可再生能源推动电力互联互通 - unescap.org. Han Huang -The role of... · 可再生能源推动电力互联互通. Renewable Energy Promotes the Interconnection and Interworking

可再生能源推动电力互联互通Renewable Energy Promotes the Interconnection and Interworking for

Electric Power Development

黄瀚 Han Huang

国网能源研究院

State Grid Energy Research Institute

2015.11

个人介绍Introduction

Director, Energy Strategy and Planning Department,State Grid Energy Research Institute from 2011

Ph.D New York University 2004Avionic Instruments Inc. 2004-2006

New York Power Authority 2006-2011The Thousand Talents Plan 2011

State Grid Distinguished Experts 2012

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1.Challenges Faced by the Power Industry2.Concept for Sustainable Development: Global

Energy Interconnection3.Resources of Surrounding Countries4.Existing Plans5.Technical Bases for Large-scale Development

and Utilization of Renewable Energy6. Policy and Market

1.Challenges faced by the Power Industry

一、能源供应面临的挑战 I. Challenges for Energy Supply总量增长。从现在到2050年,年均增长仍将超过1%。满足如此大规模的能源需求，能源开发、配置、利用方式将面临全方位的巨大挑战。 Growing total volume. From now till 2050, the annual growth remains over 1%. In satisfying such a large energy demand,energy development, allocation and utilizationpattern are all faced with an all-dimensional big challenge.

2012-2040年世界及主要地区能源消费年均增长率单位：%Annual Growth of Energy Consumption of the World and the Main Regions from 2012 - 2040 Unit:%

资源制约。从总量看，化石能源储量有限，具有不可再生性，大规模开发利用必将导致资源加速枯竭。从布局看，世界能源资源与能源消费呈逆向分布，能源开发越来越向少数国家和地区集中。 Resource constraints.From the total volume perspective, fossil energies are non-renewable with limited reserves,large-scale development and utilization of which will inevitably accelerate resource exhaustion. From the layoutperspective, the global energy resources and energy consumption are in a converse distribution, energy development moreand more concentrated to fewer countries.供应成本。影响能源发展的重要因素。目前总体呈现出化石能源开采成本逐步上升，清洁能源开发成本逐步下降（“一升一降”）的趋势。Supply cost. A significant factor affecting energy development. In general, it presents a trend that cost gradually increasesfor fossil energy exploitation and decreases for clean energy exploitation.

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国家/地区 2012～2040年年均增长率

世界 1.5OECD国家 0.4

非OECD国家 2中国 3.3

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二、能源环境面临的挑战 II. Challenges for Energy Environment

全球气候变暖。全球化石能源燃烧产生的二氧化碳占全球人类活动温室气体排放的56.6%。大气中二氧化碳浓度在过去 160 多年里由约280ppm上升到约400ppm。1880～2012年，全球温度升高了约0.85℃。温室效应导致陆地面积缩减、大量物种灭绝、威胁食物供应、危害人类健康。 Global Warming. global CO2 produced in the processof fossil energy combustion accounts for 56.6% ofgreenhouse gas emissions of global human behaviors. Inthe past 160 years, concentration of CO2 in the air grewfrom about 280ppm to about 400ppm.From 1880 ～2012, global temperature raised about 0.85℃ .Greenhouse effect has resulted in land area reduction,extinction of a large number of species, threat to foodsupply and hazard to human health.

1850-2010年大气中二氧化碳浓度变化Changes in CO2 Concentration of the Air from

1850 - 2010

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根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告1）全球温度上升1.5～2.5℃，20%～30%的物种可能面临灭绝。2）全球温度上升超过3.5℃，40%～70%的物种可能面临灭绝。3）如果延续当前的化石能源消费模式，到2100年全球平均气温将上升3～6℃

要实现气温上升不超过2℃的目标，全球能源消

费产生的二氧化碳减少40%～70%，2050年控

制在120亿吨以内，较1990年下降约50%。

According to the Fourth Evaluation Report of the Inter-governmental Climate Change Specific Commission of theUnited Nations: 1) Global temperature will rise for 1.5～2.5℃,and 20%～30% species may extinct; 2) Global temperature mayrise for 3.5℃, and 40%～70% species may extinct; 3) In case thecurrent fossil energy consumption mode shall continue, globaltemperature will rise for 3～6℃ by 2100 on average. To realize the target that temperature rise shall

not exceed 2℃, carbon arising from global

energy consumption shall reduce for 40%～70%,

which shall be controlled within 12 billion tons

in 2050, declining for around 50% compared

with 1990.


The 21st United Nations Climate Change Conference will be held in 2015 in Paris, in which the globalconvention after 2020 will be determined. Namely, all nations with the highest content of greenhouse effect(developed countries and developing countries) shall be subject to the convention. The following table liststhe low carbon development target for each country (as of March 31 2015).

Year 2020 Year 2025 Year 2030

China

Carbon emission per unit GDP in China will be decreased for 40%-45% compared with 2005, and the

proportion of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption will be around 15%.

Emission of greenhouse gas will be decreased from around 2030

Russia

Emission reduction will be determined as the existed target, and emission reduction of

greenhouse gas will be for 25%-30% from 1990 to 2030.

