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technique) (Hall, 2011: 77).

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91

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curriculum ,

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20

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1940 (, 1993: 45).

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92

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(Prator & Celce-Murcia, 1979:3).

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19 20

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94

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,

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(Stern, 1983: 459-460).

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95

1993: 49 Stern, 1983: 459), Decoo

(2001) ,

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3.2.3.

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ALM). (Army Method)

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96

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97

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(Harmer, 2004: 79-80 Richards & Rodgers, 2001: 50-67).

, .

- ,

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(Situational Language Teaching)

.

(context) (Howatt, 1984: 270),

(, 1993:53).

98

(reading, writing,

listening, speaking), .

. ,

(Richards & Rogers, 2001). ,

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) )

(presentation), ) (practice) )

(production).

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(Richards &

Rogers, 2001).

/ (CALL - Computer Assisted

Language Learning)

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3.2.5.

60

. -

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1959). , (habit formation),

(second language acquisition

SLA),

(Gass & Selinker, 2008: 7).

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99

(Brown, 1973).

(1)

(2),

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.

(Natural Approach)

(Krashen & Terrell, 1983 Terrell, 1977).

Stephen Krashen Tracy Terrell

,

-

-

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(Richards & Rogers, 2001: 11-12).

1 2,

81 (Curran, 1976

Gattegno, 1972, 1976 Stevick, 1976, 1980)

,

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Krashen Terrell

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81

Dewey, Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner.

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100

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( Krashen

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101

-

-

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,

,

,

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3.2.6. (..)

Krashen

(meaningful tasks). (Communicative

Approach Communicative Language Teaching - CLT)

70 80

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, ,

,

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(Richards

& Rogers, 2001: 153-155). ,

,

.

(Mitchell, 1994: 33-35)

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(active learning) (passive

learning),

. , Richards &

102

Rodgers (2001: 172) ..

.

,

(Richards & Rogers, 2001:

153-155). Wilkins

(notions) (functions)

,

Jrgen Habermas (Savignon, 2000).

(item),

(Savignon, 2000)82.

3.2.6..

.

Chomsky

(Lyons, 1977). Chomsky

. , , Widdowson,

(Richards & Rogers, 2001: 153-155).

82

Candlin Lancaster

Holec Nancy (Savignon, 2000).

103

Dell Hymes (1971)

(communicative competence)

(linguistic competence) Chomsky,

. O Chomsky

-

,

, ,

,

(Chomsky, 1965: 3). Chomsky,

, ,

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(performance). , (competence)

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(Chomsky, 1965). , o

.

, (Evans & Green,

2006).

Hymes

(Canale & Swain, 1980 Hymes, 1974) -

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, Hymes (1972: 277),

,

, , , , ,

. , Chomsky

(competence),

104

-

- ,

, .

(appropriateness)

, Hymes

(occurrence), ,

(feasibility)

(Duranti, 1988 Hymes, 1972

Saville-Troike, 1989). ,

- (speaking) (Canale & Swain, 1980

Celce-Murcia et al., 1995 Coulthard, 1985 Hymes, 1972, 1974 Jaworski &

Coupland, 1999 Kramsch, 1993). Hymes

,

(Mitchell, 1994: 33-35)83.

Canale Swain (1980)

: ) (grammatical competence),

,

)

(sociolinguistic competence) )

(strategic competence),

-,

83

Saville-Troike

Hymes : )

(linguistic), - Chomsky -

) (interactional)

)

(cultural) (Saville-Troike, 1989, 1996)

.

Gumperz (context)

(Gumperz, 2001: 218),

,

. ,

.

105

,

. Canale 1983

)

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)

(discourse competence),

2.

, Canale

(1983: 5). Canale

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,

, , , ,

(Canale, 1983: 5).

,

,

(Canale & Swain, 1980).

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(competent)

, .

(Bachman & Palmer, 1982 Kasper & Rose, 2002

OMalley & Chamot, 1990 Swain, 1985 Skehan, 1995 Tarone &Yule, 1989

Verhoeven, 1997).

3.2.6.. (.)

E.. Brown Yule (1983),

)

106

)

(Ellis, 2003).

..

(Celce-Murcia, Drnyei & Thurrell, 1998 Larsen-

Freeman & Long, 1991 Lightbown & Spada, 1999 Littlewood, 1984 Richards &

Rodgers, 2001).

