كل قوانين الكهرباء-goooood

8/10/2019 goooood-كل قوانين الكهرباء

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CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER FORMULAS AND SAMPLE EXCEL EQUIVALENT SPREADSHEET FORMULASNOTE: Some of the most-used, more-complex and useful formulas and Excel equivalents are highlighted in yellow

The chapters! text-style formulas in "olumn # are shown in Excel formula format in "olumn "

These same formulas are used as operative formulas in "olumn $, where the formula-computed answers are shown

FORMULAS

CHAPTER 1 To find forc in n!"on# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &-& *D1+,E1+,F1+.1+/0 1 2 3 2 12

CHAPTER 1 To find c'rrn" in (&3r# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &-' I=Q/T *D14E14 5 2 02

CHAPTER 0 To find cro##-#c" (r( in circ'%(r &i%# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '-& *D15/0 4 14

CHAPTER 0 To find r#i#"(nc in o6&# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '-' 10.4 250 39.75 4271

CHAPTER + To find c'rrn" in (&3r# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula (-& I = V/R 10 5 0

CHAPTER + To find 8o%"(9 in 8o%"# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula (-' 2 5 1:

CHAPTER + To find r#i#"(nc in o6&# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula (-( R = V/I 10 2 2

CHAPTER + To find !or; in foo" 3o'nd# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula (-) Work (ft lbs)=Force x Distance 100 100 1::::

CHAPTER + To find 3o!r in !(""# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula (-* Power = Energy / Time 100 10 1:

CHAPTER + To find nr9< in !(""6o'r# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula (-+ Energy (Watthours)= Power x Time 200 3 4::

CHAPTER + To find 3o!r in !(""# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)%ormula (- 10 0.05 :2


%ormula (- 0.05 200 :2

./0E"T/ONS: 0eplace sample parameter values shown in columns . through E, %, or 1 with the values for your pro2lem, and your answer appears in "olumn $

CHAPTER = >FORMULA =

EXCEL EQUIVALENT FORMULAS?@CELL ADDRESSES@ APPROACH

PARAMETER HEADIN.SAND THEIR VALUES

ANSERS)Fro& U# of For&'%(#

34se 5pprop 4nits6

k ?cn#"n" Q1 ?co'% Q

0 ?co'% d ?&"r

F =k x Q x Q

!/d !

Q ?co'% T ?#c

d ?&i%#

A = d !

ρ ?CM-Ω f" l ?f" A ?CM

R = ρl /" *D00,E00F00

V ?8o%"# R ?o6&#

*D02E02

I ?(&3# R ?o6&#

V = I x R *D0,E0

V ?8o%"# I ?(&3#

*D+1E+1

F ?%# D ?f"

*D+7,E+7

E ?o'%# T ?#c

*D+E+

P ?!(""# T ?6o'r#

*D7:,E7:

V ?8o%"# I ?(&3# P = V x I *D7+,E7+

I ?(&3# R ?o6&#

P = I !x R *D74/0,E74

A B C D E F G H

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FORMULAS






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%ormula (-7 10 200 :2

CHAPTER 7 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula )-& 10 10 10 +:


%ormula )-'

*D22E22 70 2 +2


%ormula )-( 0.002 100,000 0::


%ormula )-) 4700 17400 50 1+21


%ormula )-* 20 30 10 4:


%ormula )-+ 40 200 160 7::


%ormula *-& 3 1.5 1 22


%ormula *-' 22 33 47 ::5


%ormula *-( 10000 27000 20000 2+742+


%ormula *-) 0.1 0.2 0.1 :7


%ormula *-* 3900 6800 072:

V ?8o%"# R ?o6&#

P = V ! /R *D75/0E75

To find "o"(% 0 in o6&# R1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# R

+ ?o6&#

RT = R

+R

!…+R

n *SUM?D20)F20

To find "o"(% 0 in o6&# V T ?8o%"# I

T ?(&3#

RT = V

T / I

T

To find 8 (cro## ( #3cific 0 I 0 1

?(&3# R1 ?o6&#

V = I

R x R

*D2,E2

To find 8 x '#in9 8 di8idr r'% R

X ?o6&# R

T ?o6&# V

T ?8o%"#

V X

= R X /R

T x V

T *D41E41,F41

To find 8 T in ( #ri# circ'i" V

1 ?8o%"# V

0 ?8o%"# V

+ ?8o%"#

V T = V

+ V

! …+V

n *SUM?D47)F47

To find 9 T in ( #ri# circ'i" P

R1 ?!(""# P

R0 ?!(""# P

R+ ?!(""#

P T = P

# P

! $# P

n *SUM?D4)F4

To find / T in ( 3(r(%%% circ'i" I

1 ?(&3# I

0 ?(&3# I

+ ?(&3#

I T = I

# I

! # I

% $# I

n *SUM?D:)F:

To find 1 T in ( 3(r(%%% circ'i" R

1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# R

+ ?o6&#

G T = / R

# / R

! $#/ R

n *1D+G1E+G1F+


1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# R

+ ?o6&#

RT =/(/ R

#/ R

!#/ R

%&&&/ R

n) *1?1D4G1E4G1F4

To find 1 T in ( 3(r(%%% circ'i" G

1 ?S G

0 ?S G

+ ?S

G T = G

# G

! # G

% *SUM?D5)F5


1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&#

RT = R

x R

!/ R

# R

! *D0,E0?D0GE0

A B C D E F G H

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FORMULAS






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%ormula *-+ 10 6 12

To find 0 u for ( 3(r(%%% circ'i" R

?o6&# R

e ?o6&#

Ru = R

k x R

e/ R

k ' R

e *D2,E2?D2-E2

A B C D E F G H

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FORMULAS






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%ormula *- 550 1000 0.0055 :::+:02


%ormula *- 10000 11000 0.05 ::0415


%ormula *-7 10000 11000 0.05 ::0+1

CHAPTER 4 R("io $3r##ion in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula +-& D5,.5*E5,F5 10 20 30 60 An# 6r i# 4::*4::


%ormula +-' 10 20 30 4:

CHAPTER To find fficinc< of 3o!r "r(n#fr E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula -& 8.84 26.6 ++0+

CHAPTER E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula -' 13 12 100 ::1


%ormula -( 50 25 25 1


%ormula -) 25 25 25 50 02


%ormula -* 25 25 75 2 :2


%ormula -& *??D11,E11G?E11,F11G?F11,D11D11 3.3 4.7 5.6 10

CHAPTER E$c% for&'% in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula -' *??D101,E101G?E101,F101G?F101,D101E101 3.3 4.7 5.6 10+

To find / ; in ( #3cific r(nc6 R

T ?o6&# R

; ?o6&# I

T ?(&3#

I X

= RT /R

X x I

T *DE,F

To find / & in ( 3(r(%%% circ'i" R

1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# I

T ?(&3#

I = R

!/ R

# R

! x I

T *E51?D51GE51,F51

To find / ' in ( 3(r(%%% circ'i" R

1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# I

T ?(&3#

I ! = R

/ R

# R

! x I

T *D57?D57GE57,F57

To find (%(ncd rid9 0 # R1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# R

+ ?o6&# R

7 ?o6&#

R/ R

! = R

%/ R

To find 0 ;

in (%(ncd rid9 R1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# R

+ ?o6&#

R X

( R here) = R

! x R

%/ R

*E1::,F1::D1::

P o'"

?!(""# P in ?!(""#

Efficiency () = P out

/ P in x ** *D1:+E1:+,1::

To find in"rn(% 0 of ( #o'rc V ?no-%o(d V ?%o(dd I ?%o(d A

r int

= V (no'loa+) ' V (loa+e+)/ I (loa+) *?D1:4-E1:4F1:4

To find / %o(d '#in9 T68nin# T6 V T$

?8o%"# RT$

?o6&# R< ?o6&#

I L

= V TH

/ RTH

+ R L *D1:5?E1:5GF1:5

To find 8 %o(d '#in9 T68nin# T6 R< ?o6&# R

< ?o6&# R

T$?o6&# 8

T$ ?8

V L

= R L /R

L + R

TH x V

TH *D110?E110GF110,.110

To find / %o(d '#in9 Nor"on# T6 RN ?o6&# R

N ?o6&# R

< ?o6&# I

N ?(&3#

I L

= R N

/R N

+ R L

x I N *D112?E112GF112,.112

To find 0 5 in d%"( n"!or; R

1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# R

+ ?o6&#

R A

= ( Rx R

!) # ( R

!x R

%) # ( R

%x R

)/ R

To find 0 # in d%"( n"!or; R

1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# R

+ ?o6&#

R B

= ( Rx R

!)#( R

!x R

%)#( R

%x R

)/ R

!

