中國中國ChinaChina

Zhong guo/ Jung KuoZhong guo/ Jung KuoMiddle KingdomMiddle Kingdom

Middle KingdomMiddle Kingdom

Center of the Known UniverseCenter of the Known UniverseEconomic CenterEconomic Center

Geographic CenterGeographic Center

Cultural CenterCultural Center

Scientific CenterScientific Center

Political CenterPolitical Center

DemographyDemography

Population: Population: 1,319,175,332 1,319,175,332

Estimate Jan. 2007Estimate Jan. 2007

Religion / Philosophy:Religion / Philosophy:Secular CommunismSecular CommunismConfucianismConfucianismBuddhismBuddhismDaoismDaoismIslamIslamChristianityChristianity

Major Historical Major Historical AchievementsAchievements

Great WallGreat Wall

Civil Service Civil Service

BureaucracyBureaucracy

Political theory and Political theory and practicepractice

Theories of War and PeaceTheories of War and Peace

Early Written LanguageEarly Written Language

Rich LiteratureRich Literature

Philosophy / ReligionPhilosophy / Religion

DaoismDaoism

BuddhismBuddhism

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

BronzeBronze

SteeleSteele

PrintingPrinting

FireworksFireworks

Rice AgricultureRice Agriculture

NoodlesNoodles

ETC…..ETC…..

LanguageLanguage

PictographsPictographsIdiographsIdiographs

MonosyllabicMonosyllabic

Written: Written: – ConciseConcise– UniversalUniversal

Spoken: Spoken: – ProlixProlix– TonalTonal– DialectsDialects

Chronological HistoryChronological History

History VS ArcheologyHistory VS Archeology

Shang Dynasty:Shang Dynasty:

1523-1027 BC (BCE)1523-1027 BC (BCE)

Writing system (1300 BC)Writing system (1300 BC)

Oracle bonesOracle bones

Centralized governmentCentralized government

Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty

1027-221 BC 1027-221 BC

Early Zhou: 1027-771 BCEarly Zhou: 1027-771 BC

Overthrow of the ShangOverthrow of the Shang

What to do with the Shang Nobility???What to do with the Shang Nobility???

-- the answer depends on culture…-- the answer depends on culture…

Early Zhou:Early Zhou:Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven 天命天命 (Tienming)(Tienming)

TienTien rules fates of dynasties rules fates of dynasties

TienTien willed fall of Shang willed fall of Shang

TienTien willed success of Zhou willed success of Zhou

Floods, famines, natural disasters, Floods, famines, natural disasters, and political upheaval and political upheaval demonstrate demonstrate Tien’sTien’s displeasure displeasure

Justify revolt and revolutionJustify revolt and revolution

Ancient Chinese Concept of the Ancient Chinese Concept of the Human Soul Human Soul

Po:Po: Animal Soul (physical body)Animal Soul (physical body)

Dies, returns to earthDies, returns to earthShould be respectedShould be respected

Hun:Hun: Spiritual Soul (spirit)Spiritual Soul (spirit)

Lives on in the location of its lifeLives on in the location of its lifeHappy guardian spiritHappy guardian spiritUnhappy malicious ghostUnhappy malicious ghostFate depends on memory and care by Fate depends on memory and care by

descendentsdescendents

Ancient Chinese Concept of the Ancient Chinese Concept of the Human SoulHuman Soul

Consequences:Consequences:Reverence for ancestorsReverence for ancestors

CeremoniesCeremoniesAncestor Veneration (worship?)Ancestor Veneration (worship?)Elaborate genealogical recordsElaborate genealogical records

Gentry tied to landGentry tied to land

Ancient Chinese Concept of the Ancient Chinese Concept of the Human SoulHuman Soul

Consequences continued:Consequences continued:Little emigrationLittle emigrationLittle voluntary migrationLittle voluntary migration

