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第二章 IPv6/IPv4 轉換技術. 章節目錄. 簡介 IPv4/IPv6 雙重架構機制( Dual Stack) 通道機制( Tunnel) 位址協定轉換機制( Translator) 參考文獻. 簡介. 簡 介. NGtrans 規劃之轉換機制. 轉換機制比較. IPv4/IPv6 雙重架構機制( Dual Stack). IPv4/IPv6 雙重架構機制. 簡易雙重架構機制. RFC1933->RFC2893(Standard). 簡易雙重架構機制. IPv4 Stack 功能啟動,而 IPv6 功能關閉(即 IPv4-only node) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1
第二章第二章IPv6/IPv4IPv6/IPv4 轉換技術轉換技術
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章節目錄章節目錄 簡介 IPv4/IPv6 雙重架構機制 (Dual Stack)
通道機制 (Tunnel) 位址協定轉換機制 (Translator) 參考文獻
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簡介簡介
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簡 介簡 介
IPv4 Only
ExperimentalIPv6
Network
IPv4 Ocean
IPv6 Island
IPv4 Island
IPv6 Ocean
IPv6 Only
Phase Ⅰ Phase Ⅱ Phase Ⅲ Phase Ⅳ
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NGtransNGtrans 規劃之轉換機制規劃之轉換機制
TransitionMechanisms
Tunneling Translator
Dual Stack
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轉換機制比較轉換機制比較Name Connectivity Type Location
Dual stack 4-to-4 over 4, 6-to-6 over 6 Dual stack In single E5 or ND
SIIT 6-to-4, 4-to-6 Translator In single ES or ND
Bump-in-Stack (BIS) 4-to-6 Translator In single ES
Bump-in-API (BIA) 4-to-6 Translator In single ES
NAT-PT 6-to-4, 4-to-6 Translator In single ND
MTP 4-to-6,4-to-6 (multicast) Translator In single ND
TRT 6-to-4 Translator In single ND
SOCKS64 4-to-6, 4-to-6 Translator Between ES and ND
6over4 6-to-6 over 4 Tunnel Between ES and ND
ISATAP 6-to-6 over 4 Tunnel Between ES and ND
DSTM 4-to-4 over 6 Tunnel Between ES and ND
Configured IP-in-IP 6-to-6 over 4, 4-to-4 over 6 Tunnel Between ES and ND, two NDs or two ESs
6to4 6-to-6 over 4 Tunnel Between two NDs
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IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6 雙重架雙重架構機制構機制 ((Dual Dual
Stack)Stack)
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IPv4/IPv6IPv4/IPv6 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制
IPv6client
TCP
IPv6
Datalink
IPv4client
TCP
IPv4
Datalink
IPv4 mapped
IPv6 address
IPv6client
TCP
IPv4 IPv6
Datalink
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簡易雙重架構機制簡易雙重架構機制 RFC1933->RFC2893(Standard)
IPv4/IPv6
DualStack
DualStack
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簡易雙重架構機制簡易雙重架構機制
IPv4 Stack功能啟動,而 IPv6功能關閉 ( 即 IPv4-only node)
IPv6 Stack功能啟動,而 IPv4功能關閉 ( 即 IPv6-only node)
IPv4 Stack 及 IPv6 Stack功能皆啟動 (node具組態切換功能 )
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IPv4IPv4
簡易雙重架構機制簡易雙重架構機制++TunnelingTunneling
RFC 1933
RFC 3056
RFC 3053
IPv4IPv4IPv6IPv6 IPv6IPv6
IPv6 IPv66over4
6to4
IPv4IPv4IPv6IPv6
IPv4/IPv6 Tunnel Broker
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DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制
DSTM 雙重架構機制係確保 IPv4 之應用能於 IPv6 網路上運作
IPv6 only IPv4 only
?工作站
電腦電腦
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DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制 Draft-ietf-ngtrans-dstm-08.txt
