Upload
others
View
4
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
- &
.
....
2010
2
.
....
--
:
1. , ...- -
, 2. , ...-
- , 3. , ...-
- , 4. , ...- -
5. , ....-
- 6. , .... -
- 7. , ...-
-
3
03/05/2010
-- .
(. 5343/1932, 202 2)
4
8
11
:
.
14
.
20
.
25
IV. .... (1984-2004)
48
V.
55
VI.
58
VII.
65
1 : .... (1984-2004) 80 .
81
. 81
.
93
5
II.
109
.
109
. 116
III.
138
138
. 139
. 143
. 153
. 172
2: 193
194
201
I.
204
. /
205
. /
219
. /
245
. /
252
II.
262
. 268
. 294
III.
300
6
.
300
.
330
IV.
345
V.
351
3: K
373
I.
373
.
375
1.
375
2.
378
3.
387
4.
408
.
425
1.
426
2.
430
3.
432
II.
437
. /
438
. /
446
. /
457
. /
467
7
1: .... 482 I. .... 482 II. .... 493 2:
500
,
500
526
533
567
616
8
,
,
, . ,
,
,
(
- ....), , ,
,
, ,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
,
,
-
,
.
9
,
,
.1 ,
(....),
.... ,2
,
.
.
,
.
, ....,
,
.
....
.
,
...
1_ . (....), . , , . , 2-8-2009, .21. 2_ . , 2009, .. (www.pi-schools.gr/ / .. ).
10
, . ,
.
,
...
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
... , ,
, ....
.
.
, .... ...
, ,
...
,
.
, ,
,
. .
11
..... :
... :
...:
... :
.... :
.... ..:
... :
..... :
... :
... :
.. :
...... :
....:
....-... :
... :
....-... : ...
... :
... :
.... :
.... :
.. :
.... .. :
.. :
.. :
.... :
.. :
12
.... :
... :
... :
.... :
... :
13
:
14
.
, ,
1 ,
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
.
,
(
1984), .... .
, ,
, .
,
,
.
,
, ....,
, , ,
( )
.
,
1_ , , , (.. / ). , , , .
15
,
( )
.1
,
. , ,
,2 ,
3
.4
.
1_ , . , (1964-1975), . ., , 19945, . 69-121 . , . ., , 19903, . 35-44. , : Sarup M. (1982) Education, State and Crisis. A Marxist perspective, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London-Boston, Apple M. (1986) , . ., , , .13 .., Apple M. (1993) , . . , , , .69-71 . , , 19934, .13.. 56.. 2_ . . (1985) . , , , .41 .. De Queiroz J. M. (2000) , . .- ., Gutenberg, , .48-51 96-99. , . . - (2005) . (1997-2004), , Social class and access to higher education in Greece : supportive preparation lessons and success in national exams, International Studies in Sociology of Education, Vol. 18, No.3-4, 2008, . 173-183. 3_ . (1931-1973), , 1999 (). , . : Whitty G. (1985) Sociology and School Knowledge. Curriculum theory, Research and politics, Methuen, London, Apple M. (1986), .., Apple M. (2008) , . ., , Wexler P. (2001) Structure, Text, and Subject : A Critical Sociology of School Knowledge, . 1312-1338, : Ball S. (edt) Sociology of Education. Major Themes, Vol. III, Routledge / Falmer, London & New York. 4_ Apple M. (2002) , . . , , , .125-130 , . . De Queiroz J. M. (2000), .., . 113-117. , . Sarup M. (1982), .., . 26-29.
16
, ,
-
. ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.1
,
( )
,
.
,
, ,
,
( )
.2
,
,
..
1_ , , Beyer L.& Zeichner K. (1987) Teacher Education in Cultural Context : Beyond Reproduction, . 298-334, : Popkewitz Th. (edt) Critical Studies in Teacher Education. Its Folklore, Theory and Practice, The Falmer Press, London Ginsburg M.& Lindsay B. (edt) The Political Dimension in Teacher Education : Comparative Perspectives on Policy Formation, Socialization and Society, The Falmer Press, London-Washington 1995, .4-10. , : Giroux H. (1981) Ideology, Culture and the process of Schooling, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, . 156-159, Britzman D. (1986) Cultural myths in the making of a teacher : Biography and Social Structure in Teacher Education, Harvard Educational Review, Vol.56, No.4, . 443,444 Apple M. (1989) Teachers and Texts. A political economy of class and gender relations in education, Routledge, New York & London. 2_ Beyer L. (2001) The value of critical perspectives in teacher education, Journal of Teacher Education, Vol.52, No.2, . 151-163, Diniz-Pereira J. E. (2005) Teacher Education for Social Tranformation and its Links to Progressive Social Movements : The case of the Landless Workers Movement in Brazil, Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, Vol. 3, No.2 Hill D. & Boxley S. (2007) Critical Teacher Education for Economic, Environmental and Social Justice : an Ecosocialist Manifesto, Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, Vol. 5, No.2.
17
,
,
.1 , ,
,
,
,
.2
,
-
,
,
, ,
.3 ,
,
,
.4
, ,
1_Giroux H. (1981) Ideology, Culture and the process of Schooling, .., . 58,59 144-146. 2_ . . (1979) . , , .4, .23-31. , . . - . (1996) - , . : 1834-1933, Gutenberg, , . 13-71. 3_ . Harris K. (1982) Teachers and classes. A Marxist analysis, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, .28, 90-99 116-126 Apple M. (1993), .., .35. , . Giroux H. (1988) Teachers as intellectuals. Toward a Critical Pedagogy of Learning, Bergin & Garvey Publishers, New York, .121-128, . (1987) . , , .79, .67-71 . . (-) , , 19973,.15-30. 4_ . Harris K. (1982), .., . 98,99.
18
,
.
, ,
, .1
,
,
( )
( ) ,
,
.
.
, ,
,
,
, ,
1_ , , . , , , , , , , , . . Dale R. (1989) The State and Education Policy, Open University Press, Philadelphia, .23 .. . , , , . ., , 19913, .182-200. , , , , , - () ( ) , , - , , , . , , , , . . Dale R. (1989), .., . 42,43, Apple M. Critical Introduction : Ideology and the State in Educational Policy, : Dale R. (1989), ..,.12-14 Does Education have Indipendent Power? Bernstein and the question of relative autonomy, British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol. 23, No.4, 2002, . 612-615.
19
,
, .
20
II.
T ,
....
