~ o M y CT~arO" (CM. Pa~I~OB 1914: 34-37).

III. 1. "FIcuxoaoeu~tecxu~ tcottcmpy~mueu3~t" I4.. An~tencxoeo u;tu npuHyOu- meabttaa 6e3ycaoeHocmb MuMo;zemm, tx ene~tam~TeHuft

[/I. AHHettcI(ttI~ B CTaTbe 'BaJII, MOHT-JIHprIK' )IaeT xapai(TepiicTitKy JiriprI- ~ecKoro Yl ]~a3IBMOHTa KaK HOCHTeYI~I HOBOFO THIIa HMIIpeccHOHHCTHr-IeCKO~ resp. 7KeHCTBeHHO~ CeHCHTHBHOCTII, 6~aro~apH KOTOpO]~ MHp BOCIIpHHHMa- eTCH B "pa3opBanr~o~ C5IHTHOCTH". TaKaz ~IBO~CTBeHHOCTB HMnpeccHoHH- CTrmecKoro Trma Bocr~pHZTmq, sn~amero MHp 02HOBpeMeHHO H B ero TO- ~ieqHo~ qbparMeHTapHocTH H ~em~OCTH, B KoH~enImrI H. AHHeHCKOrO o6yc~aB3HBaeTcz ~BO/~CTBeHHO~ II03HIIHeI~ ~Hpr~qecKoro ~q B CoBpeMeHHOr~ IIO93HH. 9TO J:[, ~ m e H n o e BnyTpenHero HnTerpnpyromero Hana~a 2ymeB- HOrO on~Ta (KaK~M~ 6~IarI BO~ H pa3yM ~ ~npHqecKoro Yl pOMaHTn- ~ecKoro, 6a~pOHOBC~OrO THna), B nor~T~ax BOCCO3)laHH~t noTep~HHO~ HeYfBHOCTH, C O~HO!TI CTOpOHBI, HeIIpeCTaHHO CTpeMHTCH K yTBep~eHH~O ca- MO6BITHOCTH CBOeFO ~q, K 3aBcpmeHH~O CO~CTBeHHt,IX npe2e~oB H o6oco6~e- rm~o ce6z oT ~r~pa r I p ~ p o ~ , c ~pyro~ cToponr~, 6oae3Hermo ou~ymaeT HeBO3MO)KHOCTB OT~eYlHTB CBOe H OT MHpa HBY~eHH~, KOHTypBI KOTOpOFO OKOHqaTeYrBHO r~epen~eTeH~,~ c ~BY~eHH~MH n p n p o ~ H, pacTBopJ/~Cb B CHrO- MHHyTHBIX BIIeHaT37eHH,qX, CKpBIBarOTCg 3a ~IB3IeHHJtMH. Ha OCHOBe 3TO.H xapaKTepIICTHKH CoBpeMeHtlOFO ~IHpHqeCKOFO ~1, ~aHHO~ AHHeHCIC~M, JIeI~O y6e)lHTBCg B Cxo~ecTH M e ~ y Mo)lyCOM 6I~ITH~t BOCrIpHHHMaeMB1X JtBJIeHH~ xy)IOTKHHKOM-HMr[pecCHOHHCTOM, H Me)K)~y Mo~ycoM 6r~TH~ caMoro BocnpHHH~a~omero ~x cy6~exTa, COBpeMenHorO TBopqecKoFo fl, KOTOpBII~ HB3IYfeTC~I IIO CBOeMy CTaTycy H nO3mIHH BOCIIpH,qTHa He 6oYez, me qeM HBYI¢- ~HeM c p e ~ aB~ermfi. HMeHHO rfO3TOMy Mo)KeT yCTaHOBHTt, C~I Koppen~Trm- Ha~ CB~3r, Me~)ly 6BITHeM HBYleHH~ H 6r~THeM BOCIIpHHHMalOIIIeFO HX CO3Ha- nr~a s ~ x e dpeHoMeno:~orn~ecKo~ dpH~ocodpnH. CorzacHo 3CTeTrmec~o~ KOHIIeIII~HH AHHeHCKOFO, ~3Lq 3~HpHHecKoFo ~[ nO3Ta-HMnpeccHoHHCTa MH- MOSIeTItbIe omymenna, BocnpaHaTL~e B nX CIIOHTaHHOCTtI tI cJIyqaI~ItOCTtI, B CTItXOTBOpttOM npocTparICTBe ~pHo6peTa~OT ~pHHy)IHTe~bHSr~, 6e3ycJ~OB- HBI~, 3aI~OHOMepItbII~ xapaKTep, H60 TOYIBKO B npe)le~ax 3T~X c n y ~ a ~ H ~ MOMeHTOB IIpo3peBatOTCX tI OCBeIIIatOTC/t npoBa~s~ iIO~C03riaTeJibHi, ix r~y-

132 Anna Han

6I~H Ay~II11 11 3rI~IO11/11e 6eaA11H o6II~ero qeYioBeqecKoro CylIIeCTBOBaHI~q. OT- CK)~a BO3HHKaeT eCTeCTBeHHOe CTpeMJIeHHe FIO3Ta-xy2IO)KH11Ka 17po~uI11TB 9TO MrHoBerme, yBeI~OBeqnTl, o6mne 3aKOnOMepHOCT11, pacKpl~IBaeMble B e ro npe~Ie~ax, H pacmnprtT5 BnyTpe1111~I~ o6~eM MrnOBeHna ~o I~e~ocT~tOI~ Kap- T11m~I Mrlpa.

CTaT~g H. A11neHcKoro 'Ba.rlbMOHT-JIHpHK' B paBHO~ Mepe MO)KeT rI11- TepnpeT11poBaTbC~I n KaK xapaKTeprlcT11Ka nOBOrO coBpeMenHoro :mpr lqec- Koro 5t no3Ta-~MllpeccnormcTa, ~ Kax 3cTeT11qecKoe caMoonpeAeneH~e e r o aBTopa. B CTSTbe 'qTO Taxoe IIO3311~[' B01~poc CTaBHTCYl y~xe o cnoco6ax no3- TnqecKoro caMopacKp~iTna 3xoro nOBOrO Tram nHpnqecxo ro 51. Ho onpe~Ie- neH11ro AnHeHCKOrO, r p a m m s i 51 CoBpeMeHHO~ n11pnxH, Ilepex~HBmomero 6 e a ~ a ~ e x n o e OXrmoqeCTBO ~ 3qbeMepnocT5 cBoero c y m e c T B o n a n ~ , pacxp~i- BaIOTCa TOOIbKO CO CB0nMn Kanp~3ns i~u KOHTypaM11 tI 60JIe3HeHHbIMI, I BO3- BpaTaM11. O~IHa~O II03T ~3 3T~X aocKyTI, eB CO6CTBeHHOFO 1¢{ "BeqHO TKeT CBOIO IlayT11Hy", y3opHyIO CeTb cBoero npri3pa~irtoro 6bIT11g. B 3TO~ pa- ~y>KHO!~ ceTH IlayT11Hl~I OH "~Ipo)K~IT 02111HOICBfI B 11yCTOTe", O)IHaKO rte i ie- pecTaeT IIJIeCT11 3Ty CeTb, pa~II~ TOFO, qTO6r, I C06CTBeHHa~ IlayT11Ha XOT~ ~paeM l<ocHynac~ ) Ipyro~ I l a y x ~ b I . O6pa3 IlayTrlSl~I B )IaHttOM KOHTeKCTe MoZzeT cJIy)K~ITI~ MeTa~popllqeCKHM OIII4CaH11eM ripoIiecca IIJIeTeH~I~ -- KOH- cTpyI, IpOBaU11~I HOBOfI CUblCJIOSOI~ CeT11 II3 MOMeI-ITaJIt, Ht,IX BocHpII~TIII~. B ilepeBo)Ie Ha g3I~iK xyxo>xecTBeH110ro cTrIn~, 0TOT I lpoI lecc nneTellrI~i 03Ha- qaeT xy~Io:~eCTBeHHoe KOHCTpytlpOBaltI, Ie opllaMeHTaJIl~11Ol~ CeTH ~I3 MOMeH- TaJIbHbIX BOClIptl~ITIII~, C TeM TOYII~KO yToqlleH11eM, qTO B rlrtTeplipeTali1111 AI~HeHCKOrO 3Ta opHaMeHTaJIbHa~ CeTb gSJIJ/eTC.q He TOJII~KO )IeKOpaT11BHI~IM y3opoM 11~Irl a6cTpaKT110fi cxeMo~ cyU/I~OCTHI, IX qbopMyn, HO O)IHOBpeMeHHO H eCTI, TKaHI~ 06II/eFO cyI/~eCTBOBaH11.q, coxpaH~IOlIia~l OT Hc~Ie3HoBeHHa O)!11HOKOe, 3~eMeplloe, HHJIHBH~yaJIBHOe 6l~ITrle.

He c~IyqaflHO Ha3l, IBaJI O. Mai~jlem, iUTaM B CTaTl, e ' B y p z 11 HOT11CK' (1923) IIOgTHqeCK11.q CT11JIt, AHHeHCKOFO "IIC11XOYlOFHHecK11M KOHCTpyKTH- BH3MOM", TeM CaMBIM yKa3l, ISa~ Ha IlpeeMCTBeH11yIO CBa3I~ e ro IIO3TH~IeCKO~ Ky~II~TypbI C II03311e~ 110CTCHMBOJIH3Ma H 11pe>K~e Bcero II03311efi qbyTyp113Ma, B ~IaCT11OCTH C IIO3311e~ Y[acTepllaKa:

AHHeHCKH~ C TaKOfi ~Ke TBepjIOCTBIO ~aK BprOCOB, BBeJ1 B no33HlO nCTOpl4qecl~n 067DeKTHBHytO TeMy, BBeYl B nnpnKy ncI4xoJIorHqecKHfl KOHCTpyKTHBH3M. [...] I-[CHXOTIOFFI3M AHHeHCKOrO -- He Kanpu~ n He MeplIaHHe n3OIIIpenno.~ BIIeqaTnnWenLHOCTrI, a HacTonman TBep)lan KOHCTpyKIInn. OT "CTaJIbHO!4 IIHKa~IBI" AunertcKoro K "CTaJIbHOMy CO~OBb~O" Aceena aez<nT npaMofi IIyTb. AHHeHCKn~ uayqun nonl~30- BaTBC~I ncHxonornqecKnM aHaYlH3OM KaK pa6oqrlM HHCTpyMeHTOM B ~HpHKe. OH 6bin nacTo~muM npe~mecxBermr~KOM ncHxonorHnecKo~ KOHCTpyxuHn B pyCCKOM qbyTypn3Me, CTOnS 6necTame Bo3rnaBnneMo~ FlacTepnaKOM. (MaH~eabtUTaM 1990: 286-287)

3amem~u ~ npo6~zeme cu~y~bmat tu3~a e no93uu u e ~cueonucu 133

KOHCTpyKTHBHbI~ 3~IeMeHT B IIO93HH AHHeHCKOFO, ClIOC06CTBylOIIIH~ CO3~aHHIO HTUIIO3HH "IICTII~HOCTH BOCIIpHHTH.'t" H3 pa3po3HeHHl~IX BIIe~aTne- HH-q, npO.qBJI~eTC.~ H Ha ypOBHe IIOCTpOeHH.q ero ~IHpHHeCKHX MHKpOI~HKJ1OB, H&3BHHHBIX 'TpHSIHCTHHK&MH'. (I)yHKIIHOHaJIBHI, I~I CMBICYl TaKOFO IIOCTpOe- HHH, KHK HaM KaYKeTCH, 3aKSHOqaeTCH B TOM, HTO OCHOBHa,q JIHpHHeCKa~I CHTySLI~H~I B KaX(~OM CTHXOTBOpeHHH HHK3Ia AaeTcs B OHpe~esIeHHOM paKypce BOCIIpHHTH.q H BH~eHH~I, a npH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH IIenOCTHOFO CMBICJ1OBOFO KOHTeKCTa IIpOHCXO~IHT CHMy~IBTHHH3alII~I~ 3THX pa3~IHqBblX paKypcoB. I(OH- cTpyKTHBHa~I COOTHeCeHHOCTI~ 3THX paKypCOB CoIIpOBO)K)IaeTc~I oIIpe~IeyleH- HBIMH CM]blCJIOBBIMH OYlepalIH~tMlil. Kax]Ioe CTHXOTBOpeHHe IInK2Ia HaK~a~Ibi- BaeT CBO~ o n p e ~ e ~ e n H ~ II~IaCT OCMI~IC~IeHH~, B HTOre qero ceMaHTHqeCKI4~ O67~eM Ka:~OrO oHopHoro C:~OBa Harpy)KaeTc~ ~ 1]pe)IMeTHo-Ha3~BHh]M H O606IIIeItHO-CI4MBO~I~IqeCKI4M r[JIaCTOM ~IHTepIIpeTaIII4H. AKTya:II43aIII4~I ~aH- HOFO CMt,ICJIOBOFO H~acTa 3aBItCttT OT paKypca BtI)IeHI~Dt, It B 3aBHCIIMOCTII OT 3TOFO ~IaHHa~ ~Hp~tecKa~ C~Tya~H~ Mo)KeT 6~Th OCM~C~eHa ~ B r~epco- HaYIBHO-3K3HCTeHI~H~3II~HOM, 6e3YIHtlHO-6BITHHHOM rI~iaHe. MoMeHTaJIbHI, Ie

~ne~IaT:IeHna B II03THqeCKOM C03HaH~ H CT~e AHHeHcKoro goryT IlpnO- 6pecTI~ rlp~IHy~IHTeaBHBI~ H o6II/e3rtaqHMBi~t xapaKTep, nOTOMy qTO ~ qb e- HOMeHaYlBHOI~I o6o~IoqKe ceHcya~IbHOrO, HH~HBH~Iya3IbHO-IICHXOJlOFHqeCKOFO OIII:.ITa IIpOCTyrlaIOT KOHTypI:,I o6IIIeqeJIoBeqecKoro OIIBITa. ~TH ~Ba ypOBHH dlel/Te.rIl~I-IOCTI,I IIOgTI, IqeCKOFO CO3HaHIt/I H qe.7IOBetleCKoro OllI,ITa, .rII,IqltO- 3K3HCTeHHH~IBHBI~I OIIt~IT, BbI~BJIJ~eMBII~I B ClIOHTaHHBIX, MOMeHTaYlI~HBIX nep- EIeHLIH.qx, H HpHHy~HTe~tLHI, IffI, 06//Ie3HaqIIMBI~ KO2IJIeKTHBHI~IH OIIBIT, Ta.q- IL[HHCJ~ B IIO)~C03HaTeJIbHblX r~Iy6HHaX, Hepa3)Ie~IrlMO rtepelI~IeTatOTCa, CHH- XpOHHO cOCylEeCTByIOT:

qyBCTByIO ce6~l OTBeTCTBeHHBIM 3a 12e2-1bi14 MHp, KOTOpbI~ 6ecco- 3HaTeYlBHO BO MHe ~HBeT I4 KOTOpbI~I MO~KeT B AaHHyIO MHHyTy 3a~/BI4TB O CBOeM cy~eCTBOBaHHH CaMblM 6e3yMHblM, MO~eT 6blTb, ~a~e rnyc- HBIM ~e3~aHHeM, r~pHqeM 9TO ~e3~aHHe 6y~eT He MeHee Ha30~3~HBO moe, qeM 2lI06oe H3 BOCIIFITaHHBIX MHOIO H rIpH3HaHHI~IX oKpy~a~Om~MH Ky~TypH~X HaMepeHn~. (AHHeHCUU~ 1979: 108)

TaKoe CttHXpOHHOe cocyIIIeCTBOBaHI4e ~IByX pa3nn~iH~ix ypOBHefI 170- 3HaBaTen~Horo n 3I~3~cTenm~an~Horo on~Ta B npexeJIax oa~oro C03HaHH~ Tpe6yex ~epeocMb~cnenn~ KaTerop~n "HH~nB~2canbnO~ nUqHOCTHOCTn", pa3ML~KaH~ ee rpaHn~ H Hx peKOHCTpyK~HH Ha HOB~rX Hanaaax. Ha OCHOBe xyaoxecTBeHHo~ ~pnTnKI~ AHHeHCKOrO, 3a~mona~ome~ B ce6e ero 3CTe- T~IUecKyIO TeopH~o, n Ha OCHOBe ero nO3TI~ecro~ CI4CTeMt, L MO~HO pe~oH- cxpyHpoBaTB TaI~y~O MoAen~ "6e3nnqHOfi ~nqHOCTHOCTn", KOTOpan B npe- ~Ienax O~HOrO I~en~Horo, HO 6e3nn~noro It aama~oqaeT B ce6e Bce m~nBn- ~IyarI~HO-nHUHOCX~I~Ie 5t, roTop~e cocymecTBymT no I~pnmmny "COBMeCTn- TeJI~CTBa". g lo~3y~c~ TepM~HOnOrnqec~M mipe~eneHneM FyCTaBa IIIneTa,

t34 A n n a H a n

npe~IJio>KeH14r~iM 14M B CTaTt, e 'Co3Harme 14 ero C06CTSeHH14K' (1916), TaKa~ HOBON MO~eJIb nrIp~i~ecKoro 5{ 14 eCTI~ "cy6~eI<TnBrlposarmaz 06~eKTtlB- rtOCTb" (IllIIeT 1916: 196), rAe s nepco14~14of i (~eHOMe14aYtbHOfI o6ono~Ke CBepHyTOM B141Ie BOIIJIOIIIeH KOJIJIeKTttBHBII~, 6e32IItqHBI~ 014biT. 3aRaqa co-

BpeMerlHOrO II03Ta, Ha B3FJ~I)I AH14ertcKoro, 14 6yReT 3aKnlo~iaTbcz B Ilepe~Ia- ~Ie pa3nrlqH~,rx T14IIOB B3a14MOCB~[3H 9THX ~ByX ypOBHe~ 3K3HCTeHII1482IbHOFO

014blTa:

CHMBOYlHCTaMH cnpaBeAn!,IBee Bcero Ha3BaTb, HO-MOeMy, TeX riO3TOB, KOTOpble He CTOJIbKO 3a6OT/ITCSI o Bb~pa)KeHrtH 51 Hnrt H306pa~KeHHI4 He- ft, ~aI( cTapalOTCS yCBO~Tb H 0Tpa3HT~ ~IX ~e,mo cMeHmomHeca B3arl- ~OOT~ome~na. (AHHeHC~U~ 1979: 339)

B ilepeBoAe ~a ~3~i~ qbnaocodpcKo~ 1414TepIIpeTaII14rI, ~JIS co~peMen- uo ro iio3Ta cymecwseHn~IM 6yReT gMegHO rlepeAana ~Irlna~nqecKo~ Koppe- JI/ITI4BHOfI CBII3H Me)KAy MIeIpOM 5{ H MHpOM ~te-5{. I/IMOHHO B MOMOI-IT "OCO- 3HaHHOCTH", COOTIIOIIIeHH.q, I4 IIpO14CXO)];14T Ta "BC14blIIIKa CaMOCO3HHHHJt"

np14 KOTOpOfi IIp14HyJI!4TeJ/bHaa C14JIa M!4MOJIeTHOFO omYmerma 3aCTaBJi~ieT 140rpy3HTbC~l B IIO/ICO3HaTeJIbHble, "nelIpocBeTJIeHHl~ie" cjio14 o6mero cy- IILeCTBOBaI-I1411, Bl~Illa;lalOlI~14e 143-140)I KO14TpoJIll COII14aJISHblX II l(yJll, TypHbIX HOpM. COFJIaCHO TBOptleCKOl~ KOHIIelIK14II AIIHeHCKOFO, "IIOTepYIH14a~I ILeJIS- HOCTB" BOClIp14.qTH,q 14 co314a14145t MO)KeT 6I~ITB BOCCO3)Ia14a TOJII~KO B O6JIacT~I IICHX14qeCKOFO OIIBITa, 14 TOJIbKO B MoNIeHT TBopqecKoFO SKTS Mox~eT 65IT5 ocyll/eCTBJieHa CHMyn~TaH~I3al/14S I4 14HTerpaIIH~ pa3po3HeHHSlX BlleqaTJie- 14Hfi. 3anoF )Ke 3TO~ !/enMtOCTg 14axo/IHTC,q He B cqbepe Tpa14cI];eH)!eHILtt14, a yxo;mT CSO14~14 ~op~aMn S r n y 6 s cqbep~i 14o;Ico314aTen~noro, IIp14uacT14oro t< KOnneKTIlBrlOMy, "6ecqbopMeHHOMy" 9K314CTe14II14anbHOMy OrlblTy:

l-[o33Ha, B cH~y a6cyp)m IleYlbHOCTH, cTpeMHTC~I 06~,ejIHHHTb HJIH, riO Kpa~He~ Mepe, XOTb npoaBHTb HnmoBopHo e)IHHbIM H ttem, HbIM aymeBH~i~ MHp, KOTOpbIfi ne~HT rzte-To rny6)Ke Hamefi ~y3bTypHofi npHKpbtTOCTH H CO3HaHHb~X HaMn HpaBCTBeHm, IX pa3rpaHHqeHH~ H npOTnBOpeq~fi. [...] A r u3Mepaemca ;I;I~ HoBoro rlO3Ta He 3aBep- IHHBIIIHM 3TO ~cl 14jIeaYloM i4Jilt MHporiOHHMaHHeM, a 6oae3nermo~ 6e3- yc3oanocmblo ~uMo3emuoeo ozgyu4enna. [...] OHO ZBnaeTca B nO33HH TeM Ha MHF OCBeU~eriHbIM rlpOBaJIOM, riO)I KOTOpblM )KHBHb cTapaTeJIbHO BO3Bena CBOIO Kym, Typny~o KneTyliIKy -- a ~fe3bHocmb ~uutb ~ceszanuem npoOaumb 9morn 6eenbt~t, o6~,eOuttmou4u~t bymy ceem. (AnHencKI, I~ 1979: 108, 109)

TaKHM 06pa30M "~Innto3~Ig llenI, H0CT~I" B 3CTeTH~eCKOM r~pocTpaHCTBe ~O33HH AHHeHCKOFO OKa~bmaeTcs B 3aB14CHMOCT140T 3T14X BeqHO CMeHfltO- III14XC~t COOTBeTCTB14I~ H BO3HHKaeT uame Bcero B npoMe)KyToqnbIx COCTOa-

3a~tem~cu ~ npo6ae~te cumyabmattu3~ua 6 flO93blbl bl a 9tCbl~OtTblC~t 135

HHItX )IfH3HH ~IyIIIH H )KH3HH IIpHpO~IBL Co3~aHHIO ~ e TaKo~ I,I~JIIO3HH qaCTO Cr~ocoScTByeT orIpe~ie~eHHbI_~ OIITH'-IeCK~I~ ~qbqbeKT.

