20
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 52.8 53 53.2 53.4 53.6 53.8 Lon [degrees] Lat [degrees] Netherlands Germany Emden Lauwersoog Leeuwarden Eelde Hoogeveen Nieuw Beerta Dollard Eems Wadden Sea N o r t h S e a Borkum Groningen F r i s i a n i s l a n d s gd gdex city synoptic station radiosonde station

Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

������������ ���������� ����� ��������� ������������ ���!� "#� $�%

&(') *,+.-0/21�354�37698�:;+<4!+>=@?<+BAC?�3EDF?<+<A@4!+>=

GIH<JLK�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFXZY\[�VF]^J5[�JE_`VaYcbedOf�gCh�g>i>jkgml>j�npo�jkg^lFh�g>irqsTU_CtuVFM0_ZNOH0J5K�PuVF_�vWVFw5JEM�NuNOPWVFw�xyqsTU_0Jkz<tVFP#JIYWK!NW{CVaNWJ5_|K�M}NWH<JIM<SUP~NOH<J5VFY#N�SaQ�NWH<J��LJkNOH<JEPW[�VaM<_<Y5��wESp�UJ5P#K�M<T�NWH<J���{0NOw�H��<P#S��>K!M<w5JEYu�,P#SUM<K�M0TUJ5M(��CPWK!J5YW[�VFM<_(��VaM<_���P#J5M�NOH<Ja��VaM<_�Vr�CVFP~N�SFQ���J5P#X`VFM���K!M�NWH<J�J�VFY~N����F{<Y#N�SF��YWH0SUPWJa��NWH<Jr�;d�h�nkhs�Fgh�nk  �Fg^l�n¡X`VFP#x�NOH<J¢]�SU{0M<_CVFP~�c]^JEN�£¢J5JEM�NWH<J¥¤m��l�l>jkgZ¦(jW�,VFM<_�NOH<J�§�f�d�¨�©|¦(jW�F�ªGIH0J¡«�Va_<_<J5M7¬>J�VK�YªV�NWK�_CVa[.VaPWJ�V�£�K!NWHc­@VaNWY®VFM<_�w�HCVFM<M0J5[�YE�\��J5�^J5M0_<K�M<TLSUMcNWH<J¢NWK�_<Ju_<{<P#K�M<T�NOH<Je¬.¯�°�VFwE±>{0K�YWK NOK!SUM<Y5�NOH0J�NWK�_CVF[(­CVaNOY�VFP#J�JEK!NOH0J5P�_<P#�mSUPI­CS>S>_<J5_(�¢¯9wE±>{0K�YWK NOK!SUM<Y�_<{<P#K�M<T7J5]<]mNOK!_<J�VFPWJ�YWSUX7JENWK�X7J5Ye£¢J5[![w5SFPWPWJE[�VaNWJ5_(�0�<PWSp�>K�_<K!M<T7VFMrJkz>NOJEM<_<JE_�VFPWJ5V|SFQ�{0YWJEQR{0[�K!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUXZJkNOP#K�w��<H<VFYWJ�SU]<Y#J5P#�aVaNWK�SUM0Y5�

5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8

52.8

53

53.2

53.4

53.6

53.8

Lon [degrees]

Lat [

degr

ees]

Net

herla

nds

Ger

man

y

Emden

Lauwersoog

Leeuwarden

Eelde

Hoogeveen

Nieuw Beerta

Dollard

Eems

Wadden Sea

N o r t h S e a

Borkum

Groningen

F r i s i a n i s l a n d s

gd

gdex

citysynoptic station radiosonde station

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºs» ¼m½#¾À¿�Á�Â�ÃUÄc½�Å�Ä�½9Á�¿�Å�Â�Ã�Ä�Æ!Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�È�Å�½�É9Ê�È�Ë�½�Ç.Ë}È�ËaÄ�Ì�Í¢Ê~ÃF¿pÎÏÆ!ÇaÈ�Â�Ã�Ä�¾U¿5Ê#Æ�Â�Æ�¿�Ç�¿�Á�Â�ÃUÄÊWÐ�Ç.¿#¾0Â�Æ�Ñr½�Ç.ËyÅ�½�Ë�Æ�¿5ÊO¿pÇ.Ë�Ä`ÊOÂR½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�ÎÏÆ�Â�ÃÒÊ�¿�É�ÄZÅ�Ä�ÓÔÄ�Õ5½�Ç.Â9ÂR¿W¾U¿�ÈpÅ�½#¾>ÃaÆ�Ñ#½�ÓIÆ!ÇkÁO¿�ÅWÉ,½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç�ÍÅ�Ä�Á�ÄOÅWÅ�Ä�Ë|ÂR¿�Æ�Ç`Â�ÃUÄ9ÂsÄ~Ì�ÂRÖ

¯×XZVF��SFQCNOH<J¡VFPWJ5V9K�Y�YWH0S�£�M�K!M�ØCTU{0PWJIÙ>�!ÚU�ªÛ�N®Y#H<Sp£�Y®NOH<J¢��SUY#K!NWK�SUM<Y�SFQ<NWH<JeY~�.M0SU�0NOK!w¡SU]0YWJ5P~�aVaNOK!SUMY#NOVaNOK!SUM<Y�{<YWJE_}K�M�NOH<J¢VFMCVa[!�>YWK!YªSFQ0NOH<JuK�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFX7Y5�aVFM<_}Va[�[�SFNOH0J5P�NOSU�^SUTUPWVF�<H<K!w�VF[�K!M0QRSUPWXZVaNWK�SUMPWJkQRJ5P#PWJ5_¹NWS�K�MyNOH<J�QRSU[�[!S�£�K!M<T�NOJkz>N5��Ü¡SFNWH¹NOH<J�Y#N�V�NOK�SFM<Y�Ý�jk  l>j}VFM<_�Þ�j�jkß.àu�Fd#l>jkgÀVFPWJcVFK�P�ØCJE[�_<YE�K���JF� �FXZVFM<M0J5_}Y~N�VaNWK�SUM<Yª�<PWSp�>K�_0K�M<T9VLQR{<[�[>POVaM<TUJ¡SaQCXZJkNOJESUPWSU[!SUTUK!w�VF[�SU]0YWJ5P~�aVaNOK!SUM<Y5�FK�M<wE[�{<_<K!M<T�w5[�SF{<_N��>��JEY5�>H<J5K!TUH�NOYE�>[!JE�FJ5[�YuVFM0_ZwES��FJ5PWVFTUJF�\GIH0JLwEK!N��|SFQÏ�,P#SUM<K!M<TUJ5M|K!Y�YWH<Sp£�M`M0J�VFP#[!�}K!M7NWH<J�w5JEM�NWJ5PuSFQNOH0J�XZVF�(�¢¯9�CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH<Jc��{.NOw�HÒK!YW[�VFM<_<Y�qs¯LXZJE[�VFM0_ÒVFM0_�¬.w�H<K!J5P#XZSUM0M<K�xaS.SUT�teVaN�NOH<J�£¡JEY#NOJEPWMYWK!_<J¹SFQ,NWH<JBVFPWJ5V0�INOH<J¹Ø<PWY#Nr�,JEPWXZVFMâK�Y#[�VFM0_ãÜ¡SUP#x>{0X K�Y`[�VF]^J5[!J5_âK!M×NOH<J�XZVF�(�äGIH0JÀå\JEXZY�æ��SU[![�VFP#_7JEY#NW{CVFP#�Z_<K �.K!_<J5YuNOH<JLM<SUP~NOH<JEPWM��CVaP#NOY¢SFQª��J5PWXZVFM��7VFM<_ZNOH<J���JENWH<J5P#[�VFM<_0Y5��°�VF_<K�SFYWSUM<_0JSU]<Y#J5P~�FV�NOK�SFM<Y�VFPWJ,V��aVFK�[�VF]<[!JLQRPWSFXáNOH<J,X7JENWJ5SUP#SU[�SUTFK�w�Va[^Y~N�VaNWK�SUMmå\X7_<J5M(�GIH<J¥VaPWJ�V¹w5VFM�]^J�w5SFM<YWK!_<J5P#J5_�­@VaN�QRSUP�NWH<J�K!M�NWJ5P~QRJ5PWSFXZJkNOPWK!wZK!M�NOJ5P#�<PWJkN�VaNWK�SUM;���aVFP#�>K�M0TÒ]^JEN�£¢J5J5Mç9è VFM<_¥é,ê�XZJkNOJEPWY�QRSUPuNWH<J9XZV�v#SUP#K!N��|SaQ;NOH0J9[�VaM<_`Y#{<P#QsVFwEJF�\¯ëYWXZVF[�[CP#K�_<TFJLwES��FJ5P#Y¡NOH<J�YWSF{0NOH<JEPWM�CVFP~N�SFQ�K!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUTUPOVaXìi�lF�^£�K!NWH�V`XZV�z.K�XZVF[ÏH<J5K!TUH�N�SFQ èaí Xy�9å®�UJ5M�QRSUP�NOH<Jc[�SUM<TFJ5Y#N9]CVFY#J5[�K!M<JF�

Page 2: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

$�$ �� �;�U����� ����� ���F� "#��� ������Ï��R���R����#� ���NOH0J5YWJ|JE[�Jk�FV�NOK�SFM<Y�VFP#J}M<SFN�YWK�TFM<K!ØCw5VFM�NO[ �ySF]<YWJEP#�aVF]<[!J}K�M¹NWH<J}K�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFX7Y5��GIH<JEPWJkQRSUPWJa��VF[�[�K�M.æNOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFX7Y®SFQ^NOH<J�VFP#J�V�w�VFM�]^JIw5SUM0YWK�_0J5PWJE_¹lFh �jkdOjkgC¨shs�F �K!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUTUPOVaXZYE�UK���JF� ��V�I�F¨®JE[�Jk�FV�NOK�SFMX7S._<JE[(K�YIY#{<]0NWPOVFwkNOJ5_;�Û�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFX i�l>j �mK!Y¡VcY#K�M<TF[�J9¬.¯�° �CVFK!PuQRP#SUX VFM¥VF_�vWVFw5JEM�N¡NOPOVaw�x^�u¬��.M0SU�0NOK!w9SU]0YWJ5P~�aVaNOK!SUM<Y¡K!MNOH0K�YIVFP#J�V�VFP#J�[�K!XZK NOJ5_;��NWH<J5P#JEQRSUP#J�XZSFY#NO[ �`YWVaNOJE[�[!K!NOJLSU]<Y#J5P#�aVaNWK�SUM0Y5�<PWVF_<K�SFYWSUM<_0J5YIVFM0_m[�VFPWTFJ5P¡Y#w�VF[!J£¢J�VaNWH<J5P�w�HCVFP~NOY�VFPWJ,{<Y#J5_mQRSUPeNOH<J�VFM<VF[!�>YWK!Y5�

��������� �����������! "�$#�%& '�)(+*-,.%.*-,/#�01,/��23054��Û�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFXáTU_;Ú�£eVFY�Vaw5±�{<K�P#J5_mVaN��F{0[!�yÚ�Ù}VFM<_�Ú�6.�;Ú�7�7UÙ.�<VaN�Ú í98 ê0Ú 8 Ù):<;LG>= q~Ú è18 ê.Ú 8 Ù-:<?.G�t��¬.¯9° QRPWVFX7JZM�{<X}]^J5P è Ù è 7.�råu°L¬�æOÚ`SUP#]<K!N èFí 7 í 70�ªåu°L¬�æ è SUP#]<K!NZÚ è ê�6.�¥GIH<J`�CVaPOVF[![�J5[\]<VFYWJE[�K�M0J£¡VFY�ê�Xm�.NWH<J,��JEPW�^J5M<_0K�w5{0[�VFPe]<VFYWJE[�K�M0J ç�è�@ Xm�&A\HCVFY#J�{0M�£�PWVF�<�<K!M<T�£eVFY��^J5P~QRSUPWX7J5_¥{<Y#K�M<T|NWH<JX7K�M<K!X`VF[@wESUY#N�­CSp£ VF[!TUSUP#K!NOH0Xìq/=¡SUY#NOVFM�NOK!M<K��(ÚB7�7�6�t��CEDGF�DIHEDIH JLK npjkdNM��F¨sh�f�g0nGIH<J¥K!M�NWJ5P~QRJ5PWSFTUPOVFX K!MÀØCTU{0PWJrÙ.� è K!Y}Jkz.w5JE�0NOK!SUMCVF[![!�B_<K!Y#NW{<PW]^J5_(�\JEYW�^J5wEK�VF[![!��K�M�NWH<J�[!S�£¢J5P�PWK!TUH�Nw5SFPWM<JEP5�®¯�Q�NOJ5P�{<M�£�POVF�<�0K�M<T<��Y#J5JeØCTF{<PWJ�Ù>�2ê0�FXZSUP#J¢NWHCVFMPO<�2Ù9wE�>w5[!J5Y\_<K �;JEPWJEM<w5JIK!M}K�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUX7JENWPWK�w�<HCVaYWJ`w5VFM�]^J7SU]<YWJEP#�FJ5_(�®XZVFK!M<[!�ÒK�MBNOH<J�QRSUPWX SaQeK�Y#SU[�V�NOJ5_�VFM0SUX`Va[�K�JEY�£�K!NWH�Vm_<K�VFX7JENWJ5P,SFQIÙ�QÚ í x�Xm� GIH0J�YWJ5wkNOK!SUMâ£�K!NWH<K�M×NWH<J�YW±�{CVaPWJ�K�M NOH<J�{<M�£�PWVF�<�^J5_ëK�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFX £eVFYrVaMCVF[!��REJ5_{<Y#K�M<T�V}H<K!Y#NWSUTUPOVaXy�>YWJEJ�ØCTU{<P#J�Ù.��O}VFM<_mV}PWSFNOVaNOK!SUMCVF[^V��UJEPOVFTFJ5_mYW�^J5wENWPW{<Xm�<Y#J5J�ØCTU{0PWJ�Ù.�2Ù.�®GIH<K!YYW�^J5wkNOP#{<XáY#H<Sp£�YLV ç Ù�SFê���Sp£¢J5PI[�V�£ëK�MZ£eV��UJE[�JEM<TFNOH0Y�]^JEN�£¢J5JEMÀÚ,VaM<_ è Ù�x�Xm�\GIH<J�PWX7YeK�MZNOH<K!YVFP#J�V|K�Y�ê0�TO7POVF_(�

U"VW XYZ[

\B]"^`_badce^N_gfih

jlk ^im.h$n o�^ipBq

resrdtr&uv

w uw tw s

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºGx y#Ç.ÂsÄOÅ�Á�Ä�Å�¿�È�Å�½pÉ È�Ëgz100 200 300 400 500 600

100

200

300

400

500

600

U"VW XYZ[

\B]�^N_baece^N_gfih

jlk ^`m/h�n o�^ipBqw u!{w u vw { v

resb{res vrdti{rdt vr&u!{r&u vrd{

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºI| }�Ç>ÎÏÅ�½#¾�¾�Ä�Ë}Æ�Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É ÈaËgz

CEDGF�DIHEDGF ~ gC¨�jkd��^dOjk¨��F¨sh�f�gGIH<J�X`VFK!MrYWK�TFMCVaNO{0PWJ5Y�SFQªNOH<J�K�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFX VFP#J�Y~NOP#SUM<T`K!YWSU[�VaNOJE_ywEJ5[![�Y�VFM<_yXZSUP#J,SUP�[�J5Y#Y9JE[�SUM.æT�VaNWJ5_mY#NWPW{<wkNO{<P#J5Y�K�MmV)R5K!X}{0NWHm_0K�PWJEwENWK�SUM(����{0J,NWS7NWH<J�VFX7SU{<M�N�SFQª�<HCVFY#J�_<JE[�V��U�<NWH<J,H��.�^SFNWH<J5Y#K�YQRSUP�NWH<Je_<P#K!�>K�M0T�XZJEw�HCVFM<K!YWX K�YªNWHCVaN®NWH<K�Y�K�Y®w5VF{<YWJE_�]��}V9NOH�{<M<_0J5PWY~NOSUP#Xy��GIH<K�Y\wESU{<[�_cw�VF{<Y#J�[�S>w�VF[_<K �;JEPWJ5M0w5J5Y�K�MrH�{<X7K�_<K N��U�.�<PWJEYWYW{0PWJ}VaM<_¥NOJ5X7�^J5POV�NO{<P#JF�<£�H<K!w�Hy[!S.w5VF[�[ �ZK!M<w5P#J�VFY#J5Y�PWJkQRPOVFwkNOK �.K N��U�'�GIH<J�£¡J5VaNOH0J5P¡PWVF_CVFPuVaNu_CV��rÚU��ØCTF{<PWJLÙ.��60��YWH<Sp£�Y¢K�YWSF[�VaNWJ5_�YWH<Sp£¢J5P#YIVaN�NOH<J�[�S>w�V�NOK�SFM<Y®SFQ�NOH<J�M<J5T�æVaNWK!�UJ}�aVF[!{<J5Y�K!MBVF]<Y#SU[�{0NWJ}�<HCVaYWJF�|GIH0J7Y#SU{<M<_0K�M<TUY�SaQ¢]^SFNWH�_<Vp�>Y�VaN,å\X7_<J5M�PWJk�UJ5VF[\K�M<Y~N�VF]0K�[�K N��

���d� o/�"_gfL^�a k � _�pgh�o�m�a��`o�����^`m�m�^Nf`hi�B�go/h+m/m � o�h�� k ^N_gfih m � ��a/���$���-^No��-h o u v ���"_ � a/h m k ^!�`h��-h h�_��`�-m.h o/�ih pE�

Page 3: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

������������ ���������� ����� ��������� ������������ ���!� "#� $�

−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 150

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

� �� ������ ����

� ������� �������²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<º�� ��Æ!ÊWÂR¿�È�Å�½�É ¿�Á�Ê�ÄOÓÄ�ÑkÂsÄ�Ë7¾U½pÅWÂ,¿�Á7Æ!Ç��

ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�È�Å�½�É ÈaËgz

� � W Z �� � !"�# Y$%

�'&���]"h m)(+*B�

u v

u v

u v

u v

u v u vu vu vu v , t , u vu u

t

s

{

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºs¸ -\¿pÂR½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç.½pÓ�½�ÕpÄOÅ�½�ÈaÄ Ês¾�Ä�ÑkÂ�Å/.UÉ ¿�ÁÆ!Ç.ÂsÄOÅ�Á�Ä�Å�¿�È�Å�½pÉäÈaËgz

