43
̲ÆÐÅòÎÍÀËÜÍÀ ÀÊÀÄÅÌ²ß ÓÏÐÀÂ˲ÍÍß ÏÅÐÑÎÍÀËÎÌ Åêîíîì³êî-ïðàâîâèé òåõí³êóì ïðè ÌÀÓÏ Êè¿â 2004 ÍÀÂ×ÀËÜͲ ÇÀÂÄÀÍÍß Ç ×ÈÒÀÍÍß ÀÍÃ˲ÉÑÜÊÎÞ ÌÎÂÎÞ ÄËß ÑÒÓÄÅÍÒ²Â-ÅÊÎÍÎ̲ÑҲ Íàâ÷àëüíî-ìåòîäè÷íèé ïîñ³áíèê

˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˝˛˚˜ ! # ˜ˇˆ˛˜911zp.at.ua/_ld/0/27_______.pdf · \ggk rzpngz[ygzh^gi ^p apygjlk jk_gn^sgk^ \[s]z^jkh^jpkhz py ... lp_gyksgk^ n]rr]s\n ^p ‘ygnn]yg ayps n‘grjhz

  • Upload
    buinhi

  • View
    217

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

�����������

� ���� �������� ��������

������������������� !"���#���������

��$� %&&'

�������������������� ���������������������

���� ��� ����������� ��

������������ ��������������

��� ������������

����������� ������������ ��� ��� �������

���������������� ��� ��� �������

��������� ��������������

�������������������������� �����!��"�#����$�"

�%���������%��&�����$�'%��������(�)�����*+�*)�*,-

� ��������� �������� � ������� ����������� ���� �����!�"����"���� �����# ����� "���� $���%� & '$�(��� �� )� �*������� + ��# ,�'-. �//0� + 00 �� + ��%����(�# �� 0��

1234 �555/�05�5��������� �������� $���%���� ������ �"���� "���� ������ � ���!. ����

��� � �$(��� �� ��6���� � ��7 ��� ���(�$�"��� �"������ 8" ������� � ����"����� $(�����"�� �����! ��(" �7 (������� "���� ��� ! �����. � '�(�9�� ���(" ��

:�� ��!�"���� �"7���! ��. ��� �������� "���� ��! � ���������! ��!�

�������������

; �� )�<�*������ =!$�(���>. �//0; ,�6("��������� ����" ��

!$(������� $"(������ =,�'->. �//01234 �555/�05�5

?

���������� �!��

��

��������� �������� � ������� ����������� ���� $(�����"�� ����� �������9 �� �!����(��9 (�%��� ��!�"���� @@ � @@@ �!(��� A��!���"�! BC���� ���� �$"D���������E�

-(�������� �!(� ����������9 ��� BFGHIJKL MHNON PK QRPKPSJRNE* ��������� ��������� "��������� �� $�"��! ���D�$���� B@���" �� ��� $(�A"������� �$(� !�����E� )�� $�%!������� �� ��"(���� �"����� � A�7! BC���� ���E� T7 �" ������ �$(� �������� D���� ���$�����* �� ��� ���������� �!(�! ����"��� "���� ����

��6��� ��$(�$�������� �"��� $(�����"��� ��(" � ! ���U! �%�(�����! "���� ���. ���� ��D����� ����(�����!���� �� �� ������!�" ! ��� �%����("����

8"( ����������� ������� � �$(��� �� �"����� (��(�7����� �� �����*��� ��!�"������� �!����(�*� �"( ���� � ����7 �����D�� )����$(���� !�� A�( !����� ������� �������. !����� ���"��� � $"("����! ���"(��!(� "���� ������ � ���!�

������ "�� ���������7 ������� � ������� ����������� ���� +�� $�"���" �������� ��!�"���� �� �������9 (�%��� � A�7���� ���"(��!(�� ��� $�����V��� $����%�"��� ����� ����������9 ��� !�A"(� $(�A"����� �(�*��������� �$���!������

0

����"#$�!�%�&$'('����) ���*! '

Text 1. MODERN WORLD ECONOMY

MWG XPYZI GRPKPS[ JN JKRYGHNJKLZ[ \GRPSJKL H NJKLZG GRPKPSJR ]KJ^�1KIJ_JI]HZ KH^JPKHZ GRPKPSJGN HYG IG_GZP`JKL RZPNGY ZJKOHLGN ^WYP]LW^YHIG. RH`J^HZ JK_GN^SGK^. HKI aJKHKRJHZ JKN^J^]^JPKN� b]Z^JKH^JPKHZ RPY`PYH^JPKN N`YGHI ^WGJY HR^J_J^JGN HRYPNN KH^JPKHZ \P]KIHYJGN. HKI ^WG JK^GYKH^JPKHZ \HKOJKL N[N^GS RHYYJGN PK \HKOJKL HR^J_J^JGN ^WYP]LWP]^ ^WG XPYZI�

cN KH^JPKN GKLHLG JK XPYZI ^YHIG. NPSG Pa ^WGS GKI ]` XJ^W H aH_P]YH\ZG \HZHKRG Pa ^YHIG. JK XWJRW Gd`PY^N GdRGGI JS`PY^N. HKI P^WGYN WH_G]KaH_PYH\ZG \HZHKRG Pa ^YHIG. JK XWJRW JS`PY^N GdRGGI Gd`PY^N� MWGYG JN HRPYYGZH^JPK \G^XGGK ^WG GRPKPSJR IG_GZP`SGK^ Pa H KH^JPK HKI ^WG N^H^]NPa J^N \HZHKRG Pa ^YHIG� eG_GZP`JKL RP]K^YJGN HYG LGKGYHZZ[ WGH_[ JS`PY^GYN + GN`GRJHZZ[ Pa SHRWJKGY[. Gf]J`SGK^. HKI _HYJP]N ^[`GN Pa aJKJNWGILPPIN� Qd`PY^N JK H KH^JPKgN GHYZ[ N^HLGN Pa GRPKPSJR LYPX^W LGKGYHZZ[RPKNJN^ ZHYLGZ[ Pa YHX SH^GYJHZN aYPS ^WG KH^JPKgN KH^]YHZ YGNP]YRGN�

3][JKL YHX SH^GYJHZN aYPS ^WG IG_GZP`JKL RP]K^YJGN. ^WG JKI]N^YJHZZ[ IG_GZP`GI KH^JPKN `YPRGNN ^WGS HKI ^WGK NGZZ ^WG SHK]aHR^]YGI LPPIN \HRO ^P^WG PYJLJKHZ N]``ZJGYN aPY `YJRGN ^GK ^JSGN WJLWGY ^WHK ^WG SH^GYJHZN RPN^�

hWGK SP\JZJiJKL YGNP]YRGN aPY J^N IG_GZP`SGK^. H RP]K^Y[ S]N^ YGZ[PK ^YHKNaGYN Pa aPYGJLK YGNP]YRGN ]K^JZ J^ HRWJG_GN ^WG RH`HRJ^[ aPY NGZaN]N^HJKJKL LYPX^W� 3GNJIGN ^WG RH`J^HZ aZPXN JK ^WG aPYS Pa aPYGJLK HJI.^WG ^YHKNSJNNJPK Pa ^GRWKPZPL[. JIGHN HKI OKPXZGILG HYG P^WGY N`GRJHZ^[`GN Pa YGNP]YRG ^YHKNaGY�

MWG YGRGK^ Gd`HKNJPK JK Gd`PY^N Pa SHK]aHR^]YGN aYPS ^WG KGXZ[ JKI]N^YJHZJiJKL RP]K^YJGN WHN \GGK RZPNGZ[ YGZH^GI ^P aPYGJLK JK_GN^SGK^ \[S]Z^JKH^JPKHZ PY ^YHKNKH^JPKHZ RPY`PYH^JPKN =M4jN>�

MWG kKJ^GI 2^H^GN JN ^WG ZHYLGN^ WPSG RP]K^Y[ aPY M4jN HKI ^WG NGRPKI ZHYLGN^ WPN^ RP]K^Y[ aPY aPYGJLK IJYGR^ JK_GN^SGK^�

c _HYJG^[ Pa aPYSN Pa `HY^JRJ`H^JPK Pa M4jN JK aPYGJLK GRPKPSJGN HYG#lPJK^ _GK^]YGN. ZJRGKNJKL. SHKHLGSGK^ RPK^YHR^N. aYHKRWJNJKL. ^]YKOG[ P`GYH^JPKN. JK^GYKH^JPKHZ N]\RPK^YHR^JKL HKI H K]S\GY Pa P^WGY RPK^YHR^]HZHYYHKLGSGK^N�

Vocabulary

H NJKLZG GRPKPSJR ]KJ^ *���" "���� ���" D��"^P IG_GZP` ZJKOHLGN (�������� ��g����RH`J^HZ JK_GN^SGK^ ��$����������"���^P N`YGHI HR^J_J^JGN (��V�(����� ����������^P GKLHLG JK XPYZI ^YHIG ��� ����� �������� ��(����"�^P GdRGGI $"("��U!����aH_P]YH\ZG �$(��������H RPYYGZH^JPK �$�������V"���YHX SH^GYJHZN ��(�����^P `YPRGNN $"("(�%����SHK]aHR^]YGI LPPIN ������ ��(�%�^P YGZ[ PK $���������� =�� �����"%!��>H ^YHKNaGY $"("��� =�(�V"�>. $"("����^P HRWJG_G ��������NGZaN]N^HJKJKL LYPX^W �� �$���(� !��" �(�������RH`J^HZ aZPX $���� ��$����!aPYGJLK HJI ����" �� ��$� ���H YGRGK^ Gd`HKNJPK �"U�����* (��V�("���^P \G RZPNGZ[ YGZH^GI ^P %!�� ����� $��g����� �� =�� >`HYGK^ RPS`HK[ ��"(������ �� $����WPSG RP]K^Y[ %������U���lPJK^ _GK^]YG �$����" $��$(�* ����SHKHLGSGK^ RPK^YHR^ ����(��� �� !$(������� ��(�%��D��� aYHKRWJNJKL ������( A(��V��� =���%���� !����>^]YKOG[ P`GYH^JPK ����(��� �� ����! �%g*��� B$�� ����ERPK^YHR^]HZ HYYHKLGSGK^N ������(�� !����

Comprehension Check

������������� �� ���������� ���

1. What are the terms characterizing the world economy at the presenttime?

2. What influences relations between the developed and the developingcountries?

3. How does a developing nation mobilize resources for its self-sustaininggrowth?

5

4. What is a TNC? What is its role in the world trade?5. What are the forms of TNCs’ participation in foreign economies?

������������������������������� ���

�� GRPKPS[ H> ^P SP_G aYPS PKG `ZHRG ^P HKP^WGY�� RPY`PYH^JPK \> aJKHKRJHZ a]KIN ]NGI ^P \]JZI aHR^PYJGN.

\][ YHX SH^GYJHZN. WJYG XPYOGYN?� ^P ^YHKNaGY R> ^WG N[N^GS aPY SHKHLGSGK^ YGNP]YRGN

HKI `YPI]R^JPK Pa LPPIN0� RH`J^HZ JK_GN^SGK^ I> H \]NJKGNN PXKGI \[ SHK[ JK_GN^PYN�� NGZaN]N^HJKJKL G> H S]^]HZ YGZH^JPKNWJ`5� ^P GdRGGI a> H\ZG ^P `YP_JIG GKP]LW Pa XWH^ N\&N^W

KGGIN JK PYIGY ^P ZJ_G PY GdJN^m� H RPYYGZH^JPK =XJ^W N^W> L> ^P \G LYGH^GY JK K]S\GY PY JK NJiG ^WHK

N^W

NOTES:

������������ ��

MP SHOG RH`J^HZ P]^ Pa NPSG^WJKL + ^P ]NG H NJ^]H^JPK�

MP =\G&WHKL> JK ^WG \HZHKRG =Pa H IGRJNJPK. YGN]Z^> + ^P \G ]KRGY^HJK PYH^ H RYJ^JRHZ N^HLG�

m

Text 2. FOREIGN AID

Q_GY[ [GHY YJRW RP]K^YJGN LJ_G PY ZGKI n5/ \JZZJPK JK HJI. GJ^WGY IJYGR^Z[PY ^WYP]LW S]Z^JKH^JPKHZ JKN^J^]^JPKN. ^P JKN^HZZ XH^GY N]``ZJGN. \][ NGGIN.^YHJK aHYSGYN JK IG_GZP`JKL RP]K^YJGN�

2JKRG ��5/. H\P]^ n�.0 ^YJZZJPK JK HJI WHN \GGK ^YHKNaGYYGI aYPS YJRWRP]K^YJGN ^P `PPY PKGN� oG^ YGZH^J_GZ[ ZJ^^ZG JN OKPXK H\P]^ XWH^ ^WH^ `YPRGNN WHN HRWJG_GI� pHN J^ YGZJG_GI `P_GY^[q pHN J^ N^JS]ZH^GI LYPX^W JK ^WGYGRJ`JGK^ RP]K^YJGNq pHN J^ WGZ`GI ^WG RP]K^YJGN ^WH^ LJ_G J^q 2]RW f]GN^JPKN \GRPSG SPYG `YGNNJKL HN IPKPY LP_GYKSGK^N ^Y[ WHYIGY ^P R]Y\`]\ZJR N`GKIJKL�

4PX H LYPXJKL K]S\GY Pa LP_GYKSGK^N HKI NPSG Pa ^WG \HKON HKIHLGKRJGN ^WH^ YGZ[ PK ^WGJY RPK^YJ\]^JPKN HYG aYGGiJKL ^WGJY HJI `YPLYHSSGN� 2PSG HYG R]^^JKL \HRO� bPN^ PaaJRJHZ HJI `YPLYHSSGN WH_G\GGK IYJ_GK \[ ^WG IGNJYG ^P LG^ NPSG^WJKL JK YG^]YK# ]N]HZZ[. KH^JPKHZ NGR]YJ^[ PY RPSSGYRJHZ LHJK� rH`HKgN H``YPHRW WHN H^ ZGHN^ ^WG SGYJ^ Pa NJS`ZJRJ^[# J^N IG_GZP`SGK^ HNNJN^HKRG LPGN SHJKZ[ ^P RP]K^YJGN ^WH^ HYG SPN^ZJOGZ[ ^P \GRPSG J^N a]^]YG R]N^PSGYN�

cZZ ecj =eG_GZP`SGK^ cNNJN^HKRG jPSSJ^^GG> RP]K^YJGN + �� YJRWRP]K^YJGN `Z]N ^WG Q]YP`GHK kKJPK ^JG NPSG HJI ^P ^WG `]YRWHNG Pa ^WGJYPXK LPPIN HKI NGY_JRGN� sKG `YP\ZGS XJ^W ^[JKL JN ^WH^ J^ aPYRGN RP]K^YJGN^P `H[ P_GY ^WG PIIN aPY JS`PY^Nt PK H_GYHLG. NPSG GN^JSH^GN N]LLGN^. YGRJ`JGK^N `H[ ��� u SPYG ^WHK `YG_HJZJKL `YJRGN�

cJI XHN NGGK HN H ^YHKNJ^JPKHZ IG_JRG ^P WGZ` RP]K^YJGN YGHRW H `PJK^aYPS XWJRW ^WGJY GRPKPSJGN XP]ZI ^HOG Paa Pa ^WGJY PXK HRRPYI� oG^ ^WGaHR^ YGSHJKN ^WH^ \HIZ[ IGNJLKGI HJI JN ZJOGZ[ ^P \G H XHN^G Pa SPKG[ +PY XPYNG� 1K SHK[ Pa ^WG RP]K^YJGN ^WH^ WH_G YGRGJ_GI ^WG SPN^ HJI HKIWH_G ^WG WJLWGN^ ZG_GZ Pa RH`J^HZ JK_GN^SGK^. LYPX^W WHN \GGK KGLZJLJ\ZG�3]^ NPSG ^WJYI XPYZI RP]K^YJGN WH_G GKlP[GI aHN^ GRPKPSJR LYPX^W XJ^WYGZH^J_GZ[ ZJ^^ZG HJI `GY WGHI� 1K `HY^JR]ZHY. NPSG cNJHK N]RRGNN N^PYJGN.N]RW HN jWJKH PY vJG^KHS. WHI ZJ^^ZG PY KP HJI H^ H ^JSG XWGK IPKPYN XGYG`P]YJKL SPKG[ JK^P caYJRHK RP]K^YJGN =HZ^WP]LW jWJKH JN KPX ^WG hPYZI3HKOgN ZHYLGN^ NJKLZG R]N^PSGY>�

hWGYG HJI IJI KP^ XPYO. ^WG YGHNPK XHN NPSG^JSGN ^WH^ IPKPYN aHJZGI^P N^HY^ ^WG `YPlGR^N ^WH^ XP]ZI \GRPSG NGZaN]N^HJKJKLt HKI NPSG^JSGN^WH^ H YGRJ`JGK^ RP]K^Y[ aHJZGI ^P SHOG ^WG SPN^ Pa XWH^ XHN PaaGYGI ^P J^�

Vocabulary

^P ZGKI $������� �� !�"%!�� U���S]Z^JZH^GYHZ %��������(�����^P JKN^HZZ �������������. $(������� =����" �

����$��������� �� ���>YGZH^J_GZ[ ��������^P R]Y\ ��(� !����. �(� ��� $�� ����(��" ^P YGZJG_G $��"�V���^P aYGGiG �� �(�6!����^P R]^ \HRO � "�V!����. ���(��!����RPSSGYRJHZ LHJK �� "(D���� ��(����^P LG^ NPSG^WJKL JK YG^]YK ��(� ��� U��� ! ���$�����H``YPHRW $��7��R]N^PSGY $��!$"D�. ���*��^P ^JG ��g��!����`]YRWHNG $��!$��^P `H[ P_GY ^WG PIIN �$���!���� (����D�HNNJN^HKRG ��$� ���. �$(�����^P GN^JSH^G �D�������t ��������� ��(�����YGRJ`JGK^ RP]K^Y[ �(�9��. U� $(�� �*t �(�9����"(6!���`YG_HJZJKL `YJRGN $��!��� D���^P ^HOG Paa ����� !�$�V�� . ������� !�$�7! �� �

������ �� ��(����� �"( ��KGLZJLJ\ZG �"�������`GY WGHI �� �!V! ���"�"���^P aHJZ %!�� �"�$(� �6�� =U��� �(�%���>^P SHOG ^WG SPN^Pa NPSG^WJKL ���%!�� �����%���V" $"("��� ! �� !��

Comprehension Check

�������� ����������������� �� ������������������ �� ���� ����

1. Developing countries have to borrow money from rich countries in or-der to strengthen their economies.

2. Basically donor countries are always satisfied with their aid programs’results.

3. All DAC countries expect to find new customers in recipient countries.

4. Foreign aid was designed to support the countries with weak econo-mies.

5. All recipient countries managed to make the most of what they had re-ceived.

��������������� �����

�� ^P \][ H> ^P YGI]RG�� ^P ^JG \> HNNJN^HKRG?� ^P R]^ \HRO R> ^P ZJKO0� ^P aPYRG I> ^P `]YRWHNG�� HJI G> ^P SHOG N\ IP N^W5� ^P aHJZ a> ^P LG^ PY HRRG`^ N^Wm� ^P YGRGJ_G L> KP^ ^P N]RRGGI

NOTES:

������������ ��

pG XWP `H[N ^WG `J`GY RHZZN ^WG ^]KG ^WG `GYNPK XWP `YP_JIGN ^WGSPKG[ aPY N^W NWP]ZI RPK^YPZ WPX J^ JN N`GK^�

MP `H[ ^WG `GKHZ^[ =aPY N^W> ^P N]aaGY \GRH]NG Pa \HI Z]RO. GYYPY PYXYPKLIPJKL�

�/

Text 3. WORLD TRADE

MWG wGKGYHZ cLYGGSGK^ PK MHYJaaN HKI MYHIG =wcMM> JN KP^ HK JKN^J^]^JPK ^WH^ XJKN WGHY^N HKI SJKIN Pa `P`]ZHY P`JKJPK� oG^ ^WG aHR^ JNwccM WHN \GGK H LYGH^ N]RRGNN� MWHKON ^P ^WG ZPXGYJKL Pa ^YHIG \HYYJGYNHa^GY ^WG 2GRPKI hPYZI hHY. cSGYJRHK aJYSN \GRHSG Gd`PY^GYN ^P ^WGXPYZI. HKI G_GY[\PI[ LHJKGI HN H YGN]Z^�

1K SHK[ Pa ^WG JKI]N^YJGN ZJOGZ[ ^P LYPX aHN^GN^ JK ^WG [GHY HWGHI.cSGYJRH YGSHJKN ^WG N^YPKLGN^ HKI ^WG SPN^ RPS`G^J^J_G `YPI]RGY JK ^WGXPYZI + `YGRJNGZ[ \GRH]NG J^N RPS`HKJGN HYG P\ZJLGI ^P ^GN^ ^WGSNGZ_GN JK^WG LZP\HZ SHYOG^ `ZHRG� 1K ^WJN NGKNG wccM \]JZ^ cSGYJRH� 1^ HZNP \]JZ^`YPN`GYJ^[ ^WH^ S]RW Pa ^WG XPYZI KPX ^HOGN aPY LYHK^GI�

1K ^YHIG `PZJR[. HZSPN^ G_GY[ LP_GYKSGK^ N]RR]S\N ^P `YGNN]YG aYPSN`GRJHZ JK^GYGN^N IGSHKIJKL `YP^GR^JPK aYPS aPYGJLK RPS`G^J^JPK# ZPNNGNSH[ P]^XGJLW LHJKN. \]^ ^WPNG. XWP N^HKI ^P LHJK HYG ]N]HZZ[ _PRHZ HKIXGZZPYLHKJiGI� hWGYGHN ^WPNG XWP N^HKI ^P ZPNG HYG KP^� MWJN `YP^GR^JPKJN^ ZPLJR XPYON G_GY[ XH[� cSGYJRH WHN YGNJN^GI J^ \G^^GY ^WHK SPN^� xPY[GHYN J^ RWHS`JPKGI ^WG RH]NG Pa aYGG ^YHIG ^WYP]LW wccM� eGRHIGN PacSGYJRHK ZGHIGYNWJ` Ha^GY ��0� P`GKGI SHYOG^N XPYZIXJIG�

cSGYJRH JN JKNJN^JKL PK a]Y^WGY RWHKLGN� sKG Pa ^WG RWPJRGN Pa cSGYJRHgN ^YHIG `PZJR[ JN ^P \]JZI H YGLJPKHZ ^YHIG \ZPRO PK ^WG cSGYJRHK RPK^JKGK^� MWG kKJ^GI 2^H^GN WHN HZYGHI[ KGLP^JH^GI H aYGG ^YHIG HLYGGSGK^=xMc> XJ^W jHKHIHt HK Gd^GKNJPK Pa ^WH^ HRRPYI. ^P JKRZ]IG bGdJRP. JN]KIGY IJNR]NNJPK� 1K ^WG ZPKLGY ^GYS ^WJN 4PY^W cSGYJRHK xMc SJLW^N`YGHI NP]^WXHYIN. G_GK^]HZZ[ GKRPS`HNNJKL S]RW Ja KP^ HZZ Pa yH^JKcSGYJRH�

c aYGG ^YHIG HYGH XJZZ SHOG ^WG XPYZI \G^^GY Paa JK ^WG NWPY^ ^GYS. Ja.YP]LWZ[ N`GHOJKL. ^WG HSP]K^ Pa ^YHIG J^ RYGH^GN GdRGGIN ^WG HSP]K^ J^ IJ_GY^N� MP RP]K^GY ^WG YJNO Pa ^YHIG IJ_GYNJPK. ^WG wccMgN Y]ZGN HZZPXxMcN ^P \G aPYSGI PKZ[ Ja ^WG SGS\GYN NG^ BI]^JGN HKI P^WGY YGL]ZH^JPKNPa RPSSGYRGE ^WH^ HYG KP^ BWJLWGY PY SPYG YGN^YJR^J_GE XJ^W YGN`GR^ PaP]^NJIGYN ^WHK ^WG PKGN `YG_JP]NZ[ JK GaaGR^� oG^ H \G^^GY Y]ZG XP]ZI \G ^PJKNJN^ ^WH^ SGS\GYN Pa HK xMc NG^ H RPSSPK Gd^GYKHZ ^HYJaa =HKI ^W]NaPYS H R]N^PSN ]KJPK>� 3GNJIGN. ^WG RPSSPK Gd^GYKHZ ^HYJaa aPY HK[ J^GSNWP]ZI \G NG^ Gf]HZ ^P ^WG ZPXGN^ ^HYJaa H``ZJGI ^P ^WH^ RPSSPIJ^[ \[ HK[SGS\GYN Pa ^WG xMc \GaPYG ^WG ]KJPK XHN aPYSGI�

��

Vocabulary

^P ZPXGY ^WG ^YHIG \HYYJGYN ���6!����. � "�V!���� ��(���"�����% "6"���

^P LHJK ��"(6!����. ���%!����^P YGSHJK ����V�����`YGRJNGZ[ \GRH]NG �� " �� ! U�^P JKNJN^ PK ��$������� ��^P \G P\ZJLGI %!�� ��%��g����� `YPN`GYJ^[ $(�D�������^P ^HOG aPY LYHK^GI ���6��� �� ���"6�"^P N]RR]S\ ^P `YGNN]YG $���!$�����. �" ���(� ��� ����!^P IGSHKI �� �����ZPNNGN SH[ P]^XGJLW LHJKN ��(��� �6!�� $"("��6��� ���%����RPS`G^J^JPK � ������^P RWHS`JPK ^WG RH]NG $���(� ��� �$(��!a]Y^WGY $�����V��^P KGLP^JH^G �"��� $"("����(�Gd^GKNJPK (��V�("���HRRPYI !����NP]^WXHYIN ! $���"��� ! ��$(� �!^P GKRPS`HNN ����!����^WG HSP]K^ Pa ^YHIG �%��� ��(�����^P IJ_GY^ ���7�����IJ_GYNJPK ���7��"���^P NG^ !������������. ���������YGN^YJR^J_G �% "6!�������^P RP]K^GY ^WG YJNO ��$�%����� (����!RPSSPK Gd^GYKHZ ^HYJaa ��������� �����V��� ��(�A^W]N ���� ���� J^GS $������. $!���. ��(" �� $("� "�RPSSPIJ^[ ����(

Comprehension Check

������������� �� ���������� ���

1. What helped American firm become exporters to the world after theSecond World War?

��

2. What matter of trade policy did America champion for many years?3. What are the prospects of North American FTA?4. Under what condition will a free trade area have a positive influence on

the world trade?5. Do the GAAT’s rules regulate FTAs?