USA

Joint Announcement of China and USA on Climate Change, ensure that greenhouse gas emission in 2025 will be reduced for around 1/4 compared

with 2005

JapanBy 2030, greenhouse gas emission in Japan will be reduced for around 20% compared

with 2013

Canada By 2020, greenhouse gas emission will be reduced for 17% compared with 2005

EU By 2030, greenhouse gas emission will be reduced for 20% compared with 1990

By 2030, greenhouse gas emission will be reduced for 40% compared with 1990


二、能源环境面临的挑战 II. Challenges for Energy Environment

生态环境破坏。化石能源燃烧排放大量的烟尘、二氧化硫等污染物，导致灰霾、酸雨等环境污染，严重影响人类的生产生活。大量化石能源在开采、运输、使用的各环节对水质、土壤、大气等自然生态环境造成严重的污染和破坏。煤炭的储存和运输也会影响环境。 Destroyed Ecological Environment. In the combustion process of fossil energies, lots of pollutantsincluding smog and SO2 lead to environmental pollution like dust-haze and acid rain, greatly affectinghuman production and life. In each link of fossil energy exploitation,transportation and utilization, greatpollution and destruction have been imposed on natural ecological environments covering water quality,soil and air. Storage and transportation of coal also impact environment.

2013年中国霾日数分布示意图Haze Day Distribution of China in 2013

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2013年中国降水pH年均值等值线分布示意图

Isogram of Annual Average PH of Rainfall in China in

2013

2013年，京津冀区域PM2.5平均浓度为106微克/立方米，PM10平均浓度为181微克/立方米，所有城市PM2.5和PM10均超标。

In 2013, PM2.5 average concentrationin Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei region is106 microgram/cubic meter, PM10average concentration is 181microgram/cubic meter, and PM2.5 andPM10 in all cities exceed the standard.


三、能源配置面临的挑战 III. Challenges for Energy Allocation

化石能源配置。全球化石能源配置具有总量大、环节多、输送距离远等特征。现有海运、铁路、公路等运输方式通常链条长、效率低，需要几种运输方式相互衔接才能完成整个能源运输过程。在国际运输过程中，地缘政治等因素对能源供应安全、能源价格等会产生较大的影响。 Fossil energy allocation. Global fossil energy allocation features large total volume, multiple links and longtransportation distance. Current transportation means like marine, railway and highway transport normallymanifest long chain and low efficiency, requiring joint efforts from the said means to complete the entiretransportation process. In international transportation, factors like geopolitics, however, have apparent influenceon energy supply security and price.

清洁能源配置。世界现有电力配置范围有限，配置能力明显不足,不能适应未来清洁能源全球大范围配置

的需要。亟待建立以清洁能源为主导、以电为中心、更高电压等级、更大输电容量、更远输电距离的全球

能源配置网络平台，以满足清洁能源的大规模、远距离配置的需要。Clean energy allocation.The world's existing power allocation presents a limited range and an insufficientcapacity, which cannot meet the future global wide-range allocation of clean energy. Hence, there is an urgent needfor building a global energy allocation network platform integrating higher voltage level, larger transmissioncapacity, longer transmission distance, which is oriented by clean energy and focused on electricity so as to meetthe need of clean energy for large-scale and long-distance allocation.

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四、能源效率面临的挑战 IV.Challenges for Energy Efficiency

开发环节。资源开发利用率低：世界石油平均采收率仅为34%，煤炭回采率65%～70%。能源转换效率低：世界火电煤耗平均约330克标准煤/千瓦时，有很大提升空间。 In development process. Low resource development and utilizationrates: average global recovery rate of petroleum is only 34% and coal65% ～70%. Low energy conversion rate: global average thermalpower coal consumption is about 330g standard coal/KWh, remainingto be greatly improved.配置环节。电煤运输过程环节多、损耗大。解决这些问题，关键是转变电力发展方式，以输电替代输煤，实现能源配置一步到位。In allocation process. Multiple links and large loss exist with theelectricity and coal transmission process. The key for solving theseproblems lies in transformation of mode of electric power developmentto replace coal transmission for electricity transmission to realize on-stop energy allocation.使用环节。发达国家能源利用效率普遍高于发展中国家，OECD国家单位GDP能耗仅为非OECD国家的25%左右。电能占终端能源消费比重仍待提高。 In utilization process. Utilization efficiency in developed countriesis universally higher than in developing ones. In OECD countries,energy consumption per unit GDP only accounts for 25% of Non-OEVD ones. The share of electricity energy in the end energyconsumption remains to be improved.

输煤、输电流程图Process Charts for Coal and Electricity

Transmission

2012年世界部分国家单位GDP能耗水平Energy Consumption Per Unit GDP in Some Countries in 2012

2.Concept for Sustainable Development: Global Energy Interconnection

RegionWater energy Wind energy Solar energy

Theoretical Storage Proportion Theoretical Storage Proportion Theoretical Storage Proportion

Asia 18 46% 500 25% 37500 25%

Europe 2 5% 150 8% 3000 2%

North America 6 15% 400 20% 16500 11%

South America 8 21% 200 10% 10500 7%

Africa 4 10% 650 32% 60000 40%

Oceania 1 3% 100 5% 22500 15%

Total 39 100% 200 100% 150000 100%

Distribution of global water energy, wind energy, solar energy and other energies (Unit: trillion KWH / year)

• The rest recoverable amount of fossil energy is 1.2 trillion ton standard coal

• Annual theoretical exploitable amount is 45 trillion ton standard coalvs

The global renewable energy resources are rich, which lays solid material foundation for the implementation of “Two

Replacements". The total amount of global renewable energy resources reaches 150 thousand trillion KWH/year. If one

of thousand of those resources are developed, it can meet the needs of human social development for energy.