CTttXOTBOpeHtIe 'CBeqKy BHeCJItt' ti3 MgKpOIIHKJIa 'Tpg;ItlGTHIIK CyMe- pe~H~I~' Mo)KeT cJIy~gTb npI4uepoM BO3n~raZOBeHg~ TaKOI~ ttJIJIIO3IltI H O)I- ItOBpeMeHItO I4 CH~TI4~t IIOKpOBa C 3TO~ OIITHqeCKOI~ I, IYIJIIO3tItt. 13 B CTgXO- TBOpeHHH BOCCO3~IaeTCg aTuocqbepa rIpOMeX~yTOqHOFO COCTO~IttH~I "HaCTy- rImO~HX cyMepeK" 3I?IMHeI] senepHefi rlopH, KOr2Ia Bce OKyTbIBaeTclI "cI~pe- HeBo~ Mr~Ofi". Be~IepHgff 3ttMHHH nefI3a~, Horpy~eHHSlfi BO u r 3 y , C O~IHOI? CTOpOHbI co3~IaeT OIITHqecKytO IlptI3My "MyTHOFO" BII~IeHtlg, 6naro~apa KO- T0pO~ BBIpHCOBI~maeTcfl TO~bKO KOHTypHa~ CeTb ttBY[eHHH, a CaMI4 YIBYleHtlII CTaHOBYITCg rIpg3pa~HsIMg, C ~ p y r o ~ CTOpOHSI, Ha ypOBHe Kone6Ji~o~e~cz CeTtt COOTBeTCTBHH 3TOT I Ie~3a~ CHMBO~I43ttpyeT "cyMepeuHoe", "TeHeBOe" GOETOgHtIe ~ym~, "TOCKy MIIMOYleTHOCTII". I/I ttMeHHO 0TOT npexo~znmfi MoMeHT, 3TO nepexo~IHoe COCTOgHtte ~It3HI4 npI~pO~IS~ ~ xyIU~ 3arloJiIt~eTc~i TpaHClleHy_(e~Ta~bnbIM CMI~IEYlOM, B e ro n p e g e ~ a x i ipocTynaioT KOHTyp~,I "HFIOFO MIIpa" II B03HHKaeT IlJIJIIO3Itff BO3MO)KHOCTII IIOCTI/DKeHIIIt CMBICJIa ~ 3 H ~ " A p y r o r 0 " ~epe3 6e3MOJIBHOe 06meH~e r~a~. 3 ~ a ~ . ~ o 3 m ¢ Baan- MOHOHHMaItIlg I4 c o n e p e ~ g B a H ~ z co3jIaeTca IIOTOMy, qTO BO BpeMeHFIO BO3- HtlKIIIeM OCO6OM OIITIlgeCKOM IIp0CTpaHCTBe FJIa3a HaqHHatOT BtI~IeTB oTpa- ~eHHoe B ce6e 6SlT~e ~Ipyror0 ~enoBeuecKoro I t : "C TeHMO TeItI~ TaM TaK M~rK0 c~gJIaC~, / TaM 65maeT Taga~I MttHyTa, / tITO JIy~IaM~I tIe3pItUhIMtI raa3 / M~I yxo~mM ~ p y r B ] Ipyra ~aK 6y~ITO."

H o 3Ta gJI3IIO3[In "rat 6y~ITO" BO3HttKme~ IIeJIBHOCTIt e~uH0ro 3K3U- CTeHIItlaJIBttOFO OIIlsITa, CBII3bIBaIOIIIero MHp N C MttpOM Apyrnx 5[ cpa3y Ha- pymaeTc~, KaK TOJIgKO o r p y ~ a ~ o m u ~ MItp Iipe)icTaeT IIOjI yrJIOM ttHOFO 011- TI~gecgoro 3qbqbeI~Ta. CBeT IIJIaMeHn CBeq~I4 pacceHBaeT c y g p a K ~ 3TIIM ca- MI, rU Hcue3aeT TOT OC06bIH Hpoue~yTOK qyTKOFO BOCIIpttIITt{II, B IlpejIeJ~ax KOTOpOrO co3~aBayIacL ttyiJilO3H~i B3attMOCBg3aHHOCTII pa3JItlqHbIX MIIpOB, u g p a cBoero 14 MHpa x p y r 0 r o . II~IaMg CBeqKu Bcac~,~BaeT g ce6~ H HorJIogIaeT BeCb IIyqoK oTpaxe lmblX JIy~efi, ~i CB/t3yIOIIIa,q HHTL IIpOTgI'ttBaeTc~i TOJII~KO M e ~ y rJIa3OM I4 HCTOttHFIKOM CBeTa: "Ho e~IBa 3alil, iJiaeT cBe~a, / q y T r ~ M~p ycTylIaeT 6e3 6o~, / JImli~ I~3 r3a3 no HarJioi~aM ~y~ia / TenH B IUlaM~ c6eryT r o ~ y 6 o e . "

CI~CTeMa B3aI4MOCBa~el] TaKHM o6pa30M He aBJI~eTCa 3apaHee 3a~aH- HOI], oHa xapaKTepu3yeTca HeycToI]~mBOCTt, IO, I~ B paBimfi g e p e npo~m:i~eT 3aBHCnMOCT~ H O T O n T ~ q e c ~ x 3qbqbeKTOB BHem~ero Mnpa n OT I~epllerI- TI/IBHI~lX CEOCO6HOCTe~ n n p u ~ e c ~ o r o cy6~eKTa, MOTI4BIlpOBaHHI~IX e ro Ay- meBn~iM COCTOItHtIeM. BCtt "nepea~sHa~ CeTt, CIIMBOJIOB" oTpa:~aeT KoJIe- 6aHrle Ilepl_ienTrlBHi, ix yClIJIH~ aHprt~Iec~oro Y/, Hanp~raH~g 14 ocJIa6JIeHm~ e r o 3pHTeJIBHBIX CIIOC06HOCTe~, a TaK)I(e e ro II03HaBHTeJIbHI~Ie yerlJIHa, HanpaB~eHHl, ie Ha riocTriXeHrie 0 6 ~ e r o O~ITa, OTpaXeHHOFO B HeM CaMOM.

Bce 3TH CBOHCTBa IIpH~IatOT JlI4pH~IeCUOMy IlMiIpeccrlOrlri3My AHHeH- CKOFO aM6HBaJIeHTHI,IfI xapaKTep H C6JIttXatOT ero , KaK 3TO OTMeHaeTc~I B

136 A n n a Han

pa6oTax 1/{. KopelIKOft, c IIOCTI4MIIpeccHoHH3MOM B ~KgBOIIHCH H B tlaCTHOC- Ttt, C HeKOTOpBIMH CTrtYleBBIMII qepTaMa 3KClIpeccHoHII3Ma (CM. KopelIKaa 1992: 325). OCHOBHy~o paaHmly MexjIy ;IByM-q BOJIHaM~I HMIIpeccIIOHIa3Ma Hcc~eROBaTe~HrlIm S~)lrtT B TOM, ~ITO ecm~ rlMnpecCHOHH3M IlepBo~ BOaH~I cTpeM~I:ICa Ilepe~IaT~ ~JlmO3mO TOqHOrO BOCCO3RaH~a nepBHqH~IX nne~IaT- JIeHHfI B HX HelIOCpe~CTBeHHOCTII, TO HMIIpeCCHOHH3M BTOpOfI BOJIHI~I y x e He CqrlTan caMolte~IO IIOBl~ImeHHylO HyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTB (060cTpeHHyIO mle- qaT~IrlTem, HOCTl~) I~ BHemHeMy M~py. ~na xy~OXH~OB BToporo no~oneHz~ BOClIpII/tTHe HMrlpeccHOHttCTHqeCKHX BIIeqaTJIeHH~ 6blJIO TOJIfiKO "HHCTpy- MeHTOM", "opy)lHeM", AJIa TOrO, qT06I, I 3a BOClIprlI~rlMaeMI~IMrI ~tBJIeHrlgMH pacKpl~ITl, fiX ")lyx", rtX "gHyTpeHHrlfI 06pa3" H 7)THM CaMblM pacI(pl, ITb H "3araAK~i 6l, iTrI~" co~peMeHHOrO ~teJioBei(a. TaKrlM o6pa30M H. KopelIKaa yKa3BIBaeT Ha CHMyJII, TaHHOe IlpttcyTCTBHe B HO3TIaHeCKOM CO3HaHtlH AH- HeHCKOFO AByX THIIOB 3pertH,q, BHelLIHeFO, qbtI3HqeCKOrO, 14 BHyTpeHHeFO, cylIIHOCTHOFO, rlOCTrlraIOlttero Ayx ,qBJIeHHfl.

III.2. "Mue, ocmaHoaaeHn~z~t a ~oMeHm eeo me~eHu~z" a no~3uu A x ~ a m o a o ~ uau cou~mepeHue cay,ta(moeo u o6u4exua~tu~oeo a Oeo~no~t nepcnen- mlg6e 6Hc)elluYt

Bce KpHTHKH H :mTepaTypOBe)IbI-COBpeMeHHm~rl AXMaTOBO~ (O~XeH6ayM 1969: 75-148; )KnpMyHCKH~ 1977: 106-I34; BrlnorpacloB 1976: 369-460) OTMeTHaH Ilpe)IMeTHOCTI,, HeMeTaqbopHqHOCTB KaK OTnIIqIITeJILHytO ~IepTy ee II03TnqecKoro CTHJI~I. IIO~IepKHBa~ Ilpe~UeTHylO OIIOCpeJIoBaHHOCTI, ilepe- ~a~H JIHpHHeCKOFO ~epe)K~BaHi~a, omi yKa3aJm Ha TO, ~ITO HMeHHO qepe3 MeH~omytoca nc~xoaorn~ecKy~o oKpameHHOCT~, BOCHpH~ITH/I oKpy~KatOII~e~ IlpeAMeTHO-6I~ITOBOfI ~ImI KyJmTypHofI I~ IIpI~pO~IHO~ cpe)II~I pacI<pl~iBaeTca YmpHqecKaa TeMa, KaqeCTBeHHa~ oIIpe~IeslenHOCT~, HMHpeccHOHHCTHHeCKHX BOClIplaaTH~ II03BOJI~eT )IoFa)IBIBaTBC~t O coxep~aHHH JIgpHqecKoro C03Ha- Hrla. B pa60Tax 3THX yHeHI~IX-KpHTHKOB 6I, IZI OYMeqeH !4 aM6ItBaJIeHTttbI~ xapaKTep CTHJIeBOfI MaHepl, I AXMaTOBO!~, COCTOamH~ B TOM, qTO IlpeJIMeTHO- 6I~ITOBOI~ anTypax, C OAHO~ CTOpOHbI, IIpH3BaH BOCCO3RaTb aBaeHrla BHem- Hero MHpa B HX CeHcyaJIBHO~ IIOJIHOTe H B H306pa3HTeJII, HO~ IIJIaCTHtlHOCTH, HO C RpyrofI CTOpOHbI, 6yjIyqlI ORHOBpeMeHHO H ~I3I~IKOM CltMBOYIH3alIIIII IlCHXOJIOFHtleCKOFO CO)Iep)KaHaA JIHpHHeCKOFO OHBITa, :3TOT aHTypax IIOCTe- HeHHO Tep:~eT CBOrI IIJIaCTHqecKHe KOHTypI~I II CTaHOBttTCJt HOCItTeYleM o6me- 3HaqrlMO~ CMI, ICJIOBOR Harpy3Kl, I.

9Ta )IBOflCTBeHtta~I nogTnuecKaa dpynKima npejIMeTn~IX peaan~ 6l~iJIa oxapaKTepH3OBaHa B pa6oTe B. BHuorpa2~oBa 'O II033HH AHH~I AXMaTOBO~. CTIIJIItCTIItIecKIIe Ha~pocKtt' (1925) H CO c~OpOH~I IIO3T~lqeCKOrO caoBa. Co- rJiaCHO KOHIIelIII~I~I B. BHHOFpaAoBa, ceMaHTHqeCK~I~ 06JIHK CJIOB B HO33HH AXMaTOBO~ ~BOI, ITCIt: TO I~ax<eTca, ~ITO CJIOBa BeJIyT K CaMHM Bell/aM KaK HX

3a~emtru ~c npo6~e~e cu~yabmanux~ta a noaxuu u a ~cueonucu 137

~IpJIbIKH H IIODTOMy HX qbyHKLIH/I ~pe~ICTaB~eTC~ HHCTO HOMHHaTHBHOI~, TO BBIpHCOBBIBatOTCH KOHTypBI HX CHMBOJIHqecI~O_~ CBff3H C ~ p ~ u e C ~ M n 9MO- IIH~tMH. C aM6IIBaJleHTHO~ Heonpe;Ie~eHHocTB~o CeMaHTHtIeCKOfi xapaKTe- pHCTHKH II09THqeCKOFO CJIOBa CBII3BIBaJ~ B. BHHoFpa~oB tI aM6RBaYleHTHI~II~ CTaTyc YlHpgqeCKOrO ~aHpa, CyTB KOTOpOFO COCTO~IT B TOM, tITO IIpI/I HJIYIIO- 3HH HaJIHtIHIt CJIOB B HX HOMHHaTHBHO~ q~yHKLIHH c03)IaeTcff BI~eqaT~eHHe ~poIIeccyaJ~bHOrO pa3BepTNBaHH~ c~o)KeTa H TaKHM 06pa30M BO3HHKaeT HJIYItO3Hfl HOBeYIJIHCTHtIHOCTH. MpH r~epego)IgpoBKe )~e qbyHKI~HH C~OB H3 HOMHHaTI/IBHOH B CHMBOJIH~IeCKytO 3HaHHMOCTB, CHHMaeTC5I 3Ta HJIJIIO3ItH, H OKa3bIBaeTCI1, tITO 3a KOHKpeTHI~IM CIO)KeTHbIM pHcyItKOM OT/IeJIBHB1X CTH- XOTBOpeHH~, 3aIIeqaTYleBaIOIIIttX OT;IeYiBHbIe, pa3opBaHHbIe MHFH, cKpBIBaeT- C~I Ta 7xe caMa~ OCtIOBHatt ~HpHqeCKa~ CgTyaIIH~ I~aK HHBapHaHT, KOTOpalI TpancqbopMHpyeTcs IIocpe)ICTBOM cuettbI IIpe)IMeTHOI~ 06CTaHOBKH (CM. B~-

. o r p a ~ o B 1976: 400). Ko~nen~I .~ B. B. B~Horpa~oBa o6 aM6~Ba~eHTHOM CTaTyce c e M a H T ~ , c~0sa ~ MO;Ie~u ~ . p . e e c K o r o ~ a ~ p a ~ 1970-1980-e ro- )lt,I s a m ~ a n o ~ ; I e p ~ y ~ TeopeT.uec~oe paaB .T . e B pa6oTax H. II. CM.p- HOBa, r;Ie 3aKO/-I 2IBO-~CTBeHHOCTtt IIOJIyqttYl xapaKTepr~CTHgy C TOqKrI 3perIri~ yCTaHOBKtt IIO3TItqeCKOFO C03HaHHR tI IIpIIqtIHHO-CJIe)XCTBeHHI, IX OTHOIIIeHtL~ BOCnpmIHMaeMoro ~M M~pa:

B noBea~e ~rpa C.rle)ICTBeHHblMtt naaHaM~4 AaeTc~ B AHHaMttKe, y AXMaTOBOfi B CTaTgKe: Be/Ib nO3Tecca rio npe~IMymecTBy CTaJ1KHBaeT aBTOOlleHKy nepe)~HsaHI~ H ero oTpa~eHrte BOBHe. I-IpHqHHttO- C,rlejlCTBeHHIble OTHOIIIeHHII B HOBeJIJle O6II3aTe2IbHO pa3BepTblBalOTCJt BO BpeMeNH, UTO )I:]Z AXMaT080~ a6COJ]~OTHO Hexapa~TepHo. Pointe ee CTI4XaX - 3TO I]epe~o/Ir~poBKa OHeHKPI, t~a~e BCeFO IIyTeM l]epeBo~la ee r~3 HOMHHaTI4BHO~ -- B IIpe)~MeTHO-CHMBOJIHtlecKyto O~JlaCTI~. (CMr~pHOB 1972: 223-224)

B pa6oTax B. B. MycaTOBa, IIOCBltIIIeHHBIX HCTOpHKO-THIIOJIOrHHeC- KOMy HCCJIe;IOBaHHrO pyccKo~ II033HH 3HOXH IIOCTCHMBOJIH3Ma, noJiyqrtJIH HOBylO I~nTepnpeTa~Imo 3aMeTKH O. Man;leaLmTaMa 0 xapaKTep~cTHKe nO~- THqecKoFo CTIIJI~I AXMaTOBO~, g3JIO~eHHble B CTaTI.HX '[[!4CI, Ma 0 pyccKo~ ~oa~nn ' (1922) ~ 'Byp~ n HaT~CK' (1923):

Bc~I 3Ta qbopMa, Bbime/Iman ~3 aCHMMeTpHqHOFO napaJ~aea~aMa HapoAHO~ neCHH !d B61COKOFO ~gp~qecKoro npo3aH3Ma AHHeHCKOPO, npHcnoco6~eHa ~Ia~ nepeHoca ncHxoaor~qecKo~ rlbrabUb~ c o~lHoro [IgeTKa Ha ~Ipyro~. [...] B ee CTrpxax OWHrO~Ib He ncnxo~ornqecKaa tt3JIOMaHHOCTb, a TtlHI/IqeCKI4~ napa~aeanaM Hapo~Iuo~ necrm c ero ~pKo~ aCnMMeTpne~ ~IByX CMe~KHbIX ze3ncoB, no cxeMe: "B oropo~le 6yagHa, a B KneBe ~n~bKa": Owcroaa aByCTBOpqaTas cTpodpa c Heomu- AaHHI~IM Bbma~oM B KOHt~e. (MaH;IeabLUTaM 1990: 266, 289)

13 8 Anna Han

B cornacnH c rom~emme~ nHxepaxypoBe;~oB 1910-1920-x rOZ~OB, B. B. MycaTOB TO~e yTBep~aeT, ~TO npe)IMeTrm~ )IeTa3IH3OBaHHOCTb nnnpHnec- KO~2 CHTyatmH y AxMaxo13o~ "He B~cxpaHBaeTcn B C~O~KeXnb~, nocae~o- BaTem, HLI~ p~)l, a o6pa3yeT COBepmeHHo HHy~o cTpyKTypy" (MycaTOB 1992: 119), O~HaKO B pe3Ko~ cMeHe 3MO~HOHanbilO-OIIenoqHofi ToilaJII~HOCTH H B CMHCJ~O13~rX paap~max MerRy Hapa~neJI~HHMa CI, IHTaKCIIqeCKIIMH KOHCTpyK- ~IHaMH Hccne2loBaTen~ BIt)IIIT He HIpHBilaK II3YlOMattHOCTtI ~yme13Horo OIIblTa H Ilapa~oKcaJ~rmOCWH ero ~ripHneci(o~ rmTeptIpeTa~Hil, a "KOHCTpyI(TIIBHbII~ npHHIIHil ;>KaHpOBOfI KOMIIO3IIIIIIH" (120).

B Ha3BaI-IHBIX Hccne;loBailH~X B pa3nH~m, rx acneKTax 6NJ~a oxapaKTe- prI30BaHa O)IHa H30CttoBHBIX 3aKOHOMepHOCTe_~ IIO3TIttIeCKOFO TBopqeCTBa AXMaTOBOf~, COCTO~ma,q 13 TOM, UTO B KOMIIOaI'II~HH ee CTHXOTBOpeiiH~ nO- cpeJICTBOM CIIHTaKCIlqeCKttX KOHqbrtrypaIIg~, IIOCTpOeHHglX Ha r~pHHItrnle Hapa~J~eaH3Ma, IlpoItCXOAHT CTbIKOBKa )IByX pa3tfI, IX paKypCOB BOCIlpH~ITttlI nilpH~iec~oro HepemilBaHH~. C OZ~HO~ CTOpOHm, I, J~rIplt~IecKl?I~ cIox~eT pa313ep- TI~IBaeTclI B paKypce ItHTpOCIIeKTHBHOFO caMoananr~3a, r~pH KOTOpOM r~pe)l- MeTOM pe@~eKcHn ~13a~eTc~ BHyTpeHHee co2lepmaHHe CO3HailHa, C Apyrofi cTOpOHbI, 13 paKypce 13HemHero BH~eHtlJt, rIpH KOTOpOM B~yTpeHHee coAep- ~KaHrie C03HaHHa IIO~IBYI~eTClt B OTtIywdleHtHOM OT IlOCtfTeYI,q C03HaHH/t BI~em- He oTpameilI-IOU 13HAe, H rlOgBJ/aeTcn ~IJI~ caMoro :IHpHuec~oro cy67~eKTa KaK Hpe~MeT BHemHero c03epIIailH~ H )IHCTaHIIHpoBarIIIO~ oIIeHI(rI. TaKHM 06pa- 30M, B IlO3TilKe AXMaTOBOI~ HO~06~IO "HciixoJIOFtlqeCKOMy KOHCTpyKTIIBtI3- My" ItO33ttH I/I. AHHeHcKoro, IIp0IICX0)IIlT CI, IMyJIt,TaHtt3alIHIt )IByX pa3JIHq- H~,IX C170CO6OB JIHp~IqecKor0 CaMOBr~pa~eHHa, O)IHaKO H3MeHIttOTCft IIODTH- qecKHe IIpHeMIoI KOHCTpyHpo13aHHZ ailpHqeCKOrO ~aHpa, H BOCCO3~IailIta IIeJIBHOCTII IIO3TItqeCKOFO C03HaiiH/t Il3 MOMeHTaJIbHI~IX BHeqaTJ~eHil~.

