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Page 1: ( Áô¨úg Èõ£úd£û )web.comhem.se/shivaf/pdf/az-didar.pdfÆ ÖZÆ Ö z ¨ úZ¬ ã Zf x£ •çZd zZ / wdZd ® ½‹Z ‰ Ö £ Åœd fd ^£ å }ZÆ Ö Zf x£ •çZd

@ „•≤û¬ã fZ¨ûd gZ Á∫¡≈Ö ·¥πöZ¬ÖZ ¨û¬ô „≈¿å A

fZ¨ûd gZI„•≤û¬ã ( Áô¨úg Èõ£úd£û )

Ƨë x£±äZ : È•é¬ú

1360 ¨¿πçZ

Z¬≈é / q : ’é¬ò ‰Ö

( 1379 ÆΩúg£Ö £Ö , wzd ^£å )

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