Biodiversity and Conservation Strategies(Ayo) Japalura@hotmail.com

Components of BiodiversityGenetic diversity ()Population-level diversity ()Plasticity ()Human cultural diversity ()6,526 distinct spoken languages, with the greatest diversity concentrated in tropical regions. (Fig. 2.1)Diversity of species ()

Fig. 2.1 Linguistic diversity across the world.

Essay 2.1 Hierachical indicators for monitoring changes in biodiversityGenetic ()Population-species ()Community-ecosystem (-)Landscape ()Composition () Structure ()Function ()Fig A. compositional, structural, and functional attributes of biodiversity at four levels of organization.Table A. Hierarchical indicators for monitoring biodiversity

How many species17530Table 2.1 Number of living species in major phyla.29(50-55%) 538(5%)150130(

Table 2.1 Number of Living species in Major phyla

4.1 () (phyla)Groom, Meffe, and Carroll (2006), p.33, Table 2.1

5,000

500,000

1%

4,760

1,000,000

0.5%

80,000

500,000

16%

80,000

1,500,000

5%

287,655

530,000

54%

1,296,539

11,540,000

11%

1,753,954

15,570,000

11%

Diversity of higher taxaFive kingdoms ()Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera (prokaryotes)Monera: Archaea and bacteria (Fig. 2.2)

Fig. 10.20 1212 Table 10.1

Five Kingdoms ()Fig. 11.1 Table 11.1

Biome diversity, eco-regions Diversity Fig. 2.8 species richness (A) and endemism (B) of mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles is greatest in tropical moist forests, and lowest in deserts. -richness refers to the number of species found in a small, homogeneous area.-richness refer to the rate of change in species composition across habitats or among communities.-richness refers to changes across larger landscape gradients.

Fig. 2.4 Biomes and climate.

Species richness over geological timeFig 2.5 Diversity of marine families from Cambrian to the present,Fig. 2.6 Terrestrial plant species richness.Fig. 2.7 Extinctions of families through geological time.

Table 2.2 Earths geological history

Table 2.2 Earths Geological history

Diversity of marine families,with five major mass extinction events

The indo-west Pacific is a marine diversity hotspot.

The importance of biodiversityTable 2.4 Examples of ecosystem servicesSupporting services ()Provisioning services ()Regulating services ()Cultural services ()

The future of biodiversity studiesThe incomplete state of our knowledge of the identities, taxonomic relationships, and distributions of the vast majority of the worlds organisms means that the primary work of cataloging biodiversity is yet to be done.Today relatively few scientists are being trained as taxonomists.Therefore, increasing the cadre of competent taxonomists, particularly in tropical nations, is an important goal.

E. O. Wilson(1992)s strategyA rapid assessment program (RAP) that would investigate within a few years.The next stage would be to establish research station in areas believed to major hotspots of diversity.The third stage, with a time frame of 50 years, would combine the inventories from RAP and the intensive studies at a small number of research stations with monographic studies of many groups of organisms to provide a more complete picture of global biodiversity and its distribution.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) A large coalition of international development and conservation organizations, governments, and scientists has come together to assess the status of Earths ecosystems, the goods and services they provide, and the likely effects of potential pathways of human economic development on the future provisioning of these services and human well-being (Fig. 2.22)The MA focuses both globally, and on subglobal regions of particular concern due to the difficulty of human existence or potential for serious declines in human welfare in these regions.

Millennium Ecosystem assessment (MA)(Fig. 2.22) Biodiversity () Ecosystem services human well-beingHuman well-being () Security ()Basic material for a good life ()Health ()Good social relations ()

Fig. 2.22 Guiding framework for the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)

Questions for discussionThe history of life has been punctuated by five episodes during which extinction rates were very high.If extinction is a normal process, and if life has rediversified after each mass extinction, why should we be worried about the prospects of high extinction rates during this century? How does the current extinction spasm differ from previous ones?1

Questions for discussionGiven that millions of species are yet to be described and named, how should the limited human and financial resources available for taxonomic research be allocated?Should efforts be directed toward areas threatened with habitat destruction so that species can be collected before they are eliminated? Should major efforts be directed to obtain complete all taxa surveys of selected areas?How and by whom should these decisions be made?2

Ayo

()Heath hem (Tympanuchus cupido cupido)New England Virginia State1876 Martha's Vineyard19001001907refuge()191680010015019202001001932

(1) demographic stochasticity(2) environmental stochasticity(3) natural catastrophes(4) genetic stochasticity

minimum population size(1) Experiments(2) Biogeographic patterns (3) Theoretical models(4) Simulation models(5) Genetic considerations

Genetic considerations(1) inbreeding homozygosity (2) Genetic drift(3)

(Biogeography)(Plant geography)(Zoogeography)(Island Biogeography)

1820 19401940Cain(1944)(Historical biogeography)(Ecological biogeography)1961(1)(2)

1960(1) (2)(3)(4)/

Fig. 10. Schematic illustration of some principles for the design of nature reserves.