B. B. BrIHOrpaROB BH;IHIT 13 I~O33HIH AXMaTOBOfi cTpeMJIeItIIe K CMI~- CJIOBOMy Hpeo6pa3o~ailH~o 6oa~mHiX caosecil~ix rpyHH, KOTOpbIe on HMe- HyeT "CHMBOJIaMH-0ppa3aMH", co~Iep)KaIIItlMH 02IHHO HteAeJIHMOe 06pa3Hoe npejlcTaBJ~eilHe, H nO3TOMy B CHI~TaKCHqecI(HX Ilapa.rIaeJm3Max yCMaTpilBaeT crIoco6 pea~H3aIlHH ceMaHTHqeCKHX MeTaMOpqb03. OAHtaKo Oil IIOJlqepKH- BaeT, qTO 9TH CHMBOJIb~-dppa3t, I HHKOF;Ia He pa3BepTI, matoT CIox~eT B eFO BpeMeilHOfI HHOCJIe)IoBaTeJII~IIOCTH, a KaK 6t, I HacJiailBaIOT ~xpyr na ~pyra CTaTHqecKHe qbparueHz~ nHpH~ec~oro ~e~CTBH~, BOCilpHHaT~,~e CHHxpoHHo H3 pa3Ht,IX BpeMeHHBIX H 3MOI~HOHaJIbHbIX acIIeKTOB:

Beab 6OJIBIIII'IHCTBO CTrlXOTBOpeHH~ AXMaTOBOfi -- 3TO a n p n q e c n n e n o - BeCTI40 3aCTblBLLIeM M!JFe. I// B 3TO e~HHCTBO 3aMKHyTOPO MFHOBeHI, I~I BKJltOqeHbl 3MOIII4OHaJIBHO n o a o 6 p a H H b l e pajIbI BOCrlpItHItTBIX )IBII:>Ke- HH~ H o m y m e H . ~ , r~3 KOTOpBIx OJIm4 rlpe;ICTaBJmK)TCa KaK o c y m e c T - BnBmHeca B npoMenbKe MHra, a ~ p y r n e KaK c o n p o B m r 4 l a r o m H e Bce e r o TeqeHHe. [ IpH 3TOM CaM 3TOT MHF, 3aCTBIBIIIH~ O;IHOBpeMeHHO, T. e. B IIeJIOCTHOH cTpyKType CTHXOTBOpeHH~I, p H c y e T c a H KaK BOCIIpOH3BO-

3 a ~ e m x u x npo6aeme cu~tyabmaHu3~ua e nog~uu u a ~qcueonucu 139

]IHMBIH -- B rlpomJIOM, rl KaK "OCTaHOBJIeHHblI4" B MOMeHT ero TeqeHH//. [IpoHcxoJIHT He "pa3BepTblBaHHe" /Ie!~CTBHII, a "HaSIO)KeHHe" O)IHOFO BOCrlpHI/THJt Ha Jlpyroe (c 3MOIXHOHaJII, HBIMH KOMMeHTapHIIMH OgblqHO) H3 ~IByX BpeMeHHblX acrleKTOB, KOTOpI~ie r~epenJmTaroTc~. (BHHorpa~IOB 1976: 428)

TeMIIOpaJIbHble 3aKorIOMeprlOCTI4 pa3BepTblBaH11SI Jmpn~tecKoro c r o ~ e - Ta, oxapaKTeprI3oBannbie B KonlselImlrI B. B. Bnno rpa ~oBa , B n e p e n o ~ e Ha TepMHI-IOJIOFI4~IeCKHfI 0614X0~I )IaHHO~ CTaTBH o3Har-IalOT cJIe~ylomee: TO x e caMoe CO6NTI, Ie II e ro YI11qHOCTtIO-3K311CTeHILIIaJIbHOe i l e p e ~ n s a H n e B artprI- ~IeCKOM npocTpancTBe CTrlXOTBOPeH~I~ o)moBpeMenrIo paccMaTprmaeTcz c o ) m o ~ CTOpOHH, B cBoe~ axTyaJIBHO~ ~aHHOCTm KaK 6LIThe, rOTOBOe K BO- ~ o m e H r l r o , K c roxeTnof i peaJmaa lmn (~ B 9TOM ero 6~ITrI~HOM H TeMno- paJII, nOM CTaTyce JIrlp~IqeCKrI~ cy6~,eKT xapaKTepH3yeTcs IiO3rll~rle~ BHyTprI- Haxo~IrlMOCTn B CaMOM CO6BIT~), C ztpyro~ CTOpOHLI, KaK 6blTrle HeSOII~O- meHHoe i~Ji11 Hecnoco6Hoe BOIIYIOTHTbC~I H i l poggJ i~omee 3~eMepHOCTI~ II xpyIIKOCTI~ yxe B MOMeHT CBOero BO3HHKHOBeHI, IJt. Id B :)TOM cJiyqae i i o 3 m m a JIrlpHqecKoro cy6~eKTa xapaxTeprt3yeTcz BHeHaxoJIHMOCTBIO IIO OTItOIIIeHHtO K CO6CT~eHHOMy ilepe)t(nBaHmo, n e r o y ro~ 3peH~IZ oxaa~IBaeTca KOHe~mo~, ~pe~e~Ho~ TOqKOI~ 3TOFO C06BITHIt. CIIMyJIBTaHH3aIIII~ 3THX pa32IHtIHbIX paKypCOB TeMIIOpaJII~HOFO H 3MOIIHOHaJII~HO-ILeHHOCTHOFO BOClIpItItTH/I IIpO- ~ICXOJII~T -- KaK 3TO oTMeqaeTc~ g pa60Te B. B. BHHorpa~oBa -- B npe~Ieaax O~IHOrO 3acT~iBIiiero MHra. PacmHpeuHe HpejIe~a 3TOrO OCTaHOBaeHHOrO M!Ira B II033H~I AXMaTOBO~ BcerAa IIpOHCXO)I11T 3a CtteT ttaIIpasJIeHHOCTIt II03TII~IeCKoro CO3HaHH~I B rJIy6b, BO BHyTpettHHe IIpOCTOpl, I JIHqHO-6ItO- rpaqb~necKo~ ~ Ky~TypHof i naMaTm

B paHnefi n 0 3 3 ~ AXMaTOBO~, IIO~IO6HO ~HpH~ec~ofi ItHTepnpeTalitt11 CNIOMHHyTHI~IX BIIeqaTJIeHttI~ B II033tlii AHIteHCKOFO, TO)Ke Ha6Jilo~aeTc~ aM- ~HBaJIeHTHa,'I IIeHHOCTHalt oKpacKa ~ ~BOHHaII llepciieKTitBa BH)IeHtlft TeX )I(e cencya_rlI, SblX BOClIpIt/ITHfI, CoIIpOBO)K~IalOIIIIIX zmpmleCKrle C06t,ITHlt. ~TH MOMeHTaJIBHBIe BIIeqaTJIeHHg B CTHXOTBOpHOM IIpOCTpaHCTBe, C OjltlOl~ CTO- pOHBI, BOCCO32IaIOTClt BceI~ I/IHTOHCHBHOCTBtO CBOefi IIpO/IBJIeHHOCTH, H IIO- 3ZOMy OCTaHOBJIeHHBIH MHF, c~Iyx~alIIrI,~ I~X 06paMJIerlrleM, I~aK 611 npo)vIeH B CBOe~ IIpOTII~eHHOCTH, C JlpyrOl~ CTOpOHBI, pe3Ka~ CMeHa 3MOIIHOHaJIBHO~ oI~eHI~H 06palIIaeT HalIpaBJIeltltOCTB C03HaHH~I BOBHyTpI~, a TetleHHe BpeMeHH BClI~ITI,, ttTO6I~I II3 rJIy6I, IH TBopqecKo~ IIaM~ITH Bt, IHeCTH "Fpy3" 06iile3Ha- q~IMOrO ypoKa, 14 TaK~IM 06pa30M BO3BI~IC~ITt, JIrI~II-IO-rlH2IrlBItAyaJIt, SI~I~ OIII, IT Ha paHr Me)xHTaTHBHO-~HJIOcoqbcKo~ CeltTeHII11H, 3aK~iio~ialome_~ B ce6e yHH- BepcaJILHm~ OI~IT.

1-IO CBH)XeTeJII~CTBy JIHTepaTypOBeAqeCKHX H YIHHFBOCTHJIHCTH~IeCKHX I:ICCJIe~IOBaHH~, IIOCB~III~eHHBIX paHHeMy TBOptleCTBy AXMaTOBOI~, CHMyJIbTa- HH3alIHg )%ByX pa3HoKaqeCTBeHHBIX aKTOB BOClIpH/ITHIt H COOTBeTCTByIOIIIHX HM IIepclIeKTI, IB BH,KeHH~ IIpOrtCXO~IrIT IIocpeTICTBOM 6OraTOrO Ha6opa KOM-

140 Anna Han

II03HI~HOHHO-CHHTaKCHLIeCKHX IIpHeMOB. Pa3HOBII~HOCTH CIIOCO6OB CHMyJIB- TaHH3aIIHH ~ByX BpeMeHHBIX IIJIallOB BOCIIpHaTHII IIOJIyHaIOT xapaKTepHCTII- Ky B rJmBe 'I/Irpa BpeMen' B pa6oTe BHHorpa~ioBa O noaxuu AnHbz AxMamoao~ (427-434). IIocKonLKy aTU KOMIIOammOHll~Ie IlplleMbI Haxo- ~ItTC~I B ~yHKIIHOIIaJIBI-IOI~ 3aBIICliMOCTII OT yCTaHOBKII JlllpH~tecKoro CO3Ha- HH/I, HaM KaxeTCS BO3MO)KHBIM H3 pa3Hoo6pa3ul~IX KOMHO3HI~IIOHHO-CIO- )KeTHBIX pemellllfi BBI~eJIHTB HeCKOJIBKO OCHOBHBIX THIIOJIOFHHeCKIIX BapH-

aHTOB. IlepBblI~ THIIOJIOrli~tecI(III~ BapllallT Mo)KeT 6BITB OIIHCaH TaK: 3a0oHKCH-

pOBaHHall B HaqaJie CTIIXOTBOpeHH~I -- KaK IlpaBHJIO IIocpeACTBOM ilapaJi-

~enbHblX CMblC~OBblX p~xoB, 3aneuaT~eBmomllx KapTIIIIBI 6blTOBOrO II~ii ~pllpoxlloro oI(pyXeHHS H ~parMeHT~I AymeBHoro C06~ITIIa - :mpll~tecKa~ CllTyalIll~i IIpO~IBJI~eT TeHJIeHIIHIO K BOIIJIOIILeHIItO, H Ha KOMIIO311IIIIOHHO- CIO)KeTHOM ypoBHe co3AaeTc~ Ha:IIO3g~ ee ilpolieccyaJIl~HOrO pa3BepTBIBa- llllIt. O~IHaKO B HTOFe pe3Ko~ CMeliBI 3MOILIIOHaJ1BHO-OIIeHOHHO~ IlepclieKTH- BLI oKa3bIBaeTc/t, HTO eaMO 3Ta llllclLeHllpoBalllla~I CllTyalIll~ 6~i~a BOCCO3- ;~aHa 113 BHyTpeHHIIX IIpOCTOpOB IIaM~ITH, 14 Tparll~IecKa~I IIHTOHalIHH ee pe- ~ae~TllB~ON HHTepnpeTalm~t C lloalllmlH HaCToamero 6pocaeT IIOB~I~ O~C~eT Ha Bect, Ilpe~lslAyllm~ KOMIIO311LIIIOHHBII~ XO~ CTIIXOTBOpeHH/t. HpliMepaMH ~lJIa 3TOrO o6paalIa MOryT cJIyXHTt~ CTIIXOTBOpeliiia "I-[aM/tTt, O COYIHIIe B cep~IIIe cJia6eeT..." 14 "BI~ICOKO B lle6e o6aan~o cepe~o. . . " ~i3 Kllllrll Be,~ep.

t£OMIIO3HIIIIOHHOe IlOCTpoelllle CTIIXOTBOpeHIIH "I-J[aM/ITB O COJIHI~e B

cepjIIIe c~a6eeT.. ." B pa6oTe B. ~Nxeu6ayMa 'AHIIa AXMaTOBa. OII~IT aHa- ~ll3a' (1923) IIpliBOA~TCa Ka~ npllMep Ta~oro Tllna pa~BepT~iBalllla ~Hpli- ~IeCKOFO cloxeTa, rAe c oco6o~ pe3KOCTI, tO onlyltlalOTCa CKaHKII B CMBICJIO- B~IX Ilepexo~ax (D~XeH6ayM 1969: 136-137). Ilpll sce~ B~temHe~ ll~mO311H lleceHHo-HapacTatomero paaBep~slBaHlla ~llpll~IecKoro c~ox~eza, IIOCTpOeH- HOrO Ha lllplllllIlllIe llcllxo~orll~ecKoro llapa:iJieJm3Ma, KOMIIO311I~IIOHHOe o6paMJIeHlle CTIIXOTBOpeHIIII o6paMJI~eT BceFo JllllIll, O]IIIH Mur, BO BIIyTpeH- HeM IIpOCTpaHCTBe KOTOpOFO "IIpOTeKaeT" IICIIXOJIOFIIHeCKH!~ IlpolIecc OT IlpeJIqyBCTBHH OKOIIHaTeJII, HOFO 3aMllpallll~I eme )KIIBOFO ~IyBCTBa (Ha ~I3BIKe

Ilpllpo~Illo~ 06~,eKTI~BalII~II IlpeAqyBCTBII~ llacTylinellll~ 311MI, I) 2tO Ilepe>xH- BaHIIH ~eHCTBIITeJIBHOFO cBepmeHll~i 3TOrO lllpe~IqyBCTBllg. O~llaKO B KOM- IIO311IIIIOHIIO-CMBICJIOBOM IIpOCTpaHCTBe CTI4XOTBOpeHII/t 3TO n~pl l~ec~oe lle- pe)gllBaHHe llHTeplIpeTllpyeTc~ ~Iepe3 Ilpll3My 2~ByX KOHTpaCTH~,IX ~MOIIIIO- HaJIBI-IO-OIIeHOHI-It,IX H TeMIIOpaJIBHBIX TOHeK 3pellHa. OHO OCMBICJIIteTCII H B TeMIIOpaJIbHO~ IIIJIOCKOCTII "aeTa", KOr~Ia ilepexllBaHlle eme coAepxa~o S ce6e o6eli~aHlle BonJIoulellll~, IIo y x e 6i, iJIO oBeaHo IlpeAnyBCTBllei HeBO- IIJIOTIIMOCTII, H B TeMIlOpa~IBHO~ II2IOCKOCTH HaCTylIIIBIIIeH 3MMBI, OTKy~la "JIeTHlle" lllpeTIHyBCTBlllt II HX IIpHpoAllLIe CHFHaJIBI oIIeli-IIIBaIOTCH KaK "Be- IIIlle IlpllMeTbI", IIOBeCTBylOIIIIIe 0 BTOp:Neliiiii KflKIIX-TO lleolI10eAeJIeHllglX Ha~JIIIHHOCTHBIX Clifl B cd0epy IIHTIIMHBIX lllepe~KllgaHll~.

3 a ~ e m r , u ~ npo6ae;ue c u m y a b m a n u 3 m a a no33uu u a ~ c u a o n u c u 14l

TaKa~ ~e CTI, IKOBKa ~ByX TeMnopa.rIl~Ht,IX IIJIOCKOCTe~ H CB~I3aHHI~lX C HHMH To~IeK 3peHn~ Ha6mo~IaeTcn B p~Ae CTHXOTBOpeHH~ H3 KHHF Be~tep I~

KfemKH HpH BCeM pa3Hoo6pa3HH HX BHeIIIHeFO KOMHO3HI~HOHHO-CtO)KeTHOFO

BOIIJIOIIIeHHIt. CTHXOTBOpeHItll 3TOFO THIIa O67~e~IHHHeT HJIJIIO3H~ He "HeCeH-

HOCT~", a "HOBeJIYIHCTHtlHOCTII ' ' HX KOMIIO3I, IIIIIOtIItOFO p~ICyHKa, KaK, Ha- IIptIMep, B CTtlXOTBOpeHItH "Bt, ICOKO B He6e 06JIaqKo cepe~o.. .", rAe 3a- ~IaFIHa/I B HaqaJie CTtIXOTBOpeHHH IIOBeCTBOBaTeJIt, Hag IHTOHalIIIIt co3~IaeT

HJI3IO314IO TOrO, HTO peHs HAeT 0 ")~yIIIeBHOM COgLITHH" npom~oro, KOTOpOe O)IHaKO IlpeAcTaeT B MOiIyce OCylIIeCTBJI~eMOFO HaCTogmero 6JIaroAapa IIO- BTOpHOMy ilepe~tBaHmo ~i OCMt, lCJIeHHIO. O~HaKO pe3Ka~ Ilepeotte~Ka TeM- Ilopa_7l~HOrO H 6I, ITHI~HOFO CTaTyca pa3BepTBiBaeMoro ClOX~eTa HpoHcxo~IHT Tor2Ia, t<orAa Ha Hero "HaKJIa2II, IBaeTc~" olIeHo~Ita~ IlepClIeKTHBa HaCTO~- mero MOMeHTa KaK ~pe)IesmHOfi TOUKH OCMI~ICJIeHH~I TparnnecKoro Ilepex~i- BaHHII, KorAa y>Ke 6e3BO3BpaTHO HacTyIIItJI MOMeHT 6ecco6~iTnl~HOrO "mo- ~OBHOFO MOJItlagH/t ''. I/IMeHtIO 3TOT OCTaHOBYieHHBII~ MHF 14 cJIy)KNT npe- )IeJIt, HO.~ TOHKOI~ oTqeTa, OTKyJIa o6o3peBaeTc~t B peTpocIIeKTHBHOM oCBelIIe- HHtI gect, BtlyTpeHHg.~ O6~,eM npe~I~IjIymer 0 on~ITa, ~ B 3TO~ IlepClIeKTHBe Bce KaK 6~I c~IyqaftH~,Ie BIIer-IaTJIeHHIt, crlrHa2m3npylolime npe~qyBCTBHe BOBMO)KHOeTIt TparrtqecKoro cBepmeHri~, rlpeBpamaIOTC~I B npopoqecTBa, npe~xcxa3~IBammrle IIO~B3IaCTHOCTB Bcex xpyIIKHX IlepeX~HBaHH~ pa3pymaro- me~ c~3e speMeun.

I/Iccae~Iy~ paHHee TBopqeCTBO AXMaTOBO~ B CBeTe HymKHHCKO~ Tpa- ArlIIrlH, B. B. MycaTOB BHAnT OT~nqnTen~HytO qepTy iio3mmH ~irlpnqecKofi reporlHrl B TOM, qTO OHa OC03HaeT MOIIIHylO CrI~Iy HajIJIrlUHOCTHO~ CTHXHrI mO6OBHOf~ cTpaCTH, B pyKax KOTOpO~ IIpOTarOHrlCTN ~pagaTH3npoBam~oro JIIO~OBHOFO clox~eTa, "OH" H "OHa", Haxo~I~ITClt B panHOM IIOJ~O~KeHH~I. POKO- BOI~ HoeAHHOK BeJIeTC~ He Mea<Ay HHMH, a M e ~ y JIHHHO-HH~IHBHjIyaJIBHI, IMH yCHJIH~MH ~IJI~ OCMI~ICJIeHHH "cJIy-qaflHl, IX" C06BITHf~ B 06JIaCTH "mH3HeHHOFO MHpa", H Ue~)~y HeH3BeCTHBIMH, HaAJIHNHOCTHBIMH CTHXHHHBEVIH CH.rI~MH, Hp~xa~Om~M~ 3Trim C06~ITn~M xapaKTep pO~OBHX cBepmeHn~. Hepe~o~H- ponKa cny~a~HO 3a~Kc~poBaHH~X B ~aHHSI~ MOMeHT npe~IMeTHS~X peanH~ IIpH peTpocIIeKTHBHOM OCBelI~eHHH B "BelIIHe CHMBOJIBI" MO)KeT OCyHLeCT- BYIHTBCH 6~aro~Iap~ TOMy, qTO IIpH CTNKOBKe 2IByX TeMIIOpaJII, HI~IX Ilepc~eK- THB IIpoHcxoAHT COH3MepeHHe "cYtytIal~HOrO '' H "pO~OBOrO", MFHOBeHHOe Ilepex~IBanI~e ilpe~cTaeT BCm, imKe C~tnOBI~IX Jlyqe~ 6eccmepTHOrO, HCTOpn- qec~oro, ~pauaTH3M JItO6OBHO~ KO2IYIH3HH ~IBJI~IeTC/t HpH3MO~, IIpeJlOMJIIHO- mel] rny6rlnHBie, CylImOCTHBIe 3aKOrlOMepHOCTH ~ICTopnqecEoro BpeMeHH, KOHtta Cepe6paHoro neKa:

FeponH, AXMaTO~O~ -- nMeHr~O yra~lnmla. OHa paHsme n npew,~Ie Bcero - cyeBepHaa H mo6amaa xenmHna, He rto,/IH~Taa Ha,~/ 6BITOM U OgHXOjIOM, HO BK~qfoqeHHa~, yFa/IBIBatOtLIa~t GKBO3B HerO "06II~HH XO~ ~eme~". Ho yva)lbIBaeT KaK pa~ HMeHrm ~ cnyqae "MOIIIHOe, MrHO-

142 Anna Han

BeHHOe opy~ne npoBn~ienna". [...] B e e JItOgOgHOfi nnpHKe It3BIKOM c~iyqafinocTe~ roBopHna ~Ie~CTBHTem, HOCTb 6ozee mnpoKoro nopa)IKa. Ee TO n noa~er~aao pa3raztsmaT~, 3aneqaT~eBaa ee CnMBOn~UecKu~ a3b~K. (MycaTOB 1992: 125, 126)

]~J~ BTOpOro THI~OJ~OFHqecKoI'O BapHaHTa "CTbIKOBKH" HJIH CHMyJIN- TaHH3aJAHII xapaKTepHa HpOT~IBOHOJtO)KHa~ HailpaBJIeHHOCTb "HaKYla~bIBa- HHII" O~HOFO TeMIIOpaJII, HOFO IlnacTa Ha ztpyro~: CTHXOTBOpeHH~ TaKOFO TH- Ha KaK IlpaBIIJIO HaqHHaIOTCJt He C IIOBeCTBOBaTeJIBHOI~ IIHTOHaIIIIII, II He o6emaroT "cKop6ilbI~ paccKa3" o Tpar~mecKoM Ilepeaa~BailnH I l e B o i l s o m e m HO~ nm6Bn, a 3a~IamT Me)IHTaT~BHO-qbii~OCOqbCK~ TOIl aKCIIOMaTHuecKax Il3peqeHil~ o m , icoI;ofi 3IlaUIIMOCTH Tpar i lnecKoro OIIblTa, TpaHcqbopMrIpO- Bai l i loro B Ilr~TaTe~bilbI~ ~ICTOqiiHK ~JIa po~,~ei l i la CTIlXOB. B KOMHO3rlIII~Oa- HNX pemeHHaX TaKOFO TItIIa IlMeililO IlocneJIH~6~ CTpOKa, r~Ie HO3THqecKtle npopoqecTBa ~IOCTIIFaIOT CBOeFO BI~ICIIleFo Ilpe~Iena B~Ipyr nepeocMr, icnaeYca B IlTore pe3KO~ CMeil~ nepcneKT~BbL TaKa~ CMeHa I lepcneKTgB~ BH/IerIHa 6pocaeT HOm, Ifi ceMaHTnqecK~Ifi OTCBeT Ha Becr~ I~pe~I~)IynlHfi xo;I CTnXO- TBOpeililJt !4 ocnapi IgaeT BH)IIIMOCTI~ 0 TOM, qTO JIHr-IHaSI 60Jib y~ernac~ . 17pn- uepoM TaKOFO KOUilO3ilLIItOItilOFO peme i l i l a MO~eT cJIyx~ItTt, CTtlXOTBOpeill/Ie "I£aK 6enblfi KaMeHb B rny6nHe ~oJIo~IIa . . . " Il3 KHilril Eeaan cma~.

