2020 | 21

– 1

- 122- 124

ECE R47, WMTC 128/ 130

131136

/ 106WLTP 107

108111

ORVR 112

100 – 101 – 102

138

8287899091929496

- OBD 50- ODB 51EPA/CARB ODB - 54

LEV III 58CARB Tier 2/Tier 3 59CARB OBD II - 60CARB OBD II - 64

71727979

- 4- 6- 8

NEDC WLTC 1214

Tier 2 20Tier 3 21

24LEV II-III 26

303334

- - 37 414446

ZEV 116117

NEV 118

1

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

2015

2015 2020 2025

WLTC + RDEECE + EUDC40 + EUDC

ddbba

LEV II LEV ULEV SULEV PZEV 2015 LEV III 2017 - 2025 LEV IIILEV I TLEV LEV ULEV ZEVTier 1Tier 0

Tier 1 US 94

2000/2001 SFTP/NLEV

2004 - 2009 Tier 2

2017 - 2025 Tier 3

Tier 0 US 87

10/15+ 11 JC08

20052000 2009

2/13 3/08

5/14 11/09

7/2020

a

7/2023

b

4/16 7/10

1987 1994 2000 2004 2015 2017

7/92 1/96 1/00 1/05 1/09 9/11 9/14 9/17 1/20

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2020 2025

DIFlex ASIC

3

4

ECEECE

ECE-R-83

- /

WLTP/WLTC 12-13

70/156/Ec 2007/46/Ec

1 2017 9 RDE2 M1 M1

I 1

II / COP

III

IV Evap

VVI

- OBD OBD

M PC

M1 9

M29

2)

M3

N

LCVHDV

N1 CL1

GVW

N1 CL 2

N1 CL 3

N2

N3

5

–

• LPG NG

•

•

• 70/156/Ec 2007/46/Ec

•

• NEDC 780 -7°C (266K)

•

• RVP

•

(g/km)THC (g/km)

GVW / M1 N1 CL1 2002 1 15

N1 CL2 M12003 1 24

N1 CL32003 1 30

6

– M 2.500 kg GVW

1 COP2 IDI 1999 10 DI +

3 4 2002 12 GVW > 2T N1

EC 93 EC 96 EC 2000 EC 200591/441/EEC 93/59/EEC 94/12/EC 96/69/EC 70/220/EC 98/69/EC 2003/76/EC

TA 7/1992, FR 1/1993 TA 1/1996, FR 1/1997 TA 1/2000, FR 1/2001 TA 1/2005, FR 1/200640 + EUDC + EUDC

(PI) CI (PI) CI 2 (PI) CI (PI) CI 4

– – – – – –– – – –

+ 1) 1) – – 1) 1)

– 140 (180) 1) – 80 – 50 – 25

+ + + + +

80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 5 years 80,000 5 years 100,000 5 years3) 100,000 5 years3)

EOBD – – – – EOBD EOBD EOBD EOBD

7

– N1 m > 2,500 kg GVW 7-9

1 COP2 3 GVW

4 1 2 3EOBD EOBD OBD TA/FR

EOBD

EC 93 EC 96 EC 2000 EC 200593/59/EEC 94/12/EC 96/44/EC, 93/116/EC 70/220/EC 98/69/EC 2003/76/EC

CL 1 4) CL 2 4) CL 3 4) CL 1 4) CL 2 4) CL 3 4) CL 1 CL 2 CL 3 3) CL 1 CL 2 CL 3 3)

TA 10/1993, FR 10/1994

TA 1/97, FR 10/97

TA 1/98, FR 10/98

TA 1/98, FR 10/99

TA 1/2000, FR 1/2001

TA 1/2001, FR 1/2002

TA 1/2005, FR 1/2006

TA 1/2006, FR 1/2007

40 + EUDC + EUDCPI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – –– – – – – – – – –

+ 1)

– – – – – –

1) 1

1)2) 140 (180)

190 (220)

250 (290) – 80

(100) – 120 (140) – 170

(200) – 50 – 70 – 100 – 25 – 40 – 60

8

–

1 M1 N1 CL3 I2 87 7

3 PI DI4 TA/FR 3 b DI 6*E12

PC M 1), LCV N1 CL 1 LCV N1 CL 2 LCV N1 CL 3, N2

a b/b+ b c d d a b/b+ b c

d d a b/b+ b c d d

– Ec 715/2007 Ec 692/2008100 100 100 130 130 130 160 160 16068 68 68 90 90 90 108 108 10860 60 60 75 75 75 82 82 82

1000 1000 1000 1810 1810 1810 2270 2270 2270 2 3

2 3 – – 6x1011 4) – – 6x1011 4) – – 6x1011 4)

– Ec 715/2007 Ec 692/2008180 180 80 235 235 105 280 280 125

+ 230 230 170 295 295 195 350 350 215500 500 500 630 630 630 740 740 740

1

1 – 6x1011 6x1011 – 6x1011 6x1011 – 6x1011 6x1011

9

–

•

70/156/EC M1 M2 N1 N2

2,840 M1 M2 N1 N2

•

M1

–

- 7

-

N1 3

•

1 E5 E10 E85 B5 B7

6 E5 E10 E75

•

c/ d

10

– (Eu) 2017/1151 (Eu) 2018/1832 2019 1 1

• c= b + PI + OBD -2 + E10 B7

+ RDEPN NTE + RDE

• d- = b + PI + OBD -2 + E10

B7 +

RDE

• d- -ISC = d- + ISC RDE 4 6

• d- -EVAP-ISC= d- -ISC +48

• d-ISC-FCM= b + PI + OBD -2 + E10

B7 +

RDE + ISC + 48 + /

NEDC d- WLTC c

WLTC

RDE

• 2016 4

• d-

• d

a b b c d- d- -ISC d- -EVAP-ISC d -ISC-FCM

M, N1 CL 1

TA 2009 9 1 2011 9 1 2014 9 1 2017 9 1 2019 1 1 2019 9 1 2020 1 1

FR 2011 1 1 2013 1 1 2015 9 1 2018 9 1 2019 9 1 2021 1 1

N1 CL 2, 3 N2

TA 2010 9 1 2011 9 1 2015 9 1 2018 9 1 2019 9 1 2021 1 1

FR 2012 1 1 2013 1 1 2016 9 1 2019 9 1 2020 9 1 2022 1 1

11

-5

• • • (g/km)

(g/km)

M, N1, CL 1 15N1, CL 2 24N1 CL 3, N2 30

PI -7°c 6

PI

• 1

• 780

•

• 110%

10 10

6 5 ISC 1

WLTP RDE 4 6 ISC

CI -7°c 6

CI TA

• -7°C 400

• EGR1) DF CI DF

+PI –CI1) – –

12

NEDC

ECE + EUDC

MVEG-A: ECE+EUDC

• 40

MVEG-A: ECE+EUDC

• 40

(km/h)

(s)

WLTC

2017 9 NEDC WLTC 2018 9WLTC

1 BS2 ES

13

WLTC ECE 15

•

• TA FR 2017 9 2018 9

• AC / /

• WLTP

•

•

•

1 32 2

MvEg-b WLTC 3b

1,180 1,800

C° 20 - 30 23±5

%120

2 1

589 455433 323

1800

PMR (W/kg)

3

3a

PMR > 34

3+ 3-1

+ 3-1+ 3 1)

3b 3+ 3-2

+ 3-2+ 3 1)

2 2+ 2

+ 2+ 2 2)

1 1+ 1+ 1

14

RDE

PEMS

90%

(EU) 2017/1151 IIIA (EU) 2018/1832 RDE

2019 1 1

RDE

RDE

RDE WLTP Ki

RDE RDE

NTE

• PEMS 2018 12 13

T-339/16 T-352/16 T-391/16

RDE CF

NTE = CF x EURO-6

d RDECF 1

d-1+

–

d 1+1+

–

15

1 2020 1 2021 1

RDE

1

2020 1 1)