A B C D E F G H

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FORMULAS






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%ormula -( *??D107,E107G?E107,F107G?F107,D107F107 3.3 4.7 5.6 1:

To find 0 " in d%"( n"!or; R

1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# R

+ ?o6&#

RC = ( R

x R

!)#( R

!x R

%)#( R

%x R

)/ R

%

A B C D E F G H

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FORMULAS






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%ormula -) *E10,F10?D10GE10GF10 18.28 12.83 10.77 ++:


%ormula -* *F1+:,D1+:?D1+:GE1+:GF1+: 18.28 12.83 10.77 7:


%ormula -+ *D1++,E1++?D1++GE1++GF1++ 18.28 12.83 10.77 24:

CHAPTER 5 To find forc of (""r(c" or r3'%#ion E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) P ,trength P! ,trength

%ormula 7-& 1 2 0.05 ::

CHAPTER 5 To find &(9n"o&o"i8 forc E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula 7-' mmf = NI 100 5 2::

CHAPTER 5 To find &(9n"ic fi%d in"n#i"< E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) &"r#

%ormula 7-( 5 100 0.1 2:::

CHAPTER 5 To find ind'cd 8o%"(9 3r "'rn E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula 7-) 2 1 0

CHAPTER 5 To find ind'cd 8o%"(9 in coi% E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula 7-* 100 3 1 +::

CHAPTER 1: Note: No formulas used in this chapter

CHAPTER 11 To find "i& of on 3riod in (c E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &&-& 1000 :::1

CHAPTER 11 To find fr'nc< fro& "i& of 1 3r E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &&-' 0.0001 1::::

CHAPTER 11 To find ffc"i8 8(%' fro& 3(; E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &&-( Effecti-e -alue (rms) = *&.*. x k& -al& 0.707 100 :

To find 0 1 in !< n"!or; R

5 ?o6&# R

# ?o6&# R

" ?o6&#

R = R

B x R

C / R

A # R

B # R

C

To find 0 0 in !< n"!or; R

5 ?o6&# R

# ?o6&# R

" ?o6&#

R! = R

C x R

A/ R

A # R

B # R

C

To find 0 + in !< n"!or; R

5 ?o6&# R

# ?o6&# R

" ?o6&#

R% = R

A x R

B/ R

A # R

B # R

C

d ?&"r#

Force = Pole ,trng& x Pole ! ,trng&/d ! *D1+4,E1+4F1+4/0

N ?= of "rn# I ?(&3#

*D1+5,E1+5

A ?(&3# T ?"'rn#

H = AT /meter *D170,E170F170

∆f%'$ ? ∆time( sec)

V nd

= 0 of lines of flux cut/er unit time *D172E172

N ?= of "'rn# ∆f%'$ ? ∆time( sec)

8 ind

= N (0 of turns) x ∆

flux/∆

time *D17,E17F17

f ?HJ

T (sec) = / f (12) *1D12+

T ?"i& in #c

f (12) = /T (sec) *1D124

V !k" ?8o%"#

*D125,E125

A B C D E F G H

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FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

CHAPTER 11 To find (89 8(%' ?10 c<c% fro& 3; E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &&-) "-g& -alue (/! cycle) = *&3%. x k& -al& 0.637 100 4+

V !k" ?8o%"#

*D140,E140

A B C D E F G H

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FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

CHAPTER 11 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) #n$le

%ormula &&-* 141 30 0.5 :2

CHAPTER 11 To find K d'"< c<c of non-#in !(8# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &&-+ 4 20 0:

CHAPTER 11 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) B#%eln &#lue du'( )()le !k*!k &l'%

%ormula &&- 2 0.1 5 02

CHAPTER 10 Note: No formulas used in this chapter

CHAPTER 1+ E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)%ormula &(-& *D14,E14F14 500 2 1 1:::

CHAPTER 1+ E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &(-' *D15,E15F15 10 5 1 2:


%ormula &(-( *D10?E10F10 5 12 6 02


%ormula &(-) *::::::102,D12,E12/0,F12.12 1 2000 0.001 0.01 :2:0


%ormula &(-* *::::::102,D1/0,E1F1 2000 0.001 0.01 :2:0


%ormula &(-+ * SUM?D151)F151 10 5 2.5 12

CHAPTER 1+ E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)%ormula &(- *1D157G1E157G1F157 10 5 10 :7


%ormula &(- *1?1D15G1E15G1F15 10 5 10 02

To find in#"(n" 8 of #in !(8 V !k" ?8o%"# %n θ

& inst = V x sin of angle -alue *D142,F142

' ! ?

µ

#c T ?µ#c

+uty cycle = tw (ulse wi+&)/T ( er&) x ** *D14E14,1::

To find 8 (89

of non-#in !(8#

4a-g

= 5aseln -al& # (+uty cycle x ' am&) *D11G?E11,F11

To find 8 ind'cd in ( coi% N ?= "rn# d φ

? d t ?#c#V

in+ = N (0 of trns) x +φ /+'

To find 8 < 8(%' of 9i8n < L ?H d ?(&3# d' ?#c#

V 6 = L x d /d'

To find < fro& 8 < (nd di>dt V

L ?8o%"# d ?(&3# d' ?#c#

L = V 6/ d/d'

To find < fro& 36<#ic(% 3(r(&"r# µ

r N ?= "rn# A ?# &"r# l ?&"r# L=!&7. x *'.x µ

r x N ! x A / l

To find < of (ir-cor ind'c"or N ?= "rn# A ?# &"r# l ?&"r#

L = !&7. x *'. x N ! x A / l

To find <T in ( #ri# circ'i" L

1 ?H L

0 ?H L

+ ?H

LT = L

# L

! & & & # L

n

To find 3(r circ'i" rci3roc(% of <T L1 ?H L0 ?H L+ ?H/ L

T = / L

# / L

! # / L

%$#/ L

n

To find <T in ( 3(r(%%% circ'i" L

1 ?H L

0 ?H L

+ ?H

LT = / / L

# / L

! # / L

%$#/ L

n

A B C D E F G H

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FORMULAS






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%ormula &(-7 *D0::,E0::?D0::GE0:: 10 10 2

To find <T of 0 3(r(%%% <# L

1 ?H L

0 ?H

LT = L

x L

!/ L

# L

!

A B C D E F G H

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200






FORMULAS






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CHAPTER 1+ To find (&o'n" of #"ord nr9< E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &(-&? *D0:+,E0:+,F0:+/0 0.5 20 5 02:


%ormula &(-&& *D0:4E0:4 10 12 :+


%ormula &(-&' 10 10000 0.001 10 :::1


%ormula &(-&( 6 2200 0.000068 0.05 ::::1+


%ormula &)-& *D012,E012,F012 6.28 60 5 17


%ormula &)-' *D01?E01,F01 2000 6.28 1500000 ::::010


%ormula &)-( *D001?E001,F001 4000 6.28 0.00003 010+170+


%ormula &)-) *1?D007G1?E007G1?F007 2000 4000 6000 ::::51


%ormula &)-* *1?1D00G1E00 5000 5000 02::


%ormula &)-+ *D0+:,E0+:?D0+:GE0+: 5000 5000 02::


%ormula &)- *D0++E0++ 3140 50 40

CHAPTER 12 P<"6(9or(n T6or& E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) # ,

%ormula &*-& *D0+4/0GE0+4/0 10 10 0::

L ?H I ?(&3#

Energy = *&7 LI !

To find 0 < circ'i" "i& con#"(n" L ?H R ?o6&#

8ne time constant = L/ R

To find in#" incr i in (n 0 < circ'i" V

# ?8o%"# R ?o6&# ' ?#c L ?H

= V s/ R x ( ' ε

-0t < *D0:5E0:5,??1-010/ -?E0:5,F0:5.0:5

To find in#" dc i in (n 0 < circ'i" V

# ?8o%"# R ?o6&# ' ?#c L ?H

= V s/ R x (ε-0t < *D010E010,??010/ -?E010,F010.010

To find 8(%' of ; < in (n (c circ'i" -π f ?HJ L ?H

X L

= !π fL

To find < ? ; < (nd f ;no!n X

< ?o6&# -π f ?HJ

L= X L

/!π f

To find fr'nc< ? ; < (nd < ;no!n X

< ?o6&# -π L ?H

f = X L/!π L

To find 1 ; <T

in ( 3(r(%%% (c circ'i" X <1

?o6&# X <0

?o6&# X <+

?o6&#

/ X LT

=/ X L

#/ X L!