Pe(~YleKTItBHO-Me)IIITaTIIBIIBIfI TOIl, 3aJIaHI-II, I~ g Ilaqaxle 9TOFO CTIlXO- TBopenil~, no3Bon~eT Ilpe~imao)Km:~, q~o nepe~i lBanHe ~lpa~aTmlecKofi Konan3nn mO6OBHOfi cTpaCTn n "cKop6i i~f i paccKa3" 0 Ilefi y~Ke ~HCBO60)m- nHCb I~3 I lne i la MOMeHTaJn~noro 3aileqaTJieilIia tl TpargqecI~ilf~ OIII~IT Tpailc- qbOpM~IpoBancJt B I la3i lAaTenbHI~ ypOK. O)IIlaKo Il B. B. B i l ~ o r p a ~ o s B BOCS- MO~ rnaBe c~oe~ pa6oTbI 'CMeHa "3MO~IOHam, HO~ OKpaCKil" qbpa3, KaK ceMaHTrIqeCKil,~ qbaKTop' (Brmorpa~toB 1976: 434-444) o6pamaeT BililMaHHe Ha aM6IIBaJIeHTilyIO Heonpe~eneililOCT~ OReHKII 9TOrO nIOgOBHOI'O nepe?Ki, I- BaHItSt, HpeBpailIeHHOFO B BOCilOMilHaHile:

[. . .] "KaK 6enhl~ KaMertt, B rny6HHe Kono;ma..." [Eezaa cmaa] c npnqy~IJmB~,~M ceMaHTnKO-rCOMnO3mmOHm,~M y3opoM, TaK KaK B heM CKpbXTr,~ )I0 nocJ~e~lnefi CTpOKr~ H "~HUO", I~ KOTOpOMy o6pamena peqr,, N TO O~HO "BOCIIOMHHaHHe', KOTOpOe KaMHeM JIe)KHT Ha }IylIIe report ,n , a Bcneacr~ne 3TOrO oc~aeTcz He~cm,~M ~ cymecTBe CBOeM n 3MOUHOHa~bHbl~ TOH CTr~XOVBopem~a. (441)

AM6gBa~eHTHa~ HeoilpejIeJIeHHOCTb LIeHHOCTHO~ riepcrieKwrm~,i oTpa- )KaeTCa g B aM6HBaJIeHTHOM CeMaHTHqeCKOM CTaTyce IIeHTpaJIbHO!4 06pa3- HO~ 3 a r a ) l ~ CTIlXOTBOpeH~Ia " 6 e a o r o KaMHa", CHMBO;t~a~pyromero y ~ e r m e e Ha ~II~O Ztymil BocnoMn~ai lae . /3e~ i f i KaMeH~, ovroqenH~ifi BpeMeHeM (H XrtBO~ ~OZtOa ~OnO~Ia TBopuecKo~ IlaMaTH) Il Mept Imomn~ co ~IHa KOJmAIIa, c OjIHOfi CTOpOHbI, CtlMBOJIII3ttpyeT BBICOKIIfI CMblCYl OqHIIIeHHOFO IIptI CBeTe BHyTpeHHefI peqbJ~eKcI4H TpaFHqeCKOFO OHblTa, CBeT KOTOpOFO, H3JIyqaeMl~I~

3 a ~ u e m ~ u ~ n p o 6 ~ e m e c u m y a b m a t t u 3 ~ t a a n o 3 3 u u u e ~ c u e o n u c u 143

r~a3oM paccKaa~Hbi nepe~IaeTc~ HeonpeAe~eHHoMy aJ~pecaTy-co6eceJIHHKy

H 6e3 CaOBeCnoro BocnpoH3BeAeHH~ "CKOp6HoFo paccKa3a" o IlpoHcme~I- meM. C Jlpyro~ CTOpOHbI, o6pa3 6e~Ioro KaMHIt IlpeTeprleBaeT CMBICJIOBble MeTaMOp~)O3bI, H B KOHIIe CTttXOTBOpeHtI~ B HTOFe pa)Ia OTO~)~eCTBJIeHtI~,

OCylIIeCTBaaeMBIX IIocpejICTBOM CKpblTO~ B rJIy6~tI~nO~ CeMaHT~I~IeCKO~ I~ KOM~O3mmOHHO~ cTpy~Type CTnXOTBOpeHH~ pnTopHqecKo~ qbopMyn~i xHaz- Ma (6en~i~ KaMeHb = OdLHO BOClIOMIIHaFIBe / MOe BOClIOMHHaHHe = TbI / TBI =

6egI~Ifi KaMeHb) OTO}K~IeCTBJIIteTC/t C CaMHM aApecaToM. TaKHM o6pa3oM, OKa- 3blBaeTca, qTO BI, IlteCeHHgI~ H3 TpaFI~IeCKOFO OllblTa ypoK, c~opMy~Hpo- BaHHblI1 B BH)Ie npopoqecKgx n3peneHHfi n IIOBeCTBylOIIIII.q O TOM, LITO ogpeqeHHl~ie Ha HeBOIIJIOTHMOCTB H 3~eMepHOCTb CBOeFO CylIIeCTBOBaHH~I qeJioBeqecKHe cTpaCTH IIpOAOJI>XalOT )KHTI~ B Mrlpe IlpeAMeTOB H ~BJIeHgl~ Ilprlp02It~I, B)ll, IXaa B HrlX XrlByro )Iymy, rt II03TOMy BertHO BOCCO3JlatOTC~ HHOM 6BITIIHHOM rI3MepeHrlrt, B 06JIaCTI~ ne~oBe~tec~oro TBopqeCTBa, a~:peco- BaH I-IeIIOCpeACTBeHHO K TOMy JItlIIy, u~e pea~,uoe, )KIIBOe 6BITI~e TBOp- qeCKrlM C03HaHHeM YMePum~eHo ~ OTOCJIarto B r~y6~ KoJIOAILa IIaM~TH.

B~aro~ap~ TOMy, qTO B 3as~m~eIma CTrlXOTBOpeHrIZ BHe3alIHO pac- KpNBaeTc~ TOX~leCTBO r~amloro C~IMBOJIrIqecI(oro o6paaa CTHXOTBOpeHrla rI eFO aApecaTa, HeBOIIJIOTHBIIIa,qc/t B IIpOIIIJIOM, HO 3aHOBO BO3pO)K~eHHa,q B XI, IBO~ BO2Ie KOJIO~IIIa TBop~teCKO~ IIaM~TH JIIO~OBb paArI ~eccJIoBeCHOFO x~aJIora co6ecegrlm~OS n pa)m Ilepe>KnBalma fix 06mHOCTH B cqbepe ~IrlCTO~ )~yXOBHOCTH, npeAcTaeT B Ilepc~eKTnBe jIBOfinOrO s ~ e ~ s . YIm6OBHBI~ OIIblT 6blJI xpylIKHM, MHMOJIeTHBIM, HO 3aTO }KHBBIM, a KaMenb ~IBJI,qeTCa IIpOtlHblM H BettHBIM, HO 3aTO B HeM B yMeplIIBJIeHHOM BHJIe IlpOXoJIXaeT >KI~Tb HeKor;Ia ~KgBOe. Ha 3TOM C~HXpOHHO~ )IByeXHHCTBe 3~eMepHOCTI~ )KHBOFO H IIpOqHOCTH yMeplIIBJIeHHOFO 6BITH~t II Ha CHMyJIBTaHHOM BOClIpHIt- THH "cJIytla~HOFO '' H "Bceo6IiIero" IIOCTpOeH KOMIIO3HLIHOHItBIH H CMBICJIO- BO~ KapKac CTtlXOTBOpeHtI~I.

06IIIe3na~IHMbI~ CMI, ICJI IIp~I pe~dleI<TI~BHOM OCMblC~eHI~H YIHttHO-HH - ~HBHJIyaJIBHBIX IlepexHBaHH~ B II093HH AXMaTOBOI~ BO3HHKaeT tt IIocpe~cT- BOM TOFO, qTO Bce CJIOBa, )KeCTt,I, MaHepa IIOBeAei~I~, rlpe)IMeTHI, I~ aHTypax<,

IIpH3BaI~H~Ie BOCCO3)IaTB 3MOIIHOHaSIbHylO aTMOC~epy OCTaHOBJIeHHOrO Mnra B MOMeI-IT ero "BClIHm~u", npe~eJI~HO~ BO~aome~HOCTI~, IIpH ero OCM~I- c : Iem~t B r~iy6m~ax TBopuec~o~ IIaM~ITI~ IlOny~aloT ~yJIt, rypHy~O oI~pacKy, CTaHOBflTC~t HOCHTeJIeM 2Iyxa I~ CTItJI.q 3IIOXIt l~I 3I(3HCTeHILHaJIt, HOFO nepe- X<~IBaH~IS ~IeJIOBeI(OM Ilpezte:II,~toro xapaKTepa CaMofI 3noxH, OIIIylIIeHH~i gOH- I~a. B 3TOM O6IIIe3gaqHMOM OTCBeTe I(aX~)Ioe C06t, ITHe, ilepe)Ki~BaeMoe B MO- MeriT CBOeFO BOIlJIOIIIeHtL~I KaK IlpejIeJIl~Ha~ IIOJIHOTa OIIIylIIeHH~, O~II~OBpe-

MeHHO ilepexHBaeTca i~ B TotIetlHOCTH CBOeFO ~I~ITHII, KOTOpOe y~Ke B MOMeHT OCylJ~eCTBYleHH~ IIpO~IBJI~eT FOTOBHOCTB K Hctte3HOBeHHIO. Tat~oe C~IMym,- TaHHOe COBIIa~IeHI/Ie OIIIyIJ/eHII~I Ilpe~eJIl~HO~ BOIIJIOIIIeHHOCTtI KaK IIOYIHOTI~I ~I~ITHIt B eI'O MOMeHTaJIBHO~ ~aHHOCTH, H Ilpe}IeJIBHOCTH KaK KOHeqHOCTH Ilpouecca pa3BepTl~IBaHI~I~ 3TOFO 6bITHIt H II03TOMy ;I HeBO3MO)KHOCTH ero

144 Anna Hart

BOIIJIOIIIeHHa KaK 13 JIIcIr-IH0-Htt~I~IBII~!IyaJIBHOM, Tat( 14 B 3IIoxaJIbHOM CMblCJIe,

~tBYlYleTCIt IItlTaTeJIbHbIM ItCTOqHItKOM Tpar~mecI(oro IIepe~rIBaHrIa BpeMeItII B pa~He~ no33~rI AXMaTOBOfI. 17peo)lo~en~e TparHuecKoro OIII~ITa IteBOIIJIO- THMOCTtI ~IeJIoBeqecKofI JmqI~OCT~I KaK IleYg~HOCTI~ ~I OnbITa BOCr~p~aTrIg KaK

I/eYIOCTHOCTtI tt Tpe6yeT c03)laHHa TaKOrO CTH~AL IIocpe)ICTBOM KOT0por0 qeJIOBeK MOF 6BI 3attOBO CTaTB TBepJII, IM Haqa2IOM, T. e. KOHCTpyKTtlBHbIM rIp!41-ItIIInOM ~I IlttTeFpHpytoIiIefI TBopqecKo~ CtIJIOI~ B npo~ecce 130cc03~la~n~

ttOBOI~ IIeJII~HOCTH. !~/IMeI-IHO II03TOMy " ~ c n x o ~ o r ~ e c K ~ N KOHCTpyKTHBI43M" r1033tIII AHHeItCKOFO, 6~aroxap~ KOTOpOMy OH ocyIIIeCTBttYl o6o6meH~e ~M- IlpeccrIOHI~CTHqeCKOrO onr~ITa BOCIIp~gTrIa, Hamea )I<~BO~ 0TI(JIrII( B o6JIacwrI 9K3rlCTeSII~Ia~HO-Ky~TypH0rO caMoolIpeAeJIeHrla rI CTrI~eBr~ix rIOHCKOB HO- BOFO IIOKOJIeHtIII IIOgTOB-aKMeFICTOB:

[...] ~OpMOTBOpqeCKH~ 14Mnym~c, ne~Ka~mn~ s ocr~o~e ero jleaTen~- HOCTH, oKa3a~ca coBepmeHHO HeogxojIHMBIM MOYlO]IOH 11033tlh 10-X ro~log, B TOM q14c~le AXMaTOBOfi 14 MaH)~e~bmTaMy. 3a)la~a HOBOFO IIO3THqeCKOFO rlOKO~e14!4Jt COCTOa:ia B TOM, tlTO6I~I COe~14HHTB 9TOT

HMFlyflbG C )t(HBbIM FIG14XOJIOFHqeCKHM OFIblTOM JI14qHOCTH~ TO egTt~ GHH-

Te3npo~aT~ "ncnxo~or14ro" n "~yasTypy", Ha~Trt T~ep)Ib~e ~OpM~ BO- n~omen14n ue3oseuec~oro cymecT~osanna. (MycaTOB 1991: 360)

[IoaTtlqecKoe y~eHnqecTno AXMaTOBOI~ y AHHeHCKOFO HccneAoBaTeaL BH~ttT IIMefttlO B TOM, qTO B oIIeHKe wpar~ueCKrlX i(oaan3~fi mO6OBHOrO cioa(eTa ee ~npn~ecKaz reporm~ He HAeHTrlqbmI~IpyeTca C ~a~o~-~n6o ~OMHHaHTHOH 3MOKHOHa.IIbHO-OI~eHOqHO]~ TOHKOH 3peHrI~, B CBeTe KOTOpO~ O~lnH ~3 HpoTarOH~CT013 oKa3aacz 6r, i BnHOBHHKOM, a )Ipyro~ cTpa/ta~rmeM Tparn~ecKnx nepez(nBaHa~, "aBTOpCKaz 3MOI/rla oxBaTLmaeT ny13CTBOM co- cTpa~aHna o6oax" (MycaTOB 1992:119) . HaBepHoe ~MeHHO 3Ta 3aKOHOMep-

HOCT~ ~ aB~ZeTCa :m~HOCTHO-3K3HCTeH~ma~LHLIM H Ky:~TypHo-OHTOnOrn- ~eCKHM qbyH~IaMeHTOM rI 3aO~HO qbyHKUrlOHa~HO-CTn~CTr~eCK~M 06~ZC- HeH~eM np~eMa c ~ y ~ T a H n 3 a u ~ H ~t~yx nepcne~T~B ~n~eH~a B no93nn AXMaTOBOI~I.

III.3. "I4ZmnpeccuoHu3~t ee~moeo " wzu "6eccMepmue uMnpeccuottucmu~tec-

~:oeo " ~ax ocHoea Outta~tu~ec~:oeo cmano6Jzettua ~tupa e nogmu~tec~:o(t cucme~te Eopuca HacmepnaKa

CqbopMyJmponaHHa~ B rioA3aro~oBKe 3TOH uaCTrl aM6I~Ba~eHTHOCTb B oIIeH- Ke cBoeo6pa3Horo H03THqecKoro ceHcyaJm3Ma BopHca YlacTepHaKa oTpama- eTC~I 14 B I~ICCYleJ~OBaHII~IX, nOCBameHHbIX ero II03TttqeCKOUy TBOpqeCTBy. C HeKOTOpt, IM ynpomeHneM MOXHO cKa3aTt,, HTO B 3THX qbH~onorI~necI(HX Hcc3eJloBaHnax, c OjIHON CTOpOI~bI, OTMeuaeTc~ CXO~GTBO ero no3TrIqecKoro

3a~em~cu ~ npo63eMe cuMy~TbmaHu3Ma a nO33UU u a 3 / c u a o n u c u 145

MetITaJItlTeTa C IIMllpecctlOHItCTHqeCKHM TFIIIOM BOCIIptt~tTtI~, a C ApyroN CTO- pOHbI, rIOA~epK~IBaeTC~ KoHKellTya3r~HbII~ xapaKTep e ro nripmcu, oTpa~ae- MBIH tI B CTpOFOH CIcICTeMHOCTI, I t t "Cl~OllCTpyrIpOBanHOCTrI" e ro nO3THqeci(llx o6pa3os (CM. Y[e~HeB 1926 [1987]; Hoqbqbe 1933; O63~OMI~eBCKHfi 1934; C . - HItBCKItH 1965; qb~e~mMaH 1975; CMllpHOB t972 , 1986; q b a p , n o 1988; M e d a r i d 2001, 2002). YcTpeMJIeHHOCTb HOaTmIecKoro CO3Ha~rm ~ ~ o c n p ~ - TmO rI nepe) la~e tterIocpejIcwBellH~iX Brle~IaTJIesrI~ B IIX c e H c y a ~ o f i IIOJIHOTe HO3BOJI~eT yCMOTpeT~, reHeTrIqecKrIe KopttH r~O3Triqecroro eTIIJIII I lacTepHaKa B gMHpeccHoHll3Me, rI TaKa~ ~nTepllpeTaRI, I/q llO~TBepm)IaeTcJ~ H o c o 6 o ~ poJ~bi~ )IeTcKoro r~ mencKoro TI~IIa xy)Io~eCTBeHllO~ CeHCttTIIBHOCTtI KaI( o6pa3IIOBO~ Mo~IeYlH 2IestTeyi~,llOCTll xy)Io~ecTBeHHOFO C03HaHILq B e r o no331lI~ r~ llpo3e. ~OIIOJIHttTeJIBHB1M apryMeHTOM ~IJI~I TaKo~ oIIeHKtI CTII- JIeB~,~X KOpHe~ rIO33UH I~acTepHaKa MOFyT cJ~y)~HTB riepBbie OllbITbI TeopeT~- uecKoro caMoor~pe)IeJ~eullg IIO3Ta, cpeJIH HHX H CTaTbYl 'qepHb~ 6ora3' (1915), i~pI~Ha~JIe~amaz K ero "qbyTypI~CTr~IeCKO~ 6rIorpaqbll~", r~e OH nposojXllT pa3rpaHr~ueH~ie M e ~ I y "rICTUHHr~M" ~ "3IOZ~H~IM" qbyTyp~I3MOM (CM. qb:IefiIIIMaH 1979: 79-86). 1-[pH3HaBa,'l npeeMcTBeHnym c ~ 3 ~ Me~)Iy tlMllpecctlOHH3MOM tt "HCTHHHI~IM" ~yTypII3MOM, 1-[acTepHaK O)IHaKO TOtIHO Ha3t, IBaeT Te I~oppeKTttSt, I, KOTOpbIe qbyTypllaM BHOCIIT B HMIIpecctloItIICTtI- ~ec~oe Hac3Ie)ICTBO:

BbI, HM14peccrtOH14CTbI, HayqFIJlFl Hac cBepTt,IBaTb BepcTI,I, cBepCTbIBaTb seHepa, B x~onot~ cyMepeK norpyx4aTb xpy14Kne IIpOglyKTbI 14pHqy21. I/I )Ia3ee, Bb! HacTaBH3~I4 Hac FpaMOTe, Aa6b~ MOr~n MbI B ypoqHM~ qac, Ha ~IOJDKHOM UeCTe IIOCTaBFITI, Mnoroo6eulatomyro Ha3ln~Cb: Bepx. I/I BOT, 6naroAap~ BaM, y)Ke KOTOpbl~ tO j/ BbIBOJI14M MIM Ha cep~Llax namux 3HaK qepHoro 6oKa~a: OCTOpO)KHO! 3aTeM, C o6mero CO- rJlaCFl,q It 110 B3fll4MHOMy croBopy, nonyqHn14 Mbl, 6aKa~aBpbl nepBoro Br, lrlycKa gattle~ mKoJn3i TpaHcrlopTepOB, -- rloqeTnyIo KJIHqKy qbyTy- p14CTOB. B 14epBbl~ pa3 3a BCe cyIIIeCTBOBaHtle Bame~ tUKOnb~ nonb~- TaJ~klCS gb! 3SaMeHaTeJ~r~HO~ 3TO~ KJI14qKO~ OCMI~IGJIFITb JIOTOJIe rtCKyC- CTBO HaTopeJIlalX rlO~IMacTeprt~ 14 orlycTrlBIIII4XCa MacTepOB. B TBOp- qeCTBe qbyTypucTa nprlMepHr, II~ MarteBp ~Iocy)Kero 14Mnpecc14oHrI3Ma snepns~e CTaHOB14TC~I )IeYlOM 14acymHo~ HajIO6HOCTH, HOCll.rlbliItfK Ha- tleriJ/~leT ce6e 6nnxy 6y)lymero, nyTeI.UecTBeHH14Ky BbI~CHneTCJt eFO CO6CTSeHHS~ MaptUpyT. (FIacTepHa~ 1991: 355)

]30 CBrI]IeTe3bCTBy 3T~X CTpOK, [IacTepHaK ripi~ BCeM cBOeM HprI3Ha- HUll TOrO, tITO dOyTypItCTbI yuacaez~osa~n CIIOCO6HOCTt, cBepTI, IBaTt, BpeMn ( " s e ~ e p a " ) ri HpocTpaHCTBO ("BepCT~f') B HpejIeJmx MOMeHTa OT nMnpeccrIo- HI4CTOB, tIeTKO xapaKTepit3yeT HOBOe HaIIpaBYleHkIe paBBllTIIJt 3TO_~ CIIOCO6- HOCTII, KOTOpOe, Ra eFo B3FJI~I~, COCTOtlT B cJIe~ftollIHx qepTax ripI~ i i epego~e qbrirypa~BHoro a3sma H3n0~eHI~ Ha IIOI-IIITFIHHI~IH.

146 Anna Han

Torxa sax y ZMrlpeccIdOH~ICTOB Bb~6op )IaHHoro MOMeHTa HOCrln IteMO- TrIBHpOBattHLI~, cJIy-qal~HbIl~ xapaKTep, dOyTypIICTII~IeCKHI] BLI6Op Ilprlo6pe- TaeT 3aKOItOMepHbri~ xapaKTep, I~I6O MOMeHTaJII~HO BOClIp~IH~ITOe MecTo CTa- HOBHTCJt ")~OJDKHblM' MeCTOM, a BpeMg "ypoqItbIM tIaCOM". I-[aCCHBHa~ 6ec- IleYlBHOCTB HMgpeccI~OHHCTr~qeCKOFO THrla BOCripHItTHII (")Iocy)t(Itl~ HMIIpec- CrIOHH3M") y r~CTrmHoro qbyTyprICTa 3aMeH~eTCS t~eneBo~ saaHageriHOCTbIO BOCIIptt/ITtlII MrIpa, KOTOpalt O)IHaKO oI~pe~IeJI~eTc~ He gI~emHe 3a~IaHHO~ ~eJIbIO, a BHyTpenHe~ rIpI~yArITeJIbnOCTLIO, "HacyriIHOfi Ha)Io6rIOCTbtO". Ta- KHM o6pa30M aa)~a~a HMIIpeccHottHCTOB )IaTb OIIpfTHTB IIeJfI~HOCTB HprIpOX- HOFO I<OCMOCa IIpIt BOCIIpIt~THII ero cerMeHTa B qbyTyptlCTHtIeCKOM tlCTOJI- KOBaHHH IlacTepHaKa ripHo6peTaeT 9K3HCTeHIIHaJIbHBII~ CMBICYl H 6BITHHHytO oHpaBJIaHHOCTB. Ha qbHrypaYlI~ItOM a3gIKe CTaTlbH 3Ta 3aKOHOMepHOCTB BI~I- pa~aewc~ HocpeAcTBOM ~IOFHKH pa3BepHyTO~ KapTHHBI, cornacHo gOTOpO~ nyTemecTBe~Hm~ HaIIen~zer 6Jmxy 6y2lymero Ha CO6CTBeHHoro ce6z, rI xpy~KrIM HHTerpHpymnlrrM annapaToM, CriOCO6HBIM "ynaKoBr, maTr~" Bpeua H HpocTpaI-ICTBO, CTaHOBHTCH ero C06CTBeHHOe cep)l~Ie, Ha KOTOpOe H CTaBHTCH 3HaK "OCTOp0~HO", BH3yaJri, HO~ 3M6J~eMO~ KOTOpOFO JtBY/~eTC~[ "qepHSI~ ~oKaJf'.

E ~ e O)I~H B a ~ e ~ I n ~ KoppeKTI4B, KOTOpI~IfI Y[acTepHaK BHOCIIT B IIM- Hpecc~oHgCTH~eCK~ THri BOCripII/ITHg H COOTBeTCTBytOIIIeI~ riO3THI(H CTHJI~I, COCTOIIT g cJ~e)Iym~eM. B CnOCO6HOCT~ HMripeccHoItHCTOB Co3AaT~, np~I MO- MeHTaYIbHOM Bocnp~TH~ 3qbeMepHy~O HJ~JIm3~IO ~IeJI~HOCTH r[OA BJm~HHeM onpe~IeneHH~X onTn~ecKmx ~qbqbeKTOB ("B XJIOnOK cyMepeK imrpy~ar~ xpyli~ne ~po~IyKT~ npHuy)f') y "nCTnHrimx" qbyTypncTOB BtmCnTC~ KO~I- cTpyKTIIBHt,I~ 3JIeMeHT, tI 6naro~ap~ 3TOMy BO3HIIKatoma~l HJIJIIO3tI~I I~en~- HOCTH CTaHOBHTC/I 6onee ~pOnHO~. OJIHaKO B 3CTeTItqecKHX pa3~ici~aHm~x ~I B nO3THKe I]acTepHaKa KaK "nCT~HH0rO dOyTypncTa" 3TOT KOriCTpyKT~BHSI~ 9neMeaT, o6ecnen~Bmomn~ riponaocTL nMHpeccnoH~CTnneCKnM BnenaTne- H~aM He ~BnZeTCa 3apaHee 3a~aHHO~ opnaMenxa~LHo~ cex~o. OHa KOHcTpy- t~pyeTca TOJI~KO riO Mepe pa~BepTLma~ 2opor, TO eCTS I~O Mepe pacria- ~OBK~ uenocxHoro npocTpaHCTBa ~ "~IOa~KImrO" Tonennoro MecTa n B~mC- ~eHaa MapmpyTa ~Inz caMoro nyTemecTsennnKa, TO eCT~ rio Mepe "pacna- KOBK~" SenHOCTn ri3 "yponI~OrO" naca. Ha qbm'ypanLnOM ~ I K e n3no~eHna 9CTeTnneCKO~ KOHIIeHIm~ CTaT~n 'qepnm~ 6o~aJI' 3Ta 3aKOHO~epHOCT~ MOn~eT 6mT~ Bmpamena cne~ymmaM o6paaoM: " n y T e m e c T ~ e H ~ y nponc- H~eTC~ eFO MapHIpyT" TOJII~KO BO BpeM~ HyTeIIIeCTBH~, ero HyT~ He ~IMeeT 3apaHee 3aJIaHHO~ ~IeJ~eBo~ Ha3HaqeHltOCTH, ~/eJ~b H CM~,ICJI HyTH OCMbICJI~eT- Ca B ripo~Iecce I~O~CTpyKT~IBHO~ ~eaTen~HOCT~I TBOpnecKoro CO,Hanna, anI~ i~Ha~e roBopn, B r~polIecce ~i~IHaMHnec~oro CTaHO~:~emm KOHCWpy~pyeMoro

o~yXOTBOpZeMor0 rim CaMnM MHpa, p~TMi4neci~aa nyn~cam~a KOTOpOro H o ~ e p ~ a H a cep~e6~eH~eM riyTemec~eH~rIKa.