RDE

• 5

70°C

•

• 15

• 90

• 15

• 30 6 56

•

16

5

95

(RPA) =

RDE

•

•

•

–>

–> RPA

1 N22 M23 4 105 v RPA6 / N1 N2

RDE

60 1) 1)

29 - 44% 23 - 43% 23 - 43%90-120

3) – –

4) 6-30% – –

300 – –1 2) – – 5

– – 3%

/

17

MAW WLTC

WLTP

WLTC LS HS EHS

P1 P2 P3

CO2 LS-WLTP CO2 HS-WLTP CO2 EHS-WLTP

18

50%

1 N22 NOVC-HEV OVC-HEV 1% 50%

451

801

+ 45%2) + 40%2)

ICE NOVC-HEV -25% OVC-HEV -100%

RDE

19

MCO2,WLTP,k WLTP k

ICE + WLTP

NOVC-HEV WLTP

OVC-HEV WLTP

RDE

Ki RDE NTE

MRDE MRDE

RDE RDERDE

/RDE K•RF RDE WLTP

• ICE NOVE-HEV r M

• OVC-HEV

IC

RDE

20

1 LD LD 2006 HLD MD 20082

TIER 2• Tier 2 2004-2009

• GVWR 8,500 lbs SUV

•

• Tier 2

• GVWR 6,000 lbs 10

25/50/75/100% 2004-2007

50/100% 2008/2009

• 8

• Tier 2

• FTP MY 2004

– -

(g/mi)

(50,000 mi)

120,000mi

– – – – –– – – – –– – – – –– – – – –

–––

2) –

1) 2) –

1) 2) –

1) –

21

TIER 3

• Tier 3 2014 3 2017-2025

• +

• 15

• 10% E10

TIER 3 FTP

Tier 3 LEV III 50

TIER 3 FTP + Mg/Mi

GVWR 6,000 lbs LDV LDT MDPV MY 2018

1 MY 2017-2020

Tier 3 Bin FTP 150,000mi

Bin +(mg/mi)

1 mg/mi

g/mi mg/ml

160 3 4125 3 470 3 450 3 430 3 420 3 40 0 0 0

120110100

908070605040302010

02018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

101

86

92

79

83

72

74

65

65

58

5647

4437

3830

30

51

2025 20262016 2017

NM

OG+

NO

x

LDV, LDT1 LDT2, LDT3, LDT4, MDPV

22

TIER 3 FTP (mg/mi)2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022+201) 20 40 70 100 100

3 3 3 3 3 36 6 6 6 6 3

TIER 3

• • • 20°F FTP•

• GVWR 6,000 LDV25/50/75/100% MY 2010-2013

• GVWR 6,000 8,500 MDPV 10,000 lbs LDV25/50/75/100% MY

2012-2015

50°F/10°C

•

HWFET

Tier 2Tier 3 +

TIER 3

• Tier 3•

TIER 3 SFTP

• SFTP•

1 MY 2017 GVWR 6,000 lbs LDV LDT 20%LDV LDT MDPV 10%

2 GVWR 6,000 lbs LDV LDT MDPV MY 2018

TIER 3 + SFTP2017 2 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

+ 103) 97 90 83 77 70 63 57 50

23

TIER 3 US06

• Tier 3 US06•

TIER 3

•

• Tier 3

• US06

• : 4,000 SFTP

TIER 3 US062017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024+

20 20 40 70 100 100 100 10010 10 6 6 6 6 6 610 10 10 10 10 10 10 6

24

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

(s) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

0-505 s

505-1369 s

0-505 s

EPA60

50

40

30

20

10

0

(s)

0 29 58 87 116

145

174

203

232

261

290

319

348

377

406

435

464

493

522

551

580

609

638

667

696

725

754

1,874 540 660

)

20

9-11

765

1 FTP 75, EPA III – + FTP 72, EPA II, UDDS, LA-42 – HWFET

25

SC03 US06 /

596

5

598

18

SC03 –

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

(s)

0 23 46 69 92 115

138

161

184

207

230

253

276

299

322

345

368

391

414

437

460

483

506

529

552

575

US06 FTP

0 23 46 69 92 115

138

161

184

207

230

253

276

299

322

345

368

391

414

437

460

483

506

529

552

575

908070605040302010

0

(s)

26

1) +2)

LEV II8,500 lbs

LEV III• LEV III MY 2015-2025 MY 2020

LEV III

• +

•

LEV III FTP8,500 lbs

• •

GVW 3,151 lbs 4%

LEV II 50°F/10°CFTPLEV II

• =2 x LEV II • LEV II

(mi) 1) +

g/mi

(g/mi)

(g/mi) 2)

(g/mi)

150,000 ( )

LEV160 4ULEV125 4ULEV70 4ULEV50 4

SULEV30 4SULEV20 4

(mi)

(g/mi)

(g/mi)

(g/mi)

(g/mi)

(g/mi)

50,000LEV

15

ULEV 8

120,000

LEV18

ULEV 11SULEV 4

150,000 ()

LEV18

ULEV 11SULEV 4

27

LEV III + LEV II 50°F/10°CFTP2015-2019

LEV III

+ g/mi g/mi

LEV160ULEV125ULEV70ULEV50

SULEV30SULEV20

PC, LDT, MDPVYear

PC, LDT, MDPV

=3 mg/mi =1 mg/mi =3 mg/mi =1 mg/mi2017 10

0

2023 100 02018 20 2024 100 02019 40 2025 75 252020 70 2026 50 502021 100 2027 25 752022 100 2028 0 100

0,140

0,120

0,100

0,080

0,060

0,040

0,020

0,0002014 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

0,030

0,0380,047

0,0560,065

0,0740,083

0,0920,101

0,1100,119

0,1000,093

0,0860,079

0,0720,065

0,0580,051

0,0440,037

2025 20262015 2016 2017

LDT2 & MDPV

PC & LDT1

28

SFTP +

• LEVII LEV III LEV ULEV+

+

• LEV III

• SFTP FTP

• SFTP LEV III

+LEV III

US06= US06 +

SC03= SC03 +

FTP= FTP +

1) Lev IIIFTP

SFTP

FTP LEV III LEV SFTP ULEV

LEV III SULEV SFTP SULEV

2) SFTP SULEV GVWR 6,000 8,500 lbs MDPV

2015 2020 GVWR

0-6,000 lbs

LEV III SFTPMY 2012 LEV III

SFTP +

(mi) 1)US06 g/mi SC03 g/mi

+ +

PC GVWR0-8,500 lbs

LDTMDPV

150,000

LEVULEV

SULEV 2)

SULEV

29

LEV III SFTP

1) Lev IIIFTP

SFTP

2) LEV II + LEV II FTP

SFTP +

LEV II FTP US06 SC03

LEV III SFTP

SFTP +

FTP SFTP

SFTP 4 K

3) Lev IIIFTP PC LDT MDPV

SFTP

MY 2017 LEV IIISFTP 3

mg/mi

20182019

PC GVWR0-8,500 lbs

LDT MDPV150,000 US06 10 6

MY 2015SFTP + 1

PC GVWR0-8,500

lbsLDT

MDPV

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025+

+ 2

30

– LPG1)