#/ X L%

$

To find ; <T

in ( 3(r(%%% (c circ'i" X <1

?o6&# X <0

?o6&#

X LT

=/(/ X L

#/ X L!

#$)

To find ; <T

of 0 3(r(%%% <# X <1

?o6&# X <0

?o6&#

X LT

= X L

x X L!

/ X L

# X L!

To find @ in (n 0< (c circ'i" X < ?o6&# R ?o6&#

Q = X L

/ R

)! = #! # ,!

A B C D E F G H

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FORMULAS






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%ormula &*-' *SQRT?D0+5/0GE0+5/0 10 10 1717


%ormula &*-( *SQRT?D070/0GE070/0 5 8.66 1:::


%ormula &*-) *SQRT?D072/0GE072/0 3 5 2+


%ormula &*-* *D07,E07SQRT?D07/0GE07/0 50 30 020

CHAPTER 12 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) .ne

%ormula &*-+ *D021E021 1 1500 ::::44

CHAPTER 12 To find ind'c"i8 #'#c3"(nc E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &*- *D027E027 1 1005 ::::552

CHAPTER 12 To find (d&i""(nc E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &*- *D02E02 1 835 :::115


%ormula &*-7 *SQRT?D04:/0GE04:/0 0.000667 0.000995 :::115

CHAPTER 12 To find &(9ni"'d of 36(# (n9% E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &*-&? *DE.REES?ATAN?D04+E04+ 1500 1005 241

CHAPTER 14 To find &'"'(% ind'c"(nc E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) k

%ormula &+-& *D044,SQRT?E044,F044 1 3 3 +


%ormula &+-' *D045GE045G0,F045 8 8 4 07


%ormula &+-( *D00GE00-0,F00 8 4

To find 8 T in ( #ri# 0< circ'i" V

0 ?8o%"# V

< ?8o%"#

V T = √ V

R! # V

L!

To find A in ( #ri# 0< circ'i" R ?o6&# X < ?o6&#

0 = √ R! # X L

!

To find / T in ( 3(r(%%% 0< circ'i" I

0 ?(&3# I

< ?(&3#

I T = √

Ι

R! # I

L!

To find A in ( 3(r(%%% 0< circ'i" R ?o6&# X < ?o6&#

0 = R x X L

/ √ R! # X L

!

To find 1 in ( 3(r(%%% 0< circ'i" R ?o6&#

1 = 1 >0

X < ?o6&#

#<

= 1 ; <

0 ?o6&#

B = 1 >A

To find B in ( 3(r(%%% 0< circ'i" G ?S B< ?S

1 T = √.! # 5

L

!

R ?o6&# X < ?o6&#

θ ?&(9ni"'d * "(n-1 0 ; <

L1 ?H L

0 ?H

2 = k √ L x L

!

To find <T of #ri# <!s ?(id L

1 ?H L

0 ?H 2 ?H

LT = L

# L

! # ! 2

To find <T of #ri# <# ?o33 L

1 ?H L

0 ?H 2 ?H

LT = L

# L

! ' ! 2

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

CHAPTER 14 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) ?(id +:

%ormula &+-) *D02GE020,F02 10 10 5 ?o33 1:


%ormula &+-* *1??1?D0GF0G1?E0GF0 8 8 4 4


%ormula &+-+ *1??1?D01-F01G1?E01-F01 8 8 4 0

CHAPTER 14 To find cofficin" of co'3%in9 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &+- *F07SQRT?D07,E07 8 8 4 :2


%ormula &+- or * D0,.0*E0,F0 20 280 1 14 1


%ormula &+-7 or * D05:,.05:*E05:,F05: 20 280 1 14 1


%ormula &+-&? or * D05+,.05+ * E05+,F05+ 5 1 0.5 0.1 1


%ormula &+-&& or *D054,.054*E054,F054 5 1 0.5 0.1 1


%ormula &+-&' or *?D055E055/0*F055.055 1 4 8 128 1


%ormula &+-&( *D+:0,?E+:0F+:0/0 2000 2 1 :::


%ormula &+-&) *SQRT?D+:2E+:2 1000 10 1:

CHAPTER 14 To find "r(n#for&r fficinc< E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &+-&* *D+:E+:,1:: 86 100 4

.nr(% <T for&'%( ?(id or o33 L

1 ?H L

0 ?H 2 ?H

LT = L

# L

! ± ! 2

To find <T of 0 3(r(%%% <# ?(id L

1 ?H L

0 ?H 2 ?H

LT = // L

# 2 # / L

! # 2

To find <T of 0 3(r(%%% <# ?o33 L

1 ?H L

0 ?H 2 ?H

LT = // L

' 2 # / L

! ' 2

L1 ?H L

0 ?H 2 ?H

k = 2 / √ L x L

!

8 r("io co&3(rd "o T r("io V P ?8o%"# V

3 ?8o%"# N

P ?"rn# N

3 ?"rn#

V P

/V 3 = N

P / N

3

T r("io co&3(rd "o 8 r("io N P ?"rn# N

3 ?"rn# V

P ?8o%"# V

3 ?8o%"#

N P

/ N 3 = V

P /V

3

T r("io co&3(rd "o / r("io N P

?"rn# N 3 ?"rn# I

3 ?(&3# I

P ?(&3#

N P

/ N 3 = I

3 / I

P

8 r("io co&3(rd "o / r("io V P ?8o%"# V

3 ?8o%"# I

3 ?(&3# I

P ?(&3#

V P

/V 3

= I 3 / I

P

N r("io co&3(rd "o A r("io N 3 ?"rn# N

P ?"rn# 0

3 ?o6&# 0

P ?o6&#

( N 3 / N

P )! = 0

3 / 0

P

To find A 9 fro& A

S (nd T r("io 0

3 ?o6&# N

P ?"rn# N

3 ?"rn#

0 P

= 0 3 ( N

P / N

3 )!

To find T r("io fro& A r("io 0 P ?o6&# 0

3 ?o6&#

N P

/ N 3 = √ 0

P / 0

3

P o'" ?!(""# P in ?!(""#

Efficiency = P out

/ P in x **

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6


%ormula &-& *D+11E+11 10 2 2


%ormula &-' *D+17,E+17 5 2 1:


%ormula &-( V = Q/C *D+1E+1 10 5 0

CHAPTER 1 To find nr9< in o'%# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &-) *:2,D+0:,E+0:/0 0.000005 250 :12402

CHAPTER 1 To find di%c"ric con#"(n" E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &-* *D+0+E+0+ 6 1 4


%ormula &-+ *2,D+04?1:/10,E+04 0.01 0.001 2E-:11


%ormula &- *2,D+05,E+05?1:/10,F+05 3 0.01 0.001 0422E-:1:


%ormula &- *002,D++0,E++01:/,F++0,?.++0-1 100 2 0.005 2 :::5


%ormula &-7 *D++2,E++2?D++2GE++2 3 6 0


%ormula &-&? *D++.++ 10 10 10 3 +++


%ormula &-&& *1?1D+71G1E+71G1F+71 10 5 10 02


%ormula &-&' *D+77,E+77F+77 60 7.5 15 +:

To find " 8(%' ?@ (nd 8 ;no!n Q ?co'% V ?8o%"#

C = Q/V

To find @ 8(%' ?" (nd 8 ;no!n C ?f(r(d# V ?8o%"#

Q = C x V

To find 8 8(%' ?@ (nd " ;no!n Q ?co'% C ?f(r(d#

C ?f(r(d# V ?8o%"#

Energy = *&7 x CV !

ε

o ?(# ε

8 ?8(c

k = ε

o/ε

-

To find " ?fro& 36<#ic(% f(c"or# A ?# &"r# % ?&"r#

C = 9&97 x A/*!%

To find " ?fro& 36<#ic(% f(c"or# k ?n'&r A ?# &"r# % ?&"r#

C = 9&97 x k x A/*! x %

To find " in µ% ?fro& 36<# f(c"or# k ?n'&r A ?# in % (in&) n?= 3%("#

C = !&!7:k : A/*. x % x (n')

To find " T of 0 #ri# c(3# C

1 ?µF C

0 ?µF

C T = C

x C

!/ C

# C

!

