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Understanding Public policy in a Demacracy
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.
[1] :
Rafael Lpez Pintor and Maria Gratschew (eds), Voter Turnout
Since 1945: A Global Report, International Institute for Democracy
and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), Stockholm, Sweden.
[2] Rafael Lpez Pintor, Maria Gratschew and Kate Sullivan, Voter
Turnout Rates from a Comparative Perspective, in: Lpez and
Gratschew, op. cit, pp. 7591.
[3] Election Results, Elections Today (newsletter of the
International Foundation for Election Systems), spring 2001, p.
26.
[4] Flick, U, Triangulation Revisited: Strategy of Validation or
Alternative?, Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, London,
Vol. 22, No-2, 1992, pp. 175179.
[5] Lynn, P. and Taylor, B, On the bias and variance of samples
of individuals: a comparison of the electoral registers and
postcode address file as sampling frames, The Statistician, No-44,
London, 1995, pp 73-84.
[6] Molly O. Sheehan, Voter Participation Declines, in: VITAL
SIGNS 2002 - The Trends That Are Shaping Our Future, World watch
Institute In cooperation with the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), the United States of America, 2002, p 159.
[7] .
New York times, 12 / 2 /200 6
[8] / . 2006
[9]
2005 / 10 / 17
[10]
:
New York times, 17 / 10 / 2005
[11] Michael E. OHanlon and Nina Kamp, Iraq Index: Tracking
Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq, the
brookings institution, Washington, February 23, 2006, p 41.
[12] Ibid, p 45.
. (*)
. . . . . . :
1. :
2. :
3. :
:
:
:
.. .. .. .. .
: (Richaredson. 1999.p.25).
(informatics) information processing ( 2003.p.153).
.
( 2003.p.77) " ".
:
1. Hard ware
2. Soft ware.
3. Knowledge ware.
.
: ( ) . (jones. 2001. p.185).
( ) .
(Duncombe and Heeks) " " (Duncombe and Heeks. 1999.p.3).
.
.. .. .. . (Coping) ( 2001.p.354).
.. . .
: . (information economy) .. .
.. :
. " " ( 2001.p.13).
(Tele-immersion) . (Virtual Reality) .
. .
:
. ( 2001.p.434).
. (Jaeger. 2002.p.7).
.
.. .. .
( 1993.p.3).
.. ( ) .
:
(steward. 1997. p.20) : .
(yogesh, 1998.p.2) " ".
(yoyndt. Et. Al. 1996) : ".
(Richaredson. 1999. p. 25) ". .
. .. .
Sullivan .
(stewart. 1997. p.29) .
.. (( )). .
: (Edwinsson. 1999. p.151) ( ) ( ) nonmarket externalitiez .
: : : :
:
( ) EDI inter change Electronic Data .
Avolio etal. 2001 .
Barton and Bear 1999 .
( 1995) .
:
1. : .. .. .. . (( Information Over Load)) .
2. : .. .. .
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. : . .
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13. .
The Information Technology and its Rule of the Human Ability
Future Horizon- Development
The Abstract
Many countries try to develop their economical life to achieve
their popular contemporary and to achieve their safety through the
good consumption of its natural wealth with its human ability by
using the novel kind of sciences in which the information
technology is the basic engine of any human development and who has
this kind of technology is the one who has the only thing of power
and authority.
So we have to look for the importance of the information
technology according to its importance that affect the scientific
individuals in which they need ahigh qualification by using its
human wealth in which it considered as hidden power of the
organization. The human beings and the knowledge are the wings of
any developing society that helping it to draw the good future, in
which the information revolution and the human ones are the first
of every thing. So they are the valuable values of good consumption
of training the workers and develop their performance and also
develop their future ability in which the human wealth is the most
important thing that can be named as (the future currency).
This research aimed to solve the practical problems from the
theoretical point of view that related to the less of studies that
deal with the information technology and its rule of the human
ability development" and the interesting of these things through
many ways.
