ازبان تخصصي صنايع .pdf

7/18/2019 pdf. ازبان تخصصي صنايع

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صص خ ت ن بز 1 یف ر ش ن س ر د م

ول ل ص ف

صن ی« سی د ن ه م رد لو د ت م ت ح ال ط ص و ن گ ژ و «

یع ن ص یس د ن ه م رد ول د ت م ت ح ال ط ص و ن گ ژ و

Accident rate فنر( د ا ص ت رنع و ـ ق و ف د ا ص ـ ت ( A measure of the disabling accidents occurring in any specified exposure of

workers to employment hazards. 1.Frequency rate – the number of disabling or lost- time accidents in an exposureof 1 million labor-hours worked.2.Severity rate: the total number of lost labor-days charged to disabling accidentsduring an exposure of 1 million labor-hours worked.Accounts receivable سا( تح ف ا ی ر د ي )ها Payments owed for products sold.

Accuracy ـت( ق د ( Degree of correctness or exactness. The relationship between the mean value of a large number of

measurements and the objective true value of the quality or metric measured .Activity ـتف( ی ل ا ( (Time study usage)The number of times a given operation or occurrence is repeated during a

given period, usually a year.Activity network یـت( ل ا ع ف هک ب ـ ش )هـ(( A representation of two particular aspects of a project: (1) the precedence

relationship among the activities and (2)the duration of each activity.Administration ر( ا د ا ر ا ـ ک و ز ا ـ س ان م ز ا ـ س ( The function that is concerned with the determination of the general

objectives, major policies, and organizational structure of an enterprise.Algorithm یت( ر و گل ا ( A prescribed set of well-defined rules for the solution of a problem in a finite number of steps.

Allowance ا( ـ ج م یگ ت س ـ خ نا ـ م ز ( A time increment included in the allowed time for an operation to compensate the

worker for production lost due to fatigue and normally expected interruptions, such as for personal and minor,Unavoidable delays. It is usually applied as a percentage of the normal or leveled time in the standard.Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ند( ـ س )نون ا ـ ق (یی ا ـ ک ی ر م آ ي ا ر ا د يا ـ ه ین ا و ت ا ـ ن ( Federal law that provides for access to

products and services for all.Assemble دن( ر ـ ک ژا ـ ت ن و م دن ر ـ ک مه ر ـ س ( The basic element employed when one or more objects are put on or into another

object so that they fit or contact each other in a predetermined relation to form a unit.Assembly

)مونتا( Two or more parts or subassemblies joined together to form a complete machine, structure, or other article.

Assembly line )خط مونتـا( The arrangement of machines ,equipment , material, and workers that permits the work in process

to progress sequentially from operation to operation until the product(or product component) has been assembled.Attitude survey ري( ا ـ ت ف ر یـ سر ر ب ( A study of the opinions and attitudes of employees concerning established policies

,practices. working conditions, or some other facet of employee relations; a morale survey.Automaticity ا( ـ ک د و خ در ـ ک ل م ع دن و ـ ب ر ا ـ ک د و خ ( The degree to which an operator can perform hand, arm ,leg , or body

motions or motion patterns without apparent mental direction as a result of practice.Automation از( ر س ا ک د و خ یون سا م و ت ا ( A substitution of machine labor for human labor, either manual or intellectual.

Autonomation زي( ا ـ س ير ا ـ ت خ م د و خ ( The transfer of human intelligence to automated machinery so that the machine can

detect the production of a single defective part and immediately stop while asking for help .In Japanese: jidoka.Average straight time hourly earnings تی( ع ا ـ س می ق ت سم دی ا و ع طسو ت م ( Pay rate for a given job class for one regular hour

on the job or clocked in.Avoidable delay نـاب( ت جا لـب ا ق ریخاـت ( Any time during an assigned work period that is within the control of the worker and

which he uses for idling or for doing things unnecessary to the performance of the operation. Such time dose not includeallowance for personal requirements, fatigue , and unavoidable delays.



ی 2 ر ش ن س ر د م و ل ص ف :و ا د ت م تا ح ال ط ص ا و نا گژ ا و ی ا ن ص یس د ن ه م رد

Back flush سری( گشت ز ا ب یع ر س شه ا ک ( To deduct component inventory when production is recorded.

Backward scheduling ـب( ق ع ه ـ رو ب ـدي ن ب ن ا م ز ( Selecting the due date of an order .From this date the manufacturing

system determines the suggested start time.Balance ادل ـ ـ ع ت ازن وــت ( ) 1.The quality of motion sequence that promotes the development of rhythm and

automaticity.2.As applied to progressive-related operations ,it is the condition in which the standard times requiredfor each successive operation are approximately equal and the work flows steadily or at a desired rate from oneoperation to the next.Balanced line ازن( و ـ ت م ط خـ( A series of progressive-related operations with approximately equal standard time for

each ,arranged so that work flows at a desired steady rate from one operation to the next.Balancing delay لی( د ا ـ ع ت ری خأ ـ ت ( The delay that occurs when one body member or person performs its work faster

than another body member or person because of different motions due to the requirements of the layout or therequired sequence of motions .The faster member or person must wait for the slower member or person, or mustwork more slowly to finish the work simultaneously with the slower body member or person.Base wage rate یـه( ا پ دز م ت ـ س د خر ـ ن ( The amount of pay per hour, or other unit of time ,established to compensate the

worker for the requirements and conditions associated with a job. It is generally determined through job evaluation.Basic division of accomplishment(work) ش پای( خ رب ا ـ ک ي رد(ا ـ ک ل م ع ( ( The smallest element of activity or inactivity used

in any particular system of motion analysis .See Therblig .Basic element ش پای( خ )اب See Basic division of accomplishment.

Basic motion پای( کت ر ح ا( See Basic division of accomplishment.

Basic Motion Time(BMT) Study یـه( ا پ تـ ک ر ح نا ـ م ز هـع ل ا طم ا( A system of predetermined motion time standards .The

essence of the system lies in the arbitrary definition of a basic motion as one time standard for procedures that arecomposed of human motions controlled only by the individual perform -ing them, and to do so without resorting totime study. An allied purpose is to facilitate the analysis of methods.Batch processing ته( ـ س د ير و آ ر ـ ف ا( Collection of data over a period of time to be sorted and processed as a group

during a particular machine run .Benchmark ازیـابی( رت ( A typical job engineered performance standard .Sorted by skill and task area ,each benchmark

contains a step- by- step operation method description, standard time and frequency for each step, Total time for the job , and the standard work group. Or range of time , into which the job falls.Benchmarking )ترازیابی کرد( Comparison of existing practices to best practices in use for a given type of enterprise.

Benefit-cost ratio نـه( ی ز ه ـ ـده ی ا ف تب س ـ ن ( The monetary estimate of benefits, advantages . or gains from a project

divided by the monetary costs of the project .Bill of Material (BOM) اد( و ـ م تسـ ی ل )لو صـ ح م تـ خ ر د (( A list of all components and the quantity of those components

needed to produce a product.Binomial distribution ـه( ل م ج ود ـع ی ز و ت ا( A frequency distribution that applies to events or phenomena that can be

classified dichotomously.Bit )بی( A binary digit; a quantum of information; a single pulse in a group of pulses .

Bonus ا( داپ ( The portion of wages, In excess of base wages and overtime earnings, derived from incentive plan payments.

Break-even chart ري( ـ س ه ـ سر ب طه ق ن ر ا د و م ن ( A graphic representation of the relation between total income and total costs

for various levels of production and sales indicating areas of profit and loss.Break-even point سر به س( طه ق ن ( The level of sales or saving where profits start.

Break point ست( ـ ک ش هـ ط ق ن ( 1.The end of an element in a work cycle and the point at which a time study reading is

made. 2. A specified place in a computer routine where the routine may be inter- rupted by external intervention or by a monitor routine.Budget ـه( ج د و ب ( An organized statement of expected income and expenditures for a definite period to provide a

criterion for judging performance during that period.Buffer inventory ( فر( ا ب يد و ج و م )اب ن ا ک ( See Kanban.

Burden سر( ال با ار )ب See Overhead .

Business Process Reengineering(BPR) ا( ـ ک و بس ـ ک دن ی ا ر ف د د ج م سد ن ه م ( A fundamental rethinking and radical redesign

of business processes to achieve dramatic improvement in the critical measures of performance such as cost,quality, productivity ,and speed.Byte )بای( A sequence of adjacent binary digits operated on as a unit and usually shorter than a word.

(B)




Capacity فی( ر ظ( The maximum amount of customer demand that can be satisfied over a certain period of time.

Capacity bottleneck ـت( ی ف ر ظ ها ـ گ و ل گ ( A machine or workstation that constricts or limits the flow or output of

production to less than the demand.Capacity constraint فی( ر ظ تی د و د ح م ( The limiting factor in the capacity bottleneck.

Cell layout ول( ل ـ س نا م د ـ ی چ ( A shop floor grouping of machines and workers common to several products arranged to

minimize material handling, work in process, and space requirements. Since material is moved by hand from oneoperation to the next, pallets and containers are only staged at the beginning and end points of the cell, not at eachoperation or machine.Check study ري( گ ن ز ا ب هع ل ا طم )ابع ل ا طم ( ( See Restudy.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) تر( و ی پ م ا ـ ک کـ م ک ه ـ ـی ب ح ا ر ط ( A computer-aided drafting system that reduces the time to

make 2D or 3D engineering drawing of floor plans, parts, and assemblies .Used to determine space requirementsand flow, and allows for comparison of several alternatives and selection of the optimum one.Concurrent engineering )مهندسی همزما( simultaneous, coordinated efforts of all phases of engineering in product development.

Consistency ري( ا گ ز ا ـ س ( The degree of uniformity or agreement that exists among the actual times recorded for two

or more repetitions of the same element during a time study.Constant element ر( صـ ن ع )نا ـ م ل ا (تـ ب ا ث ( 1. An element for which the leveled or normal time is always the same,

regardless of the characteristics of the parts being worked on, as long as the method and the working conditions areunchanged .2.An element for which, under a specified set of conditions , the standard time allowances shouldalways be the same. Example :Raise spindle a definite distance on a drill press of a certain size and make.Continuous stopwatch method لی( ا و ـ ت م يری گن ا م ز ش ته/رو ـ سو ی پ ( A continuous stopwatch observation method in which

the cumulative time from the start of the first element is recorded in a series, rather than the element time from thestart to end of element.Control charts ر ک( ا د و ـ م ن ل ر ـ ت ن ک تر ا ـ چ رل ـ ت ( A chart in which some observed or computed property of a product or

process is plotted, usually in the order of production, for the purpose of ascertaining the nature of the variation inthe process and the possible need for corrective action.Control system لـی( رت ن ک مت سـ ی س( An administrative system that has as its primary function the collection and analysis of

feedback from a given set of functions for the purpose of controlling those functions.Control may be implemented by monitoring and systematically modifying and systematically modifying parameters or policies used in those functions, or by preparing control reports that initiate useful action withrespect to significant deviations and exceptions.Cost center نـه( ی ز ه زـ ک ر م ( Any subdivision of an organization comprising workers, equipment, areas, activities , or

combination of these that is established for the purpose of assigning or allocating costs.Cost of goods sold شد( ته خو ر ف يا ه ال ا ک هن ی ز ه ( Labor, material, and overhead cost spent to produce finished products.

Cost reduction report نـه( ی ز ه شه ا ـ ک شر ا ز ـ گ ( A form designed to allow easy comparison of two or more methods,

plans, designs, and the link on the basis of known or anticipated costs and savings.Coverage ري( ا ک شش و پ )ردا م دن ا ر د(( Hours on standard compared to total work hours, expressed as a percentage.

Critical path ـی( ن ا ر ح ب ر ی سـ م ( The sequence of jobs or activities in a network analysis project such that the total

duration of the project is equal to sum of the durations of individual jobs in the sequence. There is no time leeway

or slack (float) in any activity along the critical path. That is , if the time to complete one or more jobs in thecritical path increases , the total time increases. See Network Analysis.Critical Path Method (CPM) ـی( ن ا ر ح ب ر ی سـ م ش )رو A network technique for scheduling resources to accomplish a

certain job within time constraints, preferably where time and cost estimates can be obtained with a relatively highdegree of certainty.Cross-functional team عم( ن ـاـی م میـت یت اـی ل ( A tea composed of members from different functional areas or departments

for better communication and synergy.Cumulative lead time ـی( ع م ج ت دی ـ س ر ر س نا ـ م ز ( The sum of all standard lead times for all departments; used to schedule

the arrival of parts in a department.Cutting speed رش( ـ ب تع ر ـ س ( The relative velocity, usually expressed in meters(feet) per minute, between a cutting

tool and the surface of the material from which it is removing stock.Cycle time ار( دش ک ر گ لک ی س نا م ز ( The total time required to complete one repetition of an operation.

Cycle timing ري( ا ـ ک دش ر ـ گ لک ی ـ س یج ن ـ س نا ـ م ز ( 1.Observance of the total time required to complete a cycle. 2 .A timestudy technique used to time work elements that are too short to time in the usual manner. It consists of timing acycle of a periodically recurring series of elements, first including and then excluding the element for which thetime is needed. The needed time for element is obtained by subtraction.

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Data processing ات( ـ ع ال ط ا شز ا د ر ـ پ ( The performance of certain functions on a selected body of information Four basic

clerical functions are involved, whether they are performed manually or mechanically: input, the introduction of

raw data the system; manipulation, the arrangement of data into a desired pattern; computation, the process bywhich arithmetic operations are performed on the data: and output ,the presentation of the results of manipulationand computation in the required form .These functions, together with the controls exercised over them, constitute adata processing system.

Day rate رخ( ـ ن )دز ـ م (هـن ا ز و ر ( Rate of compensation for day work as differentiated form incentive work .Usually

expressed in terms of money paid of time.Day work وز( ار ر ـ ک )دز ـ م ( ( Work for which the hourly or daily compensation is not directly on the quantity of

production ,as is the case in incentive work.Debug ب( ا ی ا طخ( To isolate and remove all malfunctions from machines or equipment or all mistakes from a routine.

Decimal hour stopwatch هی( د ـ ه د یج ن ـ س نا ـ م ز تع ا ـ س )تع ا ـ س بسـ ح ر ب ( ( A two- handed timing device whose morement

may be stanted or stopped manually and whose large outer dial is divided into 100 spaces, each of which represents

0.0001 hour The position of the small hand on a smaller, inner dial indicates time in hours to two decimal places.Decimal minute stopwatch هی( د ـ ه د یج ن ـ س نا ـ م ز تع ا ـ س )هـق ی ق د بسـ ح ر ب ( ( A two-handed timing device whose movement

may be started or stopped manually and whose large outer dial is divided into 100 spaces, each of which represents0.01 minute .The position of the large hand on the large dial indicates in minutes to two decimal places, and the position of the small hand on a smaller, inner dial indicates time in whole minutes.

Degree of flexibility رج( ان د ز ی م (ری ذپ فا ط ع ن ا ( A measure of how quickly an enterprise can adapt to change.

Delay یر( خا ـ ت ( A period during which conditions (except those that intentionally change the physical or chemical

characteristics of an object) do not permit or require immediate performance of the next planned action.Delay allowance ا( ـ ج م ری خا ـ ت ( 1.a time increment included in a time standard to allow for contingencies and minor

delays beyond the control of the worker.2 A separate credit (in time or money) to compensate the worker onincentive for a specific instance of delay not covered by the piece rate or standard.

Depreciation هال( ت س ا ( The actual decline in the value of an asset to exhaustion, wear and tear,and obsolescence.Differential piecework فیک( ا ـ ض ا هـ ع ط ق دز م ر ا ( A wage incentive plan that employs two or more piece rates. One piece

rate is paid if the expected output is not attained. A higher piece rate is paid if the expected output is attained orexceeded .While originally devised by F.W. Taylor to provide only two piece rates, modifications of the plan provide for more than two.

Direct costing یم( ق ت سـ م یب ا ـ ی هـن ی ز ه ( A cost method that charges to inventory , in addition to direct labor and direct

material, those manufacturing costs that vary directly as a result of manufacturing the product.

Direct labor یم( ق ت سـ م راک يورین ( work that alters the composition, condition, conformation, or construction of the product, the

cost of which can be identified with and assessed against a particular part, product, or group of parts or products accuratelyand without undue effort and expense.Direct labor standard )استاندارد نیروي کار مستقی( A specified output or time allowance established for a direct labor operation.

Direct material ه مــستقی( ـ یـلوا داو ـ مـ( All material that enters into and becomes part of the finished product

(including waste),the cost of which can be identified with and assessed against a particular part, product, or groupof parts or products accurately and without undue effort and expense.

Disassemble تا( ن ومد( The basic element denoting the removal of a part of a unit or assembly.

Dispose ورریـز( د)ندر ـ ک عیاـض( ( An element of a total operation that involves the laying aside and releasing or otherwise

getting rid of a part, assembly, tool, hand, or other object during or at the end of the operation.Downtime ـف( ق و ت نا ـ م ز ( A period of time that is usually equal to or greater than a specified minimum during which

an operation is halted due to a lack of materials a machinery breakdown. or the like.Drop delivery ال( ـ س ر ا )یی ا ـ ج ب ا ج (یـ ل و ز ن ( 1. The method of moving an object in the workplace by gravity. 2.A method

whereby a chute or container is so placed that when work on a part in question is finished it will fall or drop into a

chute or container or onto a conveyor with little or no transport by the worker. 3. The laying aside of a part byreleasing it so that it falls or moves a way from the work area either through the force of gravity or by mechanicalor other means.

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Earned hours ـد( م آ تـ س د ه ـ عت ب ا س ( The time in standard hours credited to a worker or group of workers as a result of

their completion of a given task or group of tasks.

Economic Order Quantity( EOQ))

رش ا ف ـ س يد ا ص ـ ت ق ا ر ا د ـ ق م (

A mathematical equation that determines the order size(reorder quantity) based on setup time ,usage , safety stock, And order time .The equation optimizes machineutilization and inventory cost.Efficiency یی( ا ر ا ـ ک /نام دـ ن ا ر ( 1.The ratio of standard performance time to actual performance time, usually expressed as

a percentage. 2 .The ratio of actual performance numbers(for example, number of pieces) to standard performancenumbers usually expressed as a percentage.Effort الش( ـ ت )ير ـ ک ف /ین د ـ ب ( 1 .The evidence of the will to work as manifested by a worker performing an operation-2.

The sum total of the mental absorption and physical participation that may be required by a worker on a given operation.Effort rating الش( ـ ت يد ـ ن ب هـب ت ر ( 1.The part of any performance rating technique concerned with evaluating the extent

or degree to which the will to work is exhibited by a worker.2. See Speed rating.Elapsed time ته( ـ ش ذ گ نا ـ م ز ( 1.The actual time taken by a worker to complete a task, operation, or element of an

operation. 2. The total time interval from the beginning to the end of a time study.

Element ان( ـ م ل ا ـل م ا ع ر صـ ن ع ( A subdivision of the work cycle, composed of a sequence of one or several fundamentalmotions and/ or machine or process activities, that is distinct, describable, and measurable.Empowerment ی( و ق ت ( The act of giving people the power to make decisions and act on those decisions.

Evaluated base rate یـه( ا پ خر ـ ن ی ـ ن ی م خ ت ي دي(ا ر و آ ر ـ ب (( A wage rate for a job or position determined through a job

evaluation plan.Examine ون( ـ م ز آ /شیا ـ م ز آ ( The basic element employed when comparing the quality of an object with a definite

standard by means of any of the sense organs. (Examine was formerly called inspect, but the name has beenchanged to avoid of confusion with factory inspection operations).External element نـی( و ر ی ب ر صـ ن ع ( An element of a processing operation performed by the worker outside of the

machine cycle. It usually with" stop machine" and ends with "start machine."