,
, , ,
....,
:
1. ,
, ,
,
,
. , ,
,
.1
, ,
,
. , ,
..., , , ,
,
(
1_ , , , , , , . , , . Katz L. & Raths J. (1990) A Framework for Research on Teacher Education Programs, . 241-254, : Tisher R. & Wideen M. (edt) Research in Teacher Education : International Perspectives, The Falmer Press, London-New York-Philadelphia.
21
), ,
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
, ....,
, , , (
) ,
,
.
, ,
....
,
,
.
2. , ,
...., ,
( )
, ,
.
, , 1970 ,
22
(
),
.1
2
.... ,
.
, , ,
....,
,
.
, ,
....
.
1 _ . : Karabel J.& Halsey A.H. (1977) Educational Research : A Review and an Interpretation, .33-44, : Karabel J. & Halsey A.H. (edt) Power and Ideology in Education, Oxford University Press, New York, Sarup M. (1982), .., Livingstone D. (1995) Searching for Missing Links : neo-Marxist theories of education, British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol.16, No.1, .53-73, Rikowski G. (1996) Left Alone : end time for Marxist educational theory ?, British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol.17, No.4, .415-451, Moore R. (2000) The Correspondence Principle and the Marxist Sociology of Education, : Ball S. (edt) Sociology of Education. Major Themes, vol. I, Routledge-Falmer, London-New York 2001, .200-235, Greaves N., Hill D. & Maisuria A. (2007) Embourgeoisment, Immiseration, Commodification-Marxism Revisited : a Critique of Education in Capitalist Systems, Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, Vol.5, No.1 . (1985) ( ), , .119, .42-47. 2_ . .- . (1991) , . 399-413, : . , , 1991.
23
,
,
,
,
.
3.
....
, , ,
,
,
,
.
.
4. ,
,
,
. , ,
. , ,
,
, ()
24
.
, ,
, ,
,
,
.
5.
....
,
,
, , ,
.
25
III.
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
. , ,
, ,
.1 , , ,
2
, .1
1_ - , , ( ) , , ( , ), . (2004) : , , . 1, . 7-26. () . Densmore K. (1987) Professionalism, Proletarianization and Teacher Work : Popkewitz Th. (edt) Critical Studies in Teacher Education, .., .130-160, Labaree D. (1992) Power, Knowledge, and the Rationalization of Teaching : A Genealogy of the Movement to Professionalize Teaching, Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 62, No.2, .123-154, Harris K. (1982), .., .36,37 Furlong J., Barton L. et al. (2000) Teacher Education in Transition. Re-forming professionalism ?, Open University Press, Buckingham-Philadelphia, .4-6 142-144. , : . (1992) , , , .164-167 188-199, . (1984) , , , . , , 1989 . , , , 2006, - . (2001) , : / / - / (. . .) 21 ( ), , , .134-142 . (2003) , -. , , . 55,56. 2_ . (2002) (1828-2000), , , . 420-423. , ( ) ....
26
,
....
.
, ....
-
.2
.... , , ,
,
.... , ....
..
( -
)
, ....,
,
,
, ,
.3
, , .. .... , ,
,
, .- . (2001) , . 14 (...... ), , .207-217. 1_ , . . (1999) , .289-295, : .- . (.) ( ), , 19992. 2_ . . (2002), .., .291-295, 300-302 363 .. 3_ . (1999) . - -, Gutenberg, , .67-71 ; , . 83-89, : / / - / (. . .) 21 , .. , . . (1992), .., . 152-167.
27
...
,
,1
, , . , a-priori
-
, , ()
..
.2
... ...., ,
....
.
,
....
,
.3
1_ . . (1999), ..,.197-214. 2_ . Bonal X. (2003) The Neoliberal Educational Agenda and the Legitimation Crisis : old and new state strategies, British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol. 24, No.2, .159-175, Hill D. (2001) State Theory and the Neo-Liberal Reconstruction of Schooling and Teacher Education : a structuralist neo-Marxist critique of post-modernist, quasi-postmodernist, and culturalist neo-Marxist theory, British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol.22, No.1, .136-139, Robertson S. (1997) Restructuring Teachers Labor : Troubling Post-Fordisms, .639-642, : Biddle B., Good Th. & Goodson Iv. (edt) International Handbook of Teachers and Teaching, Vol. I, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London. , , . . (1999) , . , Gutenberg, . (1995-2000), , / - / , 2005. 3_ . . - ,.120,121, : ... . , (.) . .- ..,Gutenberg, 1994 . ,.88, : ... . , ..
28
, ....
.1
, , ,
....
....
,
,
.2
,
, ( , , , , ) .. - . (2000) - , , . 112, .109-115. 1_ : 8 ... .... , , 1995 : / / - / (. . .) 21 , .. , ... .... . , . . : , . 49-54, . : , .67-77 . , .190-198, : / , . : , , , 4 & 5 2004. 2_ . . (1985) - ( , ;), , .2, . 34,35, . , : --- (14 ...-....), ..., 2001, .50-61, . (1997), .., .15-44, , .88-89, : .... , , ( 2-5 1987), 1988 1984-90 : !, , .53, 1990, .20-21 . (1990) , , .54, . 39-45. , . .- . (1991), .., . 399-413 - . (1992) , , .66, .31-39.
29
....,
:
, ,
,
, .1
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
..,2
..
(.. ..., , . ).
,
,
.3
1_ . .& . (2000) , .181 .., : 21 (. . -. .), , . , , ..., . Pullin D. (2004) Accountability, Autonomy, and Academic Freedom in Educator Preparation Programs, Journal of Teacher Education, Vol.55, No.4, .300-312. 2_ . Sayer J. (2006) European perspectives of teacher education and training, Comparative Education, Vol.42, No.1, . 63-75 Adams A. & Tulasiewicz W. (1995) The Crisis in Teacher Education : A European Concern ?, The Falmer Press, London-Washington. 3_ G. Neave (1998) . , . ., , , . 89 .., . (1993) : , , .73, .14-18, : Tisher R. & Wideen M. (edt) Research in Teacher Education : International Perspectives, The Falmer Press, London-New York-Philadelphia, 1990 : Maandag D. et al. (2007) Teacher education in schools : an international comparison, European Journal of Teacher Education, Vol.30, No.2, .163-170. , , ,
30
, , ,
, -
.1
, ,
, .2
, , ,
.3
,
.4
, (
,
,
,
..) , ,
...5
, . . . Adams A. & Tulasiewicz W. (1995), .., .70-74. 1_ ..., . Vonk H. (1991) Some trends in the development of curricula for the professional preparation of primary and secondary school teachers in Europe : a comparative study, British Journal of Educational Studies, Vol.39, No.2, . 117-137, Gal G. D. (2005) Global Perspectives for Teacher Education, International Perspectives on Education and Society, Vol. 6, . 267-269 Maandag D. et al. (2007), .., . 151-173. 2_ Furlong J., Barton L. et al. (2000), .., .132-135. 3_ . Furlong J., Barton L. et al. (2000), .., . 24, 25 33 Whitty G. Education Reform and Teacher Education in England in the 1990s, . 263-275, : Gilroy P. & Smith M. (edt) International Analyses of Teacher Education, Carfax publishing company, 1993. 4_ . Trottier C. & Lessard C. La place de l enseignement de la sociologie de l ducation dans les programmes de formation des enseignants au Qubec : tude de cas inspire d une sociologie du curriculum, ducation et Socits, 2002/1, No.9, . 53-71. 5_ . Shain F. & Ozga J. (2001) Identity Crisis ? Problems and Issues in the Sociology of Education, British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol.22, No.1, . 109-120, Whitty G. (2001) Education Policy and the Sociology of Education, . 2059-2074, : Ball S. (edt) Sociology of Education. Major Themes, Vol. IV, Routledge-Falmer, London-New York Dale R. The Dominant
31
( ),
, -
,
,
, , .