Need to produce a sonNeed to produce a son

Tempers genocide after revolutionTempers genocide after revolutionZhou do not destroy Shang nobility so Zhou do not destroy Shang nobility so they won’t be haunted by their they won’t be haunted by their ancestorsancestors

Social Science and ReligionSocial Science and Religion

Rules for social science analysis of religion:Rules for social science analysis of religion: Suspend judgmentSuspend judgment Try to understand what others believeTry to understand what others believe Try to see HOW those beliefs motivate Try to see HOW those beliefs motivate

behaviorsbehaviors Don’t ask if it is ‘true’ or ‘logical.’ Social Don’t ask if it is ‘true’ or ‘logical.’ Social

science can’t assess that.science can’t assess that. Avoid judgmental language: primitive, Avoid judgmental language: primitive,

superstitious, stupid …superstitious, stupid …

Understanding others’ beliefs need not Understanding others’ beliefs need not threaten your own. threaten your own.

Ancient Chinese Religious Ancient Chinese Religious Beliefs and PracticesBeliefs and Practices

Animism:Animism:All objects have spiritsAll objects have spirits

Spirits have human characteristicsSpirits have human characteristics

From Pocahontas: From Pocahontas: “But I know every “But I know every rock and tree and creature has a rock and tree and creature has a life, has a spirit, has a name.”life, has a spirit, has a name.”

Ancient Chinese Religious Ancient Chinese Religious Beliefs and PracticesBeliefs and Practices

Shamanism:Shamanism:Animistic religion with a special Animistic religion with a special

mediator or Shaman to help make mediator or Shaman to help make peace between the human world and peace between the human world and the spirit world.the spirit world.

Medicine manMedicine man

MysticMystic

Witch doctorWitch doctor

Xi Wang Mu: Queen Mother of the West

Early ZhouEarly Zhou

TienTien as Patron Diety as Patron Diety

Mandate of Heaven as JustificationMandate of Heaven as Justification

No Priestly ClassNo Priestly Class King intermediates between gods King intermediates between gods

(esp. (esp. TienTien) and human world) and human world If the gods are unhappy, it is the If the gods are unhappy, it is the

king’s faultking’s fault

Transition to Later ZhouTransition to Later Zhou(Eastern Zhou) 771-221 BC(Eastern Zhou) 771-221 BC

Decay and corruption at the centerDecay and corruption at the centerKing’s Favorite loved the Signal FiresKing’s Favorite loved the Signal Fires

The KingThe Kingwho cried wolfwho cried wolf

771 BC771 BC: transfer : transfer capital east to capital east to LuoyangLuoyang

Later ZhouLater Zhou

Political Structure loosenedPolitical Structure loosened Provinces have great autonomyProvinces have great autonomy Central Government weakerCentral Government weaker

– More flexibility for More flexibility for InnovationInnovationCreativityCreativityNew philosophyNew philosophy

Later Zhou and PhilosophyLater Zhou and Philosophy ConfucianismConfucianism

– Kung Fu Zi (Confucius) 551-479 BC Kung Fu Zi (Confucius) 551-479 BC Taoism (Taoism (DaoismDaoism) )

– Laozi (Laozi (Lao TzuLao Tzu) 500s BC) 500s BC Art of WarArt of War

– Sunzi (Sunzi (Sun TsuSun Tsu) ) Philosophy of Love and BrotherhoodPhilosophy of Love and Brotherhood

– Mozi (Mozi (Mo TzuMo Tzu) 470-391 BC ) 470-391 BC Legalism, 300s BCLegalism, 300s BC

– Han Fei Zi, 200s BC Han Fei Zi, 200s BC

Mozi

Han Fei Zu

Philosophical Advances Philosophical Advances ElsewhereElsewhere

Buddha 566- 480 BCBuddha 566- 480 BC– Enters China @ meridianEnters China @ meridian

Plato 427-347 BCPlato 427-347 BC Socrates 469-399 BCSocrates 469-399 BC Isaiah 700s BCIsaiah 700s BC Jeremiah 600s BCJeremiah 600s BC

ConfucianismConfucianism

Confucius: a real, historical personConfucius: a real, historical person– Minor Official and Scholar in LuMinor Official and Scholar in Lu– Left no personal RecordLeft no personal Record– Known mostly through the Known mostly through the AnalectsAnalects– Set out to outline a system for:Set out to outline a system for:

Good governmentGood governmentGood family lifeGood family lifeSocial HarmonySocial Harmony

ConfucianismConfucianism

Religion or Philosophy?Religion or Philosophy?– God?? God??