Factor comparison تو( ک ا ـ ف هسـ ی ا ق م ( A type of job evaluation plan which relative values for each of a specified

number of factors of a job are established by direct comparison with the values established for these same factorson selected key jobs.Fair day’s work نـه( الد ا ع هـن ا ز و ر ر ا ـ ک ( The amount of work that can be produced during a working day by a qualified

individual with average skill who follows a prescribed method, works under specified conditions, and exertsaverage effort.Fatigue گی( د و ـ س ر ف گی ت س ـ خ ( A physical or mental weariness, real or imaginary, adversely affecting a person’s ability

to perform work .Fatigue allowance گی( ت س ـ خ یص ـ خ ر م ( Time included in the production standard to allow for decreases or losses in

production that might be attributed to fatigue. Usually applied as a percentage of the leveled, normal, or adjusted time.

Film analysis لم( ی ـ ف لـ ی ل ح ت ( A frame-by-frame study of a motion picture of an operation to determine the motionsused, their sequence, and the time taken from each. See Micromotion study.Finished goods inventory شد( ام م ت يا ه ال ا ک يد و ج و م ( The monetary value of finished goods held in inventory.

Firm horizon اه( ـ گ ن ب قـ ف ا )و ر ـ ش زا لـ ب ق ( ( The length of time prior to the start date when material requirements

planning(MRP) will freeze the stare date and order quantity.First in, first out (FIFO) ـین و( ل و ا ی ـ ج و ر خ نیـ ل و ا )ودي A method of determining the cost of inventory used in a product.

In this method, the costs of material are transferred to the product in chronological order. Also used to describe themovement of materials.First-pass yield وج)نر( ( ر خ ییأت نیل و ا ( The probability that a device passes the first test.

First piece time ـه( ع ط ق نیـ ل و ا نا ـ م ز ( The time required to produce the first of a number of identical units including all

necessary setup and makeready time.

Fives (5s) (s نج( ـ پ Japanese words for five practices lead a safe, orderly , and clean work environment: seiri(organization) , seiton (tidiness) , seiso (purity), seiketsu(cleanliness),and shitsuke (discipline). Alternative words inEnglish that can be used are sort, set in order, shine, standardize, and sustain ,among others.

(E)

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Fixture ـده( ن ر ا د ه گن )ر چسـ ک ی ف ( ( A device that (1) holds material a desired position but dose not guide the machine or

tools performing the necessary operations or (2) holds two or more parts in pre-scribed positions relative to eachother while the parts are being assembled or joined together.Flexibility of manufacturing اخت و تولی( س يری ذپ فاطعن ا ( The ability of production to quickly adapt to customer demands.

Flexible manufacturing نعط( م دی ل و ت و تخا س ( Manufacturing that can quickly adapt to changes in customer demand.

Flexible workforce ار( وي ک ر ی ن )ت ا ی ل م ع (طعن م ( A workforce that is capable of responding to changes in demand.Flow diagram ـان( ی ر ج ما ر گ ا ـ ی د ( A graphic representation on a floor plan of the work area involved or the locations of

workstations and the paths of movement of operators and materials.Flow process chart ـان( ی ر ج دـن ی ا ر ف ر ا د و ـ م ن ( A graphic representation of the sequence of all operations, tansportations ,

inspections, delays, and storages occurring during a process or procedure. It includes information considereddesirable for analysis, such as time required and distance moved. 1. The material type presents the process in termsof the events that occur to the material.2. The worker type presents the process in terms of the activities of the worker.Foreign element نـه( ا گ ی ب رصن ع )یجر ا ـ خ (( An interruption that is not a regular occurrence in the work cycle or operation,

and one for which no provision was made in the normal sequence of elements of a time study.Forward scheduling ـو( ل ج ه ـ رو ب ندي ب ن ا م ز ( Determining the start date of an order, usually based on machine availability.

From this, The manufacturing system determines the anticipated completion date.Frequency نس( ا ـ ک ر ف تر ا و ـ ت ( 1. The number of times an element occurs during an operation cycle. 2 .The number of

times a specific value occurs within a sample of several measurements of the same dimension or characteristic ofseveral similar items.

Gainsharing رد( و ا ت ـ س د می ه سـ ت ( A feature of some wage incentive plans that divides the bonus as computed by the

wage incentive plan formula in some predetermined proportion between management and the worker.Game theory زي( ا ـ ب ير و ـ ئ ت ( A method of determining the best strategy in competitive situations where the outcome of

various strategies can be precisely predicted. It generally has limited application to real- world problems, althoughit has been used extensively as the basis for executive development and training programs involving simulation ofcompetitive business situations.

Gantt chart ـت( ن ا گ ر ا د و ـ م ن ( A graphic representative on a timescale of the current relationship between actual and planned performance.Gilbreth basic element یـه( ا پ ر صـ ن ع تر ـ ب ل ی گ ي )ا The name given by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers to

each of the basic divisions of accomplishment defined and used Frank B. and Lillian M. Gilbreht to classify physical motions and associated mental processes. Synonym :Therblig .Group timing technique(GTT) ـی( ه و ر گ یج ن ـ س نا م ز کی ن ک ت ( A work measurement procedure for multiple activities that

enables one observer using a stopwatch to make a detailed elemental time study on 2 to 15 workers or machines atthe same time.Guaranteed annual wage نه( الا ـ س ین ی م ضـ ت دز م ت ـ س د ( A minimum amount of money that an employee is ensured to

receive during a given year.

Human factors engineering ـل( م ا و ع یـ سد ن ه م )يا ـ ه ر و ت ک ا ف (ین ا سـ ن ا ( A merging of those branches of engineering and

behavioral sciences that concern themselves principally with the human component in the design and operation ofworker-machine systems. Based on a fundamental knowledge study of a person’s physical and mental abilities andemotional characteristics.

Idle time ري( ا ـ ک ی ب نا ـ م ز ( 1.A time interval during which either the worker or the equipment, or both, do not perform

useful work. 2. In motion study, the interval during which a body member does not perform useful work.Incentive ز( ـ یـگنا( Any factor that motivates a worker to maintain or exceed an established standard of

performance. May be financial or nonfinancial in nature.Incentive earnings ـی( شز ی گ ن ا يا ه د ـ م آ ر د ( The amount of money paid to a worker is excess if the guaranteed hourly rate

for performance at or above the established standard.

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(H)

(I)




Incentive environments یط( ـ ح م یـ ش ز ی گ ن ا يا ـ ه ( Working environments in which employees have the opportunity to earn

extra pay for extra work.

Incentive opportunity ـت( ص ر ف ی ـ ش ز ی گ ن ا يا ـ ه ( The possibility for an individual to earn more than his or her guaranteed

base wage rate by maintaining or exceeding the established standard performance level.

Incentive pace )انگیزش)عملکر(سرعت( The performance level at which a qualified worker works when earning incentive pay.

Incentive performance ـی( شز ی گ ن ا در ـ ک ل م ع ( The execution of work by a qualified individual following a specified

method such a way that his or her average output during a specified period of time equals or exceeds establishedstandard level of output.

Incentive rate یزش( گن ا دز م ت س د خرن( The hourly wage rate used for incentive calculations.

Indirect labor یم( ق ت سـ م ر ی غ ر ا ـ ک يو ر ـ ی ن ( 1.Labor that does not add value to the product, such as material handling .2

Work that is performed rendering services necessary to production, the cost of which cannot b assessed against any part , product, or group of part or products accurately or without undue effort and expense.3.Necessary work thatdoes not alter the composition, condition, conformation, or construction of the product.

Indirect material یم( ق ت سـ م ر ی غ هـی ل و ا دا و ـ م ( Material consumed in the process of production or manufacture that dose not

become a part of the finished product or cannot be readily identified with or charged to a particular part, product, or

group of parts or products.Indoor air quality (IAQ) ان( م ت خ ا ـ س لخ ا د يا و ه تی ف ی ک ( A measure of indoor atmospheric conditions, such as air flow or

the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide content , that affect the safety and health of occupants.

Industrial engineer ایع( ن ـ ص سد ـ ن ه م ( One who has the necessary education, training, experience, and personal

attributes to perform the work included in the field of industrial engineering.

Industrial engineering ی( ا ن ـ ص یـ س د ن ه م ( Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, and

installation of integrated systems of labor, materials, equipment, and space. It draws on specialized knowledge andskill in the mathematical, physical. Social, and computer sciences, together with the principles and methods ofengineering analysis and design, to specify, predict. measure, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems.

Information technology(IT) ا( ـ ع ال ط ا يژوــلونکت( The science of computer software and hardware development,

application, and administration. Organizationally ,IT includes positions such as programmer, programmer analyst,

systems analyst, help desk personnel, and system administrator.Inspect رد( سی ک ر ز ا ب ( See Examine.

Inspection ون( ـ م ز آ یـ س ر ز ا ب ( Examining an object for identification or checking it for verification of quality or quantity

any of its characteristics.

Installation زي( ا د ـ ن ا هار صب ـ ن ( 1.The execution of the steps or measures necessary to introduce a technique, procedure ,

or proposed course of action into an organization and to get it functioning properly.2.A technique, procedure, orequipment arrangement that is being set up or used by a company.

Instruction card دس( رت ا ـ ک تلـ م ع ل ا ر ( Written information supplied to a worker that specifies method, machines-and

when appropriate, their speeds, feeds. and depth of cut tools, fixtures, specification limits the like to be used in performing a task.

Integrated shop floor system س( هیسی ا ـ گ ر ا ک هـ چ ر ا پ ک ی حط ـ س م( A system that contains all of the details of the shop floorstatus, (e.g., location of all components within each process, start dates, And completion dates of all parts currentlyon the shop floor), and uses this information in conjunction with MRPII(Resource Capacity Planning).Interference time خل( ا د ـ ت نا ـ م ز ( A period of time during which one or more machines are not operating because the

worker or workers assigned to operate them are busy operating other machines in their assignment. Or are performing necessary duties related to operating such other machines; for example, making repairs, cleaning themachines, or inspecting completed work .Intermittent element وب( ا ـ ن ت م ر ـ ص ا ن ع ( An element essential to an operation that occurs at less regular intervals than

those of the regular or basic cycle of elements.Internal elements ـی( ل خ ا د ر ـ ص ا ن ع ( 1. Any element performed by a worker while the machine he or she controls is

operating automatically.2.A short-duration element performed by one hand while the other hand is performing amore time-consuming element.Inventory دي( و ـ ج و م ( 1.All the materials. parts, supplies ,expense tools ,and in-process finished products recorded on

the books by an organization and kept in its storerooms, warehouses, orplants.2.A list of the names, quantities. Ormonetary values of all or any group or classification of the items specified in defintion.3 To identify- count ,weigh,




or measure and evaluate the worth of all or any group or classification of the items specified in definition and torecord this information.

Inventory as a percent of sales وش( ر ـ ف زا دـ ص ر د نا و ـ ن ع ب يد و ج و م ( All the material, parts and supplies, expense tools, and

inprocess or finished products that are the financial responsibility of the enterprise.Inventory control دي( و ـ ج و م لرـ ت ن ک ( The technique of maintaining stock-keeping items at desired levels, whether they

are raw materials, goods in process, or finished products.Inventory turns دي( و ـ ج و م شد ر ـ گ ( Also inventory turnover. The ratio of cost of goods sold to the average cost of

inventory over a period of time; measures how quickly the inventory is purchased and sold.

Jig ( ـد( ن ن ک تی ا د ـ ه )گـ ی ج ( A device that holds a piece of work in a desired position and guides the tool or tools that

perform the necessary operations.Job )شغ( 1.A position or post of employment.2.A group of tasks assigned to an employee or group of employees.

Job analysis غل( ـ ش لـ ی ل ح ت ( A detailed examination of a job to determine the duties, responsibilities, and specialized

requirements necessary for its performance.

Job-based pay system ـی( ن ت ب م تـ خ ا د ر پ مت سـ ی س لغ ـ ش ر ـ ) ب A system that determines the value of a based on the job

requirements, usually in terms of the knowledge, skill, responsibilities, and working conditions.Job classification غل( ا ش ـ م يد ـ ن ب می س ق ت ( A systematic arrangement of jobs into groups, categories, or classes according

to the relative requirements necessary for their performance.Job description لی( غ ـ ش فی ا ـ ظ و حر ـ ش ( A written statement covering the essential features of a job, including its purpose

, duties, skill requirements, effort and responsibility , working conditions, and relation to other jobs.Job evaluation رد( و آ ر ـ ب )ير ا ذ ـ گ شز ر ا (یل غ ـ ش ( 1.A systematic procedure following job analysis for comparing (for wage

and salary determination) the relative worth to the employer of two or more jobs or positions. 2.A weighting of allthe factors in the various jobs or positions in an enterprise so that directly or indirectly an objective scale may beestablished whereby commensurate pay rates may be assigned on the basis of job content.Job lot ـر( ه ب ی ل غ ـ ش )یه ا ـ گ ر ا ک (( A relatively small number of a specific type of part or product that is produced at one

time. The part or product may be a standard item that has been and will again be- produced, or it may be a specialitem destined for a specific customer who has not ordered it before and may not order it again.Job shop ا( ـ گ ر ا ک ( A manufacturing enterprise devoted to producing special or custom-made part or products,

usually in small quantities for specific customers.Job specification لی( غ ـ ش تا ص ـ خ ش م ( A detailed written statement of the physical and mental attributes required of a

person to perform a specific job competently.Just- in- time(JIT) ـگ( ن ر د ی بـ ـع ق و م ه ـ )ب A philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all wasted

and on continuous productivity improvement. Having only the required inventory when needed.

Kaizen ایش( ز ف ا لی ا و ت م ( Japanese. Continuous, incremental improvement over time.

Kanban نا( ب ا ک نال گی س( Japanese. Signal .

Labor ا( ـ وي ک ر ـ ی ن ( 1.The mental and physical effort and energy expended by humans to produce and distribute

materials, goods, and services. 2. Employees with little or no supervisory responsibilities whose sole or main task isto aid in the production of materials, goods, or services.3. To work or toil.Labor cost ا( ـ وي ک ر ـ ی ن هـن ی ز ه ( That part of the cost of goods, services, and the like attributable to wages. It commonly

refers only to direct workers, but may include indirect workers as well.Labor environment ري( ا ـ ک طی ـ ح م ( The skill set and culture(e.g. union versus nonunion), job classification, or cross-

training possessed by the workforce.

(J)

(K)

(L)




Labor-hour ا( ـ وي ک ر ـ ی ن تع ا ـ س رف )ن A unit of measure representing one person working for one hour. The combination

of n people working for h hours produces nh labor-hours Frequent qualifications to the definition include(1)designation of work effort as normal effort and(2) designation of time spent as actual hours.Labor productivity ا( ـ وي ک ر ـ ی ن يرو ره ـ ه ب ( The rate of output of a worker or group workers per of time , usually

compared with an established standard or expected rate of output.Last in first out(LIFO) ـی( ج و ر خ نیـ ل و ا دي و ر و نی ر خ آ ( A method of determining the cost of inventory used in a product.

In this method ,the costs of material are transferred to the product in reverse chronological order. Also used todescribe the movement of goods.Layout ان( م د ـ ی چ ( The arrangement of items within an area. The items may include roads, railroads, buildings,

offices departments, warehouses, equipment, machinery, furniture, facilities, parts, aisles, and so on. See Plantlayout and Workstation layout.Lean )نا( Providing your customer with the maximun amount of value relative to the resources expended .

Lean manufacturing یـد( ل و ت و تخا ـ س ا ـ )ن A comprehensive process improvement methodology that streamlines

operations from concept to customer delivery, reduces inventory, speeds production, reduces cost , and improvesquality and response time using state – of – the – art industrial engineering tools.Learning curve ري( ی گ د ا ـ ی یـ ن ح ن م ( A plot of productive output or unit work times of an individual or group as a

function of time or output per unit of time. A typical unit-work-time-versus-time plot curves down to the right from

the origin and gradually tapers off asymptotic to the x-axisLeveled time د( ـ ان ش ز و ـ ت م نا م ز ( The average time ,adjusted to account for differences in skill, effort ,conditions, and

consistency between workers and the factors surrounding an operation, that an operation requires .See Normal time.Leveling )ـ مــوزون س ازي ـ سـ نزاوــتمز( A method of performance rating in which the causes for the observed

performance, considered to be skill, effort, conditions , and consistency, are evaluated. The algebraic sum of the point values assigned to each factor is used in adjusting the time taken by the worker being time studied studied tothe time required by a worker working at the average performance level under the usually prevailing conditions.Limiting process ند( ن ک د و د ح م دن ی ا ر ف ( A process that constricts or limits the flow or output of production .

Line balance زن خ( ا و ت ازن و ت م ط )خ See Balanced line.

Line production ـی( ط خ دـی ل و ت ( A method of plant layout in which the machines and other equipment required,

regardless of the operations they perform, are arranged in the order in which they are used in the process. Layout by product.Loose standard د( ا ز آ در ا د ن ا ت ـ سا ( An allowed or standard time greater than that required by a qualified worker

performing his or her job with normal skill and effort and following the prescribed methodLot size زه به( ا د ن ا ( The number of pieces produced during a production run. Pieces per setup change

Machine attention time ی( ـ ش ا م تـ ب ق ا ر م نا ـ م ز ( That portion of a machining operation during which the worker

performs no physical work yet must watch the progress of the work and be available to make necessary adjustments,initiate subsequent steps or stages of the operation at the proper time, and so forth.Machine-controlled time ین( ـ ش ا م ه د ـ ش لرـ ت ن ک نا ـ م ز ( That part of a work cycle that is entirely controlled by a machine

and therefore is not influenced by the skill or effort of the worker.Machine downtime اشی( م فق و ت نا م ز ( Any time during a regular working period that a machine cannot be operated.

Machine-hour عت( ا ـ س ن ـی ـ ش ا م ( A unit for measuring the availability or utilization of machines. It is equivalent to one

machine working for 60 minutes, two machines working for 30 minutes or an equivalent combination of machinesand working time.Machine idle time ین( ـ ش ا م ري ا ـ ک ی ب نا ـ م ز ( That portion of a regular working period during which a machine that is

capable of operating is not being used.Machine interference ین( ـ ش ا م لخ ا د ـ ت ( The time that a machine is idle because the operator is servicing another

machine in the group.Machine utilization )ماشیگیري ازبهر( A measure of how well a machine is utilized making parts during a given time period.

Make to order رش( ا ف س دی ل و ت ( Producing product as the customer orders it.

Make to stock ارش( ب ن ا دی ل و ت ( Producing product to fill a finished goods inventory duffer.

Makeup pay نـی( ا ر ب ج تـ خ ا د ر پ ( In an incentive wage payment plan, the difference between the guaranteed base wagerate earnings of an employee who fails to attain the established standard output and the earnings the employee wouldhave received had there been no guaranteed base wage rate.

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Management یت( ر ی د ـ م ( 1. The art and science of directing and controlling human effort so that the established

objectives of an enterprise may be attained in accordance with accepted policies.2.The group of people who direct and control human effort toward the attainment of the objectives of an enterprise.Management analyst ی( ر ی د م رگ لی ل ح ت ( See Industrial engineer.

Management audit یت( ر ی د ـ م يز ـ ی م م ( A systematic appraisal or evaluation the worth or quality of the various

management functions or activities or procedures in an organization, made by comparing them to establish normsfor good management or theoretical measures of management perfection.Management consultant یت( ر ی د ـ م ر و ا شـ م ( One who counsels or advises on a professional basis in organization,

administration, and operational activities such as production, marketing, research, industrial relations, and accounting.

Management engineering یت( ر ی د ـ م یـ سد ن ه م ( The application of engineering principles to all phases of planning,

organizing, and controlling a project or enterprise.

Management information systems تم( سـ ی س تی ر ی د ـ م تا ـ ع ال ط ا يا ـ ه ( A system that meets the information needs of

executives and managers at all levels of an enterprise. Knowledge base.

Manual element تی( ـ س د ر صـ ن ع ( A distinct, describable, and measurable subdivision of a work cycle or operation

performed by one or more human motions that are controlled by process or machine.

Manual motion تی( ـ س د تـ ک ر ح ( A distinct, describable, and measurable subdivision of a work cycle or operation

performed by hand or with the use of tools, and one that is not controlled by a process or machine cycle.Manufacturing lead time یـد( ل و ت و تخا ـ س دی ـ س ر رس ان م ز ( The current average length of time needed to produce an order

on the shop floor.Manufacturing organization لی( وت و تخا س نا م ز ا س ( The structure and management of a manufacturing process.