2000 10-15

–

11

2002 10-1511

2000 GVW 10-1511

2001 GVW 10-1511

2005

JC0820072005 GVW2005 GVW

2009 JC08GVWGVW

2018

WLTP

2019GVW

GVW

1 2020 12 2022 11

31

–

1

1

2002VW

10-15 ModeVW

GVW2003 GVW

2005

VW

JC08

VWGVW

GVW

2009 GVWGVW

2018WLTPGVW

2019 GVW

32

2005 10 10-152008 10 10-152011 10 JC082019 WTLP

2022 10 GVW 9 RDE 2024 10RDE RDE RDE RDE WLTC

1%K-car 2%

25% / -1

GVW

– LPG

EC 200027 ± 4°C 1 HSL + 48 20-35°C DBL EVAP JC08

OBD – LPG J-OBDI OBD

JIS K2255-4,5 MTBE 7%JIS K2536-2,4,6

1%

360°C JIS K225445 JIS K2280

33

11

11

10-15

10-15 JC 08

480 892 15

154

660

1205

1515101010

(s) (s) (s)

34

PC LCV LCV PROCONVE PROCONVE

• PROCONVE L5 CY 2009

• PROCONVE L6 CY 2014

• PROCONVE L7 CY 2020

• CY 2002 15,000

• FTP-75

• PROCONVE L5

E22 E22

E22/E60/E100 CNG

• E22 E100 – ABNT NBR 7024

• PC/LCV

PC/LCV

•

1 2 3 4

(g/km)

1 4 2

PCL5L6

LCVL5L6

LCVL5L6

35

PC LCV LCV PROCONVE L7• CY 2002• FTP-75• PROCONVE L7 48 2023

20% 2024 60% 2025 10%• PROCONVE L7 L8 E22 E22 E22/E60/E100 CNG• FTP 75 L8 E22 E100 – ABNT NBR

• E22 E100 – ABNT NBR 7024

1 GDI2 3 4 5 GNV

+mg/km

1)

(mg/km)

(mg/km)3)

(mg/km)2)

(ppm)5

(g/ )5

(mg/L)

PC 80 6

100015 50

LCV 1403) 63)

LCV 3204) 204) – – –

36

1 GDI2

+mg/km

1)

(mg/km)

(mg/km)3)

(mg/km)2)

(ppm)5

(g/ )5

(mg/L)320 320 20 1000 –

10 50

280 280 20 1000 –250 250 20 1000 –220 220 10 1000 –200 200 10 1000 –170 170 9 1000 –

ME4

140 140 6 1000 15110 110 6 1000 1580 80 6 1000 1570 70 4 600 1060 60 4 600 1050 50 4 600 1040 40 4 500 1030 30 3 500 820 20 2 400 80

3 4 ME-

PC LCV LCV PROCONVE L7

37

5

1 GVW 6M1

2 RM

N13 RM 1,305RM

/TA FR

2010 7 1 PI 2011 7 1CI 2015 1 1

B4 2008 3 12009 11 1

2016 4 1 1 2

2017 1 1 1

2018 1 1 3

B5 IUPR PI 2013 2 1IUPR PI 2015 1 1

2014 5 1 1 4

a GB

2016

2020 7 1

b 2023 7 1

1 2 11

3 4 5 TM RM

2018 5 2018 7 1 2019 1 1

b b

2019 1 1

38

- - - -

1

+

–1 –2 –3 –

6x1011

1 6x1011

2 6x1011

3 6x1011

+PI – –CI – –

– – –1 – – –2 – – –3 – – –

1) –1 1) –2 1) –3 1) –

• NEDC•

39

-

WLTP

1

mg/km Nb/km

a

700 100 68 60 20 6×1011

1 700 100 68 60 20 6×1011

2 880 130 90 75 25 6×1011

3 1000 160 108 82 30 6×1011

b

500 50 35 35 20 6×1011

1 500 50 35 35 20 6×1011

2 630 65 45 45 25 6×1011

3 740 80 55 50 30 6×1011

-

b RDE

CF

2023 7 RDE

2023 7 RDE

2022 7 CF

RDE

1300

MAW

1 2020 7 6x1012

40

PICI 1 1

Corrected deterioration values (CN6)

PI a 150 30 20 25 0 0 0b 110 16 10 15 0 0 0

CI a 150 0 0 25 0 0 0b 110 0 0 15 0 0 0

g/km15

1 152 243 30

101 102 163 20

-

1

• a b

• •

- -7°C

-7°C NEDC

-7°C WLTC

41

1999 6 1 NCR1) 2000 4 1 LDHD (BS-I)

M1 N1 I N1 IIIN2

LDM1 M2 N1 N2

NEDC NEDC

BS VI E10 B7

BS VI – OBD – I BS VI – OBD – II AIS-137 PEMS2020 4 1 COP

PEMS 2023 4 1

BS IV

2010 4 1 NCR 1 13 2 3

2015 7 1 13 29 4

2015 10 1 + 9

2016 4 1 + 10

2017 4 1

BS V 2015 11 2016 2BS IV BS VI

BS VI 2020 4 1

1 2

3 2015 3 50

4

42

BHARAT STAGE IV

- - +

RM kg mg/km

BS IV

M GVW– 500 300 250 25

N1 M M GVW 1 500 300 250 252 630 390 330 403 RM > 1760 740 460 390 60

BS IV+

PI – –CI – 1 1

RM kg mg/km

BS IV

M GVW– 1000 100 80

N1 M M GVW 1 1000 100 802 1810 130 1003 RM > 1760 2270 160 110

43

BHARAT STAGE VI

-

1

1 2

(RM) (kg) mg/km Nb/km

BS VI

M M1M2

– All 1000 100 68 60 6×1011

N1

1 1000 100 68 60 6×1011

2 1810 130 90 75 6×1011

3 RM > 1760 2270 160 108 82 6×1011

N2 – 2270 160 108 82 6×1011

• PI

• AIS-137

-

1 2 BS VI PI DI 6×1012

+

RM kg mg/km Nb/km

BS VI

M M1 M2 – All 500 170 80 6×1011

N11 500 170 80 6×1011

2 630 195 105 6×1011

3 RM > 1760 740 215 125 6×1011

N2 – 740 215 125 6×1011

BS VI+

PI –CI – –

44

2009• 1000 cc• PC 1000 cc GVW• PC 1000 cc• 1000 cc GVW• 1000 cc GVW

• -> /CARB 2009 CARB

FAS FAS

OEM

CARB LEV ULEV SULEV ZEV

• -> 2014

• K-OBD OBD

2016

(km)

g/km g/

+

K-LEV III

LEV160

15 /

1)

2)

1) 2)

1) (2DD)

K-LEVIII

USLEVIII

ULEV1251)

2)

1) 2)

ULEV701)

2)

1) 2)

ULEV501)

2)

1) 2)

SULEV30)

)

1) 2)

SULEV20)

)

1) 2)

ZEV – – – –

1 US062 SC03

45

KLEV-III

1 WLTC RDE +2 RDE +

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025EVAP

% 0 0 30 30 80 80 100 100 100 100

% 0 10 20 40 70 100 100 100 100 100

FTP FAS+

SFTP FAS1)

b b c d- 1 d2

TA 2011 9 1 2014 9 1 2017 10 1 2020 1 1FR 2013 9 1 2015 9 1 2018 9 1 2019 9 1 2021 1 1

1 SFTP

46

M1 N1 2009 2011GVW M1 a 2015 2017

GVW M1 N1 a 2016 2018M1 a 2013 11 2016 11

MY 2017 EPA Tier 3

2017 2020

CAFC PC (2010) LTD (2010)