Scale of Global Renewable Energy


一、清洁替代的必然性I. Inevitability in clean substitution

保障能源供应。Ensure energy supply.保护生态环境。 Protect ecological environment.推动经济发展。 Promote economic growth.

二、清洁替代的关键Keys to clean substitution创新关键技术。 Innovate key technologies提高经济性。 Improve economics.提高安全性。 Improve safety.完善发展机制。 Perfect development mechanism

清洁替代，是指在能源开发上，以清洁能源替代化石能源，从根本上解决人类

能源供应面临的资源约束和环境约束问题，实现能源可持续利用，是未来全球能源

发展的必然趋势。

Clean substitution refers to substituting clean energy for fossil energy in energy

development to fundamentally solve the problems of resource and environment

constraints faced by human energy and to realize sustainable energy utilization, which is

an inevitable trend in future global energy development.


电能替代是指在能源消费上，以电能替代煤炭、石油、天然气等化石能源的直接消费，提高电能在终端能源消费中的比重。Electric energy substitution refers to substituting electric energy for direct consumption of fossil energies including coal, petroleum and natural gas to improve the share of electric energy in end energy consumption.

一、电能替代的必然性I. Inevitability in Electric Energy Substitution 提高能源效率：电能是清洁、高效、便捷的二次能源，终端利用效率可以达到90%以上，使用过程清洁、零排放。电

气设备的能源利用效率也远远高于直接燃煤和燃油的效率。 Improve energy efficiency: electric energy is a clean, efficient and convenient secondary energy, of which end utilization

efficiency can reach over 90% and the utilization process ensures cleaning and zero emission. Energy utilization efficiency of electric equipment is also far higher than than that of direct coal and oil consumption.

促进清洁发展：清洁能源大多需要转化为电能才能高效利用，实施电能替代是服务清洁能源发展的必然要求，是实施清洁替代的必然结果，也是构建以电为中心新型能源体系的需要。

Promote clean growth: Most clean energies cannot be efficiently utilized until they are converted into electric energy. Implementing electric energy substitution is an inevitable demand for serving clean energy development, an inevitable result in implementing clean substitution and also an demand for constituting a new energy system focused on electricity.

提高电气化水平：电气化是现代社会的重要标志。实施电能替代是提升电气化水平的重要内容，无论是发达国家还是发展中国家，电能在终端能源消费中的比重都呈现明显上升趋势。

Improve electrification level: Electrification is an important symbol for modern society. Implementing electric energy substitute is an important content in improving electrification level. Whether in developed countries or developing ones, share of electric energy in end energy consumption is in an apparent growing trend.

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二、电能替代的重点III. Priorities of Electric Energy Substitution

以电代煤，以电代油，电从远方来，来的是清洁电。 Substitute electricity for coal and oil, transmit

electricity from a distance and transmit clean electricity.

目标：提高电能在终端能源消费的比重，减少化石能源消耗和环境污染。 Objective: Improve share of

electric energy in end energy consumption and reduce fossil energy consumption and environmental pollution.

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电锅炉

燃油汽车电动汽车

燃煤锅炉


全球能源互联网是什么？What is Global Energy Interconnection (GEI)?

全球能源互联网是以特高压电网为骨干网架（通道），以输送清洁能源为主导，全球互联泛在的坚强智能电网。GEI is a globally interconnected and ubiquitous Strong & Smart Grid inwhich UHV grid serves as the backbone network (channel) and transmissionof clean energy is the main drive.

全球能源互联网将由跨国跨洲骨干网架和涵盖各国各电压等级电网（输电网、配电网）的国家泛在智能电网构成，连接“一极一道”和各洲大型能源基地，适应各种分布式电源接入需要，能够将风能、太阳能、海洋能等可再生能源输送到各类用户，是服务范围广、配置能力强、安全可靠性高、绿色低碳的全球能源配置平台。To be composed of transnational and transcontinental backbone networks andnational ubiquitous smart grids covering grids of different voltages levels of allcountries (transmission grids and distribution grids), GEI, which willinterconnect the North Pole and the Equator and large energy bases in eachcontinent, meet the needs of various distributed power connections andtransmit renewable energies covering wind energy, solar energy and marineenergy to diversified energy consumers, is a green and low-carbon globalenergy allocation platform with wide service range, strong allocationcapability, high safety and reliability.


全球能源互联网发展框架：一个总体布局、两个基本原则、三个发展阶段、四个重要特征、五个主要功能。

GEI Development Framework : 1 overall layout, 2 basic principles, 3 development stages, 4 importantfeatures and 5 major functions.

全球能源互联网将形成由跨洲电网、跨国电网、国家泛在智能电网组成，各层级电网协调发展的总体布局，坚持清洁发展和全球配置两个基本原则，经过洲内互联、跨洲互联、全球互联三个阶段，具备网架坚强、广泛互联、高度智能、开放互动四个重要特征，实现能源传输、资源配置、市场交易、产业带动和公共服务五个主要功能。

GEI will shape 1 overall layout that is composed of transcontinental grids, transnational grids andubiquitous national smart grids within which coordinated development is available between grids at all levels,adhere to 2 basic principles of clean development and global allocation, go through such 3 stages as intra-continental interconnection, transcontinental interconnection and global interconnection, possess such 4 features asstrong network, wide interconnection, high smartness and openness & interaction, and finally realize such 5 majorfunctions as energy transmission, resource allocation, market-oriented transaction, industrial motivation and publicservice.