Manufacturing systems لی( وت و تخا س مت سی س ( Computer systems used to manage manufacturing.

Mass production نبـو( ا دـی ل و ت ( A method of quantity production in which a high degree of planning , specialization of

equipment and labor, and integrated utilization of all productive factors are the outstanding characteristics.Master production schedule (MPS) یـد( ل و ت یل ـ ص ا يدـ ن ب ن ا م ز ( A long-range planning function that plans finished

products only.Master table of detail time study sheets جی( ن ـ س نا ـ م ز تاـ ع ل ا طم یل ـ ص ا لو ا د ـ ج تی ـ ش ( A master record of time study data

arranged so that the times the same elements can be compared. It is used to collect, analyze, and develop standard time data.Material flow اد( و ـ م ناـ ی ر ج( The progressive movement of material, parts, or products toward the completion of a

production process between workstations, storage areas, machines, departments, and the like. See Flow diagram,Flow process chart, and Routing.Material requirements planning (MRP) اد( و ـ م يا ـ ه ز ا ی ن يز ـ ی ر هـم ا ن ر ب ( A short- range planning tool used to plan finished

goods and raw materials based on projected demand and raw material inventory.Maynard operation sequence technique(MOST) ((MOST) رد( ا ـ ی ن ا م یت ا ی ل م ع یل ا و ت کی ن ک ت A predetermined basic motion

time system, using sequence models, that analyzes and classifies motions establishes a relationship between themotions performed and the time required to perform them.Measured daywork ( ده( ش م ا ج ن ا ه ن ا ز و ر ر ا د(ک ش ي ر ی گ ه ز ا د ن ا ( 1.The establishment of standard or allowed

times for operation without providing the opportunity for incentive earnings.2.A type of wage

incentive plan in which each employee’s performance record is reviewed periodically and the employee’s basewage rate is adjusted upward or downward from the base wage rate for the previous period as warranted by theemployee’s average performance over the previous period but below the guaranteed base wage rate.Memomotion study ته( سـ ه آ تـ ک ر ح هـع ل ا طم ( A motion study technique that utilizes a motion picture camera operating

at slower than normal speeds, such as one frame per second or one frame per one hundredth minute.Memory فظـه( ا ح( (Computer usage). The capacity of a machine to store information subject to recall; the component

of the computer system which such information is stored .Random access memory.Merit rating تگ( سـ ی ا ش يد ـ ن ب هـ ب ت ر ( An organized and systematic evaluation of an employee’s ability and job

performance in terms of such factors as quantity and quantity of work, knowledge, initiative, and dependability.The rating is made periodically to determine if the employee’s services are better or poorer than accepted norm.Method )رو( 1. The procedure or sequence of motions used by one or more individuals to accomplish a given

operation or work task. 2 The sequence of operations or processes used to produce a given product or accomplish agiven job 3.A specific combination of layout and working conditions(materials, equipment, and tools) and motion

pattern involved in accomplishing a given operation or task.




Methods engineering ش( رو ـی س د ن ه م هـ( The technique that subjects each operation of a given piece of work to close

analysis to eliminate every unnecessary element or operation and to approach the quickest and best method of performing each necessary element or operation. It includes the improvement and standardization of methods,equipment, and working conditions, operator training, the determination of standard times, and occasionallydevising and administering various incentive plans.Methods study ش( رو عـه ل ا طم هـ( The analysis of the sequence of motions used or proposed for use in performing an

operation and of the tools, equipment, and workstation layout used or proposed for use.Methods time measurement (MTM) ((MTM) رو( جی ن ـ س نا ـ م ز ـ ه A system of predetermined motion time

standards. It is a procedure that analyzes any operation into certain classifications of human motions required to perform it, and assigns to each motion controlled only by the individual performing it a predetermined timestandard determined by the nature of the motion and the conditions under which it is made.Methods training ش( رو زش و ـ م آ هـ( 1.Detailed instruction and guided practice given workers to ensure that they use

the proper methods to perform their jobs.2. Courses or programs of instruction given in the techniques of scientificmanagement as related to methods engineering.Micromotion study ات( ـ ک ر ح زـ ی ر هـع ل ا طم ( 1. That phase of motion study that divides manual work into fundamental

elements(often called therbligs or Gilbreth basic elements), analyzes these elements separately and relatively , andform this analysis, establishes more efficient methods .2. The analysis of elements of motions too short or rapid for

the eye to distinguish by the use of motion pictures, sometimes in combination with an adequate time-indicatingdevice. Because the motion picture camera itself can indicate time intervals, an additional timing device is oftendispensed with in micromotion study.Minimum time ان( ـ م ز نی ر ـ ت م ک ( The shortest elapsed time recorded for a particular element of a time study excepting

those known to be incorrect.Model دل( ـ م ( A representation of reality to facilitate analysis, experimentation, and comprehension. A manifestation

of reality in a controlled environment. It possessed the prominent characteristics of the object, concept, orsystem it represents.Monte Carlo method لو( ر ا ـ ک تـ ن و م ش )رو A combination of probability mathematics and the statistics of sampling used

to solve problems that are too complex to be solved by pure mathematics.Motion )حرک( A movement of the human body or any of the body members.

Motion time analysis (MTA) ان( ـ م ز ـ ـت ک ر ح لـ ی ل ح ت ( A system of predetermined motion time standards used fordescribing and recording an operation in terms of its motions. The value of each motion is predetermined both asto utility and time allowance.Multiple activity process chart نـه( ا گ دـ ن چ دـن ی ا ر ف ت ــ ی ل ا ع ف ر ا د و ـ م ن ( A synchronized graphic representation of operations

performed simultaneously by two or more people, two or more machines, or a combination of people and machines.Multiple piece rate plan ز(طرح نر( م ت س د (عط ند ق )اچ See Differential piecework.

Net revenue خال( مد آ ر د ( Gross sales minus any customer returns or credits.

Nomograph ا( ر گ و ـ م و ن ( A graphical set of straight lines and/or curves representing equations representing the

independent variables .Used to save calculation time when a series of solutions is desiredNonintegrated shop floor system طح( ـ س مت سـ ی س ه ـ چر ا پ ک ی ر ی غ یه ا ـ گ ر ا ک ( A system in which shop floor information is not

tracked in detail and is not used by resource capacity planning (MRPII)Nonrepetitive ند( و ـ ش را ر ـ ک ت ر ی غ یر ذـ پ را ر ـ ک ت ر ی غ ( A descriptive term applied to a type of work, operation, part, or the like

that dose not recur frequently or in any reasonable regular sequence.Non-value-added ود( ز ـ ف ا شز ر ا نو د ـ ب ( An activity that does not the design or utility of a product-transporting items to

and from storage areas.Normal element time اخص نر( ـ ش ناـ م ز لا ـ م ( The selected or average elemental time ,adjusted by leveling or other methods of

adjustment to obtain the time required by a qualified worker to perform a single element of an operation.Normal place دي( ا ـ ع طی ـ ح م )لا ـ م ر ن (( The work rate ordinarily used by workers performing under capable supervision

but without the stimulus of an incentive wage payment plan. This pace easily be maintained day in and day out

without undue physical or mental fatigue and is characterized by the fairly steady exertion of reasonable effort.

(N)




Normal time دي( ا ـ ع نا م ز )لا ـ م ر ن (( 1. The time required by a qualified worker, working at a pace that is ordinarily used

by workers when capably supervised to complete an element, cycle, or operation when following the prescribedmethod. 2 The sum of all the normal elemental times that constitute a cycle or operation.

Numerical control (NC) ـی( م ق ر لرـ ت ن ک دي د ـ ع لرـ ت ن ک ( Any system of control plus controlled equipment that accepts

commands(data and instructions) in symbolic form as an converts this information into a physical out into physical

values such as dimensions or quantities.

Observation هد( ا شـ م ( 1. In time study, the act of noting and recording the time taken by a worker performing an

operation or an element of an operation. 2. In motion study, the act of noting and recording the motions used by aworker to perform an operation or an element of an operation 3. In work sampling, the act of noting and recordingwhat a work is doing at a specific instant.

Observation form ات( د ه ا شـ م مر ـ ف ( A sheet of paper used record date taken during time studies, methods studies, or

work sampling studies, ruled into titled lines, columns, and spaces to suit the specific requirements of the study.

Obsolescence ـی( ک و ر ت م ـی گ ن ه ک ( A decrease in the value of an asset brought about by the development of new and

more economical methods, processes, or machinery.

One-for- one kanban ک به ی( )کانبان ی Kanban used to pull material to the line or workstation from an inventory buffer.

Operation ـات( ی ل م ع ( The intentional changing of an object in any of its physical or chemical characteristics ; the assembly or

disassembly of parts of objects; the preparation of an object for another operation , transportation ,inspection, orstorage; planning , calculating, or the giving or receiving of information.

Operation analysis ـات( ی ل م ع لـی ل حت ( 1.A study of the factors that affect the performance of an operation, such as purpose of

the operation, other operations on the part, inspection requirements, materials used, manner of handling material, setupand tool equipment, existing working conditions, and methods employed 2.A procedure employed in studying themajor factors that affect the general method of performing a given operation.

Operation analysis chart ات( ـ ی ل م ع لـ ی ل ح ت ر ا د و ـ م ن ( A form that lists all the important factors affecting the effectiveness

of an operation and is used to guide the progress and ensure the completeness of an operation analysis.Operation process chart ا( ـ ی ل م ع دـ ن ی ا ر ف ر ا د و ـ م ن ( A graphic representation of the points at which materials are

introduced into the process and of the sequence of inspections and all operations except those involved in materialhandling .It may include other information considered desirable for analysis, such as time required and location.

Operations research ات( ـ ی ل م ع رد ـق ی ق ح ت ( The application of scientific methods, tools, and techniques to the analysis of

the relationships and functions of a system for the purpose of determining quantitatively the conditions under whichoptimum results be achieved.

Operator process chart ود( ـ م ن و ـ ت ا ر پ ا شر ا د ر ـ پ را( A motion study aid used to chart the time relationship of the

movements made by the body members of a worker performing an operation .

Opportunity cost ـت( ص ر ف هـن ی ز ه ( The cost of not being able to invest in an alternative, due to limited resources being

applied to another approved alternative. Cost of funds not being available for investment in other income-

producing alternatives.Organization ان( م ز ا ـ س ( 1.The process of determining the necessary activities and positions within an enterprise,

department, or group; arranging them into the best functional relationships; clearly defining the authority,responsibilities, and duties of each ; and assigning them to individuals so that the available effort can be effectivelyand systematically applied and coordinated.2. The group of people who have been brought together to conduct a business or enterprise.

Organization chart نی( ا م ز ا ـ س ر ا د و م ن ( A graphic representation of the formal organizational, structure of an enterprise,

showing lines of authority, responsibility, and coordination.

Overhead ري( ـ س الا ب ار ب ر ـ س( Costs or expenses that are not directly identifiable with or chargeable to the manufacture of

a particular part or product. For example, items such as taxes, insurance, supplies , supervisory and clerical charges,and the like. Synonyms :Burden , Indirect manufacturing expenses.

Overtime ـت( ق و هف ا ـ ض ا ( Time worked in excess of regular working time as established by agreement or law, usually

paid by a premium in addition to the base wage rate.

(O)




Pace rating دي سرع( ن ب هب ت ر ام دي گ ن ب هب ت ر ( See Speed rating.

Pains )آال( Difficult issues that result in an emotional strain on the individual.

Pareto’s law تو( ر ا ـ پ نون ا ـ ق ( Sometimes called the “law of the trivial many and the critical few” A law that states that inmost business activities, a small fraction (commonly estimated at 80 percent) of the work, cost , profit, or othermeasure of importance. Often shown as a plot of total output against cumulative frequency.Parts per million یو( ل ی م ر د عه ط ق ( The number of items with a given characteristic found in a batch of 1 million.

Percent defective ( ص( صد نق ر د )ب ا رخ( The percent of defective pieces compared to the total amount of the sample.

Performance رد( ـ ک ل م ع ( The degree with which a worker applies skill and effort to an operation under the conditions

prevailing. This degree is expressed in terms of a performance efficiency or defined such as good, average, and poor. Standard hours divided by actual hours on standard.Performance rating بـه( ت ر د ر ـ ک ل م ع يدـ ن ب ( The act of comparing an actual performance by a worker against a defined

concept of a normal performance. Various methods of performance rating are in use, differing primarily as to the bases on which comparison is made.

Performance rating factor رد( ـ ک ل م ع يدـ ن ب هـب ت ر رو ت ک ا ـ ف ( 1. A numerical index that relates an observed performance to adefined normal performance. 2, Any of the terms or elements used for the comparison of performance.Performance rating scale رد( ـ ک ل م ع يد ـ ن ب هب ت ر سی ا ق م ( 1.A series of descriptive graduated statements or numbers serving

as a guide by which an observed performance may be estimated and its worth more object tively determined. 2.Aseries of graduated statements or numbers that describe a specificCharacteristic and serve as a guide for making more objective estimates of the degree to which that characteristic isexhibited in any specific instance.Performance standard ر( ک ل م ع در ا د ن ا ت سا ( A criterion or benchmark with which actual performance is compared.

Personal allowance دي( ر ـ ف ز ا ج م یگ ت س خ نا م ز ( Time included in the production standard to permit the worker to attend

to personal necessities such as obtaining drinks of water, making trips to the rest room, and the like. Usuallyapplied as a percentage of the leveled, normal, or adjusted time.

Personal time ما( )شخصز See Personal allowance.Piece rate رخ( ز(ن م ت س د (يا ز ا ه ـ ـه ب ع ط ق ر ـ )) ه The amount of money paid for a unit of production. It serves as the basis for

deter mining the total remuneration paid an employee working under a piecework under a piecework incentive plan.Piece rate wage plan ـه( ع ط ق سا ـ س ا ر ـ زد ب م ت ـ س د خر ـ ن حر )ط A method of worker payment based on the units produced, not

the hours worked.Plan مـه( ا ن ر ب ه ش ـ ق ن رح ـ ط ( The basic work element, which denotes the mental act, preceding the physical movement, of

determining a method for performing a task.Plant layout ن( ا خر ا ک نا م د ی چ ( The physical arrangement, either existing or in plans, of industrial facilities.

Point system ـی( ه د زا ـ ی ت م ا مت سـ ی س ( A method of job evaluation in which a range of point values is assigned to each of

several job factors. The wage rates for specific jobs are then determined by comparing the total points each receives with the point values and wage rates of key jobs.

Poka-yoke خط( )ضد Japanese . Mistake-proofing. A quality check in each step of a process.

Position ـت( ی ع ق و م اه ـ گ ی ا ج( 1.(Time study usage.) The element that consists of aligning, orienting, or locating one

object in relation to another. 2. (Motion study usage.) The basic element that consists of aligning , orienting , andengaging one object with another where the motions used are so minor that they do not justify classification asother basic elements.

Predetermined motion time system د( ـ ین ش ـ ی ع ت شی ـ پ زا یـ ت ک ر ح یج ن ـ س نا ـ م ز مت سی س ( A procedure in which(1) all manual

motions are analytically subdivided into the basic elements required for their performance and (2) predeterminedtime values are assigned to the basic elements.Premium ا( د ا پ ( See Bonus

Preposition ـت( ی ع ق و م شی ـ پ اه ـ گ ی ا ج ش )پی The basic element employed when transporting device or the object transported

is prepared for the next basic element, which is usually position. (Note the difference between the basic element, preposition, and the prepositioning of tools and materials in laying out the workstation. The Latter term, denoting afunction of general palnning , involves a number of basic elements.)

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Principles of motion economy ـت( ک ر ح يد ا ص ـ ت ق ا لو ـ ص ا ( The rules and their corollaries applying to human motions,

which guide toward development of the optimum way of accomplishing a given job.Probability theory ال( ـ م ت ح ا ير و ـ ئ ت ( A set of mathematical theorems and practices dealing with the expected long-run

relative frequency of events. Often used to describe the short-run likelihood of an events and to help determinewhether a short-run typifies the long run ,as in quality control and other sampling matters.Process ري( و آ ر ـ ف نـد ی آ ر ف ( 1.A planned series of actions or operations that advances a material or procedure from one

stage of completion to another .2. A planned and controlled treatment that subjects materials to the influence ofone or more types of energy for the time required to bring about the desired reactions or results. Examples includethe curing of rubber, mixing of compounds, heat-treating of metals, machining of metals, and the like.Process chart نـد( ی آ ر ف ر ا د و ـ م ن ( A graphic presentation of events occurring during a series of actions or operations and

of information pertaining to those events.Process chart symbols بل( م ـ س دـ ن ی آ ر ف يا ـ ه ( Graphic symbols of signs used on process charts to depict the types of

events that occur during a process. Five such symbols have been defined and approved by the American Society ofMechanical Engineers. Their names and symbols are

Operation Delay

Inspection Storage

Transportation

Process engineer ن( ی آ ر ف س د ن ه م ( An individual qualified by education , training, and experience to

prescribe efficient production processes to produce a product as designed and who specializes inthis work. This work includes specifying all the equipment, tools, fixtures, and like that are to be used, and often,the estimated cost of producing the product by the prescribed process.

Processing زش( ا د ر ـ پ ري و آ ر ـ ف ( The act of prescribing the production process to produce a product as designed. This

may include specifying the equipment, tools, fixtures, machines, and so forth required , the methods to be used, theworkers necessary, and the estimated or allowed time. 2 .The carrying out of a production process.

Process layout نـ( ی ا ر ف نا م د ـ ی چ ( A method of plant layout in which the machines, equipment , and areas for

performing the same or similar operations are grouped together. For example, all welding is done in one area ordepartment, all painting in another, and so on. Layout by function .Process razing نپی( یا رف ش )ای Improving the design of manufacturing cells and plant floor layout in industry.

Process time زش( ا د ر ـ پ نا ـ م ز ( The time requited to complete a specified series of progressive actions or operations on

one unit of production. 2.That portion of a work cycle during which the material or part is being machined ortreated according to a specification or recipe designed to produce the desired reaction or result. The time require iscontrolled by the machine, specification, or recipe and not by the worker.Production یـد( ل و ت ( 1.The manufacturing of goods. 2. The act of changing the shape , composition, or combination

of materials, parts, or subassemblies to increase their value. 3. The quantity of goods manufactured.Production control یـد( ل و ت لرـ ت ن ک ( The procedure of planning, routing, scheduling , dispatching, and expediting the

flow of materials, parts, subassemblies, and assemblies within the plant from the raw state to the finished productin an orderly and efficient manner.Production engineering یـد( ل و ت یـ سد ن ه م ( 1. The function of planning where and when to perform work necessary to

produce a product and of coordinating internal and external orders, delivery dates, workers, machines, and the likethereby promoting efficient operation. 2 .A term used as a synonym for industrial engineering, methodsengineering, and manufacturing engineering. 3. Designing products to be manufactured, utilizing materials,equipment, methods, processes and skills that are available.

Production planning یـد( ل و ت يز ـ ی ر هـم ا ن ر ب ( 1 .The systematic scheduling of people, materials , and machines by using

lead times, time standards, delivery dates, workloads, and similar for the purpose of producing products efficientlyand economically and meeting desired delivery dates. 2. Routing and scheduling.

Production report یـد( ل و ت شر ا ز ـ گ ( A formal written statement giving information on the output of an organization or

one a more of its subdivisions for a specified period. The information normally includes the type and quantity ofoutput, workers’ efficiencies, departmental efficiencies, costs such as direct labor and direct material, overtimeworked, and machine downtime.




Production response time یـد( ل و ت خـ س ا پ نا ـ م ز ( The length of time from the start of the first process until the first good

product is completed.

Productive time ور( ره ـ ه ب نا ـ م ز )( 1 .Elapsed time during which useful work is performed in a manufacturing process.

2 .That portion of an operation cycle during which the worker’s time is utilized effectively. The balance of the timeis considered idle or unproductive.