NatureNature ISIS the divine the divine– After life?After life?

Probably, but not a focus. Order this life well Probably, but not a focus. Order this life well and the next will care for itselfand the next will care for itself

– What is a Good life? What is a Good life? To live in harmony with true natureTo live in harmony with true nature Requires that we understand true human Requires that we understand true human

naturenature

Confucian VirtuesConfucian Virtues(Note: a bit different from your notes)(Note: a bit different from your notes)

RenRen: Humanity: Humanity LiLi: Propriety, ritual decorum: Propriety, ritual decorum YiYi: Uprightness, integrity: Uprightness, integrity ZhiZhi: Knowledge: Knowledge XinXin: Honesty: Honesty ZhongZhong: Loyalty, constancy: Loyalty, constancy XiaoXiao: Filial Piety : Filial Piety (especially later,(especially later, neo-Confucianism – having to do with family)neo-Confucianism – having to do with family)

– Missing Virtue?Missing Virtue?Courage, Valor, BraveryCourage, Valor, Bravery

Confucianism:Confucianism:

Five RelationshipsFive Relationships– King -- ministerKing -- minister– Father -- sonFather -- son– Husband -- wifeHusband -- wife– Older brother -- younger brotherOlder brother -- younger brother– Friend -- friendFriend -- friend

Confucian Classic LiteratureConfucian Classic Literature

FIVE CLASSICSFIVE CLASSICS– Book of Changes: Book of Changes: Yi JingYi Jing (Daoism) (Daoism)– Book of History: Book of History: Shu JingShu Jing (Documents) (Documents)– Book of Odes/Songs: Book of Odes/Songs: Shi JingShi Jing– Book of Ritual: Book of Ritual: Li JiLi Ji– Spring and Autumn Annals: Spring and Autumn Annals: ChunquiChunqui

FOUR BOOKSFOUR BOOKS– Great Learning: Great Learning: Da XueDa Xue– Mean : Mean : Jung YungJung Yung (moderation) (moderation)– Analects: Confucian SayingsAnalects: Confucian Sayings– MenciusMencius

ConfucianismConfucianism

Major Goal:Major Goal:Social and political harmony achieved Social and political harmony achieved

through:through:– KnowledgeKnowledge– Correct exercise of the major virtuesCorrect exercise of the major virtues– Correct application of the 5 relationshipsCorrect application of the 5 relationships– Proper organization of government both Proper organization of government both

in the kingdom and the familyin the kingdom and the family

Core Assumption: Core Assumption: – People can learn to behave wellPeople can learn to behave well

DaoismDaoism

Laozi (Lao Tzu) 500s BC Laozi (Lao Tzu) 500s BC – Legendary, possibly mythilogicalLegendary, possibly mythilogical– Monk, author of core textMonk, author of core text– Generally depicted riding an oxGenerally depicted riding an ox

Dao De Jing: core Daoist textDao De Jing: core Daoist text– The WayThe Way or the or the Way of VirtueWay of Virtue

Nature is the ultimateNature is the ultimate– Harmony with nature is the highest virtueHarmony with nature is the highest virtue– Nature is conceived differently from Nature is conceived differently from

ConfucianismConfucianism

DaoismDaoism Human goal is harmony with natureHuman goal is harmony with nature Meditation is keyMeditation is key Principle of ‘inaction’ can enlighten the Principle of ‘inaction’ can enlighten the

soulsoul Seek for ‘emptiness’Seek for ‘emptiness’