To find " T of * 8(%' #ri# " # C

1 ?µF C

0 ?µF C

+ ?µF n?= 3%("#

C T = C / N

To find " T of (n< 8(%' #ri# " # C

1 ?

µ

F C 0 ?

µ

F C + ?

µ

F

C T = //C

#/C

!#/C

%&&&#/C

n

To find 8 " x

in c(3 8 di8idr circ'i" V 3 ?8o%"# C

T ?'F C

X ?µ

F

V X

= V 3 x C

T /C

X

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

309

310

311

312313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6


%ormula &-&( *D+7GE+7GF+7G.+7 15 10 10 3 +


%ormula &-&) *D+2:,E+2: 1000 0.000001 :::1

CHAPTER 1 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) ε

%ormula &-&* *D+2+,??E+2+/-?F+2+.+2+ 50 2.71828 10000 10000 1+5

CHAPTER 1 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) ε

%ormula &-&+ *D+24,???1-?E+24/-?F+24.+24 50 2.71828 18000 10000 717


%ormula &-& *?D+25,1:/-10,E+25?F+25,1:/-4 100 100 100 ::::1

CHAPTER 1 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) 2π

%ormula &-' *1?D+40,E+40,F+40 6.28 120 0.000002 44+7


%ormula &-( *1?D+42,E+42,F+42 6.28 5E-010 1000 +171


%ormula &-) *1?D+4,E+4,F+4 6.28 2000 3180 ::::::::02


%ormula &-* *1?1D+1G1E+1G1F+1 1000 2000 3000 27272


%ormula &-+ *D+7,E+7?D+7GE+7 1000 2000 4444


%ormula &- *D+E+ 1000 5 0::


%ormula &7-& *SQRT?D+:/0GE+:/0 50 50 :1

To find " T of 3(r(%%% c(3(ci"or# C

1 ?

µ

F C 0 ?

µ

F C + ?

µ

F C 7 ?

µ

F

C T = C

# C

! # C

%$#C

n

To find 1 "i& con#" in (n 0" circ'i" R ?o6&# C ?f(r(d#

T; (T) = R x C

To find in#" v 0 in ( dc 0" circ'i" V

S ?8o%"# ' ?µ#c τ ?µ#c

& R

= V 3 x (ε't/T)

To find in#" v " in ( dc 0" circ'i" V

S ?8o%"# ' ?µ#c τ ?µ#c

&C = V

, x ( ' ε

't/T)

To find i " ;no!in9 " (nd dv>dt C ?8(%' d& ?8o%"# d' ?#c

C = C x d&/d'

To find ; " ;no!in9 f (nd " f ?HJ C ?f(r(d#

X C = /!

π

x f x C

To find f ;no!in9 " (nd ; " C ?f(r(d# X

" ?o6&#

f = /!π x C x X C

To find " ;no!in9 f (nd ; " f ?HJ X

" ?o6&#

C = /!π

x f x X C

To find ; "T

of 3(r(%%% " # X " 1

?o6&# X " 0

?o6&# X " +

?o6&#

X CT

= // X C

# / X C !

# / X C %

$/<Cn

To find ; "T

of 0 3(r(%%% " # X " 1

?o6&# X " 0

?o6&#

X CT

= X C

x X C !

/ X C

# X C-

To find ; "T

of * 8(% 3(r(%%% " # X " 1

?o6&# N ?n'&r

X CT

= X C

/ N

To find 8 T in ( #ri# 0" circ'i" V

0 ?8o%"# V

" ?8o%"#

V T = √ V

R! # V

C !

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6


%ormula &7-' *SQRT?D++/0GE++/0 50 50 :1


%ormula &7-( *SQRT?D+4/0GE+4/0 15 20 02


%ormula &7-) *D+5,E+5SQRT?D+5/0GE+5/0 4 3 07

CHAPTER 15 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) .ne

%ormula &7-* *D+50E+50 1 1500 ::::44

CHAPTER 15 To find c(3(ci"i8 #'#c3"(nc E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &7-+ *D+52E+52 1 995 :::1


%ormula &7- *SQRT?D+5/0GE+5/0 0.000667 0.001 :::10

CHAPTER 15 To find &(9ni"'d of 36(# (n9% E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula &7- *DE.REES?ATAN?D7:1E7:1 1500 995 2477

CHAPTER 0: E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '?-& *SQRT?D7:7/0GE7:7/0 60 80 1::


%ormula '?-' *SQRT?D7:5/0GE7:5/0 60 80 1::::


%ormula '?-( *D717E717 80 60 1++

To find A in ( #ri# 0" circ'i" R ?o6&# X " ?o6&#

0 = √ R! # X C

!

To find / T in ( 3(r(%%% 0" circ'i" I

0 ?(&3# I

" ?(&3#

I T = √ I

R! # I

C !

To find A in ( 3(r(%%% 0" circ'i" R ?o6&# X " ?o6&#

0 = R x X C

/√

R! # X C

!

To find 1 in ( 3(r(%%% 0" circ'i" R ?o6&#

G = /R

X c ?o6&#

BC

= / X C or !π f ;

To find B in ( 3(r(%%% 0" circ'i" G ?S B" ?S

1 T = √1 ! # B

C !

R ?o6&# X " ?o6&#

θ

?&(9ni"'d * "(n-1 0 ; "

To find A of ( #ri# 0<" circ'i" R ?o6&# X net

?o6&#

0 = √ R! # X ne'

!

?!6r ; net

* ; <- ;

" if ;

< ;

"

or ; net

* ; " - ;

< if ;

" ;

<

To find 8 T of ( #ri# 0<" circ'i" V

0 ?8o%"# V

$net ?8o%"#

V T =

√

V R

! # V Xne'

!

?!6r 8 xnet

*8 <- 8

" if 8

<8

"

or 8 xnet

*8 " - 8

< if 8

" 8

<6

To find T(nθ knowing X net an+ R X net

?o6&# R ?o6&#

Tang of θ = X ne'

/ R

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6


%ormula '?-) *D71E71 80 60 1++


%ormula '?-* *SQRT?D70:/0GE70:/0 2 1 007

CHAPTER 0: To find 3f ;no!in9 36(# (n9% E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '?-+ *COS?D702,PI?1: 45 ::


%ormula '?- *D70,E70 141.5 1 1712


%ormula '?- *D7+0/0,E7+0 1 100 1::

To find T(nθ

knowing V X

ne' an+ V R

V X n" ?8o%"# V

0 ?8o%"#

Tang ofθ

= V X

ne' / V R

To find / T of ( 3(r(%%% 0<" circ'i" I

0 ?(&3# I

X n" ?(&3#

I T = √ I

R

! # I X

ne' !

?!6r / x net * /

<- /

" if /

</

"

or / x net * /

" - /

< if /

" /

<

θ

?d9

Power factor ( !"f &) = cos θ

To find (33 3o!r ;no!in9 8 (nd / V ?8o%"# I ?(&3#

"arent ower ( 3 ) = V rms

x I rms

To find "r' 3o!r ;no!in9 / (nd 0 I ?(&3# R ?o6&#

True ower ( P ) = I ! x R

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6


%ormula '?-7 *D7+2,E7+2 141.5 0.707 1::


%ormula '?-&? *D7+E7+ 100 141.5 ::


%ormula '?-&& *SQRT?D771/0GE771/0 100 100 17170

CHAPTER 0: E$c% for&'%(# in co%'&n H (r)

%ormula '?-&' *?D777,COS?E777,PI?1: 45 30 +5

?Sri# circ'i" *?D777,SIN?E777,PI?1: 002

An#!r i#)


%ormula '?-&( *?D72:,COS?E72:,PI?1: 66 60 ++

?Sri# circ'i" *?D72:,SIN?E72:,PI?1: 214

An#!r i#)


%ormula '?-&) *?D724,COS?E724,PI?1: 15 30 1055

?P(r(%%% circ'i" *?D724,SIN?E724,PI?1: 2

An#!r i#)

CHAPTER 0: To find ind'c"i8 #'#c3"(nc E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '?-&* *1?D740,E740,F740 6.28 60 1 :::042

?P(r(%%% circ'i"

CHAPTER 0: To find c(3(ci"i8 #'#c3"(nc E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '?-&+ *D744,E744,F744 6.28 60 0.000004 :::121

?P(r(%%% circ'i"

To find "r' 3o!r ;no!in9 S (nd pf 3 ?VA !"f" ?n'&

P = "arent ower x ower factor (&f&)

To find 3f ;no!in9 9 (nd S P "r' ? 3 ?VA

!"f" = True ower ( P )/"& ower ( 3 )

To find S ;no!in9 9 (nd 850 P "r' ? Q ?VAR

3 =√

P ! # Q!