, , ,
,
,
(school-
based training)
,
- -,
,
, ... .1 ,
,
Paradigm in the Sociology of Education and its Consequences, La Trobe / , 1993. 1_ . Furlong J., Barton L. et al. (2000), .., .156-159 161-173, Furlong J. (2005) New Labour and teacher education : the end of an era, Oxford Review of Education, vol. 31, No.1, .119-134, Sayer J. (2006), .., Weiner L. (2007) A Lethal Threat to U.S. Teacher Education, Journal of Teacher Education, Vol.58, No.4, .274-286, Sleeter C. (2008) Equity, democracy, and neoliberal assaults on teacher education, Teacher and Teacher Education, Vol. 24, No.8, .1947-1957 Apple M. (2001) Markets, Standards, Teaching, and Teacher Education, Journal of Teacher Education, Vol.52, No.3, . 182-196. ( ) . Price A. & Willett J. (2006) Primary teachers perceptions of the impact of initial teacher training upon primary schools, Journal of In-service Education, Vol.32, No.1, .33-45 Raffo C.& Hall D. (2006) Transitions to becoming a teacher on an initial teacher education and training programme, British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol.27, No.1, .53-66.
32
.1
,
, ,
,
:
. ,
,
,
.2
,
.3
...
,
.4
1_ . . (1993) , .., . 18-20, Furlong J., Barton L. et al. (2000), .., . 161-173 Robertson S. (1997), .., . 621-670. 2_ Beyer L.& Zeichner K. (1987) Teacher Education in Cultural Context : Beyond Reproduction, : Popkewitz Th. (edt) Critical Studies in Teacher Education,.., . 301,302. ... 1960 . , , , , . . Bernbaum G. (1979) Knowledge and Ideology in the Sociology of Education, The Macmillan Press LTD, London & Basingstoke, . 31-41. , . . Burgess R. (1977) Sociology of Education courses for the intending teacher : an empirical study, Research in Education, No.17, . 41-62. 3_ Sleeter C. (2008), .., .1951-1953. 4_ . Sayer J. (2006), .., .70 Furlong J., Barton L. et al. (2000), .., .163-173.
33
,
, R. Moore M. Young,
: -- (neo-conservative
traditionalism) - (technical-instrumentalism)
.1
. ,
, ,
.2 , ,
- ,
- ,
,
, R.
Dale .3
(professionalism) ,
,
,
( )
.4
1980
1_ . Moore R. & Young M. (2001) Knowledge and the Curriculum in the Sociology of Education : towards a reconceptualisation, British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol.22, No.4, .445-449. 2_ Beyer L.& Zeichner K. (1987)Teacher Education in Cultural Context : Beyond Reproduction, .319, : Popkewitz Th. (edt) Critical Studies in Teacher Education, .. , . Maguire M. (2001) A Touch of Class : Inclusion and Exclusion in Initial Teacher Education, . 1174,1175, : Ball S. (edt) Sociology of Education. Major Themes, Vol. III, Routledge / Falmer, London & New York Harris K. (1994) Teachers : Constructing the Future, The Falmer Press, London-Washington, .7-20. 3_ : Beyer L.& Zeichner K. (1987) Teacher Education in Cultural Context : Beyond Reproduction, .., .319, . 4_ Sleeter C. (2008), .., .1953-1955.
34
,
,
- .1
, ,
,
....,
, ,
.. , ,
....2 , , ,
, ,
.... . ,3
...., ,
,
, ,
....,
.4
.5 . ,6
1_ Furlong J., Barton L. et al. (2000), .., . 163-168 1-17. 1990 , , : Trottier C. & Lessard C. (2002), .., . 61-65. 2_ - . , , .... , . - . (1991) , , .56, . 23-36. 3_ . (1999), .. 4_ . . 124 154 . 5_ . . & . (2001) , .14, (...... ), , .279-292 . (2003) : , , .128, .24-32. 6_ . (2002), ..
35
...., , ,
, , ....1
. ,2
( )
....
. -. 3 . -. .4
, ,
, ,
.5
,
. ,
, ..,
.... , ,
1_ . .263-415 . 2_ . 1984-1994, -, , .../ -, 1998. 3_ .- . 21 . , : 3 , 7,8 & 9 2002. 4_ .- . (.) , ....-..., ..1, 2003. 5_ .. (1919) . . ( Jena), : , . .., , 1995, . (1981) (1828-1878), , , , , .- . (1996) - , . : 1834-1933, Gutenberg, .- .- . (1998) - , . : 1933-1990, Gutenberg, .
36
,
,
, , -
.
. ,1
, ,
20 ,
-
.
, . ,
..,2
..,
.. - .3
,
,
.4
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
,
1_ . 20 (-), , / / , 1997. 2_ . (1998) , , . 3_ . . 41-43 . 4_ . . (1992) 1875-1914, , . (1979), .., .23-31.
37
,
, , ,
, , .
. ,1
, .., ,
, .
, (, ,
).
, ,
.
,
.2
. -3
, .. ....,
,
.
. 4
.... ..
,
,
( - ).
1_ . (1992) . , , . 2_ . . (1992) , .., . 112-117 137. 3_ - . (1995) . , , . 4_ . (1993) , - , , .18, .127-161.
38
:
1
, -
(-)
- .
..
.2
, , ,
,
.3
,
,
,
,
.
,
. , ,
,
.4
1_ .143. 2_ . (1993), .., .155,156. 3_ : . (2005) , - . , , . (2003) , - . , , . (1998) . , , . (1982) . , , . 4_ . . (1998) . , .296-298, : . (.) , , . , . Mills C.W. (1974) , , , .86-125.