VFP#SU{<M<_`NWH<JLNWK�X7JLSaQÏ[�VF{0M<w�H¥VFM<_�VFYWwEJ5M�N�qs[�VF{<M<w�H¥V�N9ÚUÚ 82íUí ;LG>=It��0GIH<Jk��YWH0S�£ë[!S�£âPWJ5[�VaNOK �UJ�H�{.æX7K�_<K N��cV�N\H<K�TFH<J5P®[!JE�FJ5[�YE�\°�J5[�V�NOK!�FJ¡H�{<X7K�_<K NOK!J5Y®V�N\YW{<P~QsVFw5JI[!JE�FJ5[CVaN�NOH<JeNWK�X7JeSFQ;¬.¯�° VFw5±�{<K!YWK NOK�SFMVFP#J @ Ù�Q17�610��¢¬.SUX7J�K�Y#SU[�V�NOJ5_rY#H<Sp£¡JEPWY�VaPWJ,]<{<K![�_<K!M<T|{<�yVFPWSU{0M<_mNWH<J,NOK�X7J�SFQ�NOH<J�¬.¯9° VFw5±�{<K!YWK æNOK!SUM(�®Û�M¥NWH<J�{<�<�^J5PIP#K�TUH�NIwESUPWM0J5PISFQÏNWH<J�Sp�UJ5PWVF[�[�£¡J5VaNOH<JEPIPOVF_<VFPeK�XZVFTUJLYWH<Sp£¢J5P#YLVaPWJ�PWJ5VFw�H<K!M<T�VH<JEK�TUH�N�SaQuVF]�SF{0N 6`x�Xm�9GIH<JEYWJ�VFP#JcwE{<X}{<[!SUM<K�Xc]<{<Y�w5[�SF{<_<Y5���LSFNWJ�NOH<VaN�VaNLNOH<K!Y9_<K!Y#NOVFM<w5J�QRPWSUXNOH0J�PWVF_CVFPE�<NOH<J,[!S�£¢J5P��CVaP#Ncq~Ú,x�X�teSFQ�NOH0J�PWVFK�M0QsVa[�[^K�YISU]<Y#w5{<P#J5_¹_0{<J�NOS�NOH<J�å�VFP#NWH32�YLwE{<P#�aVaNW{<PWJa�GIH<JEPWJ�K�Y�V�Y#H<Sp£¡JEP,S��FJ5P�NOH0J|K�YW[�VFM<_�Ü¢SUPWx�{<Xm�(K�M¹NWH<J|M<SUP~NOH.æ�J�VFY~NOJEPWMB�CVFP~N�SFQ�NOH<J|K!X`VaTUJF��°�J5[ æVaNWK!�UJ7H�{<X7K�_<K NOK�JEY,VFPWJ @ Ù�Q�7�610���GIH<J7£�K�M<_�_<K�P#J5wkNOK�SFM�£¡VFY}VaPWSU{<M0_ èFíUí _<JETUPWJEJ5Yrq�¬<¬>« tk��GIH<K!Yw5SFPWPWJEYW�^SUM<_<Y�£�K!NWH¥NOH<J�NOH0J�SFPWK�JEM�N�VaNWK�SUM¥SFQ�NOH0J�M0J5T�VaNWK!�FJ��0HCVFYWJ��aVF[!{<J5Y�K�M¥NWH<J,K�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFXy�

5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4

52.9

53

53.1

53.2

53.3

53.4

53.5

53.6

53.7

53.8

Precipitation radar: 15−07−95 10:30 UTC (gd−1)

4 �ZWZ Y5 $

6 �`_gfi�Ta � p�h

���7( k o

v98 uv98 susu vs vu v`v

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<º�: ;`Ä�½pÂ�ÃUÄ�Å Å�½�Ë�½�Å׿�Á Ë�½�Ð z5Í z <9=?>@<}BADC

5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4

52.9

53

53.1

53.2

53.3

53.4

53.5

53.6

53.7

53.8

Precipitation radar: 16−07−95 10:30 UTC (gd−1)

4 �ZWZ Y5 $

6 �`_gfi�Ta � p�h

���7( k o

v 8 uv 8 susu vs vu viv

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºFE ;ZÄ�½�Â�ÃUÄOÅ Å�½�Ë�½�Å׿�Á�Ë�½�ÐHGpÍ z@<I=?>J<}KADC

¯eN,_CV�� è �(NWH<J�H<K�TFH�PWJ5Y#SU[�{.NOK�SFMML�Û~¬�æ�w�HCVFM<M<JE[�SFQONyJENWJ5SUYWVaN�YWH<Sp£�Y�Vr[!K�M<JcSFQ¡Y#H<Sp£¡JEPWY�Sp�UJ5P�NWH<JJ�VaY#N�SFQ^NOH<J���JENWH<J5P#[�VFM<_0Y5�5v#{<Y#NuVaY®NOH<J�¯PLRQ9°�° 8 VFM|SUP#T�VFM<K�R5J5_��CV�NWNOJEPWM�SFQ^YWH0S�£¢J5P#Y5�.w�VF{<Y#J5_7]���VNOP#SU{<TUH¥�<VFYWYWVFTUJF��GIH<J�£¢J�V�NOH<JEPIPOVF_CVaPeYWH<Sp£�YINOH0K�Ye[!K�M<JLSFQ�YWH<Sp£¢J5P#Y9VFY¢£¡JE[�[��.wEQ��0Ø<TU{<PWJ�Ù.� @ �BQLJ5P#JNOH0J`[�S>w�V�NOK�SFM<Y,SFQINOH<JZYWH<Sp£¢J5P#Y�VFPWJZK�_<JEM�NWK�w5VF[\NOSÒNWH<J`[!S.w5VaNOK!SUM<Y,SFQeNWH<J`H<K!TUH��^SUYWK NOK �UJZVF]<YWSF[�{0NWJ�<HCVaYWJZ�aVF[!{<J5Y�K�MBNOH<JZK�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFXm�¥GIH<J`Y#H<Sp£¡JEPWY|PWJ5VFw�H VmH<J5K!TUH�NcSFQIVF�<�<P#Spz.K!X`VaNWJ5[ � :Òx�Xy�

Page 4: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

$�� �� �;�U����� ����� ���F� "#��� ������Ï��R���R����#� ���GIH<J¢Y#�>M<SU�0NWK�w¢_CVaN�V�YWH<Sp£ w5{0X}{<[�SFM<K�X}]0{<YÏ£�K!NOH�w5[!SU{<_}]CVaYWJeV�N @FíFí X7JENOJEPWYE�®°�J5[�V�NOK!�FJ�H>{0XZK!_<K!NWK�J5YVaN�Y#{<P#QsVFwEJ�[!JE�FJ5[�VFP#J @Uè Q1: è 0¥�.£�K�M<_m_<K�P#J5wkNOK�SFM è O í Q è Ù í _<J5TFPWJ5JEY}q�¬>« tk�¬.{<P~QsVFw5J}NWJ5X7��JEPOVaNW{<PWJEY�£¡JEPWJ èFí�� = VaN�]^SFNWH�_<Vp�>YE�}¯ YWSU{.NOH�£¡JEY#NWJ5PW[ �¹­CSp£ SaQ¢�^SU[�VFP�VFK!P5�;£�H0K�w�H]^J5w�VaXZJ,{<M<Y~N�VF]0[�J�_<{<J,NOS�H<J5VaNOK!M<T�{<�rNOH<J,YW{0P#QsVFwEJF�Cw�Va{<YWJE_yNOH0J,NWH�{<M<_<JEPWY#NWSUPWX7Y5�GIH<J�wESUXZ�<VFPWK!YWSUMZSFQ�NOH<J�{0M�£�PWVF�<�^J5_rK�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFX VFM<_�NWH<J9£¢J�VaNWH<J5PIPWVF_CVFP¡K�XZVFTUJ�YW{<TUTFJ5Y#NWY�VY#NWPWSUM0TmwESUPWP#J5[�VaNOK!SUM¹]^JEN�£¢J5J5MBNOH0J�VF[�X7SUY#N9M<SUP~NOH.æ�YWSU{0NWHB]CVFM<_BSFQuYWH0S�£¢J5P#Y�Sp�FJ5P��,P#SUM<K!M<TUJ5M¹VFM<_NOH0J�JE[�SUM0T�VaNOJE_rY#NOP#{<wENW{<PWJEYLK!M¥NOH<J,K�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFXm�

¬�N�VaNWK�SUM � ;LG>= ��V�� ?ÏJE�FJ5[�Ú ?ÏJE�FJ5[ è?ÏJ5J5{�£¡VFPW_0J5M è�@Fí Ú íUíUí Ú O��):0�l=¡{;� @aíUí X O��):0�@¬>wF�ÏÚ�6 íFí Xå�JE[�_<J è : í Ú íUíUí Ú ê��):0�l=¡{;� 6UÙ í X Ù��):0�<¯LwF�@ê íFíUí X

?ÏJ5J5{�£¡VFPW_0J5M è�@Fí ÚUÚ íUí Ú @ �):0�l=¡{;� @aíUí Xå�JE[�_<J è : í ÚUÚ íUí Ú ê��):0�l=¡{;� 6UÙ í X

?ÏJ5J5{�£¡VFPW_0J5M è�@Fí Ú íUíUí è è �):0�l=¡{;� 6UÙ í Xå�JE[�_<J è : í Ú íUíUí è è �):0�l=¡];� @aíUí X ê��):0�l=¡{(�l: íUí X

?ÏJ5J5{�£¡VFPW_0J5M è�@Fí ÚUÚ íUí è è �):0�l=¡{;� 6UÙ í Xå�JE[�_<J è : í ÚUÚ íUí è è �):0�l=¡];� @aíUí X ê��):0�l=¡{(�l: íUí X

���� �·Ò¸<ºs» C;ÓÔ¿�.�Ë¥¿��OÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½�Â�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�È�Ë�z9= z����'<�����z�� �'<�� � z�������Ö A^Ã�Ä}¿��WÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�ÈpÆ�Õ�Ä�Â�ÃUÄ}½�É,¿�.UÇ>ÂI¿�ÁÑ�Ó�¿I.�Ë|Ñ#¿�Õ�Ä�Å���¿��5ÂR½��EͪÂ�ÃUÄ9Â�Ð#¾�Ä�¿�Á9Ñ�ÓÔ¿�.�Ë5Í�½�Ç.ËcÂ�ÃUÄ�Ñ�Ó�¿I.�Ë��~½5Ê�Ä�½� G}ÓÄOÕ�Ä�Ó�Ê�Ö

GIH<J�w5[�SF{<_ySF]<YWJEP#�aVaNOK!SUM<Y�K�MrN�VF]0[�JpÙ>�!Ú�w5SUM0YWK�Y~N9XZVFK!M<[!�`SFQ\w5{0X}{<[�{0Y9VFM0_Òw5{0X}{<[�SFM<K�X}]0{<YIw5[!SU{<_<YE�¯eN�NOH<J�ØCP#Y#N�_CV��U�CK!M¥NOH<J,X7SUPWM<K!M<T�VF[!YWS|YWSFXZJ,H<K!TUH<J5PIwE[�SU{0_<Ye£¡JEPWJ�SU]<Y#J5P#�FJ5_(�CEDGF�DIHED � ! f�g;ok Ôß�nkh�f�gGe£¢S}NOH�{<M<_<JEPWY~NOSUP#XZYE�CVFwENWK!�FJ9_<{<P#K�M<T�]�SaNOHr¬.¯9° Vaw5±�{<K�Y#K!NWK�SUM<YE�>VFPWJLPWJ5Y#��SFM<YWK!]<[�J�QRSUPuNWH<J5Y#J��<HCVFY#J_<JE[�V��>Y5�|GIH<J��^SUYWK NOK�SFM¹SFQuNOH<J�POVaK�M¹ØCJE[�_<Y�_<JkNOJEwENOJE_�]��¹NWH<J|£¡J5VaNOH<JEP,POVF_CVaP�w5SUK!M<w5K!_<J}�UJEP#�¹£¢J5[![£�K!NWH7NWH<J��<HCVFY#J9K�M0H<SUX7SUTUJ5M0J5K!NWK�JEY5��GIH<J5P#JEQRSUP#JLNOH0J�£¢J�VaNWH<J5P¢POVF_<VFP�SU]<YWJEP#�aVaNWK�SUM<Yuw�VaM`]^JL{<Y#J5_`NWS�<P#J5_<K!wEN¡NWH<J��<H<VFYWJ�K!M<H<SUX7SUTUJEM<J5K NOK!J5YuK�MZNWH<J�K!M�NWJ5P~QRJ5PWSFTUPOVFXm��{<��NOS�NOH<J�Y#K�TUMZ_<K!��J5P#J5M<wEJ�]^JEN�£¢J5J5MNOH0J,N�£¢S`¬.¯�°äVFwE±�{<K�Y#K!NOK!SUM<YE�

Page 5: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

������������ ���������� ����� ��������� ������������ ���!� "#� $��

�������"� �����������! "�$#�%& '�)(+*-,.%.*-,/#�01,/��23054��Û�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFX TU_ è £¡VFY�VFw5±�{<K!PWJE_�V�N�¯9{<TU{0Y#NuÚ�7�VFM<_ èFí ��Ú�7)7�Ù.��VaN�Ú í18 ê0Ú 8 Ù):$;�G>=×q�Ú è18 ê0Ú 8 Ù):$?.G�t��¬.¯9° QRPWVFX7JZM�{<X}]^J5P è Ù è 7.�råu°L¬�æOÚ`SUP#]<K!N è ÚBO0Ú í �ªåu°L¬�æ è SUP#]<K!NZÚ @ ê @ �¥GIH<J`�CVaPOVF[![�J5[\]<VFYWJE[�K�M0J£¡VFY¡ê @ Xm�UNOH<J��^J5P#��JEM<_<K�wE{<[�VaPu]<VFYWJE[�K�M0J ç :0Ú�Xm��A\HCVFY#J9{<M�£�POVa�<�<K�M0T�£¡VFYu��JEP#QRSUP#XZJE_7{0YWK�M0T�NWH<JX7K�M<K!X`VF[@wESUY#N�­CSp£ VF[!TUSUP#K!NOH0Xìq/=¡SUY#NOVFM�NOK!M<K��(ÚB7�7�6�t��CEDGF�DGF�DIH JLK npjkdNM��F¨sh�f�g0nGIH<J�K�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFX ØCTU{<P#J7Ù.�"7¥K!Y�PWJ5[�VaNOK �UJE[!�yw5[�J5VFM(��VF[ NOH<SF{<TUHBV��~NOP#SU{<TUH��mw5VFMB]�J�Y#J5J5MÀVaN�NWH<JPWK!TUH�N�HCVFM<_ZYWK!_<J�SFQ;NWH<JLK!X`VaTUJF��GIH<J9�0HCVFYWJ��aVFPWK�VaNOK!SUM<Y\VaPWJ�YW�CVaNWK�VF[![!��YWXZVF[�[���VFM<_7w�VaM`]^J�w�H<VFPOVFw�æNOJEPWK�R5J5_¹VFY��#Y~NOP#K�M<TUY�SFQ\�^J�VaPW[�Y�� 8 [!K�M<J5VaNOJE_¹VFM<_yQRPOV��UJE_ÒQRJ�VaNW{<PWJEY9£�H<K!w�HÒ�aVFP#�mPWJETU{<[�VFPW[ �¥K�Mm£�K�_<J�æM<JEYWY5�ZGIH<J7_<K�P#J5wENWK�SUM0Y�SFQ¢NWH<J7Y#NOP#K�M<TFY�VaPWJ�VF�<�0PWS�z.K�XZVaNOJE[!��ÚB6mVaM<_ 6UÙr_<JETUPWJEJ5YE�`GIH<J�SU]<Y#J5P~�UJ5_Y#NWPW{<wkNO{<P#J5Y�]^J5wESUX7JcYWSFXZJk£�HCVaNL[�VFP#TUJ5P�K�My_<K�VaXZJkNOJ5PI£�H<JEM¹QsVFP#NWH<J5P�QRPWSFX NOH<J�w5S�VFY~N��L��K�TF{<PWJ�Ù.��:K�YLNOH<J}P#J5Y#{<[!N�SaQuNWH<J}�<H<VFYWJ|{<M�£�PWVF�<�<K!M<T<��¬.SUX7J}SFQ\NWH<J��CPWK�Y#K�VFMyK�Y#[�VFM<_0Y9Y#NWK�[![ªHCV��FJ�V è� �<HCVFY#JYWH0K!Q�N®£�K NOH|PWJEYW�^J5wkNuNWS�NOH<JISaNOH<JEPWY5��w5VF{<YWJE_Z]���NOH<JI[!SUYWY\SFQ^wESUH<J5P#J5M�Nu�<HCVFY#JIw5SUM�NWK�M�{<K!N��cSp�UJ5P\£¡VaNOJEPVFP#J�VFYE�\��K�TF{<PWJeÙ.�!Ú í K!Y�NOH0JIH<K�Y~NOSUTUPWVFX S��FJ5P�V�PWJE�<PWJEYWJEM�NOVaNOK �UJ��CVFP~N�SFQ@NOH<JIK!X`VaTUJF��GIH<J�PWX7Y��aVF[�{0JK�YLÚU�2Ù�POVF_;�\��K�TF{<PWJ�Ù.�!ÚFÚ�YWH<Sp£�YeNWH<J9P#SFN�VaNWK�SUM<VF[�[ ��V��UJ5PWVFTUJE_¥YW�^J5wENWPW{<Xm�\GIH<J ç Ù�SFêc�^Sp£¡JEPe[�V�£ K!YPWSF{<TUH<[ �`QRSU[![�Sp£¡JE_rK�M�NOH0J�PWVFM<TUJEY�]�JkN�£¡JEJ5M í � êgQ^Ú,x�Xm�CVFM<_m]�JkN�£¡JEJ5M�Ú í Q è Ùcx�Xm�

U"VW XYZ[

\B]"^`_badce^N_gfih

jlk ^im.h$n o�^ipBq

resrdtr&uv

w uw tw s

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<º� y#Ç.ÂsÄOÅ�Á�Ä�Å�¿�È�Å�½pÉ È�Ë�G

�� � ����

��� �������P������

� �����O� ����������

!#"

! �

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<º%$ & �WÊ�¿�Ó .UÂsÄ�Æ�Ç>ÂsÄOÅ�Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É È�Ë�G