MY 2005/20061 2013/20142 2013/2014

2005 2007

Tier II

M1

2016 1 LD

2010-23

III ) 2008IV ) 2014

2016MY 2004

2005 22006 2008

47

2012

M1 2001 2002

M1OBD

2001 2002

M1 2008 2009M1, N1 I 2010 2011

N1 II III 2012 2013

2018

49

50

-

• +

• GVW M1 N1 CL1

2000 1 2001 1

• OBD

PI CIX XXX

XX XX X

EGRX X

EOBD - g/km PI CI PI CI PI CI CI

NI CL1 GVW M1NI CL2NI CL3 GVW M1

51

OBD

11 70/220EC 715/2007EC 692/2008EC

• OBD• • ISO15031-5

• OBD• • ISO 15765-4 (CAN)

1) GDI2) 2011 9 1 RM M N3) DOC DeNOx DPF4) + OBD TA 2011 9 1 / FR 2014 1 1

mg/km PI CI PI CI PI CI PI 1) CI 2)

M, N1 CL 1TA 9/2009 FR 9/2011

1,900 1,900 250 320 300 540

50 50N1 CL 2 TA 9/2010

FR 9/20123,400 2,400 330 360 375 705

N1 CL 3, N2 4,300 2,800 400 400 410 840

EGREGR

3

> + 3 4

3

3

IUPR > + 4

52

OBD

• 2017 9 2019 9 OEM NEDC WLTP

OBD

• 2019 9 WLTP-1 PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI

M, N1 CL 1TA 9/2014 FR 9/2015

1,900 1,750 170 290 150 180 25 25

N1 CL 2 TA 9/2015 FR 9/2016

3,400 2,200 225 320 190 220 25 25N1 CL 3, N2 4,300 2,500 270 350 210 280 30 30

-2 PI CI PI CI PI CI PI CI

M, N1 CL 1TA 9/2017 FR 9/2018

1,900 1,750 170 290 90 140 12 12

N1 CL 2 TA 9/2018 FR 9/2019

3,400 2,200 225 320 110 180 12 12N1 CL 3, N2 4,300 2,500 270 350 120 220 12 12

53

IUPR a

IUPR b

IUPR b+

IUPR b

IUPR c/d

PI CI PI CI– –

EGR – –– –– –– –– –– – –

VVT – –– – CI – – + >15

EVAP – –– – 2) 2)

– – CI – 2) – 2)

+ 1) IUPR

IUPR

IUPR = M M

M M

1 + OBD TA 2011 9 1 / FR 2014 1 1 2

54

EPA Tier III CARB 50 EPA

EPA OBD II EPA

ODB

EVAP 0040

EPA Tier III – EPA Tier III MY 2017 CARB OBD II– VVT /

CARB OBD II MY 2005 CARB OBD II – 2016 7 25

–

a – 20°C 50%– OBD

b MY 2019 -30% MY 2020 -60 MY 2021-100% IAT 20°CECT 35°F

– – – – 15°F 2 -

15-35°F 5 MY 2019 -30% MY 2020 -60% MY 2021 -100%

55

– –

/c d

– CV/

a) CV / CV CVb) CV / CV CV

MY 2023 -20% MY 2024 -50% MY2025 -100%1 2

a b)– CV CV / CV– CV CV

CVCV

/

– – /

– / OBDESS

56

CARB OBD II –

– – - PC/LDT SULEV II 25% 15%–

–

a) b) c) d) CARB

– e) / /

– MY 2006-18 / VVT MY 2019 /VVT

-

a) b) c)

– – d

d) – – +/- 30%– – +/- 50%

57

-

e) / – - – –f)

– 15% /

– MY 2020– – EGR VVT MY 2021–

– MY 2019– MD MY 2016-2018 LD MD MY2019-2021

– OBD /– ’’ EGR/VVT

58

LEV III

1) MY 20192) MY 20193) MY 20194) +5)

= +

+5 +

MDPVLEV160 / ULEV125

N/A 2)ULEV70 / ULEV50SULEV30 / SULEV20 4)

MDV MDV 1) 3)

59

1) (f)(4)-(f)(7) (f)(12)-(f)(13)2) (f) (1)-(f)(2) (f)(8)3) MY 2019

CARB Tier 2/Tier 3

CARB Tier 2 Tier 3

Tier 2 (bin 3 bin 4)

ULEV IIPC/LDT SULEV II

2015 8 5 40

Tier 3 (bin 85 bin110)

+2 x + 2015

8 5

Tier 3 (bin 85 bin110) +mg/mi

3)

1)

2) 3) 3)

3) 3)

60

CARB OBD II–

1) 58

EGR +

– LEVIII LEV III 1– – -

– LEVIII LEV III 1

– RO2 LEVIII LEV III 1

– A/F– LEVIII– LEVIII – LEV160 ULEV12 MD =1) – ULEV50/70 = 2014-2018 3 x 2019 1)

– SULEV 20/30 = 2014-2018 4 x 2019 1)a) b)

/– LEVIII LEV III 1– 2% 1% 1,000– 1000 1000 4– 5%– /

61

1) 58

a) – 20% - MY 2019 50% – MY2020 100% – MY2021– US06 1%b) ’’ 25

– A/F

a) – LEVIII LEV III 1

– ( ) /b) c) d) – ( ) e) f MY 2022

– a) b)

CARB OBD II–

62

1) 58

CARB OBD II–

/ LEVIII LEV III 1 – / -

LEV II, ULEV II, MDV SULEV II 50%

SULEV II 50%

LEV III 1)

a) - – b) – LEVIII LEV III 1 –

LEVIII LEV III 1

LEVIII LEV III 1

/ OBD

63

DOR

– LEVIII LEVIII– > 50% LEVIII 50%– LEVIII– DOR = + DOR

LEVIII

OBD II CARB OBD II

– –

CARB 20 F 15% 11V PTO

CARB OBD II–

64

CARB OBD II–

a) b)

– LD MDPV– MY 2010-2015– MDPV MY 2019 -20% MY 2020 -50% MY 2021 -100%– MY 2018

– 1000 5%–

– – LD MDPV LEVIII / / LEV III 1

–– LD MDPV – MY 2020-2021 MDPV – MY 2010-2018

– 75% 75%50% 5% 75%

– LD MDPV MY 2022 -20% MY 2023 -50% MY 2024 -100% MDPV MY 2019-20% MY 2020 -50% MY 2021 -100%

– 50%10% 100%

1) 70

65

CARB OBD II–

a) b) c) /

CARB

EGR

a) b) c)

OBD II CARB OBD II

a) b) PC/LDT SULEV II ULEV II SULEV IIc) MDV

d) CARB 20 F 15% 11V PTO

66

CARB OBD II–

e) MY 2016 MD– –– MD

– – LEVIII LEVIII 1)

– MDV

–

a) b) SCR SCR a) b) 25% SULEV 20% ULEV 30%

MDV 15%c) d) SCR SCR

SCR b

–

LEVIII LEVIII 1)

MDV– MY 2016

– SCR a) :b) – : –

– a) b) c)

65

67

CARB OBD II– LEV III

LDV MDV MDVMY MY

2013+ – – 2013+ – –

–

– 2022 MDV

2013+ 2013-2015 – –

– – – – 2016+ –

EGR–

2013+ 2013+–

(VGT)–

–

/ 2013

2013+ 2013+

68

CARB OBD II– LEV III

LDV MDV MDVMY MY

/VVT

– –

2013+ 2013+

2013-2021 – – – 2013+ –2022+

– 2013+ – 2013+ – –

–

2015+ - - – 2015-2021 – – –2022+ – –

30% MDV 15%

– 2016MD

SCR a) b) 25% SULEV 20% ULEV 30% MDV 15%

2010 LEV III 2015 2010

69

CARB OBD II– LEV III

MYLDV MDV

MDV MDV

2013+

/ 2013+

2015+MY15%

A/F 2013+

A/F 2013+

EGR 2013+

EGR 2013+ – – – –

2013+ – – – –

70

LEV III OBD II

1) MY 20192) 3) 4) +5) (f)(4)-(f)(7) (f)(12)-(f)(13)6) (f)(1)-(f)(2) (f)(8)7) MDPV