39
,
( ) .
,
.1
( )
,
.
. ,2 ,
, ,
. , ,
.
,
,
,
.3
, . . -,4
, , ,
1_ : . (1991) , , , .3, .1-7, . (1995) : , , . 74, . 78-89 . (2001) , , . 98, . 77-91. 2_ : , , 1990. 3_ . . (1991) , , , .111, .33-37. . : , , , .112, 1991, .45-50. 4_ ., - . . , , 19912 .
40
,
1 , ,
.2
,
,
-
,
( ,
). , ,
,
.
,
,
,
, .
. .3 ,
, ,
- ,
,
, ,
.4
. ,
.
,
, 1_ ., - . (1991), .., . 13. 2_ ., - . (1991), .., . 37. 3_ . .- . (1997) , , ,.39. 4_ .- . (1997), .., . 71,72.
41
.1
,
,
.
.
, ,
.2
,
,
,
.
R. Burgess,3
16
1972-73.
,
1_ . (1984), .. 2_ . Fang Z. (1996) A review of research on teacher beliefs and practices, Educational Research, Vol.38, No.1, .47-65 Wragg E.C. (1982) A Review of Research in Teacher Education, NFER-Nelson, London Tisher R. & Wideen M. (edt), .. 3_ Burgess R. (1977), ..
42
. ,
, ,
.1
,
11
.
.2
J.-P. Bourgeois,3
, ,
,
, ,
. , A. Leger4
,
(
).
R. Chessum,
,
1_ Burgess R. (1977), .. . 47-50. 2_ : Trottier C. & Lessard C. (2002), .., . 53,54 70. 3_ Bourgeois J.-P. Les instituteurs et l chec scolaire. Incidence des publications rcentes de sociologie de l ducation sur les conceptions et les pratiques des instituteurs en matire d chec scolaire, These de Troisieme Cycle De Sciences De L Education, Universite Paris V Rene- Descartes, Fevrier 1981 (1983) Comment les instituteurs percoivent l chec scolaire, Revue Francaise de Pedagogie, No.62, .27-39. 4_ Leger A. (1983) Enseignants du secondaire, PUF, Paris.
43
, ,
, .1
,
,
.
, ,
.2
,
, .
,
. , ,
, , ,
, ,
-
.3 ,
, ,
,
,
1_ Chessum R. (1980) Teacher Ideologies and Pupil Disaffection, .113-129, : Barton L. et al. (edt) Schooling Ideology and the Curriculum, The Falmer Press, England. 2_ Clark C. & Peterson P. (1986) Teachers Thought Processes, . 281-284 , : Wittrock M.C. (edt) Handbook of Research on Teaching, Macmillan-Collier, New York/London, (3nd edition). 3_ . Giroux H. (1981), .., . 147 Beyer L. (2001), .., .151-156.
44
..
(
) .1
J.-P.Bourgeois,
.
,
.2
,
, ,
,
.3
,
,
.4
.
. 1_ . Bartolom L. (2004) Critical Pedagogy and Teacher Education : Radicalizing Prospective Teachers, Teacher Education Quarterly, Vol. 31, No.1, .97-122. 2_ . Bourgeois J.-P. (1983), .., . 31,32. 3_ . Whitty G., Barton L. & Pollard A. (1987) Ideology and Control in Teacher Education : A Review of Recent Experience in England,.168, : Popkewitz Th. (edt) Critical Studies in Teacher Education, .. Labaree D. (1992), .., .139, . 4_ . Bullough V. R. (1997) Becoming a Teacher : Self and the Social Location of Teacher Education, . 81 .., : Biddle B., Good Th. & Goodson Iv. (edt) International Handbook of Teachers and Teaching, Vol. I, .., Goodson Iv. (1997) The Life and Work of Teachers, .144,146, : Biddle B., Good Th. & Goodson Iv. (edt) International Handbook of Teachers and Teaching, Vol. I, .., Knowles J. G. (1992) Models for understanding pre-service and beginning teachers biographies : Illustrations from case studies, .99-152, : Goodson I. F. (edt) Studying Teachers Lives, Routledge, London Lortie D. C. (1977) Schoolteacher. A Sociological Study, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, .61, 62, 66 67.
45
,
,
,
, ,
.1
, (
) ,
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
,
.2
, ,
.3
,
.4
1_ . Huberman M., Thompson Ch., Weiland S. (1997) Perspectives on the Teaching Career, . 11-77, : Biddle B., Good Th. & Goodson Iv. (edt) International Handbook of Teachers and Teaching, Vol. I, .., Goodson Iv. The Life and Work of Teachers, .147-149, : Biddle B., Good Th. & Goodson Iv. (edt) International Handbook of Teachers and Teaching, Vol. I, .. : , . 175-192, : Hargreaves A. & Fullan M. (.) , . ., , 1995. 2_ . Garmon M. (2004) Changing Preservice Teachers Attitudes/Beliefs about Diversity. What are the critical factors ?, Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 55, No.3, .201-213. , . Sleeter C. (2008), .., .1950. 3_ . Katz L. & Raths J. (1990) A Framework for Research on Teacher Education Programs, . 241-254, : Tisher R. & Wideen M. (edt), .. 4_ Borko H., Liston D., Whitcomb J. (2007) Genres of empirical research in Teacher Education, Journal of Teacher Education, Vol.58, No.1, . 3,4.
46
.
.
,
,
, ,
.... , ,
.
:
1. , , ,
,
....,
, ,
;1
2. , , , ,
,
, ;2
.
1_ . Marton F. (1994) On the Structure of Teachers Awareness, . 28-31, : Carlgren I., Handal G. & Vaage S. (edt) Teachers Minds and Actions : Research on Teachers Thinking and Practice, The Falmer Press, London-Washington. , . Cochran-Smith M. (2004) Ask a different question, get a different answer. The research base for teacher education (editorial), Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 55, No.2, .111-115. 2_ , . Beyer L.& Zeichner K. (1987), .., .311-313 Giroux H. (1981), ..,.144,5.
47
,
, , .
, ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
,
, .
,
,
,
,
. .
,
,
,
, , -
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, .1
1_ , , M. Apple : Apple M. (1977) Power and School Knowledge, The Review of Education, Vol.3, No.1, .42-44.
48
IV. .... (1984-
2004)
....
1984.
( ..)
.
.. (1984),
1991,
.1
, .. 306/1984
, , ,
( )
. : ) ,
, ) )
) )
.2
..
. , ,
1972,
1967.