TaKa~ MoAen~ )IHHaMHqecKoro npo~ecca KOHCTpyripoBag~a ejIHHO~e- YIOCTHOFO IIpOCTpaHCTBa tt BpeMeHH HO Mepe OCMI~ICJIeHH~I H peaJIH3ai~HH

3 a ~ e m n u ~ npo6~e~ue cwvtyabma~4u3~ta a nogsuu u a )tcuaonucu 147

Ha3Ha'-IeHH~I IIyTemeCTBIt~ BOIIJlOIIIaeTclI B o6pa3HO-CMb~CJIOBO/~ H crlttTaK-

CHqeCKO-~ cTpyKType CTHXOTBOpeHH~ "CeCTpa Mo~ - )KHaHB...". B 9TOM CTHXOTBOpeHHH pa3BepTBIBaIOIIIa,~ICH CeTB )KeJIe3Ho~opo)KHBIX OTBeTBJIeHH~, CB~3bma~o~IX TOqeqHOCTr~ MecTa nepeca~io~ r~ apeMeHn oTnpam~euHa noe3- )lOB, CI~MBOJm3HpyeT JIOrgKy ) l n n a u ~ n e c r o r o cTa~oB~enHa IIpocTpaHcTBa n n y ~ c a ~ n m 6eccMCpTHOrO BpeMeun, p~T~ roToporo coB~a)laeT c pHTM~Uec- ~ U 6He , HeM cepx~a nyTemecTBeHunKa. HMeH~o 6~aro)Iapa TaKo~ aepaa- x e ~ n u o ~ CnmltmOCT~ 6~ITna T~opuec~oro cy65erTa I~ Bce6srT~Z )~BOrO ~ p a , Ha H3B~Ke HOgTHHec~Hx 06pa30B ~roro CTHXOTBOpe~, pa3BeT~JU~o- ma~ca ~e~ie~i~o~opo~r i~ cert,, 3arloJiH~Ioma,q i,I ~<oi-icTpy~pyIomaa mi4Boe TeJ~o I~pocTpaHCTBa H pa3BeTBJ~O~llagc~ CeTB KpOBeHOCHI, IX cocyjlOB, rio ~oTop~N ~Iyn~cHpy~omee cepAae pacceHBaeT X~HBOTBOpHyrO CHYly ~lY~g op- r a~n3~a , MoryT 6sr rs :mUeBo~ r~ o6paTHO~ CTOpOnO~ TOrO x~e caMoro ne- ~eJiHMOrO, CHHKpeTHrteCKOFO o6paa~O-CMHC~OBOrO KOMn~crca. H ) l o 6 a B ~ , 6JIaroJlapH 9TOMy, npocToe pacm~ca~Ine rroea~Ion, aaneuaT~eBa~omee 3Ty Ur~p~y~zramo, MO~eT BO3BI, IIIIaTI, C~I C paHra 6~TOBOrO ~a3nanem~z ~a paHr "CB~II~eHI~O~ I<HrIrri" c 6eccMepT~S~M Ha3Ha~IeHrIeM.

IdMeHHO Ha OCHOBe ~I03TttqecI~O~ ~HTepnpeTa~rm ~a~erop~n pgTMa IIacTepHaK B CTaTr, e 'r-IeprI~t~ 6oI(aa' OTMemeBbIBaeTc~ HOT MejVIHTeJ~BHO~

c03ep~IaTeJ~BHOCTH HMI~peccHOHrt3Ma, I~ OT KyJIBTa )IHHaMH3Ma ~ yCKOpeH- HOFO TeMHa, ~IpOH3BOjIHMOFO IIocpejICTBOM MamHHHOf~ cKopocTH B MHpe HO- BOB TeXHH~IeCKO~ IIHBHJIH3aLIHH:

I/IcKyCCTBO HMI1peccHoHH3Ma - I, I C K y C C T B O 6epe>KnHBoro o6xomAeHI~ c rIpocTpaHCTBOM ld BpeMeHeM -- r~cKyCCTBO yrJIa~Km MOMeHT ~IM- npeccnoHnaMa - MOMeHT ~IopomnbEx c6OpOB, qbyTypnaM -- BnepBb~e ~BHLIfi cJ~y~a~ ~efiCTBnTem, no~ y~naHKn B ~paTqa~mnfl cpo~. 17o- cnemHOCT~, eMy CBO~CTBeHHa~, Hacrom,~o me HaneKa OT nenpnB~,m- ~o~ cKopocwn Mepce~eca, HacKom, KO ~la~eKa 0Ha n ow MeH3nTe~- HOCTH HapceaoB~X rlepe~lBHx~eHn~. [...] 17ocnemnocT~ 3Ta He UTO rmoe, Ka~ cnemHOCT~ HaaHa~eHn~; ~c~yccr~o Ha Ka~IOM mary, eme- ~HeBHO, emeqacHo rlo~yqaeT OT BeKa HeH3MeHHOe, JleCTHOe, OTBeTCT- BeHnoe, ~pe3B~,~ua~Ho Ba~Hoe n cnemHoe na3Haqenne. [...] [Io3BOJlbTe me I4Mrlpecct'IOHI,'I3My B cep~I1LIeBHHHOI~ MeTaqbope qbyTypl,IaMa 6t, ITt, HMrIpeccHoHH3MOM BeqHoro. Ilpeo6pa3oBaHue BpeMeHHOFO B BeqHoe npr~ nocpeHcTBe JIHMHTaLIHOHHOFO MFHOBeHHII -- BOT HCTHHHbI~ CMBICJI qbyTypHcTHqec~x a66peBHaTyp. (IIacTepna~ 1991: 356-357)

I/ICTOttHHKOM HCTHHHOFO ~HHaMH3Ma, IIOHHMaeMOFO KaK BeqHoe CTaHO- B3IeHHe, o~ecIIeHHB~lOIIIee 6eccMepTHe BCeM MOMeHTaJIBHbIM IIpO~tBYIeHHHM BceI~eJ1OCTHOCTHOFO ~t~ITH~/, ~OJIH(HO ~bITb T&Koe HaHa3IO, KOTOpOe IlepBHtI - Hee TBOp'~ecKoro cy6~erTa ~ ero ~ H ~ n ~ y a ~ H s r x ~epHenT~BHSIX n nnTe- r p n p y I o m ~ x CnOCO6HOCTefi. TaKHM anp~op~sIM n a ~ a n o ~ B IIOHHMaHHH HacTep~ara ~B~aeTC~ f I ~ p n r a raK OpHFHHa3I, IIO oTHomesmo r KOTOpOMy H

148 A n n a H a n

IIH)IIIBItAyaflbHO-Cy~eKTI4BHaYl opI4FIlttaJII~HOCTI~ II09Ta ~tBJIIIeTC~I TOJIBKO

uacTn~rM IIpO~IBYIeHtleM. YIOCKOJII~Ky Op~r~Han eCT~ He "~TO ~HOe KaK OCHOB- Hoe I/IHTerpa_rII~Hoe HaqaJio, npi~naAne~amee JIIIpItKe, TO I4 "cy@I~eKTItB- HOGTIe" II03Ta MO)I(eT ogJIa~aTI, 3TO~ HHTeI'paJII, HO~ CIIOCO6HOCTbtO TOYILKO C

TeM ycfIosIIeM, ecJII4 IIODT np~namaeTc~ K 3TOMy 6ezycJIOBHOMy, aHp~op- HOMy HaqaJ~y. Anp~opHoe Ha~aJIo J I~p~n o6ycnaBni~BaeT 65~Tne ~p~I- qecKoro cy55eKTa, OHO ~BJ~eTC~ ~eHOMeHaJIYoHBIM r~po~sneHi~eM 3TOrO nep- BOpOAsoro na~aJia. I/IMeHHO 6JIaI'o)IapIt 3TOMy, cJIyqa~H~Ie, cy6~eKTI~BHg~e BOCIIpHaTI/I~I J~tlpW~ecKoro no3Ta MoryT np~o6pecT~ a6COJ]IOTHytO, 6ec- cMepTHyIO 3IIaqlIMOCTI:,:

~yma ~yTypUcTa, yKaa~,~HI;a c OCO6b~M KaKHM-TO )IyIIIeBHblM cKna- aOM, peaJiuCTnqec~n o6~,~BneHa u u MeTaqbopo~o a6co~OTmMa nnpi~- ~ ; e~InHCTBeHHO npneMneMs~ BI4)I coffre volant. Cep)It~a CnM~OnnC- rOB paa6~Ba~ucb o CnMBOJ~S~, cepAtIa 14MHpeccFIOHHCTOB O6nBann no- porn nnpnKH, ~ n~4pnKe c~la~ann B36HTb~e cep~Itla. Ho TOJIbKO C cep~I- tleM :mpnKn HaqnHaeT 614TbC~t cep~me qbyTypncTa, 3TOrO anpnopncTa nup~KH. TaKona n 6~na BcerAa HCTI, IHHall nnpg~a, 9TO nOHCTHHe ar~p~opHoe yC~OB~4e BO3MON(HOCTt't cy6~eKTI4BHOFO. Cy@beKTUgHa,'t opHr~nan~mOCTb c~yTyp~cTa -- He cy6~eRTnBHOCTb ~n~I~BI~a ~OBCe. Cy6~eKTHBHOCTB ero AOJDK~O nOHHMaTS KaK KareropHm CaMOfi Yhap~4- Ka -- OpurnHana ~ uaeam, nou CMhicne. (357)

11o CBn)IeTea~CTBy roImen~nrt CTaT~n 'BaccepManoBa pearm~I' (1914), B IIOH~IMaHnn IIacTepnaxa "nCTrInHr, I~ dpyTyprIcT" resp. HaCTOZmIffI reHH~ Teg rI OTnH~aeTcz OT "n~eqbyTyprIcTa" resp. no~rmro reHrIZ-caMo- 3BanIIa, qTO OH n36paa 2Jm TBopqeCTBa caM~IM JInp~qeCKnM Haqa~oM, I~ II09TOMy ero II03TtIqecKa,q JIe/tTeY[IoHOCTb )ItlKTyeTc~I 3aKOHOM BHyTpetIHel] noTpe6HOCTH, TOr~Ia KaK AeaTeJ~,i~OCTg ~;~eqbyTypI~CTa, npon3BO~a~ero ~IO)Kn~e p~,inoun~ie HOBnHKn, AttKTyeTca BHelIIItIIMI4 3al]pOCaMtt JIIITepaTyp-

u o r o noTpe6nTe~a. B 3To~ )Ke CTaTbe OCHO~Hb]M OTJIIIqttTeJII, HI~IM np~43Ha- ~OM aHpHqecKoro no3Ta IIacTepHa~ CqItTaeT HnTerpnpy~o~y~o CImCO6- HOCKS, 6naro~Iap~ I(OTOpO~ JIIO6a~, cayua~Ho oI~a3aBmaac~ B n o n e Bocnpnz- TI'Dt BeIIIb, BI(JItoqaeT¢~I B IIOTOK ]ItIHaMI, IqegKOFO CTaI-IOBYleHI, t~I:

flrdpI,tqecKH~ ,2IeltTeJlb, Ha3blBafiTe eFO KaK XOTHTe, HaqaJlO 14HTeFp!d- py~omee n p e : ~ e BcePo. ~.rleMeHTbI, KOTOpE, Ie HollgepraroTc~ TaKoH I,IH- Terpatg4u H~4, y~yqme OT uee TOJllbKO noJIyqaroT cBoto YKI, I3Hb, r.ny6OKO B cpaBHem4H c Helo necymecTBem-Ihl. (352)

OCHOBI-It,Ie Te3IICbI, II3JIO)KeHH2BIe B 3TIIX paI-IHIIX CTaTt,~IX, IIosIyqI4JII4 IIO3THtIeCKOe BOIIJIOmeHI4e B KHtlFe C e c m p a ~uon - 9tCH3Hb. TBopqecI;a~ MBICYIb IIacTepnaKa 0 ;~IpI, IqeCKOM ~Ie~Tene I;aK ~IHTerpnpymmeM Hana~e ocyII~eCTBJI~J~acb B II09TrIqecI;ofi ripaKTtii~e IIocpe)ICTBOM IIpI4eMa MeTOHtlMII-

3 a M e m x u ~ npo6ae~te c u ~ y a b m a H u ~ M a e no~3uu u a ~ c u e o n u c u 149

~ecKo~ ~eTaqbop5~, nOCTpOeHHO~ ~a np~Ht~me aCCOHgaT~IBHOI~ CBII3H no CMe)I(HOCTH. I/IMegHO 6J~arojlap~ 3TOUy CJIOBeCHOMy np~eMy B eFO rIO3TH- ~teCKOM KOCMOCe cJIy~IafIHO BocHpHtI~ITI~Ie I~e~Tpa~HS~e ~IBJIeHH~I CTattOB~ITClI opraHHnecKo~ ~IaCT~IO yHI~BepcOAIt, HOI~ C~ICTeMI~I )IHHaMtI~IeCI(O~ B3aHMOCBg- 3aHHOCTH H B3aHMOOTpa)KeHHII. C o r ~ a c s o pagHe~ qb~Jiocoqbci(o~ H 3CTeTH- ~IeCKO~ KOHIIeIIIIHII I-[acTepHaJ(a, npHaHai( CB~3n n Bceo6ule~ CB/I3aHHOCTH, 6y2Iy~tI4 pOJIOBt~IM IIpI13HaI(OM JIgpi~uecKoro Haua~a, B paBHOfI Mepe IIBJI~IeT- C~I OTJIHqI~ITeJII~HbIM npH3naKOM ~ MHpa C03HaHH~t I4 M~pa ~IBYleHH~. ]~:m- r o ~ a p ~ xoppe:~TnSHO~ CB~g ~T~X ~lsyx MnpOS H ocymeCTB~eTCS nepeBo~ KaTeropH~ BpeMeH~ ~ HMMaHeHTHyto, IICHXH~ICCKyIO i (aTeropmo, o 6 e c n e ~ n - Ba~oIIIyro e)IHHCTBO H IIeJ~BHOCTB BHyTpeHHeFO OnBITa:

O6ycYIOBJIeHHOCTb co~ep:~KaHH~ (~OpMOtO BpeMeHH C O)IHOlt CTOpOHbI, H C )IpyFo~, CHHTeT~qecKH~i cK~a~ 3TOFO BOB3peHHfl, ~e~a~3T .qCHBIM, ~ITO CB/13b PIJIH CB~I3flHHOCTb eCTB OCHOBHO~I, YIO~JIHHHbI~I oSpaB cyuIeCTBO- ~aHn~ ncwxHqecKoro. (HacTepHaK 1988: 101)

3TO~ MIIp eAHHOIIeJIOCTHOFO OIIBITa BHyTpetIHeFO n c n x ~ e c K o r o npo - cTpaHCTBa IIOCTpOeH Ha 3aKo~e TeMIIOpaJIBHO~ CHMyJIBTatItIOCTtt H CIIttTeTtI- nec i (o ro BOCIIpHIITII~, tI CYIOBeCHI~IM opyjItleM e ro BLIpa~e~IH~ H IIO3TH~Iec - Koro nonnomen~ IIBJI~IeTClt MeTOHHMtI~IeCKa~I MeTaqbopa, KOTOpa,q H "nepe- TaCOBBIBaeT IIpOCTpaHCTBO 14 cMemHBaeT BpeMeHH~Ie p ~ b I " (~KO6COH 1989: 331). Ho aCCOIIHaTI~IBItSIe CB~I3H 1~0 CMe)I(ttOCTH, nepepacTa~omne B c y m - HOCTHyIO CB~3aHtIOCTB Me~v~y ~BJIeHtt~MH, BO3HItKatOT TOYII, KO IIpH yCJIOBtlH oHpexeneH~o~ HHTeHIIHOttaJIBHOCTH TBOptIeCKOFO C03HaHH~, HX oHpaB~IBI- BaeT "TOJIBKO 6o~e3HenHa~ Heo6xojItlMOCTI~ B C6JItt~eHHH, Ta ~epecHo~oc- HOCTB, KOTOpag IlapttT B ~IpI~necKn HaFHeTettHOM CO3HaHHtI" (FIacTepHaK 1991: 354). "YpO~Hbr~", npe~Ha3Ha~IeHH~i~ xapa~Tep Tcx MOMettTa.rlI~ttBIX, HMIIpeccHoHIICTI4tIeCKgX BOCIIpHIITH~, KOTOpBIe BIIOCYle~CTBHH CTaHOB~ITC/I qboKycoM ~HTeFpaIIHH, MOTHBHpyeTc~ ~IMeHHO 3TttM OCO6BIM "nHp~i~ec~H HaFHeTeHHBIM" COCTO/IHHeM TBOp~IeCKOFO C03HaI-IH~I. B npe~e~ax T&KHX MO- MeHTOB IIpOHCXOJIttT npexe~sHaa ~HTeHcHqb~IKa~I~ pa6oTB~ opra~oB BOCIIpH- ~ITHII BIIYIOTI~ ~0 TOFO, ~TO CCHcyaY~HBI~ Onh~T I~epexo~IHT B qyBCTBeHHg~ 3KCTa3, rpaHtIttaIIIItI~ C "noTepe~ Co3HaHH~", T. e. BI~IKJIIOqeHHeM palltloHaJIB- HOFO KOHTpOJI~ Ha~ ~e~ITeJIBHOCTBIO opraHOB BOCIIpHItTH/I, H ItMeIIHO 3TO HpHBOjJj4T K CJIII/IHttIO pa3JI/4gJtbIX IlepIIeYITI~BHI~IX 3OH. ~TO COCTO~IHtle FHII- Ho3a, HJIH BepHee FItIIHOTH3ttpOBaHHOCTH C03I-IaI-IH~I n p e ~ e ~ n o OCTp~IM~ Oc~3aTeJISEBIMH 3qbqbex~a~H n MO)KeT paccMaTp~BaTgCS KaK COCTO~H~e no - 3TH~ecKoro B]IOXHOBeHHIt, TOYIBKO OHO eCTb He 3K3aJIBTHpOBaHHOCTB )Iyxa a 3K3aYIBTaH~(g opra~oB BOCIIpH~ITH~t. ~MeHHO B TaKOM COCTO~tHIIH "II03TtIqec- KOrO o3apeHI~" (CM. Medar id 2001) BO BHyTpeHHeM npocTope CO3HaHI~ ~I BBIpHCOBI~IBaeTc~I BC~ CeTb B3aIIMOCB~I3aHHOCTIt MeX~y e~mHn~In~MH IIBJIe- U U ~ m Tal~oe COCTOItHHe rpaHItqttT C "~ICHOBI~IAetIHeM" IIJItI "HeIIOCpe2Icw-

150 Anna Han

Bei.IttBIM coaepIImmeM cylIIHOCTe~" B ~Iyxe dpeItoMe140nor14~IecI<of~ qb14JIOCO- qbH14.

[IocKo~I~Ky BHyTpe1414~ rtpocwop xy~Io)KeCTBenHOrO CO3HaHHn~ H B14em1414f~ npocTop M14po3Aag14~ HHaXOjI~ITC~I B I~oppeJ~THB140_~ B3atlMOCBIt3H, Ta CeTI~ B3a14MOCB~I3aHHOCT14 ~lBYleHl/I~, KOTOpa~I ilOCT14raeTc~t "BHyTpeHHItM 3pei.i14eM" B COCTO~IItHH B~OXI-IOBett141t, !4 IIOItBJI~IeTC~I KaK 06paaHa~ opHaMe14- TaJlBHa,q cewb B IIpOCTpattCTBe xy)Io)KeCTBettHOFO TeKcTa. O)IItaI<O B I~03Ttt- ~IeCKOM uHpe YlacTepHa~a opHaMeI-ITaJIBHa/t CeTB, cnneTeHHan 143 pa3BeT- BJIItlOLIIHXCIt CMBICYlOBI~IX pJt~IOB, IlpOCTHpaeTc~I H3 uacTo~iIllero MOMeHTa He B HHanpaBaeHH14 14pomnoro, a pacnpocTpaH~eTca BIIInp~ 14 BBepx, 3anonH~m n OXBaTt, IBaSI Bce II14HaMH~IeCK14 CTaHOB~IIIeec~t 14pOCTpaHHCTBO.

I/IHTerp~pyzoma~ CImCO6HOCT5 ~14p14~ecI~oro no~Ta (KOTOpa~ ~a6pai.i- H14Ky AapyeTc~ JI14pH~IeCKHM Haqa~oM Ka~ BI~ICLUefI cy6cTamIHefi a6COJItOT- 140~ ~Ha~14MOCTn) 14 coaaaeT CHCTeMHSI~ xapaKTep e ro nO~THn~Iec~oro Mnpa. B ~TOM C~OBeCHOM npocTpa~cT~e neT nnaoa14poBa14HSrX TeMHopa:~SHS~X n a n npocTpaHC~BeHHSrX cerMenTOB, c a e ) I o ~ a T e n ~ o HeT 14 ~o~aa~H~rx i~O~Tn~ec- ~14x o6pa3oB, n~o6a~ o6pa3140-CM~IC~IOBa~ e~I14m~tIa ~BX~eTC~ MeCTOM n e p e - ceueHH~ pa3HOHanpaBae14H~IX CMHC~OB~rX Kana~os. Ha m o 6 o ~ se rum oKa- ~a~me~c~ s ripH3Me a14pn~ecKoro BOC14p14~ITHH~, MOryT ~3J~y~aT~,C~I pa3HOHa- npa~aeHH~Ie cnaoB~ie JmH14n, KOTOp~Ie c~oe~ p a ~ s e T B ~ m m e f i c ~ cecum aa- HIOnH~OT Bce HpocTpaHc~Bo, n14Terp14py~ e ro B 0a140 ueaoe :

Mnp 3aMKltyTlblX CMt,IC.rlOB nepecTan cyIIIeCTBOBaTb; CMI~ICJIbl nepe- KpSlBmOT Rpyr )Ipyra; Te~yT O)IHo~peMeHHO H p~AOM, HeT aaM~UyTr~X yrnoB COUHannn n neT aaM~nyTO~ ne~cn~n. OTcm~a 6op~6a c Me- xaHnuec~nM pacmenJlenneM CO3HaHI4n Ha qbopMam, n~m ~aTeropnn 3a C~yHKLIHOHaYlbHyIO B3aI4MO3aBI4CI4MOCTt, npe~IcTa~J~eHn~ n nx CJ~OBeC- noro ~s~pa~en~n. (Hoqbd~e 1933: 471)

OKa3~maeTc~, ~tTO 6op~6a c aToMn3a~14e~ ~pocTpaHCTBa (CM. 0 6 a o - g14eBcI~14fI 1934: 138; CM14pHOB 1972: 228) H 6op~,6a c pacmemleH14eM co- 3i-IaH14~I paa14 BOCCO3aaH14~ 14X I~eaOCTHOCTm no cBoe~ cyT14 r e me caMme, I<oppex~T14BHO CB/t3aHI-II~Ie I4 Baa~tMOO6yCJIOB~eHHr~Ie 14poIIecc~I B HIO~T14~ec- KOM MHpe IlacTepHaKa. ~T14 3aKOHOMepItOCTtt XO'-IeTCII npo14JI~OCTpHpoBaTB Ha IIp14Mepe CMblCJIOBO~ cTpyI<wypI~I CT14XOTBOpeH14II "CecTpa MO~f -- )I(143HB...". O~HaKO 14aLua 14HwepnpeTaII14~I B OTa14q14e OT ~eoIOCTHOrO aHaJI~i3a 3TOrO ~ e CTHXOTBOpeH~4~ (CM. Bj6r l ing 1976; M a j m i e s k u t o w 1990) orpaHI~- q14BaeTc~ TOS14,KO e ro paccMoTpeH14eM B paKypce rIOCTaBXeHHO~ B Aa14HO~ CTaTI~e npo6aeMbi .