To con8r" A 3o%(r "o rc" d("( 0 ?o6&# θ

?d9

R factor = ( 0 cos θ)

factor =

( 0 sinθ

)

7∠30 =

( 0 cosθ

+

( 0 sinθ

)

72 ∠+: * +5 G 002

To con8r" 8 T 3o%(r "o rc" d("( V

T ?8o%"#

θ ?d9

>eal axis = (V T x cos

θ

)

?mag& axis =

(V T x sin

θ

)

66∠45 = (V T x cos θ + (V

T x sin θ )

44∠72 * ++ G 214

To con8r" / T 3o%(r "o rc" d("( I T ?(&3# θ

?d9

>eal axis = ( I T x cos

θ

)

?mag& axis = ( I T x sin

θ

)

15∠30 = ( I T x cos

θ

+ ( I T x sin

θ

)

12∠30 * 1055 G 2

0π f ?HJ L ?H

B L = /!

π

x f x L

-π f ?HJ C ?F(r(d#

BC = !π x f x C

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467








FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6


%ormula '&- *D2:2E2:2 5000 25 0::

To find B ;no!in9 f r (nd @ f

r ?HJ Q ?n'&r

5W = f r /Q

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

504

505






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6


%ormula '&-7 *D2:E2: 5000 200 02


%ormula '&-&? *1?D211,E211,F211 6.28 1000 0.0000001 1250+4

3Note: %or hi-pass simple " filter6


%ormula '&-&& *1?D212,?E212F212 6.28 0.1 1000 1250+4

3Note: %or lo-pass simple < filter6

CHAPTER 00 To find &($ = of %c"ron# in #6%% n E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) n

%ormula ''-& *0,D215/0 3 1


%ormula '(-& *?D200-E200F200 10 0.7 150 ::40

CHAPTER 0+ To find diod 3o!r di##i3("ion E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '(-' *D202,E202 0.01 0.7 :::

CHAPTER 0+ To find Jnr diod 3!r di##i3("ion E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '(-( *D20,E20 0.05 5.1 :022

CHAPTER 0+ To find r9'%("ion "r(n#i"ion 3oin" E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '(-) *D2+1,?E2+1GF2+1F2+1 9.1 100 750 1:+1


%ormula '(-* *D2+7,E2+7?E2+7GF2+7 9 750 100 57


%ormula '(-+ *D2+-E2+ 12 1.5 1:2


%ormula ')-& *:72,D27: 70.7 +1

To find @ ;no!in9 f r (nd B f

r ?HJ B7 ?HJ

Q = f r /5W

To find c'"off for 0" n"!or; -π R ?o6&# C ?F(r(d#

f ) = /!

π

x R x C

To find c'"off for 0< n"!or; -π L ?H R ?o6&#

f ) = /!π x ( L/ R)

Aax 0 of electrons = ! x n!

To find / in circ !#ri# diod (nd 0 V S ?8o%"#

V

. ?8o%"# R ?o6&#

I = (V 3

* V

D 6 / R

I ?(&3# V .

P = I x V D

I J ?(&3# V

J ?8o%"#

P = I 2 x V

2

V JT

R1 ?o6&# R

< ?o6&#

V % = V

2T x ( R

# R

L 6 / R

L

To find o'"3'" 8 !#o'rc "r(n# 3" V % ?8o%"# R

< ?o6&# R

1 ?o6&#

V L = V

% x R

L / ( R

L + R

)

To find 8 "o dro33d < 8 0

V % ?8o%"# V

. ?8o%"#

V R

= V % * V

D

To find 8 dc

o'" of 'nfi%" H rc" V r&#

?8o%"#

V +c

= *&7 x V rms

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

506

507

508

509510

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

536

537

538

539

540

541






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6


%ormula ')-' *:+1,D27+ 100 +1

To find 8 dc

o'" of 'nfi%" H rc" V P

?8o%"#

V +c

= *&%9 x V PB

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

542

543






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

CHAPTER 07 To find PIV of 'nfi%" H rc" E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula ')-( *1717,D274 200 00

CHAPTER 07 To find ri33% fr H rc" E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula ')-) >ile freC& = ac inut freCuency *1,D275 60 4:


%ormula ')-* *:5,D220 100 5:


%ormula ')-+ *:72,D222 200 5:


%ormula ')- *:4+,D22 141.4 5:1


%ormula ')- *:+1,D241 282.8 55

CHAPTER 07 To find PIV of 'nfi%" F rc" E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula ')-7 *1717,D247 200 00

CHAPTER 07 To find ri33% fr F rc" E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula ')-&? >ile freC& = ! x ac inut freCuency *0,D24 60 10:


%ormula ')-&& *:5,D2: 12.6 11+7


%ormula ')-&' *:4+,D2+ 17.8 11+7

CHAPTER 07 To find PIV of 'nfi%" rid9 rc" E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula ')-&( *1717,D24 200 00

CHAPTER 07 To find ri33% fr ?rid9 rc" E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula ')-&) *0,D25 60 10:

V r&#

?V

P?4 (1&W&) = & x V rms

#) n!u' f

To find 8 dc

o'" of 'nfi%" F rc" V ?10 #c

V +c

= *& x V rms

of half of secon+ary

To find 8 dc

o'" of 'nfi%" F rc" V ?f'%% #c

V +c

= *&7 x V rms

of full secon+ary

To find 8 dc

o'" of 'nfi%" F rc" V P

?10 #c

V +c

= *&3%. x V PB

of /! secon+ary

To find 8 dc

o'" of 'nfi%" F rc" V P

?f'%% #c

V +c

= *&%9 x V PB

of full secon+ary

V ?F'%% #c

P?4 (F&W&) = & x V rms

full secon+ary

#) n!u' f

To find 8 dc

o'" ?'nfi%" rid9 rc" V r&#

n!u'

V +c

= *& x V rms

of ac inut

To find 8 dc

o'" ?'nfi%" rid9 rc" V 3;

n!u'

V +c

= *&3%. x V PB

of ac inut

V rms

n!u'

P?4 (5ri+ge) = & x V rms

inut

#) n!u' f

>ile freCuency (bri+ge) = ! x ac in f

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

544

545

546

547548

549

550

551

552

553

554

555

556

557

558

559

560

561

562

563

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

577

578

579






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

CHAPTER 07 To find 3o!r #'33%< o'" K ri33% E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) #) r!!le !*! d) u'

%ormula ')-&* >ile = ac(rile ')/+c out x ** *D20E20,1:: 1 48 0:

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

580

581

582






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

CHAPTER 07 To find 3o!r #'33%< K r9'%("ion E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula ')-&+ *?D22-E22E22,1:: 12.2 11.8 ++5


%ormula ')-& *?D2,E2GF2,?E2-.2 0.0044 24 0.15 15 174


%ormula ')-& *D251?D251GE251,1:: 2.25 1.446 4:

CHAPTER 07 To find r9'%("d dc o'"3'" 8o%"(9 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula ')-&7 *D257,?1GE257F257 1.25 240 240 02


%ormula ')-'? *D25?D25GE25 50 50 :2

CHAPTER 07 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) D &#lue

%ormula ')-'& *D4::,E4:: 24 0.5 10


%ormula ')-'' *D4:+?1-E4:+ 24 0.5 7::


%ormula ')-'( *-D4:4,E4:4?1-E4:4 24 0.5 -07

CHAPTER 02 To find "r(n#i#"or &i""r c'rrn" E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '*-& *D4:5GE4:5 18 0.001 1::1

CHAPTER 02 To find dc B"( of "r(n#i#"or E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '*-' *D410E410 1.2 0.024 2:

CHAPTER 02 To find co%%c"or c'rrn" E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '*-( *D412,E412 50 0.024 10

CHAPTER 02 To find (# c'rrn" E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '*-) *D41E41 1.2 50 ::07

V N<

?8o%"# V %<

?8o%"#

>eg& = (V NL

* V FL 6/ V

FL x **

To find 3o!r di## < /" r9'%("or I #

?(&3# V IN

?V I L

?(&3# V OUT

?V

P >E

= I B

x V ?