( ),
1_ ( 113, . / 7-8-1984) .- . - . (1998), .., . 596-612. 2_ . .. 306 ( 113, . / 7-8-1984,.1280) : . - . - . (1998), .., . 599.
49
(
).1
,
.. 1984 , ,
.
,
,
. ..
.
.... 46, .1, .
1268/1982.2 ....
, , , , .
...
( ) .
.. 320/1983, ....
1984-1985,
.3 ..
....,
...
.
....
( 1984) : ,
( ).
(.... , ,
) 1986.
.... ( ) 1_ . . -. - . (1998), .., . 441-459. 2_ . 1268 ( 87, . / 16-7-1982). 3 _ .. 320/1983 ( 116, . / 7-9-1983, .2019-2021).
50
.... ... ..
1984 1989, .1
( .... ) 1988
1990
.... .2
....
. ....
,
... ,
...,
,
.3
, ,
, , ,
(1974, , ).
-
,
, ,
1967.4
1_ .. 83/1984 , ( 31, . /20-3-1984, . 243-246) .. 544/1989 ( 231, . /10-10-1989, . 4691-4699). 2_ . . (2002), .., . 308, 309 . (1999), .., . 33-37. 3_ . 2, .1, 13,.2 24, .6 . 1268/1982. . 1268/1982 .... , . : Zambeta E. (2002) Greece : modernization and control in teacher education, . 45-54, : Elwyn T. (edt) Teacher Education. Dilemmas and Prospects, Kogan Page, London-Sterling. 4_
51
....
.
, ,
.
,
(1984-
1985) .... ,1 2 .3 ,
( )
(1985-1986) ....
.4
....
,
1986-1987 ,
.
(I-X) ,
.
, : . (1984-2004), , , ..., , 2005, .8-20. , : . , . , , ..., , 2006. 1_ . 49, . / 30-1-1985, . 467 110, . / 1-3-1985, .1037. 2_ . 31, . / 21-1-1985, . 272 535, . / 16-9-1985, .5335, . 3_ . 710, . / 5-10-1984,. 6548. . 4_ 209, . / 21-4-1986, . 2195 716, . / 27-11-1985, . 6972, . 1983-1984 1985-1986 ... , . . 1599/11-6-1986 ( 21), , ... , 24, . 7 . 1268/1982. . . . (2004) .... , . 225,6, : / , ..., ..
52
,
... . ,
,
.
.
, , ,
... (),
,
.
,
( 1988-1989)
,
.
, ,
.... ,
, ,
, ,
,
, .1
....
(1984-2004)
( )
,
1_ .. .... ( 85, . / 12-2-1990, .726), .... ( 474, . / 24-6-1994, . 4189) ( 773, . / 24-9-1991, .6703), ( 575, . / 16-7-1996, .6211) , , ( 289, . / 12-3-2003, . 3570) .... , , , .
53
.
(
).
.... (1984-1994) (1995-2004)
, X XI
.
, ,
, ....
.
(1984-1994) (1995-2004).
(XI),
.
.... 6
155
.... 161 .
....
....
....,
,
, ,
, ,
54
. , ,
....
.
55
V.
....
,
,
....
, ....
(1984) 2003-
2004. ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
,
: . , .
.
.1
,
. ,
(
1_ , , , , . . (1998), .., .310,311.
56
) /.
,
, , , ,
.
, ,
....
,
.... ,
,
....
. , ,
(
)
,
.
.... .
,
... ,
,
57
.
58
VI.
,
, .
,
,
.
.. ....
,
.
( )
,
,
.
. , , . Apple,
;,
.1
1_ . Apple . (1986), .., .125.
59
,
: .
,
.
,
,
,
. ,
- ,
,
.1
,
,
,
.
-
,
-
.
,
....
,
1_ , , . . (2006) , . , 19-3-2006.
60
, ....,
-
,
, , ... :
( ) ()
.
, ,
,
, , ,
. ,
,
-
.
,
:
1.
,
...., ,
,
-
,
,
.
, , ,
.
,
....
61
,
, ,
,
.
.
....,
.
,
.
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
, .
( , )
.
2.
....,
,
62
,
, ,
.
.... ( .. L. Althusser, M. Apple, R.
Dale, . P. Bourdieu)
( , ,
, ..
T. Parsons ),
.
3.
,
,
,
()
. ,
, ,
,
, .
- ,
.
.
,
,
.
63
,
.
, , ,
,
,
.
,
.
,
. , ,
, ,
, ,
, , -
.
4.
....
,
,
.
,
(
),
.
64
,
,
,
(
) .
,
, ,
.
...., ,
.
65
VII.
,
, , ,
, .
:
1. ,
(
),1
....
(1984) 2003-2004.
2.
,
....
.
,
,
( )
....,
,
.
(1984-2004) ,
,
....
( 1984) , (
)
, .. 1_ .. , , , , , .
66
(1990) . ,
.... (1984 ), ,
,
, , -
, , ,
....,
....
.
: ,
, (
)
.... : / ,
/ ,
.1 , (
1984 2004) ... (
...),
,
....,
. ,
( )2
1_ ( ), (I-IX) . 2_ .. ( ), ..., , ( , ), , (.1268 / 1982 / 87, . / 16-7-1982, . 23 .2, . . .141/3/1402 / 159, ./ 20-3-1984, .2 .2, .2083/1992 / 159, . / 21-9-1992, . 22 .1). : . . ( ... ), ( ) . ( ... ), ...
67
,
.
(, ,
),
....
( ...), :
,
,
1 , ,
, ... (. . .141/3/1402 /1984 , . 2 .4, : , , ..., . . . , / / / , 20035, .75) ..., (. . .141/3/1402 /1984 , .., . 4 .12, .,.88). , () , , , , , (. . .141/3/1402 /1984 , .., .2 .5 . 3 . 11, .75, 76). ..., , , , . . 200 . , . , , . , ... , , . (. . .141/3/1402 /1984 , .., . 3 . 16 ,. 77, 78). , (. . .141/3/1402 / 159, ./ 20-3-1984, . 13 .3,4). , , ( ., . .) ..., ( ....) (...), /. 1_ , , ,
68
.1
, ,
, (
....) , ,
.
, ,
...
, , ,
...,
,
.
, ...,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
... 1989 ,
, , -
.
,
..., .
, , ,
(.. ,
) ( )
, , , . 1_ / , . , , .
69
...,
...1
, ....,
, ( )
, , ...
,
/ .2
(
XII ) 28 , 6
- 3
.
,
....
,3
:
.