Productivity هر( )ورب The actual rate of output or production per unit of time worked.Product mix کیب تولی( ر ت ( The comparison of products and respective volumes to the total volume for those products.

Program evaluation and review technique (PERT) مـه( ا ن ر ب يرگن ز ا ـ ب و د ر و آ ر ب کـی ن ک ت ( A network planning and scheduling

technique for the analysis, forecasting, and control of a project’s completion time.

Qualified operator ر( ـ شـ د ـ جـاو روــتارپای( A person who has the mental and physical characteristics, the job

knowledge, and the experience required by the work, and who should be able to meet or exceed the performancelevel expected on that work without undue mental or physical fatigue.Quality assurance ـت( ی ف ی ک نی م ضـ ت ( A function in the quality system that is responsible for planned and systematic

activities that provide goods or services that meet quality requirements.Quality control ـت( ی ف ی ک لرـ ت ن ک ( The procedure of establishing acceptable limits of variation in size, weight, finish,

and so forth for products or services and of maintaining the resulting goods or services within these limits.Quality function deployment دي( ر ـ ک ل م ع یـ ف ی ک را ر ق ت ـ سا ( A visual decision-making procedure for multiskilled project

teams that develops common understanding of vice of the voice of the customer. A consensus on the finalengineering specifications of the product that has commitment of the entire team .Quality in process ون فرایند( ر د تیف ی ک ( Quality built into a product as it is built into each operation of manufacturing .

Queuing theory ف( صـ ري و ـ ئ ت ( The theory involving the use of mathematical models, theorems, and algorithms

typically used in the analysis of systems in which some service is to be performed under conditions of randomlyvarying demand, and where waiting lines or queues may form due to lack of control over either the demand forservice, the amount of service required, or both . Utilization of the theory extends to process, operation, and work studies.Quick changeover یع( ر ـ س ری ی غ ت )قاـ ب طن ا (( Quick of machines from the production of one type of part to another. Useful

when running small batches ,for example, in lean manufacturing.Quick response manufacturing (QRM) )ســاخت و تولیــد واکــنش ســریع( A manufacturing cycle time reduction

methodology using rapid modeling technology based on queuing theory.

Random access فی( د ا ص ـ ت یـ سر ت س د ( Access to storage under conditions in which the next position from which

information is to be obtained is in way dependent on the previous one.Random element فی( د ا ص ت رصن ع )ن ا گ ی ب (( See Foreign element.

Range of time نـه( م ا د )ز ا ـ ب (ین ا ـ م ز ( A statistically derived range of time values in which the mean represents all values

in the range, with a known accuracy and confidence level. Also called Slot or Work group.Ranking method دي( ـ ن ب هـب ت ر ش )رو A job evaluation system wherein each job as a whole is ranked with respect to all

the other jobs and no attempt is made to establish a measure of value.Rate رخ( ـ ن ( 1. See Base wage rate. 2.See Standard time. 3 .To estimate the worth or value of anything by comparing it

with a standard or scale as, for instance, in performance rating.Rate cutting رخ( ـ ن شه ا ـ ک )دـی ل و ت (( A term used when referring to the act of reducing the production standard in terms

of standard hours or dollars for an operation, particularly when the amount of the reduction is thought to beunjustified by changes in product design, quality requirements, production methods, materials, or conditions.Rated average elemental time ون( ز و ـ م نیگن ا ـ ی م ه ـ ی ا پ نا ـ م ز ( The result of adjusting by a performance rating factor the

mathematical average of the times obtained for one element of a time-studied operation. Usually any abnormaltime values are excluded in calculating the mathematical average.Rate setting

رخ( ـ ن تـ ی ب ث ت ( The establishing of production standards by time study, predetermined motion times,

standard data, time formulas, or some other means.Rating study دي( ن ب هب ت ر )ر ا ذ گ خر ))ن See Merit rating and Performance rating.

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Ratio delay study یر م( خأ ت هع ل ا بس ) ن See Work Sampling study.

Raw material inventory خا( اد و م يد و ج و م ( The amount of raw material being stored at a facility.

Reliability یی( ا ـ ی ا پ )نا ـ ن ی م ط ا تـ ی ل ب ا ق (( (Quality usage).The probability that a device will perform satisfactorily in its

specified function for a specific period of time under a given set of operating conditions.Repetitive ر( ی ذ ـ پ ر ا ر ـ ک ت نده و ـ ش ر ا ر ـ ک ت ( The general term used when referring to processes, operations, elements of

operations, or the products resulting therefrom that occur or are produced over and again with negligible variation.The term must be qualified or explained when it is used ,in order to have a concrete meaning.Resource capacity planning (MRPII) بع( ا ـ ن م تـ ی ف ر ظ يز ی ر هم ا ن ر ب ( A detailed planning tool that accounts for department

schedule, equipment availability, labor availability, and routing times when planning production.Rest احت( ر ت ـ س ا ( An allowance or delay allowed workers for the purpose of recovering from the effects of exertion or

sustained mental or visual attention. It is usually included in the general allowance, but on work of a particularlyexhausting nature, it may be included in the job time standard as a separate allowance or element.Restudy ري( گ ن ز ا ب )د د ـ ج م هـع ل ا طم (( Any study of the performance time for an operation that is made to verify or disprove

a previous study. The technique used may be the same or different from that used the previous study.Retime جد( نجی م س نامز( To make a time study of an operation to check the validity or application of a pervious time study.

Rework ري( ا ـ ک هر ا ـ ب و د ( 1. The term applied to an operation when it is performed on the same material or item more

than once to correct the result of performing it the first time. 2 .Any work done on material or an item to correctwork done improperly or to comply with revisions in design or specifications. Synonym: Reoperation .Right-and left-hand chart پ( چـ ـت و س ا ر تـ س د ر ا د و ـ م ن ( A form of operator process chart on which the motions made by

one hand in relation to those made by the other hand are recorded, using standard process chart symbols or basictherblig abbreviations or symbols.Risk analysis سک( ـ ی ر لـ ی ل ح ت ( A review of the uncertainty associated with the research , development, and production

of a product or service.Route ر( ی سـ م ( 1. The path followed by a worker, material , part, or the like in a particular production process. 2. To

prescribe the path.Routing هی( د ر ی سـ م ی ب ا ی ر ی سـ م ( 1.A form listing for the manufacture of a particular item sequence of operations,

transportations, storages, and inspections to be used, and usually also the standard times applicable and the

machines, equipment, tools, workstations , number of workers, materials, parts, and the like that are to be used 2.Establishing the sequence of processes, operations, transportations, and storages to be followed, and the machines,tools, workstations, and miscellaneous equipment that will be used in producing a particular part, product, or job lot.Run time ان کا( م ز ( The cycle time for an operation, not including setup.

Salary وق( ـ ق ح )ـی ا ز م و(( Fixed compensation paid weekly, biweekly, monthly , or yearly for services rendered, usually

based on a certain minimum number of hours per day or week.

Sales lead time وش( ر ـ ف دی ـ س ر ر سـ نا م ز ( The length of time the sales department quotes the customer from the receipt of

an order to delivery to the customer.

Schedule attainment ه( ـ بی ب ا ی ت ـ سد )هـم ا ن ر ب (د ـ ـدي ش ن ب ن ا م ز ( A comparison of the scheduled work to actual work produced,

expressed as a ratio or percentage.

Scheduling ـدي( ن ب ن ا م ز ( 1.The act of prescribing when and where and how much of each operation necessary to the

manufacture of a product to be performed. 2. The establishing of times at which to being or complete each event oroperation constituting a procedure.

Select اب( ـ خ ت ن ا ( The element of choosing between several items that may be alike or different. It appears as a

hesitation in the motion sequence.

Setup زي( ا د ـ ن ا هار( Making ready or preparing for the performance of a job or operation. Machine setup involves

equipping a machine with the appropriate accessories, tools, and fixtures, setting the proper feed, speed, and depthof cut, and so forth. Includes accessories, component parts, and details involved, and the teardown to return the

machine or work area to its original or normal condition.Setup method زي( ا د ـ ن ا هار ش )رو The description and sequence of tasks performed, involving both equipment and

operator, to prepare for the efficient performance of an operation .

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Setup reduction هش( ا ک )ام از)ز د ن ا هار( Shortening the setup time by improving the method.

Setup time زي( ا د ـ ن ا هار ان ـ م ز ( The amount of time between the completion of the last good piece of one part and the firs

good piece of different part on the same machine.

Shared resource اع( ش ـ م عب ا ـ ن م ( A machine or process that supplies component parts for more than one product being

manufactured.

Shared resource work flow اع( ش ـ م عب ا ـ ن م سا ـ س ا ر ب ر ا ـ ک ناـ ی ر ج( The way in which material flows into and out of a shared

resource- does the shared resource stop due to lack of material?

Shop floor control سطح ( رل ت ن ک ا گ ر ا ( A system that manages work orders through various stages on the shop floor.

Simulation زي( ا ـ س هی ب ـ ش( The technique of using representative date to reproduce in a model various conditions that

are likely to occur in the actual performance of a system. Frequently used to test the behavior of a system undervarying operating policies.

Simultaneous engineering ان( ـ م ز م ه یـ سد ن ه م ( A system reduction designed to bring a product to market more quickly

by overlapping tasks(e. g, building tools and fixtures as each part is designed), rather than waiting until the entire product is designed.

Simultaneous motion (simo) chart ((simo) ان( ـ م ز م ه تـ ک ر ح ر ا د و ـ م ن A graphic representation of an operation ,

generally although not necessarily, made from a motion picture film in which the basic motions, such as therbligs ,used to perform the operation by the right-and left- hand members of the elements.

Single delivery اح( ال و س ر ا نا م ز ( A production period or time of a single digit, such as 9 days or less.

Single minute exchange of die (SMED) ((SMED) قـه( ی ق د ک یـ بـ ل ا ق ضیو ـ ع ت ا A setup reduction technique that applies

work simplification to machine changeovers. A setup of 6 minutes or less.

Six sigma ش سیگم( )ش In statistics, six standard deviations on both sides of the mean value in a normal distribution.

Skill رت( ا ـ ه م ( 1. The ability to use one’s knowledge, technical proficiency, And developed or acquired ability to

devise an efficient method of accomplishing a given objective .2. (Leveling method of performance rating ).Proficiency at following a given method, good or bad, developed as the result of aptitude and practice.

Skill-based pay system رت( ا ـ ه م سا ـ س ا ر ـ ـت ب خ ا د ر پ مت سـ ی س ( A pay system designed to reward based on the quantity or

level of skill achieved by the operator.Snapback method ول( ه ا ـ ـشت ب گ ز ا ب یجن سـ ن ا م ز ش )رو The procedure of timing, used in making time studies, whereby the

stopwatch is read the watch hand returned to zero at the termination of each element or work cycle.Source inspection techniques عنیت( ـ ب ن م یـ س ر ز ا ب يا ـ ه ( A group of techniques including visual quality sheets that act

as a job aid to build quality in at every step of production.Space utilization ض( ـ ري از ف ـ ی گ هر ـ ه ب ( A measure of the amount of space in a facility that is being used for

manufacturing or to generate revenue, compared to the total space available. Expressed as a ratio or percentage.Speed rating عت( ر ـ س يدـ ن ب هـب ت ر ( A method of performance rating compares the speed or tempo with which a worker

performs the motions necessary to execute an operation against the observer’s concept of standard or normal tempo.Spreadsheet رد( ت سـ گ هحف ـ ص ( In work measurement, a document that displays all jobs in a skill and task area slotted

according to the standard work group, or range of time, into which the standard time falls.Standard )

ارد دن ا ت ـسا ( 1. See Performance standard, Standard time, Standard hour, Direct labor standard. 2. Any established

or accepted rule, model, or criterion against which comparisons are made.Standard allowance گی( ت س ـ خ نا ـ م ز د ر ا د ن ا ت ـ سا ( The established or accepted amount by which the normal time for an

operation is increased within an area, plant, or industry to compensate for the usual amount of fatigue or personalor unavoidable delays.Standard cost نـه اس( ی ز ه ر ا د ن ا ت ( The normal expected cost of an operation, process, or product including labor ,

material, and overhead charges computed on the basis of past performance costs, estimates, or work measurement.Standard date اد( رد ا د ن ا ت سا ي )ها See Standard time date.

Standard hour عت( ا ـ س در ا د ن ا ت ـ سا ( An hour of time during which a specified amount of work of acceptable quality is or

can be performed by a qualified worker following the prescribed method, working at normal pace, andexperiencing normal fatigue and delays.Standard hour plan رح( ـ ط )هـم ا ن ر ب (تع ا ـ س در ا د ن ا ت ـ سا ( A wage incentive plan having standard times expressed as standard

times expressed as standard hours. The hourly base wage rate is paid for standard hours earned rather than actualhours worked. Usually the plan provides for a guaranteed minimum wage based on the hours worked if they exceedthe standard hours earned.




Standardization زي( ا ـ س در ا د ن ا ت ـ س ا ( A management-sponsored program to establish criteria or policies that will

promote uniform practices and conditions within the company and permit their control through comparisons. It

deals with such areas as work quality and quantity, working conditions, wage gates. and production methods.

Standard performance رد( ا د ن ا ت ـ سا در ـ ک ل م ع ( The performance that must be given by a worker to accomplish work in the

standard time allowed.

Standard practice رد( ا د ن ا ت ـ سا در ک ر ا ـ ک ( The established or accepted procedure within an area, Plant , or industry for

carrying out a specified task or assignment.

Standard time )مـ دز ر ا د ن ا ت ـ سا ن( 1. The time that is determined to be necessary for a qualified worker, working at a

pace ordinarily used under capable supervision and experiencing normal fatigue and delays, to do a defined

amount of work of specified quality when following the prescribed method.2. The normal or leveled time plus

allowances for fatigue and delays.

Standard time data اد( دد ر ا د ن ا ت ـ سا نا ـ م ز يا ـ ه ( A compilation of all the elements that are used for performing a given

class of work with normal elemental time values for each element. Without making actual Time studies, the data

are used as a basis for determining time standards on work similar to that from which the data were determined.

Starting rate وع( ر ـ ش خر ـ ن ( The rate of pay per unit of time that a worker is guaranteed when first hired to perform aspecified job or class of work.

Static work تکا( سی ا ( Work performed by the hands or arms where no significant motion occurs, such as holding.

Statistical quality control ري( ا ـ م آ یـ ف ی ک لرـ ت ن ک ( A means of controlling the quality of a product or process by the

application of the laws of probability and statistical techniques to the observed characteristics of such product or process.

Statistics ا( ـ م آ ( A field of scientific endeavor that is central to the scientific method in the proper design of

experiments and the drawing of valid inferences about events in sampling from a given population or so-called universe.

Step bonus عف( ا ض ـ م شا د ا ـ پ ( A feature of some wage incentive plans whereby a substantial increase in made in

incentive payment when the quantity or quality of output reaches a specified level. Such increases are ordinarily

expressed as percentages of either the base wage rate or the incentive rate.

Stochastic model ( دل غیرقطعی( ل(م ا متحا ( A Simulation in which uncertainty is explicitly considered in the analysis.

Storage ازي( ـ س هرـی خذ اري دـهگن ( 1.Keeping and protecting an object against unauthorized removal. 2. (Computer usage.) The

components that enable the computer to retain date internally by electromechanical, magnetic, or electronic devices until needed.

Straight time rate See Day rate.

Stretch out ان( ـ م ز ند ر و آ ش کـ)ا ـ )ک 1.The act of extending the time taken to do a job by malingering. 2. Term

referring to giving a worker additional work to do without a compensating increase in earnings or change in

conditions or methods.

Subassembly ا( ـ ت ن و م رـ ی ز ( Two or more parts joined together to form a unit that is only a part of a complete machine,

structure, or other article.

Suggestion system ات( د ا ه ن شـ ی پ مت س ـ ی ( A procedure designed to encourage employees to submit their ideas forimproving working conditions, production methods, or other aspects of the company’s activities, and usually to

reward them in some manner for the ideas that are adopted.

Supervision رت( ا ـ ظ ن ( 1.Guidance and direction given to one or more individuals performing assigned tasks or

operations. 2. Group of individuals within an area, plant, or industry who are responsible for giving guidance and

direction to one individuals performing assigned tasks.

Supply chain management ین( م أ ـ ت هر ـ ی جن ز تی ر ی د ـ م ( Administration and control of the plan, source, make, and deliver

functions of suppliers and their suppliers, the manufacturer, and customers and their customers.

Support effectiveness تی( ی ا ـ م ح یش ـ خ ب رـ ث ا ( Skills possessed by engineers, supervisors, production, and inventory

control in support of flow manufacturing.

Survey ایش( م ی پ ه ـ ع ل ا طم ـی سر ر ب ( A general check or brief investigation of an activity or organization, made to evaluate

the existing situation and usually the opportunities for improvement that present.




Take-home pay زل( ـ ن م رد ر ا ـ ک تـ خ ا د ر پ ( 1.The total amount of wages earned by an individual during a pay period, less

all deductions from this amount. 2. The total amount of wages earned by an individual during a pay period prior toany deductions for taxes, insurance, savings, union dues, and so on.

Takt (tact) time قی( ان د م ز ( The rate of production that is preciscly synchronized with the rate of sales demand.Template لن( ب ا ـ ش( 1.A gage or pattern used a guide to the size and shape of a part to be made. 2.A. 2D cutout

representing the area required by a worker, by a machine when operating , or by a bench, desk, or temporarystorage bin at the workstation and other equipment used in planning and layout of plant and office facilities.Temporary rate رخ( ـ ن )تـ خ ا د ر پ (یت ق و ـ م ( 1. See Temporary standard. 2. A special wage rate that is paid for a limited

period of time to compensate for a nonstandard condition or an unusual type of work such as that of anexperimental or developmental nature.Temporary standard تی( ق و ـ م در ا د ن ا ت ـ سا ( A time standard applied to an operation for a limited period pending the

development of a more accurate time standard, The development of a new method, or the correction of abnormalconditions affecting the operation.Theory of constraints ی( د و د ـ ح م ير و ـ ئ ت ـ )ه A process of ongoing improvement for any business, personal, or

environmental system based on a commonsense approach to change.

Therblig ام( ـ ن د ـ ح ا و )شـ خ ب (هـی ا پ ا ـ ي ک )ا 1. The name of the basic work elements that are used in varying sequences andcombinations to perform all manual and mental work. 2. The term coined by Frank .B. and Lillian. M.Gilbreth todesignate subdivisions of work in the classification of physical motions and associated mental processes.Synonym:Gilbreth basic element.Through kanban دو طرف( بان ن ا ک ( A Kanban situated between two operations in a process.

Tight standard ـم( ک ح م در ا د ن ا ت ـ سا ( A time standard that provides a qualified worker with insufficient time to do a

defined amount of work of specified quality when following the prescribed method, working at normal pace, andexperiencing normal fatigue and delays.Time allowance ان( م ز اج گی م ت س خ ( See Allowance and Standard time.

Timekeeping ـت( ق و تـ ش ا د ه گ ن ـت ق و تـ ب ث ( A phase of wage administration and cost accounting that involves the

recording of total time worked to compute wages earned and charges to various jobs. Also, these records are usedto prove compliance with wage and hour laws.

Time standard ار( د ن ا ت سا نا م ز ( See standard time.Time study ی( ن ا ـ م ز ه ـ ع ل ا ط م ( The procedure by which the actual elapsed time for performing an operation or

subdivisions or elements thereof is determined by the use of a suitable device and recorded .The procedure usua lly but not always includes the adjustment of the actual time as theresult of performance rating to derive the time that should be required to perform the task by a worker working ata standard pace and following a standard method under standard conditions.Time study comparison sheet ن( ا م ز هع ل ا طم هسی ا ق م ت )شی See Time study summary sheet.

Time study observation sheet نی( ا ـ م ز هـع ل ا طم ه د ه ا شـ م تی ـ ش ( A form for the systematic, detailed recording of elemental

time values. Pace and effort rating estimates ,delays, and irregular occurrences a time study. Generally, space isalso provided for by entering other pertinent information and for computation of standard times from the data.Time study summary sheet )عه زمانشیت خالصه مطا( A listing of the results of two or more detailed time studies.