+ I L

x (V ?

'V 8GT

)

To find fficinc< of /" r9'%("or P o'"

? P r9

?

η = P out

/ ( P out

# P reg

) x **

V rf

?V R0

?o6&# R1 ?o6&#

V out

= V ref

x (# R!/ R

)

To find . f(c"or for @'c;@ r9 T on

?&#c T off

?&#c

D = T on

/ (T on

# T off

)

To find 8 o'"

of ( @'c;@ r9 V in ?8o%"#

V out

= V in x D

To find 8 o'"

of ( @oo#"@ r9 V in ?8o%"#

V out

= V in /(' D6

To find 8 o'"

of ( @f%<(c;@ r9 V in ?8o%"#

V out

= 'V in x D/(' D)

I C ?&A I

# ?&A

I E

= I C # I

B

I " ?&A I

# ?&A

β

+c = I

C /I

B

dc

I #

?&A

I C = β

+c x I

B

I " ?&A

dc

I B

= I C / β

+c

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

583

584

585

586

587

588

589

590

591

592

593

594

595

596

597

598

599

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

607

608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

CHAPTER 02 To find A%36( of "r(n#i#"or E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '*-* *D401E401 9.8 10 :5

CHAPTER 02 To find (c B"( ?c'rr 9(in of "r(n# E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '*-+ *D407E407 2 0.04 2:

CHAPTER 04 To find 8o%"(9 9(in of (&3%ifir E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-& *D40E40 1.2 0.05 07

CHAPTER 04 To find c'rrn" 9(in of (&3%ifir E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-' *D4+:E4+: 10 0.5 0:

CHAPTER 04 To find 3o!r 9(in of (n (&3%ifir E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-( *D4++,E4++ 24 20 7:


%ormula '+-) *D4+4,F4+4?E4+4GF4+4 12 12000 2000 11


%ormula '+-* *?D4+5-E4+5F4+5 1.714 0.7 1000 :::1:17

CHAPTER 04 To find co%%c"or-&i""r 8o%"(9 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-+ *D470-?E470,?F470G.470 12 1.014 3.9 1 :+

CHAPTER 04 To find d<n(&ic &i""r r#i#"(nc E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) ?&V

%ormula '+- *D472E472 25 1.014 0742

CHAPTER 04 To find in3'" i&3d(nc E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) Be'#

%ormula '+- *1?1D47G1E47G?1?F47G1,.47 12000 2000 100 24.65 0+211+

CHAPTER 04 A33ro$i&("ion of o'"3'" i&3d(nc E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-7 *D421 3000 +:::

CHAPTER 04 A33ro$i&("ion of 8o%"(9 9(in E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-&? *-D427E427 3900 24.65 -1200

I " ?&A I

E ?&A

α = I C / I

E

∆ / " ?&A ∆ /

# ?&A

β

ac =

∆

I C /

∆

I B

V o'"

?V33 V in ?V33

AV = V

out / V

in

I o'"

?I33 I in

?I33

A I = I

out / I

in

A8

A/

A P

= AV x A

I

To find (# 8 !i"6 8 di8idr i(# V ""

?8o%"# R1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&#

V B≈V

TH = V cc x R

! / ( R

# R

!)

To find &i""r c'rr !i"6 8 di8 i(# V # ?8o%"# V

#E ?8o%"# R

E ?o6&#

I E

= 4V B

* V BE

6 / R E

V ""

?8o%"# I E ?&A R

"?; Ω R

E?; Ω

V CE

= V CC

* I E

x ( RC + R

E )

I E

?&A

re8 = !7 m4 / I E

R1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# re8 ?o6&#

0 IN

= RHH R

-99 (5eta #) x re8

R" ?o6&#

0 .:T

= RC

R" ?o6&# re8 ?o6&#

AV

= *RC / re8

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

619

620

621

622623

624

625

626

627

628

629

630

631632

633

634

635

636

637

638

639

640641

642

643

644

645

646

647

648

649

650

651

652

653

654

C G






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

CHAPTER 04 A33ro$i&("ion of c'rrn" 9(in E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-&& *D42,?E42,F42?E42GF42 100 12000 2000 24.65 7:

??E42,F42?E42GF42G?D42G1,.42

β R1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# re8 ?o6&#

Αι β( RHH R

!)/( R

1|| R

!)#(β #)re8

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

655

656

657

658






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

CHAPTER 04 A33ro$i&("ion of in3'" i&3d(nc E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-&' *1?1E441G1F441G?1??D441G1,?.441 100 12000 2000 1024.65 144+2

CHAPTER 04 A33ro$i&("ion of o'"3'" i&3d(nc E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-&( *D447 3900 +5::

CHAPTER 04 A33ro$i&("ion of 8o%"(9 9(in E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-&) *-D44?E44GF44 3900 24.65 1000 -+1

CHAPTER 04 A33ro$i&("ion of c'rrn" 9(in E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-&* *D4:,?E4:,F4:?E4:GF4: 100 12000 2000 1024.65 14+

??E4:,F4:?E4:GF4:G?D4:G1,?.4:

CHAPTER 04 A33ro$ 9(in of &'%"i#"(9 (&3%ifir E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) ---

%ormula '+-&+ *D47,E47,F47 10 50 50 02:::


%ormula '+-& *1?1D41G1E41G?1??F41G1,.41 12000 2000 100 1024 144++


%ormula '+-& *1?1D47G1E47 500 24.65 0+75

CHAPTER 04 To (33ro$ 8 9(in of CC (&3%ifir E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-&7 *D4?E4GF4 1000 24.65 1000 :5

CHAPTER 04 To (33ro$ c'rr 9(in of CC (&3%ifir E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) β

%ormula '+-'? *-D451 100 -1::


β R1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# 4re8 +R

E; 6

0 IN

= RHH R

-99 (5eta #) x (re8 # R

E;))

R" ?o6&#

0 .:T

= RC

R" ?o6&# re8 ?o6&# R

E& ?o6&#

AV ≈ *R

C / (re8 + R

E;)

β R1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# 4re8 +R

E; 6

Αι

≈β

( RHH R

!)/( R

1|| R

!)#(

β

#)x(re8+R E;

)

A8&

A8'

A8(

AV = A

V; x A

V- x A

V< …

!6r) AV1

= Zin1

/(Zin1

+ Zs)

AV2

is the gain ! !i"st a#$%i!ie"

AV3

= Zin2

/(Zin2

+ Z&t1

)

AV4

is gain ! 2n' a#$

To (33ro$i&(" A /N for CC (&3%ifir R1 ?o6&# R0 ?o6&#β

re G 0 E Ω

0 IN

= R;99R

-99 ((β +1 x (re8 # R

E ))

To (33ro$i&(" A out

for CC (&3%ifir RE ?o6&# re8 ?o6&#

0 .:T

= R E

99 re8

RE ?o6&# re8 ?o6&# R

E ?o6&#

AV = R

E /4re8 + R

E )

No") 58 ≈1

A ≈ *β

To find (33ro$ in of CB (&3%ifir R

E ?o6&# re8 ?o6&#

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

659

660

661

662663

664

665

666

667

668

669

670

671672

673

674

675

676

677

678

679

680

681

682

683

684

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

693

A B C D E F G H






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

%ormula '+-'& *D457,E457?D457GE457 1000 24.65 07:4


%ormula '+-'' *D45 3900 +5::

CHAPTER 04 To (33ro$ 8 9(in of CB (&3%ifir E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-'( *D::E:: 3900 24.65 1200

CHAPTER 04 To (33ro$ c'rrn" 9(in of CB (&3 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '+-') *D:+ -1 -1


%ormula '+-'* *D:4 12 10


%ormula '+-'+ *D:5?E:5GF:5 12 3900 1000 :::072

CHAPTER 0 To find dr(in c'rr FET# > MOSFET#

%ormula '-&

3NOTE: Shocley!s equation, shown here for information onlyF6

CHAPTER 0 To find "r(n#cond'c"(nc of FET E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)%ormula '-' *D14E14 0.002 3 ::::44


%ormula '-( *D15 5 2

3Note: 4sing fixed 2ias6


%ormula '-) *D0+-?E0+,F0+ 12 0.005 1000

3Note: 4sing fixed 2ias6


%ormula '-* *-D0,E0 0.004 1000 -7

3Note: 4sing self 2ias6

0 ?