.. , ,
( )
(
..),
. 1_ ( ) . . 2_ / ( ...) , , . . 3_ . (1999) . , , , . 113-115 .... , . . , .
70
,
..,
..
: .
.. (
..)1 .
..
.
..
,
, ,
, ,
( ),
.. .2
(11) ....
, (XIV) .
( ).
(Qualitative Content Analysis).
( ),
1_ () .. XIII . 2_ XIV .
71
,
.1
. ,
, , ,
,
.2
, ,
( )
, , , ,
. ,
,
....
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
1_ , , Berelson B. Content Analysis in Communication Research, Hafner Press, New York 1984 (). , Krippendorff K. Content Analysis. An Introduction to Its Methodology, Sage Publications, London 19855, Weber R. Basic Content Analysis, Sage Publications, London 19902 () . (1999), .., .283-301. 2_ ( ) .
72
: . , .
.
.
() ()
,
.1
.2
, .... , ,
, .
, , , ,
,
,
,
,
.
, ,
, , ,
, ,
.
, , ,
1_ , , XV . 2_ Cohen L.- Manion L. (1994) , . .- ., , , .122-151.
73
,
.1
J.-P. Bourgeois2 A.
Leger,3
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
, , , ,
, ,
.
,
( )
, .
1_ , , . Cohen L. & Manion L. (1994), .., .373-394. Mishler E. (1996) . , . ., , . 2_ Bourgeois J.-P. (1981), .., . 264-272. 3 _ Leger A. (1983), .., . 234-249.
74
,
,
....
( ,
),
(
).
,
,1
, ,
( ).
(30)
(
).2
,
.3
1_ Bartolo P. et al. (2006) Understanding and responding to diversity in the primary classroom : an international study, European Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 29, No.3, .308-309 Baldwin S., Buchanan A. & Rudisill M. (2007) What teacher candidates learned about diversity, social justice, and themselves from service-learning experiences, Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 58, No.4, .318. 2_ . ( 200 300 400 500 ), , , . 3_ , , XVII, .
75
, , , , , , ,
, .
,
.
,
.1
. ,
.
.
,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
(, ) .
1_ . Mishler E. (1996), .., . 66-68 207,208.
76
,
.1
.
....
.
.
,
,
2003-2005,2
,
,
2007-2008.
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
,
1_ , , . . . Berelson B. (1984), .., .123-128. XVIII, . 2_ , ... ( ) . . . (2005), ..
77
. ,
, ,
,
,
.
,
, ,
, , , ,
( )
.
,
,
,
.
,
....
,
,
.
.
78
79
.
....,
,
.
,
....,
,
....
-
.
,
.
,
,
-
.
, , , (
) ,
,
.
.
80
1
.... (1984-2004)
....
, ,
.
,
(
), , ,
( )
, ,
.
, ()
.
,
, ,
.
81
I.
, ( ),
....1
,
,2 , ,
.
(
, )
( ,
), ,
, .
.
, : 1.
2. ,
.
1. .
, 1_ ( ), , , ( ), , , . 2_ ., . , , 19982 . . , Gutenberg, 1999.
82
,
.
, .
,
,1
,
.
, ,
,
.2
,
,
, :
. ; Fichter
,
,
.3
. ,
,
.
. ,
()
, , 1_ . (1989) , . . , -, . 142. 2_ ., .., . 104,105. 3_ ., .., .139.
83
,
.
T. Parsons .1
,
,
.... , .
,2 :
,
.
,
.3
(
)
, .
:
4 :
1_ , . Devereux Jr E. Parsons, .129-131, : . (.) . , , , , . I, . .- ., , 20003, Timasheff N. & Theodorson G. , . . , Gutenberg, 20014, .412,413 Craib I. (2000) . , . .- ., , , .72,73, . I. Craib, ( ) - , ( , .72). 2_ ., . , , 1996, .209. 3_ ., .., .210. 4_ ., .., .77.
84
, ,
. , ,
,
.1
,
.
, , ,
.
,
, ,
( ) , ,
-
(-
)
, , ,
.2
, (
)
,
. . : ,
,
( ) ( ).
1_ ., .., .78. 2_ , ( ) . Morrow R. & Torres C. (1995) Social Theory and Education. A Critique of Theories of Social and Cultural Reproduction, State University of New York Press, New York, .49-53 Haralambos M., Holborn M. & Heald R. Sociology. Themes and Perspectives, Collins Educational, London 20005, .9-11 1033-1041.
85
,
.
,
.1
2. ,
.
(
) ( )
. ,
,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
.2 ,
(
)
Moore-Kleining,
3 ,
, , .
, , ,
.
. ,
, ,
1_ . ( ), : . -, Gutenberg, 2003, .87. 2_ ., , , 19862 , .143. 3_ . . (1986), .., .71.
86
,
.
,
.1
,
, ,
, ,
.2
, ( .
)
,
(
- ) ,
,
.3
.
, (
),
,
, , 1_ : Ritzer G. (2000) , .46., : . (.) . , , , , . I, . ., ., , 20003. 2_ , , . Ritzer G. (2000), .., . 45-48, . (1998) , . , , , .46-57 Haralambos M., Holborn M. & Heald R. (2000), .., .27,28. 3_ . . (1990), .., . 243,244.
87
.
,
( )
, , ,
,
,
(
,
).1
, ,
( ),
, ( ) .
,
.
1_ . 22 . ( ), , .51, 1995, .13-41, . , , , , ( , , , ), : . (1993) . : , , . 13, .117. , , , [] , - , : [] , , , . , ( ) ( ., 1990, .., . 16, 17).
88
, , , .1
,
, - , . .2
:
, ,
. ,
.3
, ,
P. Bourdieu & J. C. Passeron, ,
, :
. ()
,
- . ,
, , ,
,
.4
, , B.
Bernstein : , ,
.
, ,
, ,
1_ . (1998), .., .46. . . (1986) , , , .53. 2_ ., . , , - 1996. 3_ . (1996), .., .81. 4_ . (1996), .., .111.
89
,
( : .
1931-1973, , ). ,
(curriculum)
.1
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, :
,
,
.
,
,
, .
,
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
.2
( ..
, ,
,
, )
, , 1_ ., .., .124. 2_ ., .., .10.
90
( )
.
, :
.1
,
.
. Banks
. ,
, M.F.D.
Young
, : Michael F.D.
Young,
, .
() , ,
; , ;
() ,
.2
, ,
, ,
,
:
1_ ., .., .14. , , , . . 16-18 64,65,67, , ( ), , ( ) . 2_ Banks ., , . ., , , .., .299.
91
, , .
,
,
,1 :
,
,
Whitty
.2
,
,3
(
, ..