IPv6
IPv4DualStack
DHCPv6/DNS
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DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制 一 IPv6 node與一 IPv4 node互通時 ,其先取得一暫用之 IPv4位址 (DSTM伺服器提供 )
此暫用之 IPv4位址係由 DNS 及DHCPv6協調產生
傳送時藉由動態通道技術包裝 IPv4封包
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DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制
IPv6 DS TM
Domain
Dual stack nodeIPv6 @IPv4 @ IPv4
Network
DSTMBorderRouter
4in6 runnel
IPv4Only Node
Computer
RouterLaptop
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DSTM 雙重架構機制運作 (v6 v4)
1. 一個應用之封包傳送由 A node(IPv6) 至 C node(IPv4)2. A node 要求 DSTM 伺服器給予一 IPv4 Source 位址3. DSTM 伺服器回覆 A node 暫用之 IPv4 address 位址及 DSTM
Gateway 的 IPv6 位址4. A node 產生 IPv4 封包
A B CDSTM
DNSDNS
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1. 一個 A node 至 B node 的通道建立 ( 送 IPv6 封包 ) 。2. B node 拆除 IPv6 封包頭,然後將此 IPv4 封包送給 C node 。3. B node 記錄 A node 的 IPv4 與 IPv6 位址,然後 Mapping 在它的
Routing
Table 中。
DSTM 雙重架構機制運作 (v6
v4)
A B CDNS DNSDSTM
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DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制
IPv6 Routing
Intranet ABC IPv6/IPv4 DFZ
IPv4 Routing
IPv4 Routing
Intranet Company ABC
Global Internet
IPv6/IPv4 Host XDynamic Tunnel InterfaceDHCPv6 Client
IPv4 Host Z
IPv4 Host Y
DSTM Router IPv4 Router
IPv4 Router
DHCPv6 Server
DNS Server
- Host X 從 DHCPv6 伺服器 取得 IPv4-Mapped 位址及 DSTM 伺服器的端點位置- Host X can now communicate with IPv4 to Hosts Y and Z End-2-End.
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DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制 + Port Range+ Port Range
DSTM IPv6 Routing Domain
Intranet ABC IPv6/IPv4 DFZ
IPv4 Routing
IPv4 Routing
Intranet Company ABC
Global Internet
IPv6/IPv4 Host XDynamic Tunnel InterfaceDHCPv6 Client
IPv4 Host Z
IPv4 Host Y
DSTM Router IPv4 Router
IPv4 Router
DHCPv6 Server
DNS Server
- Host X obtains IPv4-Mapped Address, Port Range, and TEP for DSTM Router, from DHCPv6 Server.- Host X can now communicate with IPv4 to Hosts Y and Z End-2-End. - DSTM Router can now use a single address for multiple IPv6/IPv4 Hosts within the DSTM IPv6 Routing Domain.
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DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制6to46to4
DSTM IPv6 Routing Domain
Intranet ABC IPv6/IPv4 DFZ
IPv4 Routing
IPv4 Routing
Intranet Company ABC
Global Internet
IPv6/IPv4 Host XDynamic Tunnel Interface6to4 Dynamic InterfaceDHCPv6 Client
IPv4 Host Z
IPv4 Host Y
DSTM Router IPv4 Router
IPv4 Router
DHCPv6 Server
DNS Server
Host X obtains IPv4-Mapped Address and Port Range only.TEP is not needed as 6to4 address is used to communicate to DSTM Router.
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DHCPv6+ IPv6 OnlyRouting
IPv4 Only
100.0.0.1
200.4.5.6
Dual stack Node2002:100.0.0.1::2:2
SA= 100.0.1.1DA= 200.4.5.6
SA= 200.4.5.6DA= 100.0.1.1
SA= 200.4.5.6DA= 100.0.1.1
SA= 200.4.5.6DA= 100.0.1.1
IPv4?
