Семинар Cigre SC B5 -3

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10 June 2013

Developments in power systemprotection for the 21st centuryDr. Alexander Apostolov

Yekaterinburg, Russia

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Requirements

Reduction in the duration of short circuitfaults.

Improvements in the reliability andavailability of communications based

IEC 61850 supports solutions that canimprove the performance and the

reliability of the protection system.

Page 2

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Transmission Line Protection

A BF1 F2 F3

DistanceProtection

DistanceProtection

t

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Accelerated Line Protection

A BF1 F2 F3

DistanceProtection

DistanceProtection

t

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Permissive Directional Comparison

Page: 5

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Differential Line Protection

A BF1 F2 F3

DifferentialProtection


t

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Accelerated Scheme

Page: 7

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Differential Protection andInter-tripping

A BF1



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Accelerated Scheme with GOOSE

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EthernetSwitch

EthernetSwitch

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Accelerated Scheme with GOOSE

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EthernetSwitch

EthernetSwitch

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Technical Report IEC 61850-90-1

A technical report IEC 61850-90-1 that

describes the use cases of applicationsthat require information exchangebetween substations.

Examples: line differential protection ordistance protection with permissive or

blocking schemes.

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SS-SS Mechanism

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SS-SS Tunneling

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Tunneling

"Tunnelling" means a method to

connect multiple substation networksthat allows "direct access" to functionsin remote stations.

The tunnel is configured for a specifickind of traffic, e.g. based on a VLAN ID.

The kinds of traffic are the onlyinformation needed for configuring thetunnel.

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SS-SS Mechanism

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Proxy Concept for SS-SS

Page 16

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SS-SS Interfaces

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SS-SS Transfer Time

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SS-SS Transfer Time

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Benefits

Implementations of acceleratedprotection schemes based on IEC61850 offers significant advantages overconventional hard wired schemes.

The continuous repetition of GOOSE

Page: 20

messages provides reliable indicationabout the status of that interface

In conventional schemes knowing thestatus can be achieved only throughscheduled testing or when the scheme

fails to operate.

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Benefits

The analysis shows that GOOSEbased implementations should be

faster than the conventional hardwired solutions.

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schemes implemented in IEC 61850based substation automation systems

may be performed without the needfor an outage

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Conventional Accelerated LineProtection

A BF1 F2 F3

A DistanceProtection 1

B DistanceProtection 1



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IEC 61850 Based AcceleratedLine Protection

A BF1 F2 F3



EthernetSwitch

EthernetSwitch



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Line Differential Protection

MergingUnit

A B

MergingUnit

F1 F2 F3

t

EthernetSwitch

EthernetSwitch



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Redundant Line Differential Protection

A BF1 F2 F3

MergingUnit

MergingUnit

MergingUnit

MergingUnit

t

EthernetSwitch

EthernetSwitch

MergingUnit

MergingUnit



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Phasor Measurements Concept

GPS time synchronized devices

Magnitudes and phase angles ofvoltages and currents measured at

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Measurements sent overcommunication links

Measurements used for differentapplications

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Synchronized Phasor Measurements

Principle

Page 27

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IEEE C37.118 Defines

Time reference: UTC

Rate of measurement Phase reference: co-sine

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ccuracy me r cs: o a ec orError)

Communication model (format of

telegrams)

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IEEE C37.118.1 Defines

It defines a synchronized phasor

(synchrophasor), frequency and rate ofchange of frequency measurements.

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requirements for measurement of allthree of these quantities.

It specifies methods for evaluating thesemeasurements, and requirements forcompliance with the standard under

both static and dynamic conditions.

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IEEE C37.118.1 Defines

It defines two classes of

synchrophasors: M for steady-state type applications

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applications

It defines a Phasor Measurement Unit

(PMU) which can be a stand-alonephysical unit or a functional unit withinanother physical unit.

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Time Synchronization Classes

6/10/2013 31

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Transfer Time Classes

6/10/2013 32

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Bus Differential Protection

K02 0320060309 Page 33

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Line Differential Protection

PMUnit

A B

PMUnit

F1 F2 F3

t

EthernetSwitch

EthernetSwitch

DifferentialProtection DifferentialProtection

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Engineering Objectives Improved efficiency

Completeness

Flexibility

Adaptability

Ease of use Support of different migration strategies

Future-proof

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Voltage

levelBay Device

CBR

ConNode

DIS

PTR

1

1 1

1 1

Substation1

1

Terminal

1

1

0..5

Subdevice

Phase

1

Standardized Substation Model

IED AccessPoint Server LDevice

LNode

Subnetwork

1..*1..2

1..* 1..*

1

1

1

Data1

1

1

1..*

1..*associations

0,1

0,1

Functional / substation structureProduct / IED structure

Communication structure

0..*

Router

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Input reference

Page 37

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Benefits Quite significant

Reduce the costs for system design

Improve factory and site acceptancetesting

Improve the maintenance process Improve the overall quality of the

substation automation system

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SCL Components Substation section: describes thesubstation single line diagram, and its

binding to logical nodes as well as theplacement of logical nodes onto IEDs.Thus also the bindin of IEDs to

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substation parts and substationdevices is defined.

Communication section: describesthe communication connectionsbetween IEDs in terms of connecting

communication links.

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SCL Components IED section: describes the

capabilities (configuration) of one ormore IEDs, and the binding to logicalnodes on other IEDs.

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LNType section: defines which dataobjects are actually contained withinthe logical node instances defined for

the IEDs.

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SCL Files

Data exchange from a systemspecification tool to the system

configuration tool. This file describesthe single line diagram of the

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nodes. The file extension shall be.SSD for System SpecificationDescription.