, ..)4
.5
,
, ,
. , :
: ,
, (
). ,
,
. ,
,
6 :
.
1_ Banks ., .., .313. 2_ Banks ., .., .314. 3_ Banks ., .., .39 75 .. 4_ .19,20,23 . 5_ Banks ., .., . 328-341. 6_ Banks ., .., .98.
92
, ,
.
.1
,
, -
.2
, ,
, ,
Blackledge D. & Hunt B.3
P. Bourdieu,
:
.
.4
, ,
, ,
: , ,
, ,
.
Hirst , Young
-
( : M.D.F.Young Knowledge and
Control, .23). , ,
, ,
. ,
, .
1_ Banks ., .., .159. 2_ .22 29 . . 3_ Blackledge D.- Hunt B., , , 2000 (). 4_ Blackledge D.- Hunt B., .., .235,236.
93
,
.1
, , (
)
P.
Bourdieu . Blackledge & Hunt,
, ,
, (
,
, )
, , ,
,
-
.2
.
.
, ,
,
: 1.
2. ,
.
1.
. ,
,
,
1_ Blackledge D.- Hunt B., .., .386. 2_ , . .391,392 395 .
94
. ,
,
, ,
.
, . , , ,
, , :
.
( ). , , : )
, , ,
. , ,
, . )
,
,
,
.1
, ,
, , ( )
, :
,
.2
, , .
, .3 ,
:
, .
1_ . (1989), ..,.140. 2_ . (1989), .., .148. . T. Parsons . Morrow R. & Torres C. (1995), ..,.57. 3_ . (1996), .., .46.
95
: ,
.1
(
), ,
,
,
, , ,
, .2
,
()
.3 , ( )
. ,4
- .
,
,5 : , ,
, .
,
.6
. ,
, , 1_ . (1996), .., .46. 2_ . (1996), .., .46. 3_ . (1996), .., .49. 4_ . (1931-1973), .. 5_ . (1996), .., .49. 6_ . (1996), .., .50.
96
, , ,
.
.1
. ( )
,
, (
) .
,
,
. : ,
. ()
,
. ()
( . ,
, ..), .2 ,
,
, . ,
, ( )
.
:
, , ,
. () , ,
, , ,
,
, ,
, ,
.3
1_ , . Ritzer G. (2000), .., .48-51. 2_ ., , , 19986, .22,23. 3_ . (1998), .., .61,62.
97
,
.
, ,
:
,
, ,
.1
, : ,
, , ,
.
.2
, ,
,
:
, ,
, ,
( ),
,
, . ..
.
, .
,
. () . ,
,
.3
1_ . (1998), .., .7. 2_ . (1998), .., .39. 3_ ., .., .67.
98
,
,
,
,
, .1
, ,
, () (
) ()
( )
, . .
:
,
.
.
.2
(
)
, , ,
,
. ,
:
,
1_ , .36, 37, 59, 60, , , , , , . 46,47 49-53, ( ,.78) . 2_ ., .., .107. , , .185,186 .
99
, , ,
.
,
.1
, ,
. .
, , ,
, , -
,
,
() .
,
, : , ,
.
( ).
( ). ,
, . ()
, ,
. . (
Bloom Krathwohl).
() ( )
, ,
()
. ()
(
, ).
1_ ., .., .153,154.
100
( ), ,
, .1
,
.
. , ,
-
Bloom Krathwohl.2
(, , )
( )
,
, ,
.3 ,
(conflict functionalism)
, , , ,
, , ,
.4
. ,
1_ . , : . (2003), .., .156,157. 2_ - . . (1983) ( ), , -. 3_ . (2003), .., .163. 4_ , . : Ritzer G. (2000), .., .70-88 Craib I. (2000), .., . 107-115.
101
, ,
,
, . ,
,
,
.1
.2
D. Blackledge & B. Hunt
(, ,
),
.
, B.
Bernstein ( -/ ),
, Bernstein, .
, :
, Bernstein,
, , ,
. Durkheim Marx ,
, .
Bernstein .
, ,
(, , )
.
,
. Bernstein .
1_ Blackledge D.-Hunt B., .., .128,129. , , ( Max Weber) . 2_ . . , . , . ., 19853, .121-123.
102
.
.
Bernstein,
.1 , ,
(
B. Bernstein), -
, , , ,
.
,
, Blackledge & Hunt
, -
-
, :
.()
. ()
.
.
.
, ,
. () :
,
. ,
.2
1_ Blackledge D.- Hunt B., .., .76. 2_ Blackledge D.- Hunt B., .., .395, 396.
103
, ,
, , , ,
,
1 , ,
.2
2. ,
.
,
,
,
.
, , , -
,
( ) , ,
, , .
. , :
,
, , ,
1_, , : , , , , . , David Cooper : , (Blackledge D.- Hunt B., .., .392). 2_ , : (Blackledge D.- Hunt B., .., .414) () , ( , .417).
104
.1
,
P. Bourdieu & J. C.
Passeron2 B. Bernstein, .3
( ) .
, ,
. ,
, , ,
.4
, , -
, , V. Isambert-Jamati (
).
:
. , ,
,
, , . () 1_ . (1996), .., .57. 2_ : , , , , , . , , , , , .. Bourdieu & Passeron ( ., ..,.112). 3_ , . ( ., ..,.125) () , . , , . . , , ( , .127). 4_ . (1985), .., .207.
105
,
.
.
() .
:
, ,
..,
.
(
, )
, .
.1
V. Isambert-Jamati
,
,
.
-, , (
) .
,
( )
, ,
. ,
:
.
, (),
, ,
, , ,
... ,
,
1_ V. Isambert-Jamati , : . (1985), .., .511,512.
106
.1
, , ,
Blackledge & Hunt, L.
Althusser,
: (. )
. , Althusser, ,
,
(, , , ,
) (,
, ).2
,
,3
, ,
,
.
:
Crosland Galbraith,
.
( ) ,
. ,
. ,
.
.4
1_ . (1985), .., .16,17. 2_ Blackledge D.- Hunt B., .., .220,221. 3_ . L. Althusser .221-223 . 4_ Blackledge D.- Hunt B., .., .306. , .265-306 .
107
(
),
, , ()
....,
.
.
, ,
, , ,
.
, (
) ( )
.
,
(
, , ) : .
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
, . ,
,
,
.
,
108
.
( )
.
-
,
-
.
, ,
, , ,
.
,
.
, , ,
, ( , ,
) -
.
(, ) ,
,
, .
109
.
(
)
....
,
, , ,
( )
.
.
, :
1. 2.
.
1. .
.
. .