Time ticket نی( ا ـ م ز تر ا ـ ک ( Any form on which a worker’s name or identifying number is recorded that serves as the

original or source document for information on the operations or types of work done. When done, and the timeused doing them. Other information such as applicable job or order numbers, base wage rates, standard times. Andthe like is also often recorded.Tolerance )تلران( A permissible variation in a characteristic of a product or process, usually shown on a drawing or specification.

Tool design. ا( زـب ا یـ ح ا ر ط ( That division of mechanical design that specializes in the design of tools, The complete

specification of materials, dimensions and tolerances, finishes, heat treatment, and so on for a given tool. The useof the tool form a methods design viewpoint may also be a consideration.Total inventory by product ول( ص ـ ح م سا ـ س ا ر ـ ب ل کـ يد و ـ ج و م ( A profile indicating quantity of product in raw material Work in process, and finished goods inventory during the production process.Transportation ـري( ب ا ر ت ـل ق ن و لـ م ح ( Moving an object from one place to another, except when such movements are

a part of the operation or are caused by the worker at the workstation during an operation of an inspection.Travel time فر( ـ س نا ـ م ز ( Time used by or granted a worker for walking or riding between any two desig nated

locations as between two workstations, between the factory entrance and a workstations ,Between two plants ,or the like.Triangle kanban فـه( ر ط ه ـ ـان س ب ن ا ک )یـ ث ل ث م ( A kanban used when pulling material from a shared resource , such as a

bank of machines. A small triangular card used for authorization to produce.

(T)




Unavoidable delay ل اجتنــاب( ـ بـاق ر ـ یـغ اخیر ـ تـ( An occurrence that is essentially outside the worker’s control or

responsibility that prevents the worker from doing productive work.

Unavoidable delay allowance یر( ذـ پ با ـ ن ت ج ا ر ی خ ا ت ز ا ج م نا م ز ( Time included in the production standard to allow for timelost that is essentially outside the worker’s control- for example, interruption by supervision for instruction, waitsfor crane, or minor adjustments to machines or tools, Usually applied as a percentage of the leveled, normal, or aadjusted time.

Upgrading ( اد( ا د ق ت ر ا Promoting a worker to a higher paid and usually more demanding job.

Value added ود( ز ف ا شز ر ا ( Increased worth. Features or functions in the design that the customer needs or wants.

Value-added ratio فزود( ا شزر ا تب س ن ( The ratio of value-added production to non-value –added time to produce a product.

Value analysis زش( ر ا لـ ی ل ح ت ( An arrangement of techniques that makes clear precisely the functions that the

customer wants, establishes the appropriate cost for each function by comparison. and causes required knowledge,creativity, and initiative to be used to accomplish each function for that cost.

Value stream زش( ر ا ناـ ی ر ج( All the action, both value – added non-value-added, currently required to bring a product

through the main flows essential to every product: (1) the production flow form raw material to the customer, and( 2) the design flow from concept to launch.

Variable element ـر( ی غ ت م ر صـ ن ع ( An element for which the leveled or normal time, under the same methods and

working conditions, will change because of the varying characteristics of the parts being worked on, as size weight,shape, density, hardness, viscosity, tolerance requirements, finish , and so on .

Variable expense ین( ز ه ی غ ت م جر ا خ م ر ی غ ت م ياه( Expenditures that vary in proportion to the volume of production.

Variance انس( ـ ی ر ا و ( The difference between any standard or expected value and an actual value. For example, thedifference between the established standard cost and the cost actually incurred in performing a job or operation.

Visual method sheet ))عین(بصرشیت روش( A pictorial job aid for the operator showing the method to be followed.

Visual quality sheet یت( ف ی ک ت يشی ر ص ـ ب )یـ ن ی ع (( A pictorial job aid the operator showing only how to build quality into

the production process.

Wage and salary administration زد( م ت ـ س د و قو ـ ق ح نا م ز ا ـ س ( The management function concerned with the systematic

determination and equitable application, adjustment, and control of the compensation structure of an organization.

Wage and salary survey زد( م ت ـ س د و قو ـ ق ح هع ل ا طم ( The gathering and comparing of base wage or salary rates or ranges

for comparable jobs within an area, industry, plant , or profession .

Wage arbitration ـت( ی م ک ح )ير ـ ی گ می م صـ ت (دز م ت ـ س د ره ا ـ ب ر د ( The hearing and settlement of wage disagreements between

management and labor, by one or more individuals whose judgment or decision all parties have agreed to accept.

Wage curve زد( م ت ـ س د یـ ن ح ن م ( A plot or graph showing the relationship between jobs, job classes, job evaluation point

ratings. or the like and their corresponding wage rates or ranges.

Wage differential زد( م ت ـ س د تو ا ـ ف ت ( An increment in the pay received by an individual or group of individuals due to

such factors as seniority, shift worked, geographic location, or other considerations.

Wage incentive plan رح( ـ ط )ـ مـانرب(دزمتــسد یـ شر ی گ ن ا ( A system that enables workers to increase their earnings

maintaining or exceeding an established standard of performance.

Wage rate ز( م ت س د خر )ن See Base wage rate.

Wage 1. ده( ز م ت ـ س د ( (Monetary ). The monetary compensation paid to an employee for services rendered, usually

based on the hourly or daily wage rate in effect and the number of hours worked or the amount of workaccomplished. 2. (Real.) The value of purchasing power of the income received as measured by the goods and

(U)

(V)

(W)




services that it will purchase, usually related to the amount that it would purchase during some previous period orin some other country.

Waiting line حاص( در ا ظت ن ا ( A line formed by units waiting for service; a queue.

Waiting theory ا( ظت ن ا ل حا در ري صف و ئ ت ( See Queuing theory.

Waiting time ا( ظت ن ا نا م ز ( See Downtime.

Wink نیک( و )0005/0یناث( A unit of equal to2000

1 minute that the Gilbreths developed and used in motion and time study.

Work cycle کل( ی ـ س )شد ر ـ گ (ير ا ـ ک ( 1. A. pattern of motions or processes that is repeated with negligible variation each

time an operation is performed. 2. A succession of operations or processes that is repeated with negligible variationeach time a unit of production is completed.

Work factor ـل( م ا ع )رو ت ک ا ـ ف (ير ا ـ ک ( A system of predetermined motion time standards employing the work factor as an

index of motion difficulty (that is, demonstrating that time is proportional to specific factors in work, such as bodymember , distance, direction, weight , control, and the like , and that the relationship is consistent andinterchangeable) .The system is used for determining efficient methods and setting performance time standards.

Working capital در ح( یه ا م ر ساک ل( Money that is invested to purchase raw material that has not yet been sold

Working conditions ري( ا ـ ک طیا ر ـ ش( Factors such as light, temperature, smoke, safety, hazards, noise,dust, and thelike that affect the performance of a job or the general well-being of the employee.

Work in process(WIP) ((WIP) از( درپ لاح کار در Raw material that has been partially converted into finished product.

Work in process inventory زش( ا د ر ـ پ لا ـ ح رد ر ا ـ ک يد و ـ ج و م ( Any items in inventory that have been partially converted to

finished products but are not yet completely converted.

Workplace ار( یط ک ح م ري ا ک ه ا گ ت سی ا ( See Workstation.

Workplace layout ري( ا ک ه ا گ ت سی ا نا م د ی چ )را یط ک ح م (( See Workstation layout.

Work sampling study ا( ـ ري از ک ـ ی گ هـن و م ن هـع ل ا طم ( A statistical sampling technique employed to determine the proportion

of delays or other classifications of activity present in the total work cycle.

Work simplification اد( زي کاس ا س ( See Methods engineering

Workstation ار( ه ک ا گ ت سی ا ( That section of a production center where the worker performs assigned tasks.

including the space required for auxiliary equipment such as tools, a workbench, or a machine with any stands,containers, and the like for the material being worked on .

Workstation layout تگ( سـ ی ا نا م د ـ ی چ ير ا ـ ک ها( The arrangement of the tools, fixtures, bins, chutes, and other equipment

at a specific workstation.

Yield دبی بازده وجی ر خ( ) The ratio of usable output from a process to its input. Synonym :Material yield.

Zero-based budgeting ( دج و ب ر ف ـ ص يا ـ ن ب م ر ـ ـدي ب ن ب ه ) A budgeting procedure in which managers justify each item of

expenditure as if the budget were being initiated the first time , rather than justifying each item on an adjustmentfrom the prior year’s data.

(Y)

(Z)




ست طبقت ده فصه ي ش دي ن ب و

الت ا ؤ س زا ام د ک ره تا1در ن4 ت س ه ه ا ب ت ش ا ت لغ برد ر ا ک ای مر و ا رگ رظ از ن ات م ل ک زا کی نی. ی ک خص ش م ار ا ه ن آ .

1-The purchasing department is often called upon to evaluate vendors to quality, reliability, ervice,price

and to change demand. دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب س ی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ي يها رور سا ر س77(1) purchasing 2) vendors 3) ability 4) change

2- The nature of productivity sometimes makes it more complexing than it appears to be.

دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ا ـ ي هرها تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ي رور سا ر س77(

1) nature 2) complexing 3) upkeep 4) toxic

3- This approach to logistics have resulted in high costs maintenance and support for equipment.

دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي رور سا ر س77(

1) to 2) have 3) in 4) for

4- Economic development would been extremely difficulty without a high level of oil production.

دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي رور سا ر س77( 1) Economic 2) difficulty 3) level 4) production

Part A : vocabularyDirections: In questions 5-7 each item consist of an incomplete sentence. Below the sentence are four choices,marked (1), (2), (3), and (4). You should find the one choice which best completes the sentence. Mark your choiceon the answer sheet.

5- "I wonder where all those people are going?"

"Perhaps something is ……… in the town center."


1) getting up 2) growing up 3) going on 4) taking up

6- I suppose ……… start that composition. I can’t put off doing it any longer.


1) it’s rather 2) I’d better 3) I’d prefer 4) I can’t help

7- He presented a strong, case but I wasn’t ……… convinced that all his facts were right .


1) entirely 2) freely 3) seriously 4) terribly

PART B: Which of these sentences are ungrammatical?

8- ایع ( ن ص یس د ن ه م عی ا ن ص ير س ا ر س 78 (

1) He succeeded his father as head of the company.2) If you don't trouble to do your homework, you won't pass.3) The houses torned down to make way for a new road.4) The fight had become a riot by the time the police stepped in.

9- ایع ( ن ص یس د ن ه م ع ی ا ن ص ير س ا ر س 78ـ (

1) He left the room as though angry.2) I didn't know his address; otherwise I would write him.3) They climbed higher that they might get a better view.4) Which Robert is friendly with everyone, his brother makes very few friends.

10- ایع ( ن ص یس د ن ه م ع ی ا ن ص ير س ا ر س 78 ـ (

1) A policeman directed the crowd to move back.2) A person can buy anything in that store if he has the money.3) He conducted a partly of tourist to Europe.4) The brave girl went into the burning house to save a baby.




Part B: GrammerDirections: In questions 11 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases marked (1), (2), (3), and (4).Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, markyour answer sheet.

11- She was concentrating so hardly on her book that she didn’t hear me come into the room.

1 2 3 4

دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي يور ر س ا ر س 78ـ(

Part A: VocabularyDirections: In questions 12-13 each item consists of an incomplete sentence. Below the sentence are four choicesmarked (1), (2), (3), and (4). You should find the one choice which best completes the sentence. Mark your choiceon the answer sheet.

12- Even though he’s 21, he hans’t got a job and is still financially ……… on his parents .دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي سرور يـ )79سر

1) materialistic 2) dependent 3) productive 4) limited

13- Tobaco companies are always coming up with new ways of ……… people to smoke.دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي يور ر س ا ر س 79ـ(

1) persisting 2) persuading 3) predicting 4) providing

Part B: GrammarDirections: In questions 11-13 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases marked (1), (2), (3), and (4).Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, markyour answer sheet.

14- I’m afraid you are not enough old to take your driving test. You’ll have to wait until you’re 17.1 2 3 4

دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ي ـد ا ص ت ق ا ي هرها تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا وي يور ر س ا ر س 79ـ(

15- Doctors are working very long hours so you never know when they are going to be at home.1 2 3 4

دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ا ـ ي هرها تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ي يور ر س ا ر س 79ـ(

16- The school my parents had selected for my education was one of the more fashionable and expensive in the country. 1 2 3

4دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ي يها يور ر س ا ر س 79(

17- Jack and Mary Smith and their children were in the car heading for the countryside collecting1 2 3

wild mushrooms and to have lunch on the beach. ایع ( ن ص یس د ن ه م عی ا ن ص ير س ا ر س 79 ـ(

4

18- Some people say that drinking out of the wrong inside of a cup can help to stop you hiccupping.

1 2 3 4

سی ( د ن ه م عیا ن عی ا ن ص ير س ا ر س 79 ـ( 19- The Sahara Desert is a vast waterless area where runs from east to west across Africa.

1 2 3 4ایع ( ن ص یس د ن ه م عی ا ن ص ير س ا ر س 79 ـ(

Part A: Vocabulary

Directions: In questions 20-25 each item consist of an incomplete sentence. Below the sentence are for choices,marked (1), (2), (3), and (4). You should find the one choice which best completes the sentence. Mark your choiceon the answer sheet.

20- It took them nearly six hours to ……… the fire.


1) give up 2) settle down 3) take off 4) put out

21- The professor ……… a distinct improvement in the quality of her student’s work.


1) noticed 2) solved 3) invented 4) increased




22- We looked everywhere but the intruder was nowhere ……… ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 80( 1) having seen 2) seen 3) that be seen 4) to be seen

23- The boy looks like his father and the girl takes ……… her mother. ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 80(

1) from 2) after 3) off 4) over

24- Did anyone ……… to your advertisement in the local paper last week? ري( س ا ر س ع ـی ا ن ص ع ـی ا ن ص یس د ن ه م 80( 1) replies 2) replied 3) reply 4) replying

25- They climbed higher ……… they could get a better view. ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 80(

1) as if 2) even if 3) so that 4) whereas

Part B: GrammarDirections: In questions 26-28 each sentences has four underlined words or phrases marked (1), (2), (3), and (4).Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, markyour answer sheet.

26- If you aren’t doing something this weekend, would you like to come round for dinner?

1 2 3 4 دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي يور ر س ا ر س 80ـ(

27- Years ago people thought it will be impossible to fly to the moon!

1 2 3 4

دس( ن ه م ی ا ن ص ت سی س ره تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي ر س ا ر س ي ـرو80( 28- The cost of traveling with train has increased considerably over the last few years.

1 2 3 4

دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي ر س ا ر س ي ـرو80(

Part A: Vocabulary

Directions: In this part of the test each item (29-32) consist of an incomplete sentence. Below the sentence are for

choice, marked (1), (2), (3), and (4). You should find the one choice which best completes the sentence. Mark yourchoice on the answer sheet.

29- I was so nervous during the wedding ceremony that my hands were ……… when I put the ring on

her finger. دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ي ـ هرها تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ي يور ر س ا ر س 81ـ (

1) mixing 2) bending 3) moving 4) trembling

30- A(n) ……… painting has been stolen from the National Gallery in Prague.

دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهروي ر س ا ر س 81ـ(

1) faithful 2) costly 3) expensive 4) valuable

31- I was atonished that he turned down the job – I ……… it would have been ideal for him.


1) am thinking 2) would have thought 3) had been thinking 4) have thought

32- Only one hundred years ago it took at least five days to cross the Atlantic, ……… nowadays it is a

matter of hours. دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س م ـت سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهره روري ب سا ر س 81ـ(

1) furthermore 2) whereas 3) therefore 4) even though

Part B: GrammerDirections: In each of the following sentences (items 33), four words or phrases have been underlined. You shouldchoose the one word or phrase that would not be appropriate in standard written English. Mark your choice on theanswer sheet.

33- Ever since the reorganization was planned, there have been too many promises made and too

1 2 3few problem solved. دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي رور سا ر س 81ـ(

4




Part II: Mark on the answer sheet that choice which is the closest in meaning to the underlined work.

34- If the production function were readily observable, a comparison of production function at two

different times would provide the manager with a simple measure of the effect of technological change during the intervening period.

دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ي يها يور ر س ا ر س 81ـ(

1) interlacing 2) interleaving 3) interlining 4) interposing35- The cost of equity capital is the equilibrium rate of return required by the investors in the firm’s

common stock. دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهروسا ر س ي ـ81(

1) baffle 2) battle 3) baggage 4) balance

36- Innovations are generally of two type : product innovations and process innovations.

1 2 3 4دس( ن ه م ی ا ن صت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهروي ر س ا ر س 81ـ(

37- General Electric, a leading manufacture of dishwahers, decided to invest about $40 million to

1 2make major changes in its product and manufacturing process.

3 4

ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ت سی س و ـ مت سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهره يب ر س ا ر س ي ـرو81(

38- Technological change of materials takes the form of new methods of producing existing

1 2products and new techniques of organization, marketing, and management.

3 4

ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ت سی س ب ـ و مت سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهري ر س ا ر س ي ـرو81(

39- We haven't never thought of going abroad for a holiday because my husband is afraid of flying.

1 2 3 4ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ي ر س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص 81 ـ(

40- It is impossible to please my boss, because he disapprores anything I do.

1 2 3 4دس( ن ه م ی ا ن ص ير س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص 81 ـ(

41- The cat was very frightened that it ran under the bed to hide.


42- Everything she told me about the school turned out to be wrongly.


43- My father is a teacher so he hasn't to ware a uniform at work.


Part II: Each question consists of a sentence with four parts underlined. Select that part (1, 2,3,or 4) which isnot acceptable for standard written English.

44- Despite of efforts to introduce new products, many new products do not succeed.


45- In the growth phase, product design has begun to stabilize, and effective forecasting of

1 2 3capacity requirements are necessary. ري( س ا ر س ع ـی ا ن ص ع ـی ا ن ص یس د ن ه م 81(

4

46- One approach to overall product development is assign a product manager to champion the

1 2product through the product development system and the related organizations.

3 4ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ي ر س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص 81 ـ(




47- Product development teams are charged with the responsibility of moving from market

1 2

requirements for a product to achieve a product success.

3 4

ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ي ر س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص 81 ـ(

48- Value engineering team yield value improvement by defining the essential function(s) of the

1 2 3

item and by achieving that function without lower quality. ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 81( 4

Part A:Directions : In questions 49-59, each item consists of an incomplete sentence. Below the sentence are four choices

marked (1), (2), (3), and (4). You should find the one choice which best completes the sentence. Mark your choice

on the answer sheet.

49- He was working in the office while I ……… in the library.

ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ي يها يور ر س ا ر س 82ـ( 1) was 2) am 3) had been 4) have been

50- Some people are never content ……… what they have.

یمه( ا ن ص یسدت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي يور ر س ا ر س 82ـ(

1) of 2) for 3) with 4) about

51- It was very ……… so I put on my sunglasses.

ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ت سی س ا ـ ي هرها تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ي يور ر س ا ر س 82ـ(

1) dark 2) late 3) early 4) bright

52- When I ……… up the bill, it came to more money than I had with me.

ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي يور ر س ا ر س 82ـ(

1) added 2) checked 3) counted 4) calculated

53- She had to ……… sugar in her coffee because she was on a diet.


1) do with 2) put up 3) do without 4) put down

54- I am not very pleased ……… the mark I got in last week's exam. ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ع ی ا ن ص ي ـر س ا ر س 82ـ(

1) of 2) from 3) with 4) by

55- Can you check my paper to see if I've ……… any mistakes. ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 82(

1) been 2) put 3) made 4) performed

56- To answer accurately is more important than ……… . ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 82(

1) finishing quickly 2) to finish quickly 3) a quick finish 4) your quick finish

57- Not until a student has mastered algebra ……… to understand the principles of geometry,

trigonometry, and physics. ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 82(

1) begins 2) he can begin 3) he begins 4) can he begin

58- If one of the participants in a conversation wonders what ……… no real communication has

taken place. ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 82(

1) the other person said 2) did the other person say

3) said the other person 4) was the other person saying

59- I'm like Dad, whereas my sister takes ……… Mum. ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 82(

1) in 2) on 3) over 3) after




Part A: Grammar and Vocabulary: Choose the best answer to each question.