5) 6) DPF

+ + 1 +2

MDPV

LEV160 / ULEV1251)ULEV70 / ULEV50

SULEV30 / SULEV204)

MY 2016-2018MDV 7) All MDV 2) 3)

MY 2019MDV 7) All MDV

2)

3)

2)

3)2) 3)

71

2010 2013 LPG CNG GVW2013

2020 4 1 2023 4 1 BS VI OBD-1 -2

BS VI–OBD–I 2020 4 1

RM - kg

mg/km

CI PI CI PI CI PI 1) CI

M (M1 & M2) – 1900 1750 170 290 150 180 25 25

N1

1 1900 1750 170 290 150 180 25 25

2

3400 2200 225 320 190 220 25 25

3 RM > 1,760 4300 2500 270 350 210 280 30 30N2 – 4300 2500 270 350 210 280 30 30

1

BS VI-1 OBD BS VI-2 OBD M1 N1 IN1 II N1 III N2

LDM1 M2 N1 N2

AIS-137 2023 4 1 BS VI IUPRM

RM - kg

mg/km

CI PI CI PI CI PI 1) CI

M (M1 & M2) – 1900 1750 170 290 90 140 12 12

N1

1 1900 1750 170 290 90 140 12 12

2

3400 2200 225 320 110 180 12 12

3 RM > 1,760 4300 2500 270 350 120 220 12 12N2 – 4300 2500 270 350 120 220 12 12

BS VI–OBD–II 2023 4 1

72

OBD CARB OBD II• • • •

• CARB 1000

OTL

+

g/km

IIIIII

CARB

– – – C3I

EGR EGR5%

– – SCR

– –

IUPR

73

OBD g/km

1 2

OBDBr-219-30% 90-100%

CY ’14 —’16

PC –

–

–

OBDBr-2+ CY 2018PC –

––

OBDBr-DOBD

Nr 5, 06 FEB 2013CY 2018

PC –––

OBDBr-1 :1) LPG2) LPG

74

OBD g/km 4) OBDg/km

+ 2 +

OBDBr-31)

PROCONVE L7

+ 3

400

2022 1

360 2000 36 480

630 2500 36 840

1 OBDBr3 OBDBr3 PROCONVE L7 L8 CONAMA 354/2004 OBD Br2+

2 GDI3 + CFR404

75

1 OBDBr3 OBDBr3 PROCONVE L7 L8 CONAMA 354/2004 OBD Br2+

2 GDI3 + CFR404

OBD (g/km)4)

+ 2

OBDBr-31)

PROCONVE L8

+ 3

400

2025 1

VLC140 420 2000 18110 330 2000 18

VLP/VLC

80 240 2000 1870 210 1500 1860 180 1500 1850 175 1500 1840 140 1250 1830 105 1250 1220 70 1000 12

76

OBDBr-3

PROCONVE L7 PROCONVE L8ODB =FTP

EGR + PROCONVE L7 PROCONVE L8– – - PROCONVE L7 (* )PROCONVE L8* E22-E30 E90-E100

PROCONVE L7 PROCONVE L8–

PROCONVE L8–

PROCONVE L7 = /PROCONVE L8 =a) b) c) d) –e)

77

OBDBr-3

400 PROCONVE L7 = - PID 0x93 = SAE J1979DA -MIPROCONVE L8

/PROCONVE L8– /–

PROCONVE L7 PROCONVE L8–

– MY 2020– – EGR VVT MY 2021–

– MY 2019– MD MY 2016-2018 LD MD MY2019-2021

– OBD /– EGR/VVT

78

OBDBr-3

- CV /

PROCONVE L8a) CV / CV CVb) CV / CV CV

1 2a b)

– CV CV / CV– CV CV

CV/

CARB 20 F 15%11V PTO

79

J-OBDII• LPG• • 10OBD JC08•

XX X

X XEGR X X

X XX XX X

EVAP X XECU X

• 1% 1%• 5% 5%

WOT

JC06

GDi

500+ bar

81

82

M1 N1

2024

NEDC

2015 2021 2020

95%

LCV 2015 2020

•

(EC) 443/2009

•

•

2 2020 2021 2022 1 2023

2020-2022

LCV

2017 1 2018

LCV

2015-2019 100% 2020 95% 2021 1 100%

2017 100%

– 2012-2018 5

15 25 95

– 2019 95

2017 9 WLTP NEDC 2017 2020 CO2MPASS

WLTC NEDC

2020

NEDC WLTP 2021

83

CO2 = + a x (M - M0)

M0

M

a M0g/km / kg g/km kg

2012-2015 130 13722016-2018 130

2019 1302020 95

2014-2017 175 17062018 1752020 147

84

2021 2024

2021 WLTP 14°C

NEDC 2020 2020WLTP

WLTP = WLTP * NEDC

NEDC

WLTP 2020 WLTPNEDC OEM 2020NEDC NEDC 2020

( )

= WLTP + a (Mø - M0) - (Mø2020 - M0‚2020)

A 2020M0 2021 2020M0‚2020 2020Mø Mø2020 2020

85

2025 2029 2030

2019 4 17 (EU) 2019/631

510/2011 2020 1 1

2021• 2025 15% 2030• 2025 15% 2030 31%

OEM 2021

WLTP OEM 2020PC NEDCa PC LCVMØ2021 2021M0,2021 2021

2025 OEM 2021 20252030 OEM WLTP

N(i) OEM (i) 2021

2025

2030 PC LCV

( )2021 (i) = WLTP · NEDC

+ a · (MØ2021 - M0,2021) NEDC

( )2025/2030 2021 (i) · N(i)

2025/2030)

=

86

2025 2029 2030

2025 OEM

= 0

TM TM0

a2025/2030

a2021 2021

2025 OEMOEM

95 OEM

ZLEV 1+y-x y

2

X 2025 2029 15% 2030 PC 35% LCV 30%

2025/2030 = 2025/2030• ZLEV

a2025/2030 = a2021 · 2025/2030

2021

87

• CAFE 1975 1985CAFE 2010

• 2007 EISA40% 2007

CAA

• 2010 4 EPA NHTSA MY 2012-2016CAFE GHG

• 2012 8 EPA NHTSA MY 2017-2025GHG

• EPA MY 2022-2025 MTEEPA

2018 4 MTE MY 2022-2025 2018 8 EPANHTSA 2021-2026

FAFE

• CAFEEPA

TLAAS

2012-2016

67% 33%

GVWR 10,000 lbs PC LDT MDPVEPA 2- FTP-75 + HWFET

2012-2016

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016263 256 247 236 225

1

346 337 326 312 2981

295 286 276 263 2501

1)

88

FTP-75 –

ABT

ABT2012-2016

• •

• •

2017-2025 2012

67%33%

1)

2017-2025

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025212 202 191 182 172 164 157 150 143

1

295 285 277 269 249 237 225 214 2031

243 232 222 213 199 190 180 171 1631

EPA 2018 4 MTE MY 2022-2025 2018 8

EPA NHTSA 2021-2026

FAFE

89

• GHG2002 2006 2009-2016

• 2010 2012-2016CARB

• NHTSA EPA 2010 EPA CARB 2017-2025

• 2021-2025 CARB EPA2019 11

23 EPA

GHGGHG g CO2/mi

(g CO2/km)CAFE mpg

(l/100 km)PC/LDT1 LDT2 PC/LDT1 LDT2

2009 323 (201) 439 (274)2010 301 (188) 420 (262)2011 267 (166) 390 (243)2012 233 (146) 361 (225)2013 227 (142) 355 (221)2014 222 (138) 350 (218)2015 213 (133) 341 (213)2016 205 (128) 332 (207)