, (. )
, .1
:
/,
1_ ., ..,.136.
110
.1
, , ( )
. ,
: , Fichter,
()
,
, .
, , ,
.2 :
.
.
,
,
. ,
.
,
.3
.
,
,
(
). , ,
,
(), , , .4
1_ ., ..,.136. 2_ ., .., .139. 3_ ., .., .147,148. 4_ Devereux Jr E. (2000), .., .124 I. Craib (2000), .., . 75-79.
111
, ,
( )
(),
( )
(
),
.
, ()
.1
, ,
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
.
. , : Havinghurst Levine
. ,
,
, ,
, ,
, , .2 ,
: , ,
, ,
, ,
1_ . . (2000) , .6,7, : . (.) , .. 2_ ., .., .189.
112
.1
:
:
, , ,
....2
,
.
,
, T. Parsons :
(. )
.3
2. .
.
, ,
, , ,
1_ ., .., .191. 2_ ., .., .192,193. 3_ Parsons T. : , : . (1985), .., .264. , Parsons : , , . , , , ( , .265). () , . , , . ( , .266). Parsons , , . , , , .
113
() . ,
, ,
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
, .
, , ,
, : )
, )
(.. ), ,
,
, )
,
() )
.1
, , ,
,
(, ,
), , ,
, :
1_ . (1998), .., .32,33.
114
.1 ,
,
,
.
. , :
.
.2 ,
, ,
, ,
.
, . ,
, ,
.
:
:
. ,
,
.3
,
, , ,
.... :
,
Habitus . ,
1_ . (1998), .., .33. 2_ . (1996), .., .81. 3_ . (1998), .., .291.
115
, a priori,
. ()
:
,
, .1
:
,
,
, ,
, .2
, ,
, O. Banks,
, , B. Bernstein
P. Bourdieu.3
, , .
,
(, ,
). ,
, :
. ()
(. ).4
, , (
) Blackledge & Hunt,
,
P. Bourdieu : , ,
.
, 1_ . : , : . (.) , , 19993,.49. 2_ . (1999), .., .53. 3_ , . Banks O., .., .320,321 323, . 4_ . (1985), .., .100.
116
.1 , , P. Bourdieu
,
,
, , Blackledge & Hunt,
.2
.
,
, ,
, : 1. , 2.
3.
.
1. .
( )
, , ,
.
(, ,
) , , .
, . ,
( ,
), 1_ Blackledge D.- Hunt B., .., .226. 2_ , P. Bourdieu, : Bourdieu . . , . ; , . ( ), . , , , . . (Blackledge D.- Hunt B., .., .234).
117
.1 ,
:
,
, ,
. K. Hopkins &
J. Stanley
.
D. J. Mueller,
. ()
N. Gronlund
.2
, ,
,
.
, , , .
3
( ),
() : )
)
, , ,
. ) ,
.4
: (. )
, , ,
, .5
, :
1_ . (1996), .., .80. 2_ . (1996), .., .80. 3_ . (1998), .., .30. 4_ . (1998), .., .30. 5_ . (1998), .., .31.
118
.
, .
. , ,
, ,
. ()
.1
. ( )
,
,
, ,
. , , ,
,
1980 (
) :
1980 , ,
.
, .
, , .2
()
.
(1929)
(1980).3 ()
( ,
) .
1_ . (1998), .., . 31,32. 2_ . , : . (2003), .., . 316,317. 3_ . (2003), ..,.316.
119
,
.1
, ,
( ) -
( )
,
. ,
,
, .
,2 , ,
- ,
,
.3
,
(
1_ . (2003), ..,.303. 2_ , , , .. . , . .241-244. 3_ , , : , , . Max Weber ( ), ( ., 2003, ..,.253,254), : , , . . , Dahrendorf , , , . , , . 1960. , 1990, . , , , . , , . , ( : . , . , 2-1-1990) ( , .246).
120
-
) ,
( ),
. .1
:
, ,
,
, ,
,
( : . ;
, , .51,
1991). :
,
.2
, :
:
, .
, , (!) .
, (
R. Weiss, Aufgaben der zensuren und zeugnisse).3
: ,
,
,
.4 ()
, . ()
, 1_ . (1999), .., . 48-85. 2_ . (1999), .., .48. 3_ . (1999), .., .55,56. 4_ . (1999), .., .64.
121
.1 ()
,
. ()
,
.2
,
( ,
), , ,
,
,
, , , ,
, ,
.
( ) .
2. .
,
() .
( )
-
.
. ,
, :
.
, , 1_ . (1999), .., .68. 2_ . (1999), .., .69.
122
, ( ) ,
, ,
, , .
() ( )
.1 -
,
(
),
.
. . , :
,
.. .
, ,
,
.
.2
,
,
. ,
( )
(
) -
(-) .3
,
(-)
1_ . (1998), .., .30,31. 2_ . (1986), .., .25. 3_ . . , . , . ., , 19853, .169,170 184,185.
123
( )
.
( )
. ,
, ,
:
.
,
, ,
.
.1
- ,
T. Parsons.
, T.
Parsons :
. , (
) , ,
.
, ,
.2
(
)
, ,
. : ( )
1_ ., .., .153. 2_ Parsons T. : , : . (1985), .., .256.
124
-
,
( )
.1
( )
,
, :
, ,
, : (
) , (
). ,
,
, ,
, -, .2 ,
,
. , ,
,
:
.
.3
,
,
- 4
1_ . (2003) ,.., .239. 2_ . (2003), .., .251. 3_ . (2003), ..,.292. 4_ , . .50-52, : . (1999), ..
125
. : :
.
. ,
:
, ,
. ()
. ()
.
.
.
,
.
.1
,
,
,
()
( ) ,
, ,
, ()
,
. ,
()
, :
1_ . (1999), .., .77,78.
126
( )
(,
) (criteria of
achievement), ,
(criteria of ascription).1
3. .
,
.
.
, ,
,
-
.
. ,
,
,
, ,
. () , ,
,
. ,
,
, ,
.2
( -)
1_ , , . Goldthorpe J. (1997) Problems of Meritocracy, . 663-682, : Halsey A. et. all (edt) Education. Culture, Economy, and Society, Oxford University Press, Oxford-New York. 2_ . (1996), .., .57.
127
,
(
)
.
, , ,
....
.1 ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
: ,
.
, ,
.
,
numerus
clausus. , ,
.2
. :
.
1_ : ., (1955-1985), Gutenberg, 1997 ., , , 1997. 2_ . (1996), .., .70.
128
()
,
.
. :
,
.1
,
, ,
,
,
.
,
, , ,
. ,
, , , , ,