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Comprehensive development and

establishment of global solar

energy, wind energy and other

clean energy bases.

Clean energy is used to replace

fossil energy to generate power,

and it occupies absolute

proportion.

The development, transportation

and consumption scale of fossil

energy have decreased sharply.

Common sense is formed by the

mutual promotion.

The continents speeds up the

development of clean energy, and

the transportation and consumption

are mainly realized through the

interconnected grid network in the

continents.

Multinational interconnected grid

network develops fast.

The large scaled development of

global major clean energy bases

such as arctic wind power, solar

energy in equator.

Multi-type power benefits across

the continents are even more

significant

Global energy Interconnection

begins to take shape.

Stage 1 - 2020 :domestic

Stage 1- 2030:intra and cross-country

Stage 1- 2050:cross-continent

The future Global Energy Interconnection development can be divided into three stages of

development of the domestic interconnection, intra-continent and cross-country interconnection

and cross-continent interconnection


Its is predicted that by 2050 the global solar power(photovoltaic and thermal) will reach 35%, the windpower reaches 31%. The water power accounts for14% and power generation by natural gas and coalaccounts for 10%.

It is predicted that by 2050 centralized renewableenergy power generation accounts for about 55% of thetotal generating capacity, distributed power generationaccounts for about 15%, the arctic wind, equatorialregions combined solar energy power generationaccount for about 16% of the total generating capacity.

The change state of global Various Energies power generation during 2010-2050

Power generation structure in 2050 The change state of global power supply structure during 2010-2050

It is expected global primary energy demand will reach 30 billion tons standard coal, by2050, the clean energy will account for 80%, which mainly is turned into electricity.

Future Development Prospect


Reduce the discharge of CO2

Reduce the consumption of standard coal.

Power delivery

The emission effect of clean power energy of one pole and one equator（Unit：Trillion KWH, 100 million ton)

0.9 4.2 12

3 12 3.8

8 37 105

2030 2040 2050

In 2050, the clean energies will replace 24 billion ton of standard coal each year so as to reducethe emission of 67 billion tons carbon dioxide and , 580 million tons sulfur dioxide;

In 2050, the carbon emission of global energies is 11.5 billion ton/year, which only account for33% of 2013 and 50% of 2009.

The global energy Interconnection promote s the realization of ecological civilization, making

the world a “Global Village” with sufficient energy, blue sky and white cloud, bright

environment and peaceful and harmony.

3.Resources of Surrounding Countries

Mongolia has rich wind resources, its annual power generation potential is more than 2.5 trillion KWH,

and the unit installation potential is about 1.1 billion kilowatts, and they are mainly distributed in the east

and south areas of Mongolia. The solar energy resource is abundant there, which mainly concentrates in

the central and southern Gobi region, and potential photovoltaic power generation is 13.26 trillion KWH.

Mongolia

Distribution of solar energy resource in Mongolia

Distribution drawing of wind energy resource in Mongolia

Renewable Energy Resources

The exploitable hydropower technology in Kazakhstan is about 170 billion KWH, and the southern part and eastern part in

Kazakhstan account for 84% of the national water resources, north, middle and west parts account for 16% of the national

water resources. Kazakhstan‘s wind resources has rich wind resource. According to related research report, Kazakhstan’s

wind resources development potential is about 900 million KW, the areas with the most abundant wind resources lie in

Atyray and Mangistay state in Caspian sea region , in the Akmola state and Karaganda state in middle region and some areas

in southern part.

Kazakhstan

Wind resource distribution in KazakhstanRivers drawing of Kazakhstan


The exploitable amount ofwater power energy inRussia's Siberia region canreach about 396 billion KWH,accounting for more than 46%of the entire Russianhydropower resources.Hydropower resources aremainly concentrated in theYenisei river basin, Lena basinand the Ob river basin.

Russia's Siberia

Water resource in Yenisei flowing area


Design on the Yenisei river-Sayano- Shushenskayahydropower station has installed capacity of 6.4 millionkilowatts, and about 24 billion KWH annual output, theelectricity is transported to the power system in Siberiathrough 500 KV transformer; Krasnoyarsk hydropowerstation has installed capacity of 6 million kilowatts;Middle hydropower station has 6 million kilowattsinstalled capacity with annual power generationcapacity of about 30 billion degrees.The Angara river have Irkutsk hydropower station, withthe annual output of about 4.1 billion degrees and thewater use efficiency as high as 99% above; Blahhydropower station, has the installed capacity of 4.5million kilowatts; Usti - Ilimsk hydropower station hasthe installed capacity of 4.3 million kilowatts.

Main hydropower plant in Siberia

Base Development of Renewable Power Russia's Siberia


Mongolia's south Gobi province has abundant wind resources, with the potential installation unit scale of 0.1-0.31billion KW, and the eastern Gobi Province and Middle Gobi Province are 0.075-0.1 billion KW. By the end of 2013Mongolian installed capacity of wind power is 50000 KW only. According to the Mongolia electric power developmentplanning, the maximum load is expected to grow to 3 million KW by 2030. large-scale wind power base can bedeveloped in the southeastern Gobi region in Mongolia.