IlpnMe~aTeJIeH y>~e CaM c~aKT, qTO B 14epBo~ CTpOI<e CT14XOTBOpettH/t 2t14p14qecKoe 5[ He nO~IBJI~IeTC~[ B csoefr 14H~I14BI~IXyaJU~HO~ cy6~eKT14BHOCT14, a eFo MeCTO14MeHI-IbIfI 3aMeHHTeJIt~ yi~aa~iBaeT ~HIn~ n a e ro rlOZnlm~O B ~op- peJIgTHBHOM OTHO14IeH14II "~q - - ) { £ H B H B " , yTBep~Aa~ ~x HepazReJI~HOe ejIHHH-

3amemKu ~ npo6~e~e cu~y.~bmanu3ma a noa3uu u 6:91cueonucu 1 5 1

CTBO H BnyTpel tnee pO)ICTBO. Tor~la KaK IlepBbI~ nep~IoA nepBo~ cTpoqbLI 06pa3yeT o)Ino Hepa3Ae3I~IMOe CMbIC3IOBOe e~IHHCTBO IIocpe)~CTBOM yCTaHO- BJIeHH~ KoppeJI,qTHBHO~ CBJ{3tI Me~)Iy JIHpHtleCKHM cy6~eKTOM I4 HaqaJIOM 60JIee BLICOKOrO uopa~I~a, CTHXHefI )}(H3ttI4, MeXr42y nepBBIM rI BTOpblM IIe- plaO~IOM 06pa3yeTc.q cKpBITOe CMI, ICJIOBOe IIpOTtlBOIIOCTaBJIeIItle MeX~Iy 3114- pHtleCKHM ~t H "JItO~t, MH B 6pe:IoKax" Ha OCHOBe HX pa3JIHqHOFO OTHOIIIeHHII K TOMy XC CaMoMy Haqa_rly )KH3HH, a TaK~Ke HX pa3YlHqHOFO BOCIIpHltTtI/I 3aKOHa BpeMeHa II IIpHtlHHHOCTH. Oiipe)leJiHTeJii, Ha~i KOHCTpyKIIHII "JIIOjIH B 6peJIoKax" yKa3l~iBaeT Ha TaKofI TrlII BOClIpH.qTIIa BpeMeHH, IIpH KOTOpOM OHO OTO:~IleCTBJNeTCa C KaTerop~e~ qbi~3H~ecKoro ~HHel~noro BpeMerltI, I4 e r o Vl3MepHTe:IeM ~tB~L~eTCa MexaHHqecKH~ anlIapaT ~taCOB. 1-IpOTHBOIIOCTaBJIe- H~Ie me IIpOBO)II4TC~f Me)K~y ":IIO;II~MH B 6peJIoKax" KaK HOCHTeJI~tMH 3ApaBo- rO CMI~ICJIa H B3pocnoro MI~IIII3IeHH~t I~I Me)I(/Iy JIHpHqecK~IM cy67~eKTOM, )1Jilt ~OTOpOro I43MepttTe~IgHOI~ eAHHHI/eI~ ripoTeKaHH~ BpeMeHH ~IB~I~IeTC~I He qa- c o s a n cTpe~Ka, a pHTM c e p A l / e 6 n e H ~ .

B nepBo~ cTpoqbe AaeTc~t H IIpOTI~IBOIIOCTaBJIeH~Ie AByX THIIOB BOC- IIpH~ITHa, "B3pOCJIOFO" H "AeTCKOFO" I4 Ha OCHOBe I4X Bit3ya3IbHO~ H I~eH- HOCTHO]~ rlepclIeKTtlBI, I nO OTHOIIIeHItlO g ~IBJIeHtI/IM llpIIpo)II~I B MX HeOPKH- ~aHHOM, "MOMeHTa.rIBHOM HaBeK" IIpOJtBJIeHHH, B ~aHHOM KOHTeKCTe K He- O)KH}IaHHO HaX~-~t, IHyBmeMy BeceltHeMy )~o~IIO, CoIIpOBOXJIaeMOMy rpo3o.~. ~JI.,I "cTapmttx" , o6~aAa~om.x ni~iiis "qbII3HqeCKrlM apeItHeM", JIO:ac2IeBaft r p o 3 a He 6o~me qeM HelIpH.qTHa~I Heox(H)IaHHOCTB, MeIiialOlil~a,¢i OCylIIeCT- BJIeHIItO IlpaKTtI~IeCKOI~ IIeJIH I4X IIyTemeCTBH~I, HO3TOMy OHH "BBICOKO 6p~oa- FJIHBBI / I/I Be)KJIHBO xza.r~T, Kate 3MeI1 B OBCe". ~JI~ JIIIpHqecKoFo )Ke CygT~eKTa, o63Ia]IalOllleFo ClIOC06HOCTblO ~ByXlIepClIeKTHBHOCTH BIt)IeHtla, 3a O60JIOqKOl~ qbH3IIqeCKHX IIpOIiBJIeHHfI npr tpo2Horo CO6l, ITrla i tpo3peBaeTc~ rI eFO CylIIHOCTHag 1-IplIqHHa, 3~tKOH BetlHO~ IllIpKyYiltlIHtt IIpHpo)IItO-KOCMtI- qecKHX 3HeprrlfI, no OTHOIIIeHHIO K I~OTOpOMy ~IOX~4II, aBJI~eTCa :Irlml~ alalrI- ~eHTaJI]bHI,IM CO6I, ITI4eM. BHyTpemteMy 3peHmo JIIIptttleCKOrO cy6~oeKTa BIt- ~HTC~I H ~Ipyroe, )Ima HeFO I~HgItttecKoe IIBJIeHHe r taxn~myBmero ~owdlz paccBIHaHHt,IX HO IIOBepXI-IOCTH 3eMY[H ~O)K~eBBIX KaHe3Ib, OCMBIC.II~teTC~ B CBOeM FYiy6IIHHOM 3FIaqeHItH, KaK 3eMHa~ IIHgapHalItIfl BBIClIIeFO HauaJia, KaK eX~eMHHyTHO IIOBTOp.qtOIIIa.qc~I caKpaJIl~Ha/t xepTBa, 17pHHOCHMa.q CaMOI~I )KH3HbtO p a l m mo~ef i ( " [ . . . ] Xn3H9 ~ cero)~Ha B pa3~IHBe / P a c m n 6 n a c s BeCeHHIIM ~O>K~IeM 060 BCeX...").

~TH ~Ba TtIHa BOClIptDtTI4Yl H conpoBO)K)IalOIIIne ~X pa3JirmHHe Ilep- ClIeKTI?IBI, I BH~eHH~I I-IaqHHa.q CO BTOpO~ CTpOqbhI CTHXOTBOpeHtI~I IIpOTHBO- !cIOCTaBJIIIIOTClI ellIe rI ~0 KaTeroprlrI "pe30Ha", TO eCTB 1IO THIIy apryMeHTa- IlttH. }~C3IH y "cTapI]ItlX", HOCtITeJIeI~ 3)!paBorO CMBICJIa, Ha BCe ~IBJIeHH~q Haxo~(HTC>'I apFyMeHT 6I, ITOBOfI JIOFHKH, KOTOpblfI OHH CtltITaIOT e~IHHCTBeHHO cep~e3HSlM apryMeHZOM, TO apryMeHTbI nHpnnec~oro cy6~,eKTa B HX nep - clIeKTHBe BH~eHH~I OKa3LIBatOTClI "CMeIIIHBIMH", 2IeTCKHMH, IIOCKO3IBKy OHH FOBOp.qT Ha II3blKe CeHcyaJIBHBIX BOClIpHIITBI~, "MOMeHTaYlbHI~IX HaBeK".

152 Anna Han

ApryMe~Ta~n~ nHpn~ecKoro cy65eKza ~BJ~neTCa xapaKTepIm~ Ann "~eTcKoro" T~na BOClIpH~THH, BHA~IIIeFo BCe ~eHoMeHans~tme r~poaB~eHm~ ~nalm npHpo¢lN g KOCMItHeCKOM MaCIIITa6e Bceo6I~efi B3aIIMOCBg3aHHOCTII Bcex gBJIeItIIfI, IIO3TOMy OHa He Mox~er 6I~ITb gmpa~eHa B aor~necKofi qbop- Me, ona Tpe6yeT "nnpnuecKoro npocTopa", pa3BepT~,manrla cao~nbix o6pa3- HI,IX KOMIIYleKCOB apFyMeHTaIIHH; KOMrIO3HIIHOHHO-CHHTRKCHHecKH~ XOA CTnXOTBopeIm~, HauHHa~ CO Bwopo~ CTpOqbS~ ~ MO~eT 6mWb nCTOaKOBan KaK pa3BepHyTBI~ p~A apryMeHTaIIH~ B 3a~I~Ty co6cTBennoro snAeH~Ia, ~ TaK~IM o~pa3oM H JIeFHTHMaIIHH CO~CTBeHHOFO ~BITHg, HHaqe roBop~ KaK ~OKyMeHT "oxpaHHO~ FpaMOTBI", BM~aHHI~I_~ ]IJLCl caMoro ce6~, C TOHKH 3peHHIt KOM- nO3HIIHOHHO-CM~,~C~OBOrO pa3BepTBIBaHH~ aHpHqecKoro C~0)KeTa HoKa3a- TeYIBHO, qTO 9TH CJIOBeCHt,Ie )KeCTBI apryMegTa~IHH H CaMo3aIJ/I~T~,~ Tpe6y~OT Bce 6oJ~me npocTopa, ~ CTaHO~TCg Bce 6onee MHOFO~IpyCHBIMH CJIOBeC- nsrMn o6pa~OBaHn~Mn. Ec:m nepBm~ apryMeHT ("qTO B rpo3y a~OBm r~a- 3a...") 3aHgMaeT ~cero OAtH )IByCTpO~Hm~ nep~oA, BTOpO~ apryMeHT 3a- H~MaeT y~e npoc'rop ~e~o~ cTpoqb~,~ ("qTO B Mae, ~onla ~IOe3~IOB pacn~- c a ~ e . . . " ) , a pa~BepT~ma~e TpeTsero apryMeHTa y~Ke Tpe6yeT ~ce~ STOpO~ KOMnOammOHnO~ nO~O~Hm C~XOTBOpen~ ("qTo TO~SKO HapBeTCa, pa~- ~aa~mnc~, TOpMO3...").

1-Ip~ 3TOM, xa~aa paasepnyTaa ~Ien~ a p r y ~ e ~ a ~ n ~ o6pamerm He I~ "cTapm~M", a60 aa~ ~nx anpnuec~ne apry~enTm no3Ta aBaa~OTCa cMem- n~Mn ("Becc~opno, 6eccrmpno c~emeH x~o~ pe3oH, / qTO B rpoay.. .") , a ca~oMy ce6e. JIHpanec~n~ cy6~,e~T, o6pamaac5 ~ ce6e nocpe/IcT~OM MeCTO- nMeSUX "TM", AaeT yBH~IeTb caMoro ce6a ~ CBOe ~ocI~pr~Tne Mrtpa ~epe3 )IBOfIHyIO nepcne~Tn~y o~en~r~: B OImHKC "cTapmI~X" r IB o~eHKe CO6CT- BeHHO~ rlO3TrlqecKo~ nernTnMa~II~n. ~IepBN~ apryMegT nepeAaeT CJ~O~H~Ffi KOUnne~c CnHTeTnnec~nx SOCnpnZTnfi ("qxo B rpoay n n n o ~ i rnaaa n ra3oHm / I/I naxHeT c~po~ pe3e~lo~ ropn3oHx"), ~ ~OTOpOM paa~5ie neplten- TgBIII, Ie 3om, i 3pettIIa, 060H~tHrIa, Hepaaaen~HO nepen~eTamTc~. MOTnBa- anOHnO~ OCnOBO~ xaKoro ca~pex~nec~oro xnna nO3TrlnecKoro BOCnpngTnn JtBJI~IeTClt CItCTeMa MHOFOKpaTtlBIX BHyTpeHHIIX tI BHeIIIItHX B3aHMOOTpa- ~eHgf~ (J~rtJ~OBOrO ne6a - raaoi~a c YIIIJIOBBIMI;I pe3e~iaMrI - H HX aepKaJ~r, Horo oTpa~ena~ B rna3ax), B~pa~aeMmx n S 3~yKOBO~ qba~Type cTnxa. Ecnn JIttJIOBBIH IIBeT, 3arIOJItLq~oIIitt~ BecB roptt3OItT, ~BJIIteTCg IIBeTOM ~e6a BO gpeM~ FpO3bI, TO YIHYIOBt, II~ IIBeT rJIa3, C O)IHOfI CTOpOttBI, yKa3NBaeT Ha oTpameI~ne rle6a g BOCIIpItNIIMaIOILIeM ero oprane ~penr~, c )Ipyrofi CTOpOtII,I y~a3mBaeT aa oTpa~aeMoe B rna3ax ~ocnpn~nuaromero x M e a ~ o e COCTO- ~r~e ero )lymn. Ta~nM o6pa3oM, HepaaAen~Haa Cn~n~OCT~ paan~x nep- ~enTn~nmx 3OH B paBno~ Mepe yKa3~IBaex ~i Ha x~ea~Hoe COCTOanne MnpoaAa~na r~ na x~en~aoe COCTOaHne ~IymrI nnpnnec~oro cy6~eK~a ~ nx B3anMooTpa~ae~ocxH.

Bropo~ apry~eHT ~ipax<e~ He B qbop~e CnOX~t~OCOCTaBHOrO cencyan~- HOrO ~OCrlpI~ZTna, a ~ ~n~le pa3Bepnyxo~ cro~eTno~ cnTya~Inm C~a3aHHO~ C

3 a ~ t e m K u t< n p o 6 a e ~ t e cuMyat , ma t tu3~ ta e n o 9 3 u u u e : u c u e o n u c u 153

IlyTeII/eCTBMeM BO BpeMg Ma~cK0~ rpo3bL O~IHaKO 3~ecb Tome Ha6n~o~aeTca ~ByXHJ/aHOBOCTI~ IIepClIeKTHBI~I BM~eHH~I. Tor~a KaK MyTelI/eCTBeHHHK, OTO~- ~eCTBJIaeU~I~ Ha OCHOBe Mpe~bI~ymero CMbm:msoro xo~a CTnXOTBOpeHMZ C :mpnnecKi4M cy6~eI(TOM, pacimno~eH B 3aMKnyTOM npocTpanCTBe BarOH- HOrO Ky~e c ero onpe~enenHbrM naTep~epoM, n eAeT rio onpe~enennofi ~e~e3ao~opoa(no~ nnH~n ("KaMLitunncro~ BeTK0~..."), TO nepe~ ero any- TpeHHHM 3peHHeM I~pH HTeHHH pacnHcaHHJt rtoe3~IOB pacnax~Baewcil Bee rpagAHO3HOe MpocTparlCTBO CO CJIO~HO~ CeTb~O pa3BeTBnammMxcil ~e~e3- HoAopox<r~IX nriHr~fi, ~r~pi<ym~pylomMx Hano~o6I~e KpoBeI~OC~blX cocyiIoB. B TpeTseM apryMerlTe, S CaMOM AJI~HHOM M paaBepr~yTOM, ~C~ 3Ta CeTb )II, IHaMHqecKofi B3aMMOCBII3aHHOCTH H3 BHyTpeHMerO BH3ya.rmHOrO npo_ cTpaHCTBa nepeHOCHTC~ Ha Bce 6ecI<oHe~moe BHemHee r~pocTpaHCTBO, pa.3- BepTr~iBa~oIIIeecil r~aay HyTemeCTBeHHMKa, BOCI~pHI-IgMatOIIlero Mrip C KMHe- T~I~tecxo~ MO3MI!HH, eepe30rHO MqattIeroc~ MO HOq~O~ CTeI~M I~oe3Aa. B xojie cro~eTnoro pa3BepTb~BaHrIIl 3TOH noc~e~ne~ apryMeHTa~IMI~ ToZNe )IaeTcil COHOCTaBJ~eHMe ;IByX TttIIOB BOCIIpMIITI4II npocTpaMCTBa ~ 3aoA~o 2IByX Tttl~OB MyTemeCTBeHHgKa. C o2IHo~ CTOpOHb~, 3TO MyTemeCTBeHHI~K, KOTOpbI~ egeT no orIpez~eneMr~Ofi t t e ~ n no oHpeJIe~ermogy Ha3HaqeHmo, )1o oHpeAe~enno~ CTaHIIMII-IIJIaTqbopMI3I, ~IMeMyeuoI~ Mape~iMeu "3)~eci,", ti IIOgTOMy C HeTepneH~eM )K/leT KottIIa ~yrei~IeCTBMil ("C MaTpaIIeB FJISI)IIIT, He MOlt JIM IIJIaTqbOpMa..."), C ~IpyroI~ CTOpOMbI, 9TO IIyTeIIIeCTBeHIIttK, KOTOpI~I~ ejleT 6e3 oMpe)leJIeHHOfi rleym rI naarm~IeMHz, ~I~ KOTOpOro LIeJIr, r~oe3~KI~ BI~I~CHIleTC~I B XoJ~e MyTeIIIeCTBtt/I, HO 3aTO ero IIyTt~ oxsaneH COcTpajIaTeJ1r~- HbIM BItlIuaMIIeu Bcero Mgpo3)IaJttt// ("I/I coJIttIIe, ca~lCI,, co6o~e3~yeT MHe"), M eMy pacKpbIBaeTc~ BCe KOCMr~qecI<oe IIpOCTpattCTBO B CBOeM Kpy- roBpa~eMHrI, C SeqHO~ CMeHofI r~MmHrIX M BepxHrIX ~IJ~OCI<OCTe~ ("I/I py- mI~TCil CTet-II, CO CTyHeHeK ~ 3Be3jIe"). Bce C06bITI, IIl, ~poHcxo~qMIHe B 3TOM KOCMtttIeCKOM IIpOCTpaHCTBe o~y~arOTCa B CBOef~ CI4MyJIBTaHI-IOCTM, M M/IX IIHweFpMpyeT B ce6e cep;ItIe iiyTemecTBeSHttKa, 6~o~eeci l B O~I~n pHTM CO CTaHOBJ~eHHeM 3TOrO opram~nec~oro, ~HBOrO MpocTpaHCTBa ("TeM ~IaCOM, KaK cep~IIe, ~ien~a ~o MYlOIIIa~IKaM, / BaroHMbIM~ ~IBeptIaM~ C~,IMJIeT B cTenM").

B Hana.~e ~TOf~ CTaT~,~ 6~,I~0 craaaMo o Mpe~moJmraeMo~ CBII3I~ Me)rAy CI, IMyJIIbTaHHbIM TtlHOM BOCIIpMIITIIII B HCKyCCTBe tt OjIHO~ M3 ero BO3MO)IKHI:,IX rMoceo~oI'M~Iec~r~x OCHOB, 0 qbeHoMesonorM,~ec~oI~ Mo~Ie~rI C03HaHHII. f[JJ~ apry~eMTalIMrI ~TO~ Mr, m~IM xo~eTca 06paTrlT~,C~ I< I<OrlIIel~IM 3. MaTxay- 3epa, O~IHOrO M3 HepBLIX y~eHr,~x MCCJIejIosaTeJm~ pyccKoro aBaHrapAa, 06paTMBmI~X BMMMarlrle eme B 1960-e rox~,~ Ha TrlMO~Orr~ecKy~o cB~3s M e ~ y ncI<yCCTBOM a~anrap~a M qbeHoMelm~iorHuec~o~ ~r~IOCOqbr~e~ (CM. Mathauser 1964, 1969, 1973, 1998). Yipr~ xapaKTeprICTrI~e qbeHo~erloJm- rH~ecI<o~ ~IrlTeHiu~oMam, I~OCTr~ 3. MaTxay3ep no~Iep~rmaeT xapa~Tepny~ )IJI~ Hee ~Bye;I~IHOCT~,, npo~sJI~Omyloc~ s cnem@mlHOCTrI yCTaHOBF, rI CO- 3MaHM~I IIpM BOCIIpI, I~ITHM MMpa gBJIeHtI~. BemM npn TaKo.~ MHTeHIII'IOHaJII,-

154 Anna Han

HOCTIt BOClIp14HI~MalOTC~, ¢ 0~140~ CTOpO14I, I, KaK HelIocpe2IcTBeH14aa XaH- HOGTb, 6e3 3apaHee 3a~aHHBIX MblCJIHTeJIBHt,IX KOHCTpyKIIHH, HO C )Ipyroft CTOpO~I 14X 6Slm14e KOHCTpynpyeTca I~ peKOnCTpy~pyeTcn qbeHoMeHoJIorrt- ~IeCKHM C03HaHHeM. HaM KaN:eTc~i, qTO TgKoH ~IBye)I14Hl~I~ xapaKTep qbeHO- MeHOJIOFtlqeCKO!~ HHTeHHHOHaJIbItOCTH MO)KeT 6blTI, C014OCTaBJIeH C KpeAo 3CTeTHtleCKOFO MblIlI3IeHHIt l-[acTepHaKa, BI~IpagKeHHOFO rIocpe)ICTBOM qbop- MyJIBI ',14MIIpeccIIOHH3M Beqltoro", gp14 KOTOpOM MtIp ,qBYie14Hfi B O~HOM iIo- 3HaBaTe;mrtOM aKTe CttMyJII~TaHHO lipe~cTaeT i4 B cBoegl Henocpe)IcTBe14HOfi ~aHHOCTH I4 B CBOe~ 3fUIeTH-qeCKOI] 3a)IaHHOCTH.

IV. fIoayutKu cumyabmaHHOeO muna eocnpuamun unu npec)eapumea6nbte LtrlTOEU

CTpeMneHHe K coamaKmo HOB~IX IIpOeKTOB xyAoa<eCTBeHHOrO II03HaHI4~I B

lIeJII/X BOCCO3)IaH141t IIeYIIoHOCTFI KaK B cdpepe Bceo6IIIeft CB~I3aHHOCTtt ~BJIe- H ~ Mnpa, Ta~< ~ B cqbepe ~eaxen~HOCTn ~enoBe~ecKoro C03Ha~H~ 3aKOHO- Mepno CoIIpOBO)KAaJIOC~ cxpeMaen14eM BBII~TH 3a rlpeAeJibi nepl/elITHBHLIX n aliIieptienwi~BH~iX BO3MO)KHOCTe~, 6 n o n o r i ~ e c K H H nCrlXI~qecKn i l p n c y m n x qenoBeKy. B 14cKyCCTBe aTO IIpO~B14nOCl, B pa3Hl, IX 3Kcnep14MeHTa2ilml~iX OlmlTaX pac14iHpert14~i H yrzly6JIeHU~ xy~o)KeCTBeHHOfI CeHCHTHBHOCTH.