100.0.1.1
SA= 2002:100.0.0.1::2:2DA= 2002:200.4.5.6::SA= 100.0.1.1DA= 200.4.5.6
SA= 2002:100.0.0.1::2:2DA= 2002:200.4.5.6::SA= 100.0.1.1DA= 200.4.5.6
SA= 200.4.5.6DA= 100.0.1.1SA= 2002:200.4.5.6::DA= 2002:100.0.0.1::2:2
SA= 200.4.5.6DA= 100.0.1.1SA= 2002:200.4.5.6::DA= 2002:100.0.0.1::2:2
SA= 100.0.1.1DA= 200.4.5.6 100.0.1.1 =
2002:100.0.0.1::2:2
SA= 100.0.1.1DA= 200.4.5.6
DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制 + 6to4+ 6to4
DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制 IPv4 Query to IPv6 AddressIPv4 Query to IPv6 Address
DSTM IPv6 Routing Domain
Intranet ABC IPv6/IPv4 DFZ
IPv4 Routing
IPv4 Routing
Intranet Company ABC
Global Internet
IPv6/IPv4 Host XDynamic Tunnel Interface6to4 Dynamic InterfaceDHCPv6 Client
IPv4 Host Z
IPv4 Host Y
DSTM Router IPv4 Router
IPv4 Router
DSTM Server DHCPv6+DNS Server
- Host Y and Z can now do DNS Lookup for Host X that has only IPv6 address.- DNS Y or Z query will go to DSTM Server- DSTM server will assign Host X an IPv4 address and return Host Y or Z back that address
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DSTMDSTM 雙重架構機制雙重架構機制 3G and WLAN Network3G and WLAN Network
IPv6 Network IPv6 Network
IPv4 Network
IPv6 Services
IPv4Services
SIIT-MIPv6-WLAN-3G Router/Gateway
IPv6 Router
IPv4 Router
DSTM Server Mechanisms and Extensions
IPv6 Hosts
Comm. Tower
Modem Bank
Access Point
End-2-End Communications
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Home Net Y802.11
DSTM 雙重架構機制應用 Roaming Scenario
Giving IPv4 addresses to visitors can become expensive:– Visited Network offers IPv6 connectivity only
Home network offers connection to the v4 world via DSTM– to Corporate Intranet– to Global Internet
ed0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500inet6 fe80::200:c0ff:fe11:cba0%ed0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 inet6 3ffe:305:1002:4:200:c0ff:fe11:cba0 prefixlen 64 inet6 2001:660:282:4:200:c0ff:fe11:cba0 prefixlen 64 ether 00:00:c0:11:cb:a0
gif0: flags=8011<UP,POINTOPOINT,MULTICAST> mtu 1280inet6 fe80::200:c0ff:fe11:cba0%gif0 --> :: prefixlen 64 inet 192.108.119.197 --> 192.108.119.199 netmask 0xffffffff physical address inet6 3ffe:305:1002:4:200:c0ff:fe11:cba0
--> 3ffe:305:1002:1:200:c0ff:fe85:cba0
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DSTM 雙重架構機制建置 BSD « INRIA »
– DSTM gateway – DSTM server (RPC)– Client: manual conf, dynamic conf
BSD Kame – Client: Manual Configuration
Linux – Client: Manual Configuration
Windows : ?
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DSTMDSTM 機制之機制之 freewarefreeware 軟體軟體
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通道機制通道機制 ((Tunnel)Tunnel)
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通道機制通道機制
IPv4 網路 IPv6 網站IPv6 網站
IPv6 封包IPv6 封包IPv4 封包 IPv6 封包
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通道機制封包格式通道機制封包格式
Ethernet0x86dd
IPv6 6
TCP 25
SMTPoriginal packet
Ethernet0x0800
IP 41
IPv6 6
TCPencapsulated packet
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通道之協定運作通道之協定運作
IPv4 網路
L4+
IPv6
L2L1
L4+
IPv6
IPv6
IPv4
L2
L1
L4+ L4+
IPv6
IPv6IPv4
L4+
L2
L1
L4+
IPv6
L2
L1
IPv6end system
Tunnelendpoint
(encapsulation)
Tunnelendpoint
(decapsulation)IPv6
end system
Payloadprotocol
Carrierprotocal
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通道機制通道機制
手動建置 (Manually Configured) 半自動建置 (Semi-automated) 全自動建置 (Automated)
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通道機制通道機制 -- 手動建置手動建置
IPv6 island IPv4 網路
IPv4 Tunnel
IPv6 island
Dual-stacknode
Dual-stacknode