Geographic location drawing of wind power plant and solar power plant recommended by Mongolia

Mongolia

Mongolia has rich solar resources, current development scale is about 3700 KW. Mongolia solar energy resources aremainly concentrated in the southern Gobi region, with south Gobi province, east Gobi province and middle GobiProvince the most abundant, average radiation amount is up to 1600 kilowatt-hours per square meter, and the totalamount is 570 million KWH



The theoretical water resource inKazakhstan available is 170 billionKWH, technically available amountis 62 billion KWH, economic usablereserves is 23.4 billion KWH,developed energy storage is 10.1billion KWH. Future developmentscale of hydropower base is about 10billion KWH, installed size is about 3million kilowatts. Distribution drawing of large scale

power supply bases in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan


Other Energy Resources

The proven oil reserves on land in Kazakhstan is 4.8-5.9 billion tons, the natural gas is 3.5 trillion

cubic meters. In addition, the sea oil, natural gas total reserves in Kazakhstan which belong to

Caspian Sea account for about 1/2 and 1/3 of all the reserves of Caspian sea region. Kazakhstan has

176.7 billion tons of coal reserves, ranking the eighth place in the world.

Turkmenistan’s energy resources give priority to natural gas and oil, prospective reserves of natural

gas is 24.6 trillion cubic meters, ranking the fourth in the world, oil future reserves is 20.8 billion

tons.

Kyrgyzstan is rich in water resources, hydropower development potential is 142.1 billion KWH,

with current development amount of about 10%.

The oil and gas reserves in Uzbekistan ranks second in central Asian. The exploitable hydropower

economy in Tajikistan is about 263.5 billion KWH, ranking the eighth in the world.

The five countries in Middle Asia have rich energy resources.

Development Plan and Trend of Power Networking

Rich in power generation energy and resources, with little demand for power and a low rate of powerdevelopment, Central Asia boasts huge potential for large power base construction and outward power transmission. Allcountries in Central Asia have the desire to adjust their industrial structures and reduce the low-level export of energyand resources. According to the Strategic Development Plan of Kazakhstan for 2020, energy is one of the sevendirections of industrial development from 2011 to 2015. "Prospering the country through hydropower" is the basicnational policy of Tajikistan which sees countries including China, Russia and India as its potential markets.

Energy is a development priority of Central Asia in the future

In recent years, China's power consumption has grown rapidly with economic development, with its powerconsumption and installed capacity surging to record highs. With the rise in the level of urbanization and electrificationin the future, the power consumption of the whole society is expected to reach 8.3 trillion kWh and 10.7 trillion kWh in2020 and 2030 respectively.

The problems of supply safety, greenhouse gas emission reduction, and sulfur dioxide and PM2.5 emissionreduction in sustainable energy development have become extremely serious.

China urgently needs to introduce clean power



The installed power generation of Central Asian countries, including Kyrgyzstan andTajikistan, is predominated by hydropower. Northwestern China is rich in wind energyand solar energy resources. Accomplishing the power networking of Central Asia andnorthwestern China can give full play to the function of grids in the optimal allocation ofresources, and promote wind power and solar energy development and absorption innorthwestern China through Central Asia's performance in regulating hydropower andpneumatic-electric installation.

Bordering on Xinjiang, China, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan have a high proportion ofhydropower installation, have surplus electricity in the summer and are short ofelectricity in the winter. Power networking with the two countries can accomplish cross-border hydro thermal exchange between the summer and the winter, improve the level ofclean energy utilization, and promote regional energy conservation and emissionreduction.

The power networking of Central Asia and China can drive Central Asia's powerinfrastructure construction and China's power equipment export, and achieve win-win.

Power networking of Central Asia and China will produce significant benefits

4.Existing Plans

Domestic and transnational interconnection has become a trend

Europe proposed the building of the trans-Europe Super-

grid, connecting a number of countries

Russia, Japan, South Korea and Mongolia has accelerated the Super-

grid in Northeast AsiaThe United

States proposed the construction of a stronger,

smarter power grid transmitted across the East coast and West

coast

China is building the backbone grid

of UHV

South America plans to promote regional grid

interconnection

An Australian research institution envisaged to transmit electricity to

Asian

India is building its first UHV

transmission line

Africa will develop hydro power in Central Africa and solar

energy in East Africa to transmit electricity to Southern Africa

The desert solar energy

plan proposed connecting

North AfricanandEu

rope

4.Existing Plans

Grid development has benefits of scale, great grid interconnection is the development trend of global grids,and the core of global energy Internet is exactly global grid interconnection. Overall, transnationalinterconnected grids are forming between many countries on different continents, global grids are taking on asignificant trend of interconnected development, and global energy Internet has had the foundation for practice.

Now all countries are speeding up the process of grid interconnection and expanding the scale ofinterconnection constantly. North America Interconnected Grid, Europe Interconnected Grid and Russia-BalticGrid are important practices in the development of global energy Internet. Besides, grid interconnection will beaccomplished gradually in regions such as Southern Africa, the Gulf and South America.