PacmnpeHHe rpaH14II !tl ItHTeHCH~HKalIH/I JIe,qTeJII, HOCTH opFaHOB BOC- IlplA,qTH~ MOrJttI OCylIIeCTBIITI~CJt H IIyTeM CHHKpeTH3alItI14 pa3JItlqHt~IX ~ep- ~elITIIBHI, IX 3OH, 3peHl~l,q, cayxa , 060H,qH14,q. Ho BO3MO)KHOGTB )IJIlI BO3HtIKHO- BeH14a HOBBIX THIIOB C14HKpeTItZMa Ilpe~IaOXr~na n CHMyYII, TaHII3alII4~ ~ea- TeJIt, HOCTH pa3HI~IX ypOBHe~ CO3HaHMIt: H143IIIHX ypOBHe~, KOTOpble CBYI3aHbI CO CHOHTaHHOfI, IlaCCHBHO~ cqbepo~ IlepBHHHBIX Olitymei~n~, n BBICmHX ypOBHe~, CB,q3aHnl, IX C ~IHTerp~pylomeN, KOHCTpyKTHBHOfI )IeaxensaOCTl~IO C03HaHHN. !4 17ipn CHMy31BTaHHOM THIIe AeaTe~I~HOCT~I COZHaH14a 3TH ABa

ypoBHa Ae~cTBylOT O)IHoBpeMeHHO, Kal( 6~I Hac~laHsaacl~ Apyr Ha Apyra, l~II~

(llyHKRHOHaJIBHO 3aMeH~tOT Apyr ) lpy ra Iip14 CHHXpOHHOM )IeflCTB14tI. PalII4OHaJIHCTHqecKa~ MO)IeJIb HO3HaHHYl H orlHpaiolI~Hec~ Ha Hee xy -

7IoxeCTBeHHI, Ie MoAeJIII ilpeJIIIOJIaraJIrI IlpolIeccyaJII, Hl~I~ xapaKTep IIO3Haga- TeJIBHO~ )Ie/ITeYlbtIOCTIt !6 ee HalIpaBJIeHHOCTB OT 3MIIHpHqecKoF0 K CylILHOCT- HOMy (O6tlIeMy), 0T c e H c y a n ~ o BOClIpnHrlMaeMor0 aBneH~a K e ro 3~ZteTrI- qeCKOMy 3epHy. [Ip14 CHMyJII~TaHHOM T14He BocHp14IITH~I H3 9TOFO II0CTylIa- Te2IBHOFO Ho3HaBaTeJlBHOFO npolIecca Bl~iceKalOTCa IIMeHHO IIpOMe)KyTOqHl~Ie 3Tam, l, Be)IylIII4e B CBOel] 3a~IaHHOCTH K IIOCT14~eH14IO 9ft~eTrlqecKoro. TaKHM o6pa3oM, 14CXOjIHI~IfI 3TalI no3HaBaTeJIbHOrO IlpoI~ecca (ce~cya2I~Hoe ~oclipH- a ~ e 3MIIrIptttleCKOrO ~IBJIeHII/t) 14 e ro 3a)IaHHa~t t i e r s , ocymecTB3i/teMalt n a KOHeqHOM 3TaIIe (IIOCT14)I(eItIIe ¢yIIIHOCTI-IOFO B tIBYleHI, I14) ¢ocy141;eCTByIOT B npeAenax O~HOFO MeHTaJIBHOFO COCTOStHHJt H O~HOFO oTpe3Ka BpeMeHI4 (CM. O6 3TOM OT14OC14Ten~HO IIO3TrlK14 IIacwep14aKa: ~ae~mMa14 1975). CornacHo

3amemKu n npo6ae~te cu~yabmanu3~ta e rlOO3btbl bl 6 OICblSOrlblCbl ] 55

Koppe3I~THBHO~ CB~t3H M e ~ y MHpOM aBJIenIt~ H MnpOM CO3HaHH~I B ~ f x e ~enoMeHOJIornqecKo~ ~mloco~l l I~ , B npocTpaSCTBe ~13nqec I (o ro Mnpa H B IIpOCTpaHCTBe Mnpa c03naHn~l ~eI~CTBylOT Te x e caMble 3aKOHOMepHOCTtI. ~I~I TOrO, qTO6BI B n p e ~ e 3 a x o~ l lo ro oTpe3Ka B p e i e r m MOt:In ocymecT- BHTBCa CHMy3IBTaHH3alIH~f HCXO)~HOFO H KOHetliiOFO 3TaIIOB IIO3HaBaTeJIBHOFO HpolIecca n o~illoBpeMeI-Ina3I )Ie~fTeJiBnocTI, ~IByX pa3HOKatlecTBennBIx aKTOB CO3HaliiiYl, Ilpe~IeJIl, I TaKoro MoMenTa, cJIy)KalI~ero o6paMJIeHHeM ~JI~t Cli- My3-IBTaHHO~ )~eYlTe3IBHOCTII TBOptleCKOFO CO311allH$I, )IOYI>KHbI 6I, ITI~ npe~e3II,- no pacmnpeHBi, a CaMO 3TO COCTO~IIIIIe c03naI-In$I ~OJDKFIO Ilpno6peCTH 61,I- THHHBIH CTaTyc a6coyIIOTnO~ 311atlHMOCTH.

O~HaKO, KaK 3TO OTMer-Ia3IOCb y)Ke Bl~Ime, IIeHI-IOCTHt, II~ CTaTyc 3TOFO nepe)KHBaeMoro B CBOe~ Ilpe)IeJlbHOI~ HHTeHCHBHoCTH ~aHHOFO MoMenTa ~IBJI~IeTCJt aM6HBa3IeHTHBIM, eFO 6I, ITne HOCHT O~HOBpeMeHHO I4 cJIyqaHHBI~, H IIpHHy~HTeYIBHBIH xapaKTep, n npeo63Ia~ant le TOFO H3IH IIHOFO CTaTyca 3aBIICHT OT TOrO, B KaKO~ IIeHHOCTHO~ n IIpOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHO.~ ilepcneKTHBe 011 paccMaTpnBaeTca, t3 paKypce BHenOJIOXllOfi ILeHHOCTHO~ UO3HIIHH riO OTHOnlellnlo K ~aHllOMy MOMeHTy 14 e ro co)Iepx~alltlIO, OH I lpe~- cTaeT B CBOe~ ToqetlHOCTH H c3IyqafiHOCTtI, a B paKypce BHyTpeHI-Ie~ IIeli- HOCTHOH noBlll~nH CFO 6I, ITne CTaHOBHTC~I 3aKOHOMepliBIM, n CaM OH Ilpe~- cTaeT KaK ~OMHIIaI-ITHtla IIpH3Ma Bll)IellI;I~I, OTKy~a 0603peBaeTc~l BC~I CliCTeM- Ha~I CB~I3aHHOCTI, Mnpa Y/BJlenleI~. Y[O3TOMy B nepeBo~e Ha YI3blK xy~o)KeCT- BeHHOFO IIpOCTpaHCTBa CHMyJIBTaHHOMy TnlIy BOCIIpH~tTII~I COOTBeTCTByeT noJInlIeHTpnqecKa~ CTpyKTypa IIpOCTpalicTBa, r~e o~llla orlpe~IeJIeHHa~ TOtlKa BII~eHH~[, IIpnKpen3teHna~I K )~aHllOMy MOMeHTy, Mo)KeT BBIGTylIaTb I4 B Ka~ecTBe nepndpepllaJisno~i II B Ka~tecTBe I~eHTpaJI~llO~ IIpH3MBI Bll~etlll~I, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ~IIIHaMIIHeGKOFO CTaHOBJIeHHg IIpOCTpaHCTBa. 15

~TOT aM6nBa3IellTnBi~ I/eHHOCTHblI~ CTaTyc C Ilpe)IeJII, HO~ IIHTeHCliB- HOCTBIO lllepe>KllBaeMOFO ~aHl loro MoMenTa, C IIpliiiy~HTe2IBHO~ CI1310~ BJIH- ~llOlI~ero Ha AettTeJII, HOCTb Bcex opFaHOB BOClIpH~ITIIg 14 BBi3BiBaton/ero B IIX MexaHH3Me 3HatlnTeJII, Hl~Ie C~BIIFH, B HcKyCCTBe X X BeKa He pa3 TeMaTH- 3~IpyeTcz rI IIO~y~IaeT ClOrKeTlloe pa3BepT~malllle, oxBaTl~marolItee s c e IlpOllS- BeAeHrle. YIpll ClOX<eTHOM BonJIomellrm 9TO~ TBop~ecKo-qbrI~IOCO~CI<O~ n p o - 63IeMaTtlKII, Fep0fI, 6y)Iy-qll HOCHTeJIeM TaKoFo THIIa C03HaHH~I, qaCTO pac- ii31aqllBaeTc~ 3a "MOMeHTaJII3HytO BClIBIIIIKy" opraHoB BOCIIpH~ITII~I TpaFlltleC - KIIMII nepFllIeTll~tMll cy~b6I, I, KaK 9TO Mo)KeT 6MTB ~OKA3aHo H CIO)KeTHO~ ~ornI<O~ poMaHa B. Ha6OKOBa C a m e r a obscura .

]3prtHy~iiTe3i~rla~ cmla ~aHl loro MOMeliTa, rmTel lcaBnoe i l epexnBam~e ~OTOpOro Bi, i3l, maeT C~BrlrrI B )lezTen~HOCTrI o p r a n o B BocnpnzTrlZ, COCTOI~T He TO3ISKO S TOM, ~ITO BCnl, IIIII~a IlepnelITnBm, ix ClIOCO6HOCTefi nosBoa~eT

BH~IeTI~ BOCllpllHllMaeMoe ~IBYleHHe B IIOJIHOM 6JIecKe aBOHX OnTHtleCKHX Ka~IeCTB, HO II B TOM, ttTO 3Ta BCHHBIItlKa BBICeKaeT ~BYleHIIe n3 TO.~ CHCTeMI~I CBa3e~, 6~Iaro~ap~ KOTOpO~ eFo 6SlTne BXO~T B COlmOKy:mTyprloe HCTOplitlecKoe n3Mepell l le )!efiCTBIITeSIBIIOCTII. 1-IO3TOMy CliMyJIBTattlit,II~ TIIII

156 Anna Hart

BOCIIpIt~ITtI~t He TOJIBKO RHHaMI43HpyeT 6I, ITHe aBJIeHaa, IlepeBo~Ia e ro Ha ORHOFO H3uepeHH~ CylI/eCTBOBaHI4~I B 2Ipyroe, HO H OKOH~IaTeJIhHO p a c m a - TI~IBaeT rpaHrI Me)KAy pa3JIHqHblMI~ MoRycaMI, I e ro 6blTrI~. Pa3MblnalOTCa rpaHH Mex)Iy Boo6pa)t(aeMl~iM H ~eI~CTBHTeJIt, HBIM, Mex j Iy BHyTpeHI-IHM n BHelIIHtlM MHpOM, FIX IIeHHOCTH]blI~ CTaTyc BeHHO MeH~IeTCa B 3aBrlC~IMOCTrI OT IIpH3MBI BHReHtI~I. I-[yTemeCTBeHHItK Tep~eTca B JIa6ttpHHTe i l epeMeme- HHI~ n ilepece~ieHItN. IIpHMepoM AJI~I TaKOrO 6JIyx~IanHa B aa6rlprlHTe C06- CTBeHHOrO CO3HaHrla MO)KeT c~yXI~Tb cy~Ib6a xy~IoXeCTBeHHoro KpHTrI~a Kpe~Mapa, r e p o z pOMaHa Ha6oKoBa, KOTOpOro "ocaen~aeT" MOMeHTaJIbHLI~ CHHMOK nopTpeTa MarRBI, yBIt)IeHHOI~ CKBO3B TaKytO OIITtlqecKytO IIplI3My, KOTOpaa BI~ICeKaeT ee o6paa H3 ot;py~Kamme~ TeMHOTBI. r Io) i BJIHaHHeM 3TO- r o OliTH~IeCI;Oro 3qbqbeKTa o6paa r e p o m ~ TpaHcqbopMnpyeTcz BO BHyTpeH- HeM npocTpa~CTBe C03aaHHZ KpenMapa B H/IeaJIbHl, I~ IIpOTOTHII "geqtlO~ ~KeHCTBeHHOCTH", H jIe~CTBnTenBHO BblceKaeTc~ H3 CBOe~ peaabHO~ COnH- aJI~HO-6~ITOBO~ H ncHxonomnecso f~ oHpe~IeneHHocTm F e p o ~ , ocaeHneHH~I~ 9THM OnTHneCKI~M 900d~eKTOM H e r o B~yTpeHHe~ TpaHcqbopMalme~, OTIIpa- BJI~IeTC~ B nO~CKaX "3~AeTHqecKoro" o6paaa MarABI no TpoIIaM pa3BeT- BJI~IOIIIHXCa CB~I3efI B MHpe Boo6paxaeMol~ )Ie~CTBIITeJIBH0CTH, I I B HTore oKa3l, iBaeTcg B JIOBylIIKe ;IeMOHH~IeCKHX C~IJI, ~I 3a CBOe 3a6JIy>K~IeHHe pac- iIJIaqgBaeTca Re~CTBHTe~II, HOfI, ~ld3tI~tecKo~ cnelio~o~. 3a CtoxZeTHBIMII IIe- p~IIIeTHaMH poMaHa cKpl, maeTc~ xy~IO~KeCTBeHHOrlIO3HaBaTeJII, Haa R~IaeMMa, COCTOalIIaa B TOM, qTO JIIO60e ~IBJIeH~Ie, 6BITI~e KOTOpOro JIHHaMH3HpoBaHO IIocpej!CTBOM CtlMyJIBTaHHoro Wmla BOCIIpH~tTI, Ia, CTaHOBHTC/t ne l iocTm'ae- MBIM H HeoIIpe~eJIaeMNM B CBOeM 2(e!~CTBHTeJIBHOM IIeHHOCTHOM H 6BI- THI~HOM CTaTyce. I/I6o He IIO;I;IaeTc~ onpe~Ie~eHHm HH MOMeHTaJIBHaR TOqeq- HOCTb 6I~ITHI{, BblCeqeHHa~ H3 lleJIeBO~ 06ycJIOBJIeHHOCTH IlpoI~eccyaJiBHoro OCylIIeCTBJIetlH~, tlH BHyTpeHHe i iepexHBaeMaa TOTaJIBHOCTB B3aHMOCB~3aH- HOCT~I ~tgJIeHHfi. EcJI~I He MOXeT OCylIIeCTBJI~TbCa CHMynBTaHH3alItI~ 3THX AByX ypOBHeN 6BITHII BOClIprlHHMaeMoro ~BaeH~la Bo BHyTpeHHeM IIpOCTpaH- CTBe C03HaHH~I 6~aro~lap~ ~HTerpHpylOll~e~ GYIOCO~HOGTH ero ~e~Te~II~HOCTH,

TOr~a IIpOHCXO~I~T )le3HHTerpalIH~ DTHX )~ByX IIOJIIOCOB H FaCHyT H CaMH

ileplieliTrlBHl~Ie ClIOCO6HOCTH, OcTaeTc~ IlyCTOTa H MpaK. B IITOFe Ilpe)ICTaBJI,CIeTCJt BO3MO)KHBIM yTBep)K~aTB, qTO CHMyJIBTaH-

tlBI!~ TtlII xy)~oX(eCTBeHHOFO BH~IeHHg )IIIHaMH3HpyeT 6BITHe ~IBJIeHH~, IIOTO- My tlTO OjIHOBpeMeHHO BOClIpHHtlMaeT HX B HaJIHt/HOI~ )IaHHOCTtt H ttAeaJIg- HO~ 3aAarlHOCTH. OAItaKo TorJIa KaK aBJieHrle B CBOe~ HaJIrlqHO~ )IaHHOCTH 6BITyeT B 9MIIHpIIqeCKOM i~Ipe , TO B CBOefI H2ieaJII, HOfI 3aj~aHHOCTrI 6t, IZyeT B MHpe CO3HaHH/t, KOHCTpyHpylOIIIero HOBble CHCTeMItBIe CBIt3tI Aria onpaB~a- HtlII e ro 6BITH/I. COOTBeTCTBylOIILtte TaKoMy THny BOClIprlJtTH/I x y ~ o x e c T - BeHHBIe IlprleMBI )~HHaMH3HpylOT 6l~ITge aBJIeI-II~I~, KOTOpBIe TaKHM 06pa3oM npeTeplIeBalOT BeqHble KatleCTBeHI-II~Ie C)IBIIFH, g IIpOH3BO)IaT BetlHBIe i l epe- MelIIeHHIt Me)KAy pa3HoKaqeCTBeHHBIMH ypOBHItMH 6BITHJt aaano~ BelILH. O)IHaKO HJIJIIO3HX )UvlHaMHqeCKOrO CTaHOBJIeHHlt gBITHIt B e ro ILeJIOCTHOCTH

3a:v temnu x n p o 6 a e ~ t e cu~ty.TbmaH~3~ta 6 nO93ZtU ~ a : ~ c u a o n u c u 157

MO~KeT 060paHHBaTbC~[ H 06paTHO~ CTOpOHO~: OKa3blBaeTc~, HTO ~(HHaM~4H- HOCTb ~B~eTC~ JIl, IIIIb IIpI43HO.KOM KaHeCTBa BOCI/pH..qTH,q, a caMa BOGIIpI, IHH- MaeMa~ BenIb Rpe6~,iBaeT B CBOe.~ IIaCCHBHOH HetI3MeH.qeMOCT!4.

FIPI/IMEqAHI/Lq

KoHu;eni~i~ )~atlHO~ CTaTbn OCHOBaHa I-Ia TeKCTe ~OK.rla~tOB, npoqr~Tarmblx rm 3aceaaHn~x "3arpe6cKoro noHzTn~nH~a KyYlbTypbl XX BeKa" 1998 rosa ("CHMyzbTam~3M/CHMym~TarmOCTb") H 2003 ro)/a ("SInTepaTypa H mr~BonncI, B C~CTeMe Ky~bvypbf'). B npotlecce OqbOpM~enHs TeKcTa ~anHofi CTaTbH aB- TOpOM 6~,I~H yqTeHbl ve KpnTn~ecKHe H ~OncTpyKwHBm, le 3aMe~am~n, KO- TOp~,Ie 6bI~n c~e~anr~i y~aCTHHKaMH HayqHOFO Ko~heKTHBa 3arpe6cKoro no- r~nTHfiuH~a npH o6cy~KaenHr~ aoKnaaoB, c~ymatu~x ee OCHO~O~, a Ta~Ke 6~,~I ucrto~g3OBaHb~ ony63H~oBar~H~ie ~oK~a~b~ yqacYH~KOB I;OH~epeuRHtI 1998 ro~a B c6oprm~e Simultan&am. Zagrebadki pojmovnik kulture 20. stolje~a (Urednici Aleksandar Flaker, Jasrnina Vojvodi6). IIo 3aM~cny ee aB- Topa, 3Ta cTaTbn Bb~pa~KaeT ~eCT 6~aro~apuocTn py~o~o~nTemo HayqHoro npoerTa npo~eccopy A. qb3a~epy, a TaK~e yqacTnn~aM npoe~Ta, cyMeBmnM CO3~IaTb Ha ripoT~lmeHrli,l )lBa4II~aTrI ¢leT aTMOCqbepy mHBOH nayqHO~ rl ~py- . e c ~ o ~ 6ece~b~, oSe~HHO~ TBopqeCKlaM ~IyXOM 14 "weYleo~orHqeCKHM Te- I]YIOM". Ta~afl HHTeFpHpyrO/J2a~ po3~, naMflTH 3aCBtI)~eTe~bCTBOBaHa B TBOpqe~TBe Ta~I4X IIO3TOB KaK AXMaTOBa, MaH~e~blLITaM, [IacTepHaK, rI TaKI4X rlpo3arlKog KaK ByHriH, Ha6OKOB. Bce 3TH xy~Io;,I(HHKH Ha Haqa2IbHOM 3Tar/e TBopqeCTBa 6bl.rlH CB~I3aHbl C pa3Hb~Mri B0YIHaMI4 I4 qbopMaMrl HMHpeccI4OHI43Ma, a BYIO- cYle)lCTBH~ HpOlllYll.l xy)IomeCTBeHHBII~ Olqb~T ce~eKRrtl~ YlepBl4qHblX Heno- cpe~tcTBeHrm~x, "~eTcI~rtx" BrieqaT~eHr4~ ~ fix apaHmrlpOBKrt opy2/I4eM t4HTe- rp~pyrome~ CnOCO6HOCT~ T~opqecKo~ naMsTrL 17prt 3TOM CaM 3TOT npottecc MOF pa3BepTbtBaTbc~ B pa3HBIX HarlpaB~eHl,I~x. I/I~/H r~epBltqHble, ")IeTCKHe" BrieqaTJleHHa BBIpaCTaYHel B qbHryp~t Oc~3aHH~I apXeTI4HHqecKOI~ 3HaqHMOCTH H n o ~ n n a s m }I yno)~o6n~m~ ce6e Bce nocze~yromrie qbopM~,~ omymenrt~r u nepemrmarmfi (~a~ 3TO Ha6zro~aeTc~ Ha np~Mepe r~cTopmt %ducation sen- timentale" aBTO6riorpaqbriqec~oro repo~ B poMane ByHnHa )Ku3ttb Apcenbeea HJ~ri Ha nprtMepe pa3BriTi4Z maxMaTHOrO reHnn ~3 pe~yKTI4BHb~X qbopM )~eT- C~rtX omymeHnfi ~ pOMaHe Ha6o~oBa 3au4uma f[y:~tcuua), rtmt me Ky~s- TypHa~ rlaMflTb CTaHOBHYlaCb KOpMqe~ 3Be3~oH Ha HyTH npocBeqrInaHH~ MyTr~r,~x, 6ecqbopMem~six nepBrtqH~X BneqaTneHri.~, vr'x cTpyKTyp~pOBaHI~a n nuTerpatmu pa)~ r~potttynuBam~ ~O~Typon ~y3~sTypHo~, a I~OTOM ~ r~ep- coHam,8ofi n;leHTr~qUOCTrI HX HOCrIve~, ~a~ B no93~r~ ri npo3e Man- ~em, mTaMa (CM. O6 9TOM Ben6i6 1997).