.

-

,

.

(reading,

writing, speaking, listening)

. ,

.

.

,

,

(Harmer, 2004: 84-86 Richards & Rodgers, 2001: 153-

174). Canale Swain (1980: 33)

.

,

.

. Brown (1994b) 6

.. - , ,

, , , -

107

.

, :

-

(unan, 1991 Richards and Rodgers, 2001: 172 Wesche & Skehan,

2002: 208).

(Swain, 1985, 1995),

(Omaggio-Hadley, 2001).

,

(Ellis, 1997).

,

(unan, 1991 Richards & Rodgers, 2001: 172).

(Brown, 2000: 267 Wesche & Skehan, 2002: 208).

(Brown,

2000: 267).

(unan, 1991)

(Brown, 2001: 43).

(unan, 1991).

, ,

(Wesche & Skehan, 2002: 208).

(unan, 1991).

108

(Brown, 2000: 267).

(Richards & Rodgers, 2001: 172).

(Brown, 2000: 267).

(Brown, 2000: 267).

(Richards &

Rodgers, 2001: 172).

(creative construction)


(facilitator and guide) (Brown, 2001: 43).

, Johnson & Johnson

:

1. (appropriateness):

, ,

.

2. (message focus):

.

.

3. (psycholinguistic processing):

.

4. (risk taking):

.

.

109

5. (free practice):

(holistic practice)

-

.

(Richards & Rodgers, 2001:173)

(

1985 , 1985 , 1986 -, 1987

, 1996). 2

1984 ,

( 1983, 1985).

,

,

.

3.2.6..

H - -

(Kumaravadivelu, 2006 Wright, 2005). Clarke Silberstein (1988)

-

80 -

,

110

84.

,

(

) .

, ,

, ,

,

(Burnett, 2011:12). ,

(real-world context), ,

,

,

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(Doyle, 1986).

. Burnaby & Sun [(1989), McKay, 2002:113]

.

.

Li (1998)

. Li

:

84

, , . double bind

(the double bind theory)

( )

- .

.

(Bateson et al., 1965).

111

)

,

(monitoring) (guidance) . ,

,

, . ,

.

)

. ,

.

)

.

.

3.2.7. , , -

per se,

, syllabus

(Richards & Rodgers, 2001) -

(Kumaravadivelu, 1994) (Doughty & Long, 2003),

,

.

, ..

,

.

(universality)

..

112

(the input and output

principle). (universal

grammar) (Cook, 2008: 215) (input)

.

,

(Krashen,

1981a Krashen 1994). Krashen

.

,

(Elley, 1991 Krashen, 2004). , ,

(chunks) . Doughty Long

(2003:16)

. ,

, (,

, online, DVDs .), ,

.

- .

- ,

(maximum

exposure) (Cummins & Swain, 1986)

.

-

113

(Rolin-Ianziti & Brownlie, 2002).

(Lee & vanPatten, 1995a: 38).

-

, .

Brandl (2008: 16) :

-

,

- .

(code switching) -

-

, .

, ,

.

.

-

.

,

.

- .

,

.

-, ,

(Rolin-Ianziti & Brownlie ..).

114

Polio & Duff (1994)

,

, ,

. -

,

- Brandl Bauer (2002).

2

,

.

,

. , Swain (1991)

, ,

.

(output) ,

,

(Skehan, 1998 Swain, 1995).

(student talk time - STT)

(teacher talk

time - TTT) (Paul, 2003: 137 Willis, 1990: 57).

. Allwright (1982: 10)

, Paul (2003: 76)

. , o Nunan (1999: 209)

, Richards

Lockhart (1994: 3)

115

.

-

(Nunan, 1999: 241).

(van Lier, 2001: 103).

(Paul,

2003: 76),

(Thornbury, 1996).

(interaction). Long

(1996) (interaction hypothesis)

,

(negotiate

for meaning). ,

(input) ,

(Long, 1996).

3.2.8.

,

(Morrow, 1977: 26 Nunan &

Miller, 1995 Richards, 2001).

.

(Nutall, 1996: 177-178),

.

116

85.

(Little, Devitt, &

Singleton, 1994)

(Sinclair, 1990).

,

. Taylor (1983)

(context),

.