90

PC LDT

GFEI 50 by 50UNEP IEA ITS FIA

2050 50%

2012 2016 2017 2018 2019 20202020 10%/20%/30%/60%/100%2020 10%/20%/30%/60%/100%

kg FTP75 199/100

1,200-1,8001,800-2,4002,400-3,0003,000-3,6003,600-4,2004,200-5,400> 5,400

91

CAFC LPG CNG

GVW

W

iWi i

Ni i

Ni Ki FCI i

NEDCFC LPG CNG

FCFC

LPG CNG FCI

l/100 km

2017/18 2021/22 NEDC

2022/23 NEDC 1)

1) 2016 1 1 2016 12 31 W’b’ ’b’

FC LPG l/100 km CNG kg/100 km

2 –

2

LPG 2

CNG 2

–

AAFC2017 4 1

AAFC AAFC

iNiFCi i

92

• FCCAFC

• CAFC VM• 2020 CAFC• NEV CAFCCAFC

i = VMTi = i

Vi = i

1

l/100 km

(CM), kg

GB 19578–2004FC II 1/2008–1/2016

GB 19578–2014FC III 1/2016–

CAFC II

M/T A/T1) M/T A/T1) M/T 2) A/T1)

78

8

137

CAFCGB 27999-2011 CAFC ICAFC = 7 L/100 km

GB 27999-2014 CAFC IICAFC = 5 L/100 km

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020109% 106% 103% 100% 134% 128% 120% 110% 100%

2

93

GB 20997-2015

N1 M2 GVW2009 1 2008 2

N1 M2 GVW 3,500 kg

(CM), kg

N1 M2

(l/km)

(l/km)

(l/km)

(l/km)5 5

5

7

7

98

10

1110

94

2015

JC08 2013 5

– 2015601

- 740

741 -

855

856 -

970

971 -

1,080

1,081 -

1,195

1,195 -

1,310

1,311 -

1,420

1,421 -

1,530

1,531 -

1,650

1,651 -

1,760

1,761 -

1,870

1,871 -

1,990

1,991 -

2,100

2,101 -

2,270

• CAFÉ FE• JC08 • FE=• LPG FE=

2004 – km/l

2005 – km/l

%

PC

LCV

– 2020741

- 855

856 -

970

971 -

1,080

1,081 -

1,195

1,196 -

1,310

1,311 -

1,420

1,421 -

1,530

1,531 -

1,650

1,651 -

1,760

1,761 -

1,870

1,871 -

1,990

1,991 -

2,100

2,101 -

2,270

95

–

JC28 2013 3

• ICE HEV PHEV EV• 9

10

• LPG

• WLTC

• FE

• LPG FE

• EV FE=6750/EC

• EC AC

M-6×M2 -4

M

FE

2030 FE

96

•

PROCONVE L5

• 80% =• 60% 80% =• 60% =

E22E100 100% E22 E100

•

• =

97

–

1a E20 + E100 / / EPA75 = (ABNT NBR6601 )

1b E20 + E100 (ABNT NBR 7024 )

2 = x

3 E20 E100 = 55% + 45%

4 E20 E100

PBE EC - MJ/kg

ABCDE

5 E20 E100

E00 E22 E100 GNV

– 2

MJ/l – 3

18

99

100

2008/692/EC

E5/E10 E5 E10 2016 3 1 E10 2018 8

1 E10

B5 B752-54 52-56

15°C 3 833-837T50 °CT95 °C 345-350 345-360

°C°C

40°C 2/s

24

FAME3 % vol4

110°C– Class 1

B5/B7

E5 E10RON/MON

56-601)

15°C 3 743-75670°C 24-44 34-46100°C 48-60 54-62150°C 82-90 86-94

°C 190-210 170-19529-35 25-323-13 6-13

2 9-10%(v/v)

> 480

– 1

1) 2) EN 153763) FAME EN 142144)

101

-

E040 CFR

86.113-0440 CFR

86.113-0440 CFR

86.213-1140 CFR

86.213-11

RON 93 93(R+M)/2

R-MDVPE PSIDVPE PSIIBP °F 75-95 75-105 76-96 76-96T10 °F 120-135 120-135 98-118 105-125T50 °F 200-230 200-230 179-214 195-225T90 °F 300-325 300-325 316-346 316-346FBP °F 415 415 413 413

% vol 35 35 28-36% vol 10 10% vol

15-80 15-80 15-80 15-80

E10 EPA Tier 3 EPA Tier 3 EPA Tier 3 Carb LEV III40 CFR

1065.71040 CFR

1065.71040 CFR

1065.71040 CFR

86.113-07

R-MDVPE PSIT10 °F 120-140 110-130 120-140 130-150T50 °F 190-210 190-210 190-210 205-215T90 °F 315-335 315-335 315-335 310-320FBP °F 380-420 380-240 380-420

1000 1000 1000 1000

102

- (EPA 86.1313-2017)

CARB 3)

1-D2) 2-D40-54 40-50 47-55 D-61340-54 40-50 – D-976

°F (°C) 3)

°F (°C) 330-390 (166-199) 340-400 (171-204) 340-420 (171-216)10% °F (°C) 370-430 (188-221) 400-460 (204-238) 400-490 (204-254)50% °F (°C) 410-480 (210-249) 470-540 (243-282) 470-560 (243-293)90% °F (°C) 460-520 (238-271) 560-630 (293-332) 550-610 (288-321)

°F (°C) 500-560 (260-293) 610-690 (321-366) 580-660 (304-349)API 40-44 32-37 33-39 D-287

7-15 7-15 7-15 3)

100-500 3)

8 ( )1) 27 ( )1) 8-12 3)

)°F (°C) 130 (54) D-93

40°F (4°C) 2/sec D-445

1) 2) 2-D 1-D 1-D3) ASTM / Tile 13, CCR

103

105

106

715/2007/EC 692/2008/EC VI /ECE 88 7

c/d –

EPA

40%EPA II

182x

16-30°C1 ECE + 2 EUDC

12-36 68-86°F 20-30°C

/40±2%

45-60°F 10-14°C

SHED 60-84°F 16-30°C

EPA III

TA

ECE+EUDCTA

68-86°F 23-32°C+

- - TA 1/2000/ 40%

/

/40±2%

20-30°C1 ECE+2 EUDC

20-30°C 12-3620-30°C ECE+EUDC

220-30°C

6-36 20±2°C 6

24 VT SHED 120-35°C

+

107

WLTP GTR 19

2017

M HS + M Dmax + PF <CPc/d GTR 2019 9 1

GTR c/d/ 40%

1 - -23±3°C1)

23±3°C 12-36

1 - -23±3°C

M HS 23-31°C 60±56-36 20±2°C 6

M D1 VT SHED 24 20-35-20°CM D2 VT SHED 24 20-35-20°C

M HS + M D1 + M D2 + 2xPF < 2g/

50 12300

20 40°C 40% PF = HC 20w - HC 3w

GTR c/d

85%

OVC-HEV

M HS + M D1 + M D2 + 2xPF < 2g/

1) 1 2x - - 2 3 - - -

108

/

2012

• ORVR 102

•

3 2

68-86°F

/ /6 6

/ 12-36 300 BV

/ 1:1/

/ 12-36 /

1:1 /

EPA III EPA III

EPA: 90-100°F CARB:

100-110°F

1-6

EPA II, 2x NYCC, EPA II

1(EPA 95 / CARB 105°F)

1(68-86°F)

3 2

EPA: 90-100°F CARB:

100-110°F

6-36(EPA 72 / CARB 65°F)