CEDGF�DGF�DGF ~ gC¨�jkd��^dOjk¨��F¨sh�f�g�CPWSUX NWH<JmPOVF_<K!SUYWSFM<_<J5YE�IY#NOVaNOK!SUM×å\X7_<J5M;�IK!N�QRSU[�[!Sp£�Y�NWHCVaNZ_CV��ëÚ¹VFM<_ è VFP#Jy]^SFNOH �UJEP#� _<P#�F�QLSp£¢JE�FJ5P5�.NOH<JEPWJ�K�Y�YWSFXZJ�w5[!SU{<_7w5Sp�UJEP¡SUM7_CV�� è VaNu[�Sp£â[!JE�UJE[�YE�®GIH<J�Y#�>M<SU�0NWK�w�_CVaNOV,Y#H<Sp£¡JE_�NOHCV�NK!N9£eVFY��FJ5P~��£eVFP#Xì]^SFNOHB_CV��>Y7q�Va]�Sp�UJ è ê � =Itk�(Û�M���K�J5{�£ Ü¡J5JEP#NOVmK N9£¡VFY è 7 � = VaN�ÚUÚ 8 íUí ;�G>=9�GIH<JEPWJ}£¡VFY,VF[�X7SUY~N9M<S¥wE[�SU{0_�w5Sp�UJEP5��VaN�_<Vp�ÀÚ|SUM<[ �¹VZ[�K!N#NO[!J�wEK�PWP#{<Y�q�Ú��):�t�VaN @ x�Xm�;£�H<K�w�H�w5VFM]^JcM<JETU[�JEwENOJE_(�9¯eN9_CV�� è NOH<JEPWJ}XZV��mHCV��UJ}]^J5JEM�YWSUX7J�[!Sp£ w5[�SF{<_<Y9K!MyNWH<J�£¢J5Y~NOJ5P#MB�CVFP#N9SFQ®NWH<JNOJEY#N9YWK!NWJ�qRY#NOVaNOK!SUM ?ÏJ5JE{�£eVFP#_<J5MCt 8 ê��):�w5{<Xc{<[�{<Y9VaN�Ù íUí Xy�('�M¹_CV���Ú}V�£¡J5VFx¥£�K�M<_Ò]<[�Jk£äJ�VFY~NNOSmM<SUP~NOH.æ�J�VFY~N¥q í 7 í æ í 6 í tL£�H0K�[�J�SUM�_CV�� è K N,NO{<P#M<J5_�NOSÒM0SUP#NWH(�ªM0SUP#NWH.æ�M<SFP#NOH0J�VFY~N¥qsê�Ù í æ í O í tk�GIH<JEYWJ�_<K�P#J5wENWK�SUM0YIw5SUP#PWJ5Y#��SFM<_ÒP#SU{<TUH<[ �`£�K NOH¥NOH<J,_<K!PWJEwENOK!SUM<YISU]0YWJ5P~�UJE_ÒK�M¥NWH<J,K�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFXy�GIH<J}PWVF_<K!SUYWSUM0_<Jc_CV�N�V¹qR_CV���Úpt�w5SFM0ØCPWX7Y�VZY#NOP#SUM<T�Y#{<]<Y#K�_<JEM<w5J|K!M��FJ5P#YWK�SFM�VaN èFèFíUí Xm��¯eN�H<K!TUH[�Jk�UJE[�Y�K�MBNOH<J�NOP#SU��SFYW�<H<JEPWJZK!N,K�Y�POV�NOH<JEP�_0P#�U�¥GIH0J5PWJZK�Y�Vyw�H<VFM<TUJ7K�MB£�K�M<_À_<K�P#J5wkNOK�SFM�SaQL6 í Q @aí_<JETUPWJEJ5Y�v#{<Y~Ne]^J5[!S�£ëVaM<_�VF]^Sp�UJ9NWH<J9K!M��UJ5P#YWK!SUM(�\GIH<JLH<K�TUH0J5Y#N¡PWJE[�VaNWK!�UJ�H�{<X7K�_<K N���K�Y�QRSU{<M<_¥V�N¢NWH<JK�M��FJ5PWY#K�SUMm]CVFY#JF�<£�H<JEPWJ�K!NIP#J�VFw�H0J5Y @ ê10��

Page 6: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

$�� �� �;�U����� ����� ���F� "#��� ��������R���R����#� ���

−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 150

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

� �� ������ ����

� ������� �������²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºs»�� ��Æ ÊOÂR¿�ÈpÅ�½�É Æ�Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�É�Ä�Â�ÅWÆ�Ñ�¾>ÃU½5Ê�Ä

Æ�Ç>ÂsÄOÅ�Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É È�Ë�G

�� W Z �� � !"�# Y$%

�'&���]"h m)(+*B�

u v

u v

u v

u v

u v u vu vu vu v , t , u vu u

t

s

{

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºs»<» -�¿pÂR½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç.½�Ó�Ó Ð ½�Õ�Ä�Å�½�ÈFÄ�Ë×Ês¾�Ä�ÑkÂ�Å/.UÉÆ�Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É ÈaË�G

GIH<J`£¢J�V�NOH<JEP}POVF_<VFP�_0K�_�M0SFN}Y#H<Sp£áVaM���PWVFK�MÀK�MÀNWH<JZNWJ5Y~N�VFPWJ5V0� QLSp£¢JE�UJEP5�uVaN`Ú í98 Ú�Ù ;�G>=9�ªK NY#NWK�[![�Y#H<Sp£¡JE_ÒYWSFXZJ�Y#K�TUM<VF[;J5VFY#N�SFQ�NWH<J,��SU[�[�VFPW_;�>_0{<J�NOS�V}Y#{<P#QsVFwEJ,K�M��UJEPWYWK!SUM(�\GIH<K!YIK�YeK!M`QsVFwkN�VFMVFP~NOK!QsVawENISFQ�NOH0J�PWVFK�Mr_<JkNOJEwENOK!SUMrw�VF�<VF]<K�[!K!NWK�J5Y¢SFQ�NWH<J,�<PWJEw5K!�<K!NOVaNOK!SUM�POVa_CVFP5�¯PLRQ9°�° YWH<Sp£¢J5_�M<SZw5[�SF{<_<Y�V�N9_CV���ÚU��VFM<_yYWSUX7J��aVFTU{0J�wEK�PWP#{<Y�V�N9_CV�� è ��¯9[!YWS7NOH<J NyJENWJ5SUYWVaNÛ�° w�HCVaM<M<J5[�_<K!_rM<SFN�PWJk�UJ�Va[ªVaM���NWH<K�M<T�K!MmSF{<PeNOJEY#N9VFPWJ5V0�GIH<JZY#�>M<SU�0NWK�w7_CVaNOVmP#JE�UJ5VF[�JE_�VmM<SUP#NWH.æ�J5VFY#NWJ5P#MÀ£�K�M0_�VaN�_CV�� ÚZVFM<_�X7SUP#J7M0SUP#NWH<J5P#MÀ£�K�M0_<YcV�N_CV�� è ��GIH<K!Y®YWJEJ5X7Y®NOS�w5SFPWPWJE[�VaNWJ¡£�K!NWH}NOH<J¡_<K�P#J5wENWK�SUM0Y®K�McNWH<JIK�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFXm�ªGIH0J5PWJIK!Y®M<SFN®X}{<w�HYW�<VaNOK�VF[;�aVFPWK�VaNOK!SUM�K!MrNWH<J,PWJE[�VaNWK!�UJ�H�{<X7K�_0K!N��U�?ÏS.SFx>K!M<T,QRSUP#£¡VFPW_7K�M7NOK!XZJeNWS�_CV��Zê�£¢J�YWJ5J�NOHCV�N¡X7SUK�Y~NO{<P#J�K�Y\NOPWVFM<YW�^SUP~NOJ5_ZK�M�NOS,NOH0J�VFP#J�V,]���NWH<J£�K�M0_BNW{<PWM0K�M<T�QRP#SUX J5VFY#N ��M<SUP#NWH.æ�J5VFY#N�NWSrM<SUP#NWH(�cGIH0K�Y��<P#SU]CVF]<[ �¹wESUPWP#J5[�V�NOJ5YL£�K!NOH�NWH<J|TUJ5M0J5POVa[VF�<�^J�VaPOVFM<wEJ,SFQªNWH<J,K�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFXáK!M¥£�H<K�w�HrNOH<J,wES�VFY#NOVF[�VFP#J�V|YWJEJ5X7YLK!M��aVF_0J5_r]��rH>{0XZK!_<K!N��F�

¬>N�V�NOK�SFM � ;LG>= ��V�� ?ÏJE�FJ5[�Ú ?ÏJE�UJE[ è?ÏJ5JE{�£¡VFP#_<J5M è�@Fí Ú íUíFí Úå\J5[�_0J è : í Ú íUíFí Ú

?ÏJ5JE{�£¡VFP#_<J5M è�@Fí ÚUÚ íFí Úå\J5[�_0J è : í ÚUÚ íFí Ú Ú��):0��=¡K���6�6 íUí X

?ÏJ5JE{�£¡VFP#_<J5M è�@Fí Ú íUíFí è Ú��):0�l=¡{;�^Ù íUí X ê��):0�l=¡K���:Uê íUí Xå\J5[�_0J è : í Ú íUíFí è è �):0��=¡K���:Uê íUí X

?ÏJ5JE{�£¡VFP#_<J5M è�@Fí ÚUÚ íFí è O��):0��=¡K���:Uê íUí Xå\J5[�_0J è : í ÚUÚ íFí è è �):0��=¡K���:Uê íUí X

���� �·Ò¸<ºGx C;ÓÔ¿�.�Ë¥¿��OÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½�Â�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�È�ËIG@= z����'<�� � GJ< �'<��I� z�������Ö A^Ã�Ä}¿��WÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�ÈpÆ�Õ�Ä�Â�ÃUÄ}½�É,¿�.UÇ>ÂI¿�ÁÑ�Ó�¿I.�Ë|Ñ#¿�Õ�Ä�Å���¿��5ÂR½��EͪÂ�ÃUÄ9Â�Ð#¾�Ä�¿�Á9Ñ�ÓÔ¿�.�Ë5Í�½�Ç.ËcÂ�ÃUÄ�Ñ�Ó�¿I.�Ë��~½5Ê�Ä�½� G}ÓÄOÕ�Ä�Ó�Ê�Ö

CEDGF�DGF�D � ! f�g;ok Ôß�nkh�f�g0nA\HCVFY#J��aVFPWK�VaNOK!SUMrK�Y�YWXZVF[�[ÏSp�FJ5P9X7SUY~N9SFQªNOH<JcVFPWJ5V0��¬.K!M<w5J,NOH<J�SU]<Y#J5P#�FJ5_�_<K!PWJEwENOK!SUM<Y�w5SUP#PWJEYW�^SUM<_£�K!NWHyNWH<J��0PWJE�aVFK![�K!M<T|£�K�M<_<YE��K N�K�Y�Jkz.��JEwENWJ5_¹NOSZ]�J�w�Va{<YWJE_¹]��mNWPOVFM0YW�^SUP#NLSFQ\X7SUK�Y~NO{<P#J�QRPWSUX NWH<JM<SUP~NOH(�ªGIH<JI_<K!Y#NOP#K�]<{.NOK�SFM}VFM<_|Y#KGREJeSFQ@NOH<J¡�<HCVFY#JI_<K�Y~NO{<P#]CVFM<wEJ5Y\K�M0_<K�w5VaNOJ¡VLNOPWVFM<YWK NOK!SUMcQRPWSFX X7SUP#J[�VaXZK!MCVFP¢­<S�£ K�M¥NOH0J�M0SUP#NWHrNWSZX7SUP#J9NO{<P#]<{<[!J5M�N�­CSp£ K�M¥NWH<J,YWSU{0NWHySaQªNWH<J�VFPWJ5V0�

Page 7: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

������������ ���������� ����� ��������� ������������ ���!� "#� $��

��������� �����������! "�$#�%& '�)(+*-,.%.*-,/#�01,/��23054��Û�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFX TU_<êI£¡VFY�VFwE±�{<K�P#J5_�VaN���J5wEJ5X}]^J5P è VaM<_�ê0��Ú�7�7�Ù.��V�N\Ú í98 ê0Ú 8 Ù)6$;LG>= q~ÚFÚ 8 ê.Ú 8 Ù-6$?.G�tk�¬.¯9° QRPWVFX7JZM�{<X}]^J5P è Ù è 7.�råu°L¬�æOÚ`SUP#]<K!N èUè 7.Úpê0�ªåu°L¬�æ è SUP#]<K!Ncê è O í �¥GIH<J`�CVaPOVF[![�J5[\]<VFYWJE[�K�M0J£¡VFYcÚ @ Xy�<NWH<Jc�^J5P#��JEM<_<K!w5{<[�VFP�]CVFYWJE[�K!M<J O)OZXm�$A\HCVFY#Jc{<M�£�POVa�<�<K�M0T`£eVaY9�^J5P#QRSFPWX7J5_m{<YWK!M<TZNWH<JX7K�M<K!X`VF[aw5SUY~N�­CSp£ VF[!TUSUPWK NOH<X q�=¡SUY~N�VFM�NWK�M<K��>ÚB7�7�6�t��ªGIH<J¡å�°9¬�æOÚI¬.¯9° H<VF_�Ú è :�X7K�YWY#K�M<TLV)REK�X}{0NWH[�K!M<J5YE�CEDGF�D �5DIH JLK npjkdNM��F¨sh�f�g0nGIH<J�K�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFX ØCTU{<P#J7Ù.� Úpê¥HCVFY,V�Y#NWPWK!x>K!M<T��~£¡V��UJkæ�[�K!xFJ��¥QRJ5VaNO{<P#J�K�M¹NOH0J|[�Sp£¡JEP�[�JkQ�N�YWK!_<J|SFQNOH0J�K�XZVFTUJF�ªGIH<J,PWJEX`VFK!M<K�M0Tc�CVFP~NOY�VFP#J�PWJE[�VaNWK!�UJE[!�7w5[!J�VFM;�\GIH<J,H<SUPWK�R5SUM�NOVF[;[!K�M<JLK�M�NOH0J�XZK!_<_<[�JLSFQNOH0J�K!X`VaTUJeK�Y�VaM`VFP~NOK QsVFwEN5�U��SFYWYWK!]<[!�cw�VF{0YWJ5_Z]���K�M<wESUPWP#J5wEN�NWPWJ�V�NOK�M0T�SFQ(V,M�{<X}]^J5P�SFQ�XZK!YWY#K�M<T�[!K�M<JEYK�M¥NWH<J�SFPWK�TFK�MCVF[(¬.¯�° _<VaN�V0�¢��K!TU{<PWJ�Ù>�!Ú è P#J5YW{0[!NOY�QRPWSFXá�<HCVaYWJc{0M�£�PWVF�<�<K!M<T<�¢��K�TF{<PWJ�Ù.� ÚBO�K�YINWH<JH<K!Y#NOSFTUPOVFX Sp�UJEP,V�PWJE�<PWJEYWJ5M�NOVaNOK �UJ��CVFP~N�SFQ�NOH0J}K�XZVFTUJa��GIH<J|YW{0��JEPW�^SUYWK NOK�SFM¹SFQ\NOH0PWJ5J7�,VF{<Y#YWK�VFMw5{0P#�UJEY�K�Y��<PWSU]<VF]<[!�Àw�Va{<YWJE_ ]��ÀNOH<J`YWK�M0Jkæ�£¡V��UJ¥K!MÀNOH0J�[�Sp£¢J5P}[!JEQ�N�SFQINOH<J`K�XZVFTUJF�Ò��K�TF{<PWJ`Ù.� Ú�ÙK�Y�NOH<J¥P#SFN�VaNWK�SUM<VF[�[ ��Vp�FJ5PWVFTUJ5_ YW�^J5wkNOP#{<Xy�\QRSU[![�Sp£�K�M0TyNOH0J ç Ù�SFê¹wE{<P#�FJr]�JkN�£¡JEJ5MâêBVFM0_ O í x>X£¡Vp�FJ5[!J5M<TFNWH<Y5�

U VW XYZ[

\B]"^`_badce^N_gfih

jlk ^im.h$n o�^ipBq

resrdtr&uv

w uw tw s

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºs»5x y#Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�È�Å�½�É ÈaËI>

U VW XYZ[

\B]�^N_baece^N_gfih

jlk ^im.h�n o�^ipBq

rdt

w tv

r �

w �w��

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºs»1| };Ç�ÎÏÅ�½#¾�¾�Ä~Ë|Æ�Ç>ÂsÄOÅ�Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É È�Ë9>

CEDGF�D �5DGF ~ gC¨�jkd��^dOjk¨��F¨sh�f�gGIH<JmXZSFY#N7�<PWSFXZK!M<J5M�N|QRJ�V�NO{<P#JyK!M�NWH<K�Y�K!M�NWJ5P~QRJ5PWSFTUPOVFX K�Y}�>K�Y#K�]<[!J¥K�M�NOH<Jm[�Sp£¢J5P�[�JkQ�N�w5SUP#M<J5P7SFQNOH0JcYWwEJ5M<Ja��«�J�HCV��UJ}[�VF]^J5[�JE_yNWH<K�Y�QRJ�VaNW{<PWJ�NOH<J �#_<SUT�J5VFP �0�LGIH<JEPWJ}K!Y�V`�^SUY#YWK�]0K�[�K N��`NWHCVaN9NWH<K�Y9V�<P#S.wEJ5YWY#SUP,VFP~NOK!QsVawEN��^H<Sp£¢JE�UJEP5�ª¬.¯9° �<P#S.wEJ5YWY#K�M<T�£�K NOH�VaM¹K�M<_0J5�^J5M<_<JEM�N�¬.¯�° �<PWS>w5JEYWYWSFP7q�� ?�°IæÜI¬.¯9°9t(�>K�JE[�_<JE_�NWH<J¢YWVFX7JuJEPWP#SUPeq�¬.w�H��VaN#NO[!J5P5��ÚB7�7 @ t�����K �;JEPWJ5M�N�NOJEY#NWY�£�K NOHcSaNOH<JEPªVa�<�<PWS�z.K�XZVaNWK�SUM<YSFQ@NOH0JePWJkQRJ5PWJEM<w5J��<H<VFYWJa�.VaM<_|{<YWK!M<T�K�M0_<J5�^J5M<_0J5M�N��<PWJEw5K!YWJISUP#]<K!NWY�q���å ',¬<tª_<K!_|M<SFN\JE[�K!XZK!MCVaNOJ\NWH<JJE��J5wkN¡JEK!NWH<J5PE�®GIH<J�PWJ5XZVFK!M<K�M<T9�CVFP#NuSFQ^NOH0JLK!M�NWJ5P~QRJ5PWSFTUPOVFX YWJEJ5X7YuNWS�HCV��FJ�QRJk£â�<HCVaYWJ��FVaPWK�V�NOK�SFM<Y5�¬.K!M<w5J�NOH0J �#_0SUTZJ5VFP �7HCVFY�V�M<J5TUVaNOK �UJ,YWK!TUM(�<NOH0J�w5VF{<YWJ�SFQªNOH<J,JE��J5wkN9K!Y�Jkz.��JEwENWJ5_¹K!MmNWH<J,YWJ5wESUM<_¬.¯9° VFwE±�{<K�Y#K!NOK!SUM(�@VaN9��J5wEJ5X}]^J5P9ê0��Ü¡SFNWHÒ¯PLRQ9°�° VFM<_ NmJENOJESUYOV�N7qRØCTF{<PWJcÙ.� Ú�6�tIYWH<Sp£ VaN�NOH<K!Y_CV���[�Sp£ wE[�SU{<_�Y#NOP#{<wENW{<PWJEY}K�M�NOH<JZYOVFX7J7_<K�P#J5wENWK�SUM�VFY,NOH<JZ_<SUT¹J5VFP5�r¯9wEw5SUP#_<K�M0TÒNOSmNOH<JZw5[�SF{<_SU]<Y#J5P~�FV�NOK�SFM<YLÙ.�2ê}NWH<J,w5[�SF{<_¥N��.�^J,K�YIY~NOPOV�NOS>w5{<X}{0[�{<YE�GIH<J�£¡J5VaNOH<JEP9PWVF_CVFP�YWH0S�£�YLM<SFNWH<K�M<TZVaNLVF[![ 8 M<S7POVFK!M(�e�CPWSFX NyJENWJ5SUYWVaN9£¢Jc[!J�VFP#MmNWHCVaNLVaN�_CV���ÚNOH0J5PWJ�£¡VFYcV��~QRP#SUM�N�VF[ � R5SUM<J|NWHCVaN�K�Y,]^J5K�M0Tm�0{<YWH<JE_�]CVaw�xBVaN�_CV�� è ��¯9]^S��FJ7NWH<JZ�LJENWH<J5P#[�VFM0_<Y