Presented by Russia in 1998 Grid form presented by Korea

Asia Super Grid

Concept of interconnection of existing transnational and transcontinental grids

4.Existing Plans

欧洲超级电网示意图沙漠太阳能计划 Grid 2030美国电网远景图

南美洲电力联网图（2018）中美洲一体化系统项目（SIEPAC）

4.Existing Plans

Grid interconnection projects of China and its surrounding countries

China has a good foundation for electricity cooperation with surrounding countries. Based on the parties' cooperationwillingness, preliminary work and project implementation conditions, China plans to develop nine key interconnection projects withRussia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan and other neighboring countries before 2030, enabling a transmission capacity of 78 millionkilowatts and an annual transmission capacity over 500 billion kWh.

Unit: kV, km, ten thousand kw, hundred million kwh

No. Project Voltage level Line length Start time Productio

n time

Rated Capacit

y

Annual transmission capacity

1 ERKO Zipf- Bazhou, Hebei, China ±800kV 1830 the 13th Five Year 2017 800 520

2 Xibo Aobao- Tianjin, China ±660kV 1220 the 13th Five Year 2017 400 260

3 Yili, Xinjiang, China - Islamabad, Pakistan ±660kV 1650 the 13th Five Year 2017 400 220

4 Bushi Aobao-Jinan, Shandong, China ±800kV 1680 After 2020 1000 6505 Irkutsk, Russia-Tangshan, Hebei, China ±800kV 2300 After 2020 800 520

6 Ekibastuz, Kazakhstan-Wuhan, Hubei, China ±1100kV 4520 the 13th Five

Year 2019 1200 780

7 柴达木淖尔- Hefei, Anhui, China ±800kV 1880 After 2020 800 5208 Kuzbass, Russia-Luoyang, Henan, China ±1100kV 3900 After 2020 1200 780

9 Ekibastouz, Kazakhstan-Nanyang, Henan, China ±1100kV 4120 After 2020 1200 780

Total 23100 7800 5030

4.Existing Plans

Schematic diagram of interconnection transmission line routing between China and its neighboring countries

Nine DC Interconnection projects between China and Russia, Mongolia, the five Central Asian countries and Pakistan are expected to be completed around 2030, forming a preliminary pattern of transnational interconnection between China and its western and northern neighboring countries.

4.Existing Plans

Schematic diagram of interconnection transmission line routing in Northeast Asia

A r o u n d 2 0 3 0 , t h ein t e rconn e c t ed g r ids inNortheast Asian will connectonshore wind power andp h o t o v o l t a i c p o w e r i nsoutheastern Mongolia, windpower in North and NortheastChina, hydropower in FarEast and Siberia of Russia,North Korea, South Koreaand Japan.

4.Existing Plans

Area Progress and developments

South America

In July 2015, Ecuador and Chile signed a joint statement that plans to export electricity to Chile whenthe hydropower station under construction is expected to put into production in 2016.

In August 2015, Bolivia and Peru signed an electricity agreement, in which the content is that Boliviawill export electricity to Peru in the next few years.

Africa

In September 2014, Cape Town, South Africa and Congo signed a cooperation agreement for Ingahydropower project. The purchase of 2.5 million kilowatts from 4.8 million kilowatts which the Ingahydropower will produce, is the key factor for the start of the project, which will contribute tointerconnection between South Africa and Congo.

In October 2014, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released an African Energy Outlook reportfor the first time. Power development in Africa gets international attention.

Asia

In 2014, India began the implementation of the "one power grid for one country" plan. The southernpower grid and the other four regional grids of India achieve simultaneous connection.

In May 2015, the 800 kV HVDC transmission project between Assam and Agra was put intoproduction.

Europe In 2014, the European interconnected grids were expanded to the northwest and southwest areas.

In February 2015, Italy and Slovenia joined the European interconnected grids.

Progresses in global interconnection

5.Technical Bases for Large-scale Development and Utilization of Renewable Energy

I. Overview of wind power development

The global installed capacity of wind power and growth rate of 2000-2013

Rapid growth of installed capacity. The global installed capacity of wind

power in 2013 was 320,000,000 kW, accounting for approximately 5.6% of the

overall installed capacity; the energy production of wind power is approximately

640,000,000,000 kW/h, accounting for approximately 2.9% of the overall energy

production.

The rapid advance of wind power technology. The unit capacity keeps on

increasing, technology of variable pitch power regulation has made significant

break through, technology of “system friendly” wind power plant has been

developing rapidly.

Booming of equipment industry. By the end of 2013, the global annual output

of wind turbine machines is approximately 55,000,000 kW, the manufacturers of

wind turbine are concentrated in China, US, Germany, Demark, Spain, etc. The

annual output of wind turbine machine in China accounts for approximately 50%

of global overall output.

Sharp increase in cost-effectiveness. The cost of wind power has been

decreasing over the years. From 1980 to 2005, the cost of global wind power has

been cut by more than 90%. By now, the investment cost of onshore wind power

is between $970 to $1400 USD per kW/h. The generating cost is around ￠10

USD per kW/h. Change of unit capacity and height of wheel hub of global wind power generators 35


II. Overview of solar power development

The global installed capacity and growth rate of solar power in 2000-2013

The rapid enlarge in scale. In 2013, the global installed capacity of solar power is 142,000,000 kW, accounting for 2.5% of overall installed capacity; the

energy production is approximately 160,000,000,000 kW/h, accounting for 0.7% of the overall energy production. From 2000 to 2013, the installed capacity and

energy production both increased 86 times, with an annual increase of 40.9%.