6-36(EPA 72 / CARB 65°F)

72 3 EPA 72-96°F,

CARB 65-105°F

48 3 EPA 72-96°F,

CARB 65-105°FEPA/CARB LEV I

CARB LEV IIEPA Tier II

3 2

109

EPA CARB

EPA• CARB LEV II

• LDV 3

• LDV 2

• LLDT / HLDT / MDPV

• CARB LEV II EPA

• MY 2009 LDV/LLDT MY 2010 HLDT/MDPVFFV

CARB LEV II• 15

• 2007 LEV II 3

• ZEV + 2 3

EPA Tier II •

• HEV/ZEV

EPA III

Tier III 2018 CARB LEV III CARB LEV III• OBD• E15 2017 E10• 2020 EPA E15• 2017 PZEV

2019• • OBD

EPA Tier II EPA LEV II

95 ± 5°F 105 ± 5°F

9 psi RVP,7 psi RVP

’96-’99: 20/40/90/100%

Tier II ’04-’07: 25/50/75/100%

’95-’98: 10/30/50/100%

Tier II ’04-’06: 40/80/100%

110

CARB LEV III• • MY 2015

• ’15-’17 PZEV ’18-’19 60%, ’20-’21 80%, ’22 100%• MTBE LEV III E10 2020 E10• ORVR GVWR 14,000 lbs E10• 3 3• 15

1

(lbs GVWR)

(g/mile)

3 +2 +

2

lbs GVWR (g/mile)

+

g/g/

g/ g/6,000 lbs LD

0 - 3,750 lbs LVW6,000 lbs LD

6,000-8000 lbs LD6,000 lbs LD

3,750 - 5,750 lbs LVW

MD6,000-8000 lbs LD

MD

8,501 - 14,000 lbs MD 8,501 - 14,000 lbs MD14,000 lbs HD14,000 lbs HD

111

• SHED

• COP BWC 90%

2020 7 1 aCARB IV

• WLTC I - - -

• NOVC OVC

• 38±2°C

• 38±2°C 33-41°C

• SHED 68-95 °F (20-35°C)

•

• CoP BWC 90%

• NIRCO

• M D1 HC_24 M HC_48 + M HS• DF

SHED - 1 +- 24 2000

Proconve-L6E22/E61/E100 2 SHED

Proconve-L7 2022 1 1E22/E61/E100 48 SHED

ORVR

CFR86

g/ SHED1

2 I2 II2 III

IV DF

112

• CARB EPA 40/80/100%

MY 1998-2000 GVW 6000 lbs LDT MY 2001-2003 GVW 6000 lbs LDT MY 2004-2006 2000 100%• CARB LEV II EPA Tier II ORVR• EVAP

•

CARB LEV III

• MY 2015 E10 7 psi RVP•

)

• 40%• 68-86°F (20-30°C) 6• 1 EPA II

• 40%• 12-36• 50% /• EPA III• 68-86°F (20-30°C) 0-1• 68-86°F EPA II, 2x NYCC, EPA II

• • 10%• 80±3°F (27°C) 6-24• •

85%85%

113

EPA

• GVW 14,000 lbsEVAP 1999 100%

• EVAPORVR

• •

2012

• (d) (1) (d) (2)

• 85%

/ VII ORVR

• VII CARB ORVR• ORVR• NIRCO 95%

10%

Viper

115

116

ZEVZEV

177 ZEV 9EPA

2019 11 ZEVZEVZEV TZEV ZEV

ZEV EV FCEVBEVx NEV TZEV PHEV

HICE

20,000 LVE ZEV

EV FCEV ZEV

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025+

ZEV (EV FCEV), BEVx, NEV 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16%TZEV PHEV HICE 3% 4% 5% 6%

ZEV 7% 12% 17% 22%

5000 20,000 ZEVZEV ZEV

TZEV 5000ZEV ZEV TZEV ZEV ZEV

AER ZEV

0

4

AER ZEV

0

TZEV: PHEV ZEV

BEVx ZEV

AER ZEV

0

4

AER ZEV

TZEV: HICE ZEV

ZEV ZEV TZEVZEV ZEV BEVx 50% ZEV

US06 AER 10TZEV ZEV

250TZEV:HICE

BEVx, AER0

117

ZEV

EV FCEV PHEV ZLEV

ZLEV2025

15% 2030 35% ZLEVZLEV 5%

ZLEV /

WLPT ZLEV ZLEX

g/km ZLEV

CO2 1

2 2

CO2 0

ZLEV ZLEV 201714

ZEV ZEV TZEVZEV UDDS AER 375 EV

ZEV ZEV 4 UDDS US06AER 100 PHEV PHEV TZEV

ZEV

NEV ZEV

NEV ZEV

25

0-20MPH 6

118

NEV

NEV 2019

NEV

• PHEV -• BEV -

• FCEV - 5

2019 10 %2020 12 %2021 14 %2022 16 %2023 18 %

2024+ TBD

PHEV

NEV AER

FC 70% NEV

FC 70% NEV

/

EEC BEVE NEV BEV

119

NEVFCEV

NEV AER0 NEV

NEV

NEV =2*NEV 6

BEV

NEV AER EEC

(Et)

kg (Et

AER Rf

01

AER Rf

BEV (Ef)

(E Ef

Ef = (E /EEC)/EEC) Ef

NEV = Rf * Ef

NEV BEV PHEV FCEVNEV EEC

BEV NEV NEV70% FC PHEV NEV

NEV

OE

121

122

L 1 2002/24/EC2) 97/24/EC3) 2015 12 31 L1e L7e 2002/24/EC L1e L2eL6e 2002/24/EC 97/24/EC 2013/60/EU 2017 12 31

I

(cm3)

(mg/km)+

L1e 4) + 1,000 – – 1,200 ECE R47 2000

L3e

5,500 1,200 300 – ECE R40, UDC 20035,500 1,000 300 – ECE R40, UDC 20032,000 800 150 – ECE R40, UDC5) 20062,000 300 150 – ECE R40, UDC+EUDC6) 2006

v 2,620 750 170 – GTR No 2 2006v 2,620 330 220 – GTR No 2 2006

1) L L1e-A L1e-B L2eL3e L4e L5e L6e L7e

4) 448 2013 11 2830% /70%

5) -6) -

123

1) 2013 11 28 30% /70%

(cm3)

mg/km+

L2e1) 2+3

7,000 1,500 400 –L2+L6: ECE R47

L5+L7 UDC2003

L5e 2L6e1) 2-3L7e 2

L2e 2

2,000 1,000 650 –L2+L6: ECE R47

L5+L7 UDC+EUDC2003

L5e 2L6e 2L7e 2

124

(EU) No 168/20131) (EU) No 134/20142) 2016 3)1 1 L1e L7e (EU) No 168/2013 4 I (EU) No 168/2013 L

4) 5)

I VI A1 VI A2

II– PI PI

– PI PI2009/40/EC6)

III

IV VI C1 VI C2

VI(A), VII(A), VII(B), I(A), VII(A), VII(B),

VI VI

VII/

VIII OBD 7 ODB I VI B1 ODB II VI B2IX VI(D) VI(D)

20172020/2021

125

I

mg/km

L2 L3 L4

L1e-A PI/CI/ 560 100 70 – ECE R47L1e-B PI/CI/ 1,000 630 170 – ECE R47L2e PI/CI/ 1,900 730 170 – ECE R47

L3e1)