60- I would have gotten there on time if I ……… early enough.

ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ي يها يور ر س ا ر س 83ـ(

1) left 2) would leave 3) had left 4) will leave

61- With the ……… of computers, many tasks have been made easier.ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي يور ر س ا ر س 83ـ(

1) requisite 2) advent 3) exhibition 4) illustration

62- Many ……… items are turned in to the railroad officials every week.


1) lose 2) loss 3) losing 4) lost

63- The majority of students felt ……… for the teacher’s help.


1) frank 2) logical 3) grateful 4) beneficial

64- It is expected that ……… be 500 people for today's lecture.

ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 83( 1) it will 2) they could 3) there might 4) it may

65- The boy's father build them a large sandbox ……… ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 83(

1) to play in 2) for playing in it30 to play in there 4) in which to play there

66- The kilometer is ……… as the mile. يمه( ر س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یسد83(

1) as shorter 2) not as long 3) much shorter 4) the less length

67- Sleeping, resting, and ……… fluids are the best ways to care for a cold. ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 83( 1) drink 2) drinking 3) to drink 4) one drinks

Part B: Close TestChoose the answer that best completes each blank.In recent years, smokers have suffered more than (68) …… group in society. In many countries, the price ofcigarettes has gone up because of (69) …… government taxes. We have seen smoking (70) ……… from public places. But why doesn’t the government try to ban other things that do us (71) …… , such as alcohol and

fattyfood? ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ت سی س ر ـه تم و ب س ی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ي يها يور ر س ا ر س 83ـ(

68- 1) other 2) another 3) the other 4) any other

69- 1) heavy 2) expensive 3) fundamental 4) precious

70- 1) committed 2) abandoned 3) banned 4) accused

71- 1) harmful2) harm 3) harming 4) harmfulness

72- The reader of a …… consists of, both the scanner & …… , while the vital elements required to

automate a machine’s activity is usually arranged as sensor, analyzer, actuator, driver. ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ي يها يور ر س ا ر س 83ـ(

1) machine – driver 2) printer – reservoir 3) bar code – detector 4) Cooling tank – sensor

73- Material, energy, &/or information that passes from the system to the environment is called …… &

everything that remains outside the boudaries of the system is called ……… .

ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ت سی س ر ـه تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ي يها يور ر س ا ر س 83ـ(

1) output – results 2) results – outsiders 3) output – environment 4) input – subsystem

74- ……… Must be considered as an essential system ……… during the overall design process in a

hostile environment. ی( ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ت سی س ر ـه تم و ب س ی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ي يها يور ر س ا ر س 83ـ( 1) reliability – parameter 2) complexiblity – fact3) feasibility – requirement 4) applicability – parameter




Part A: Grammar and VocabularyChoose the best answer to each question.

75- Pictures ……… with a telescope are inverted.


1) to take 2) taken 3) are taken 4) they took them

76- ……… the financial means to remain independent, he decided, he decided to seek employment.


1) Deprived of 2) To be deprived of 3) He was deprived of 4) That he was deprived of

77- They offer many advantage to small business owners ……… problematic.


1) it is 2) despite its 3) however it is 4) even though it is

78- Was Columbus the first man ……… the New World? ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 84(

1) discovered 2) to discover 3) who would discover 4) who he discovered

79- ……… to find stars in pairs. ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 84(

1) Being very common 2) Very common is 3) That is very common 4) It is very common80- ……… the earth was flat was believed by most people in the 15

th century.

ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 84(

1) As 2) That 3) Whether 4) Despite

Part B: Cloze TestDirections : Read the following passage and decide which choice (1) , (2) , (3) , or (4) best fits each blank.Then mark your answer on your answer sheet .Researchers have found that written English works in a very different way to spoken English. The phrase “say whatyou like” literally means “feel free to say anything you want,” but in reality it is used, evidence shows , by someoneto (81) ……… the other person (82) ……… disagreement . The phrase “it’s a question of” crops up on thedatabase over and over again . It has nothing to do with (83) ……… , but it’s one of the most frequent English

phrases which has never been in a language learner’s dictionary before: it is now .The Spoken corpus computer shows how inventive and humorous people are when they are using language by(84) ……… familiar phrases for effect . It also reveals the power of the pauses and noises we use to play for time,(85) ……… emotion, doubt and irony. ت( سی س ع ـی ا ن ص یس د ن ه م ره تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ي يها ر س ا ر س ي ـرو85(

81-1) refuse 2) prevent 3) dismiss 4) disturb

82-1) voices 2) from voicing 3) to voice 4) to be voiced

83-1) enquiry 2) context 3) function 4) assessment

84-1) implying 2) focusing 3) twisting 4) achieving

85-1) convey 2) to convey 3) that conveys 4) which is conveying

Part B: Cloze TestDirections : Questions 86-90 are related the following passage . Read the passage and decide which choice(1) , (2) , (3) , or (4) best fits each blank. Then mark your choice on your answer sheet .One of London Zoo’s recent advertisements caused me some (86) ……… , so patently (87) ……… reality .Headlined ‘Without zoos you might as well tell these animals (88) ……… stuffed’ , it was bordered withillustrations of several (89) ……… species and went on to (90) ……… the myth that without zoos like LondonZoo these animals ‘will almost certainly disappear forever’ . With the zoo world’s rather mediocre record onconservation, one might be forgiven for being slightly skeptical about such an advertisement.

سی( د ن ه م ي ر س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص85(

86-1) assumption 2) distinction 3) irritation 4) consumption

87-1) did it distort 2) it distorts 3) it was distorted 4) that it distorts

88-1) got 2) get 3) to get 4) getting89-1) restricted 2) subsequent 3) considerable 4) endangered

90-1) amend 2) extol 3) ensure 4) consent




Part A: Grammar and VocabularyDirections : Choose the number of the answer (1) , (2) . (3) , or (4) that best completes the sentence .Then mark your answer on the answer sheet .

91- You ……… the paper by the time professor Smith gets back .

ت( سی س ع ـیا ن ص یسد ن ه م ره تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي ر س ا ر س ي ـرو85(

1) will have finished 2) finish 3) will be finished 4) have finished

92- ……… in a foreign country you need to have a valid international driver’s license.


1) Driving 2) To drive 3) That you drive 4) You will drive

93- ……… he is will never die. ) ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م تس هری تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ي يها ر س ا ر س ي ـرو85(

1) Such a man as 2) What a man as 3) What a man that 4) Such a man that

94- You shouldn’t have shaken hands with him; you ……… have easily caught the disease.

)ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م ی ا ن ص ير س ا ر س 85(

1) must 2) could 3) should 4) would

95- It is ……… to hear that he was not able to finish the work before he died .

)ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م ی ا ن صير س ا ر س 85 ـ(

1) most upsetting 2) the most upset 3) what most upsetting 4) that the most upsets96- Why don’t you drink your tea ? “I’m letting it ……… .” )ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م ی ا ن صير س ا ر س 85 ـ(

1) cool 2) to cool 3) to be cool 4) to be cooled

Part B: Cloze TestDirections : Read the following passage and decide which choice (1) , (2) , (3) , or (4) best fits each blank.Then mark your choice on your answer sheet .Hurricane Floyd, one of the most powerful storms ever (97) ……… in the Atlantic, has pounded the CentralBahamas and set its sights (98) ……… Florida. The storm brought heavy rains and strong winds of up to 200 kph.,(99) ……… residents sought refuge in boarded up homes.Forecasters say Floyd is capable of (100) ……… destruction and the states of Florida and Georgia have orderedmore than two million people (101) ……… the Atlantic shoreline.


97-1) recording 2) to record 3) recorded 4) was recorded

98-1) to 2) on 3) in 4) from

99-1) as 2) that 3) whose 4) which

100-1) mass 2) a mass 3) the mass 4) that mass

101-1) evacuated 2) to evacuate 3) for evacuation 4) evacuating

Part B: Cloze TestDirections : Read the following passage and decide which choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) best fits each blank. Thenmark your choice on your answer sheet .

Dear Mr. de Oliveira,Thank you very much for coming to see us in London the day before yesterday. We were very (102) .......... whichyour interview and would like to offer you the position of Marketing Manager (Antibiotics) for South America. Wewould like you to start in three months’ time.After a one-year (103) ........, we expect to see our market share grow. We are sure you can help us to (104) .........this. The starting salary will be $85.000 P.a. plus car and full medical insurance. In the second year, this will rise to$90,000. You will also receive regular profit shares based on sales (105) ......... for your area. If you would like toaccept this offer, please contact me at the above address and we will draw up a contract. I look forward (106) .........from you. ري( س ا ر س ع ـیا ن ص ع ـیا ن ص یس د ن ه م 86(

102- 1) impressed 2) surprised 3) interested 4) appreciated

103- 1) date 2) occasion 3) stance 4) period

104- 1) assume 2) succeed 3) achieve 4) perform

105- 1) figure 2) statistics 3) account 4) number

106- 1) hear 2) to hearing 3) to hear 4) hearing




Part A: Grammar and VocabularyDirections : Choose the number of the answer (1) , (2) . (3) , or (4) that best completes the sentence .

Then mark your answer on the answer sheet .

107- She gave me this jumper, which she had ……… herself. ت( سی س ع ـیا ن ص یسد ن ه م ره تم و ب سی س تی ر ی د م و یع ا م ت ج ا و يد ا ص ت ق ا ياهي ر س ا ر س ي ـرو86(

1) knitted 2) knitted it 3) been knitted 4) been knitted it

108- The teacher suggested that Ali ……… the lesson at least twice before taking the test.


1) reviews 2) review 3) reviewed 4) reviewing

109- He was in such bad shape and asked for my help. It was impossible to ……… .


1) refuse 2) refusing 3) refused 4) be refused

PART B: Grammar

Directions: Read the following passage and decide which choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) best fits each space. Then

mark the correct choice on your answer sheet.

Since water is the basis of life, …(110)… the greater part of the tissues of all living things, the crucial problem of

desert animals is to survive in a world …(111)… sources of flowing water are rare. And since man's inexorable

necessity …(112)… large quantities of water at frequent intervals, …(113)… comprehend that many creatures of the

desert pass their entire lives …(114)… a single drop.


110- 1) composes 2) composing 3) it composes 4) that composing

111- 1) which 2) that 3) there 4) where

112- 1) is to absorb 2) of absorbing 3) that is to absorb 4) is absorbing

113- 1) scarcely he can 2) he scarce can 3) he can scarcely 4) scarce can he

114- 1) for 2) from 3) upon 4) without

PART B: Grammar

Directions: Read the following passage and decide which choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) best fits each blank. Then

mark the your answer on your answer sheet.

Everyone brings some kind of power to the negotiating table. It's easy to be awed …(115)… external sources of

power and influence while …(116)… such internal sources of your own power …(117)… your self-esteem, self-

knowledge and confidence …(118)… fast on your feet. Power in a negotiation can be very dynamic. Be patient and your

own store of internal power …(119)… to your advantage. یع ـسمهن( ا ن ص ی ا ن صير س ا ر س 87 ـ(

115- 1) for 2) with 3) by 4) from

116- 1) overlooking 2) to overlook 3) be overlooking 4) begin overlooked

117- 1) of 2) as 3) like 4) about

118- 1) you think 2) so thinking 3) to think 4) as you are thinking

119-1) begin working 2) is working 3) is to work 4) will work




س مه ت ن خ س پ قبط وه ي ل ص ف هد ش ندي ب

نه1 ی ز گ »4 «ا دی ا ب change)عف/سا(بchanging)ن ا رج/فص:ری غ ت م ین ع م هب(دن یر ک ی غ ت .نا گ د ن ـ ش و ر ف ه ـ رد ک ا د ما زـل ا الو م ع م دی ر خ نا م ز ا س

ا( گ دن ن ک نی م أ ت (دن من ا و ت و تم ی ق ات م د خ ایی ی ا پ یت ف ی ک ظا ح ل هب اری ا م ن در و آ ر ب ری غ ت م يا ض ا ق ت اب قب ا ط ت يا ر ب نا .ش

نه2 ی ز گ »2 « دی ا ب اجcomplexingا complex)فص(وش ه د ا ف ت س ا .

ره ه ب تی ه ا م م رظ نچه به ن آ زا ش ن را بی آ ات ق و ا یض ع ب ه موري د ی چ ی پ سد .کنر

نه3 ی ز گ »2 «اج ید ب ا ب haveا hasک ارچ ود ه ش د ا ف ت س ا approachسا رد ف م مس . ا

نه ی ز ه هب ر جن م کی ت س ج ل هب در ک ی و ر ن اسای یده د ر گ تا ز ی ه ج ت ین ا ب ی ت شپ و تا ر ی م ع ت و ير ا د ه گ ن يال ا ب ي .ها

نه4 ی ز گ »2 «ا دی ا ب difficulty)سا(بdifficult)فص(نک ری ی غ ت .

لی وت زا یی ال ا ب حطس ون د ب يد ا ص ت ق ا هع س و ت م ا س ر ف تق ا ط ر ا ی س ب ت .بود نف

ول مت ا س ق :اگ ژ ا و

ی5در ســؤاالت ـ لـا 7تــسا لــماکان هــلمج ک ـ یـ هدــنریگرب رد ر مــورد ـ هـ ا اعــداد. ـ بـ ه ـ کـ ار گزینــه ـ هـچ ر جملــه ـ یـز رد)1( )2()3(و)4(خشــم

رد ا د دو ج و ند بی. شده ا ا ی ب ت اس له م ج نآ در نده ن ک لم ا ک نیر ت ه ب هک نه را ی ز گ ک ید ی ا ب ام نیگ.ش زب تم ال ع هم ا ن خس ا پ يور ود را نه خ .ی

نه5 ی ز گ »3«منمن ا د)جع ت م ا(یم اج دم ک مه آ ن ه ال می(»!رونای ؤ س تم ال ع يا ج ب بج ع ت تم ال ع ن ان آ ی ا پ رد است و بی ج ع ت هل م ج یآ(»رد ید ا ـ ش

است ده ا ت ف ا قا ف ت ا يز ی چ رهش زک ر م «

ت)1 سا خ ر ب /دش ند ل ب ياج از

اشت)3 د نای ر ج/ما د ا ت شا د /دو وع ب ق و ل حا در

دن)2 ر ک دش ید/ر ل ا ب /دش لغ ا ب /دی س ر /تف ا ی شی ا ز ف ا

رد)4 ال ک غ ش ا /در رف ک ص ت /تشا د ر ب /در ند ک ل ب

نه6 ی ز گ »2« رک صو(ف ام)ت ش ن ا ن است آ تر ه ب من نی(ک صت ای(نک عو ر ش ار.منز ا د ن ا قی و ع ت هب ار نآ ین ش از ا نم بی ا و ت .

تر اس)1 ه ب /سا تر ت سر د /در ا د حی ج ر ت )یم یل ض ل د هبitاج ط اس Iب غل (

تر اس)2 ه ب /سا تر ت سر د /در ا د حی ج ر ت )م يا ر ب (

یح م)3 ج ر ت نممه ف(د ا ض ا فرح ود ج و مد یل ع ل د هبtoا دع اس preferب ط غل (

نممن نم)4 اب ک ن ت ج ا آن نم از ا و ت )هن ی ز گ ن تی ای س ر د تر و ص ردstartم هب لی د ب ت تسی ا ب startingم ش(

ن7 ی ز گ »1«هن و م ن ک ور(و ی ال یا م ث م (شا ست ب ر د وا ما ق ر ا و را م آ یم ا م ت هک م د ش ن عن ا ق الم ا ک نم ی ول اد ئه د ا ر ا يوق.

مال)1 ا ک /م ا م ت /ماج ر و ط ب 2(ن ا د ا ز آ /صح ید و ی ق جد/جد) 3ب ر و ط ب 4(كا ن ت ش ح و لکش ید/به د ش

نه8 ی ز گ »3« دی ا ب نآ یح ح ص لکشtorn downهن و دشا ب torned down

نه9 ی ز گ »3« ي جا ید ازthatبه ا ب so thatوش ه د ا ف ت س ا .

نه10 ی ز گ »3« ي جا نی بtouristبه ع ی ن مع آ شوtouristsید از ج ه د ا ف ت س ا .

وم مت د س ق :ابز ر و ت سد

الت ا ؤ س رد8ر ا م ش اب و هد ه ش د ی ش ک طخ اهن آ ری که ز رد ا د تر ا ب ع ای هژ ا و ر ا ه چ له م ج ره ياه)1()2()3(و)4(دش خص ش م دـ ن ا .زا ار تراـب ع ا یـ هژاو ک یـ

رست شدن دستور ج د يارب هک دینک ییاسان ش اهنآ نایملم نک رییغت تسی ا ب .ساپ رد ار خسا پ مانینزب تم الع نات.

نه11 ی ز گ »2«ب دی ا ب hardوش یل د ب ت :

ود که ز شده ب ک ر م ت م شب ا ت ک يور ت سخ در آن ق ی)صدا(او ن ش ن قات ا هب ارم دن م آ .




ول مت ا س ق :ناگ ژ ا و

یی ا م ن ه ا ر :تال ا ؤ س رد9ی در 10ال رد و م ره اس مل ا ک ا ن هم ل ج ک نده ی ر ی گ ر .د ا د ع ا اب هک نه ی ز گ ر ا ه چ هل م ج ری شد)4(و))1( )2( )3در ز مشخص دوجو دنا

ارد د.یبایب تسا هلمج نآ رد هدننک لما ک نیرتهب هک ار هنیزگ کی دیاب امش.ساپ يو خود را ر مت بزنیگزینه الع همان .

نه12 ی ز گ »2«وا دنچ ره نو21 ه رد ا د ل سا اس ته سب ا و شر د ا م و رد لی به پ ا م ظا ح ل هب زو ن ه و ه د ر ک ن ا د ی پ یل غ ش .

ای)1 رگ هد ا م /ا ی د ا م هب هت سب ا و 2(هت سب ا و /ا ت ح م /وب رم

ره و/مول)3 ه ب /هدن ن ک دی ل و ت /اب رپ 4(د و د ح م /و ص ح م /و ر ش م /یق م

براي متق شرک» »2گزینه13 يدی دج ياهها ر هشی مه تاین ا خد يا ردن مردمه ک دع)هب تب س ن (م داجیا ندی شک راگیسدننک)م عا دب ا ننک(

دن)1 ر ک ر ا ر ص ا /در ري ک ا شف ا پ

نپی)3 د ر ک ین ی ب /در یی ک و گ شی پ

دن)2 ر ک دع ا ق ت م /در یب ک غ ر ت

ید)4 رك د ا د ت /در یه ک ه ت /در ین ک م أ ت /دو م ن نی م أ ت


الت ا ؤ س رد ن هر 13تا11 یر آ رد که ز ا د تر ا ب ع ای هژ ا و ر ا ه چ له م ج ر ا م ش اب و هد ه ش د ی شک طخ اهي شد)4(و))1()2()3ها خص ش م دـ ن ا .ا ـ ژه ی ا و ک یـ

ی م له م ج ير و ت س د ند ست ش ر د يا ر ب هک ید ن ک یی ا س ا ن ش ا ه ن آ نا ی م زا ار تر ا ب ع نک ری ی غ ت تسی ا ب .م ا ن خ سا پ رد سخ را ا پ س نیسپ زب تم ال ع نا .ت

نه14 ی ز گ »2«دی ا ب بold enoughنک ری ی غ ت :

تأسفم م)یوگب دیاب هک(یفاک رد نندگی بده)آنقد(تو به ق ا ر نومزآ هک یتسی ن گرز ب .یتق و ات ین صبر ک اهی بود وخ روبجم17وش هلاس .