The fast update of technology. In the past decade, the conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon cells has an annual average increase of 0.5%, reaching 16%

～18%; efficiency of CdTe cell had reached 9 ～11%; efficiency of CIGS hull cell had reached 13% ～15% with an annual increase of 1.0% ～1.5%.

Rapid growth of industry. The global production capacity of polycrystalline silicon in 2013 was approximately 393,000 ton, its output reached 227,000 ton,

with an average capacity utilization of 57.8%. The global production capacity of solar cell was approximately 78,000,000 kW, its output was approximately

39,500,000 kW, with a capacity utilization of 50.6%.

Stable gain in cost-effectiveness. The global construction cost of a photovoltaic power station has dropped to $1,500 USD/kW. The investment in photovoltaic

power system has dropped from 25,000 Yuan/kW in 2010 to 9,000 Yuan/kW in 2013.

Investment cost of photovoltaic power in several countries in 2013 Unit: USD/W

36

Classification Australia China France Germany Italy Japan UK US

citizen 1.8 1.5 4.1 2.4 2.8 4.2 2.8 4.9

business 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 3.6 2.4 4.5

surface 2 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.3


I. The progress of latest technology

China has the most mature technology in UHV power transmission in the world. By now, it has realized the business operation in three projects of 1000-kV UHVAC and six projects of ±800-Kv UHVDC, with a longest transmission distance of more than 2,000 km and transmission capacity up to 8,000,000 kW.

II. Future developmentFurther promote the transmission capacity and distanceDevelop highly reliable converter transformer, converter valve, casing and DC filter and other essential equipmentsDevelop the UHV power transmission equipments adapting the extremely heat and cold area.

The power transmission cost for 1000kV UHV is only 72% of that for 500 kV, furthermore, the networking of UHV would further lower the cost. It is estimated that around 2018, the power transmission technology of ±1100kV UHVDC will make an overall break through and realize the engineering application, with the transmission distance more than 5,000 km, and the transmission capacity up to 12,000,000 kW. 37

Development of UHV power transmission technology


Compared with LCC-HVDC technology, VSC-HVDC technology is more suitable forconstruction of the multi-terminal DC transmission. It is estimated that after 2035, VSC-DC often million class will make overall breakthrough and application, supporting the construction ofthe world-wide energy network.

Forming process of DC power

gird

Contrast of technical characteristic of LCC- and VSC HVDC

Europe VSC-HVDC

projects: has main

application in offshore wind

power

III. DC transmission technology of new type : VSC-HVDC

Items compared LCC technology VST technologyBasic component thyristor IGBT

harmonic component strong low-order harmonics weak high-order harmonicsreactive/active consume a lot of reactive

powercompletely independent

controlloss/% 0.7 1.6

highest volume 7 200MW(800kV,4.5kA) >400~800 MW (320kV)connecting type with

the ac network converter transformer series reactor and transformer

Power reversal voltage polarity-reversal current polarity-reversal

Failure control on DC side

control by adjusting the converter firing

out of control

inductance on DC side high lowcapacitance on DC

sidelow(high when cable is

used)high

rising rate of short circuit current low, controllable high


In the near and medium term, the UHVAC and UHVDC power transmission technology’s voltage and capacity of will have furtherpromotion. Around 2030, the essential equipment development of VSC-HVDC power transmission is expected to make break through.After 2035, with the maturity of VSC-HVDC power transmission technology, it is expected to construct the international/intercontinentalmulti-terminal DC power-gird. Around 2040, the DC transmission line will gradually begin to replace the outdated AC transmissionline, and become the main form of future ubiquitous smart grid.

General state of operating VSC-HVDC

Germany: 2600MW VSC-HVDC in construction, with main application in accessing the offshore wind power bench.

UK: Propose to construct nearly 50 new VSC-HVDC transmission lines as of 2025, to promote and encourage the development of clean energy.

US: More than 60 VSC-HVDC transmission projects are in planning as of 2035.

China: The next decade will be the rapid developing stage for DC power gird technology and construction, the world-wide energy network of “heavy AC and heavy DC” will generally appear as the gird form in China.

Developing tendency of UHV transmission technology

YearProject numbers

Highest voltage class

Largest capacity Gross capacity

1997 -2000 4 ±80kV 195MVA/180MW 240MW

2000-2002 3 ±150 kV 346 MVA/330 MW 566MW350kV

2003 -2010 4(overhead line） 350MW 768MW/il50kV

2010- -2012 2 ±200 kV 400MW 420MW


I. Evolve of energy storage technologies Electric energy storage technology is mainly divided into three groups: physical storage, electrochemistry storage and electromagnetic storage.1. Physical storagePumping storage：The most mature one, with low cost and currently massive application, global overall installation of more than 100 million kW . compressed air storage: large capacity, long life and cost-effectiveness. Still in laboratory or small capacity demo stage. Fly wheel storage: low energy density, suitable for short term storage.

2. Electrochemistry storageElectrochemistry storage is the most cutting-edge energy storage technology by far. Sodium-sulfur cell, flow cell and lithium ion cell has rapid development and great development potential.

40

3. Electromagnetic storageSupercapacitor storage: high power density, short charge-discharge period, long cycle life, wide range of working temperature, however, due to low capacity, it isn’t suitable for large scale gird storage. Superconductive electromagnetic storage: high instantaneous power, light weight, small volume, non-loss, rapid response, however, due to low energy density and limited capacity, and restricting to superconductive materials, its future development is uncertain.