L4ePI/CI/

v1,140 380 70 – WMTC 2

L5e-A L7e-A

PI/CI/ v

1,140 170 90 – WMTC 2

CI/CI/ 1,000 100 300 80 WMTC 2

L5e-BPI/PI/ 2,000 550 250 – ECE R40CI/CI/ 1,000 100 550 80 ECE R40

3) 2014 9 11 (EU) No 168/2013 IV

4 2016 1 1 2017 1 1

5 (EU) No 168/2013 23(4) 23 (5) 2020 1 1 20211 1

6 2010/48/EU7 XII OBD

126

1 I L3e-AxE ( , x = 1, 2 3) L3e-AxT ( , x = 1, 2 3)VI A L2 L3 +L2 + L3

2 CI GDI3 WMTC 2 WMTC (EU)No 134/2014 6

Mass of (mg/km)CO THC NOx PML1 L2 L3 L4

L6e-A PI/PI/ 1,900 730 170 – ECE R47L6e-B CI/CI/ 1,000 100 550 80 ECE R47L7e-B PI/PI/ 2,000 550 250 – ECE R40L7e-C CI/CI/ 1,000 100 550 80 ECE R40

Mass of (mg/km)2)

L1 L2A L2B L3 L4

L1e-A PI/CI/ 500 100 68 60 WMTC3

L1e-B-L7e LPI/CI/ 1,000 100 68 60 WMTCCI/CI/ 500 100 68 90 WMTC

127

IV

1) L1e L2e L5e-B L6e-B L7e-B L7e-C (EU) No V 1

2 SHED V 3

3 L1e L2e L5e-B L6e-B L7e-B L7e-CSHED

4 V 2

1)

mg/

L3e L4e

PI 2,000 SHED 2)L5e-AL6e-AL7e-A

3)

4)SHED

(mg/m2/ ) mg/L1e-A

PI

1,500 15,000 1,500L1e-B 1,500 15,000 1,500L2e 1,500 15,000 1,500

L3e L4e

1,500

L5e-A 1,500L5e-B 1,500 15,000 1,500L6e-A 1,500L6e-B 1,500 15,000 1,500L7e-A 1,500L7e-B 1,500 15,000 1,500L7e-C 1,500 15,000 1,500

128

V 1)

WMTCECE R472)

2) 2013/60/EU 97/24/EC 2017 12 31 (EU) No 134/2014 20149 11 2018 1 1 47

L1e, L2e L6eWMTC1) (EU) No 168/2013 23 (3a) (3b) (3c)

x=1 2 3 km

L1e-A5,500

L1e-B

11,000L2eL3e-AxEL6e-AL7e-B

L3e L4e

v

20,000L5eL6e-BL7e-C

L3e L4e L7e-A

v

35,000

(s)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

112 448

896

100 400 700200 500 800300 600 9000

30% 70%

129

WMTC

- UN-ECE GTR no. 02)

1 3 v 2-1 3 3 v

3-2 v 3

130120110100

908070605040302010

0

(s) (s) (s)

130120110100

908070605040302010

0

130120110100

908070605040302010

0600540480420360300240180120600 600540480420360300240180120600 600540480420360300240180120600

2 2

3

3

1

1

130

CFR 40 Part. 86.401

1980 FTP-75

MY 2005 EPACARB

EPA g/km

I : 0 169cc II 170 279cc III

EPA g/km

HC +

1988-2003I & II 50-279 12IIIa 280-699 12IIIb 12

2004-2007 III 122008+ III 12

cc+

2006+I 50-169 12II 170-279 12

2006-09 III 122010+ III 12

131

1) 1

PROMOT 4/WMTC – – 2014 2% - 2014 1DR

– CO, HC, NOx 20% > 10,000 – – DF – DF – DF

/ +

2012: LA-4 - Tier 2, ECE40+EUDC – , WMTC –

GB 14622-2002 (MC)GB 18176-2002

( )

2003 12003 7 MC

2004 12004 1 MC 2005 1 MC

2005 1 2006 1

GB 14622-2007 (MCs)GB 18176-2007 ( )

2008 7 2009 7 1)

GB 14622-2016 (MCs)GB 18176-2016 ( )

2018 7 2019 7

132

(g/km)

(g/km) +

(g/km)

(g/km)

2008

2W

– – 1 ECE R4750 - 150 CC – 2 ECE R40

– 2ECE R40 +EUDC

3W

– – ECE R47

1 – 4 ECE R40

3W

– – ECE R47

1 – 4 ECE R40

133

(cc)

vmax

mg/kmOBD km

+

2018

v 630 170 1,000 – – ECE R47 11,000

Iv

380 70 1,140 – –

WMTC I

20,000II

WMTC II-1v

WMTC II-2

III 170 90 1,140 – –WMTC III-1

35,000V > 1,500 v WMTC III-2

v 730 170 1,900 – – ECE R47 11,000PI V > 50 v > 50 550 250 2,000 – –

ECE R40 20,000CI V> 50 v > 50 – 390 740 460 60

134

1) 2016 10 1 2017 9 12) 3) 2020 12 2022 11

BS VI 2W

1 1+ 1

2-1 1+ 1

2-2

3-1

3-2 v 1 2

D – WMTC

2013 9 / WMTC ISDO 6460OBD

(g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km)

2016 1 –2 3 2) 2) – 2)

2016 10 1 1)

1 50cc 150cc vv 50 –

2 v 100> 150 cc v

2) 2) – 2)

3 v ) 2) 2) – 2)

2020 12 3) 2022 11 3)

2)4) 2) 2) 2)

4) CO5)

135

2W 3W97/24/EC

(g/km)

(g/km)

(g/km)

+ (g/km) g/

2008 1

All 3W CVS-40 7–

–

UDC2

2W > 150 CC PI ECE40 + EUDCCVS-47 1 – –

2017 1

ECE R47 1

–WMTC2W > 50 CC PI & v V

2W > 50 CC PI & v

2020 1 WMTC

(g/km)

(g/km)

(g/km)

(g/km) g/

6

2017

136

BS VI2016 9 15 GSR 889(E) 2020 4 1

PI CI BS VI

* DI** SHED

AIS 137*** OBD 2023 4 1

TA=COPmg/km DF T=0

500AIS 137

IDC350150

BS VI

OBD

V

PI1 & 2-1 1‚000 100 60 68

1‚500***

20‚0002-2 1‚000 100 60 68

3-1 & 3-2 1‚000 100 60 68 35‚000CI 500 100 90 68 – 35‚000

DF300** – –

BS VI

137

BS VI

OBD

OBD BS VI OBD2023 4 1

2023 4 1 BS VI M IUPR 1 PI

OBDBS VI

OBDBS VI

2023 4 1

✔ ✔

✔ ✔

✔ ✔

✘ ✔

EGR ✔ ✔

✘ ✔

✘ ✔

OBD /

mg/km

mg/km

mg/km

mg/km1 & 2-1 1‚900 250 300 501)

2-2 1‚900 250 300 501)

3-1 & 3-2 1‚900 250 300 501)

OBD /

mg/km

mg/km

mg/km

mg/km1‚900 320 540 50

138

AER

AMA

ASM

BEV

BV

CAFC

CAFE

CF

CI

COP

CWF

DF

DI

EEC

EOBD

EUDC

EVAP

FAME

FC

FCEV

FE

FR

FTP

GDI

GHG

GVM

GVW

GVWR

IDI

IUPR

LBS

LCV

LDT

LEV

LLDT

LPV

LVW

MDPV

MIL

MTBE

NEDC

NEV

NHV

NMHC

NMOG

NTE

NYCC

OBD

ORVR

PEMS

PHEV

PI

PM/PN /

RAFs

RDE

RM

RVP

139

SEA

SG

SHED

SFTP

SI

SULEV

TA

TF

UDDS

ULEV

VM

VT SHED SHED

WC

WLTC

WLTP

ZLEV

ACEA

CARB

ECE

EPA

EU

MVEG

140

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

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