= R E

99 re8

To find (33ro$ A out

of CB (&3%ifir R" ?o6&#

0 8GT

= RC

R" ?o6&# re8 ?o6&#

AV = R

C / re8

A/

A ≈ *

To dfin 8 "E

(" c'"off condi"ion V ""

?8o%"#

V CE

= V CC

To find / " 8(%' (" #("'r("ion V

"" ?8o%"# R

" ?o6&# R

E ?o6&#

I C4%#'6

= V CC

/ ( RC # R

E )

I D

=I D33

('(V G3 /V

G3 (off) ))!

∆ / .

3 (&3# ∆

8 1S

?V

gm = ∆ I

D / ∆ V

G3

To find FET 9(" "o #o'rc 8 V 11

?8o%"#

V G3

= V GG

To find FET dr(in "o #o'rc 8 V ..

?8o%"# I . ?(&3# R

. ?o6&#

V D3

= V DD

* I D

x R D

To find FET 9(" "o #o'rc 8 I . ?(&3# R

S ?o6&#

V G3

= * I D

x R 3

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

694

695

696

697

698

699

700

701

702

703

704

705

706

707

708

709

710

711

712

713

714

715

716

717

718

719

720

721

722

723

724

725

726

727

728

729

A B C D E F G H






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6


%ormula '-+ *D+1-?E+1,F+1-?E+1,.+1 18 0.01 1000 390 71

3Note: 4sing self and 8 div 2ias6

CHAPTER 0 To find FET 9(" 8o%"(9 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '- *D+2,F+2?E+2GF+2 12 100000 33000 05

3Note: 4sing voltage div 2ias6

CHAPTER 0 To find FET 9(" "o #o'rc V E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '- *D+5-?E+5,F+5 2.98 0.0085 470 -1:0

3Note: 4sing 8 divider 2ias6

CHAPTER 0 To find E-MOSFET dr(in c'rr%ormula '-7

3NOTE: Shocley!s equation, shown here for information onlyF6

CHAPTER 0 To find FET 3o!r di##i3("ion E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '-&? *D7,E7 0.12 1.3 :124


%ormula '-& *-D2:,E2: 50000 0.0002 -1:

($en %$) 3Note: /nverting input6


%ormula '-' *D27,E27 50000 0.0002 1:

($en %$) 3Note: Non-inverting input6


%ormula '-( *D2,?E2-F2 50000 0.002 0.0015 02

($en %$) 3Note: .ifferential amp circuit config6


%ormula '-) *D40E40 -15 2 -2

3Note: 5ssuming infinite input 6


To find FET dr(in "o #o'rc 8 V ..

?8o%"# I . ?(&3# R

. ?o6&# R

S ?o6&#

V D3

= V DD

* I D

x R D

* I D

x R 3

V ..

?8o%"# R1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&#

V G = V

DD x R

! / 4R

+ R

!)

V 1 ?8o%"# I

. ?(&3# R

S ?o6&#

V G3

= V G * I

D x R

3

I D

= k x (V G3

* V T )!

V .S

?8o%"# I . ?(&3#

P FET

= V D3

x I D

To find o3-(&3 o'"3'" 8 A486

V in ?8o%"#

V out

= ' A486

x V in

To find o3-(&3 o'"3'" 8 A486

V in ?8o%"#

V out

= A486

x V in

To find o3-(&3 o'"3'" 8 A486

V 1 ?8o%"# V

0 ?8o%"#

V out

= A486

x (V * V

!)

To find in8 o3-(&3 8 9(in V o'"

?8o%"# V in ?8o%"#

AV = V

out / V

in

To find in8 o3-(&3 8 9(in Rf ?o6&# R

i ?o6&#

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

730

731

732

733

734

735

736

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

748

749

750

751752

753

754

755

756

757

758

759

760

761

762

763

764

765

A B C D E F G H






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

%ormula '-* *-?D44E44 27000 1800 -12

3Note: "losed loop 8 gain6


%ormula '-+ *?D:E:G1 13000 1000 17


%ormula '- *?E+D+G1,??.+?.+GF+ 10000 50000 20000 10000 0

AV = *R

f / R

To find non-in8 o3-(&3 8 9(in Rf ?o6&# R

i ?o6&#

AV = ( R f / R ) #

To find 8 9(in of V di8 non-in8 (&3 R& ?o6&# R

' ?o6&# R

( ?o6&# R

) ?o6&#

58 *?0

' >0

& 6H& $ 0

) >30

) H 0

( 6

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

766

767

768

769

770

771

772

773



A B C D E F G H






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

CHAPTER 0 To find %o!r "6r#6 3" of Sc6 "ri9 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '-& *D10,?E10?E10GF10 -12 10000 100000 -1:5


%ormula '-& *?D12,E12SQRT??F12GE12/0G?.12/0, 0.1 2000 8000 723.4 :+5

?0:,D1SQRT?D1/0GE1/0

3Note: 0&5 and 0&# = input signal potentiometer6 8 0.7234

CHAPTER 0 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) k

%ormula '-&7 *?D0:-E0:,F0:,?.0:,D00 0.2 0.15 20 0.000486 74

10000


%ormula '-'? *D02,E02 0.000486 10000 74

!6r)


%ormula '-'& *D+:,E+: -0.000486 10000 -74


%ormula '-'' *1?D++,E++,F++ 6.28 1000 0.000001 12507


%ormula '-'( *D+4,E+4SQRT?F+4/0GE+4/0, 1 10000 10000 10000 1717

?1G.+4D+

10000


%ormula '-') *1?D71,E71,F71 6.28 10000 2.2E-009 0+


%ormula '-'* *D77,?E77SQRT?E77/0GF77/0 1 10000 10000 10000 1717

,?1G.77D74

V &in

?8o%"# R1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&#

6TP = V min

x I R/( R

# R

!)J

To find o'"3'" 8 of IC ('dio (&3%ifir V in ?8o%"# R

1B ?o6&# R

1A ?o6&# X

C1 ?o6&#

4out

= 4in x I R

5 / ( R

"# R

5'<

;)J

x !* x I R,PB

) / ( R,PB

'<;!

)J RSP

?o6&# X C0

?o6&#

To find 8 o'" of OTA diff (&3%ifir V 1 ?8o%"# V

0 ?8o%"# I

BIAS?(&3#

V out

= (V ' V

!) x k x I

5?", x R

L

R<?o6&#

To find UTP 8 for Sc6 "ri9 co&3 I BIAS

?(&3# R1 ?o6&#

GTP = I 5?",

x R

/ BIAS

* 8 BIAS

- V - - :0 BIAS

To find LTP 8 for Sc6 "ri9 co&3 I BIAS

?(&3# R1 ?o6&#

6TP = ' I 5?",

x R

To find f " of 1#" ordr %o!-3(## fi%"r 0

π R ?o6&# C ?f(r(d#

f c = /(!π x R x C )

To find 8 o'"

of 1#" ordr %o!-3(## fi%" V in ?8o%"# * X

" R ?o6&# R0 ?o6&#

V out

= V in x I' X

;/(>' X

;)J x (# R

!/ R

)

R1 ?o6&#

To find f " of 1#" ordr 6i-3(## fi%"r 0π

R ?o6&# C ?f(r(d# f

c = /(!π x R x C )

To find 8 o'"

of 1#" ordr 6i-3(## fi%" V in ?8o%"# R ?o6&# * X

" R

0 ?o6&#

V out

= V in x I R/( R ' X

C6J x (# R

!/ R

)

R1 ?o6&#

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

810

811

812

813814

815

816

817

818

819

820

821

822823

824

825

826

827

828

829

830

831

832

833

834

835

836

837

838

839

840

841

842

843

844

845

A B C D E F G H






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

10000


%ormula '-'+ *1?40,SQRT?D75,E75?D75GE75, 1000 1000 20000 0.00000001 +72

F75,.75,D21

4.7E-009

CHAPTER 0 To find "6 B of (nd3(## fi%"r E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) Q

%ormula '-' *D27E27 7345 3.16 0+07


%ormula '-' *D2-?E20 7345 2324 41+


%ormula '-'7 *D4:G?E4:0 7345 2324 2:


%ormula '-(? *1?40,SQRT?D4+,E4+,F4+,.4+ 1000 20000 0.00000001 0.00000001 +241

CHAPTER 0 To find di9i" dc 8(%' for ADC circ E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '-(& *D44,?0222 2 1:0


%ormula '-(' *?-D45E45,??F450G?.457G?D1 10 10000 1 0 2+5:402

G?E114G?F1+0G?.147G?D+10

G?E+024,?-F+ 0 0 1 0

1 0 10000


%ormula '7-& *1?D4,SQRT?E4,F4 6.28 0.00004 1E-010 021+


%ormula '7-' *1?D5,SQRT?E5,F5 6.28 0.00004 1E-010 021+


To find cn"r f of (nd3(## fi%"r R1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# R

+ ?o6&# C

1 ?f(r(d#

f o=/!π x√I Rx R

!/( R

# R

!)Jx R

%xC

xC

!)

