CCD .CCD . ()

CCD X(x,y) = B(x,y) + D(x,y) + F(x,y)I(x,y)

FU Dra R () () .

Fringes - fringe pattern CCD . "" CCD fringes CCD . - , - -. CCD - (>7000 ) fringe pattern.De-fringing - bias ; : 1) Fr(x,y) = , i=1,..,N>>1

2) Fi,0(x,y) = Fi(x,y) k Fr(x,y) , i=1,..,N>>1

. .

:1) , , ;2) ;3) ;4) ;

1) , ;

, , .

I 1.2" V 0.8"

V 0.65" I 0.34"

2) : , - (- ) .- (

3) :- 22 V :- : , , , ;- : ( ), ;- , , : => (. ).- ;

4) :

W. Baade 31 Los Angeles . "" Los Angeles 19 V .

.

.

:- , ;- , , .

Hubble

JWST

JWST

HST JWST

JWST

: , , .. . , 0, 0, .- >300: Johnson UBVRI + JHK 0/ 3640/440, 4415/960, 5505/830, 7000/2100, 8800/2200 + 12500/3000, 16200/2000, 22000/6000 - 100-300: Stromgren uvby 0/ 3500/300, 4110/190, 4670/180, 5470/230 - . .

Johnson-Cousins UBVRI .

Johnson Cousins RI

SDSS ugriz : 5577 [OI] i OH 9000.

H 6563 , H 4861 , [OIII] - 5007 , [SII] - 6724

:1)

SKY(x,y) = I0 + f(x,y) + f(x,y) + f(x,y)

SKY(x,y) = I0 + I1x + I2y

SKY(x,y) = I0

:

sky = 765.7 ADU sky = 765.7+10 ADU sky = 765.7-10 ADU 11.6 ADU

: {px,ADU(px)}

) ; . 768.0 11.7 ADU 764.6 6.7 ADU

) k , DAOPHOT's mean, mode, median: "3-2"mode = 3median-2mean (median mean)mode = - ; !

) : .

2) .

) k ; . .

) : , , , . .