نه15 ی ز گ »1«هب دی ا ب work نک ری ی غ ت :

ار می نی ک ال و ط تا ع ا س نا ک ش ز پ من ت هیچ وق این ر ب ا ن ب دن ن ک دی ک ی اشن)آنه) (چه وق(ن ب هن اخ ت اس ار ر ق .

نه16 ی ز گ »3«ب دی ا ب mostنک ری ی غ ت :

ه س ر د م ی د ل ا و هک ي شیا ند یکی از د ر ک با خ ت ن ا نم لی ص ح ت يا ر ب مانی ر ت ن ا ر گ و نی ر ت )ر ا د م (وب ر و ش ک رد.

نه17 ی ز گ »3«زا دی ا ب collecting هب to collect ارچ بد ا ی ری ی غ ت هب فطع اسto haveه .

نه18 ی ز گ »3« ياج ید ازinsideبه ا ب sideوش ه د ا ف ت س ا .

نه19 ی ز گ »2« اج یدwhereبه ا ب whichوش ده ر ب را . به ک


یی ا م ن ه ا ر :تال ا ؤ س رد14ی ک ج 15ال نده ی ر ی گ ر ب رد رد و م ره است مل ا ک ا ن هل.گ ر ا ه چ هل م ج ریز ددر ا د ع ا اب هک نه د)4(و))1( )2( )3ی شـ صخشـ م دـن ا

ارد د دوجو.یبایب تسا هلمج نآ رد هدنن ک لما ک نیرتهب هک ار هنیزگ کی دیاب امش.ساپ يو خود را ر مت بزنیگزینه الع همان.

ن20 ی ز گ »4«ننک وش م ا خ ار ش نها آت آ ات دی ش ک لوط عت ا س ش ش د و دح .

دن)1 ر ک كرت/شا ذ گ را ن ک 2(ند ی ز گ تم ا ق ا /ند ر ک شک و ر ف /دش ین ش ن هت

دن)3 ر ک كرت/ت ش ا ذ گ را ن ک 4(دی ز گ تم ا ق ا /در کش ک و ر ف /دش ین ش ن هت

نه21 ی ز گ »1«ش شیو ج ش ن ا د را یت ک ف ی ک رد زي ر ا ب تف ر ش ی پ هجو ت م دا ت س ا .

دن)1 ر ک هجو ت /دش وجه ت م /دا وجه د ت 2(در شد/حل ک حل

رد)3 اع ک ر ت خا 4(ند اد ش ی ز /دا یش د ا ز ف ا

نه22 ی ز گ »4« لعف زا دع رwasب د ص م دی ا ب infinitive)اب ر د ص م to(ور ار ول به ک ه ج م تر و ص هب لعف زا.

نه23 ی ز گ »2« ف ا ی ق ف ا ی ق و ت رش اس د پ هب هی ب ش رس اسي پ ته ف ر شر د ا م هب رت خد ي.Take after دش سی یه ک ب ش هف ا ی ق رظ نی از ن ع ی .

نه24 ی ز گ »3« ور ار ید به ک ا ب لعف هد ا س لکش لی ا و س تل ا ح رد.

نه25 ی ز گ »3« زا دی ا ب So thatوش ه د ا ف ت س ا .آن شا ب هت شا د ير ت ه ب دی ند تا د ت ف ر رت الا ب اه.





الت ا ؤ س رد آن 18تا16 زیر که رد ا د تر ا ب ع ای هژ ا و ر ا ه چ له م ج ره ش ه د ی شک طخ اهر ا م ش اب و هي د)4(و))1()2()3ها ـ خص ش ش م دـ ن ا .ک یـا یـ هژاومی رست شدن دستوري جمله د يارب هک دینک ییاسان ش اهنآ نایم زا ار تراب عنک رییغت تسی ا ب .مان خساپ رد ار خسا پ مت بزنیسپس الع نات.

ن26 ی ز گ »1 «ب دی ا ب :anythingبای ری ی غ ت .

ار)برا(گرا ته ک ف ه رخ ي آ ر ا د ن )یآ(يرس ام اي ش ر ب ير ا د تسو د )م هب(ین ز ب

ن27 ی ز گ »2«ب دی ا ب wouldبای ری ی غ ت .

ال کر مس دم ف ر م ش اهد بوها پی و خ نک م م ریغ اه دن به م ر ک زا و ر پ دن د ر ک !

نه28 ی ز گ »2«دی ا ب هب byیی غ ت نک .

ه ظ ح ال م رو بل به ط ا ق ر ا ط ق اب رفس هن ی ز ه گ ل سا چند در ي ته اسا شا د شی ا ز ف ا هتش.


یی ا م ن ه ا ر :در و م ره نو م ز آ زا ش خ ن ب ی)19در ای مل اس) 22ال ا ک ا ن هل م ج ک نده ی ر ی گ ر ب رد.د ا د ـ ع ا ا ـ ه ب ـ نـه ک ی ز گ ر ا ه چ هل م ج ریز )4(و))1( )2()3در

خص شده ش م را ود د ج و دن آن جم.ا نده ن ک لم ا ک نیر ت ه ب هک نه را ی ز گ ک ید ی ا ب ام یاش ت ب مه .یه اس ا ن خ سا پ يور ود را نه خ ی ز گ ین زب تمال.

نه29 ی ز گ »4«ار هق ل ح یت ق و هک مد و ب یب ص ع ر د ق ن آ یس و ر ع نیح در ت او م)ب( نم مدس ا ت سد مد ر ک ن د ی ز ر ل .

دن)1 و ب یط ا ق /ند ر ک طو ل خ م )دش ود) /یا خل ب ا د ت م 2(ندش رد(خم دن)/یا ک ر ک می ظ ع ت /در نش ک ر ک نحرک)3 د ر ک )لک ر و ط ب ( 4(نت ش ا د شا ع ت ر ا /نت ش ا د شز ر ل /ند ی ز ر ل /تشا د ه ش ع ر

نه30 ی ز گ »4«سا ته ف ر تق ر س هب گا ر پ ی مل لري ا گ زا دن م ش ز ر ا یش ا ق ن ک . ی

ا)1 د ا ف و /ا م ی ا اب

خر)2 ین/پر ز ه رپ

مت)3 ی ق نا ر گ )سا شو ر ف و دی ر خ لب ا ق و در ا د تم ی ق هک يز ی چ در و م رد(

ن)4 م شز ر ا /شز ر ا اب)مشا دو ب وي یا هر ن ع م دي ا م دن ا و ت (

نه31 ی ز گ »3«لغش نکه او ی ا زا نم )دا ه ن شی پ (م رک ف م ـد ده ش ت ز رد به رد ک نرا که ای دم ر ک )غش(دی یش ا ا ر ب سا لآ.

ر)1 ا ر م ت س ا لا ام) 2ح نده ک ی آ رد ته ش ذ گ 3(ر ا ر م ت س ا لم ا ک هت ش ذ گ 4(ما ل ک حا

نه ی ز گ ي ن)4(و))1ها ت سه ط غل ع ط ق و م ت ح ند و ب لا یل ح ل د هب. نه ی ز گ )2(دن ی آ هر ا ب ر د هکن ی ا لی ل د هبم تب ح ص هت ش ذ گ رد ي ندا ار(ک ن د ل از آ اق و نه قب ف ت ا زا س ه به پ ر ا ش ا (سا ط .غل

روز» »2گزینه32 ش دست کم پنج سال پی یکصد طقف)ارب(زا رذگ)ونایقا(م لوط لس ط ا یش وزهک رما هکنآ لاح چند ساعتی اس)ای( له أسم.

ه)1 و ال ع ب /یا زا ش ام/بی د ا رد/ی ن چ م ه

رو)3 ن است/ از ای ر نی دلی/در ا ن به ای

یکه)2 ل ا ح رد/کنآ ال ح

گر چ)4 ود/ا ج و ن رغ/با ای ی عل


الت ا ؤ س رد رت23 ا ب ع ای هژ ا و ر ا ه چ له م ج ره ن یر آ رد که ز ا د ر ا م ش اب و هد ه ش د ی شک طخ اهي شد)4(و))1()2()3ها خص ش م دنا.ار تر ا ب ع ای هژ ا و ک یی م له م ج ير و ت س د ند ست ش ر د يا ر ب هک ید ن ک یی ا س ا ن ش ا ه ن آ نا ی م زانک ری ی غ ت تسی ا ب .م ا ن خ سا پ رد سخ را ا پ س نیسپ زب تم ال ع ن .تا

نه33 ی ز گ »4«ب دی ا ب problemsی ری ی غ ت دب

ت اس ئل حل شده ا س م زا یک د ن ا و هدش هد ا د ا ه ر ا ر ق و لو ري ق ا ی س ب ید د ر گ يز ی ر هم ا ن ر ب ین ا م ز ا س ری ی غ ت هک یع ق و م نا م ه زا.

نه34 ی ز گ »4«دا ار س ی ع م اب ار ری دم وت ا ف ت م نا م ز ود در ید ل و ت عب ا ت هسی ا ق م اشد ب یس ر ر ب لب ا ق یت ح ا ر هب دی ل و ت عب ا ت رگ لو ا و ن ک ت رـ ی ی غ ت ری ث ا ـ ت زا ي درا ک یـصل ا ف نا م ز لو ند(ط ن ک ادج(رک ده ا و خ تی ا م ح ) .اد دها و خ را ر ق ری دم ر ا ی ت خ ا رد ار را ی ع م (

دن)1 ی ن ت هم تن/در ف ا ب مه ر د ) /گی د ک ی هب(دا ند د و ی پ

ید)2 ف س هحف ص )ت شو ن ای با ت ک ياه ت ن ا و ا د ت ب ا رد(دا ار د ر ق

دن)3 ر ک ير ا ذ گ هیال/ر ط سو د نا ی م )رگی د رطس(ک جردند/در سی ک ی و ن هج ر

دن)4 ر ک دا ج ی ا هل ص ا ف /ند ر ک رپ ار زیچ ود له ص ا ف /ند ر ک عطق)بح )ص

الص» »4گزین ه35 ـ خـ هیامر ـ سـ ه ـ نـیزه )دو ـ جـوم(هلی ـ سـوب زا ـ یـن درو ـ مـ یلداــعت تشــگزاب خر ـ نـ ا ـ بـ تــسا ر ـ بـاربیموــمع لاو ـ مـا رد ناراذ ـ گـ هیامر ـ سـ

سها( ورس ب (تکر ش)اگنب ای(

می)1 گ ر د رس/خاال 2(گ عه/جن ف ا ر م /وع ا) 3د د م چ /ماجن وش/دا دل) 4ت ا ع ت /ن ز ا و م

نه36 ی ز گ »3«ب دی ا ب typesبای ری ی غ ت :بات ور(عا آ و ن ه(نا عون ود بر م و م ع :رو آ و ن ر و آ و ن و لو ص ح م ياهن ی ا ر ف ياه




نه37 ی ز گ »1«هب دی ا ب manufacturer دب ا ی ری ی غ ت :کلا ال ر ن جز ا ت شی پ هدن ن ک دی ل و ت ک ی(ری شا م اه(دو د ـ ح تف ر گ می م ص ت یی و شف ر ظ 40رال ـون د ی ل ی م یه ا م ر س شدی ل و ت دن ی ا ر ف و لو ص ح م رد سی ا س ا تا ر ی ی غ ت دا ج ی ا ر و ظ ن م هبنک ير ا ذ گ .

اس 38 یح ح ص هن ی ز گ را ه چ ره.ور از یه ل و ا دا و م کی ژ و ل و ن ک ت ری ی غ ت ت و دو ج و م تالو ص ح م دی ل و ت دی د ج ياهکـ ی ن هـو ـ ا)د(ي ن ز ا ب ان م ز ا ـ س و یب ا ـ ی ی یت م ع ب ت تی ر ی د م ی ا م ن .

نه39 ی ز گ »1« ي جا نی neverبه ع ی ن بت آ ث م زا دی ا ب ever سا یف ن م هل م ج لعف هک چرا ه شود د ا ف ت س ا .

نه40 ی ز گ »4« ياج ید ازany thingبه ا ب every thingوش ه د ا ف ت س ا .

نه41 ی ز گ »2« ي جا ید اveryبه ا ب soوش ه د ا ف ت س ا .

نه42 ی ز گ »4« ياج نیwronglyبه ع ی نآ ت صف ید از ا ب تسا ید که ق wrongوش ه د ا ف ت س ا .

نه43 ی ز گ »2« Hasn't toزا دی ا ب نآ ي جا ت و به رست اس د ا ن الک doesn't have toوش ه د ا ف ت س ا .

نه44 ی ز گ »1« ياج ید despite ofبه ا ب despiteای یی ب ا ه ن ت هب .

نه45 ی ز گ »4«areهب دی ا ب isوش یل د ب ت .

نه46 ی ز گ »1« assignهب دی ا ب to assignای assigningنک ری ی غ ت .

نه47 ی ز گ »4« achieveهب دی ا ب achievingمل ا ک ریز دن یر ک ی غ ت ن بل آ ق ا م ي)to(سا هف ا ض ا فرح.

نه48 ی ز گ »4« lower هب دی ا ب loweringری ی غ ت بای.


یی ا م ن ه ا ر :تال ا ؤ س رد ی29 ک 33ال نده ی ر ی گ ر ب رد رد و م ره مل اس ا ک ا ن هل.د ا د ع ا اب هک نه ی ز گ ر ا ه چ هل م ج ریز خص)4(و))1( )2( )3در ش ـ م د شـ دـن ا ارد د دوجو.یبایب تسا هلمج نآ رد هدنن ک لما ک نیرتهب هک ار هنیزگ کی دیاب امش.ر دوخ وي پاسگزینه مت بزنی ر الع همان.

نه49 ی ز گ »1«وا مد و ب هن ا خب ا ت ک رد من تی ق و )شا ار می کر)د تر ک ف د رد.

هفقط می د ا س یض ا م لعف اب یل ا خ ياج یست ا ب )simmple past tense(هن ی ز گ هک ست اس1پر شود ر د هن ی ز گ ا ه ن ت .

نه50 ی ز گ »3«ر دن ر ا د هچن آ زا تق و چ ی ه دا ر ف ا یخ ر ب ن ت سی ن یض.

اضافه فرحwithتاف ص يارب content)ضار(satisfied)ضار(delighted)احشوخ( pleased)ونشخ(disappointed)یماان(میآ.

نه51 ی ز گ »4«)وه(ب ا ت ف آ کن ی ع نم نیا ر ب ا ن ب ود شن ب و ر یل ی خ ت ش ا ذ گ ار ما.

ی)1 ر ا ت 2(ید 3(وز 4(شو ر

52هـن ی ز »1 « م زد مع اب را ج س ح تر و ص یت ق و )ل ص ا ح (وب ر ت شی ب مت ش ا د ها ر م ه هک لی و پ زا .

1(add up:دز رد: 2(check upجمع سی ک ر ر ب لم ا ک ر و ط ب

3(count up:ند ر م ش )اب هب( 4(calculate up:ر ا د ن دو ج و یل ع ف نی ن چ .

نه53 ی ز گ »3«وه در ق ود از شکر ر ب و ب ج م وا اشا یم د ژ ر هک چرا ند ظر ک صرف ن .

دن)1 ر ب را زد/به ک ار ود/به ک خو ب رد به د

دن)2 ر ک حر ط م /در ا ک پ ر ب ) /را اشت)به ک د ا و /در ته ک و ت ی ب

رد)3 سر ب زي به ی چ نو د ب /در ظر ک صرف ن

یدن)4 ب و ک مه رد/در وب ک ک ر س /ند ر ک هف ام(خ ر آ ان(

نه54 ی ز گ »3« رم يمن از ن فتا ان ه ح ت م ا رد تکه ف ر گ ش تي پی سی ن یض ا ر یل ی خ ما.

فه ا ض ا فرحي pleasedفرح withم شا .ب

نه55 ی ز گ »3« مگر نی ب ا و ت دش کب ت ر م یه ا ب ت ش ا نم ای نی آ ی ب ب ات ی ک کن امام را چاي ر ب mistakeلعف makeم یآ.




نه56 ی ز گ »2« رس دن ر ک ما م ت زا ر ت م ه م حی ح ص ند ا د خس ا پ سا یای.ع ب ر د ص م زی مه ن ا د ا رد ید ا ب ت ه اس د م آ ر د ص م ا د ت ب ا رد که ا جن آ زا.

نه57 ی ز گ »4« من ت اس ه د ش ن دا ت س ا ربج ي هن ی م ز رد و جش ن ا د هک ین ا م ز اتنک كرد یک را ز ی ف و تا ث ل ث م دسه ن ه لو ص ا دن ا و ت .

مه ل ک اب هل م ج هک ا جن آ زافن ملnotي م ري ج ا ت خ ا س لکش است ده وع ش ر ش ام يم یل ا و س تر و ص هب نآ عد ري مب ب خ يا ن ع م ام ید ا .دهآ

نه58 ی ز گ »1« م رگی د فرط چه ن ت و گو آ گف ین ف ر ط زا یکی رگ ده اسا ا ت ف ی ن قا ف ت ا یع ق ا و طا ب ت ر ا د و ش ن هجو ت م ار دی و گ .

ود ه ش د ا ف ت س ا تب ث م ير ب خ لکش ید از ا ب .

نه59 ی ز گ »4« دا رم به م ه ا و خ هکن آ ل حا تم س ه رد ل پ اسمن مث ته ف ر م.Take after دش یه ب ش یس نی به ک ع ی

ول مت ا س ق :ناگ ژ ا و و ناب ز ر و ت سد

ید ن ک با خ ت ن ا لا ؤ س ره يا ر ب ار خس ا پ نیر ت ه ب .

نه60 ی ز گ »3 «سا موس عو طی ن ر ش .دو گر ز کاف(ا زه ا د ن ا هب(م ا جن آ هب ت سر وق دم و ب هدش جر ا خ د ی س ر .

نه61 ی ز گ »2 «ن ا یا ر دو ر و ابب اسها تر شده ن ا سآ ا ه ر ا ک زا ير ا ی .

رت)1 و ر ض اج ی ت ح ا 2(ور و ر و ه ظ 3(ا گ شی ا م ن یش ا م ن 4(ی ض و ت یین ز ت تگی س ا ر آ

نه62 ی ز گ »4 «م لی و ح ت نهآ هار ات م ا ق م هب هت ف ه ره ده گم ش قالم ا زا ير ا ی س ب وش.

)غل(اس)( 2غل(فعل)1

نده)3 ن ک مگ نی ع م هب ت ل(صف ع ا ف ) (لغ( 4(هدش مگ نی ع م هب ت ل(صف و ع ف م ) (سر )د

نه63 ی ز گ »3 «ناد یت ر ث ک ا ی ن ا د ر د ق سا س ح ا مل ع م ک کم ان از ز و م آ )اپس(من د ر ک .

اد)1 می/ص ی م ص 2(ق ط ن م /سر ا) 3د د ر د ق /ا ز گسا پ س 4 (ن م د و س /یف تف/م ن م

نه64 ی ز گ »3« ر ن خ س يا ر ب رف نصد ن ا پ هک ت ن اس ار بر ای ظت ن ا ن شا ب هت شا د ر و ض ح ز و ر م ا ی .ن

نه65 ی ز گ »1«

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اي ر ب

دك و ک

در جعبپ

ک ی

ننها ک

زي ا ب

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خل ا د

تا

اخت س

رگ ز ب

ی شن

ي.

نه66 ی ز گ »2« س یل نی ا م يز ا ر د هب رت م و ل ی ک .

نه67 ی ز گ »2« ور رین ت ه ب تا ع ی ا م ند ی ش و ن و ند ر ک تحا ر ت س ا یدن ب ا و خا یگ د ر و خ ا م ر س زا ير ی گ و ل ج يا ر ب اه.

وم مت د س ق :وم ز آ )ست(Cloze

مل می ا ک ار یل ا خ يا ج ر ه شکل رین ت ه ب هب هک دی ی ا م ن با خ ت ن ا ار یخ س ا پ نک.