,

(grammatical use)

(appropriate use) (Papaefthymiou- Lytra, 1987).

Wesche Skehan (2002: 208)

,

.

(Burgess, 1996, i: 19, 20).

85

.

.

per se .

, .

.

.

.

117

3.2.9.

(motivation)

-,

.

.

,

, curricula

. ,

. Gardner Lambert (1972)

,

.

H (motivation)

. : )

)

)

(Drnyei, 2009).

.

. Drnyei (2001: 116)

.

, Good & Brophy (1994:

212)

118

. Thanassoulas (2002)

:

1)

(Drnyei, 2001: 120)

(Alison, 1993).

(Good

& Brophy, 1994: 215),

,

(MacIntyre, 1999 Young, 1999). ,

2)

,

(Chambers, 1999:

37)

3) ,

, (Rogers, 1961: 276,

Benson, 2000 Little, 1991 Wenden, 1991 Good and Brophy, 1994: 228),

,

(Ushioda, 1997: 41 Drnyei, 2001: 130). ,

, .

(Keller, 1983)

,

(Thanassoulas, 2002).

,

.

119

3.2.10.

(reading),

(listening), (writing)

(speaking). -

,

,

.

(integration)

.

Brown (1994: 218)

, ,

.

Brown (1994: 82),

.

(, , , .)

.

,

.

(Brown,1994: 219). :

1) ,

2) ,

3)

,

4)

,

5)

,

,

120

6)

(rown, 1994: 219).

. Wallace (1996: 62),

.

Byrne (1997: 6)

, Burgess (1996, iii: 8)

,

.

3.2.11.

(cooperative collaborative learning)

(Kagan, 1998).

,

(groups or pairs)

-.

.

(Brown, 1994:

173) ,

,

. Long Porter (1985)

.

, (output)

,

121

,

(Brown, 1994: 174).

,

,

,

(, 2002: 251). ,

,

-

-

(, 1994: 61).

(Brown, 1994: 174).

3.2.12.

(hematic Cross-Curricular Thematic Approach)

20

...,

,

Rousseau, Pestalozzi Froebel (, 2004).

(Cone et al., 1998)

(2007: 213)

,

,

122

(, 2002: 24 , 2004: 117).

-

- ,

(-, 2002).

- (1989)

.

.

, - (Caine &

Caine, 1991),

,

, ,

(, 2002).

Jacobs (1989)

,

,

.

, ,

, .

,

, ,

( &

, 1999 Chryshochoos et al., 2002).

(projects)

,

(, 1997).

123

(Chryshochoos et al., 2002: 37

, 2002: 24).

- ,

.

(projects)

,

,

,

. ,

,

(, 2003 , 2002 , & ,

2002).

(

)

.

,

,

, ,

, ,

(Helm & Katz, 2002 , 2002). ,

,

.

,

124

,

.

(, 2003),

(Barton et al., 2000 Lipson et

al., 1993 Pica & Short, 1999 .., 2001 Winker, 1998),

(2001:155) ,

-

-

. ,

(, 2002: 49),

,

, ,

(, 2002: 133).

3.2.13. H

(CLIL)

(Content and Language Integrated

Learning CLIL)

90,

(Immersion teaching)86,

86

(Immersion teaching)

Quebec 60

.

(Lambert &

Tucker, 1972).

.

.

125

,

. ,

87

. Graddol (2006: 118)

,

.

(2008):

1) CLIL

2)

3)

.

(Key Data on Teaching Languages, European Commission, 2008).

H Snow (1987)

(immersion model): 1)

2)

(

). (Krashen, 1984),

3) (Lambert, 1980)

. Lorenz & Met,

1988 Snow, 1988. 87

( ,

), ,

.

126

88

. , 1990

89. ..

CLIL.

2004-2006 (2003)

90

, CLIL

,

, .

.

, 91

:

,

,

,

,

,

88

9

1976, 1976

4 1984. 89

Lingua

. 1

1990. 89/489/CEE, 16.08.1989. 90

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/education_training_youth/lifelong_learning/c11068_el.htm

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EL/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52003DC0449 ( 10/7/14). 91

http://ec.europa.eu/languages/policy/language-policy/bilingual_education_en.htm (

10/7/14).

127

,

,

.