Emphasizes harmonyEmphasizes harmony Self disciplineSelf discipline Ties to martial arts and Ties to martial arts and

physical self-masteryphysical self-mastery

DaoismDaoism

Yin and YangYin and Yang– Symbol of natural dualitySymbol of natural duality– All things have a dual natureAll things have a dual natureMale-FemaleMale-Female Light-Dark Light-Dark Good-EvilGood-EvilHeaven-EarthHeaven-Earth Hot-Cold Hot-Cold Birth-Birth-

DeathDeath Nothing is complete without its oppositeNothing is complete without its opposite

– Balance of the duality is the goalBalance of the duality is the goal

GeomancyGeomancy– Wind and WaterWind and Water

Nature has its own energyNature has its own energy

flow which affects our environmentflow which affects our environment

Human lives and structures find harmony Human lives and structures find harmony and increased success if arranged to and increased success if arranged to compliment the natural flow of energycompliment the natural flow of energy

FengshuiFengshui

Mozi (Mozi (Mo TzuMo Tzu) ) 470-391 BC470-391 BC Philosophy of Love and Philosophy of Love and

BrotherhoodBrotherhood– Love your neighborLove your neighbor– Seek reconciliation as top prioritySeek reconciliation as top priority– Forgive his errorsForgive his errors– Peace and mutual respect are paramountPeace and mutual respect are paramount

– War is simply brigandage on a large scaleWar is simply brigandage on a large scale

Sun TsuSun Tsu

SunziSunzi

5th century BC5th century BC The Art of WarThe Art of War

Book of military strategy and philosophyBook of military strategy and philosophy– Know your enemy, watch him and let him Know your enemy, watch him and let him

show you his weaknessshow you his weakness Still in common use today in military collegesStill in common use today in military colleges

Legalism (Legalism (300s BC)300s BC)

Governing philosophy Governing philosophy (similar to Machiavelli in Europe)(similar to Machiavelli in Europe)

Emphasized rule of lawEmphasized rule of lawLaws must be strict and violations severely Laws must be strict and violations severely

punishedpunishedNo individual rightsNo individual rightsMorality less important than stable powerMorality less important than stable powerKing/emperor’s power to be maintained with King/emperor’s power to be maintained with

violenceviolence

Strong totalitarian tendencyStrong totalitarian tendency

Most famous proponent: Han Fei Zi (about233 BC)Most famous proponent: Han Fei Zi (about233 BC)

Adopted by the Chin Dynasty (221-206 BC)Adopted by the Chin Dynasty (221-206 BC)

BuddhismBuddhism Gautama SiddharthaGautama Siddhartha 500 BC in 500 BC in IndiaIndia A prince of Warrior CasteA prince of Warrior Caste Miraculous birth Miraculous birth (pictured)(pictured) Spoiled, pampered, indulgedSpoiled, pampered, indulged

At 29, on excursion sees: sick man, lame man, At 29, on excursion sees: sick man, lame man, decaying corpse, and ascetic monkdecaying corpse, and ascetic monk

Depressed by realization that suffering is Depressed by realization that suffering is inevitable and tries to discover a solution through inevitable and tries to discover a solution through asceticascetic life (self-deprivation, self-mortification) life (self-deprivation, self-mortification)– Nearly dies from excessive fasting, etc.Nearly dies from excessive fasting, etc.

BuddhismBuddhism

Abandons ascetic life and Abandons ascetic life and

pursues instead the pursues instead the

““Middle Way”Middle Way”– Middle way is the balance between self-Middle way is the balance between self-

indulgence and self-mortificationindulgence and self-mortification– Path of ‘moderation’Path of ‘moderation’

Sitting under a bodhi tree is struck Sitting under a bodhi tree is struck with enlightenmentwith enlightenment