Page 8: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

�� �� �;�U����� ����� ���F� "#��� ��������R���R����#� ���

−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 150

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

������ Y�$ ��$%

jlk ^im.h$n o�^ipBq²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºs»@� ��Æ ÊOÂR¿�ÈpÅ�½�É ¿�Á`É,½���¿�Å�¾U½�ÅOÂ�¿�Á`Æ!Ç��

ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É È�Ë9>

�� W Z �� � !"�# Y$%

�'&���]"h m)(+*B�

u v

u v

u v

u v

u v u vu vu vu v , t , u vu u

t

s

{

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºs»<¸ -�¿pÂR½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç.½�Ó�Ó Ð ½�Õ�Ä�Å�½�ÈFÄ�Ë×Ês¾�Ä�ÑkÂ�Å/.UÉ¿�Á�Æ!Ç.ÂsÄOÅ�Á�Ä�Å�¿�È�Å�½pÉ È�ËI>

NOH0J5PWJcVFPWJ�YWJk�UJEPOVF[ª±>{<VFYWKæ�Y#NOVaNOK!SUMCVFP~�`QRP#SUM�NOY 8 VaNLNWH<J�]�SU{0M<_CVFP~�y]^JEN�£¢J5JEM¹£eVaPWX VFK�PIK!M�¬>«âæ��CVFP~NVFM<_mw5SF[�_mVFK�P¡K�Mm�9å�æ��<VFP#N�SFQ�NOH0J���JENWH<J5P#[�VFM<_0Y5�GIH<J�Y~�.M0SU�0NOK!w�_CVaNOV�YWH<Sp£ NOHCV�N¥K!NZ£eVFY¥wESU[�_;�LVaPWSU{<M0_âNOH<J¹QRP#J5JbREK�M<T [!JE�FJ5[�� GIH<JEPWJ�K!Y�V�H<K!TUHPWJE[�VaNWK!�FJ�H�{<X7K�_<K N��U�CNOH0J5PWJkQRSUPWJ�NOH<JcVFK�P�K�Y��UJEP#�yXZSUK!Y#N5�^JEYW�^J5wEK�VF[![!�rK�MmNOH<J}¬>«âæ��<VFP#N9K�MÒ[!Sp£ä[�Jk�UJ5[!Yq í Q^Ú íUíUí X�t¡Va[�X7SUY#N�Ú íUí 0 °7Q���¯L[�[(Y~N�VaNWK�SUM<Y�K!MrNWH<J�NOJEY#NLVFPWJ5V7P#J5�^SUP#N�X7K�Y~N���£¢J�VaNWH<J5P 8 P#J5_<{<wEJ5_�>K�Y#K�]<K![�K!N��7]^JEN�£¢J5JEM è �2Ù�Q.ê0� @ x�Xy�\¯eN�_CV���Ú,K!NI£¡VFYINOSaN�VF[![!�Zw5[�SF{<_<J5_;�uGIH0J5PWJ�£¡VFY�Y#NOPWVaNOS>w5{0X}{<[�{0Y£�K!NWH�]CVFYWJyVaN O íFí Xm� GIH<JrPOVa_<K�SUY#SUM<_<JrSFQ9��JrÜ¡K![!NmqR_CV��ãÚ�t}YWH<Sp£�Y��UJEP#��_<JEM<YWJmw5[!SU{<_�[�V��UJEP]^JEN�£¢J5J5M�Ù í Q^Ú íFíUí Xy��Û�MmNWH<J�¬>«âæ��CVaP#N�SFQ�NOH<J,SU]<Y#J5P~�UJ5_ÒVFPWJ5V7�<VFP#N�SFQ�NOH0K�YI[�Sp£ w5[!SU{<_<K!M<J5Y#Y�w5VFM]^J��0PWJ5Y#J5M�N¡VaNu_CV��¥ÚU�\��SFNOJINOH<VaN¢� '�¯L¯9Y�¯PLRQ9°�°â_<S>J5Y�M<SFNuY#J5J�NOH<K!Y5��YWK!M<w5J�K!N®K�Y�H<K�_0_<J5M7{<M<_<JEPw5K!PWP#{<Y\w5[!SU{<_<YE�U£�K!NOH}NWSU�<Y�VF]^Sp�UJL:�x�Xm�®¯9[!YWS<�FNWH<J�VFX7SU{<M�N\SFQ^Y#SU[�VFPª­C{.z|K!Y®[�Sp£,��K!M<_<K�w5VaNOK!M<TLNWH<K�w�xw5[!SU{<_¥wES��FJ5PE�u¯eNe_CV�� è NOH0J�YWSU[�VFP¢­<{.z¥K!YeH<K�TFH<J5PE�.£�H<K!w�H¥K�M<_<K!w�VaNWJ5Ye[!J5Y#Y¡NOH<K!w�xZwE[�SU{0_¥w5Sp�UJEP5�uGIH<JYWSF[�VFP\­C{.zZK!Y5��H<Sp£¡Jk�UJEP5�CX7SUPWJI�aVFPWK�VF]<[!JIS��FJ5PuNOH<J9VFPWJ5V0�>£�H0K�w�H`K!M<_<K!w�VaNWJ5YuK�M<H<SFXZSUTFJ5M<JEK!NOK!J5Y\K!M7NWH<Jw5[!SU{<_mNOH<K!w�x>M0J5YWYE��¬��.M0SU�<Y~æ�Y#NOVaNOK!SUMBå\J5[�_0JF�^PWJ5�^SUP~NOY è �):�w5{<X}{0[�{<YLVaN9VF]�SF{0N�O íUí X £�K NOHmH<SU[�JEYLK!MNOH0J�wESp�UJ5PE�¢GIH0J,£�K!M<_yVaN�]�SaNOHr_CV��>Y�£¡VFYL墬.åäq/7 í æ�Ú íUí _0J5TUP#J5J5YOtk�

¬�N�VaNWK�SUM � ;LG>= ��V�� ?ÏJE�FJ5[�Ú ?�Jk�UJE[ è ?�Jk�UJE[ªê?ÏJ5J5{�£¡VFPW_0J5M è�@Fí Ú íUíUí Ú è �-:0�@¬>N5� èFíUí X :��):.�@¬>N��@ê íUí X

å�JE[�_<J è : í Ú íUíUí Ú ê��-:0�@¬>N5�ÏÚ�Ù í X Ù��):.�@¬>N�� èaíUí X :��):.�@¬>N��@ê íUí X?ÏJ5J5{�£¡VFPW_0J5M è�@Fí ÚUÚ íUí Ú Ú��-:0�@¬>N5� èFíUí X :��):.�@¬>N��@ê íUí X

å�JE[�_<J è : í ÚUÚ íUí Ú ê��-:0�@¬>N5�ÏÚ íUí X Ù��):.�@¬>N�� èaíUí X :��):.�@¬>N�� è Ù í X?ÏJ5J5{�£¡VFPW_0J5M è�@Fí Ú íUíUí è ê��):0�C¬.wF�^Ù íFí X :��):0�C¬>wF� 6 íUí X

å�JE[�_<J è : í Ú íUíUí è Ù��):0�C¬.wF�@ê�Ù í X?ÏJ5J5{�£¡VFPW_0J5M è�@Fí ÚUÚ íUí è è �):0�C¬.wF�l6�Ù í X :��):0�C¬>wF� : íUí X

å�JE[�_<J è : í ÚUÚ íUí è ê��):0�l=¡{(��O íUí X���� �·Ò¸<ºI| C;ÓÔ¿�.�Ë¥¿��OÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½�Â�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�È�Ë9> = < G9� z�G � <�>I� z�G9� z�������Ö A^Ã�Ä}¿��WÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�ÈpÆ�Õ�Ä�Â�ÃUÄ}½�É,¿�.UÇ>ÂI¿�Á

Ñ�Ó�¿I.�Ë|Ñ#¿�Õ�Ä�Å���¿��5ÂR½��EͪÂ�ÃUÄ9Â�Ð#¾�Ä�¿�Á9Ñ�ÓÔ¿�.�Ë5Í�½�Ç.ËcÂ�ÃUÄ�Ñ�Ó�¿I.�Ë��~½5Ê�Ä�½� >cÓÄOÕ�Ä�Ó�Ê�Ö

Page 9: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

������������ ���������� ����� ��������� ������������ ���!� "#� ��

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºs» : �^Æ Ê .�½�Ó<Æ!É,½�ÈFÄ¢¼yÄ�ÂsÄ�¿�ÊO½pÂ�Í <�>9��z�G ������Í�z <I= >@< }KADC�Í^È�Ë9>�Ö A^ÃUÄ��LÄ�Â�ÃUÄOÅWÓ�½pÇ.Ë5Ê�½�Å�Ä�ÓÔ¿�Ñ#½pÂsÄ�ËÆ�Ç¥Â�ÃUÄ�Ñ#Ä�Ç>ÂsÄOÅL¿�Á�Â�ÃUÄLÆ!É,½�ÈFÄ�ÖB-�Ä�Á�Ä�Å�ÂR¿���È9.FÅ�Ä ��ÖGzI>���½pÂ@¾U½�ÈFÄ�zgzI>eÁ�¿�ÅL¿�ÅWÆRÄOÇ>ÂR½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç.Ö

CEDGF�D �5D � ! f�g;ok Ôß�nkh�f�g0n¬.K!M<w5J7NOH<J �#_<SUT¹J5VFP �ÒHCVFY}VyM<J5T�V�NOK!�FJ`Y#K�TUM(�ª[�S>w�VF[!KGREJ5_�_<J5[�Vp��w�HCVaM<TUJ5Y}VaNcNWH<J`Y#J5w5SFM<_ VFw5±�{<K!YWK æNOK!SUM�w�Va{<YWJ�NOH<K!Y�JE��J5wkN��7GIH<J�w5SUX}]0K�MCVaNWK�SUMÒSFQ¡NWH<J|YOVaNWJ5[![�K!NWJ}SU]<Y#J5P~�FV�NOK�SFM<Y�QRPWSUX NyJENWJ5SUYWVaN�VFM<_� '�¯9¯ë£�K!NOH�NOH0J9XZVFM�{CVF[@w5[!SU{<_7SU]<YWJEP#�aVaNWK�SUM<Y¡VFM<_ZPOVF_<K�VaNOK!SUM|­C{.zZX7J�VFY#{<PWJEXZJEM�NWY¡Y#H<Sp£ëV�M<SUM>æ{<M<K QRSUPWX wE[�SU{<_`w5Sp�UJEP5��GIH<J�JE��J5wkNIK�Y¢NOH<JEPWJEQRSFPWJ��<P#SU]CVF]0[!�7w�VF{0YWJ5_r]��`V}[�S>w�VF[!KGR5JE_ZwE[�SU{0_�]CVFM<_¥K!MM<SUP~NOH�£¢J5Y#N�Q>YWSF{0NOH<J5VFY#N9_<K�P#J5wkNOK�SFM(�

Page 10: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

�� �� �;�U����� ����� ���F� "#��� ��������R���R����#� ���

��������� �����������! "�$#�%& '�)(+*-,.%.*-,/#�01,/��23054��Û�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFX TU_�O9£¡VFY\VFwE±�{<K�P#J5_|VaNDNÒVFP#w�H¥Ú�69VaM<_�Ú @ �.Ú�7�7�6.�UVaN¢Ú í98 ê0Ú 8 OE6�;�G>= q~ÚUÚ 8 ê0Ú 8 OE6>?.G�t��¬.¯9° QRPWVFX7JZM�{<X}]^J5P è Ù è 7.�råu°L¬�æOÚ`SUP#]<K!N è O�O0Ú�60�ªåu°L¬�æ è SUP#]<K!N O @ O�ê.�¥GIH<J`�CVaPOVF[![�J5[\]<VFYWJE[�K�M0J£¡VFYLÚB6�Xm�UNOH<J��^J5P#��JEM<_<K�wE{<[�VaPu]<VFYWJE[�K�M0J ç Ú�:,Xm��A\HCVFY#J9{<M�£�POVa�<�<K�M0T�£¡VFYu��JEP#QRSUP#XZJE_7{0YWK�M0T�NWH<JX7K�M<K!X`VF[@wESUY#N�­CSp£ VF[!TUSUP#K!NOH0Xìq/=¡SUY#NOVFM�NOK!M<K��(ÚB7�7�6�t��CEDGF�D�� DIH JLK npjkdNM��F¨sh�f�g0nGIH<JyK�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFX qRØ<TU{<PWJÒÙ.� Ú @ tcJ�z0H0K�]<K NOY7X`VFM�� Y#X`Va[�[e£¡Vp�FJ5Y�K!M �aVFP~�>K�M<T�_<K�P#J5wkNOK�SFM<Y5� GIH<J{<M�£�POVa�<��JE_BK�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFXy�@NOH0J�VF]<YWSF[�{0NWJc�<HCVaYWJF�ÏK!Y9Y#H<Sp£�MÀK!MÒØCTU{<P#J�Ù.� Ú�:0��Ge£¢Sr�CVFP#NWY�SFQ\NWH<JVF]<Y#SU[�{.NOJ|�<HCVaYWJ7VFPWJ�J�z.NWPOVFwkNOJE_�QRP#SUX NWH<K�Y�K!X`VFTFJF�ÏVFM0_ÀVaMCVF[!��REJ5_�{<YWK!M<T¥NOH<J�°�VF_<SUM�NWPOVFM<Y~QRSUPWXqRØ<TU{<PWJEY�Ù.� Ú�7¥VFM<_ÀÙ.� èFí t�� AªVFP#N,¯ K!Y9NOH<J|[�VFPWTFJcYW±�{CVaPWJF���CVaP#N�Ü NOH0J7Y#X`Va[�[�JEPLSFM<JF�c�@P#SUX NOH<JEYWJNOPWVFM<Y~QRSUPWX7Y5�9NWH<JB_<SUX7K�MCVaM�Nr_0K�PWJEwENWK�SUM<Y¥SaQ<O<Ú�VFM<_ O�Ù�_<J5TFPWJ5JEY5�,w5SF{<M�NOJ5P#w5[!S.w�x�£�K�Y#J�QRP#SUX NWH<J�^SUYWK NOK!�FJ|V)REK�X}{0NWH�V�z.K�YE�(w�VaM�]�J}QRSU{0M<_¹QRSUP9�<VFP#N�¯ VaM<_BÜ PWJEYW�^J5wENWK!�FJ5[!�F��«�V��UJE[�J5M0TFNOH<Y�VFP#J è �TOVFM<_Òê0�2Ù�x�X PWJEYW�^J5wkNOK!�FJ5[ �U�IGIH<J,£eV��FJ5Y�K!My�CVaP#N�¯ H<Vp�FJ}VFMyVFX7�<[�K NO{<_0J�SFQ®[!J5YWY�NOH<VFM í � @ POVF_;�^K!M�CVFP~N�Üë[!J5Y#Y�NWHCVFMBÚ�POVF_(�\¯ êU�ä�>K�Y#{CVF[�K�R�VaNWK�SUMZSFQ®�<VFP#N�Ü K�YITUK �UJEMmK!M¥ØCTU{<P#JcÙ>� è ÚF���K!TU{<PWJ�Ù.� èUè K�Y¡NWH<J�H<K!Y#NWSUTUPOVaX Sp�UJEP�V}PWJE�<PWJEYWJ5M�NOVaNOK �UJ,�CVFP~NISFQ�NOH<J�K!X`VaTUJF�ªÛ�N�YWH<Sp£�YeNOH<VaN��<HCVFY#J�aVFPWK�VaNOK!SUM¹K!Y,�FJ5P~�B[�K!N#NO[!JF�;£�K NOH�VFM�PWX7Y�SaQ í ��6rPOVF_(�7��K!TU{<P#J7Ù.� è êrK!Y�NOH<J7PWSaN�VaNWK�SUMCVa[�[!�mV��FJ5POVaTUJ5_YW�^J5wkNOP#{<Xy�IGIH0J ç Ù�SFêZ[!K�M<J,K!Y�SFM<[!�¥QRSU[![�Sp£¢J5_mK�MrNOH<J�[�SUM<TFJ5PI£eV��FJ5[�JEM<TFNWH<Y 8 Ú è Q�O�Ù|x>Xm�L=¡[!J�VFP#[!�U�NOH0J�£¡V��UJ9�<VaNWNWJ5PWM0Y¢K!M7NWH<JLK!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUTUPOVaX w�VFM0M<SFNu]�J�w5SFM<YWK!_<J5P#J5_`K!YWSFNWPWSU�0K�wF�U£�H0K�w�H`K!Y�SUM<J�SFQ;NWH<JVFY#YW{<X7�0NOK!SUM<YIK!M���SU[!XZSFTUSUPWSp�7NO{<P#]<{<[!J5M<wEJ,NWH<J5SFP#��qRG�VaNOVFPWY#x�K�K��;Ú�7 @ Ú�t��¯9MyJkz>NOJEM<YWK �UJ�� Au¬mw5VFXZ�<VFK�TUM¥£¡VFY9�^J5P~QRSUPWX7J5_m_<{<P#K�M<T�NOH0J��^J5P#K�S>_yK!Mm£�H<K!w�HÒNOH0J}¬.¯9°äK�XZVFTUJ5Y£¢J5PWJ�VFwE±>{0K�PWJE_(�CYWJEJ QLVFM<Y#YWJ5M�q~Ú�7)7�6�t��<¬>NOSF[�x`JkNLVF[���q�Ú�7�7 @ tk�

U VW XYZ[

\B]"^`_badce^N_gfih

jlk ^im.h$n o�^ipBq

resrdtr&uv

w uw tw s

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºs» E y#Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�È�Å�½�É ÈaË

��� ����

�������������������

"! ��#$�&% '(��)�*

+

,

-/.-/.1032

-54-54�032

67 6 0327 47 4�0327 .7 .1032

- 6 032

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºs» };Ç�ÎÏÅ�½#¾�¾�Ä~Ë|Æ�Ç>ÂsÄOÅ�Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É È�Ë�

CEDGF�D�� DGF ~ gC¨�jkd��^dOjk¨��F¨sh�f�gGIH<J�XZVFK!M�YWK!TUMCVF[�wESUM<YWK!Y#NWY}SFQI£¡Vp�FJ5Y|£�K!NWH�PWJE[�VaNWK!�FJ5[!�BY#H<SUP~N}£eV��FJ5[�JEM<TFNWH<Y5�uêÒx�Xm�®K�MÀ_<K!��J5P#J5M�N_<K!PWJ5wkNOK!SUM<Y5� Q��>�^SFNOH0J5YWJEY�QRSUP�NOH<JEYWJ|JE��J5wkNOY�VaPWJ 8 q�Ú�t�wE[�SU{0_ÒY#NWPWJEJENOY�SFPLTUPWV��.K N��r£eV��UJEY5�uq è t�£¡V��UJJE��J5wkNOY�SUM¥NOSU�mYWK!_<J�SFQªQRSUT<�<SUP�qsê�teV|YW{<]0YWK�_0J5M<wEJcK�M��FJ5PWY#K�SUM;�GIH<J\£¢J�VaNWH<J5P�POVa_CVFP(_<S>J5YÏM0SFN�YWH<Sp£�VFM��>NWH<K�M0TLV�NÏ]�SaNOH,_CV��>Y5��GIH0J\Y#�>M<SU�0NWK�w�_CVaNOVeK�M<_0K�w�V�NOJ�NWHCVaNÏK N£¡VFY�w5SU[!_(�#v#{<Y#N�Va]�Sp�UJ\QRP#J5JbREK�M<T�[!JE�UJE[���GIH<JEPWJ\£eVaY�M0S�PWVFK�M;�pK!N;£¡VFY�X7K�Y#N���£�K!NWH�V¡�.K!YWK!]<K�[!K!N���]^JEN�£¢J5J5Mè � ÚIVFM<_PO�x�Xm�®Ü¡SaNOHP?ÏJ5JE{�£eVFP#_<J5M`VFM<_|å\JE[�_<JIP#J5�^SUP#NWJ5_ :��):Lw5[�SF{<_}w5Sp�FJ5P5��£�K NOH}JEYW�^J5w5K�VF[�[ ��X}{<w�H

Page 11: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

������������ ���������� ����� ��������� ������������ ���!� "#� �%

\ba�o/� *`h ^`_gf`]"h�n p�h fNq

� ^`f`_g��a � pgh

t v � v � v�� v u v`v u!t v u � v u � v u � v²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºs» $ A^ÃUÄ -\½�Ë�¿�ÇBÂ�Å�½�Ç�Ê!Á�¿�ÅWÉ ¿�Áe¾U½�ÅOÂ�&

¿�ÁLÂ�ÃUÄ�½��WÊ�¿�Ó .UÂsÄLÆ�Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É

\ba�o/� *`h&^`_gf`]"h$n p�h fNq

� ^`f`_g��a � p�h

t v � v � v�� v u v`v u!t v u � v u � v u � v²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºGx � A^Ã�ÄR-\½�Ë�¿�ÇÀÂ�Å�½�Ç�Ê!Á�¿�Å#É ¿�ÁI¾U½�ÅOÂ��

¿�Á�Â�ÃUÄ�½��OÊO¿�Ó .�ÂsÄ9Æ!Ç.ÂsÄOÅ�Á�Ä�Å�¿�È�Å�½pÉ

���� ��� ���� �� ����������� ���! �"$# %'&)(

*[ �%$+ ��5,

vr&u

w u

-98 ��� 8 �� 8 �s 8 tu 8 �

-98 � �� 8 � � 8 �

s 8 t u 8 �

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºGx�» & >�. ÕkÆRÄOÎâ¿�Á�Â�ÃUÄ�Î�½�ÕpÄWÊ,Æ�ÇZ¾U½�ÅOÂ�ë¿�Á�Â�ÃUÄ�½��OÊO¿�Ó .�ÂsÄ9Æ!Ç.ÂsÄOÅ�Á�Ä�Å�¿�È�Å�½pÉ

−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 150

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5x 10

4

������ Y�$ ��$%

jlk ^im.h�n o�^ipBq²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºGx�x ��Æ!ÊWÂR¿�È�Å�½�É ¿�ÁZÉ,½���¿�Å�¾U½�ÅOÂ�¿�Á`Æ�Ç��

ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�È�Å�½�É ÈaË

[�Sp£eæ�[�JE�FJ5[�w5[�SF{<_<Y 8 Ù �):cY#NWPOVaNWS.wE{<X}{<[!{<YIVaN�O íUí X K�M ?ÏJ5JE{�£eVFP#_<J5MyVFM<_ 6��):}Y#NWPOVaNW{<Y�VaNIêUÙ í X K!Må\J5[!_<JF��YWJEJ7NOVF]<[!J7Ù.��O0� '�M�]^SFNOHB_CV��>Y�NWH<J|£�K�M<_�_<K!PWJ5wkNOK!SUM¹£eVaY�J5VFY#N5��£�K NOHÀV�£�K�M<_BQRSUPWwEJPOÒV�NNOH0J�ØCP#Y#NL_CV��U�I¯eNL_CV�� è �^å\J5[�_0J�P#J5�^SUP#NWY�Ù��-:7Y~NOPOV�NOS>w5{<X}{0[�{<YLVaN>O íUí Q.Ù íUí Xy�@VaM<_ ?ÏJ5JE{�£eVFP#_<J5MÙ��):�Y#NWPOVaNWS.wE{<X}{<[!{<Y¡V�Neê�: íUí Xm�BNySFPWJ9[�V��UJ5P#YeVFP#JLSF]<YWJEP#�UJE_mVaN¡_<Vp� è NOHCVFM`VaN¢_CV��yÚF� NyJENWJ5SUYWVaNL�Û~¬7PWJE�FJ�VF[!YeV�w5[�SFYWJ5_Zw5[!SU{<_`wESp�UJ5PE�0£�K!NWH`Y#JE�UJEPOVF[�[�V��UJEPWYE�\GIH<J9Û�°ãK�XZVFTUJ�Y#H<Sp£�Y¡NOHCV�N¢NWH<JLwE[�SU{0_<YVaNr_CV��äÚ�VFP#J�M<SFN¥NWHCVaNrH<K!TUH(��£�H<K�[!JBVaNr_CV�� è NOH<JEPWJBK�Y�VF[�Y#S H0K�TUH<JEPBqswESU[�_0J5P�t`wE[�SU{0_ëwESp�UJ5PE�� '�¯9¯ ¯ L Q9°�° SF]<YWJEP#�aVaNOK!SUM<Y�SFQ\_CV���ÚcP#JE�FJ�VF[��UJEP#�yX`VFM��rwE[�SU{<_m£eV��FJcQRJ�VaNW{<PWJEY9K!MmNWH<J}VFP#J�V0�K�MÒ_<K!��J5P#J5M�N�_<K!PWJ5wkNOK!SUM<Y5�9GIH<J}_<K!PWJ5wkNOK!SUM<Y9SF]<YWJEP#�UJE_ÀK!MyNWH<J|K�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFX VFPWJcVF[�Y#S�v#{<Y~N��>K�YWK!]<[�JK�M¥NWH<J,¯ L Q9°�° K�XZVFTUJEP#�U�<VF[!NWH<SU{<TUH�NWH<J,PWJEYWSU[!{0NOK!SUM¥[�Jk�UJ5[�M<JEJ5_<Y�NOS�]^J�N�£¡J5VFxFJE_(�¯eN,NOH<J|Y#{<P#QsVaw5J|NOH<J|£�K!M<_B_<K�P#J5wENWK�SUM�K!Y�J�VFY~N�� ?ÏSp£ Y~NOPOV�NOS>w5{<X}{0[�{<Y�wE[�SU{<_�Y~NOP#J5JENWYcVaPWJ|SUP#K�J5M�NWJ5_J�VaY#N#æ�£¡JEY#N5� QLSp£¢JE�FJ5P5��VaN�H<K!TUH<JEPLVa[!NOK NO{<_0J5YeNOH0J,£�K!M<_m]�JEw5SUX7J5Y�X7SUPWJ�Y#SU{0NOH0J5PWMySUPWK!J5M�NOJE_(�u�CPWSUXNOH0J�PWVF_<K!SUYWSUM0_<J�_CVaNOV�K N�K�YeQRSU{0M<_mNWHCVaNINWH<J5P#J�w5VFMm]�J,w5[!SU{<_r[�Jk�UJE[�Y�VaN�_<K �;JEPWJ5M�NLVF[ NOK!NW{<_<JEY5�GIH<JmVaNWXZSUY#�<H<JEPWJ¥K�Y|{0M<Y#NOVF]<[�J¥K!M�NOH<J¥[�V��UJ5P�]^J5[!S�£ : íFí X SUM NOH<J�Ø<PWY#N7_CV���VFM<_ Ú�Ù íUí X SUM

Page 12: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

�$ �� �;�U����� ����� ���F� "#��� ��������R���R����#� ���

� � W Z �� � !"�# Y$%

� &���]"h m)(+*B�

u v

u v

u v

u v

u v u vu vu vu v , t , u vu u

t

s

{

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºGxl| -\¿�ÂR½pÂ�Æ�¿pÇ.½�Ó�Ó Ðë½�ÕpÄOÅ�½�ÈaÄ~Ë×ÊR¾�Ä�Ñ�Â�Å .UÉ¿�Á�Æ!Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�È�Å�½�É ÈaË

_CV�� è ����{0J,NWS7VFMyK!M��UJ5P#YWK!SUM(�CK!NeK�YIY#NOVF]<[!J�Va]�Sp�UJ�NWH<K�YIH<JEK�TUH�N5�

¬>N�V�NOK�SFM � ;LG>= ��V�� ?ÏJE�FJ5[�Ú ?�Jk�UJE[ è?ÏJ5JE{�£eVFP#_<J5M è�@aí Ú íUíFí Ú :��):.�@¬.wF�lO íFí Xå\J5[!_<J è : í Ú íUíFí Ú :��):0�@¬>N5�@ê íUí X

?ÏJ5JE{�£eVFP#_<J5M è�@aí ÚUÚ íFí Ú :��):.�@¬.wF�lO íFí Xå\J5[!_<J è : í ÚUÚ íFí Ú :��):.�@¬.wF�lO íFí X

?ÏJ5JE{�£eVFP#_<J5M è�@aí Ú íUíFí è @ �):.�@¬.wF�lO�Ù í X :��):0�@¬.wa�ÏÚ èFíUí Xå\J5[!_<J è : í Ú íUíFí è :��):.�@¬.wF�lO íFí X

?ÏJ5JE{�£eVFP#_<J5M è�@aí ÚUÚ íFí è @ �):.�@¬.wF��Ù íFí X :��):0�@¬.wa�ÏÚ èFíUí Xå\J5[!_<J è : í ÚUÚ íFí è :��):.�@¬.wF�lO íFí X

���� �·Ò¸<º�� C;ÓÔ¿�.�Ë¥¿��OÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½�Â�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�È�Ë� = z�� �'<�> ��z�� �'<�>I� z������pÖ A^Ã�Ä}¿��WÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�ÈpÆ�Õ�Ä�Â�ÃUÄ}½�É,¿�.UÇ>ÂI¿�ÁÑ�Ó�¿I.�Ë|Ñ#¿�Õ�Ä�Å���¿��5ÂR½��EͪÂ�ÃUÄ9Â�Ð#¾�Ä�¿�Á9Ñ�ÓÔ¿�.�Ë5Í�½�Ç.ËcÂ�ÃUÄ�Ñ�Ó�¿I.�Ë��~½5Ê�Ä�½� G}ÓÄOÕ�Ä�Ó�Ê�Ö

CEDGF�D�� D � ! f�g;ok Ôß�nkh�f�g0nGIH<J�H��.�^SFNWH<J5Y#K�Y�SFQª£¡V��UJ�JE��J5wENWY9SUM¥NWH<J�NWSU�mYWK�_0J�SaQªNWH<J�QRSUTZY#J5JEXZY�NOS�]^J,�FJ5P~�y{0M<[�K!xFJ5[ �U�<Y#K�M<wEJNOH0J5PWJ9K�Y¡M0SFNIX}{<w�H�£�K!M<_¥VaN¢NOHCV�N�VF[!NWK!NW{<_<JF�ª¯9[!YWScNWH<J5P#J�VFPWJ9M<S}YWK!TUM<YeSaQ�VcYW{<]0YWK�_0J5M<wEJ�K�M��UJEPWYWK!SUMQRPWSFX NOH<J�POVF_<K!SUYWSFM<_<JF�LÜeVFY#J5_¹SFMÒNOH<J�SU]<Y#J5P#�aVaNWK�SUM0YLSFQ�wE[�SU{0_Ò]CVFM0_<Y9K!MyNOH0Jc¯PLRQ9°�° K�XZVFTUJ5P~�U�NOH0J¥�<HCVFY#J�­C{<wENW{CVaNWK�SUM<Y|K!M�NOH<J¥K!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUTUPOVaX VFP#J`�UJEP#� [!K�xaJ5[!��NOS�]^J¥w�Va{<YWJE_ ]���VaM<K�Y#SFNOP#SU�<K�ww5[!SU{<_r_<K!Y#NOP#K�]<{.NOK�SFM<YIVaN�YWJk�UJEPOVF[�[�V��FJ5PWYE�¢�,PWVp�>K N���£eV��FJ5YLVaN�NOH<J,K�M��FJ5PWY#K�SUMr[!JE�UJE[�K�YI�<P#SU]CVF]<[ �`NWH<J_<P#K!�>K�M<T|X7J5w�H<VFM<K�Y#XáQRSUPeNWH<J,SU]<YWJEP#�FJ5_Ò£¡V��UJ5YLK�M�NWH<J,K�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFXy�

Page 13: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

������������ ���������� ����� ��������� ������������ ���!� "#� �

��������� �����������! "�$#�%& '�)(+*-,.%.*-,/#�01,/��230545�Û�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFX TU_@Ù�£eVaYeVFwE±>{0K�PWJE_�VaNu¯L�<PWK![ èFí VaM<_ è ÚF�^ÚB7�7�60�>VaN�Ú í98 ê0Ú 8 Ù)7 ;LG>=äq�Ú è18 ê0Ú 8 Ù)7 ?.G�t��¬.¯9° QRPWVFX7JZM�{<X}]^J5P è Ù è 7.�råu°L¬�æOÚ`SUP#]<K!N è OE7.Ú @ �ªåu°L¬�æ è SUP#]<K!N}Ù è O�O0�¥GIH<J`�CVaPOVF[![�J5[\]<VFYWJE[�K�M0J£¡VFY¡ê-O�Xm�UNOH<J��^J5P#��JEM<_<K�wE{<[�VaPu]<VFYWJE[�K�M0J ç�@ 6,Xm��A\HCVFY#J9{<M�£�POVa�<�<K�M0T�£¡VFYu��JEP#QRSUP#XZJE_7{0YWK�M0T�NWH<JX7K�M<K!X`VF[@wESUY#N�­CSp£ VF[!TUSUP#K!NOH0Xìq/=¡SUY#NOVFM�NOK!M<K��(ÚB7�7�6�t��CEDGF�DICEDIH JLK npjkdNM��F¨sh�f�g0nGIH<J�K�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFX q�ØCTU{<P#J�Ù.� è O�t®Y#H<Sp£�Y¡YWXZVF[![<{<M<_<{0[�VaNWK�SUM<YE��£�K!NOH0K�M�HCVF[ Q(V�wE�>w5[!JF�.VFM<_ZV�[!SUM<TUJEP£¡Vp�FJ5[!J5M<TFNWH QRJ5VaNO{0PWJF�uw�Va{<YWK!M<T`v#{<Y#N�SUM0J�QRPWK�M0TUJ�K�M�NWH<JrXZK!_<_<[!J`SFQ�NOH0JmK!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUTUPOVaXy�B«�V��FJ5Y£�K!NWH¹V`Y#X`Va[�[Ï£eV��FJ5[�JEM<TFNWH q è Q.ê7x�X�tIw�VFMÒ]�J}SF]<YWJEP#�UJE_�K�MmNOH<J}[!Sp£¡JEP9[�JkQ�N�VaM<_ÒNOH0Jc{<�<�^J5PLPWK!TUH�Nw5SFPWM<JEPcSFQINWH<J`K!M�NWJ5P~QRJ5PWSFTUPOVFXm� ?ÏSUM<TUJEP�£¡V��UJ5[!J5M<TaNOH�Y#NWPWK�V�NOJ5_ÀJE��J5wkNOY|VFP#JZ�>K�Y#K�]<[!J�v#{0Y#N}P#K�TUH�N�SFQNOH0JLX7K�_<_0[�JISFQ�NOH<J�K�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFX q�£eV��UJE[�JEM<TFNOH0Y�Ú í Q^Ú�ê,x�X`tk�®Û�N¢YWJEJ5X7YuNWHCVaN�NOH0JL£¡Vp�FJ5Y¢]�JEw5SUX7JX7SUPWJ�NW{<PW]<{0[�J5M�N|NWS�£¡VFP#_<Y|NOH<Jr[�Sp£¢J5P|P#K�TUH�N��CVFP~N�SFQ�NOH<JrK!M�NWJ5P~QRJ5PWSFTUPOVFXm�®£�H<JEPWJyVBH0SUM<JE�>wESUX}]�CVaN#NOJEPWMBw�VFMB]^J|SU]<Y#J5P#�FJ5_ÀGIH<J�{<M�£�POVF�<�^J5_�K�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFXm�;NOH0J�VF]<YWSF[�{0NWJ|�<HCVFY#JF��K�Y�Y#H<Sp£�MÀK!MØCTU{0PWJZÙ.� è Ù.����K!TU{<PWJ|Ù.� è 6rK!Y�NOH<J�H<K!Y#NWSUTUPOVaXìSp�UJEP�NWH<J�X`VFK!M¹�CVFP~N�SFQ¢NWH<J�K�XZVFTUJa�(YWH<Sp£�K!M<TmN�£¢SYW{0��JEPW�^SUYWJE_m��VF{0YWYWK�VFM<YE�._<{0JLNOS�NOH<JL[�VFP#TUJ�w5{<P~�FV�NO{<P#J9K�M7NOH<JLK�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFXm��'9�UJEPOVF[![�P#XZYuK�Y�ÚU�TOPOVa_(��VF[ NOH<SU{0TUH�NWH<J¡N�£¢S�YWJ5�<VFPOVaNWJ��,VF{<YWY#K�VFM0Y�HCV��UJIP#XZY��aVF[�{<JEY�SFQ^Va�<�<PWS�z.K�XZVaNWJ5[!��ÚeVFM<_ í �TO�ÙLPWVF_PWJEYW�^J5wkNOK!�FJ5[ �U����K!TU{<P#J�Ù.� è�@ K�Y,NOH<J�P#SFN�V�NOK�SFMCVF[�[ ��V��UJEPOVFTFJ5_ YW�^J5wkNOP#{<Xy�m«�V��FJ5[�JEM<TFNWH<YcQRSU[![�Sp£�K�M<TNOH0J ç Ù�SFê|�^Sp£¡JEPL[�Vp£ K�M0w5[�{0_<J�NOH<J í �2Ù�Q è x�X PWVFM<TUJ�VFM<_¥NWH<J�Ú í Q�O�Ù}x�X PWVFM<TUJa�

U VW XYZ[

\B]"^`_badce^N_gfih

jlk ^im.h$n o�^ipBq

resrdtr&uv

w uw tw s

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºGx�� y#Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�È�Å�½�É ÈaË��

U VW XYZ[

\B]�^N_baece^N_gfih

jlk ^im.h�n o�^ipBqw u v

w {

v

rd{²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºGx�¸ };Ç�ÎÏÅ�½#¾�¾�Ä~Ë|Æ�Ç>ÂsÄOÅ�Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É È�Ë��

CEDGF�DICEDGF ~ gC¨�jkd��^dOjk¨��F¨sh�f�gGIH<J¥£¢J�VaNWH<J5P7POVF_<VFP|K�M<_0K�w�V�NOJ5Y|M0SÀPWVFK�M�VaN�]^SFNWH _CV��>Y5��¯PLRQL°L° SU]0YWJ5P~�aVaNOK!SUM<Y|YWH0S�£�YZw5K!PWPW{0Yw5[!SU{<_<YuVaN�_<Vp��ÚU��GIH<J NyJkNOJ5SFYOVaNuÛ�°âK�XZVFTUJ¡YWH<Sp£�YuYWSUX7Je­@VFx��|Y~NOPW{0wENO{0PWJ5Y¡VaN�_CV��¥ÚU��]0{0N¢VF[�X7SUY#NM<S�Y#NWPW{<wkNO{<P#JcV�NL_<Vp� è �GIH<JyY#�>M<SU�0NWK�wy_CVaN�V�TUK!�FJÒVB£¡J5VaNOH0J5P`w5VaNOJETUSUP~�âÙ�VaN7_CV��ëÚU�¡£�H<K!w�HâK�M<_0K�w�V�NOJ5Y7HCV)REJF� GIH<K!YZK!Y�^SUYWY#K�]<[ �|_<{<J�NOScY#SU[�K!_��CVFP#NWK�wE[�J5YE��GIH<JLPWJE[�VaNWK!�UJ�H�{<X7K�_<K N��}K�Y¡Ù í Q�6 í 0���£�H<K�w�HZK�M<_<K!w�VaNWJ5Y��UJEP#�7_<P#�VFK!P��®Û�M¥NOH0J�VaPWJ�VP6��):}w5K!PWPW{0YIK�YIPWJE��SFP#NOJE_mVaN�VF]^SU{0N @ Q�:}x>Xm��å\J5[!_<J,VF[�Y#S|PWJE��SUP~NOYIY#SUXZJ�X7J5_0K�{<X[�Jk�UJE[\w5[�SF{<_<Y�QRSUP�_CV���Ú 8 ê��-:mVa[!NOS>w5{0X}{<[�{0Y�VaN�VF]^SU{0N�ê0�2Ù�x>Xm��¯eN�_CV�� è NWH<J5P#J�K�Y�VF[�Y#SrSUM<[!�¹V[�K NWNW[�JcwEK�P#PW{<Y�wE[�SU{<_BwES��FJ5PE�ZGªVF]<[!J7Ù.��Ù�[!K�Y#NWY�NOH<J�wE[�SU{<_BSU]0YWJ5P~�aVaNOK!SUM<Y5�|GIH0J7Y#SU[�VaP�­C{.zBSFQ èUèFí K!Y�UJEP#�rH<K!TUHÀqR£�H<K!w�HyK!M<_<K!w�VaNWJ5YIYW{0M<M��¥£¡J5VaNOH<JEP�t���VaM<_mNWH<J�NOJEXZ�^J5PWVaNO{<P#J5YI�aVFP#�¥VFPWSU{0M<_ èFí�� =9�

Page 14: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

�� �� �;�U����� ����� ���F� "#��� ��������R���R����#� ���

−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 150

5000

10000

15000

������ Y�$ ��$%

jlk ^im.h$n o�^ipBq²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºGx : ��Æ ÊOÂR¿�ÈpÅ�½�É ¿�Á`É,½���¿�Å�¾U½�ÅOÂ�¿�Á`Æ!Ç��

ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É È�Ë��

� � W Z �� � !"�# Y$%

�'&���]"h m)(+*B�

u v

u v

u v

u v

u v u vu vu vu v , t , u vu u

t

s

{

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºGx3E -�¿pÂR½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç.½�Óª½pÕ�ÄOÅ�½�ÈFÄ�Ë�ÊR¾�Ä~Ñ�Â�Å .FÉ ¿�ÁÆ�Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É ÈaË��

�CSUPINOH<J�K�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFXᣢJ�£¢SU{<[!_yNWH<J5P#JEQRSUP#JcVF[!YWS7Jkz.�^J5wENLNOHCV�NLNWH<J5P#J}VFP#J�M0SFN9Xc{<w�Hy�aVFP#K�VaNWK�SUM<YK�M¥£¡VaNOJEPI�FVa��SUPE�\GIH<J,POVF_0K�SUY#SUM<_<J,_CVaNOV|PWJE�FJ�VF[�M<S�Y#K�TUM<Y�SFQ�VFMrK�M��FJ5PWY#K�SUMyVaN�]^SFNOHm_CV��>Y5�¬.{<P~QsVFw5J¢£�K�M<_}_0K�PWJEwENWK�SUM<Y�£¢J5PWJ¡YWSU{0NWH.æ�Y#SU{0NWH<J�VFY~NuVaNª_CV��`ÚU�FVFM<_}X7SUP#J¡YWSF{0NOHcNWS�YWSF{0NOH.æ�YWSU{.NOH�£¡JEY#NVaNu_CV�� è �®GIH0J9Y#NWPW{<wkNO{<P#J5Y¢K�M�NOH<J�K�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFX VFP#J�NWJ5M<_0K�M<T�XZSFPWJINOSp£¡VFPW_<Y�NOH0JLY#SU{0NOH>æ�J�VaY#NOJEPWM_<K!PWJ5wkNOK!SUM(���CPWSUX NOH<J|PWVF_<K!SUYWSUM0_<J5YE�ÏH<Sp£¡Jk�UJ5PE��£¢J|ØCM<_�NOH<VaN�£�K�M0_�K!Y9�UJEJ5P#K�M<T¥£�K!NWH�H<J5K!TUH�N���¯eNNOH0JeH<J5K!TUH�N�SaQCNOH<J¢w5K�P#PW{<Yªw5[!SU{<_<YE�E:gQ179x�Xm�aNWH<J¢£�K!M<_}_<K!PWJ5wkNOK!SUM�£¡VFY®]^SFNOHc_CV��.Y�XZSUP#J¡Y#SU{0NOH>æ�£¢J5Y#N5�£�H<K!w�HyK!YIM<J�VFP#[!�¥�^J5P#��JEM<_<K!w5{<[�VFP¡NOS�NOH0J,£¡V��UJ�JE��J5wkNOY�K�M¥NOH<J,K!M�NWJ5P~QRJ5PWSFTUPOVFXm�

¬>N�VaNWK�SUM � ;LG>= ��V�� ?ÏJE�FJ5[�Ú ?ÏJE�UJE[ è?ÏJ5JE{�£¡VFP#_<J5M è�@Fí Ú íUíUí Ú 6��):0��=¡K���:Uê íUí Xå\J5[�_0J è : í Ú íUíUí Ú 6��):0��=¡K���:Uê íUí X

?ÏJ5JE{�£¡VFP#_<J5M è�@Fí ÚUÚ íUí Ú 6��):0��=¡K���:Uê íUí Xå\J5[�_0J è : í ÚUÚ íUí Ú Ú��):0�<¯LwF�@êUê íUí X @ �):0�l=¡K���:Uê íFí X

?ÏJ5JE{�£¡VFP#_<J5M è�@Fí Ú íUíUí è Ù��):0��=¡K���:Uê íUí Xå\J5[�_0J è : í Ú íUíUí è ê��):0��=¡K���:Uê íUí X

?ÏJ5JE{�£¡VFP#_<J5M è�@Fí ÚUÚ íUí è Ù��):0��=¡K���:Uê íUí Xå\J5[�_0J è : í ÚUÚ íUí è ê��):0��=¡K���:Uê íUí X

���� �·Ò¸<ºs¸ C;ÓÔ¿�.�Ë¥¿��OÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½�Â�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�È�Ë��9= GJ< �'< �� G-z��'< 1� z������pÖ A^Ã�Ä}¿��WÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�ÈpÆ�Õ�Ä�Â�ÃUÄ}½�É,¿�.UÇ>ÂI¿�ÁÑ�Ó�¿I.�Ë|Ñ#¿�Õ�Ä�Å���¿��5ÂR½��EͪÂ�ÃUÄ9Â�Ð#¾�Ä�¿�Á9Ñ�ÓÔ¿�.�Ë5Í�½�Ç.ËcÂ�ÃUÄ�Ñ�Ó�¿I.�Ë��~½5Ê�Ä�½� G}ÓÄOÕ�Ä�Ó�Ê�Ö

CEDGF�DICED � ! f�g;ok Ôß�nkh�f�g0nå®�>K�_<JEM<w5JrQRSUP}NOH0JySU]0YWJ5P~�UJE_×JE��J5wkNOY7K�Y��^S.SUP�QRSUP|NOH<K!Y|YWK!NW{CVaNWK�SUM(��Ü¡VFYWJE_ SUM�NOH0Jm_0K�YWwEPWJE�CVFM<wk�]^JEN�£¢J5J5M NWH<J�YW{<P~QsVFw5J�£�K�M<_<YyVFM<_ëNOH<J�_<K!PWJ5wkNOK!SUM SFQ}NOH0J�£¡V��UJ5YÒK�M NOH<J�K�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFXm�9K!NmK!YJkz.�^J5wkNOJ5_ÀNOHCVaN,NWH<JZ_0PWK!�>K!M<T¥XZJEw�HCVFM<K!YWX QRSUP�NWH<J5Y#JZJk�;JEwENOY�K�Y�VaN�VrH<K�TFH<J5P,VF[ NOK NO{<_<Ja� '�M0[!�¹NWH<JK�M.­C{<J5M0w5JrSFQLw5K�P#PW{<Y|wE[�SU{0_<Y7VaN|_CV��ãÚrw5SF{<[�_�HCV��UJyV�YWK!TUM<K!Ø<w�VFM�N�JE��J5wkN7K�M�NOH0JmK!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUTUPOVaXy�YWK!M<w5J�P#J5[�VaNOK �UJ9H�{<X7K�_0K!NOK!J5Yu£¡JEPWJ�QsVFK!PW[!�7wESUM<Y#NOVFM�NI£�K!NWH¥H<J5K!TUH�N��\GIH<J��^J5P#��JEM<_<K�wE{<[�VaPe_<K�P#J5wkNOK�SFM�SFQNOH0J,£�K!M<_mVaN�NOH<J,H<JEK�TUH�N�SFQ�NOH0J�wEK�P#PW{<Y�w5[!SU{<_<Y�VaTUPWJEJ5YI£�K!NWHmNWH<K�YIH��>��SaNOH<JEYWK�YE�

Page 15: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

������������ ���������� ����� ��������� ������������ ���!� "#� ��

��������� �����������! "�$#�%& '�)(+*-,.%.*-,/#�01,/��23054��Û�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFXáTU_�6�£eVaY�VFw5±�{<K!PWJ5_rV�N7NÒV�� è Ù}VaM<_ è 60��Ú�7�7�60�.VaN�Ú í98 ê.Ú 8 Ù í ;LG>= q~Ú è18 ê.Ú 8 Ù í ?.G�t��¬.¯9° QRPWVFX7JZM�{<X}]^J5P è Ù è 7.�råu°L¬�æOÚ`SUP#]<K!N è Ù-O0Ú�:0�ªåu°L¬�æ è SUP#]<K!N}Ù @ O�Ù>�¥GIH<J`�CVaPOVF[![�J5[\]<VFYWJE[�K�M0J£¡VFY�Ù è Xm�0NOH0J��^J5P#��JEM<_<K�wE{<[�VaPI]CVFYWJE[�K!M<J 7�7|Xy��;LY#J5_Ò�0HCVFYWJ�{<M�£�POVa�<�<K�M0T`VF[!TUSUP#K!NOH0X 8 X7K�M0K�XZVF[w5SFY#N�­CSp£ q�=¡SUY~N�VFM�NOK!M<K��ÏÚB7�7�6�t��eGIH<J|¬>¯�°ä�<PWS>w5JEYWY#K�M<TZK�Y�YW{<]�v#J5wEN9NOS�VaMÒJ5P#PWSUP�K!MyNOH0J}¬0VaXZ�<[!K�M<T« K�M0_<Sp£ ¬>N�VFP~N�GIK!XZJ`q�¬>« ¬>G�tLYWH<K Q�N���GIH<K!Y�w�VF{0YWJ5YLNOH<J�[�SUY#Y9SFQ\wESUH<JEPWJ5M0w5J|K�MmNOH<Jc]CVFM<_¹K!MyNWH<J{<�<�^J5P�P#K�TUH�N�w5SFPWM<JEP�SaQªNWH<J,K�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFXy�CEDGF�D��)DIH JLK npjkdNM��F¨sh�f�g0nÛ�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFX TU_�60�^YWH<Sp£�M¹K!MyØCTF{<PWJ}Ù.� è :0�@Jkz.H<K�]0K!NOYLVaNWXZSUY#�<H<JEPWK�w��<HCVaYWJ��aVFP#K�VaNWK�SUMrSFQ®{<�ÒNOSyÚwE�>wE[�JF�\¯ëw5[!J�VFP�_<K!PWJEwENOK!SUM7K�Y\�>K�YWK!]<[�JIK!MZNWH<J9VaP#NOK QsVFwENWY5�UQRP#SUX [�Sp£¢J5Pu[�JEQ�N�NWS�X7K�_<_0[�JIPWK!TUH�N��®Û�N¢YWJEJ5X7YNOH<VaN�NOH<J�Y#NWPWK�V�NOK�SFMmK!Y�]�JEw5SUX7K�M<T�X7SUPWJ�NW{<PW]<{0[�J5M�NLK�MrNOH<J�PWK!TUH�N��CVFP~N9SFQªNOH<J�K�XZVFTUJa�0£�H<JEPWJ�NWH<JE�_<K!YWYWSF[!�UJcK�M�X7SUPWJ�K�YWSF[�VaNWJ5_¹wEJ5[�[!Y5�,Û�M�NOH<Jc[�JEQ�N��CVFP#N�SFQ\NOH<J|K!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUTUPOVaXy��XZSUP#Jc[�VFXZK!MCVFPI­CSp£�YVFP#J�SF]<YWJEP#�UJE_(�eGIH<J�{<M�£�POVa�<��JE_¹K�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFXm�0NOH0J�Va]<YWSU[!{0NOJ,�<H<VFYWJa�^K!Y�YWH<Sp£�MÒK!MmØ<TU{<PWJ�Ù.� è 70���K!TU{<PWJeÙ.� ê í K�Y�NWH<JeH<K!Y#NWSUTUPOVaX Sp�UJEP®NOH<JIXZVFK!M}�CVFP~N\SFQCNOH0JIK�XZVFTUJF��£�K!NWH�VFM|PWX7Y��aVF[�{0JeSFQ�ÚU��:�POVF_(���K!TU{<PWJIÙ.�2ê.ÚIK�Y®NOH0JIPWSFNOVaNOK!SUMCVF[![!��V��UJEPOVFTUJE_`Y#��JEwENOP#{<Xm��YWH<Sp£�K�M0T�V�Y#X`VF[![0]CVaM<_�SFQ ç Ù�SFê�]^J5HCV��>K�SFP]^JEN�£¢J5J5M í ��OgQ^Ú�x�X VFM<_BÚ�Ù�Q0Ù í x�XᣡV��UJE[�J5M0TFNOH<YE�

U"VW XYZ[

\B]"^`_badce^N_gfih

jlk ^im.h$n o�^ipBq

resrdtr&uv

w uw tw s

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºGx y#Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�È�Å�½�É ÈaË��

U"VW XYZ[

\B]�^N_baece^N_gfih

jlk ^im.h�n o�^ipBq

resrdtr&u

w uw tw s

w {

v

rd{r �

w �

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºGx $ };Ç�ÎÏÅ�½#¾�¾�Ä~Ë|Æ�Ç>ÂsÄOÅ�Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É È�Ë �

CEDGF�D��)DGF ~ gC¨�jkd��^dOjk¨��F¨sh�f�gGIH<K!Y®K�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFXäK�Yªw5SUX7�^SUYWJE_|SFQCNOH<J¡Y#NOK![�[�POV�NOH<JEP�H�{<X7K�_|VFK!PªSaQ@_CV��`ÚU�UVaQ�NOJEPªNOH0Je�CVFY#YOVFTUJ¡SFQ^VQRPWSFM�N¢VFM0_7PWVFK�M.QsVF[�[��UVFM<_�NOH0J�PWVaNOH0J5P�_<P#�F��]<{0Nu{<M<Y~N�VF]<[!J�VFK�P®SaQ�NWH<JLY#J5wESUM<_`_<Vp�F�®GIH<J�K�M<Y~N�VF]0K�[�K NOK!J5YVaNINWH<J,YWJ5wESUM<_y_CV��¥w5SU{0[�_r]�J�NWH<J,w�VF{<Y#J�SaQªNWH<J,�<HCVFY#J�_<K!Y#NW{<PW]CVaM<w5J,K�M¥NWH<J,K�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFXy��CPWSUX NOH<JI£¢J�VaNWH<J5P�w�HCVaP#NOY\£¢JL[!J�VFP#M}NOHCV�NuVaN�_CV��¥ÚLV,wESU[�_}QRP#SUM�N�HCVFY;v#{<Y~N¢�<VFYWY#J5_ 8 NWH<J5P#J�K�Y\�^SU[�VFPVFK!PeK�M¥NOH0JcVFP#J�V0�u¬>SUXZJ,wE[�SU{<_0Y�VFPWJ,X7S��>K!M<T�K�M�NOH0J�NOVFK�[�SFQªNWH<K�Y�wESU[�_¥QRPWSFM�N5�@VFYe£¢J�SU]0YWJ5P~�UJ�QRPWSUXNOH0J�¯ L Q9°�° _CVaNOV0���CPWSUX NOH0J��<PWJEw5K��0K!N�V�NOK�SFM`POVa_CVFP¡£¢J,YWJ5J�NWHCVaN�Vc�aVFY~NIØCJ5[!_¥SFQ�POVFK!M�K�Ye[!S.w5VaNOJE_K�M�NOH0J9YWSF{0NOH.æ�J�VFY~N¡�<VFP#N¢SFQ(NWH<J9��JENWH<J5P#[�VFM<_0Y5�\Û�N¢_<S.JEY¡M<SaN¡PWVFK�M7K�M�NOH<J�NOJEY#N¡VFPWJ5VcVaNuNOH<J�X7SUXZJEM�NSFQ�NOH<J,_CV���Úc¬.¯9° VFw5±�{<K!YWK NOK�SFM(�GIH<JBY#�>M<SF�0NOK!w�_<VaN�V YWH0S�£ VaNr_CV��äÚBQRSUP¥Y#NOVaNOK!SUM å\J5[�_0J 8 Ù��): w5{0X}{<[�{0YrVaNyÙ íUí X VFM0_ 6��):VF[ NOS>w5{<X}{0[�{<YcVaNPO�x�Xy�\Y#J5J¥N�Va]<[�JrÙ>�"60�BÛ�M NOSaN�VF[�� @ �):¹wE[�SU{<_ wESp�UJ5P�K!YcPWJE��SFP#NOJE_(���CSUP�Y#NOVaNOK!SUM?ÏJ5JE{�£¡VFP#_<J5M 8�è �):�wE{<X}{<[!{<Y�V�N¥ê íUí Xy��VaM<_ O��):Àw5{<X}{0[�{<Y`VaN O íFí Xy� ¬>NOVaNOK!SUM Q�S.SUTFJE�UJEJ5M

Page 16: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

�� �� �;�U����� ����� ���F� "#��� ��������R���R����#� ���

−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 150

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

������ Y�$ ��$%

jlk ^im.h$n o�^ipBq²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºI| � ��Æ ÊOÂR¿�ÈpÅ�½�É ¿�Á`É,½���¿�Å�¾U½�ÅOÂ�¿�Á`Æ!Ç��

ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É È�Ë �

� � W Z �� � !"�# Y$%

�'&���]"h m)(+*B�

u v

u v

u v

u v

u v u vu vu vu v , t , u vu u

t

s

{

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºI|@» -�½�Ë�Æ�½�Ó®½pÕ�ÄOÅ�½�ÈFÄ�Ë`Ês¾�Ä�ÑkÂ�Å/.UÉ ¿�Á,Æ�Ç��ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�È�Å�½�É ÈaË��

q è)@ 7�tIPWJ5�^SUP~NOJ5_ÒYWSUX7Jc�<P#J5wEK��<K N�VaNWK�SUMÀq.O`XZX`tk�IGIH<J�£�K�M<_y_<K�P#J5wENWK�SUMmNO{<P#M<YLQRP#SUX £¡JEY#N�NWSZ£¢J5Y~N#æYWSF{0NOH�£¢J5Y#N9K�M¥NOH0J�K!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUTUPOVaXy�.YWJ5J�ØCTF{<PWJ�Ù.� ê è �¯eNe_<Vp� è ��NWH<J�VFP#J�V�K�YuY#NOK![�[CK!MZ�^SU[�VaP¢VaK�P5�®¬>N�V�NOK�SFM`å\J5[!_<J9SF]<YWJEP#�UJEY è �):�w5{<Xc{<[�{<Y¢VaN¢[�Sp£ VF[ NOK NO{<_<JVFM<_ Ù��):ÒVa[!NOS>w5{0X}{<[�{0YcVaN}êUê íUí Xy� ?ÏJ5JE{�£¡VFP#_<J5M�_<JEM<SFNOJE_ è �):ÒwE{<X}{<[!{<Y}V�N<: íFí Xy��VFM<_ O��):VF[ NOS>w5{<X}{0[�{<YLVaN�êZx>Xm��GIH<JEPWJ}K!Y�XZSFPWJ�YW{<M<Y#H<K�M0J|SUM�_CV�� è VFM<_BVZQsVFK!P9VaXZSU{0M�N9SFQ\£�K�M0_¹QRPWSUX£¢J5Y#N~æ�Y#SU{0NOH�£¢J5Y~N���YWJ5J}Ø<TU{<PWJ�Ù.� êUê0�

5 m/s

4 �ZWZ Y5 $

6 �i_gf`��a � pgh

j o�h m�n ��� qu v`v �

u v`v { 8 {

u v`v {

{Ns 8 �{Ns 8 �

{`s 8 v{`t 8 �

{ 8 { � � 8 { � � 8 {²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºI|1x �\Å�ÄOÊ~Ê/.UÅ�Ä�½�Ç.ËmÊ/.UÅ�ÁO½�Ñ#Ä7ÎÏÆ!Ç0Ë �®ÄOÓÔË

ÈaË��EÍ�Ë�½pÐ<z5Í�z <I= <9< }KADC

5 m/s

4 �ZWZ Y5 $

6 �i_gf`��a � p�h

j o�h m�n ��� qu v u s

u v u+t

u v u`u

{`s 8 �{`s 8 �

{Ns 8 v{it 8 �

{ 8 { � � 8 { � � 8 {²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºI|�| �\Å�ÄOÊ~Ê .FÅ�Ä�½�Ç.ËmÊ .FÅ�Á�½�Ñ#ÄZÎÏÆ�Ç.Ë ��ÄOÓÔË

ÈaË��EÍ\Ë�½�Ð G�Í�z <I= <9< }BADC

¯eN¢_CV�� è ��£¡JLYWJ5JLK�M|NOH0JL¯PLRQL°L°ãK�XZVFTUJeNWHCVaNuw5[!SU{<_7Y#NWPWJ5JkNOY¢YWJ5JEX NOS�]�J�QRSUPWX7K�M0T�_<K�P#J5wENW[!�|Sp�FJ5PSU{<P�NOJEY#N�VFP#J�V0�ÒGIH<J�_<K!PWJ5wkNOK!SUM�VFM0_ YWK�TFM<K!ØCw5VFM<wEJ`SFQINWH<J5Y#J¥w5[�SF{<_�Y~NOPWJEJENWY|w5SUP#PWJ5Y#��SFM<_<Y|w5[!SUYWJE[!�£�K!NWH�NOH<J`_<K�P#J5wENWK�SUM�K�M�NWH<J¥K�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFXm��£�H<J5P#J�£¡J�Ø<M<_�Y#NOP#K�VaNWK�SUMÀK�M�NWH<J¥_<K!PWJ5wkNOK!SUM�SFQ�NWH<JYW{0P#QsVFwEJ�£�K�M<_<YE��GIH<JmVFX7�<[!K!NO{0_<J`VaM<_�_<K�VFX7JENWJ5P�SFQLNWH<J¥�<HCVaYWJ¥JE��J5wkNOY�K�M0w5PWJ5VFYWJEY}NOSp£¡VFPW_<Y|NWH<JJ�VaY#N��uVFY|wESUPWP#J5Y#��SUM0_<Y|£�K!NOH�NWH<J¥¯PLRQ9°�° K!X`VaTUJ5P~�U�BÛ�N�K�Y}�^SUY#YWK�]0[�JZNWHCVaN|NWH<K�Yc£�K!M<_ �#w5VFPWP#K�J5Y��X7SUK�Y~NO{<P#JeSp�UJ5P�NOH0J�Û~�FY#YWJE[�X7J5J5P\NWS�SF{<P®NOJEY#N¢VFPWJ5V�£�H<K�w�H7w5SUM0_<J5M<YWVaNOJEY¢_0{<J�NWS,w5SUM��UJEwENWK!�UJ�H<J5VaNOK!M<TSp�UJEP®[�VFM0_(�FVaM<_cNOH�{<YªQRSUPWX7YÏNOH<J¢w5[�SF{<_}Y#NWPWJEJENOYE�®¯×�0[�SFN�SFQ<NWH<J¢£�K!M<_c�FJ5wENWSUPWY�K�M�NWH<JeVaPWJ�V�w5SUM.ØCPWX7YNOH0K�YIH��>��SFNWH<J5Y#K�YE�

Page 17: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

������������ ���������� ����� ��������� ������������ ���!� "#� ��

¬�N�VaNWK�SUM � ;�G>= ��V�� ?ÏJE�FJ5[�Ú ?ÏJE�FJ5[ è?�JEJ5{�£¡VFPW_<JEM è�@Fí Ú íUíUí Ú è �):0�l=¡{;� O íUí X O��):0�l=¡{;�^Ù íUí Xå\JE[�_<J è : í Ú íUíUí Ú Ù��):0�l=¡{;�;Ù íUí X 6��):0�<¯LwF�@êUê íUí X

?�JEJ5{�£¡VFPW_<JEM è�@Fí ÚUÚ íUí Ú Ú��):0�l=¡{;� O íUí X Ù��):0�l=¡{;�^Ù íUí Xå\JE[�_<J è : í ÚUÚ íUí Ú ê��):0�l=¡{;� 6UÙ í X 6��):0�<¯LwF�@êUê íUí X

?�JEJ5{�£¡VFPW_<JEM è�@Fí Ú íUíUí è è �):0�l=¡{;� : íUí X O��):0�<¯LwF�@ê íFíUí Xå\JE[�_<J è : í Ú íUíUí è ê��):0�l=¡{(�ÏÚFÚ íUí X

?�JEJ5{�£¡VFPW_<JEM è�@Fí ÚUÚ íUí è ê��):0�l=¡{;� : íUí Xå\JE[�_<J è : í ÚUÚ íUí è è �):0�l=¡{(�ÏÚ íUíUí X Ù��):0�<¯LwF�@êUê íUí X

���� �·Ò¸<º�: C;ÓÔ¿�.�Ë¥¿��OÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½�Â�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�È�Ë �I= G ���'<���� G � �'<���� z������pÖ A^Ã�Ä}¿��WÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�ÈpÆ�Õ�Ä�Â�ÃUÄ}½�É,¿�.UÇ>ÂI¿�ÁÑ�Ó�¿I.�Ë|Ñ#¿�Õ�Ä�Å���¿��5ÂR½��EͪÂ�ÃUÄ9Â�Ð#¾�Ä�¿�Á9Ñ�ÓÔ¿�.�Ë5Í�½�Ç.ËcÂ�ÃUÄ�Ñ�Ó�¿I.�Ë��~½5Ê�Ä�½� G}ÓÄOÕ�Ä�Ó�Ê�Ö

CEDGF�D��)D � ! f�g;ok Ôß�nkh�f�g0n=¡[�SF{<_ Y#NOP#J5JkNOYrK�MãNOH0J¹£�K�M<_ _<K!PWJ5wkNOK!SUMëVFPWJ¹NWH<J�XZSFY#Nr[�K!xFJE[!� w�VF{<Y#J�QRSUP�NOH<JBVaP#NOK QsVFwENWY¥K�MâNWH<JK�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFXm��G�POVaM<YW�^SUP#N,SaQ¡X7SUK�Y~NO{<P#JcQRPWSFX NOH0J|Û~�FYWYWJE[�X7J5JEP�w�H<VFM<TUJEY,QRP#SUXì[�VFX7K�MCVFP�­CSp£ NWSNO{0PW]<{<[!J5M�N�­CSp£ K�MÒNWH<J�VFP#J�V0� NÒVaK�M�K�M0_<K�w5VaNOSUP#YLQRSUP�NOH<J|Jk�;JEwENWY,VFPWJcNWH<J|¯PLRQ9°�° K!X`VaTUJ5P~�mVFM<_NOH0J�Y~�>M<SU�0NWK�w,SU]<Y#J5P#�aVaNWK�SUM0Y5�

Page 18: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

� � �� �;�U����� ����� ���F� "#��� ��������R���R����#� ���

��������� �����������! "�$#�%& '�)(+*-,.%.*-,/#�01,/��23054��Û�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFX TU_ @ £¡VFY¡VFw5±�{<K!PWJ5_�VaN¡¯L{<TU{<Y~NIê�VFM<_ O<�@Ú�7)7�60�.VaN9Ú í98 ê.Ú 8 O�: ;�G>=äq~Ú è18 ê0Ú 8 OE: ?.G�t��¬.¯9° QRPWVFX7JZM�{<X}]^J5P è Ù è 7.�råu°L¬�æOÚ`SUP#]<K!N è 6)O èFí �ªåu°L¬�æ è SUP#]<K!N 6 @ O @ �¥GIH<J`�CVaPOVF[![�J5[\]<VFYWJE[�K�M0JK�Y�OE6�Xy�(NWH<J|�^J5PW�^J5M0_<K�wE{<[�VFP9]CVFYWJE[�K!M<J�Ú í ê�Xm� A�H<VFYWJ�{<M�£�POVa�<�<K�M0Tr£¡VFY��^J5P~QRSUPWX7J5_B{<Y#K�M<T�NWH<JX7K�M<K!X`VF[�w5SFY#Nm­CSp£ VF[�TUSFPWK!NWH<X q�=¡SUY~N�VFM�NOK!M<K���ÚB7�7�6�t�� GIH<JEPWJ�£¡JEPWJ�M0S×�<P#J5w5K!YWJ�Y#NOVaNOJB�UJEwENOSFPWYV��aVFK�[�VF]<[�J�QRSFP�NWH<J¹å�°L¬�æ�ÚmSUP#]<K!N5�¢£�H<K!w�HâPWJEYW{<[ NOJ5_×K�M VÀPWJE[�VaNWK!�FJm]<VFYWJE[�K�M0JyJEPWPWSFPZSFQ�60� êÀXm�â¯XZVFM�{CVF[ewESUPWP#J5wENWK�SUM QRSUP}NWH<JrSUPW]0K!N|JEPWPWSFPWY|£eVaY�NWH<J5P#JEQRSUP#JrM<J5wEJ5YWYWVFP#�F�×�C{<P~NOH<JEPWX7SUPWJa�uNWH<Jm¬.¯9°�<P#S.wEJ5YWY#K�M<T�w5VF{<Y#J5_ VFM J5P#PWSUP}K!M�NOH0J¥HCVFM<_<[!K�M<TÒSFQINOH<Jm¬.VFXZ�0[�K�M0Ty« K�M0_<Sp£ ¬�N�VFP~N|GIK�X7J¥¬.H0K!Q�N��GIH<K!Y�w5VF{<Y#J5_yNWH<J,[�SUY#YISFQªw5SUH<JEPWJEM<w5J�K�M¥NOH0J�{0�<��JEP�PWK�TFH�N�wESUPWM0J5P�SFQ�NOH<J,K�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFXm�CEDGF�D��gDIH JLK npjkdNM��F¨sh�f�g0n¯eNOX7SUY#�<H<J5P#K�wmVFP~NOK!QsVawENOYE��TUPWSp£�K�M0T�K!M�YWw�Va[�J�QRPWSFX NOH<Jr{<�0��JEP�NWS�NOH<Jr[�Sp£¢J5P�YWK!_<JrSFQ�NOH<JrK�XZVFTUJqRØ<TU{<PWJ�Ù.� ê)O�tk��VFPWJ7w�HCVFPWVFwENWJ5P#K�Y#NWK�wZK�MÀNWH<K�Y�K�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFXm�¥GIH<J�VaXZ�<[!K!NW{<_<J�SFQeNWH<J�VFP~NOK QsVFwENWY�K!YTUP#S�£�K!M<TyNWSp£eVFP#_<Y|Vm]<K!N�XZSFPWJ�NOHCVFM�VywE�>wE[�JF�Ò�LSyYW�^J5w5K ØCw�_<K!PWJEwENOK!SUM�K�Y��>K!YWK�]0[�J�K�M�NOH<JZ_<K�Y~NO{<P�æ]CVFM0w5J5YE��Û�M¹NOH0JcM<SUP~NOH<JEPWM��CVaP#N�SaQ\NOH<JcVFPWJ5V0��NWH<Jc�CV�NWNOJEPWM<Y9HCV��UJ�VZY#X`Va[�[�H<SUM<Jk�>w5SUX}]��<VaNWNWJ5PWM;�GIH<J�{0M�£�PWVF�<�^J5_¥K!M�NWJ5P~QRJ5PWSFTUPOVFXm��SUP�NOH<J9VF]<YWSF[�{0NWJ9�<HCVaYWJF�.K�YuYWH<Sp£�M¥K!MZØCTU{0PWJ�Ù>�2ê�Ù>�\��K�TF{<PWJ9Ù.� ê�6K�YuNOH<J9H<K�Y~NOSUTUPWVFX Sp�UJ5PeNWH<J�XZVFK�MZ�CVFP~NeSFQÏNWH<J�K�XZVFTUJa�.Y#H<Sp£�K�M<T}V}YWX7S.SFNWHr�,VF{<YWY#K�VFM`w5{<P~�UJ�£�K!NWHVFM�PWX7Y�SFQ�ÚF�":¥POVa_(�7��K�TU{0PWJ7Ù.� ê @ K�Y�NOH0J7P#SFN�V�NOK�SFMCVF[�[ �yVp�FJ5PWVFTUJ5_ÀYW�^J5wkNOPW{0Xy�ZÜ¡JEN�£¢J5JEM í �2Ù¥VFM<_è �2Ù}x>X £eV��UJE[�JEM<TFNOH0Y5�@NOH<J ç Ù�SFê ��SU[�X7SUTUSUP#Sp�`�^Sp£¡JEP�[�V�£ K!YeQRSU[�[!S�£¢J5_;�

U"VW XYZ[

\B]"^`_badce^N_gfih

jlk ^im.h$n o�^ipBq

resrdtr&uv

w uw tw s

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºI| � y#Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�È�Å�½�É ÈaË��

100 200 300 400 500 600

100

200

300

400

500

600

U"VW XYZ[

\B]�^N_baece^N_gfih

jlk ^`m/h�n o�^ipBqw {

v

r&u v

rd{

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºI|@¸ };Ç�ÎÏÅ�½#¾�¾�Ä~Ë|Æ�Ç>ÂsÄOÅ�Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É È�Ë��

CEDGF�D��gDGF ~ gC¨�jkd��^dOjk¨��F¨sh�f�gGIH<J�£¡J5VaNOH<JEP¡PWVF_CVFPu_<S>J5YuM<SFN¢YWH<Sp£ëVFM��7POVFK!MZSFM`]^SFNOH7_CV��>Y5��GIH<J9Y~�>M<SU�0NWK�w�_CVaN�V�K�M<_0K�w�V�NOJINOHCV�NNOH0J5PWJL£eVFYeV�M<SUP~NOH.æ�£¡JEY#NWJ5PWM¥£�K!M<_¥VaN¡_CV��yÚ|q.O}X �aY�t��>£�K NOH7�UJ5P~��TUS>S>_Z�>K�Y#K�]<K![�K!N��F�ª¯eN¡_CV�� è �>NWH<J�>K�Y#K�]<K![�K!N���K�YLVFT�VFK!MÒYW�0[�J5M0_<K�_(�^£�H<K�[!J�NWH<Jc£�K�M0_Ò£eVaY9£¡J5VFxFJEP7q~Ú`Q è X ��Y�tLVaM<_ÒQRPWSFX NWH<J}J5VFY#N5��¯eN_CV���ÚF�ÏVF]^SU{0N�O��):�w5{<Xc{<[�{<Y9K�Y�SU]0YWJ5P~�UJE_�VaN�VF�<�<P#Spz.K!X`VaNWJ5[ � 7 íUí Q^ÚFÚ íUí Xm��¯eN�_CV�� è �;NOH<JEPWJ|K!YVF]^SU{0N è �):�w5{<X}{0[�{<Y¡VaNeVa]�SU{.N9Ú íFíUí Xm�\ÜeVFY#J5_¥SUM7NOH<JLw5[!SU{<_�SU]0YWJ5P~�aVaNOK!SUM<Y5�>[�S>w�Va[C_<K�Y~NO{<P#]CVFM<wEJ5YK�M¥NWH<J,K�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFX VFP#J�Jkz.�^J5wENWJ5_(�¢¯eN�]�SFNWHr_CV��.YE�CNOH<J�NOJEXZ�^J5PWVaNO{0PWJ�£¡VFY9VaPWSU{<M0_�ÚB7 � =9�GIH<J�ØCPWY~N�_CV��U�^NOH<JEPWJ�£eVFY9VFMÒK!M.æ�­<S�£ SFQ\H�{<X7K�_<K N���QRPWSUX NWH<JcY#J�V0�^NOH<J�YWJEw5SUM0_�_CV��mNWH<K�Y�K�M>æ�­CSp££¡VFYLwE{0N#æ�SF��]��¥J5VFY#NWJ5PWMm£�K�M<_0Y5�¯PLRQ9°�°eæ�K�XZVFTUJEY;QRPWSFX ÚUÚ 8 Ù í ;LG>=ÀY#H<Sp£�VaN�_CV���Ú�w5{0X}{<[�{0Y�wE[�SU{0_<Y5��TUPWSp£�K!M<TIQRPWSUX NWH<J�M<SUP~NOH<JEPWMw5SUVFY#N7[�K!M<J`NWSBNWH<Jr[�Sp£¢J5P�YWK!_<JrSFQLNWH<JrK�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFXm��GIH<J5K!P|K�M0­<{<J5M<wEJyY#H<SU{<[!_�]�JmV���SFYWK!NWK!�FJ

Page 19: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

������������ ���������� ����� ��������� ������������ ���!� "#� � �

−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 150

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

������ Y�$ ��$%

jlk ^im.h$n o�^ipBq²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºI|�: ��Æ ÊOÂR¿�ÈpÅ�½�É ¿�Á`É,½���¿�Å�¾U½�ÅOÂ�¿�Á`Æ!Ç��

ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É È�Ë��

� � W Z �� � !"�# Y$%

�'&���]"h m)(+*B�

u v

u v

u v

u v

u v u vu vu vu v , t , u vu u

t

s

{

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºI| E -�¿pÂR½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç.½�Óª½pÕ�ÄOÅ�½�ÈFÄ�Ë�ÊR¾�Ä~Ñ�Â�Å .FÉ ¿�ÁÆ�Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É ÈaË��

K�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUX7JENWPWK!w��<HCVFY#JF�uGIH<K�Y��CV�NWNOJEPWMmw�VFMm]^J�P#J5wESUTUM<K�R5J5_yK�M¥NOH0J�K!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUTUPOVaXy�®¯eN�NWH<J�YWVFX7JNOK!XZJ�V�N�_<Vp� è �ªSUM0[!��Y#SUXZJ|�FJ5P#��Y#X`VF[![®w5{0X}{<[�{0Y�wE[�SU{0_<YcVaPWJ|�>K�YWK!]<[�Ja��HCV��.K!M<TyVmX7SUPWJ�SUP#J�[�J5Y#YJ�VaY#N�Q�£¡JEY#N,SUP#K�J5M�NOVaNOK!SUM(�9GIH0J5K�P9K�M0­C{0J5M<wEJ}YWH<SF{<[�_(�;H<Sp£¡Jk�UJ5PE��]�J�YWXZVF[�[��9GIH<JEYWJ|w5[!SU{<_<YE�;]^SFNOHBV�N_CV���Ú�VFM<_ è �@VFP#J�NOS>S�YWXZVF[�[^NOS�]�J,_<K!Y#NWK�M<TU{0K�YWH0J5_rK�M¥NOH0J NmJENOJESUYOV�NL_<VaN�V0�

¬�N�VaNWK�SUM � ;LG>= ��V�� ?ÏJE�FJ5[�Ú ?ÏJE�FJ5[ è?ÏJ5J5{�£¡VFPW_0J5M è�@Fí Ú íUíUí Ú O��):0�l=¡{;�l7 íUí Xå�JE[�_<J è : í Ú íUíUí Ú O��):0��=¡{;��ÚFÚ íUí X

?ÏJ5J5{�£¡VFPW_0J5M è�@Fí ÚUÚ íUí Ú O��):0�l=¡{;�l7 íUí Xå�JE[�_<J è : í ÚUÚ íUí Ú ê��):0��=¡{;��ÚFÚ íUí X ê��):0�C¬.wF�@ê íFíUí X

?ÏJ5J5{�£¡VFPW_0J5M è�@Fí Ú íUíUí è è �):0�l=¡{;�l: íUí Xå�JE[�_<J è : í Ú íUíUí è Ú��):0��=¡{;��Ú íUíUí X

?ÏJ5J5{�£¡VFPW_0J5M è�@Fí ÚUÚ íUí è è �):0��=¡{;��ÚFÚ íUí Xå�JE[�_<J è : í ÚUÚ íUí è Ú��):0��=¡{;��ÚFÚ íUí X

���� �·Ò¸<ºFE C;ÓÔ¿�.�Ë¥¿��OÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½�Â�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�È�Ë���= <�>I�'<�� � < 1�'<��I� z������pÖ A^Ã�Ä}¿��WÊ�ÄOÅWÕ5½pÂ�Æ�¿�Ç�Ê�ÈpÆ�Õ�Ä�Â�ÃUÄ}½�É,¿�.UÇ>ÂI¿�ÁÑ�Ó�¿I.�Ë|Ñ#¿�Õ�Ä�Å���¿��5ÂR½��EͪÂ�ÃUÄ9Â�Ð#¾�Ä�¿�Á9Ñ�ÓÔ¿�.�Ë5Í�½�Ç.ËcÂ�ÃUÄ�Ñ�Ó�¿I.�Ë��~½5Ê�Ä�½� G}ÓÄOÕ�Ä�Ó�Ê�Ö

CEDGF�D��gD � ! f�g;ok Ôß�nkh�f�g0nGIH<JLSU]<YWJEP#�FJ5_rJE��J5wkNOYeK!MZNOH0J9K�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFX VaPWJ9_0{<JLNWScw5[!SU{<_Zw5Sp�UJEPeH<JENWJ5P#SUTUJ5M0J5K!NWK�JEY 8 wE{<X}{<[!{<Yw5[!SU{<_<YLK�Mm�FVaP#�>K�M<TZYWK�R5J5YE�LGIH0J}_<K�P#J5wkNOK�SFMÒSUMm£�H<K�w�H¹NWH<J}VFP~NOK QsVFwENWYLTUP#Sp£ K�M¹VaXZ�<[!K!NW{<_<J,VFM<_ÒYWKGREJw5SFPWPWJEYW�^SUM<_<Y�w5[!SUYWJE[!�Z£�K!NOH¥NWH<J�£�K�M<_m_<K�P#J5wkNOK�SFMrVaN�_CV��BÚU�

Page 20: Delft University of Technologydoris.tudelft.nl/Literature/hanssen98i/part4.pdfNOH0J XZVF ( ¢¯9 CVFP~NLQRP#SUXáNWH

� � �� �;�U����� ����� ���F� "#��� ��������R���R����#� ���

��������� �����������! "�$#�%& '�)(+*-,.%.*-,/#�01,/��230545*����Û�M�NOJEP#QRJ5P#SUTUPWVFX TF_<Jkz è £eVaYrVFw5±�{<K!PWJ5_ V�N¥�CJ5]<P#{CVFP~� è 6 VaM<_ è�@ ��Ú�7)7�60��VaN¹Ú í98�è 7 82í Ù ;LG>=9�eSFPÚUÚ 82è 7 8 í ÙL?.G��®¬.¯�°�QRPOVaXZJ�M�{<X}]^J5P è Ù è 7.��å�°L¬�æ�Ú¢SUPW]<K N è O<ÚBO)O<�Få�°L¬�æ è SUPW]0K!NdO�O @ ÚF��GIH0J¡�CVFPWVF[�[!J5[]CVFY#J5[!K�M<J7K�Y ç ÚpÙyXy��NOH<JZ��JEPW�^J5M<_0K�w5{0[�VFP�]CVFY#J5[�K!M<J ç ê0ÚZXy� A\HCVFY#J�{<M�£�POVa�<�<K�M0T¹K�Y���JEP#QRSUP#XZJE_{<Y#K�M<TmNOH<J7XZK!M<K�XZVF[ªw5SUY~N�­CSp£ VF[!TUSUP#K!NOH0X q�=¡SFY#N�VaM�NWK�M<K��\Ú�7�7�6Utk��GIH<K!Y�K!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUTUPOVaXy��w5Sp�FJ5PWK!M<TNOH0J}��{0NWw�H.æ~��J5P#X`VFMm]^SUPW_<JEP9VaPWJ�VZVFPWSF{<M<_yNWH<J�å�JEXZYLJ5Y~NO{CVFP~�U�^£eVFYLSUPWK!TUK�M<VF[�[ �ZM0SFN9�0[�VFM<M0J5_yQRSFPNOH0K�Y®Y~NO{<_0�F� =¡SUM<Y#K�_<JEPWK!M<T�K!NWY\V��FVaK�[�Va]<K�[!K!N��U�pH0S�£¢JE�FJ5PE�.K N®HCVFY\]^J5JEM�K�M<wE[�{<_<JE_�VFY�£¢J5[![���GIH0J�VFXZSF{<M�NSFQªY#�>M<SU�.NOK�w,SU]0YWJ5P~�aVaNOK!SUM<YIQRSUPeNOH0J�VaPWJ�V|K!YI[�K�X7K!NWJ5_(�CEDGF�D��5DIH JLK npjkdNM��F¨sh�f�g0nGIH<J�K�M�NOJEP#QRJEPWSUTUPWVFX TU_<Jkz è �|qRØCTU{0PWJÀÙ.� ê�:�tk�LK�Y¥w�HCVaPOVFwkNOJ5P#KGREJ5_ë]�� XZVFK!M<[!� V�[�SUM<T�£¡V��UJE[�J5M0TFNOHNOP#J5M<_;�0SFQ�VF[!XZSFY#N�Ú�wE�>wE[�JLQRP#SUX NOH<JL{<�<�^J5Pe[!JEQ�N¢YWK!_<JLNWScNOH<JL[�Sp£¢J5P¡P#K�TUH�N¡YWK�_0J9SFQ(NWH<J�K!X`VFTFJF�ª��{<JNOSrK NOY�MCVaNW{<PWJa��K!N,K�Y�M0SFN,Jkz.�^J5wENWJ5_�NOHCVaN�SUP#]<K!N�J5PWP#SUPWY�VFP#J|w�VF{0YWK�M0TmK N���VF[ NOH<SF{<TUH�V¥YWXZVF[�[�NOPWJEM<_w5SF{<[�_¥Y~NOK�[![�]^J�w�Va{<YWJE_y]���SFPW]<K NeK�M<VFw5wE{<POVFwEK�JEY5�\Û�M¥N�£¡S��CVaP#NOYISaQ�NWH<J�{<M�£�POVa�<��JE_yK!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUTUPOVaXy�SU{0NW[�K!M<J5_Z]��ZNOH<J9YW±�{CVFP#J�]�S�z.J5YI¯äVaM<_rÜ×YWH0S�£�MrK!M`ØCTU{<P#J,Ù.� ê�70�.YWXZVF[�[C£¡Vp�FJ5Y�w�VaM¥]�J�SF]<YWJEP#�UJE_(�¯ êU� �>K!JE£ SaQ9NOH0J5YWJy�CVFP~NOY�K�Y�YWH0S�£�M×K�M ØCTU{<P#J¹Ù>��O í VFM<_×Ù.�TO<ÚU�¡VFM<_ �<PWSFØ<[�J5Y��^J5P#��JEM<_<K�wE{<[�VaPNOS¥NWH<J}£eV��FJ5Y�K�M¹ØCTU{0PWJZÙ.�TO è VFM<_ÀÙ.�TO�ê0� A�P#SFØC[!J}¯ HCVFY�V`£¡Vp�FJ5[!J5M<TFNWHÀSaQeVF]^SU{0N}Ú7x�X VaM<_�VFMVFX7�<[�K NO{<_0J}SFQe[!J5Y#Y�NWHCVFM í ��OmPOVa_(�`GIH<J7_<K!PWJ5wkNOK!SUMBSFQ¡NWH<J7£¡V��UJEYcK�Y ç 6 í _0J5TUP#J5J5Y,£�K!NWHÀP#J5Y#��JEwENNOSmNOH<J�V)R5K!X}{0NOHÀ_<K�P#J5wkNOK�SFM(��£�H0K�w�H w5SFPWPWJEYW�^SUM<_<Y�NOS ç O�O¹_0J5TUP#J5J5Y�£�K!NOH�PWJ5Y#��JEwEN}NWSyNWH<J`M<SFP#NOH;�A\PWSFØ<[�JrÜ HCVFY�V�YWH0SUP#NWJ5P|£eV��FJ5[�JEM<TFNWH(�eVFP#SU{<M<_ 6 íFí Xy�uVFM<_ VFM VFX7�<[!K!NO{0_<J`SFQ í �TOBPOVF_(��GIH<J_<K!PWJ5wkNOK!SUM¥K�YINOH0J�YWVFX7J,VFYIQRSUPIJkz>NOPWVFwENWK�SUMr¯��GIH<J7H<K�Y~NOSUTFPOVFXm�ÏØCTU{<P#J�Ù.�TO�OrK�M0_<K�w5VaNOJEY�VmYW{<�^J5P#��SFYWK!NWK�SUMBSFQ¢NOH<P#J5J`��Va{<YWY#K�VFM�w5{<P~�UJEY5�\w5JEM�NOJ5P#J5_VFP#SU{<M<_ ç ê0� ç ÚF�LVaM<_ ê�POVF_0K�VFM<YZPWJEYW�^J5wENWK!�FJ5[!�F� GIH<J�YW{<�^J5P#��SFYWK!NWK�SUM×K�Y`w5VF{<Y#J5_ ]�� NWH<J�[�SUM0T£¡Vp�FJ5[!J5M<TFNWHÀwE{<P#�FJZSp�FJ5P�NOH<J|K!M�NOJ5P~QRJ5P#SUTUPOVaXy��GIH<J�Sp�UJ5PWVF[�[�PWX7Y�K�Y|ÚU��7�POVa_(�|��K!TU{<PWJ}Ù.�TO�Ù�K�Y9NWH<JPWSaN�VaNWK�SUMCVa[�[!� Vp�FJ5PWVFTUJ5_ëYW�^J5wkNOP#{<Xy��YWH0S�£�K!M<T V���JEP#QRJEwEN ç Ù�SFê ��Sp£¢J5P¥[�Vp£ ]^J5HCV��>K�SFP�Sp�UJ5P¥NWH<JPOVaM<TUJ�QRPWSUX í � í Ú è NWS�ÚU� è wk�>w5[�JEYc�^J5P�x�Xy��w5SUP#PWJEYW�^SUM<_<K!M<Tm£�K NOH�£eV��UJE[�JEM<TFNOH0Yc]^JEN�£¢J5J5M�: íUí XVFM<_ : í x�Xy�

U VW XYZ[

\B]"^`_badce^N_gfih

jlk ^im.h$n o�^ipBq

resrdtr&uv

w uw tw s

²¢³�´�µ@¶E·¹¸<ºI| y#Ç>ÂsÄ�Å!Á�ÄOÅ�¿�È�Å�½�É ÈaË�Ä�Ì9G

U VW XYZ[

\B]�^N_baece^N_gfih

jlk ^im.h�n o�^ipBq

rdt

w tv

r �r �

w �w��

²¢³�´�µ^¶k·¹¸<ºI| $ };Ç�ÎÏÅ�½#¾�¾�Ä~Ë|Æ�Ç>ÂsÄOÅ�Á�ÄOÅ�¿�ÈpÅ�½�É È�ËaÄ�ÌIG

CEDGF�D��5DGF ~ gC¨�jkd��^dOjk¨��F¨sh�f�gÛ�M×NWH<J¹K�M�NWJ5P#QRJEPWSUTFPOVFX Y#XZS>SFNOH �aVFPWK�VaNOK!SUM<Y7VFM<_×£¡V��UJEY¥SFQ�YWXZVF[![�£¡V��UJE[�J5M0TFNOH VFM0_ãVFX7�<[�K NO{<_<JVFP#JySU]0YWJ5P~�UJE_(� ÜeVFY#J5_âSUM�NOH0Jm£¢J�VaNWH<J5PZw�HCVFP~NOY5�eNWH<JmYWX7S.SFNWH �FVaPWK�V�NOK�SFM<Y|XZK!TUH�N�]�Jm_<{<JrNOS�V