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Objectives
Define terms associated with integrated pest management.
Differentiate between biological, cultural/physical control, and chemical pest management practices.
List the proper equipment and clothing to use when applying chemicals.
Explain the importance of pesticide label information.
Terms
Biological control Chemical control Cultural control Fungicide Herbicide Insecticide Integrated pest
management
LD factor Miticide Nematocide Pest Pesticide Toxicity
What is a pest?
Living organism that can cause injury or loss.
Types:› Insects› Disease› Weeds› Mites› Nematodes› Parasites› Animals
Effects on Plants and Economic Losses
Pest damage- 1/3 the total crop production potential
Methods are available to minimize or eliminate losses that pests cause.
Economic injury level Economic threshold
Economic Injury Level
The point at which the cost of pest control equals the revenue loss caused by a pest
Determined by estimatin the potential yield loss, the value of the crop, and the cost of treatment
Clearly defines how much damage can be tolerated.
Economic Threshold
Number of insects per plant or the amount of damage to the plant that economically justifies the use of control measures
If a control is applied when a pest population reaches the economic threshold, the population will be suppressed before it reaches the economic injury level.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
An ecologically based approach to controlling plant pests
Organized program in which the best management methods available are used to keep pest populations below the economic injury level.
IPM
Pest-control strategy that relies on multiple control practices
Establishes the amount of damage that will be tolerated before control actions are taken.
Keys to Successful IPM
Use of a scout (either the grower or a hired individual) who regularly monitors pest populations and crop conditions› Collect data about which pests are causing
damage, stage of life, whether the population is increasing or decreasing
Keys to Successful IPM
Knowing how to identify key pests and their biological characteristics is important.› Weakest link must be found.› Key pest- one that occurs on a regular
basis for a given crop.
Keys to Successful IPM
An understanding of the biology of the crop and its ecosystem
Ecosystem of the crop consists of the biotic and abiotic influences in the living environment.› Biotic- living organisms› Abiotic- nonliving factors
Benefits
Help sustain the ability of the earth to meet the needs of an increasing human population.
Benefits agriculture and the environment.
Benefits to Agriculture Industry
Reduced pesticide costs Reduced application costs Less pesticide resistance
Biological Control
Use of living organisms to reduce pest populations
Beneficial organisms are natural enemies of pests.
Parasites, predators, and pathogens are all used as biological controls.
Chemical Control
Use of pesticides to reduce pest populations
Pesticide resistance- the ability of an organism to tolerate a lethal level of a pesticide
Pest resurgence- refers to a pest’s ability to repopulate after control measures have been eliminated or reduced.
Cultural Control
Used to make the crop environment unsuitable for pests to feed, live, or reproduce
Also used to improve crop health Examples: soil tillage, crop rotation,
adjustment of harvest or planting dates, irrigation schemes, variety selection, clean culture, and trap crops
Mechanical Control
Used to physically remove or exclude pests
Includes hand destruction and the use of screens and traps
Federal and state governments have created laws that prevent the entry or spread of known pests into uninfested areas (regulatory control)
Genetic Control
Use of genetically engineered organisms to fight pests
Plant breeders are constantly working to develop varieties and hybrids that are resistant to or tolerant of pests.
Major Classifications of Pesticides
Pesticide- materials used to control pests› Insecticide› Miticides› Fungicides› Herbicides› Rodenticides› Nematocides› Molluscicides
Pesticide Safety
Pesticide can enter the body through four main routes:› Oral exposure› Dermal exposure› Inhalation exposure› Eye exposure
Pesticide Safety
Toxicity- degree of poison in a material
Amount of active ingredients in a material and the chemical nature of the poison determine the toxicity.
Toxicity
Method used to measure toxicity differs between types of exposure
LD factor- lethal dose; amount necessary to cause death› used to measure oral and dermal toxicity› Lower LD= more toxicity
Lethal Concentration (LC)› Used to measure inhalation toxicity› Lower LC= more poisonous pesticide
Proper Equipment to Use When Applying Pesticides
Respirator Goggles Rubber gloves Rubber boots Long sleeved shirt Overalls/apron
Purpose of Pesticide Label
Provides information about the active ingredient› Active ingredient kills the pest.
Front panel provides only basic information› Classification (general or restricted use)› Brand name› Formulation› Common name› Ingredients› Signal words› Precautionary statements› Establishment number