Fig.5a. The Galapagos Islands

Fig. 5b. Number of land-plant species on the Galapagos islands in relation to the area of the island. S= 28.6A 0.32

Fig. 6. Species-area curve for the amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies. S= 3.3A 0.30

Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops.(b) Species-area relationship for the resident boreal birds of the mountaintops in the Great Basin.

Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (c) Species-area relationship for the boreal mammal species.

Fig. 7. Equilibrium model of a biota of a single island.

Fig. 8 Equilibrium models of biotas of several islands of varying distances from the principal source area and of varying size.

Fig. 10 Colonization curves of four small mangroves islands in the lower Florida Keys, whose entire faunas, consisting almost solely of arthropods, were exterminated by methyl bromide fumigation.

1960-1980(1) (2) (3) MacArthur and Wilson (1963, 1967)(4) Vicariance

1980the study of biodiversity

Fig. 11. Baja California

1. Cortez

Fig. 13. (Case & Code, 1987)

(1) maximizes the mean size of reserves(2) maximizes the number of reserves

Fig. 4. The distribution of areas of nature reserves in the world.

Fig. 14. Diagram of experimental design. Plots with solid edges represent enclosures preventing access by sheep. Broken lines mark delineated plots in the grazed area.

2.

3.

Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos.a. Extant native birds of the Hawaiian islandsb. Galapagos land birdsc. Galapagos Darwin's finchesd. Galapagos ferns.200

Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos.e. Galapagos insectsf. Galapagos flowering plantsg. Caribbean bats.h. Facroes islands ground beetles.200

Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos. g. Caribbean bats.h. Facroes islands ground beetles.i.. Canary Islands birdsj. Canary island ground beetles.200

Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshores archipelagos. a. Seabirds on islands off of Scotland.b. Extant marsupials on islands in the Bass Straits.c. Reptiles on islands in the Bass Straits. d. Sand dune mammals on islands in the Bass Straits. 100KM

Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshore archipelagos. e. Birds of the California Channel islands.f. Reptiles and amphibians of the California Channel islands.g. Plants of the islands in the Gulf of California.h. Mammals of the islands in the Gulf of California.100KM

Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshores archipelagos. g. Plants of the islands in the Gulf of California.h. Mammals of the islands in the Gulf of California.i. Reptiles and amphibians of the islands in the Gulf of California.100KM

Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates.a. Mammals of East African national parks.b. Birds of East African national parks.c. Mountaintop small mammals. d. Mountaintop plants.

Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates.e. Mountaintop birdsf. Birds in New Jersey woodlotsg. Mammals of Australian wheatbelt reserves.h. Lizards of Australian wheatbelt reserves.

Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates. g. Mammals of Australian wheatbelt reserves.h. Lizards of Australian wheatbelt reserves.i. Mammals of U.S. national parks.

Fig. 19 Effect of anthropogenic extinctions on cumulative species-area curves for two island groups.a. Extant native birds of the Hawaiian islandsb. Extant and fossil birds of the Hawaiian islands.c. Marsupials on island in the Bass Strait.d. Marsupials on island in the Bass Strait.

1. Habitat diversity2. Population dynamics.Priority effectsMultiple stable equilibriaEdge effects DisturbanceSpecies pool and dispersal ability.ColonizationEvolutionary effects.Extinctions.3. Historical effects.

Character DisplacementSupplements

Fig. 1 The considerable difference in beak morphology between these three species of Darwin's finches, Geospiza, which coexist on many Galapagos islands, has been the subject of much debate concerning its cause.

Fig. 2 The beak morphology of Geospiza conirostris shows significant variation on different species on different islands.

Fig. 3. The average beak depths of four species of Darwin's finches on three islands where they coexist show considerable variation from island to islands, even though the same set of possible competition occurs on each island.

Japalura@hotmail.com Ayo NUTN http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/