ال ددر س ی ش ک ج عه رن م ا ج رد ري گ ی د هو ر گ ره ش از ا بی ه ی ر ا گ ی س یر خا ي شد(انها ر ر ض ت م نا.(ای ل ا م لی ل د هب را گ ی س تم ی ق ا ه ر و شک ير ا ی س ب ردنس ي ینها

است ته ف ر ال تی با ل و د .دو ب می و م ع نک ا م ا رد دن ی ش ک را گ ی س تی ع و ن م م ده ا ش امیا.من ش تال لت و د ارچ ی رر مول یی را که به ما ض ا ه ز ی چ ری ا س دن ندک ن ا سر

؟ د ن ک عو ن م م ار برچ اي ه ا ذ غ و لک ل ا ل مثنه68 ی ز گ »4 «

تی ک(دیگ)1 ر و ص ردgroupsم تس ر د دو یگ)(. 2بو ب یگر/یکی د د )سا حی ح ص نی ع م هسی ا ق م تل ا ح رد )فقط

یگر) 3 د )سا حی ح ص هو ر گ ود ان ی م هسی ا ق م رد اس) ( 4فقط ست ر د .

نه69 ی ز گ »1 «ای ل ا م ی گ ن س ي ها

ین)1 گ ن س 2 (می ان ق ر گ 3 (ی ا ن ب ریز/سا س ا 4 (ن م شز ر ا

نه70 ی ز گ »3 «دش وع ن م م

دن )1 و ب ده ع ت م ن د ر پ س رس دن تکب ش ر م 2 (در ول ک دن ر ک ك تر تن خ ا س اه ر

شد)3 هم ت م دن ر ک مه ت م 4( ندش وع ن م م دن ر ک تع ن ا م م

نه71 ی ز گ »2 «ند مه ز د ص todos.b.harmالط ص ا نع ت به م ند« اس ا سر ررض یس »به ک




نه72 ی ز گ »3 «سا هم ت از اس ده یل ش ک ش ت کد ر ا ب ک نشگر ی ا و خه د ن ه د صی خ ش ت مه تو(کنر و ک ت ی د (نوی ـ سا م و ت ا يا ر ـ ب زا ـ ی ن در و م یل ص ا ر صا ن ع هکن آ لا حلیت ا ع ف م می ظ ن ت زا د ن ا هار از و ال س ع ف یل گر ل ح ت ر و سن س تر و ص هب الو م ع م نی شا م ک ي ی ردها .گ

از)1 د ن ا هار ن ـی شا م 2 (زخ م ر ـگپ ا چ 3 (دن ه د صی خ ش ت د ـک ر ا ب 4 (و سن س د ـی ر ب ت نز خ م

نه73 ی ز گ »3 « يژ ر ن ا هد ا م /یم هد ا د طی ح م هب مت س ی س زا هک تی ا ع ال ط ا ایم هدن ا و خ یج و ر خ دو قی مش ا ب مت سی س يا ه ز ر م زا نو ر ی ب هچن آ ره و دوش دن ا م

ی ته م ف گ طی ح م وش. یج)1 ا ت ن ی ـجو ر خ 2(ن و ری ب ج ـی ا ت ن ه 3 (یح م ی ـج و ر خ 4 (ت سی س ریز ي ـد و ر و

حین فرآیند کلپ » 3و »1گزینه74 باید در ییا)ماج(هن امصخ طیحم کی رد و یحا رط)خسناریگ(وش ظاحل مت سی س یل صا ياهرتما راپ زا یک .بعنوان ی

تر)1 م ا ر ا پ ی ـیا ی ا پ 2(قی ق ح ی ـگ د ی چ ی پ 3(ا م و ز ل م ی ـج ن س نا ک م ا 4(تم ا ر ا پ ي ـر ب ر ا ک

ول مت ا س ق :اگ ژ ا و و ناب ز ر و ت سد

اسخ را پ نی ر ت ه ب ی ی ا م ن با خت ن ا لا و س ره يا ر ب .

نه75 ی ز گ »2« کعم ته ف ر گ پو ک س ل ت اب هک یی ا ه ک ع ر ب ند و ش)ت ورس(من د ر گ .

ـت س ا ه د و ب لم ا ک تر و ص ب هل م ج :Picturesthat / whicharetaken by.....یـ ن ع ی لو ـ ص و م هـ ل م ج ند ر ـ ک ها ـ ت و ک ما ـ گ ن ه ه ـ thatک / whichهو الـ ع ب

ن ج(tobeفعل حذف م)areدر ای له م ج زا مه .شونبا

است) 1 وم ل ع م لعف)ر د ص م (م ط غل له م ج ن در ای اشو اس). 2ب ست ر د .

3(areسا ط غل که ت نده اس ا م یق ا ب . 4(ذح رت و ص ردthemم ب تس ر د دن ا و ت ش.

نه76 ی ز گ »1 «در گ ب را بال ک ن د هب تف ر گ می م ص ت ود وم ب ر ح م ند ن ا م لق ت س م ر و ظ ن م هب یل ا م عب ا ن م زا هکی ل ا ح رد .او

ا م ا ک زا دع مه ب ل ک نیل و ا عق ا و رد و ت اس فی ص و هج رت و و ص ب هل م ج )ج ن اش)heدر ای یز می ب ست ن خ ن هل م ج لع ا ف .ن هم ل ج هکن آ نمضم د ـ ق م عق ا و رد ست ی مـ مه ج ر ت الا شکل ب سی به ر ا ف ناب ز رد رو ین م ه زا و مو مه د ل ج يا ر ب ت داس د ر ـ گ .هـ ل م ج ز ا ـ غ آ ردمو ـ س تم س ـ ق تر و ص ـ ب ا ـ ـل ی ع ف هشـ ی م ه یف ـ ص و يا ـ ه

(pastparticiple)ر ا ر م ت س ا ای (presentparticiple)م م ير ا د د و خ م ت ح لع ا ف ند ر و آ زا و ید ردآ .گ

نه77 ی ز گ »4 «م ا ط ع ا کچ و ک يا ه ر ا ک و ب س ان ک ب ح ا ص هب ير ا ی س ب تا ز ا ی ت م ا اهن آ دن هر چ ند ی ا م ن )ک(سا زا له س أ سم .

اس)1 ط .غل

تی)2 ر و ص ردکit’sی itisم م تس ر د خس ا پ ود .شب

3(however م ا م ا ک ود ان ی م ع ط ق و دی اس مآ ی ق مه قل را با ت س م هل م ج ونک.

ست اس)4 ر د .

نه78 ی ز گ »2« ؟ د ر ک فش ید را ک د ج يای ن د هک دو نی ب ا س ن ا نیل و ا بم ل ک فت سی ر ک ای آ

نه79 ی ز گ »4« را ت س نت ف ا ی سا لو ا د ت م ر ا ی س ب تفج رت و ص هب اه.

نه80 ی ز گ »2« مد ر م زا ير ا ی س ب طسو ت ت طح اس س م نی م ز هک مر ن ا ر شده بوای و ا ب مه د ز ن ا پ نر.

وم مت د س ق :یم و ه ف م ت س ))Clozeت

یی ا م ن ه ا ر :هن ی ز گ م ا د ک هک دی ر ی گب می م صت و دی ن ا و خب ار ریز ی)4(یا))1( )2( )3متن مـ ر ـ لی را پ ا خ ياج شکل رین ت ه ب هبد ـ ن ک .خـ س ا پ سپ ـ س ي رو ان را ـ ت خ س ا پ ی ن زب تم ال ع هم ا ن .

ته ف ا ی ر د نا ر گ شه و ژ پ شو یسی ن ل گ ن ا هک دن نها وگ هب ير ا ت ی عمل م ري ا ت ف گ یسی ل گ ن ا اب تو ا ف ت م ي رت.کنا ا ب ع »م هچ هی بگهر ا و خ «حت ور یبه ط ن ع ی یظف ل ل ا چه می« هر ش تا ت با یاح ی و گ ب یه ا و خ «یم نا ش ن ده ا و ش قع ا و مل ا ع رد ی ه مول د ا ف ت س ا یس وسط ک ت هک هد فد ر ـ ط تـ ف ل ا خ م زا ر ـ ب ا زا عن ا م ده ا و خ ب هک دوش

بل ا ق م وش.تر ا ب ع »سهک ت اس ن ل ای ا»...ا گی ا پ رد هم ر س ت ش ادپ ي د یها اهر م ظ ي سش.شوا ر پ هب یطب ر چیه رم ن ا ـی از) و جپر(ای ک ی ا ـ م ا رد ا د ن ل و ا د ت م یه هک ت یسی اس ل گ ن ا تا ر ا ب ع نی ر ت غل رد اه زباگ مه ا ن ه ی ول ت اس ده و ب ن نا ز و م آ س ون ه ن ک ا .

ري ا ت ف گ ناب ز گ نه جن ایا ر)Spoken Corpus(م ن اشا س ن ا ده ه مد د ا ف ت س ا ناب ز زا ري ا ذ گ ر ی ث أ ت ر و ظ ن م هب لو ا د ت م تا ر ا ب ع ری ی غ ت اب هک تی ق و اها ـ ت ند ن ک

ی گو م ز ن ط و قالخ زه ا د ن ا هچنوش.نی ن چ م ه )ن ا یا ر ن شن م)ای و ر د ز ا س )ک(فق رت و د ق د ی د ر ت ات س ا س ح ا لاق ت ن ا و نا م ز ند ر و آ ت دس اي به ر ب یی ا ه ا د ص و اه

ه ی ا ن ک وه د ا ف ت س ا ینکدح چه .اس)زیا( تا

نه81 ی ز گ »2«

دن)1 ر ک عا ن ت م ا 2(ند ر ک تع ن ا م م 3(ند ر ک جا ر خ ا دن ر ک در 4(ند ا د ر ا ز آ




نه82 ی ز گ »2«يا ر ب ه د ا ف ت س ا در و م هف ا ض ا فرح preventرح فه ا ض ا fromلعف ه و ال ع ب ingسا ار .د

نه83 ی ز گ »1«

جو)1 س و پر سش ر پ 2( ا و ت حم ن فه) 3مت ی ظ و رد ک ل م ع 4(نی م خ ت رد و آ ر ب

84نه ی ز گ

»3«

دن)1 ر ک تل ال د )ی ق ت سم ر ی غ ( 2(ند ر ک ز ک ر م ت 3(ند ی چ ی پ دن ا د ری ی غ ت 4(ند ر و آ ت دس به

نه85 ی ز گ »1«لعف هب فطع playنو د ب ه د ا س ر د ص م زا و ت شو toاس ه د ا ف ت س ا دی ا ب .

نه86 ی ز گ »3« هل م ج ین ع م :یهگ یر بای از آ خا ياهش نم کی ر ح ت ثع ا ب ند ن ل ش .وح

ر)1 و ص ت 2(زا ی ت م ا ق ـرف 3(شز و س ن ـا ج ی ه ک ـی ر ح ت 4(فر ص م

نه87 ی ز گ »1 «غل ین ع م :رک لکش بد د ـر .کج ک

نه88 ی ز گ »3 «لعف لاب ن د ب tellاب ر د ص م س سپ ول و ع ف م toم یآ.

نه89 ی ز گ »4« هل م ج ین ع م :نوگ دي از ا د ع ت ت ف ر گ را ر ق رطخ ضر ع م رد .انها

د)1 و د ح م 2(يون ا ث ي ـد ع ب

وجه)3 ت لب ا ق 4(هت ش ا ذ گ رط رض خ ع م رد ه ـت خا د ن ا ر ط خر د

ینه90 زگ »2« حو غاب زا جرا خ رد هک دوتس موهوم روط یشه نابود خواهند شبه مه يارب تاناویح نیا ندن ل شحو غاب ریظن يا .ه

رد)1 یت ک ا ع ر ن ـد ر ک رب 2(ند و ت س دا ی ز 3(ند ر و آ تس د ب ن ـد ر ک نی م أ ت 4(ند ا د تی ا ض ر

نه91 ی ز گ »1«در ام ک م ت دد ر گ ر ب تی م س ا ر و سف و ر پ یت ق و ار هل ا ق م وتي ند(ا ی آ رد(سا لم ا ک هدن ی آ ه د ا ف ت س ا در و م حی ح ص نا م ز .

نه92 ی ز گ »2« دی ا ب وت یج ر ا خ ر و ش ک ک در ی گی د ن ن ا ر يا ر ب یب یگ د ن ن ا ر هم ا ن ی ه ا و گ کشا ته ب شا د رب ت ع م یل ل م ل ا .

ر و ظ ن م هب/سا ست ر د ند ر ک یگدن ن ا ر فده .به

نه93 ی ز گ »1«رم ده ا و خ ن ه ا گ چ ی ه وا لثم يد ر م .

نه94 ی ز گ »2«could have + ppم هک ت اس لی م ع رگن ا ی ب سا ه د ش ن ما جن ا ی ود ول ام ش جن ا هت ش ذ گ رد نست ا و ت .

نه95 ی ز گ »1 «م یل ع ا ف ت صف از به ی ن هل م ج مو ف م هب هجو ت ابم ی ر ا د وگل ا قب اشد و ط ب ر با : د ص م to+ت تق+صف ش م tobe+ا د ت ب م

نه96 ی ز گ »1 «لعف لاب ن د هبletنو د ب ر د ص م س سپ ول و ع ف م toم یآ.

جمل» »3گزینه97 کی از قFloydتندباد:معنی بیانگر این است که زمان جمله گذشته ساده اس ی شد نتیک ثبت الت آ رد نونک ات هک ییاهنافوط نیرت دنمت ر.

نه98 ی ز گ »2« set one's sight on somethingسا دن ر ک مزج ار دو زم خ نی ع ع م هب .

نه99 ی ز گ »1« هل م ج ین ع م :نا ر ا ب ب سب ان ف و ط رس ید با د ش يا ه د ا ب و نی گ ن س ر ا ی س ب ياهت در جس200ع ا جن آ نا ن ک ا س هک تی ق و دش عت ا س رد تر م و ل ی ک و

ند د و ب ها گ ه ا ن پ يوج.

نه100 ی ز گ »1«لم نی ج ع م :م یسا ن ش ا و ه نا س ا ن ش ر ا ک هک ند ی و گ Floydرو ود آ ج و ب ی بی کل ا ر خ ک ت ی اس ر د ا ق .

نه101 ی ز گ »2« لعف لاب ن د هبorder اب ر د ص م س سپ ول و ع ف م toم یآ.

نه102 ی ز گ »1«ح ال ط ص ا impressed withسا هت ف ر گ را ر ق ری ث أ ت ت تح نی ع م هب .

مجذو)1 ه ـتفرگ رارق ریثأت تحت 2(بجع ت م ه ـدز تفگش

ار) 4مندعالق)3 ذگساپ س ن ـادردق




نه103 ی ز گ »4«لم نی ج ع م :یبب نا م ر ا ز ا ب رد ام را ه س دش یم ر ر ا د عق و ت ام له ا سک ی هر و د ک عد از ی .یب

دوره)1 ن ـامز خ ـیرات 2(لیل د ع ـقوم ت ـقو 3(عضو م ن ـد ضع ب زما) 4و ن ـارو د ت ـد م ه ـرود

نه104 ی ز گ »3«لم نی ج ع م :م ام که ش یم ت سه نئ م ط م امی ر و آ تس د ب ا رن آ ات دی ن ک ک کم ما ید به ن ا و ت .

اشتن)1 دنپ ن ـدرک ضرف 2(دمآرب هدهع زا ن ـدش قفوم

وردا)3 آ تسد هب ن ـدش قفوم ن ـدا د ماج 4(ندر ک ا رجا ن ـدا د ماجنا

نه105 ی ز گ »1 «لم نی ج ع م :زوح رد وش ر ف غل ب م سا س ا رب ام ین ش ن چ م ه رک دی ه ا و خ تف ا ی ر د فر ا ع ت م دوس نا ت ی .

مبلغ)1 د ـد ع م ـقر 2(رامآ 3(دوس ش ـرا ز گ ب ـا سح 4(دا دعت م ـقر د ـد ع

ن106 ی ز گ »2« ح ال ص ا لاب ن د هبlook forward to م ر د ص م مس .آی ا

نه107 ی ز گ »1« لم سواردر ج لی نی و ع ف م ر ی م ض هب زا ی ن یل و ع ف م تل ا ح رد فی ی ص و ت ي .ها

نه108 ی ز گ »2« ی ر ا د وگل ا قبط: + ...نو د ب ر د ص م to+لع ا ف +that+suggest+اف

نه109 ی ز گ »1« ی ر ا د وگل ا قبط: اب ر د ص م to+ت +is/was+Itصف

وم ش د خ زبا:ب ر و ت سد

فت ا ب زا یگ ر ز ب ش و بخ ت اس ات ی ح دا ی ن ب ب ا که آ جن آ زام لی ک ش ت ار هدن ز تا د و ج و م یم ا م ت ياه ین ا ب ا ی ب تان ا و ی ح ین ا ر ح ب هل ا سم هد هد ـ است ک ایی ی ن د رد قا

ت اس ر د ا ن ير ا ج ب بع آ ا ن م .ین ا م ز لص ا و ف رد الي آب ا ب ری د ا ق م بذج نی بر ب م نا س ن ا ری ذپ ا ن ير ی س زا ی ن هک ا جن آ زا وی مـ رت د ـ ن هب وا رد ا د دو ج و بوا ن ت م دـ ن ا و ت

ه ر طق ی حت ون د ب ار دو مر خ می ع ا م ت ناب ا ی ب تا ق و ل خ م زا ير ا ی س ب هک ند سر مدرك ک ي آب به .برنا

نه گ110 ور »»2ی است و فعل به ص فی ص و هج .آی مingو

نه111 ی ز گ »4« ین ع م هب لو ص و م »ک ین ا ک م «/»ک یی ا ج «

نه112 ی ز گ »1« عف هب هل م ج isیلس لم ا ک ر د ص م زین ن عد از آ رد و ب ا د زا ی ن هن ی ز گ هچ گر ا ت اس س))4تر ط نی غل .نیز

نه113 ی ز گ »3« لعف زا دع ار ب ر ک ت دو ی ق م یل ص ا لعف زا ل کی و قب م ک نیآ.

نه114 ی ز گ »4« سا ضح ا و ییا ن ع م رظ .از ن

وم ش د خ زبا:ب ر و ت سد

ام یک از گزینه دک دینک نییعت و دیناوخب ار ریز نتماه)1( )2( )3(ای )4(م رپ ار یلاخ ياج ره لکش نیرتهب هبنک.مان خساپ يو مت بزنیسپس ر الع نات.

عی و ن س یهر ک ره م ک ا ذ م زی سر م رت را با خود به د ق زا رو ـیم.آ ل خ ا د عب ا ـ ن م زا هـک ن آ لا ـ ح دی د ر گ ير ا ذ گ ر ث ا و تر د ق ین و ر ی ب عب ا ن م ر و ح س م یگ د ا س هب نا و ت

ایی پ ر س و عی ر س ند ر ک رک اي ف ر ب یف ا ک دا م ت ع ا و يد ر ف شن ا د س اد به نف م ت ع ا ل ود مث رت خ د ق )ی م صت رد عمل عت ر س ریگ(رصوم ظر ن ک.ن یـ رد رت د ق

ی ره م ک ا ذ م شا ا ب ی و پ ر ا ی س ب دن ا و ت .نک لمع ما ما به نفع ش نی ش و ر د تر د ق هر ی خذ ات دی ش ا ب رو ب ص.

نه115 ی ز گ »3 «فرح س از فعل و ول پ ه ج م را ت خا س رد عل ا ف ه ف ا ض ا byم یآ.

نه116 ی ز گ »1 «فرح س از فه وپ ا ض ا /ایwhileتر و ص هب لعف ingم یآ.

نه117 ی ز گ »2 «ا فرحهف س ازا هsuchپ ش ی م ه asم شا .ب

نه118 ی ز گ »3 «ی ر ا د زا ی ن لم ا ک ر د ص م هب ر ا ت خ ا س ن .در ای

نه119 ی ز گ »4 «یز تر و ص هب ت وع اول اس طی ن ر ش هل م ج زا رگی د یل ک ش :

ill kt f i t lIf ti t

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