������������� ������������������ ���

�� ^YHIG H> H ^Hd `HJI PK JS`PY^N�� `YPN`GYJ^[ \> H aPYSHZ HLYGGSGK^ \G^XGGK LYP]`N

Pa `GP`ZG?� `YP^GR^JPK R> ^WG HR^JPK Pa ^]YKJKL NPSG^WJKL HNJIG

PY RWHKLJKL J^N IJYGR^JPK0� Gd^GKNJPK I> ^WG GdRWHKLG Pa LPPIN PY NGY_JRGN aPY

SPKG[ PY P^WGY LPPIN�� HRRPYI G> ^WG N[N^GS Pa `YP^GR^JKL HK JKI]N^Y[

\[ ^HdJKL aPYGJLK LPPIN5� RPSSGYRG a> ^WG N^H^G Pa \GJKL N]RRGNNa]Z =GN`GRJHZ

Z[ aJKHKRJHZZ[>m� ^HYJaa L> ^YHIG =GN`GRJHZZ[ \G^XGGK RP]K^YJGN>�� IJ_GYNJPK W> ^WG HR^JPK PY `YPRGNN Pa SHOJKL NPSG

^WJKL ZPKLGY PY ZHYLGY

NOTES:

������������ ��

^P LHJK LYP]KI + ^P \GLJK ^P WH_G SPYG N]``PY^t ^P SHOG `YPLYGNNt^P `ZH[ ^WG SHYOG^ + ^P \][ HKI NGZZ N^PRON HKI NWHYGN JK PYIGY ^P

SHOG H `YPaJ^�

�?

Text 4. MONOPOLY AND COMPETITION

c WPZIGY Pa H SPKP`PZ[ JN H NJKLZG NGZZGY XWP WHN GdRZ]NJ_G RPK^YPZ Pa^WG N]``Z[ HKI SHYOG^JKL Pa NPSG `YPI]R^ PY NGY_JRG� bPKP`PZ[ JN H SHYOG^ NJ^]H^JPK JK XWJRW ^WGYG HYG KP RPS`G^J^PYN� 2PSG SPKP`PZJGN HYG]KH_PJIH\ZG� bPN^ `]\ZJR ]^JZJ^JGN. N]RW HN KH^]YHZ LHN. GZGR^YJRJ^[ HYG `P^GK^JHZ SPKP`PZJGN� MWG LP_GYKSGK^ RHK YGL]ZH^G N]RW RPS`HKJGN \[ RPK^YPZZJKL ^WG `YJRGN�

s^WGY SPKP`PZJGN SH[ \G HY^JaJRJHZ. \YP]LW^ H\P]^ ^WYP]LW SHKJ`]ZH^JPK \[ aJYSN� pGYG LP_GYKSGK^N JK^GY_GKG XJ^W RPS`G^J^JPK ZHXN. NGGOJKL ^P SHOG RPS`G^J^JPK SPYG _JLPYP]N HKI ^P `YG_GK^ SPKP`PZJGN PYP^WGY H^^GS`^N ^P RPK^YPZ N]``Z[�

bHYOG^ `PXGY JN ^WG ^GYS GRPKPSJN^N ]NG ^P IGNRYJ\G ^WG H\JZJ^[ ^PWPZI RPK^YPZ P_GY `YJRGN HKI `YPaJ^N� c SPKP`PZ[ WHN ^WG LYGH^GN^ SHYOG^`PXGY� cRRPYIJKL ^P cSGYJRHK GRPKPSJN^N QIXHYI p� jWHS\GYZJK HKIrPG 2� 3HJK. H aJYSgN `PXGY XJZZ \G LYGH^GY Ja J^ NWHYGN HK JKI]N^Y[ XJ^W aGXRPS`G^J^PYN. Ja J^ JN NWJGZIGI HZSPN^ RPS`ZG^GZ[ aYPS ^WG ^WYGH^ Pa GK^Y[ \[KGX RPS`G^J^PYN� hWGK H B\JL ^WYGGE PY B\JL aP]YE IPSJKH^GN HK JKI]N^Y[. ^WH^ NJ^]H^JPK JN RHZZGI H NWHYGI SPKP`PZ[�

1K `YHR^JRG. B`]YGE SPKP`PZ[ JN NGZIPS aP]KI JK YGHZ ZJaG� hWGK PKG`YPI]RGY SH[ IPSJKH^G ^WG N]``Z[ Pa H LPPI PY LYP]` Pa LPPIN. WG JN NHJI^P \G H BSPKP`PZJN^E + H NJKLZG NGZZGY� 3]^ XWH^ XG YGHZZ[ WH_G JN H K]S\GY Pa NSHZZ BSPKP`PZJN^NE RPS`G^JKL XJ^W PKG HKP^WGY + BSPKP`PZJN^JR RPS`G^J^JPKE�

Vocabulary

^P WPZI �(� ���. !�(� !���� U���^P N]``Z[ $��������RPS`G^J^PY ����!("��]KH_PJIH\ZG ���� �" �6�� !����!��`]\ZJR ]^JZJ^JGN �� !������ $���!��HY^JaJRJHZ V�!����^P JK^GY_GKG ��(!������^P NGGO ��%�������_JLPYP]N 6�����. "�"(������H^^GS`^ �!�����`YPaJ^ ��(����. ������t $(�%!���

�0

^P NWHYG ������=��>. (��$�������^P NWJGZI ��7�U���. $(��(�����^WYGH^ Pa GK^Y[ \[KGX RPS`G^J^PYN ���(��� ���!$! ����7 ����!("����^P IPSJKH^G $��!����. $"("��6���`]YG ������

Comprehension Check

��������������� ��� ������ �� ���������

SPKP`PZ[SHYOG^ `PXGYNWHYGI SPKP`PZ[SPKP`PZJN^JR RPS`G^J^JPK

���������� ����������� ������!�

NOTES:

������������ ��

^P WPZI ^WG aJGZI + KP^ ^P \G YG`ZHRGI \[ NS\&NS^Wt ^P YGSHJK IPSJKHK^t

^P \G NPZI PK N^W&N\ + ^P \G GK^W]NJHN^JR H\P]^ NS^W&NS\�

��

Text 5. THE EUROPEAN UNION

1K ���m ^WG Q]YP`GHK QRPKPSJR jPSS]KJ^[ XHN NG^ ]` \[ ^WG MYGH^[ Pa FPSG� 2JKRG ^WH^ ^JSG ^WG jPSS]KJ^[ WHN LYPXK aYPS J^N PYJLJKHZSGS\GYN = 3GZLJ]S. xYHKRG. wGYSHK[. 1^HZ[. y]dGS\P]YL HKI ^WG 4G^WGYZHKIN >. ^P JKRZ]IG eGKSHYO. 1YGZHKI HKI ^WG kKJ^GI zJKLIPS JK ��m?.wYGGRG JK ���� HKI 2`HJK HKI {PY^]LHZ JK ���5�

MWG `P`]ZH^JPK Pa ^WG jPSS]KJ^[ JKRYGHNGI \[ �� SJZZJPK XJ^W ^WG YG]KJaJRH^JPK Pa wGYSHK[ JK ���/. HKI JK ���? XWH^ WHI \GGK ^WG Q]YP`GHK jPSS]KJ^[ \GRHSG ^WG Q]YP`GHK kKJPK� xJKHZZ[ JK ����.c]N^YJH.xJKZHKI HKI 2XGIGK lPJKGI ^WG kKJPK. \YJKLJKL ^PLG^WGY ?m/ SJZZJPK JKWH\J^HK^N. H ZHKI HYGH Pa ? ??m /// OS@ HKI �� SGS\GY RP]K^YJGN�

MP SHKHLG ^WG `PZJRJGN RPKRGYKJKL N]RW H ZHYLG `P`]ZH^JPK.^WG kKJPKWHN H N[N^GS Pa JKN^J^]^JPKN ^WH^ XPYO JK RPZZH\PYH^JPK XJ^W GHRW P^WGY.]KIGY^HOJKL ^WG `YJKRJ`ZGN Pa NHaGLHYIJKL `GHRG HKI `YPSP^JKL GRPKPSJRHKI NPRJHZ `YPLYGNN�

MWG Q]YP`GHK kKJPK WHN H `YPSJKGK^ YPZG ^P `ZH[ LZP\HZZ[� cZYGHI[^WG XPYZIgN ZGHIJKL ^YHIG `PXGY. J^ NWHYGN `YHR^JRGN HKI HJSN XJ^W P^WGYSHlPY ^YHIJKL \ZPRON N]RW HN ^WG kKJ^GI 2^H^GN Pa cSGYJRH HKI rH`HK. \]^JN HZNP ^WGJY YJ_HZ RPSSGYRJHZZ[ HKI ^GRWKPZPLJRHZZ[� cN ^WG Qk JN N]RW HN^YPKL GRPKPSJR `PXGY. J^ WHN H `HY^JR]ZHYZ[ JKaZ]GKRJHZ \HYLHJKJKL `PNJ^JPK I]YJKL ^HZON PK ^YHIG�

c NJKLZG SHYOG^ JN Pa LYGH^ JS`PY^HKRG ^P HZZ ^WG RJ^JiGKN Pa ^WG Q]YP`GHK kKJPK� MWGYG WH_G \GGK KP R]N^PSN I]^JGN XJ^WJK ^WG jPSS]KJ^[NJKRG ��5�. HKI RPSSPK YH^GN Pa I]^[ WH_G \GGK H``ZJGI ^P JS`PY^N aYPSKPKSGS\GY RP]K^YJGN�sK � rHK]HY[ ���? ^WG `ZHK aPY H NJKLZG Q]YP`GHKSHYOG^ RHSG ^P aY]J^JPK� 3PYIGY RWGRON XGYG YGSP_GI� sKZ[ JK YHYG RHNGNHYG YHKIPS RWGRON N^JZZ RHYYJI P]^�1^ JN KPX GHNJGY aPY aJYSN ^P PaaGY ^WGJYLPPIN HKI NGY_JRGN JK P^WGY Qk RP]K^YJGN� MWG aYGG SP_GSGK^ Pa RH`J^HZSHOGN J^ `PNNJ\ZG ^P JK_GN^ SPKG[ HK[XWGYG JK ^WG kKJPK� MWG JK^YPI]R^JPK Pa RHNW QkFs `YG_GK^N ^WG `PNNJ\JZJ^[ Pa GdRWHKLG YH^G RYJNJN JK ^WGSGS\GY RP]K^YJGN�

MWG Q]YP`GHK 1K_GN^SGK^ 3HKO JN ^WG kKJPKgN aJKHKRJKL JKN^J^]^JPKHKI `YP_JIGN ZPKL^GYS ZPHKN aPY RH`J^HZ JK_GN^SGK^ `YPSP^JKL ^WGkKJPKgN \HZHKRGI GRPKPSJR IG_GZP`SGK^ HKI JK^GLYH^JPK�

�5

Vocabulary

RPSS]KJ^[ �(� ���t �$�������^YGH^[ �6��(����� ������(t !����^P JKRZ]IG ������ = � ��%�>t ��������^P JKRYGHNG �(������JKWH\J^HK^ 6��"��RPKRGYKJKL ��������. U���RPZZH\PYH^JPK �$��(�%����D���^P NHaGL]HYI `GHRG �7�(�����. ��(���!���� �(^P `YPSP^G �$(����t ��$� �����YJ_HZ �!$"(���. ����!("��^P \HYLHJK !������ !���! =��(���"���!>R]N^PSN I]^[ ����� �%�(XJ^WJK ! "6�7. !�"("����RPSSPK YH^G Pa I]^[ ��������� �!(� �$�����!�����\PYIGY RWGRO $"("��(�� �� ��(����^P RPSG ^P aY]J^JPK !�$�V�� ����������� =$���� >YHKIPS RWGRO ��������� $"("��(��^P `YG_GK^ ��$�%����t $"("V���6���RHNW �(�V�. �������GdRWHKLG YH^G �% ����� �!(�ZPHK $�����

Comprehension Check

������������� �� ���������� ���

1. What organization was set up by the Treaty of Rome in 1957?2. What countries are the members of the European Union?3. What are the objectives of the EU institutions?4. What are the EU’s positions in world trade?5. Are there any advantages of having a single market for the EU member

countries?6. What is the function of the European Investment Bank?

����" ������������������

1. In 1993 what had been the European Community...

�m

2. The Union has a system of institutions that...3. The EU has a particularly influential...4. There have been no customs duties...5. It is now easier for firms...6. The introduction of cash euro in the member countries presents...