Buddhism: Four Noble Buddhism: Four Noble TruthsTruths

1.1. To exist is to sufferTo exist is to suffer

2.2. Desire or craving is Desire or craving is the cause of the cause of sufferingsuffering

3.3. To end suffering, To end suffering, one must one must extinguish desireextinguish desire

4.4. Desire can be extinguished through the Desire can be extinguished through the 8-fold path to enlightenment8-fold path to enlightenment

Buddhism: 8-Fold PathBuddhism: 8-Fold Path

Right ViewsRight Views Right intentionRight intention Right speechRight speech Right actionRight action Right livelihoodRight livelihood Right effortRight effort Right mindfulnessRight mindfulness Right concentrationRight concentration

Buddhism: NirvanaBuddhism: Nirvana

Through enlightenment one can end desire Through enlightenment one can end desire and sufferingand suffering

Supreme liberation is called Supreme liberation is called NirvanaNirvana– Nirvana is the ending of desire and thereby the Nirvana is the ending of desire and thereby the

end of sufferingend of suffering– Sometimes described as the state of not existing Sometimes described as the state of not existing – Nirvana is generally NOT considered a place like Nirvana is generally NOT considered a place like

‘heaven,’ rather it is a state of enlightenment or ‘heaven,’ rather it is a state of enlightenment or non-existencenon-existence

Buddhism: core practicesBuddhism: core practices

A correct life for Buddhists involvesA correct life for Buddhists involves– MeditationMeditation– Kindness and love to othersKindness and love to others

Bodhisattva vow – to patiently assist others to Bodhisattva vow – to patiently assist others to find peace and enlightenment, no matter how find peace and enlightenment, no matter how difficultdifficult

– Avoiding injury to others – human or animalAvoiding injury to others – human or animal Vegetarianism – some sectsVegetarianism – some sects

– Avoiding alcohol – some sectsAvoiding alcohol – some sects– Celibacy for monks – some sectsCelibacy for monks – some sects

Buddhism: cannon scriptureBuddhism: cannon scripture

TripitakaTripitaka (3 baskets) (3 baskets) SutrasSutras

– sermons attributed to Buddha and sermons attributed to Buddha and recorded by followersrecorded by followers

SastrasSastras– later treatises by later monks and later treatises by later monks and

enlightened onesenlightened ones VinyasVinyas

– monastic rules monastic rules

Buddhism: great divisionBuddhism: great division

Therevada:Therevada: (Hinayana) common in (Hinayana) common in Southeast Asia: Thailand, etc.Southeast Asia: Thailand, etc.

– More contemplativeMore contemplative– Work out your own enlightenment Work out your own enlightenment

through meditation. through meditation. – There is no help, you’re on your own There is no help, you’re on your own

Buddhism: great divisionBuddhism: great division Mahayana:Mahayana: Common in China, Japan, Korea. Common in China, Japan, Korea.

– Bodhisattvas:Bodhisattvas: Enlightened souls who choose to stay and Enlightened souls who choose to stay and

help out othershelp out others In ways parallel to Saints in CatholicismIn ways parallel to Saints in Catholicism Bodhisattvas can intervene and achieve Bodhisattvas can intervene and achieve

miraculous thingsmiraculous things Mahayana followers need less meditation Mahayana followers need less meditation

because they get more help from because they get more help from bodhisattvasbodhisattvas

Bodhisattvas have favorite causes – like Bodhisattvas have favorite causes – like saintssaints

Some even oversee heaven-like places, the Some even oversee heaven-like places, the ‘Western Paradise”‘Western Paradise”

Later Zhou’s demiseLater Zhou’s demise

Disorder or loose government of Later Disorder or loose government of Later Zhou devolves into “Warring States Zhou devolves into “Warring States Period”Period”

Autonomous smaller regions emerge as Autonomous smaller regions emerge as largely independent nationslargely independent nations

Periodic war ensuesPeriodic war ensues One among the several emerges to establish One among the several emerges to establish

a new, far more centralized dynastya new, far more centralized dynasty Chin Dynasty emerges as the first Chinese Chin Dynasty emerges as the first Chinese

“Empire” 221 BC“Empire” 221 BC