I P v 4 H I P v 6 H I P v 6 HP a y l o a d P a y l o a dI P v 6 H P a y l o a d
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通道機制通道機制 -- 全自動建置全自動建置
I P v 4 HI P v 6 H
IPv6 island
IPv4 網路
IPv4 TunnelDual-stacknode
Dual-stacknode
0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0
I P v 4
A d d r e s s
P a y l o a d I P v 6 H P a y l o a d
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66over4over4 通道機制封包格式通道機制封包格式
IPv6 header
TCP header
Data
IPv4 header
IPv6 header
TCP header
Data
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66over4over4 通道機制通道機制
IPv6end system
Tunnelendpoint
(encapsulation)
Tunnelendpoint
(decapsulation)
IPv6end system
Payloadprotocol
Carrierprotocal
L4+
IPv6
L2L1
L4+
IPv6
IPv6
IPv4
L2
L1
L4+ L4+
IPv6
IPv6IPv4
L4+
L2
L1
L4+
IPv6
L2
L1
Multiple physicalroutes
Logical tunnel
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66over4over4 通道機制通道機制
6to4自動通道機制
IPv6 Internet
IPv6IPv4IPv6
PP(3bits) TLA(13bits)IPv4 Address
(32bits)SLA ID (16bits)
Interface ID (64bits)
001 0x0002 ISP assigned Local Administered Auto configured
2002:8234:1::/48
130.67.0.1
11.0.0.1
148.122.0.1
2002:947A:1::/48
6to4 prefix is 2002::/16 + IPv4 address.2002:a.b.c.d::/48
6to4 relay2002:B00:1::1Announces 2002::/16 to the IPv6 Internet
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66to4to4 封包格式封包格式
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66to4to4 自動通道機制自動通道機制
IPv4IPv6 In IPv4IPv6 IPv6
6to4 6to4
2002:c0a8:101:1::1 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 2002:c0a8:201:2::2
IPv6header
IPv6data
IPv4header
IPv6header
IPv6data
IPv6header
IPv6data
Src=2002:c0a8:101:1::1
Dst=2002:c0a8:201:2::2
Src=192.168.1.1
Dst=192.168.2.1
Src=2002:c0a8:101:1::1
Dst=2002:c0a8:201:2::2
6to4 自動通道機制 -Interface
6to4 自動通道機制Routing Table
通道代理者 (Tunnel Broker)機制
: Control Information
: Data (Tunnel)DNS
TunnelBroker
Dual-StackUser-Node
TunnelServer
IPv4 Site
IPv6-over-IPv4 Tunnel
IPv6 site
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通道代理者機制運作通道代理者機制運作
1) 使用者聯結 Tunnel Broker 進行註冊事宜 (registration procedure)
2) 使用者再次聯結 Tunnel Broker ,提供使用者端點資訊 ( 包括: IP 位址、作業系統、 IPv6支援軟體等 )
3) Tunnel Broker 建置網路端點、 DNS 伺服器及使用者端點組態
4) 通道建置完成,使用者可以直接連至 IPv6 網路
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通道代理者機制運作通道代理者機制運作
Remote Site IPv6 network provider
Client Tunnel Broker DNS Server
Well knownWWW Server
tb.cselt.ittb.cpmpany.com...........
Tunnel BrokerDirectory
TB Listwww.ipv6.org
Dual-StackHost/Router
Client-BrokerInteraction
Tunnel Server
RG
RG
RG
Dual-StackRouter
BrokerInteraction
Broker-DNSInteraction
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通道代理者機制運作通道代理者機制運作 (1)(1)
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通道代理者機制運作通道代理者機制運作 (2)(2)
通道代理者 (Tunnel Broker) 機制 Implementation
IPv4 網路
IPv6 網路
Client
Tunnel broker
1. IPv4的client端提出網頁的要求
IPv6 DNS
2. Tunnel broker回應Tunnel的資訊給IPv4 的client端
3. Tunnel broker設定 tunnel server或router
4. Client端和 tunnel server 或 router 建立起 tunnel
tunnel
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通道代理者機制服務通道代理者機制服務
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通道代理者機制服務通道代理者機制服務
通道代理者 (Tunnel Broker) 機制Scripts and Parameters
通道代理者 (Tunnel Broker)機制 Interface
通道代理者 (Tunnel Broker)機制 Routing Table
Tunnel Mechanism
Primary Use Limitation Requirements
Configured Tunnel
Stable and secure links for regular communication
Tunnel between two points only
Large management overhead
No independently managed NAT
ISP-registered IPv6 address
Dual-stack router
6to4 Tunnel
Connection of multiple remote IPv6 domains Frequent communication