(mmersion pproach) (, 1995, 2005)

(Genesee, 1983, 1987 Lambert & Tucker, 1972 Swain & Lapkin, 1981)

(native speaker)

2

(Genesee, 1983 Swain & Lapkin, 1981).

Lasagabaster Sierra (2009)

CLIL ,

.

2 .

CLIL Marsh (2002: 15)

CLIL

.

CLIL (Coyle, 2008). Lasagabaster Sierra (.) o o

CLIL.

CLIL

(Euridice, 2006),

CLIL.

CLIL:

( , ,

)

(Euridice, 2006: 8)

128

Lasagabaster Sierra (..)

CLIL

, CLIL

.

CLIL

,

(Archibald et al., 2006).

(immersion students)

(Lapkin, Hart & Turnbull, 2003 Turnbull, Lapkin & Hart 2001).

,

(negotiation of meaning) -

,

,

, .

-

(Genessee, 1985).

H CLIL

.

. ,

(Snow et al., 1998).

3.2.14. -

.

129

,

(Ellis, 2008).

,

.

Richards & Rodgers (2001: 244)

,

. ,

80

-

- ..

. Richards & Rodgers

, ,

,

(Richards & Rodgers, 2001:247).

, 20

,

.

-

(post method era). -

,

, (Kumaravadivelu,

2006).

.

,

(Ellis & Larsen-Freeman, 2006 Lantolf & Thorne,

2006), , (2011),

,

130

.

(Richards, 1996), , Clemente

(2001),

,

,

(Hargreaves,

1994).

(Freeman, 1990).

131

4

4.1.

,

.

,

,

(Richards, 2005: 39).

(2007: 255),

. ,

,

, ..

,

, ,

(, 2009: 300).

..

,

,

(, 2011).

,

, , ,

(, 2005: 20-21).

132

(, 1991: 11). ,

. ,

Gewirtz (1997: 217-219), , ,

, ,

, ,

,

.

,

(, 2003).

. ,

,

,

(Hargreaves &

Fullan, 2008).

, ,

,

(Darling-Hammond, 1990 , 2001 , 2001

, 2003). ,

,

133

, ,

, (,

2011).

-

(, 2005:57)

, ,

(, 2011).

(, 2000 Eyrydice, 2005 Hall, Held, & McGrew, 2003

, 2001 Powell, 2000 , 2004 Stoll, Fink, & Earl, 2003

Terhart, 1998 , 2003). ,

(, 2000: 67 , 2005: 88-90)

.

4.2.

.

,

(Parelius & Parelius,

1978). ,

,

(, 2011).

,

134

(, 1984, 1989

& , 1990).

,

. ,

,

(, 2013).

(2002)

, professionals,

status , . ,

(2002) profession occupation92

, o

(occupation) , (profession)

,

93. ,

Hoyle (1980)

,

, Little &

McLaughlin (1993)

, , .

,

(Day, 2000 Elliott & Crosswell, 2001 Firestone, 1996 Fried, 1995 Graham,

1996 Huberman, 1993 Louis, 1998).

,

,

92

. 93 : ) ,

) ,

)

)

,

)

)

.

135

(Mathieu & Zajac, 1990).

.

(, , .),

(, 2011).

,

(Blau & Boal, 1989 Van Scotter, 2000),

(Weick, 1995)

, (Legge, 1995).

4.3.

( 1999 1999).

,

(Clair, 2000).

.

,

, , ,

.

,

,

, ,

, .

(, 2006: 156). ,

,

136

(Sifakis, 2003).

,

,

,

,

(, 2002: 156). Cohen (1988: 55)

(impossible professions)94,

,

(Festermacher, 1986 . . , 2002).

,

,

( )

(, 2002: 156).

, ,

(Bertrand, 1994: 75, . .

, 2002). ,

. :

94

, .

137

95 ( 2002:476

& 1993: 2000 , 2007).

Brophy (2001) 12 :

:

.

(model)

(socializer).

:

(curriculum),

.

(curriculum):

curriculum

.

:

.

: ,

,

(learner friendliness).

95

,

( - , 2005).

,

.

, , , , ,

.

138

:

, .

:

,

.

: ,

,

.

:

(self-regulation

strategies). (meta-cognitive awareness)

(self-regulation)

, .

:

,

.

:

(formal and informal

assessment)

. (comprehensive assessment)

.

:

.