Pumping storage power station


II. Information Communication Technology

2. Communication technologyMobile communication technology is able to realize the information transmission between moving objects. The current 4G

technology can achieve the transmission rate of 1G bps at download peak and 500M bps at upload peak, under the 100MHz

broadband. And 5G technology is the current development focus over the world, its data traffic increases by 1,000 times compared

with that of 4G.

Quantum communication technology is able to fulfill high quality communication with the advantage of quantum effect under the

physical limit, and ensure the absolute safety on the basis of physical principle, its current farthest transmission distance is 300km.

41

1. Information technologyInternet of things is able to form the informationization of real physical environment, and realize the“Network Ubiquitous”.Cloud computation and cloud storage technology is able to enormously increase the utilizationefficiency of computing resource, as well as provide the dynamic migration, resource scheduling, to realizethe high efficient management and extension of the load and more flexibility and smart of the cloudcomputation service.Big data technology is able to extract valuable and important information from the massive data sea.


42

Electric powertechnologywind power, solar power, seapower, distributed generation,etc.

Electric gird technologypower transmissiontechnology of ultra longdistance and ultra largecapacity

Energy storagetechnologyTo raise the power density andenergy density, to realize thejoint operation of energystorage and renewable energy

Informationcommunicationtechnologycommunication technologiesincluding optical fiber, mobile,satellite, quantum communication,etc. and information technologiesincluding Ubiquitous internet,internet of the things, imagerecognition, cloud computation andbig data,etc.

Through widely cooperation and technology innovation, break throughhas been achieved in the following key technology fields:

• Onshore wind power ≤￠6.5/kWh

• Offshore wind power ≤￠10/kWh

• CentralizedPhotovoltaic powercost≤￠4/kWh

• Transmission distanceover 5000 km

• Transmission capacity upto 12,000,000 kW

• the predicted error inrenewable resourcegeneration is within 5%

• Mega-W class Hydrogenenergy storage system

• Giga-W class chemicalenergy storage system

• Full Cycle life of morethan 5,000 times

• Backbone communicationbroadband up to 1000Gbps class

6. Policy and Market

Favorable policy environment is the key factor for renewable energy interconnection

I Various countries should reach consensuses on coping with climate change. As global efforts to cope with

climate change are the power for developing global energy Internet, all countries should reach consensuses on coping

with climate change.

II Various countries' energy policies should be advanced in a coordinated manner. Currently various

countries have basically reached consensuses on the direction of low-carbon development of energy, but differ in

choices of transition energy types and paths. Future global energy Internet construction calls for the further

coordination of various countries' energy policies.

III Establishing a geopolitical pattern of cooperation and win-win. In terms of clean energy, the value of

cooperative development is higher than the value of ownership. Only the concerted efforts of governments and

enterprises in resource countries and countries of consumption will make clean energy valuable resources. This needs

various countries to reach consensuses and resort to the energy geopolitics of cooperation and win-win which features

a transition from resource contention to cooperative development.

43

Policy Guarantee


Cooperation Mechanism Guarantee1. Perfecting the mechanism of internal coordination to jointly promote projects. Through regular energy

dialogues between leaders of two states, the mechanism of regular meetings between heads of two states, the mechanism ofregular meetings between prime ministers of two states and the mechanism of meetings between deputy-prime-minister-level energy negotiators of two states have been established. To implement the results of meetings between leaders of towstates, it is advised to establish a mechanism of fast response.

2. Including power cooperation projects in inter-governmental agreements. Listing key power cooperationprojects as major energy cooperation projects promoted by the two governments, and including them in Sino-Russianintergovernmental agreements and power plans of the two countries; establishing joint work groups on power cooperationspearheaded by competent energy departments of both sides, and holding meetings regularly to solve relevant majorproblems; and undertakers of major cooperative projects should regularly report project progress to relevant governmentdepartments.

3. Studying and formulating relevant policy measures. Government departments should study power tariff and taxsupport policies for introduced clean power energy; and promote the government to simplify the formalities for powerconstruction examination and approval, release relevant preferential policies in fields such as energy and resources, landand taxation, and facilitate power equipment market access. Financial institutions should study the feasibility of providingpreferential loans for projects.


Global economic growth slowdown and policy instability are the key barriers for clean energy development,

continuous and stable policy support and price subsidies will influence the process of clean development;

The clean energy market is immature and has high financing cost, efforts should be made to cultivate a

competitive clean energy market, give play to the role of the market in investment guidance, and introduce green

tax systems, including carbon tax, to create a fair market competition environment for clean energy development;

Grid construction hysteresis becomes the barrier for clean energy absorption, it is advised that countries and

regions which develop power generation with various types of energy should strengthen transnational and

transcontinental grid interconnection to solve the problem of grid-connected absorption of clean energy;

New clean energy, including offshore wind power and optothermal, needs to overcome technical barriers in

the future, increase energy conversion efficiency, reduce power generation cost and improve the quality of electric

energy.

Market Mechanism Guarantee

谢谢!

THANK YOU!

Documents

可再生能源推动电力互联互通 - unescap.org. Han Huang -The role of... · 可再生能源推动电力互联互通. Renewable Energy Promotes the Interconnection and Interworking