Limitation of the number of tunnels supported by the 6to4 router
IPv6 prefix (2002::/16)
Dual-stack router
Tunnel Broker
Standalone isolated
IPv6 end systems
Potential security implication
Tunnel broker service must know how to create and set a script
應用特性
54
通道機制之延遲時間分析通道機制之延遲時間分析
average transmission time
125
150
175
200
225
250
64 128 256 512 768 1024
pack size(bytes)
time(
ms) 6to4
configureg tunnel
tunnel broker
55
通道機制之通過率分析通道機制之通過率分析
515253545556575
128 256 512 768 1024
packet size(Bytes)
Thro
ughp
ut(K
bps)
6to4 Configured tunnel Tunnel broker
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通道機制之通道機制之 CPUCPU 利用率分析利用率分析
57
通道機制之資料遺失率分析通道機制之資料遺失率分析
58
通道為主之機制的效能指標通道為主之機制的效能指標
59
位址協定轉換機制位址協定轉換機制((Translator)Translator)
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位址協定轉換機制之網路端協定轉換位址協定轉換機制之網路端協定轉換
L4+I Pv6L2L1
L4+I Pv6L2L1
L4+I Pv6
L4+I Pv4
L2L1
IPv6end system Translator IPv4
end system
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位址協定轉換機制位址協定轉換機制
網路位址與通訊協定之轉換 (Network Address Translation-Protocol Translation; NAT-PT)
TCP-UDP 中繼機制 (TCP-UDP Relay) Bump-in-the-Stack (BIS) 機制 SOCKS 為基礎的 IPv6/IPv4 閘道器機制
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無縫無縫 IP/ICMPIP/ICMP 轉換演算法轉換演算法 SIIT SIIT 演算法演算法
IPv6
NIC
IPv4 Address pool
NIC
NA(P)T-PTIPv6/IPv4mapping
table
SIITIPv4
IPv6/IPv4 Translation Manager
DNS-ALG
Socket
TCP/UDP
FTP-ALG
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網路位址與通訊協定之轉換機制網路位址與通訊協定之轉換機制 (4-6)(4-6)
2001: e10: c00: B: : 2 <-> 134. 208. 9. 101::::
134. 208. 9. 101134. 208. 9. 102134. 208. 9. 103134. 208. 9. 104134. 208. 9. 105
::
I Pv4 Host認為他在跟134. 208. 9. 101作溝通
I Pv6 Host認為他在跟2001: e10: c00: B: : 134. 208. 9. 108作溝通
I Pv6 DNS
I Pv6 host
2001: e10: c00: B: : 3i pv6DNS. ndhu. edu. tw
2001: e10: c00: B: : 2i pv6. ndhu. edu. tw
I Pv4 DNS
I Pv4 host
134. 208. 10. 11i pv4DNS. ndhu. edu. tw
134. 208. 9. 108i pv4. ndhu. edu. tw
DNS-ALG
NAT-PT
I Pv4 address pool
I Pv4 address pool I Pv6 <-> I Pv4 Address Mappi ng Tabl e Fi nal Resul t
(8) (7)
(6)
(5)
(4)
(3) (2)
(1)
A
A
A6
A6
Address al location and create address mapping
64
網路位址與通訊協定之轉換機制網路位址與通訊協定之轉換機制 (6(6-4)-4)
2001: e10: c00: B: : 2 <-> 134. 208. 9. 101::::
134. 208. 9. 101134. 208. 9. 102134. 208. 9. 103134. 208. 9. 104134. 208. 9. 105
::
I Pv6 Host認為他在跟2001: e10: c00: B: : 134. 208. 9. 108 作溝通
I Pv4 Host 認為他在跟134. 208. 9. 101作溝通
I Pv6 DNS
I Pv6 host
2001: e10: c00: B: : 3i pv6DNS. ndhu. edu. tw
2001: e10: c00: B: : 2i pv6. ndhu. edu. tw
I Pv4 DNS
I Pv4 host
134. 208. 10. 11i pv4DNS. ndhu. edu. tw
134. 208. 9. 108i pv4. ndhu. edu. tw
DNS-ALG
NAT-PT
I Pv4 address pool
I Pv4 address pool I Pv6 <-> I Pv4 Address Mappi ng Tabl e Fi nal Resul t
(7) (9)
(4)(5)
(6)
(2) (3)
(1)
A
A
A6
A6
Address al l ocati on (get I Pv6 prefi x)
(8)
65
TCP-UDPTCP-UDP 中繼機制中繼機制 ((TCP-UDP Relay)TCP-UDP Relay)
Inner network
outer networkTCP relay system
Initiating host
Destination host
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TCP-UDPTCP-UDP 中繼機制運作中繼機制運作
Inner networkouter network
Initiating hostIPv6 only
Destination hostIPv4 only
中繼伺服器- dummyPrefix fec0:0:0:1::/64
fec0:0:0:1::10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1Y4B6
A6
TCP/IPv6:the initiating host 中繼伺服器
TCP/IPv4:中繼伺服器 the destination host
address on IPv6 header:A6 A6::X4
address on IPv4 header:Y4 X4
X4
67
BISBIS 機制機制
4 6
v4 apps
v4 T
A host having the ability of a translator in a TCP/IPv4 stack. > a self-translator > a kind of a dual stack host. > no need of v6 apps > no modification of v4 apps.