NOTES:

������������ ��

# ��$������������$ + ^P YGa]NG HK JK_J^H^JPK PY PaaGY \]^ NH[ ^WH^ PKGSJLW^ HRRG`^ J^ ZH^GY#

BMWHKON aPY ^WG JK_J^H^JPK. \]^ 1gZZWH_G ^P ^HOG H YHJK RWGRO PK J^E�

� ������$��%�XGHZ^W[ `GP`ZG RHK LG^ N`GRJHZ ^YGH^SGK^ HKI JKaZ]GKRGP^WGYN�

��

Text 6. THE EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER COUNTRIESTYPES OF ECONOMY

������� JN Gd`GYJGKRJKL H `GYJPI Pa HIl]N^SGK^ H^ ^WG `YGNGK^ ^JSG NP^WH^ ^WG GKPYSP]N GRPKPSJR IJaaGYGKRGN \G^XGGK ^WG GHN^GYK HKI XGN^GYK`HY^N Pa wGYSHK[. JK `HY^JR]ZHY ^WG IJN`HYJ^[ JK ZG_GZN Pa NHZHYJGN HKI N^HKIHYIN Pa ZJ_JKL. RHK \G GYHIJRH^GI� wGYSHK[ WHN H NPRJHZ SHYOG^ GRPKPS[�jHY `YPI]R^JPK JN PKG Pa ^WG SHlPY JKI]N^YJGN HN HYG SGRWHKJRHZ GKLJKGGYJKL. GZGR^YJRHZ GKLJKGGYJKL. HKI ^WG RWGSJRHZ HKI `WHYSHRG]^JRHZ JKI]N^YJGN� MWG JYPK HKI N^GGZ JKI]N^Y[ HZNP WHN H ZHYLG `HY^ ^P `ZH[ JK ^WG GRPKPS[�

������1K ^WG `HN^ �// [GHYN 2XGIGK WHN G_PZ_GI aYPS H ZHYLGZ[ HLYHYJHK

RP]K^Y[ ^P PKG XWGYG ZGNN ^WHK ? u Pa ^WG ZH\P]Y aPYRG JN GS`ZP[GI JK HLYJR]Z^]YG�

bHK]aHR^]YJKL `ZH[N H IPSJKHK^ YPZG JK Gd`PY^N. HRRP]K^JKL aPY SPYG^WHK �/ u Pa ^P^HZ SGYRWHKIJNG HKI NGY_JRG Gd`PY^N JK ���?�

2XGIGK JN YGKPXKGI HN ^WG \JY^W`ZHRG Pa SHK[ XGZZOKPXK S]Z^JKH^JPKHZ RPY`PYH^JPKN. XWJRW WH_G WGZ`GI J^ ^P \GRPSG HK HaaZ]GK^ RP]K^Y[�MWG N^H^G WHN ^WG XPYZIgN N^YPKLGN^ ^YHIG ]KJPK SP_GSGK^ HKI H ZHYLGY`]\ZJR NGR^PY ^WHK HZSPN^ HK[ P^WGY XGN^GYK RP]K^Y[�

��������� GRPKPS[ JN \HNGI PK `YJ_H^G PXKGYNWJ`� xPYGN^Y[ HKI aPYGN^Y[ YGZH^GI JKI]N^YJGN N]RW HN ^WG `]Z` HKI `H`GY JKI]N^YJGN aPYS ^WG \HNJNPa xJKZHKIgN GRPKPS[� MWG \JLLGN^ LYPX^W JK YGRGK^ [GHYN WHN \GGK XJ^WJK ^WG SG^HZ JKI]N^Y[� MWJN JK J^NGZa PXGN H LYGH^ IGHZ ^P ^WG aPYGN^Y[ JKI]N^Y[. HN S]RW Pa ^WG Gd`HKNJPK RPSGN aYPS ^WG JKRYGHNGI KGGI aPY SHRWJKGY[ HKI Gf]J`SGK^ aPY ^YGG aGZZJKL HKI `H`GY `YPI]R^JPK� s^WGY JS`PY^HK^NGR^PYN HYG ^GZGRPSS]KJRH^JPKN HKI WJLW^GRW JKI]N^YJGN. XWJRW aPYS HWJLW `GYRGK^HLG Pa Gd`PY^N�

������� JN H WJLWZ[ IG_GZP`GI JKI]N^YJHZ RP]K^Y[ XJ^W H aYGG SHYOG^GRPKPS[� xPYGJLK ^YHIG WHN HZXH[N `ZH[GI HK JS`PY^HK^ YPZG aPY ^WG c]N^YJHK GRPKPS[� 2JKRG ^WG aHZZ Pa ^WG 1YPK j]Y^HJK. c]N^YJHgN YPZG HN LH^GXH[ ^P RGK^YHZ HKI GHN^GYK Q]YP`GHK RP]K^JGN WHN JKRYGHNGI RPKNJIGYH\Z[�

FP]LWZ[ 0/ u Pa c]N^YJHgN w4{ JN IGYJ_GI aYPS RPSSGYRG HKI aPYGJLK ^YHIG HKI NGY_JRGN� ca^GY ^YHIG HKI JKI]N^Y[. ^P]YJNS + JK N]SSGYHN JK XJK^GY + JN PKG Pa ^WG IG_GZP`GI \YHKRWGN Pa ^WG GRPKPS[�

!�"#��!�������� `PNJ^JPK JK ^WG WGHY^ Pa Q]YP`G IG^GYSJKGN ^WG RWHYHR^GY Pa ^WG e]^RW GRPKPS[. XWJRW JN WJLWZ[ JK^GYKH^JPKHZ JK J^N PYJGK^H

��

^JPK� MYHIG HKI ^YHKN`PY^ HYG ^XP Pa J^N SPN^ JS`PY^HK^ NGR^PYN� 1K ^GYSNPa RHYLP WHKIZGI. FP^^GYIHS JN ^WG \JLLGN^ `PY^ JK ^WG XPYZI� MWG 4G^WGYZHKIN WHN SHlPY RWGSJRHZ. GZGR^YJRHZ. GKLJKGGYJKL HKI RHY JKI]N^YJGN JKHIIJ^JPK ^P H WJLWZ[ SGRWHKJNGI HLYJR]Z^]YHZ NGR^PY� sJZ HKI KH^]YHZ LHN`YPI]R^JPK JN Pa RPKNJIGYH\ZG GRPKPSJR JS`PY^HKRG�

!�"$�����"%��&�'��� GRPKPS[ JN `YJSHYJZ[ \HNGI PK `YJ_H^G GK^GY`YJNG. HKI LP_GYKSGK^ `PZJR[ JN HJSGI H^ GKRP]YHLJKL HKI Gd`HKIJKL ^WG`YJ_H^G NGR^PY. XWJRW HRRP]K^N aPY H``YPdJSH^GZ[ �/ u Pa P]^`]^ HKI m� uPa GS`ZP[SGK^� sZIGY JKI]N^YJGN N]RW HN RPHZ. JYPK. N^GGZ. ^Gd^JZGN HKI NWJ`\]JZIJKL HYG R]YYGK^Z[ \GJKL YGPYLHKJNGI ^P ^HOG HRRP]K^ Pa NWJa^JKL `H^^GYKN JK XPYZI ^YHIG� MWG ���/N NHX ^WG IG_GZP`SGK^ Pa WJLW ^GRWKPZPL[JKI]N^YJGN HKI NGY_JRGN� MWGNG KGX JKI]N^YJGN JKRZ]IG NH^GZZJ^G RPSS]KJRH^JPKN. YP\P^JRN HKI JKaPYSH^JPK `YPRGNNJKL�

Vocabulary

HIl]N^SGK^ ("�!�������t $(����6!�����IJN`HYJ^[ �"���$���������. �"(�������^P G_PZ_G (��������=��>. (����(����=��>ZH\P]Y aPYRG (�%��� ����IPSJKHK^ $�������^P HRRP]K^ aPY �������� ���%���! $(�$�(D��SGYRWHKIJNG ����(�. ��(�%�YGKPXKGI ����"����. ��� "�����HaaZ]GK^ %������. (�����^YHIG ]KJPK $(�A�$����`YJ_H^G PXKGYNWJ` $(������ ���������aPYGN^Y[ �����D���. �����" ���$���(����`]Z` �"("��� ���^P PXG %!�� ��%��g����� =�� !��>. ������!

����LYGH^ IGHZ %�����Gd`HKNJPK $�V�("���. (��V�("���^P aGZZ ^YGGN ������ �"("��1YPK j]Y^HJK B������� ������ELH^GXH[ ��(���. �7��RPKNJIGYH\Z[ ������

�/

w4{ =wYPNN 4H^JPKHZ ������� ��D��������� $(��!��{YPI]R^>^P IG^GYSJKG ���������RHYLP �����6GK^GY`YJNG $��$(�* ����P]^`]^ $(��!�D��t ��$!��^P ^HOG HRRP]K^ Pa N^W� %(��� �� !����NWJa^JKL `H^^GYKN � ���NH^GZZJ^G ���"���. �!$!����JKaPYSH^JPK `YPRGNNJKL $"("(�%�� ��A�( �D�9

Comprehension Check

���������������!����������������$���� ���� �������� ���&���� � ���

��������������� �����

�> ^P IG_GZP` H> GK^YHKRG�> HaaZ]GK^ \> ^P IGaJKG?> aPYRG R> LPPIN0> IG^GYSJKG I> H ZP^ Pa�> LH^GXH[ G> aHSP]N5> SGYRWHKIJNG a> ^P G_PZ_Gm> YGKPXKGI L> `PXGY�> LYGH^ IGHZ W> YJRW

NOTES:

������������ ��

MWGYG JN KP HRRP]K^JKL aPY ^HN^G + J^ JN JS`PNNJ\ZG ^P Gd`ZHJK XW[ IJaaGYGK^ `GP`ZG ZJOG IJaaGYGK^ ^WJKLN�

^P IGHZ N\� H \ZPX + ^P LJ_G N\� H NWPROt ^P RH]NG `YP\ZGSN aPY N\�

��

Text 7. UKRAINE’S ECONOMY IN TRANSITION

MWG `YPRGNNGN Pa ^YHKNaPYSH^JPK aYPS `ZHKKGIRGK^YHZJNGI ^P SHYOG^GRPKPS[ HYG YH^WGY RPS`ZJRH^GI. \]^ ^WGYG HYG HZZ `YGYGf]JNJ^GN aPY ^WGJYGaaGR^J_G HRRPS`ZJNWSGK^ JK kOYHJKG� cN aPY J^N `P^GK^JHZ. kOYHJKG JN HKJKI]N^YJHZHLYJR]Z^]YHZ RP]K^Y[� 1KI]N^Y[ JN ^WG SPN^ JS`PY^HK^ HYGH PakOYHJKGgN GRPKPS[� c LYGH^ IGHZ Pa JKI]N^YJHZ P]^`]^ JN `YPI]RGI \[WGH_[ JKI]N^Y[. GN`GRJHZZ[ ^WG N^GGZ. SHRWJKG \]JZIJKL HKI RPHZ JKI]N^YJGN�c RPKNJIGYH\ZG `HY^ JN `ZH[GI \[ ^WG aPPI HKI ZJLW^ JKI]N^YJGN�

MWG SHRWJKG\]JZIJKL JKI]N^Y[ JN `YGNGK^Z[ ^WG ZHYLGN^ \YHKRW Pa JKI]N^Y[� 1^ `YP_JIGN Gf]J`SGK^ aPY SG^HZZ]YL[. `PXGY N^H^JPKN HKI IJaaGYGK^ `ZHK^N� 2WJ`\]JZIJKL HKI SP^PY _GWJRZG JKI]N^Y[ WH_G H LYGH^ JS`HR^PK ^YHKN`PY^H^JPK XJ^WJK HKI P]^NJIG kOYHJKG�

eGN`J^G ^WG aH_P]YH\ZG KH^]YHZ RPKIJ^JPKN HKI RPK_GKJGK^ LGPLYH`WJRHZ `PNJ^JPK JK ^GYSN Pa JK^GYKH^JPKHZ ^YHIG GdRWHKLGN. kOYHJKGgN JKI]N^YJGN HYG ]KH\ZG [G^ ^P NH^JNa[ HZZ RPKN]SGYNg XHK^N \GRH]NG kOYHJKG JN l]N^JK^GLYH^JKL JK^P ^WG XPYZI `YPRGNN Pa GRPKPSJR. ^GRWKPZPLJRHZ HKI NRJGK^JaJR `YPLYGNN� jWHYHR^GYJN^JRHZZ[. ^WG KH^JPKHZ JKI]N^YJGN NWPX ZPX N^HKIHYI JK `YPRGNNJKL YHX SH^GYJHZNt P]^IH^GI HKI XPYKP]^ `YPI]R^JPKGf]J`SGK^ HKI ZHRO Pa `YPLYGNNJ_G ^GRWKJf]GN HKI H``YPHRWGN NZPX IPXKGRPKPSJR YGaPYSN N^HY^GI JK ���/N�

4G_GY^WGZGNN. GRPKPS[YGN^Y]R^]YJKL `YPRGNNGN JK kOYHJKG WH_G RYGH^GI LYGH^ P``PY^]KJ^JGN aPY NWH`JKL HK P`GK. GaaGR^J_G SHYOG^ ^[`G GRPKPS[� kOYHJKG WHN N]RRGGIGI JK XJIGN`YGHI NSHZZNRHZG `YJ_H^JNH^JPK =G�L�.Pa NWP`N HKI P^WGY NSHZZ NGY_JRG ]KJ^N> HKI G_GK SPYG JK ZHYLGNRHZG `YJ_H^JNH^JPK� {YJRG ZJ\GYHZJNH^JPK HKI aPYGJLK GdRWHKLG N[N^GS YGaPYSN WH_G\YP]LW^ KP^H\ZG YGN]Z^N� MWG aZPX Pa aPYGJLK JK_GN^SGK^N `YP_GN ^WG aHR^^WH^ kOYHJKG WHN H `YPSJNJKL GRPKPSJR `P^GK^JHZ XWJRW PaaGYN SHK[ \]NJKGNN HKI JK_GN^SGK^ P``PY^]KJ^JGN�

Vocabulary

RPS`ZJRH^GI ��������`YGYGf]JNJ^GN $"("�! ���GaaGR^J_G "A"�������HRRPS`ZJNWSGK^ ���������. ������"���IGN`J^G �"���6���� ��RPK_GKJGK^ �(!����. $��7���U��

��

JS`HR^ �$���RPKN]SGY �$�6����P]^IH^GI �����(����XPYKP]^ ���V"���ZHRO �"�����. %(��H``YPHRW $��7��KG_GY^WGZGNN $(��"YGN^Y]R^]YJKL $"("%!����P``PY^]KJ^[ �$(������� �6�������^P NWH`G �������� A�( �. !���(�����NRHZG ��V��%. (�� �(KP^H\ZG $� �����aZPX $����`YPSJNJKL %������%�D������^P `YP_G ��������

Comprehension Check

����������� �������� ������!�

����'�����������!���� �� ����� ������ ��������� �� ��

JKNJIGt ]KaH_PYH\ZGt ]`^PIH^Gt H\ZGt GHN[t JKGaaGR^J_Gt IGN^YP[t NG`HYH^JKLt WJLWt IJNHI_HK^HLG�

NOTES:

������������ ��

1K `YPLYGNN + \GJKL IPKG PY SHIG�QdHS`ZG# MWG IJNR]NNJPK JN KPX JK `YPLYGNN�

MP LP ^P ^WG RP]K^Y[ + ^P IGRJIG ^P WPZI HK GZGR^JPK ^P RWPPNG =Pa HLP_GYKSGK^> H KGX `HYZJHSGK^�

QdHS`ZG# pG XGK^ ^P ^WG RP]K^Y[ P_GY ^WG JNN]G HKI ZPN^ ^WG LGKGYHZGZGR^JPK�

�?