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SCL Files

Data exchange from the IEDconfiguration tool to the system

configuration tool. This file describesthe capabilities of an IED. The file

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.

Capability Description.

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SCL Files

Alternatively the System Configuratorcan also import the description of an

IED specifically preconfigured withname and addresses for a concrete

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an Instantiated IED Description (IID)file

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SCL Files Data exchange from the system

configuration tool to IED configurationtools.

Page: 44

,

communication configuration andsubstation description sections.

The file extension shall be .SCD forSubstation Configuration Description.

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SCL Files

It is an SCD file, possibly stripped

down to what the concerned IEDshall know.

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.

Configured IED Description.

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System interface Exchange Description(SED)

Requirements for Effective Testing

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Functionality of the device being tested

Operating principles of the device

Algorithms being used to implementdifferent functions in the test ob ect

Accuracy of the device being tested Other technical characteristics of the test

object

47


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Functionality of the test equipment

Characteristics of the test equipment

Software tools functionality

48


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Methods for testing of electromechanicalrelays may not work effectively in the

case of advanced numerical IEDs Changing protection technology requires

changes in testing technology

49

D bl Ci it Li P t ti

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Double Circuit Line Protection

50

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GOOSE Based Testing

51

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Sampled Values Based Testing

EthernetSwitch

LaptopComputer

GOOSE

IEC 61850Based IED

V I

Ethernet

GOOSEand SV

an

Trip

IEC 61850 BasedTest Device

IEC 61850Based IED

Trip

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Efficient Testing Example

53


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54

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Quality Assurance Process

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Definitions from IEC 61850-4 3.17

system test

the check of correct behavior of theIEDs and of the overall SAS undervar ous app cat on con t ons. esystem test marks the final stage of thedevelopment of IEDs as part of a SAS

product family

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Definitions from IEC 61850-4 3.18 type test the verification of correct behavior of the

IEDs of the SAS by use of the systemtested software under the environmental

technical data. This marks the final stageof the hardware development and is theprecondition for the start of the production.This test must be carried out with IEDs that

have been manufactured through thenormal production cycle.

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factory acceptance test (FAT)

customer agreed functional tests of thespecifically manufactured SAS-

,

parameter set for the plannedapplication. This test should be carriedout in the factory of the system

integrator by the use of processsimulating test equipment

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site acceptance test (SAT)

the verification of each data and controlpoint and the correct functionality inside

operating environment at the wholeinstalled plant by use of the finalparameter set. The SAT is a

precondition for the SAS being put intooperation

Commissioning Testing

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g g

Commissioning testing focuses on therelay functions that are used for the

specific application Performance for specific abnormal

Overall operation of communicationsbased schemes should be checked

Commissioning Testing

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g g

Impact of changes in systemconfiguration should be considered

Fault conditions for the tests should beselected based on optimal set of fault

,

Maintenance Testing

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Maintenance testing focuses ondetermining that the relay functions

used are within the expected tolerances It should take into consideration the

-

Maintenance Testing

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Available measurements should also beused

A limited number of tests is required foreach used function

e tests s ou cover t e comp eteoutput circuits

P iti d N ti T t

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Positive and Negative Tests Positive tests require the operation of

the tested function, device or system

under specific application conditions Negative tests require the non-

,

or system under specific applicationconditions

Both positive and negative tests arerequired as part of device, scheme andsystem testing

S tti T t

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Settings Tests To verify that a specific setting file is

downloaded in the IED

The configuration of each test in the testplan is based on the data in an imported

Depending on the tested function element Depending on the selected characteristic

One point on each characteristic segment

Application Tests

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Application Tests To verify that the relay is properly

configured to protect the specific

primary system component The main goal is to verify that the

,

requirements for: sensitivity

selectivity

Application Tests

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Application Tests Both positive and negative tests are

required

The assessment of the test objectsperformance requires knowledge of the

Application tests require goodunderstanding of the system conditions

and events that may have an impact onthe behavior of the test object

Application Tests

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Application Tests The conditions to be considered

include:

Startup conditions Load conditions

Wide area disturbance conditions Dynamic loading conditions

Communications system conditions Auxiliary system components conditions

Bottom up Testing

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Bottom-up Testing

SFM

Configuration Settings Control

FEiFE1 FEK

Inputs Outputs Reports Logs

FunctionBoundary

Top-down TestingC fi ti S tti C t l

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F1

SF1 SFi SFN

F2 FL

SF1 SFP

Configuration Settings Control

SF1 SFM

FEiFE1 FEK

FEiFE1 FEQ

Inputs Outputs Reports Logs

SystemBoundary

Black-box Testing

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SFM

FEiFE1 FEK

Control

OutputsReports

Test

System

White-box Testing

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SFM

FEiFE1 FEK

Control

OutputsReports

Test

System

Line Protection Function Testing

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FunctionBoundary

GGIO1Communication

IED

Process and Station Bus Test Setup

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Ethernet

Ethernet

Switch

LaptopComputer

GOOSEand SV

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IEC 61850Based IED

V I

Ethernet

GOOSE

Trip

IEC 61850 BasedTest Device

IEC 61850Based MU

Test Scheme

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Ethernet

EthernetSwitch

LaptopComputer

GOOSE

Ethernet

GOOSE

Test Scheme

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IEC 61850

Based IED

V I

Ethernet

GOOSE

IEC 61850Based Test

Device

IEC 61850

Based IED

SendingIED

ReceivingIED

Conclusions

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Conclusions

IEC 61850 supports different types ofcommunications based transmissionline and substation protection schemes

conventional hard wired schemes: Continuous monitoring of the interface

Faster operating times

Improved reliability and availability

Documents

Семинар Cigre SC B5 -3