BIS
68
BISBIS 機制協定模組機制協定模組 IPv4 Applications
Network Card
Network Card Driver
Exrended Name Resolve
Address Mapper
IPv6
TCP/IPv4 Transtator
Legacy API
69
IPv4 Applications
Network Card
NameResolver
AddressMapper
FunctionMapper
IPv4 Socket API
Socket API (IPv4, IPv6)
IPv6 Socket API
BIBIAA 機制協定模組機制協定模組
70
SOCKSSOCKS 為基礎的為基礎的 IPv6/IPv4IPv6/IPv4
閘道器機制運作閘道器機制運作
IPvX
Application
Network I/F
Socks Lib
Socket, DNS
IPvX
Gateway
Network I/F
Socket, DNS
IPvY
Application
Network I/F
Socket, DNS
IPvY
SameAPIS
SocksifiedConnection
NormalConnection
to D (control)
data data
Client CGateway G
(server) Destination D
to D
to G to D
71
參考文獻參考文獻
72
參考文獻參考文獻 [1] Deering and R. Hinden, Internet protocol, version 6
(IPv6) specification, IETF RFC2460, December 1998. [2] J. Davies, Introduction to IP version 6, Microsoft,
February 2002. [3] IPv6-Enabling the mobile Internet, White Paper 10878,
Nokia, Finland, 2000. [4] P. Srisuresh, M. Holdrege, IP network address translator
(NAT) terminology and considerations, IETF RFC2663, August 1999.
[5] J. Wiljakka, “Transition to IPv6 in GPRS and WCDMA mobile networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.40, No.4, pp.134-140, April 2002.
73
參考文獻參考文獻 [6] A. Durand, “Deploying IPv6,” IEEE Internet Computing,
pp.79-81, January/February 2001. [7] D.Waddington and F. Chang, “Realizing the transition to
IPv6,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.40, No.6, pp.138-147, June 2002.
[8] A. Durand, P. Fasano, I. Guardinie and D. Lento, IPv6 tunnel broker, IETF RFC3053, February 2001.
[9] F. Templin, T.Gleeson, M.Talwar and D. Thalar, Intra-site automatic tunnel addressing protocol (ISATAP), IETF draft-ietf-ngtrans-isatap-04.txt, April 2002.
[10] R. Gilligan, Transition mechanisms for IPv6 hosts and routers, IETF RFC2893, August 2000.
74
參考文獻參考文獻 [11] W. Biemot, An overview of the introduction of IPv6 in
the internet, IETF draft-ietf-ngtrans-introduction-to-ipv6-transition-08.txt, February 2002.
[12] IPv6/IPv4 coexistence and migration, White Paper, Microsoft, Washington, November 2001.
[13] Transition to IPv6 in 2G and 3G networks, White Paper 10832, Nokia, Finland, 2000.
[14] B. Carpenter and C. Jung, Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4 domains without explicit tunnels, IETF RFC2529, March 1999.
[15] W. Simpson, Neighbor discovery for IP version 6, IETF RFC2461, December 1998.
75
參考文獻參考文獻 [16] D. Meyer, Administratively scoped IP multicast, IETF
RFC2365, July 1998. [17] T. Dunn, “Marketplace – the IPv6 transition,” IEEE
Internet Computing, Vol.6, No.3, pp.11-13, May/June 2002.
[18] B. Carpenter and K. Moore, Connection of IPv6 domains via IPv4 clouds, IETF RFC3056, February 2001.
[19] J. Bound, L. Toutain, O. Medina, H. Afifi and A. Durand, Dual stack transition mechanism (DSTM), IETF draft-ietf-ngtrans-dstm-08.txt, July 2002.
[20] E. Nordmark, Stateless IP/ICMP translation algorithm (SIIT), IETF RFC2765, February 2000.
76
參考文獻參考文獻 [21] K. Tsuchiya, H. Higuchi and Y. Atarashi, Dual stack
hosts using the Bump-In-the-Stack (BIS) techniques, IETF RFC2767, February 2000.
[22] S. Lee, M.K. Shin, Y.J. Kim, E. Nordmark and A. Durand, Dual stack hosts using Bump-in-the-API (BIA) techniques, IETF RFC3338, October 2002.
[23] G. Tsirtsis and P. Srisuresh, Network address translation-protocol translation (NAT-PT), IETF RFC2766, February 2000.