, Brophy & Good (1986)

, Berliner (1987)

(academic learning time). Oxford (2001)

,

139

,

. , Horwitz (1996)

,

,

. Baumert, Blum Neubrand (2001)

(insightful

learning). , ,

.

, ,

( ),

- -

.

,

(Bell, 2005). , Borg (2006)

,

, ,

.

Hammadu Bernhardt, :

.

.

.

, .

Hammadu & Bernhardt (1987: 301)

,

- ,

140

.

- -

-

,

.

(content knowledge),

(Shulman, 1994)

(Gabrielatos, 2002). ,

(pedagogical content knowledge)

(Hlas & Hinderbrandt, 2010). Shulman (1987) -

-

, ,

.

,

. Shulman, ,

-

(subject matter knowledge for teaching) -

, , , .,

,

,

(Rowan et al., 2001: 2)

(Ball, 1996 Cochran, King & DeRuiter, 1993

Grossman, 1990 Shulman, 1987). Krauss et al (2008)

141

: )

(knowledge of tasks), )

(knowledge of students prior knowledge), )

(knowledge of instructional methods).

.

,

Darling-Hammond (1999).

.

,

,

, .

,

,

(OECD, 2009).

,

,

(Bolhuis, 2000).

,

, ,

(Bolhuis, 2000 Bolhuis & Voeten, 2004),

(Van Veen et al., 2001).

5%

(self-regulated learning).

142

(Meirink,

Meijer & Verloop, 2007)

(OECD, 2009: 27).

(Hargreaves, 1994 Prabhu, 1992).

. Allen (1980)

,

, , ,

,

,

. Hamachek

(1999) ,

, , ,

, . Glenn

(2007) ,

, , ,

,

. Horwitz (2008)

, ,

, - .

,

(American Council on the Teaching of Foreign

Languages - ACTFL) -

,

.

(Omaggio, 1993).

(Noels, Pelletier,

Clement, & Vallerand, 1999),

143

,

(Lantolf, 1999 Omaggio, 1993).

4.4.

(Brown Mitchell, &

Ellingson Vidal, 2001). Gebhard et al. (1990:16)

.

(blanket

prescription),

(Klapper, 2001:17).

,

,

,

(Brosh, 1996)

,

,

(England, 2006: 420). ,

, ,

(Bain, 2004),

(curriculum),

144

(England, 2006 Yoon, 2007). , Yoon (2007)

,

,

.

(),

,

,

, ,

.

Wesche Skehan (2002) : )

, , )

( ) ,

(real-world context),

, )

,

(Wesche & Skehan, 2002: 208).

, Breen Candlin (1980: 99)

,

, ,

, ,

, ,

.

,

(resource developer) - ,

145

, ,

(Wing, 1996: 168). Richards Rodgers

(2001: 167-168)

,

,

,

. ,

Holt

Kysilka, (2006: 230) , ,

, , ,

o , ,

, ,

.

,

(Richards & Rodgers,

2001: 27).

.

-,

(Moore, 2005: 141).

(negotiator),

,

,

(Breen & Candlin, 1980: 110).

(interactor)

,


.

,

,

146

, ,

, ,

, ,

,

(Moore, 2005: 227).

(Holt & Kysilka, 2006: 133)

,

(Spada & Frhlich, 1995: 15). ,

(Holt & Kysilka, 2006 Richards & Schmidt, 2002).

(Holt & Kysilka, 2006: 135)

- .

, - (Moore,

2005: 141) ( 4.1).

..

, (Mei, 2000). ..

,

(Widdowson, 1998: 715)

, (pragmatic

competence)

(Maley, 1986).

,

(Widdowson, 1998: 715),

, ,

(Leng, 1997: 38).

147

4.1: .

.

-

-

-

.

-

-

: Groundwater-Smith et al. (2003: 87)

.

4.5.

,

,

.

148

,

(, 1998).

- -

.

(, 2001).

,

,

(,

2006 , 2014).

,

. , ,

,

,

(, 1984 , 1984).

,

(,

1999). , , ,

,

(Young, 1998).

(Day, 2003),

149

(, 1991).

,

(, 1995,

2002).

,

, ,

,

(-, 2004 Jarvis 2004).

(, 1998),

,

,

.

.

,

(, 2005).

, (Isaacson & B

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