158 A n n a Han

B 3TOM CMbmJ~e OqeHb nol(aaaTeJ~bHb~ TBOpqecK14e pa3MI~llIIJleH14n Bopnca gIacTepHaKa, n3J~o:~eHH~,ie B nuc~Me CT. CneHAepy OT 22 aBrycTa 1959 r. o CIO~KeTHO-KOMrIO3141114OHHO~ cTpyKType CBOeFO pouaHa jlonmop )Kueaeo, KOTOpbl~ J1OJI)KeH OTJl14qaTbC/t OT KJIacc14qecKo!4 pOMaHHO~ cTpy~Typ~ X I X BeKa 14MeHHO TeM, qTO B eFo OCHOBy Yb{YKeT 14HOe nOHHMaHI?Ie BpeMeHH I4 FlpnqHHH0CTH:

flel1~t 9TOH xapaKTep.qCTnK14 peaJ~bHOCT14 6blTMfl KaK cy6cTpaTa, KaK o6mero qbona, XIX Be~ nom,~OB~Ca Heocnop~M~,~M aorMaTOM np14- q14HHOCT14, y6e)K)~eHl,IeM, qTO O6"beKTnBHa.q pe~,HOCT~ o n p e R e ~ e T c ~ 14 ynpaBnneTcn ~ene3Hofi uensro npnqnn n CJIe)XCTB14~, qTO Bee aBJ~eHnn HpaBCTBeHnoro n MaTepna-~bHOFO M~4pa l~O/Iq14HeHb~ 3aKOHy nOCJ~e~ICTBn~ 14 BO3Me3)lttft. I/I qeM cTpome 14 HenpeIc~oHnefi aBTOp B u3o6pa~eH1414 TaKofi nOCJ~e~IOBaTenbHOCTI4 (xapaKTepOB n r~oBe~leHr~n) - TeM 6oasmnM peaoqHCTOM on cqr~Tanca. (IIacTepna~ 1989a: 701)

Xy~I0XecTBeHh'yIo TeXHttKy )leKOHCTpyKr/Hn Tpa~14tIHOHHr, lX qb0pM ~HTepa- TypH0VO r~oBecTBoBanHa 14 nx n0BT0pHyr0 MOHTaXnp0BKy no n0BOMy ap- XtlTeKTypHOMy rlp14HllHny A. (I:)3aKep npH aHa.rln3e KOHCTpyI~TnBHOrO npHn- ttnna poMaHa IlummaKa Fom, t~t eoc) CB~SbIBaeT C nnropa~rtcTnqecKnM n pe- JI~TnBIdCTCKNM B14~eHneM Mr~pa eFO aBTOpa. TaKnM o~pa3oM, CMMyJIbTaH- HOCTb BOCrIp141tT14/I )le~CTBnTe.qbHOCT14 I4 C14MynbTanHa~ Texn14Ka MogTagKIt- pOBX14 nnTepaTypnoro ~aHpa 14 B ero 14nTepnperaLt14n COOTHOC14TCfl (5 O)~HOBpeMeHHblM npnMeHeH14eM HeCKOJIbK14X nJIaHOB B14)XeH!4a I4 nepc14eKTnB oUeHKn ae~CTB14Te~bHOCTn (Flaker 1984: 77-78). MarAa~eua MeJiapnq npoBo)InT conocTaBHTeYlbHbI!4 aHaJI143 AByX T14noJ~o- FnqecKrtX pa3HOB14jIHOCTe~ C14MyJIBTaHHOFO Bocnpn~TI4fl 14 COOTBeTCTBytoHIe.~ CJIOBeCHo-xy~xo)KeCTBeHHOH Texn14KtI C14HXpOHn3aLIItn pa3J114qHbIX HJIaHOB Ae~CTB14TehbHOCT14 B 14cKyCCTBe B. Ha6oxo~a n B. IIacTepna~a, 14 rip14 3TOM o6IiIjele MOMeHTBI B 14X cnoco6e BOCnpnltTHfl nccJmAOBaTenbn14LIa BPI,~nT n p e ~ e BCeFO "B cJlnflnttld BOCFlpnnnMalOlIIero ~/e~CTB14TeJIBHOCTB cyg'beKTa C Bocnp14HnMaeMo~ ;Ie~CTBnTeJ~BHOCTbtO o6~eKTa" n B )KeJmHr~U O60~4X xy- ~O)KHnKOB "3allOJlHl4Tb ceHcyaJI14cTnqecKn~ MIdF FIO3T14qeCKOF0 03apeHn~ Bce HOBblMH 14 HOBB1M14 CMBICJIaMn, pacmnpzro~nMn eFo nOTeHIII4aJIBHytO TpaHc- tten;ie14TnOC~b" (Medarid 2002: 307). Ha qbyHKRrIOHaJIbnyto B3anMOCB~I3B opttaMeHTa.rH, I3Ma KaK CT14JIeBOFO qbello- Mena pycc~o~ npos~,~ nepBofi '~eT~epTH XX Beta c CnMyJIbTaH143MOM ~au FlptlHRtlIIOM KOHCTpyllpOBaH14~I xyjIo)KeCTBeHHOFO MIapa yKa3bIBaeTc~ B pa- 6OTe Jlen~i CHJmpiI:

[ . . . ] OTKa30T TpaIlnt114OHHbIX nepcoHa)KHO-COgt,ITn~HbIX cga3efi, xa- paKTepHblX 213]~ 3n14qecKoro Ttlna KOHCTpy!4pOBaHnrl xyjIo~(eCTBeH- HOFO Mnpa, nO3BOJIa~ 14cKaTB TO aHaY~oFI4fi C 3aKOHOMepttOCT~IMn ac- COII14aTItBHOFO ct~el]JIeHr~ KapTHH g 14M14peccI4OHHCT14qeCKO~ npo3e, TO CXO~CTBO C HpHeMaMH Hpo143BOJ~BHOIYl CTBIKOBKH pa3J114qHblX nO

3a~tem~cu ~c npo6;ze~te c u M y 3 b m a t t u 3 ~ a e nog~uu u e z~tcueonucu 159

TeMe H~qt~ CTt, LrlIO CeFMeHTOB B CBO~O~HOM MOHTa,,Ke. O~IHaKO CHM- qboHHJIMH Anape~ 13enoro 6b13 rIpeanomen OTfIHqHbII~ OT TOH I/I ~py- rO~ TeXHHK npnHmIn coqeTas r~ nO/lqepKHyYO pa3po3Henm, ix cer- MeHTOB-CrlTyalLrtI~. [. . .] 1-[OCTpOI4B apxHTeKTOHHKy CBOrlX CVlMqboHI41~ Ha BHyTperlHeM rlpOTItBOrlOCTaB~eHHH Rpa~ne~ paccblrlaHHOCTl4 qba- 6ym,~, 3aMeHI-IBII/e/~ IIpOCTblM CHMyYlbTaHH3MOM YllO~ble BO3MO)KHble O)OpMbl CB~t3efi M e ~ y rlepcoHa~aMl4, HpI4HaTble B rlpe)KHHX Happa- THBIJblX KOHCTpyKLIrI~IX [.. .], Vl r~Iy6rtHUOfi CB~I3aHHOCTH qbparMei-i- TapHblX GO6blTHHHt~IX CeFMeHTOB C HOMOIIIbIO 3qeiV-ITMOTI4BOB, AH)IpeH ]~eYll3I~ B KpHCTaJIbHO qHCTOM Bldlle c03)IaYl cTpyKTypy, KOTOpa~ ~Brl- Jlagb OCHOBOH opHaMeHTaJIt, HOCTH KaK TaKOBOH H C 60.rlbILle.~ HYIH MeHbme~ FIO~IHOTOI4 BOcrlport3BO~IHYlacb rIo3AHee opHaMeHTaJII, HO~ npo3ofi nro6oro Tmla. (Szilfird 1986: 65-66)

B 3TOM CMBICYle ~BYDIeTC~I oqeHb llOKa3aTeJIbHO~ xapaKTep•cTHxa YIO3TH- qeCKOrO MHpa ~acTepHaKa, rlpe)I~o)KeHHa~ g CTaTBe ~(. O6~OMHeBCKOFO:

[...] YlacTepHaKy CBOfiCTBeHHa 6opl,6a c aTOMnaMOM, C pa306meH- HOCTbIO gB~IeHHH. B eFO TBopqeCKOM MeTO)](e orpOMHyrO pOJlb i4rpaeT HpHHI/HII HeHpepblBHOCTH I4YlH, HHaqe FOBOp~I, HpHHILHII o6~e~IHHe- HH~I MHO)KeCTBa B e~IHHCTBO. Ho e~IHHCTBO H HeI'IpepBIBHOCTb 17acTep- HaKa He OTHOCHTC,q BCe-TaKH K MaTepHaYII, HOH ~eI~CTBHTe.IlbHOCTH. [-IelIpepblBHOCTb y I-[acTepHai(a c:Iy~I,IT )I.rl~ 06"be,~HHeHVlg ~ TOJ/bKO B rI¢IOCKOCTI4 cy61,eKTrtBHOFO CO3Hanrla. (O6slOMrteBCK!4I~ 1934:138)

FIocvm Y)KapeRnq B BSnlIetmTVlpOBaHHOfi CTaTbe 'CHMyYlI, TaHH3M ~peMeH?' c p e ~ )~pyrrtx KaTeroprt~ B~,~e~eT n KaTeropmo CrmKpevH3Ma KaK pa60qee HOH~ITH~, B COOTHOIIIeHHH C KOT0pbIM c~le;IyeT pacCMaTpI4BaTb ~tBJleHI4e CH- MyJ/bTaHH3Ma. ~TO TeM 6oJIee HpaBOMepHO, qTO B HcKyCCTBe Mo~IepHH3Ma I4 aBanrap~a CHMyflbTaHHBIH THII BOGYIpH~ITH~I H Mbllll.rIeHH~ KaK 6bl HMViTHpyeT MO~eJlb ~OI2HBHYIH3allHOHHOFO, apxaHqeCKOFO THYIa MblllI.rleHH~l Ha GTa~HH pa3BHTH~I BblCOKO!~ IIHBH~IH3aIIHH H HOCTIlHBHJIH3aI1HH, BOGIIpOH3BO~I~t ",~IeT- CKHH" H "MH~boYlOFHqeCKHH" THFI MblmJIeHM~I. O~IHaKO, TOP~la KaK Ha CTa~HH YIepBHqHOFO CHHKpeTH3Ma CYIH~IHHOCTb pa3YIHHHBIX ypOBHeI4 CO3HaHH~I ~IBYl,q- eTCg opFaHHqeCKrlM o6pa3oBaHrteM, npe~mecT~ylom~IM npot teccy ~IHqb~epeH- tmalml~, Cr~My:~,TaHHOCT~ COBpeMeHHOrO M~,lmneHn~ n~nneTca "~TOpWmI,~M CrmKpeTri3MOM" (CM. 06 9TOM Gffibel 1986), H nO3TOMy oTmmaeTcn m, ico~ofi CTelleHbIO KOHCTpyKTHBHOCTH H KOHCTpyHpOBaHHOCTH. I/]CKyCCTBO X X BeK8 o6¢la)IaeT 60FaTbIM apcesayloM qeTKO pa3pa6OTaHHblX xy)to)KeCTBeHHI, IX rlpH- eMOB (FIOpOIO qHOTO C 9KClqepHMeHTaJIJbHO.q ~eJIbtO) )IJIII Co3~aHH~I H.ILIIIO3HH ~IeTCKOFO, "FIpHMHTHBHOFO" BOCHpH~ITHg. ~TH coo6paxeHH~I MOFyT Ha.qTH rlO~lTBep:~2eHHe B HCCJIe)IOBaHH~IX ,~. OpaHq 06 aBaHFap)Ie KaK yTOIIHtleCKOM THFte MblILUIeHH~. Ha B3F2"/,q~ HCC.IIe,/~OBSTeJIbHId~bl 9Ta CHHKpeTHqeCKa,,q MO- ~eY/b xy~o>KeCTBeHHOFO MeHT0g~HTeTa BO3HHKaeT KaK pa3 17yTeM nepeBo,aa O,KHOFO TmTa Mr~ituy~ertH~ Ha ~pyFo~, a rtMeHHO "HaK.~a~blBaHHa" ,~pyr Ha

160 Anna Han

10

~Ipyra "OHTO~Or14qeCKOFO Ti4na Mb~mJIeHH~", xapaKTepHoro J I ~ npeLII4Bi4ag- 3alU~IOHHOFO MI4qbOYlOFI4qeCKOFO I4 JIeTCKOFO CO3HaHttI~I, !4 "FHOCeOJIOFI4HeCKOFO yI4na Mb~UlYleHrt~I", xapaKTepHoro ~Ji~l eBponefic~oro IIFIBItJII43alIHOHH0r0 pa3BUTi4a (CM. Orai6 2001). ~ono~14HHTem~m,~M apryMeHTOM ~ 3TOfi npo- 6neMaTr~Ke Mo)KeT cJIy~I4TB 3aKOHOMepi4OCTb, cdpopMyni4posai4Ha~ s pa6oTe A. XaHceH-JIege 'A~MenaM Ka~ CI4HTeTI4qecKH~ TI4H aBaHrap]Ia' o TOM, qTO B a14aJ~HHTI4qeCKOM aBaHrap~Ie npo~4cxo)I~T Ci4MyJ~bTai4143aIl~ HI43IIIHX ypoBne~ CO3HaU~n C Bb~CmHMI4, HoJIco3r~ai4Hn c HajICO3HaHHeM (CM. Hansen-L6ve 1993). I/IMe14HHo TaKO~ no3rmBaTem~m, ifi npoenx pa3pa6aT~,iBaeTc~ B CTaTLe FycTaBa [I lneTa 'Co3HaHI4e I4 ero CO6CTBeHHttK' (1916) KaK B OTHOlneHI41J Mltpa aByle14rtI~, TaK H g OTHOmeHrtl4 C03HaHI4R Ka~ nBJIeulta OCO60FO CTaTyca. I]p14 YaKOfi FHOCeOJIOFHqecKO~ Mo2IeJHt 06mee rIOi4ttMaeTclt He KaK a6cTpartlpo- BaHHOe Ua 3Mni4p14qec~i4x ~BneHr~ OTBYleqeHHO-IIOHIITHflHOe, a KaK BOrlJIO- tlleHHbl~ B HMMaHeHTHOM 6blTttH CaMI4X nBJ{eu~I~ BHyTpeHFI141~ 9!~AOC, KO- TOpbl~ ~K)IeT CBOeFO I4HTepIIpeTHpyrolIIero pacKpbITn~ 14 BbIpa>KeHHrl. XapaK- TepHcTHKa KOHl~elllli414 FycTaBa IIIneTa H ee CO14OCTaBJIeHHe C 3CTeT14qecKo~ KOHt~emlHe~ 14 nO3T~qec~o~ CHCTeMOH ]~. F[acTepHaKa IIpOBO~II4TC~I B Hamefi CTaTbe 'Bopnc [lacTepHaK I4 FyCTaB llIrIeT. OIII~IT COIIOCTaBHTeY~bHOI~I xa- pa~TepnCTi4Ki4' (Hart 1999). HMeHHO TaKyro CHOCO6HOCT~, "yrIaKOgK~I" BeqHOCTH, cBepTbmaHH~ ee TeMno- pa~HOrO o6~,eMa B npeaeaax MOMeHTa npnnHC6~BaeT 15. I]acTepnaK nCTI4H- H~,~M qbyTypi4CTaM, OTni4qan nx OT ameqbyTypHcToB Ha OC14OBe r~paBHJH, i4oro ~CTOJ~KOBaHI4n KaTeropi414 ~II4HaMn~HOCTI4 ~ CTaTSe 'qepHb~fi 6o~aa ' (1915) (CM. O6 9TOM: qbne~mMaH 1979: 82-83; CMr~pH0~ 1986: 209). YIo)Io6nr,~fi Trm TeMnopa~,Horo M~tuJ{ei4rL~, r~p14 KOTOpOM He ~eqHOCT~,, a HCTOpnKo-KyJ~- Typnas ropn3oHTa~b Bon~ouIaeTca KaK 6 ~ B cBepHyTOM Bi4jIe B CMb~CJ~O~Ofi cwpyKType nOgTnuecKoro cnoga, o614apy)~BaeT JIesa Cnaap~ s noa31414 MaHjIe~bmTaMa:

[. . .] OH rlp14BOAHT Ha CMeHy CI4MBOYlHCTCKOMy CJIOBO (ecnn yro)li4o, CHMBOn), 3aK~roqaromee B ce6e ~ cBepHyTOM BH~le BpeMeHmCm ro- pi430HTa.rlb, I4aqa~a H KOmtL~, npomJ~oe I4 6yzPjmee, T. e. cTpeMI4TCn c~KaTb B O~nH C~OBeCnbI~ o6pa3 Becb rlpouecc cTanoBneHHn, He Ha- 3~,man ero rIpnMo. (Szilgrd 1977: 89-90)

I~I. Y)KapeBHq B CBOe~ CTaTbe llpll HCTOYIKOBRHI,IIt 'I/IcHoBe~I,I }~YlakKeHHOFO ABFyCT14Ha' cnpaBe)~nHBo OTMeqaeT, qTO ~e3 yqeTa A6coJ~roTa HeT I4 C14MyYlB- TaHH3Ma BpeMeH, H~O C14MyJIBTaH143M Mo>KeT ocyIII~eCTBJI~tTI, Cff TOfIbKO BHe BpeMen14, TO eCTL B BemmCTH (U~arevid 2002: 349). O2naKO ;IOnmHO 6bITb ynTer~o, UTO H caMa KaTerop14~ A6comoTa I4 BeUHOCT14 B ~UnOCOdOCKOM H xy~oa~eCTBeHHOM Mb~mneHi414 XX Berca nonyuaeT UOBOe 14CTOaKoBanr~e. Ecni4 B qb14aocoqbcKrpX CHCTeMax, npo~on~ammh~X Tpa/IHRI4tO MeTa~i4314qecKo~ IIIKOYlbl A~COYIIOT OCMBICJI/teTQ/t KaK c~epa HelIOjIBI4)KI40~ BeqHOCTI4, KaK po~14Ha He3bl6J{eM6~X a6coJIR)TUbIX IIeHHOCTel~, TO BO MHOFHX CoBpeMeHHBIX

3 a ~ e m ~ u x n p o 6 ~ e ~ t e c u ~ t y ~ b m a u u 3 ~ t a a n o 3 3 u u u a 3~cuaortucu 161

12

14

15

rlocTpau/4oHa_rl/4CTi4qecKtlX a Taio~e HoBopallrio/4afirtCTrtqecgrlx crtcTeMax KaTeropn~ BeccMepTI, I~I TpancqbopM/4pyeTC~l, e ro 6blTHe r~pe~nofiaraeTc~ a /4MMaHeHTHOI~ cqbepe, rl Tpar~cnoHt~pyeTc~ B caMoe 6bITHe Beme.~ H OCMB~- cfigeTC~l KaN/4x BHyTpeHHH~ 3~)1OC. B 9TOM HOBOM MCTOfiKOBaHH/4 BeHHOCTb- ]3eccuepT/4e rtOHHMaeTcs KaK BeqHoe CTaHOBfieHHe )K/4BOFO M/4pa, ~B/4Wd4- MOrO BnyTpermHM allan vital caMHx Beme~ H np/4po~Hs~X ~BaeH/4~, B COKpOBeHHOM I4 HeBHfi[HMOM ~ p e KOTOpblX cKp~maeTc~ HX weHeofiornqecKa~ Ha3HaqeHHOCTb. l-IoCKOJlbKy B cnyqae C/4MynBTaHHOrO T/4na BOCnp/4gT/4a BO BHyTpertHeM npo- cTpaHCTBe CO3HaHH~I IIpO/4CXO~I/4T CrlMy~I~TaHHoe ~efiCTB/4e BCe.~ )~I~IHaMH- qecKo~ C/4CTeMr~I B3a~MOCBg3e~ M e ~ y ~BfieH/4nMrt /4 C06I~T/4~MrI, KOTOpOe /4 MO)KeT ocyII~eCTB~I~ITBC~I TOfibKO rlpI4 Te~nopan/4satmn IIpOCTpaHCTBa, npe~- CTaB~zeTCn ~OCTaTOqHO Tpy~m,~M pas~efi/4Tb ~pyr OT ~pyra c~y~a/4 TeMIIO- pafibHOrO rt rlpOCTpaHCTBeH/4OFO CHMy~IbYaHrt3Ma. O~HaKO, )lfi~ pa3BepTbI- BaHVI~ fiOrHqeCKOr0 xo~a Hatue~l apryMeHTaIiH~ B /4OCfie~ytoIJ~/4X FfiaBax, MBI cq~ITaeM Hy)KHBIM IIp/4BeCTH TrlnOfiorI4qecKoe pas~efie~ne cfiy~aeB TeMnO- pafibHOFO CHMyfiBTaH/43Ma, r~pe~no)KeHHoe S CTaTbe H. Y)KapeB/4qa npn o 6 c y ~ e H / 4 n s o n p o c a o C/4MyfibTaH/43Me (/4 CHMyfiI, TaHHOCTrt) BpeMeH:

C;~eAyeT, HO-BH~/4MOMy, pa3fi/4qaTb HeCKOJIbKO cyt~eCTBeHHb~X MO- MeHTOB. Ecfi/4 HCXO~HblM cq/4TaTB HOHIITHe CO~blTH.q (FIO~ CO6B1THeM r~o~pa3yMeBaeTca flpocTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHOe e~/4HCTBO ~eHCTBH.q, nepcona3Nefi, ReHHOCTe~ CMblC3/OB; 9TO 3HSHHT, qTO CO6bITHeM ~ B ~ - eTC.q H 51IO6Ot4 xy~o)KeCTBeHHblI,~ TeKCT), TO oqeB/4]lHblM CTaHOBHTC,q, Nat'( Mbl y)Ke noKa3a~H, HTO MO)KHO paBfi/4qaTt,, no KparfHeH Mepe TpH cfiyqa~: 1) B O)mOM BpeMeHHOM oTpe3Ke (paBpe3e) Mo~KeT nponc- XO~/4Tg )xBa HZ~ 6olin, me CO6bITH~; 2) O~/HO co6~iT/4e MO)KeT BIU/IO- qaT~, B ce6s HecKofi]bKO BpeMe/4 ( K a ~ a ~ cTpy~Typa r/o~fie~K/4T TeMrtO- pa~HsatmH); 3) TpeTnfi )Ke cayqafi Hy~Ho CqbOpMyfi/4pOBaTb B gu~e Bonpoca: Mo)KeT ~/40)XHO C06L~Tne O)moBpeMeHgO r~poHcxo~HT~, B ~Byx (/4fiH HecKom, KHX) pa3/4~tx ~e)K~¢ co6ofi oT~a~eHm,~x Bpe- MeHax? (U~arevi6 2002: 346)

HHTepHpeTalIH~I 3TOFO CTHXOTBOpeHH~t B HecKo31bKO HHOM KfiIOr4e co)xep- )KHTCS B KHHre H. CMHpHoBa CMbtC.~ ucKyccmaa u 3aoato~fua noamutlecKux cucmeM B rfiaBe '3HaK c6fin)KaeTca c Bemb}O' (CMHpHOB 1977: 77-78). HaM iqpe~cTaByl.qeTC~, t/TO HMeHHO C BblUle oxapaKTepH3OBaHHblMH 3aKOHO- MepHOCT,qMH CHMyfiBTaHHOFO THI]a BOCrlpH~ITHfl H CHMyfibTaHH3aI~HH pa3HO- KaHeCTBeHHBIX aKTOB BH~IeHH~ CB.qBaHbl 3aKOHOMepHOCTH "cqbep/4neCKO~ lqepcrTeKTHBt,I", NOTOpa~l oxapaKTeprt30BaHa KaK afil~TepHaTHBHa~/ MoAefir, "o6paTHO~ IlepcrieKTHBbI" B CTaTbe C. ,2~aHHDJISI Ha MaTepHafie )K/4BOYII4CHOH CUCTeMbI YIeTpoBa-Bo)xKH/4a (~aHHgZ~, 1977). )KaH cI)rlfiHnn )KaKKap Ha MaTepHafie aHafi/43a :IHTepaTypHbIX qbeHoMeHOB nocTaBaHrapAa HnmOCTp/4pyeT Te npHeML1, rlocpeACTBOM KOTOpblx 06Ha- )KalOTC;Yl 3TH ~edpeKTbl H aoBymKn FlepReFITI4BHOI~ ~eYlTefibHOCTH. K o r e a

162 Anna Hart

nnTerpHpoBaHHb~e B O~IHo t~enoe noJnoc~x pacxoJI~TCa, IIpottcXO,RttT ~eqbop- MatU4~ CaMgX 3pHTeJ~bHNX C~IOCOgHOCTefi, TOqeqHoe, OCTpOe BOCrIpI~gTHe n3oaHpOBaHHOrO n~enn~ npHBORHT K ero a6cypjIHOCTn, a TOTaJIbHOCTto BI?I- aenHa K socnpnnTmO nyCTOTSI (CM, Jaccard 1998).

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