Text 8. CURRENT ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEENUKRAINE AND THE EU

MWG YGZH^JPKN \G^XGGK kOYHJKG HKI ^WG Q]YP`GHK kKJPK HYG RPKI]R^GI XJ^WJK ^WG aYHSGXPYO Pa ^WG B{HY^KGYNWJ` HKI jPP`GYH^JPK cLYGGSGK^E ={jc> XWJRW XHN NJLKGI JK ���0 HKI RHSG JK^P aPYRG JK �����kOYHJKG XHN ^WG aJYN^ Pa ^WG 4GXZ[ 1KIG`GKIGK^ 2^H^GN ^P NJLK ^WJN OJKI PaIPR]SGK^ XJ^W ^WG Qk ^P YG`ZHRG ^WG aPYSGY cLYGGSGK^ PK MYHIG HKIjPSSGYRJHZ HKI QRPKPSJR jPP`GYH^JPK XJ^W ^WG k22F� MWG HJS Pa ^WG`HY^JGN ^P ^WG IPR]SGK^ JN ^P GN^H\ZJNW H aYGG ^YHIG HYGH \G^XGGK ^WGS�cRRPYIJKL ^P ^WG cLYGGSGK^. ^WG `HY^JGN LYHK^ ^P GHRW P^WGY ^WG SPN^aH_P]YGIKH^JPK ^YGH^SGK^ HKI ^WG LPPIN Pa ^WG GHRW `HY^[ NWP]ZI KP^ \GN]\lGR^ ^P IJNRYJSJKH^PY[ IJYGR^ PY JKIJYGR^ ^HdH^JPK� MWG HYGHN. JK XWJRW^WG RPP`GYH^JPK XJZZ RPKRGK^YH^G. HYG RZPNG ^P ^WG RWH`^GYN aPY KGLP^JH^JPKPK ^WG HRRGNNJPK XJ^W ^WG RHKIJIH^G RP]K^YJGN#

BJKI]N^YJHZ RPP`GYH^JPK. JK_GN^SGK^ `YPSP^JPK HKI `YP^GR^JPK. `]\ZJR `YPR]YGSGK^. SJKJKL HKI YHX SH^GYJHZN. NRJGKRG HKI ^GRWKPZPL[. GI]RH^JPK HKI ^YHJKJKL. HLYJR]Z^]YG HKI HLYPJKI]N^YJHZ NGR^PY. GKGYL[. RJ_JZK]RZGHY NGR^PY. GK_JYPKSGK^. ^YHKN`PY^. N`HRG JKI]N^Y[. ^GZGRPSS]KJRH^JPKN. aJKHKRJHZ NGY_JRGN. SPKG[ ZH]KIGYJKL. SPKG^HY[ `PZJR[. YGLJPKHZ IG_GZP`SGK^. NPRJHZ RPP`GYH^JPK. ^P]YJNS. NSHZZ HKI SGIJ]SNJiGI GK^GY`YJNGN. JKaPYSH^JPK HKI RPSS]KJRH^JPK. RPKN]SGY `YP^GR^JPK. R]N^PSN.N^H^JN^JRHZ RPP`GYH^JPK. GRPKPSJRN HKI IY]LNE =cY^JRZG �� Pa ^WG {jc>�

MWG cLYGGSGK^ JN RPKRZ]IGI aPY ^GK [GHYN ^P \G YGKGXH\ZG PK H [GHY\[ [GHY \HNJN� 2PSG `YPLYGNN ^PXHYI kOYHJKGgN GK^YHKRG JK^P Q]YP`GHKRPSS]KJ^[ WHN \GGK HRWJG_GI� sK eGRGS\GY ���� Q]YP`GHK jP]KRJZHIP`^GI B^WG Q]YP`GHK jP]KRJZ jPSSPK 2^YH^GL[ PK kOYHJKGE� 1K 2G`^GS\GY �///. ^WG {YPLYHS PK kOYHJKGgN JK^GLYH^JPK JK^P ^WG Q]YP`GHKkKJPK XHN NJLKGI� MWG `YPLYHS `YGNRYJ\GN kOYHJKGgN N^YH^GL[ JK ^WG aPZZPXJKL JS`PY^HK^ HYGHN# IGSPRYHR[ HKI Y]ZG Pa ZHX. RP]Y^ N[N^GS. W]SHKYJLW^N. GRPKPSJR IG_GZP`SGK^ Pa ^WG RP]K^Y[. JK^GYKHZ SHYOG^ XJ^WP]^\PHYIGYN. GRPKPSJR HKI aJNRHZ f]GN^JPKN. aPYGJLK GRPKPSJR HR^J_J^[. aPYGJLK HKI NGR]YJ^[ `PZJR[. GI]RH^JPK HKI [P]^W. aJKHKRJHZ JNN]GN�

MWG aHR^ ^WH^ kOYHJKG JN H ZHYLG ^YHKNJ^ RP]K^Y[ Pa PJZ HKI LHN aYPSF]NNJH HKI P^WGY cNJHK RP]K^YJGN ^P hGN^GYK Q]YP`G ^HOGN KP^ ^WG ZHN^`HY^ JK ^WG GRPKPSJR YGZH^JPKN \G^XGGK ^WG Qk HKI kOYHJKG� bPYGP_GY.^WG PJZ ^YHKNJ^ JN RPK^JK]P]NZ[ JKRYGHNJKL P_GY ^WG ZHN^ [GHYN�

1K 4P_GS\GY �///. kOYHJKJHK ZHXSHOGYN H``YP_GI H `YPLYHS ^P WHYSPKJNG kOYHJKJHK ZGLJNZH^JPK XJ^W ^WG Q]YP`GHK PKG� MWG `YPLYHS JN

�0

HJSGI ^P JKI]RG H^^YHR^J_GKGNN Pa ^WG Q]YP`GHK GRPKPS[ JK ^WG G[GN PaJK_GN^PYN�

1K PYIGY ^P \G GZJLJ\ZG aPY ^WG Qk SGS\GYNWJ` kOYHJKG WHN ^P a]ZaJZZJN^GI \[ ^WG Qk YGf]JYGSGK^N XWJRW JKRZ]IG WPZIJKL Pa ^YHKN`HYGK^ `HYZJHSGK^ HKI `YGNJIGK^JHZ GZGR^JPKN. SHNN SGIJH YGaPYS. aJLW^JKL RPYY]`^JPK. N^H\JZJ^[ Pa ZGLJNZH^JPK. ^WG aJKHKRJHZ N[N^GS HKI ^WG N[N^GS Pa ^HdH^JPK ^P Qk N^HKIHYIN�

Vocabulary

^P RPKI]R^ �"���. �"(!����XJ^WJK ^WG aYHSGXPYO Pa ! "6�7 ������^P NJLK $��$��!����`HY^[ �(������ ���(���^P LYHK^ $����6!������SPN^aH_PYGIKH^JPK^YGH^SGK^ ����$(�������V" �����"��� �� ��D��HRRGNNJPK ����!$t ���!$`YPR]YGSGK^ ��%"�$"�"���SJKJKL ��(���� $(� ���������SPKG[ ZH]KIGYJKL ��� ������ �(�V"�GK^GY`YJNG $��$(�* ����RPKN]SGY `YP^GR^JPK ��7��� �$�6�����^P RPKRZ]IG !������� =������(>^P \G YGKGXH\ZG %!�� $�����"�� ^P `YGNRYJ\G $(�$��!����JK^GYKHZ ��!�(�V���aJNRHZ A���������^P H``YP_G !7������ZGLJNZH^JPK �������������ZGLJNZH^]YG ���%�. ���$��������� �� � ��! �������YGf]JYGSGK^N �� ���^P JKI]RG ���������t �$(�������H^^YHR^J_GKGNN $(���%�������GZJLJ\ZG ���. 7�� �* $(��� �� U��"%!��

��

Comprehension Check

���( ����� �� �����

1. Find the terms characterizing relations between Ukraine and the Euro-pean Union.

2. Name the PCA’s key points.3. Determine areas of Ukraine and the EU cooperation.4. Name the document adopted by the European Council in 1999.5. Explain the advantages of Ukraine being an important oil and gas tran-

sit country.6. Determine the aim of the program approved by Ukrainian lawmakers.7. Name the requirement Ukraine has to fulfill to be eligible for EU mem-

bership.

����������� ����������� ��������������������������� ����� ����

���� ���������� ��)

1. agreement, contract, taxation, deal2. area, security, zone, region, space3. approve, confirm, criticize, ratify4. approach, gateway, relation, entrance5. partner, stranger, colleague, friend6. trade, business, commerce, force

NOTES:

������������ ��

^WG&HK PII SHK P]^ + H `GYNPK PY ^WJKL ^WH^ JN IJaaGYGK^ aYPS ^WG P^WGYNBc^ NRWPPZ NWG HZXH[N aGZ^ ^WG PII SHK P]^E�

^WG Y]ZG Pa ZHX + ^WG RPKIJ^JPK JK XWJRW G_GY[ SGS\GY Pa NPRJG^[. JKRZ]IJKL J^N Y]ZGYN. HRRG`^N ^WG H]^WPYJ^[ Pa ^WG ZHX�

�5

Text 9. ECONOMIC GROWTH IN UKRAINE

c^ ^WG ^JSG XWGK GRPKPSJR N[N^GS JN JK ^YHKNJ^JPK aYPS N^H\JZJiH^JPK^P GRPKPSJR LYPX^W ^WG SHJK ^HNON Pa SJRYPGRPKPSJR `PZJR[ JK kOYHJKGHYG LYHI]HZ N^Y]R^]YHZ HKI JKN^J^]^JPKHZ YGaPYSN Pa GRPKPSJR GK_JYPKSGK^�

QRPKPSJR LYPX^W JN H `YPRGNN \[ XWJRW H KH^JPKgN XGHZ^W JKRYGHNGNP_GY ^JSG� cKK]HZ LYPX^W `GY RH`J^H JN HK GS`JYJRHZ SGHN]YG Pa GRPKPSJR LYPX^W� MWG SHJK JKIJRH^PY Pa GRPKPSJR LYPX^W JN ^WG ZG_GZ Pa `YPI]R^JPK ^WH^ JN SGHN]YGI \[ we{ =LYPNN IPSGN^JR `YPI]R^>�

MWG ZG_GZ Pa we{ `GY RH`J^H JK kOYHJKG JK �//� RPKN^J^]^GI H\P]^ �//k2e HRRPS`HKJGI \[ ^WG m u YH^G Pa LYPX^W RPS`HYGI JK ^WG `YG_JP]N[GHY� Q_GK Ja N]RW YH^G Pa LYPX^W XJZZ \G SHJK^HJKGI I]YJKL HZZ ^WG KGd^IGRHIG. ^WGK we{ `GY RH`J^H XJZZ \G H\P]^ ��m/ k2e JK ^WG [GHY �/�/.XWJRW JN Gf]HZ ^P ^WG ZG_GZ Pa IG_GZP`SGK^ Pa ^WG ZGHN^ IG_GZP`GI `YGNGK^RZHJSHK^N ^P GK^Y[ Qk�

������������� ������������������� ������

Q_JIGKRG N]LLGN^N ^WH^ ^WG SPN^ JS`PY^HK^ aHR^PYN RPK^YJ\]^JKL ^P GRPKPSJR LYPX^W HYG W]SHK RH`J^HZ. LP_GYKSGK^ Gd`GKIJ^]YGN HKI LYPX^W PaNSHZZ HKI SGIJ]S NRHZG GK^GY`YJNGN� MWG ZH^^GY RHK WH_G `PNJ^J_G P]^RPSG

($")��*��"+'������� �,-".��"/�.��� +�������"+'������� �,-".��"/�.���

eGKSHYO ?/ 5�� 2ZP_GKJH �/ 0/�

c]N^YJH �? ?�/ jiGRW FG`]\ZJR � 00�

wGYSHK[ �� 5m� p]KLHY[ � /?5

2XGIGK �? 0�� {PZHKI 0 5�5

3GZLJ]S �� ��/ 2ZP_HOJH ? �/�

xJKZHKI �? m�5 QN^PKJH ? 5��

xYHKRG �� 0�� yJ^W]HKJH ? ��/

4G^WGYZHKIN �? ��m yH^_JH ? �5�

kKJ^GI zJKLIPS �? m�? FPSHKJH � 5�5

1YGZHKI �m /�� 3]ZLHYJH � �/0

1^HZ[ �� ?�5

2`HJK �0 �m�

wYGGRG �� �/�

{PY^]LHZ �/ �5m

�m

PK ^WG RPKIJ^JPK Pa ^WG N^H^G aJKHKRG. \HKOJKL N[N^GS HKI ^WG SPKG^HY[NJ^]H^JPK JK LGKGYHZ� MWG JKRYGHNG JK `YPI]R^JPK JK NSHZZ \]NJKGNNGN XJZZRYGH^G HIIJ^JPKHZ IGSHKI PK YGHZ SPKG[ \HZHKRGN� MWJN XJZZ \YPHIGK ^WG\HNGN aPY GSJNNJPK \[ ^WG j3&43 =4H^JPKHZ 3HKO> ^WH^ XJZZ JKRYGHNG \]ILG^HY[ JKRPSG XJ^WP]^ JKaZH^JPKHY[ RPKNGf]GKRGN� 2^JS]ZH^JKL GI]RH^JPK.GN`GRJHZZ[ `YPaGNNJPKHZ. SH[ WH_G H IJYGR^ `PNJ^J_G GaaGR^ PK LYPX^W. HKIH YGI]R^JPK JK LP_GYKSGK^ Gd`GKIJ^]YGN XJZZ ZGHI ^P IGRYGHNG JK ^WG aJNRHZ\]YIGK PK aJYSN HKI WP]NGWPZIN NP ^WG[ WH_G SPYG YGNP]YRGN ^P IJYGR^JK^P LYPX^W `YPSP^JKL JK_GN^SGK^�

Vocabulary

LYHI]HZ $����������t $���!$����XGHZ^W %��������t ��������^P SGHN]YG �(���. �� �(�����HKK]HZ U�(�����t (�����`GY RH`J^H �� �!V! ���"�"���JKIJRH^PY $�������ZG_GZ (��"��we{ =LYPNN IPSGN^JR`YPI]R^> ������� ��!�(�V��� $(��!��^P SHJK^HJK $���(� !����IGRHIG �"����(����t �"����Gf]HZ (�����RZHJSHK^ �������^WG ZGHN^ ��� "�V��G_JIGKRG ��"��������Gd`GKIJ^]YGN ���(���^WG ZH^^GY ��������^P \YPHIGK (��V�(�����GSJNNJPK " ����. ��$!�� �(�V"�JKRPSG $(�%!���t ��7��JKaZH^JPKHY[ RPKNGf]GKRGN ��A��D���� ��������^P ZGHI �"���. $(�������t �$(�������YGI]R^JPK � "�V"���t ���(��"���IGRYGHNG � "�V"���. �$��\]YIGK ����(P]^RPSG ��������

��

Comprehension Check

�����$��*��� ����

1. The main tasks of macroeconomic policy in Ukraine are gradual/rapidstructural reforms.

2. Economic growth is a process by which a nation’s wealth decreases/in-creases over time.

3. Small business development can have positive income/outcome on thecondition of the state finance.

4. Additional demands on real money balance will narrow/broaden thebases for emission.

5. A reduction in government influence/expenditures will lead to decreaseof the fiscal burden on firms.

6. Firms will have more resources to direct into growth hindering/promot-ing investment.

����'���������� ���$������� ��+��� � ���,������� ����-���� ������ .

����������������

4P]K vGY\ cIlGR^J_G

�� LYPX^W LYPX LYPXJKL�� | | GRPKPSJR?� IG_GZP`SGK^ | |0� | `YPI]RG |�� SGHN]YG | |5� YGI]R^JPK | |m� | | N^Y]R^]YHZ

NOTES:

������������ ��

=4P^> LYPX PK ^YGGN + =KP^> ^P GdJN^ JK ZHYLG f]HK^J^JGN HKI \G _GY[GHN[ ^P P\^HJK�

c^ HK[ YH^G + XWH^G_GY WH``GKN PY SH[ WH_G WH``GKGI�B����+���&�� ���� �������� ������

���������E�

��

Text 10. SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTOPPORTUNITIES

MWG ^YHKNJ^JPK aYPS NP_JG^ GYH N^H^G GK^GY`YJNG HKI RPZZGR^J_G PXKGYNWJ` ^P H KGX SHYOG^PYJGK^GI GYH Pa `YJ_H^G PXKGYNWJ` HKI `YJ_H^G \]NJKGNN JN SPN^ _JNJ\ZG JK ^WG HYGKH Pa NSHZZ \]NJKGNN� yJ\GYHZJNH^JPK Pa ^WG`YJ_H^G GK^GY`YJNG WHN `YPI]RGI HK JSSGIJH^G YGN]Z^ JK ^WG K]S\GY PaNSHZZ \]NJKGNNGN ^WH^ WH_G N`Y]KL ]` G_GY[XWGYG JK ^WG RJ^JGN Pa kOYHJKG�eGN`J^G HK ]KaH_P]YH\ZG ^Hd YGLJSG HKI SHK[ RPS`ZGd \]YGH]RYH^JR RPK^YPZN XWJRW HYG JS`PNGI PK NSHZZ \]NJKGNN `GP`ZG. NSHZZ GK^GY`YJNGN ^WYJ_GPK G_GY[ NJIGXHZO HKI N^YGG^ RPYKGY. JK NWP` aYPK^N HKI RP]Y^[HYIN. JKRZPNGI HKI P`GK SHYOG^ `ZHRGN. HKI JK ^WG JKI]N^YJHZ iPKGN Pa ^WG RJ^[� MWGLYPX^W JK `YJ_H^G GK^GY`YJNG JN G_JIGK^ JK ^WG K]S\GY Pa RHaGN HKI YGN^H]YHK^N. \HOGYJGN HKI NH]NHLG SHOGYN. RZP^WJKL HKI H``ZJHKRG NWP`N. ^YH_GZHLGKRJGN HKI RPKN^Y]R^JPK RPS`HKJGN. HKI OJPNON PK ^WG NJIGXHZO NGZZJKLG_GY[^WJKL aYPS WP^ IPLN ^P `WHYSHRG]^JRHZN�

MWG YGN]Z^ JN H aHY LYGH^GY _HYJG^[ HKI H_HJZH\JZJ^[ Pa LPPIN ^WHK XHNOKPXK `YG_JP]NZ[ ]KIGY ^WG NP_JG^ N[N^GS. HKI H XJIG YHKLG Pa P``PY^]KJ^[ aPY GK^GY`YGKG]NWJ` HKI GS`ZP[SGK^� MWG RPKN]SGY WHN \GGK XGZZNGY_GI \[ ^WJN `WGKPSGKPK. HKI J^ WHN \GRPSG HK JS`PY^HK^ NP]YRG Pa JKRPSG HKI GS`ZP[SGK^ JK ^WG KGX GRPKPS[�

MWG Gd`GYJGKRG Pa P`GK SHYOG^ NPRJG^JGN N]LLGN^N ^WH^ ^WG \GKGaJ^N ^WH^XP]ZI YGN]Z^ aYPS `YJ_H^JNH^JPK Pa GK^GY`YJNGN HYG K]SGYP]N� 2SHZZ \]NJKGNN JN H `PXGYa]Z GKLJKG Pa LYPX^W aPY ^WG GK^JYG GRPKPS[� 1^ JN H ^YHJKJKL LYP]KI aPY GK^YG`YGKG]YN Pa ^WG a]^]YG� 2PSG NSHZZ \]NJKGNNGN XJZZLYPX JK^P ZHYLGY aJYSN. GS`ZP[JKL SHK[ `GP`ZG HKI RPK^YJ\]^JKL NJLKJaJRHK^Z[ ^P JKRPSG HKI lP\ RYGH^JPK Pa ^WGJY ZPRHZ HYGH�

MWG GaaPY^ ^P \GRPSG `YPaJ^H\ZG ZGHIN ^P JS`YP_GI GaaJRJGKR[ HKIRPS`G^J^J_GKGNN� MWG GNNGKRG Pa ^WG SHYOG^ N[N^GS JN BN]Y_J_HZ Pa ^WG aJ^^GN^E� MWPNG \]NJKGNNGN ^WH^ `YP_JIG ^WG \GN^ LPPIN HKI NGY_JRGN H^ ^WGZPXGN^ `YJRGN HKI N^JZZ YGSHJK `YPaJ^H\ZG XJZZ N]Y_J_G HKI LYPX� MWPNG ^WH^RHKKP^ RPS`G^G XJZZ aHJZ�

sa RP]YNG. J^ JN JKG_J^H\ZG ^WH^ NPSG \]NJKGNNGN XJZZ aHJZ� hWGYG ^WGYG JNH RPS`G^J^JPK. ^WGYG HYG XJKKGYN HKI ZPNGYN� 4GX JK_GN^PYN PY KGX PXKGYN RHK YG_J_G SPN^ \]NJKGNNGN ^WH^ aHJZ. Ja ^WG[ aHJZ \GRH]NG Pa `PPY SHKHLGSGK^ PY ^WYP]LW NPSG SJNaPY^]KG� MWJN JN ^WG XH[ ^WG SHYOG^ N[N^GSSP_GN ^PXHYI LYGH^GY GaaJRJGKR[. \[ HZZPXJKL RWHKLG ^P PRR]Y XWGYG RPS`G^J^JPK YG_GHZN JKGaaJRJGKR[�

?/

Vocabulary

^P N`YJKL ]` =N`YHKL.N`Y]KL> �g��������NJIGXHZO �(��!�(IGN`J^G �"���6���� ��^P JS`PNG ���g��!����t �$�����!����GK^GY`YJNG $��$(�* ����^WYJ_G $(�D������G_JIGK^ ��"������H``ZJHKRG NWP` ����"(��_HYJG^[ (���� ���������H_HJZH\JZJ^[ ���������H XJIG YHKLG V�(��" ����GK^GY`YGKG]NWJ` $��$(�* ��D���\GKGaJ^ ��(����t ������GK^JYG D����t �!D������^P RPK^YJ\]^G (�%��� �����GaaPY^ �!�����`YPaJ^H\ZG $(�%!������GaaJRJGKR[ ��*�����t "A"���������RPS`G^J^J_GKGNN ����!("����$(� �6�����GNNGKRG �!��t �!������N]Y_J_HZ Pa ^WG aJ^^GN^ ��6������ ���������V�7JKG_J^H\ZG �" ��!���SJNaPY^]KG �"�����^P YG_J_G ���(��6!����^P HZZPX ���������^P PRR]Y �(�$������^P YG_GHZ ��������t ���(�����

Comprehension Check

������������������� ��� ������ ��� ��� ������ �� �����$���� ���� �

����!�

`YJ_H^G PXKGYNWJ`t NSHZZ \]NJKGNNt LYPX^W JK `YJ_H^G GK^GY`YJNG. NP]YRGPa JKRPSG HKI GS`ZP[SGK^t GaaJRJGKR[ HKI RPS`G^J^J_GKGNNt YJNO Pa aHJZ]YGHKI ^WG XH[N P]^ Pa J^�

?�

����'������� �� ����� ������ �� ������ ����������!�

]KGS`ZP[SGK^. ^P ^WYJ_G. JKGaaJRJGKR[. XGHO. XJKKGY. IJNHI_HK^HLG. ^PWJIG. WHYSa]Z. N]RRGNN. ]KH_HJZH\JZJ^[. `]\ZJR�

NOTES:

������������ ��

\[ aJ^N HKI N^HY^N + \[ N^P``JKL HKI N^HY^JKL HLHJKt

XJ^WP]^ aHJZ + IGaJKJ^GZ[. HZXH[N�QdHS`ZG# 1gZZ \G ^WGYG H^ ^XP PgRZPRO XJ^WP]^ aHJZ�

?�

Text 11. MACHINE BUILDING INDUSTRYDEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

MWG LYPX^W ^YGKIN Pa SHRWJKG `YPI]R^JPK \G^XGGK �///}�//� XGYGSHYOGI \[ `PNJ^J_G I[KHSJRN� c aH_P]YH\ZG NJ^]H^JPK PK ^WG LZP\HZ SHYOG^HKI LYPX^W Pa JKRPSGN JK Gd`PY^ NGR^PYN + SPN^Z[ SG^HZZ]YL[ HKI RWGSJN^Y[. YGN]Z^GI JK LYPX^W Pa ^WG IPSGN^JR IGSHKI aPY JKI]N^YJHZ `YPI]R^N�

MWG SHJK RPKN]SGYN Pa SHRWJKG \]JZIJKL `YPI]R^N JK ���/}�/// XGYGaGYYP]N SG^HZZ]YL[. �0.� ut HLYP NGR^PY. ��.� ut RPHZ JKI]N^Y[. 5./ ut GZGR^YJR GKGYL[ NGR^PY. �.� u HKI ^WG SHRWJKG \]JZIJKL NGR^PY J^NGZa. ��.� u�

c^ ^WG NHSG ^JSG. ^WG aPYGJLK IGSHKI `ZH[GI H NJLKJaJRHK^ YPZG JK JKRYGHNJKL Gd`PY^N� 1K �//� Gd`PY^N JKRZ]IGI GZGR^YJR Gf]J`SGK^. �5.� u.^YHKN`PY^H^JPK. ��.? u. HKI SHRWJKG \]JZIJKL. �?.� u� MWG IGN^JKH^JPKN PaGd`PY^N XGYG F]NNJH. 3GZHY]N. M]YOSGKJN^HK. zHiHOWN^HK. ki\GOJN^HK.p]KLHY[. {PZHKI. jWGRW FG`]\ZJR. M]YOG[. wGYSHK[. c]N^YHZJH. 1^HZ[.1KIJH HKI jWJKH� MWG \HNJR SHRWJKG \]JZIJKL `YPI]R^N aPY Gd`PY^ XGYGH]^PSP\JZGN. H_JH^JPK `YPI]R^N HKI SGHKN aPY XH^GY ^YHKN`PY^H^JPK�

3]^ ^WG R]YYGK^ NJ^]H^JPK JN YH^WGY `YGRHYJP]N aPY IPSGN^JR `YPI]RGYN\GRH]NG JS`PY^ `GKG^YH^JPK JN aHJYZ[ WJLW� kOYHJKG XJ^W J^N ZHYLG Gd`PY^_PZ]SGN. WHN HK JS`PY^ `GKG^YH^JPK Pa �}m ^JSGN SPYG JK ^GYSN Pa SHRWJKGN. Gf]J`SGK^. ^WHK JK IG_GZP`GI RP]K^YJGN� MWG kOYHJKJHK SHRWJKG\]JZIJKL NGR^PY H^^GS`^N ^P `YGNGY_G J^N RPS`G^J^J_G `PNJ^JPK JK PKZ[ HK]S\GY Pa NGR^PYN + H_JH^JPK. N`HRG HKI XH^GY ^YHKN`PY^H^JPK Gf]J`SGK^�

cZZ P^WGY NGR^PYN YGf]JYG H aJKHKRJHZ N]``PY^ aPY `YGNGY_JKL HKI IG_GZP`JKL ^WGJY NRJGK^JaJR^GRWKJRHZ `P^GK^JHZ� 1K_GN^SGK^N PK YGNGHYRW XJZZWGZ` JS`YP_G \P^W f]HZJ^[ HKI RPS`G^J^J_GKGNN Pa `YPI]R^N� cZNP J^ JN KGRGNNHY[ ^P `YP^GR^ ^WG IPSGN^JR SHYOG^ aYPS ^WG JS`PY^ Pa ^WG Gf]J`SGK^Pa ^WG NHSG PY G_GK ZPXGY f]HZJ^[ ^WHK RGY^HJK IPSGN^JR `YPI]R^N�

QRPKPSJR YGL]ZH^JPKN HJSJKL aPY JKI]N^YJHZ LYPX^W HKI IG_GZP`SGK^NWP]ZI JKRZ]IG ^WG aPZZPXJKL N^G`N#

~ NG^^JKL ]` `YGaGYGKRGN aPY ^WG JS`PY^ Pa ^GRWKPZPLJGN + \]^ KP^`YPI]R^N + JK ^WG WJLW^GRWNGR^PYt

~ ^YHKNJ^JPK ^P GKLJKGGYJKL `YPI]R^JPK. HNNGS\Z[. JKN^HZZH^JPK HKI NGY_JRGt

~ GN^H\ZJNWSGK^ Pa \HKON ^WH^ XJZZ `YP_JIG ZPKL^GYS ZPHKN aPY ZHYLGGK^GY`YJNGN HLHJKN^ ^WG aJNRHZ JK^GYGN^. N^JS]ZH^JKL JKN]YHKRG Pa RYGIJ^N HKI N^H^G L]HYHK^GGN PK ^WG \HNJN Pa RPZZH^GYHZt

~ IGRYGHNG ^HdGN aPY GK^GY`YJNGN Pa ^WG SHRWJKG\]JZIJKL NGR^PY HKI JS`ZGSGK^ NGR^PY ^HdGNt

??

~ N]``PY^ Pa kOYHJKJHK `YPI]RGYN ^WYP]LW ^WG `YGNGY_H^JPK Pa ^WG `PNJ^JPKN Pa ^WG ^YHIJ^JPKHZ aPYGJLK SHYOG^N HKI ^WG JKRYGHNG JK ^WGK]S\GY Pa Gd`PY^ IGN^JKH^JPKNt

~ `YPSP^JKL `YPLYHSN HJSGI H^ YHJNJKL RPS`G^J^J_GKGNN PK LZP\HZSHYOG^N ]KIGY ^WG RPKIJ^JPK Pa `YGNGY_JKL ^WG RPS`G^J^JPK PK ^WGRPYYGN`PKIJKL kOYHJKJHK SHYOG^Nt

~ `YP^GR^JPK Pa ^WG IPSGN^JR SHYOG^ JK ^GYSN Pa RGY^HJK ^YHIJ^JPKHZ^[`GN Pa `YPI]R^Nt

~ XJIGKJKL Pa ^WG S]^]HZZ[ \GKGaJRJHZ RPP`GYH^JPK \G^XGGK kOYHJKGHKI SGS\GYN Pa JK^GYKH^JPKHZ ]KJPKN JK ^WG N`WGYG Pa RPS`G^J^J_G`PZJR[�

Vocabulary

^YGKI ��$(� . �"��"�D��aGYYP]N SG^HZZ]YL[ ��(�� "���!(���IGN^JKH^JPK ��D" $(�����"���R]YYGK^ $�������`YGRHYJP]N �"��������. (����������JS`PY^ `GKG^YH^JPK $(�����"��� � $�(�!Gd`PY^ _PZ]SG �%��� *��$�(�!H^^GS`^ �$(�%�YGNGHYRW ������6"���HNNGS\Z[ ����6 =/012�3

JKN^HZZH^JPK !�������� =/012�3

JKN]YHKRG Pa RYGIJ^N ��(�7!����� �("�����^P JS`ZGSGK^ �����!����. �$(����6!����S]^]HZZ[\GKGaJRJHZ ���*����������

Comprehension Check

���'����� ���������������������!������������������ �� ��������.

� ����

Gd`PY^ J^GSNt JS`PY^ `GKG^YH^JPKt RPKN]SGYN Pa SHRWJKG \]JZIJKL`YPI]R^Nt GRPKPSJR YGL]ZH^JPK Pa IG_GZP`SGK^t H_JH^JPK `YPI]R^Nt `YP^GR^JPK Pa IPSGN^JR SHYOG^�

?0

������������� ������������������ ���

�� RPKN]SGY H> H WJLW N^HKIHYI PY ZG_GZt�� ^YGKI \> WH_JKL ^WG NHSG N`GRJaJGI YGZH^JPK ^P

GHRW P^WGYt?� ^P `YPSP^G R> ^WG HR^JPK PY `YPRGNN Pa aJdJKL ^WG

Gf]J`SGK^ PY a]YKJ^]YG JK `PNJ^JPKYGHI[ aPY ]NGt

0� S]^]HZ I> H `GYNPK XWP \][N LPPIN PY NGY_JRGN�� f]HZJ^[ G> LGKGYHZ ^GKIGKR[ PY IJYGR^JPK5� RPS`G^J^J_G a> ^P WGZ` ^WG `YPLYGNN Pa N^W�m� JKN^HZZH^JPK L> HN LPPI HN PY \G^^GY ^WHK P^WGYN

?�

Text 12. LIGHT INDUSTRY SURVEY

MWG ]KJf]GKGNN Pa kOYHJKJHK ZJLW^ JKI]N^Y[ ZJGN JK ^WG `YGNGY_H^JPK PaSPIGYK ^GRWKPZPLJGN HKI WJLW ZG_GZN Pa N^Haa ^YHJKJKL. ^W]N YGN]Z^JKL JKWJLW f]HZJ^[� Qf]J``GI XJ^W ^WG \GN^ XGN^GYK Q]YP`GHK Gf]J`SGK^ H_HJZH\ZG. ZJLW^ JKI]N^Y[ XHN KP XPYNG Paa H^ ^WG \GLJKKJKL Pa ^WG ���/N. ^GRWKPZPLJRHZZ[ N`GHOJKL. ^WHK aPYGJLK RP]K^GY`HY^N� c^ ^WH^ ^JSG. ZJLW^ JKI]N^Y[ GHYKGI kOYHJKGgN \]ILG^ ��/ u JK ^Hd YG_GK]GN� pPXG_GY. ^WGSJI���/N \YP]LW^ H IGG`. N]N^HJKGI RYJNJN�

3JL. aPYSGYZ[ N^H^GPXKGI GK^GY`YJNGN N`GRJHZJNJKL JK SHJKZ[ OKJ^^JKLHKI aPP^XGHY ZHYLGZ[ XGK^ \HKOY]`^ PY XGYG YGN^Y]R^]YGI� MWG[ XGYG Pa^GK N`ZJ^ JK^P NSHZZ GK^GY`YJNGN ]NJKL KP SPYG ^WHK �}�/ u Pa RH`HRJ^[�MWJN XHN ^WG aH^HZ \ZPX Pa ^WG kOYHJKJHK SG^WPI Pa `YJ_H^JNJKL. RP]`ZGIXJ^W H ZJ\GYHZJNH^JPK Pa aPYGJLK ^YHIG� yJLW^ JKI]N^Y[ XHN PKG Pa ^WG aJYN^NGR^PYN ^P \G `YJ_H^JNGI�

bHK]aHR^]YGYN LYHI]HZZ[ SHN^GYGI SHYOG^ RPKIJ^JPKN HKI \GLHK `YPI]RJKL H N^H\ZG _HYJG^[ Pa f]HZJ^[ LPPIN� MWJN. WPXG_GY. `YP_GI SPYG IJaaJR]Z^ aPY ZGH^WGY HKI ^Gd^JZG GK^GY`YJNGN ^WHK aPY NGXJKL. OKJ^^GI XGHY HKIaPP^XGHY aJYSN� bPIGYKJNH^JPK YGf]JYGI SPYG JK_GN^SGK^N ^P JS`YP_G ^WGYHKLG Pa LPPIN� 2SHZZ aJYSN \GLHK ^P GSGYLG JK ^WG GKI Pa ^WG ���/N. `YP_JIJKL `YPI]R^N aPY S]RW ZPXGY `YJRGN ^WHK ^WG LJHK^N�

1^ XHN KP^ ]K^JZ ���� ^WH^ ^WG NGR^PY \GLHK ^P \]YLGPK. YG`PY^JKL HKHKK]HZ `YPI]R^JPK LYPX^W Pa ?� u� MWJN XHN I]G JK `HY^ ^P ^WG F]NNJHKIGaH]Z^ JK ���� + JS`PY^GI LPPIN \GRHSG SPYG Gd`GKNJ_G HKI ^WGYGaPYG.JKHRRGNNJ\ZG ^P SPN^ Pa ^WG `P`]ZH^JPK�

cKP^WGY aHR^PY HJIJKL ^WG JKI]N^Y[ XHN ^WG JKRYGHNG JK f]P^HN I]YJKL����}�/// aPY kOYHJKJHK ZJLW^ JKI]N^Y[ Gd`PY^N ^P ^WG Q]YP`GHK kKJPK�yH^GY ^WG[ XGYG RHKRGZZGI HZ^PLG^WGY� yJLW^ JKI]N^Y[ Gd`PY^ XHN KGHYZ[k2n �//SZK JK �//��

kOYHJKGgN ZJLW^ JKI]N^Y[ JN ZJOGZ[ ^P LHJK J^N aPYSGY `PNJ^JPKN JK `YPI]R^JPK LYPX^W. \]^ ]KRPK^YPZZGI cNJHK JS`PY^N ^WYGH^GK ZPRHZ GK^GY`YJNGN XJ^W ^WG `YPN`GR^N Pa \HKOY]`^R[ JK ^WG KGHY a]^]YG�

kKIGY ^WG `YGNN]YG Pa 2P]^WGHN^ cNJHK SHNN JS`PY^N. H IGRZJKG JK ZJLW^JKI]N^Y[ SHK]aHR^]YJKL JK IG_GZP`JKL RP]K^YJGN WHN \GRPSG H XPYZIXJIG^GKIGKR[� jWJKGNG `YPI]R^JPK. JK `HY^JR]ZHY. WHN SP_GI JK^P ^WG kOYHJKJHK IPSGN^JR SHYOG^ JK H SHKKGY NJSJZHY ^P XWH^ WHN HZYGHI[ PRR]YYGI JKhGN^GYK Q]YP`G HKI 4PY^W cSGYJRH� MWG RP]K^Y[gN JS`PY^N GdRGGI IPSGN^JR `YPI]R^JPK. HRRP]K^JKL aPY ^WYGGaP]Y^WN Pa RZP^WGN HKI NWPGN�

?5

bPYGP_GY. _PZ]SGN Pa NGRPKIWHKI `YPI]R^N HYG R]YYGK^Z[ JS`PY^GI JKZHYLGY f]HK^J^JGN ^WHK ^WG IPSGN^JR SHYOG^ JN H\ZG ^P `YPI]RG KGX LPPIN�2GRPKIWHKI JN HZNP JK IGSHKI \GRH]NG J^ JN JKGd`GKNJ_G�

pPXG_GY. ^WG JKI]N^Y[ HK^JRJ`H^GN ^WH^ KGX ZHXN HIP`^GI \[ ^WG vFPK N^HKIHYIJNH^JPK HKI RGY^JaJRH^JPK HKI IGRJNJ_G HR^JPKN IJYGR^GI ^P ^WGRPKN]SGY SHYOG^ `YP^GR^JPK XJZZ JS`YP_G RPKIJ^JPKN aPY ^WG KH^JPKgNSHK]aHR^]YGYN�

Vocabulary

]KJf]GKGNN !�����������N^Haa V���. $"(�����^P \G KP XPYNG Paa %!�� �" ��(V� ��6 ������YG_GK]G ��7�� =���(" � �"(6���>RP]K^GY`HY^ ��$��t ������ �� (�� $���%���� ��$!IGG` N]N^HJKGI RYJNJN ���%���. �(����� �(���N`ZJ^ (������������^P RP]`ZG �g*��!������^P SHN^GY �����������ZGH^WGY V��(�NGXJKL V�"����OKJ^^GI �g������aPP^XGHY ��!���^P GSGYLG �g��������LJHK^ ������^P \]YLGPK $����� V����� �(������. (����������IGaH]Z^ �"��������� ��%��g�����. �"$����6^WGYGaPYG �� !. ��6"JKHRRGNNJ\ZG �"����!$���f]P^H �% "6"�� ��������� ������ �A�D����

������"����^P RHKRGZ ������!����^P ^WYGH^GK ���(�6!����`YPN`GR^ $"(�$"�����]KIGY ^WG `YGNN]YG $�� ����� _PZ]SG �%���^P \G JK IGSHKI ��(���!������ $�$��� f]HK^J^[ ���������

?m

^P HK^JRJ`H^G �"����IGRJNJ_G (�V!��

Comprehension Check

���'�������������������!������� �����������

c^ ^WG \GLJKKJKL Pa ^WG ���/Nt ^WG SJI���/Nt ^WG GKI Pa ^WG ���/Nt����t ����}�///t �//��

������$�����������������

�� 3JL N^H^G PXKGI GdRGGI SPYG JK_GN^SGK^N GK^GY`YJNGN��� 2SHZZ aJYSN WHN SP_GI SHYOG^ RPKIJ^JPKN�?� bHK]aHR^]YGYN XGYG Pa^GK N`ZJ^ JK^P ^WG IPSGN^JR kOYHJKJHK SHYOG^�0� bPIGYKJNH^JPK SHN^GYGI H^ ^WG GKI Pa ���/N��� jWJKGNG YGf]JYGI IPSGN^JR `YPI]R^JPK `YPI]R^JPK�5� MWG RP]K^Y[gN \GLHK ^P GSGYLG JK^P NSHZZ GK^GY`YJNGN Gd`PY^N�

?�

Text 13. UKRAINE’S AGRICULTURE

kOYHJKG WHN H aH_PYH\ZG RPS\JKH^JPK Pa RZJSH^JR RPKIJ^JPKN. ZHKI HKIZH\PY YGNP]YRGN. XGZZIG_GZP`GI ^YHKN`PY^ JKaYHN^Y]R^]YG. HKI RZPNG aPYGJLK SHYOG^N� MWJN HRRP]K^N aPY ^WG WJLW `P^GK^JHZ Pa J^N HLYJR]Z^]YHZ `YPI]R^JPK� MWG HLYJR]Z^]YHZ NGR^PY `YPI]RGN ��.� u Pa we{. GS`ZP[JKL HaJa^W Pa ^WG XPYOJKL `P`]ZH^JPK� kOYHJKGgN HYH\ZG HKI aHYSJKL HYGHN RPS`YJNG 0� SJZZJPK Nf]HYG OS. ^WG ZHYLGN^ JK Q]YP`G Ha^GY F]NNJH� {ZHK^GIRYP`N HRRP]K^ aPY �0.� u Pa ^P^HZ HLYJR]Z^]YHZ P]^`]^� cSPKL ^WG IPSJKHK^ RYP`N HYG XWGH^. RPYK. N]LHY \GG^N. N]KaZPXGYN. ZGL]SGN. ^P\HRRP._GLG^H\ZGN. HKI aY]J^N� kOYHJKG YHKON aJa^W JK LYHJK RYP`N JK ^WG XPYZI� 1K�//� kOYHJKG WHY_GN^GI HZSPN^ 0/ SZK� ^PKN Pa LYHJK� yJ_GN^PRO aHYSJKLJKRZ]IGN RH^^ZG. `JLN. NWGG`. WPYNGN. G^R� wYGH^ `YPLYGNN WHN \GGK SHIG JK`P]Z^Y[ aHYSJKL. aJNWGYJGN. HKI H`JR]Z^]YG� 1K HLYJR]Z^]YG YGN^Y]R^]YJKL \GLHK XJ^W ^WG aJYN^ [GHYN Pa JKIG`GKIGKRG�

xPZZPXJKL {YGNJIGK^ yGPKJI z]RWSHgN ���� YGGZGR^JPK. ^WG IYHN^JR YGaPYSN RHSG ^P ^WG _JZZHLG# ^WG ZHKI PXKGI \[ RPZZGR^J_G aHYSN JN \GJKLIJ_JIGI HSPKL ^WG `GHNHK^N. XWP RHK KP^ aYGGZ[ SHKHLG ^WGJY ZP^Nt RPKIJ^JPKN HYG \GJKL `YP_JIGI aPY aHYSGYN ^P Gd`HKI ^WGJY aHYSN. HKI HLYJR]Z^]YHZ GK^GY`YJNGN HYG \GJKL HYYHKLGI PK H _PZ]K^HY[ \HNJN JK H aHNWJPK RWPNGK \[ ^WG `GHNHK^N ^WGSNGZ_GN� �?.?// KGX HLYJR]Z^]YHZ ]KJ^N WH_G \GGKaPYSGI. JKRZ]IJKL aHYSN =05 u>. RPP`GYH^J_GN =�� u>. `YJ_H^G HKI ZGHNGI\]NJKGNNGN =�� u>�

MWG JKaYHN^Y]R^]YG Pa ^WG HLYJR]Z^]YHZ SHYOG^ JN JK^YPI]RGI SPN^ YGNPZ]^GZ[ HKI RPKNJN^GK^Z[ PK ^WG \HNJN Pa ^WG XWPZGNHZG HKI GdRWHKLG ^YHIGPa HLYJR]Z^]YHZ `YPI]RG� cK HZ^GYKH^J_GZ[ PXKGI KG^XPYO Pa `YPRGNNJKLHKI `YPR]YGSGK^ \]NJKGNNGN JN \GJKL GN^H\ZJNWGI� kOYHJKG JN R]YYGK^Z[IG^GYSJKGI ^P YGGN^H\ZJNW J^N HLGPZI YG`]^H^JPK HN ^WG \YGHI\HNOG^ PaQ]YP`G�

?�

Text 14. THE NEED TO RESTRUCTURE UKRAINE’SCOLLECTIVE AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

cZ^WP]LW kOYHJKG `PNNGNNGN NPSG Pa ^WG \GN^ NPJZ JK ^WG XPYZI. XWJRWWHI SHIG J^ JK ^WG `HN^ B^WG \YGHI\HNOG^ Pa Q]YP`GE. I]YJKL ^WG ���/NkOYHJKJHK HLYJR]Z^]YG WHI \GGK IG^GYJPYH^JKL� j]Z^J_H^GI ZHKI HYGH HKI[JGZIN WHI \GGK IGRYGHNJKL. HLJKL SHRWJKGY[ RP]ZIKg^ \G YG`ZHRGI. HaaPYIH\ZG aHYS RYGIJ^ XHN KP^ H_HJZH\ZG. HKI SPN^ aHYSN XGYG JK H IGG` aJKHKRJHZ RYJNJN�

MWG YPP^ Pa ^WJN NJ^]H^JPK ZJGN JK ^WG N[N^GS Pa RPZZGR^J_G HLYJR]Z^]YHZGK^GY`YJNGN =jcQN>. N]RRGNNPYN Pa ^WG N^H^G HKI RPZZGR^J_G aHYSN JKWGYJ^GIaYPS ^WG 2P_JG^ `HN^ + H N[N^GS SP^J_H^GI \[ JIGPZPLJRHZ YH^WGY ^WHK`YPaJ^PYJGK^GI RPKNJIGYH^JPKN� MWJN N[N^GS RYGH^GI aHYSN XWJRW XGYG ^PPZHYLG ^P \G SHKHLGH\ZG. HKI XWJRW GKLHLGI JK SHK[ IJaaGYGK^ HR^J_J^JGNYH^WGY ^WHK N`GRJHZJiG JK H aGX `YPaJ^H\ZG PKGN� bHKHLGYN WHI ^P `YPI]RGf]HK^J^JGN N`GRJaJGI \[ ^WG KH^JPKHZ `ZHK. XJ^WP]^ YGLHYI ^P RPN^ RPKNJIGYH^JPKN� MWGYG XHN KP `YGSJ]S aPY f]HZJ^[ `YPI]R^JPK� hPYOGYN XGYG KP^SP^J_H^GI NJKRG LPPI `GYaPYSHKRG XHN KP^ YGXHYIGI� cZZ SGS\GYN WHI HYJLW^ ^P XPYO. NP ^WGYG XHN KP JKRGK^J_G ^P `YPI]RG SPYG XJ^W ZGNN XPYOGYN� MWG aHYSN WHI ^P N]``PY^ ^WG RPN^N Pa NPRJHZ JKaYHN^Y]R^]YG. HKI ^PSHJK^HJK HK HLJKL `P`]ZH^JPK XWGYG ^WG SHlPYJ^[ XHN Pa^GK `GKNJPKGYN�MWG N[N^GS XHN OG`^ LPJKL \[ LP_GYKSGK^ N]\NJIJGN� 1K ^WG SGHK^JSG JK^WG YGN^ Pa ^WG XPYZI HLYJR]Z^]YG WHN SHIG GKPYSP]N `YPLYGNN JK JKRYGHNJKL GaaJRJGKR[. `YPI]RJKL SPYG XJ^W ZGNN XPYOGYN HKI ZPXGY `YPI]R^JPKRPN^N� ca^GY ^WG RPZZH`NG Pa ^WG 2P_JG^ kKJPK. kOYHJKJHK HLYJR]Z^]YG XHNN]IIGKZ[ Gd`PNGI ^P XPYZI HLYJR]Z^]YG. HKI J^ RP]ZI KP^ RPS`G^G� c^ ^WGNHSG ^JSG. ^WG H\JZJ^[ Pa ^WG 2^H^G ^P N]\NJIJiG HLYJR]Z^]YG \[ `YP_JIJKLRWGH` JK`]^N HKI aPYLJ_JKL ZPHKN XHN NWHY`Z[ R]Y^HJZGI�

jPKNRJP]N Pa ^WJN NJ^]H^JPK LP_GYKSGK^ WHN \GGK SP_JKL ^PXHYI H aYGGSHYOG^ H``YPHRW. JK XWJRW ZHKI HKI `YP`GY^[ JN `YJ_H^GZ[ PXKGI HKI RHK\G ]NGI ^P \YJKL ^WG WJLWGN^ YG^]YKN� hWJZG ^WG ZGLJNZH^JPK JN JK H `YPRGNNPa RPKN^HK^ JS`YP_GSGK^. ^WG GdJN^JKL ZGLJNZH^JPK JN N]aaJRJGK^ ^P RHYY[ P]^aHYS YGN^Y]R^]YJKL ^WH^ \YGHON ]` ^WG GdJN^JKL RPZZGR^J_G YGNP]YRG PXKGYNWJ` HKI SHKHLGSGK^ N^Y]R^]YG JK^P `YJ_H^G YGNP]YRG PXKGYNWJ` HKI SHKHLGSGK^ YGZH^JPKN�

0/

Vocabulary

RPS`YJNG ������ � ��%�HYH\ZG �(���t U� �%(�%��*����XWGH^ $V"��D�RPYK �"(��N]LHY \GG^ D!�(���� %!(��ZGL]SGN %�%���ZJ_GN^PRO $������g� 7!��%�`P]Z^Y[ �������� $��D�IYHN^JR (�V!���`GHNHK^N �"����ZP^ ������� �" ��IG^GYJPYH^G $���(V!������IGRYGHNG � "�V!������

Comprehension Check

������������ ������� ��������������� �� ��������� �����4�

c 3

�� IG^GYJPYH^G YGLYGNNJPK�� IGRYGHNG ZPNN?� `YPLYGNN N^H^G0� H_HJZH\ZG WJLW�� `YPaJ^ JS`YP_G5� `YJ_H^G JKRYGHNGm� GaaJRJGKR[ JKH\JZJ^[�� ZPX ]KH_HJZH\ZG

������$������ �������� ��-$����&�����������

0�

"#+#�#� #�,!'�

1. Basic Economics / T.S. Hailstones and F.V. Mastrianna. — Cincinnati,Ohio, 1992.

2. Contemporary Business, Louis E. Boone, David L. — 1986. — Curt (Sev-enth Edition).

3. Europe on the Move / Office for Official Publications of the EuropeanCommunities, 1998.

4. Annual Conference “Ukraine’s Economy in Transition”, 2002, EERC, Na-tional University of “Kyiv-Mohila Academy”.

5. The Role of Competition in a Market Economy / Ronco Consulting Corpo-ration, Agricultural Land Share Project Bulletin, 1999–2000.

6. Small Business Development Opportunities / Ronco Consulting Corpora-tion, Agricultural Land Share Project Bulletin, 1999–2000.

7. Industry Survey // Eastern Economist. — 2003. — Vol. 9.

0�

Contents

I. Introduction ................................................................................................ 3

II. Reading Tasks on Economics ................................................................... 4

Text 1. Modern world economy .................................................................... 4Text 2. Foreign aid ........................................................................................ 7Text 3. World trade ..................................................................................... 10Text 4. Monopoly and competition ............................................................. 13Text 5. The european union ........................................................................ 15Text 6. The european union member countries types of economy .............. 18Text 7. Ukraine’s economy in transition ..................................................... 21Text 8. Current economic relations between Ukraine and the EU. ............. 23Text 9. Economic growth in Ukraine .......................................................... 26Text 10. Small business development opportunities ..................................... 29Text 11. Machine building industry development strategy ........................... 32Text 12. Light industry survey ...................................................................... 35Text 13. Ukraine’s agriculture ....................................................................... 38Text 14. The need to restructure Ukraine’s collective

agricultural enterprises .................................................................... 39

Reference List .............................................................................................. 41

0?

����������������

�01023�4"5060��7"5"18�0��70�924:3;<="><<=

627"��6?��4@?;<�<>4�4

�����!��.$��������%�&�/���

Educational edition

�����������������������

�� �������������� ��������������

01234567849�481�:;5<71=�:48249

����������������������

����������������������>�����>������

��������������>�������

����� ��������!������>��?��@�/�����

"#���������$������������A������

%��� ������&' () (* +�����,(×-*./, %�����#!����� 0���#!�����

�� ��� �� "$� 1��� �� & ' 2���3/(((��

�����������4����� �������3�

5�3��4��������6�������������������!������756�%8

('('9��:�1'9���� +�������!���&�56�%

�����B����%������&���������������� �����&���

&�/C��������������"�&%������A�(�D�����+E�*+�+***

6��������������!���������4�����;���4�<

(*,==5>%��:�1='���� 6������&=

FGHIJKL ^HNON Pa ^WG SHK]HZ RPK^HJK ^Gd^N PK QRPKPSJRN HKI _PRH\]ZHY[GdGYRJNGN� MWG ^Gd^N LJ_G JKaPYSH^JPK PK RGY^HJK HYGHN Pa XPYZI GRPKPS[JKRZ]IJKL kOYHJKGgN PKG�

xPY QRPKPSJR IG`HY^SGK^ N^]IGK^N