C 0 ?f(r(d#

f o ?HJ

5W = f o/K

To find %o! c'"off f of (nd3(## fi%"r f o ?HJ 5W ?HJ

f c

= f o ' 5W/!

To find '33r c'"off f of (nd3# fi%" f o ?HJ 5W ?HJ

f c!

= f o # 5W/!

To find cn"r f of (nd#"o3 fi%"r R1 ?o6&# R

0 ?o6&# C

1 ?f(r(d# C

0 ?f(r(d#

f o = /(!π x √ R

x R

!x C

x C

!)

V in1

?8o%"#

D"T" = V in

x (!77/7 4) +ec& re&

To find 8 o'"

for DAC co8r"r V REF

?8o%"# R17

?o6&# D.

D3

V out

= ('V >EF

/ R

) x ID .

/!)#(D3/)#D

7/9)

#(D/3)#(D

%/%!)#(D

!/3)#(D

/!9)# D

7 D

D

% D

!

(D*/!73)J x (' R

)

D

D*

R1 ?o6&#

To find f r of <" "(n; circ'i" 0π L ?H C ?f(r(d#

f r = /!π x √ LC

To find f r of ( H(r"%< O#c circ'i" 0π

L" ?H C ?f(r(d#

f r= /!π x √ L

tC

To find <T in H(r"%< O#c "(n; circ'i" L

1A ?H L

1B ?H

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

846

847

848

849

850

851

852

853

854

855

856

857

858

859

860

861

862

863

864

865

866

867

868

869

870

871

872

873

874

875

876877

878

879

880

881

CHAPTER BY CHAPTER FORMULAS AND SAMPLE EXCEL EQUIVALENT SPREADSHEET FORMULAS

A B C D E F G H

1






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

%ormula '7-( *D0GE0 0.00002 0.00002 :::::7


%ormula '7-) *1?D2,SQRT?E2,F2 6.28 0.0001 3.33E-010 04:4


%ormula '7-* *D,E?DGE 0.000000001 5E-010 ::::::::::+++

Lt

= L"

# L5

To find f r of ( Co%3i""# O#c circ'i" 0π L ?H C

T?f(r(d#

f r = /!π x √ L

C

T

To find " T in Co%3i""# O#c "(n; circ C

1 ?f(r(d# C

0 ?f(r(d#

C T = C

x C

!/(C

# C

!)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

882

883

884

885

886887

888

CHAPTER BY CHAPTER FORMULAS AND SAMPLE EXCEL EQUIVALENT SPREADSHEET FORMULAS

A B C D E F G H

1






FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6


%ormula '7-+ *1?1D51G1E51G1F51 0.000000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 ::::::::::5:


%ormula '7- *1??D57,E57,F57,SQRT?4 6.28 3300 0.00000001 15:

3Note: 5ll 0!s = and 5ll "!s = value6


%ormula '7- *1?D5,E5,F5 6.28 100000 0.0000001 1250

CHAPTER 05 E#"i&("d "i&in9 for &ono#"(% MV E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '7-7 *:45,D5:1,E5:1 100000 0.0000001 :::45

CHAPTER 05 E#" "i&in9 for 222 "<3 &ono MV E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '7-&? *11,D5:7,E5:7 1000000 0.00001 11

CHAPTER 05 E#" "i&in9 in"r8(%# for (#"(% MV E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '7-&& *:,D5:,E5: 10000 0.00000001 :::::

CHAPTER 05 O3r("in9 fr of (n (#"(% MV E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '7-&' *1?1+,D51:,E51: 47000 0.00000001 1270

No") If R# * 8(%' (nd C# * 8('#

CHAPTER 05 O3r("in9 fr of (n IC (#"(% MV E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula '7-&( *1?:45,D517,?E517G0,F517 0.000000001 10000 47000 1+5+2

CHAPTER +: Note: No formulas used in this chapter

CHAPTER +1 E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula (&-& 12 1.5 1:2


%ormula (&-' *D500E500 7.5 0.015 2::

To find " T in C%(33 O#c "(n; circ'i" C

1 ?f(r(d# C

0 ?f(r(d# C

+ ?f(r(d#

C T = /(/C

# /C

! # /C

%)

To find f rof ( 36(#-#6if" o#ci%%("or 0π R ?o6&# C ?f(r(d#

f r = /!

π

x R x ; x√

3

To find f r of in rid9 o#ci%%("or 0π R ?o6&# C ?f(r(d#

f r = /!

π

x R x ;

R" ?o6&# C ?f(r(d#

' on

= *&3 x RC x ;

R" ?o6&# C ?f(r(d#

' w = & x R

C x ;

R" 1

?o6&# C " 1

?Fd

' = *&. x R x C

R" ?o6&# C ?f(r(d#

f = /&%9 x RC x C

C ?f(r(d# RA ?o6&# R

B ?o6&#

f = /*&3 x C x ( R" + ! x R

5)

To find 8 "o dro33d < 0 in LED circ V S ?8o%"# V

. ?8o%"#

V R

= V 3 * V

D =D515-E515

To find 0 8(%' for 9i8n LED c'rr V 0 ?8o%"# I

. ?(&3#

R = V R

/ I D

3Note: Inowing that 8 0 = 8

S -8

. 6

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

889

890

891

892

893

894

895

896

897

898

899

900

901

902

903

904

905

906

907

908

909

910

911

912

913

914

915

916

917

918

919

920

921

922

923

924

CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER FORMULAS AND SAMPLE EXCEL EQUIVALENT SPREADSHEET FORMULAS

A B C D E F G H

1



CHAPTER BY CHAPTER FORMULAS AND SAMPLE EXCEL EQUIVALENT SPREADSHEET FORMULASNOTE: Some of the most-used, more-complex and useful formulas and Excel equivalents are highlighted in yellow



FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6


%ormula (&-( *?D504-E504F504 9 1.5 0.015 2::

To find 0 8(%' for 9i8n LED c'rr V S ?8o%"# V

. ?8o%"# I

. ?(&3#

R = (V 3 * V

D) / I

D

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

925

926

CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER FORMULAS AND SAMPLE EXCEL EQUIVALENT SPREADSHEET FORMULAS

A B C D E F G H

1



CHAPTER BY CHAPTER FORMULAS AND SAMPLE EXCEL EQUIVALENT SPREADSHEET FORMULASNOTE: Some of the most-used, more-complex and useful formulas and Excel equivalents are highlighted in yellow



FORMULAS






34se 5pprop 4nits6

CHAPTER +1

%ormula (&-) *D505,E505 100000 (&nn*n) ?Nd 8(%' for E505

3Note: Inowing device spectral response

and amount of received optical power6

CHAPTER +1 To find o3"o-i#o%("or c'rrn" E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#) CTR

%ormula (&-* *D5+7,E5+7 1 0.01 ::1

3Note: "T0 is current transfer ratio6

CHAPTER +1 Po!r 9(in%o## in fir o3"ic c(% E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)

%ormula (&-+ *1:,LO.?D5+E5+1: 3.33 333 -0:

CHAPTER +1 Find o'"3'" 3o!r of fir o3"ic c% E$c% for&'%( in co%'&n H i#)%ormula (&- *D571,?1:/-0:1: 333 +++E-:15

To find / in 36o"odiod circ'i" R ?o6&# P RCVD

I = R x P >;4D

I . ?(&3#

I C = ;T> x I

D

P o'"

?µ

P in ?

µ

A = * log*

( P out

/ P in)

P in ?µ

P

out = P

in x ( *"/* )

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

927

928

929

930

931

932

933

934

935

936

937

938

939

940

941

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