This research that includes three parts, the first one includes
the theoretical point of view of the information perfection and its
relation with features of the development and the human power as
the third part.
The second part includes the most previous important studies
while the third one has a good distribution in submitting the
theoretical and practical points and reflect them in to the real
life through a good philosophical analysis to achieve the
development of such thing of the organization. And trying to thing
well of a good way by using the perfection of information and
establishing a national center of information in every Arabic
country in addition to the continuous working to discover the best
one who has many information.
:
1. 2001 .
2. 2003 .
3. 2003.
4. 2001 .
5. 2001.
6. 1993.
:
1. Edvinsson, lei F & molone, Michael, 1997 "Intellectual
capital" First Ed, Harper Collins publisbers, inc new york,
U,S,A.
2. Stewart, T. A; (1997), Intellectual Capital: the new wealth
of organization; new york, Double olay currency.
3. Barton and Bear, 1999, the development of, information
technology, inc, new york.
4. Richaredson, m. closer Ties, could create animpor new
Regional Axis international Herold Tribune, 1999.
5. Jones, Alan 2001, knowledge capitalism: Business wor Oxford,
London.
Internet and CD
1. Avolio et at, 2001, "Individal Diffenerce in Virtual
Environments" Journal of the American Society for information
Science.
2. Tallim, paula, G. Zeeman, ohan, Electronic Data interchange:
An overview. April, 1996.
3. European conference of information system program, Higher
Education Track Itigher Education in the Age of Globalisation and
multimecoa systems and omni present Net Works Viennam uni of
Economics and Business Administrat on 2000.
4. Jaeger, Alfredm. 2002, Organization Development and national
culture: wher's the Fit, Academy of Management Review vol 21.
no.3.
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(117) - (35) (49) .
(1) ( ) (128) 1 / 1989 55 .
(2) . . ( ) 1987 139 .
(3) . 1986 47 .
(4) 1981 190 .
(5) 236 .
(6) . . 133 .
(7) : . 1964 144 .
(8) . . 6 .
(9) . 1987 29 .
(10) 64 67 .
(11) . . 118 119 .
(12) . : 1985 330 .
(13) . 1986 184 .
(14) ( : ) 190 127 .
(15) : . 1985 51 .
(16) 220 1954 69 .
(17) . . 145 .
(18) .
(19) Myron Weiner . Piolitical participation crises of the
politcal process. In loenard Binder, New jersey 1971 P. 162-164
(20) 161 .
(21) . . . 144 145 .
(22) : Myron Weiner , Ibid. P. 164 .
(23) : 187 188 .
(24) : . . 67 0 68 141 204 . . 391-393 .
(25) . . 10 .
(26) : . 82 .
(27) . 2 1963 104 .
(28) ( 968- 1989 ) ( ) 1991 84 .
(29) . . 82 .
(30) 123 .
(31) : Myron Weiner , Ibid, P. 164
(32) . 14 .
(33) : :
- . . 204 210 .
- . 170- 178 .
- (2) / 1 / / 1994 ( 1994 3 .
(34) : . ( ) 25 27/8/1984 .
* 1954 1966 (22000) ( 21) 16/ / 1966 3/ / 1976 23/ / 1976 .
: . ( ) 1983 312 . : . . 95 .
(35) 1966 . : ( ) 1983 269 .
(36) : . . 314 .
(37) . . . 99 .
(38) . . 25 .
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(39) . . 98 100 .
(40) . . 313 .
(41) . . 100 .
(42) . 316 .
(43) . . 135 136 .
(44) . 28 .
(45) : . ( ) 1995-1996 .
(46) . 1 5 .
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(48) . ( ) (49) 1987 212 .
(49) . 1985 40 .
(50) : 1983 37 .
(51) : . . 40 .
(52) ( ) ( ) ( Terreur R ) : 35 .
(53) : 36 39.
(54) : . ( ) (80) / 1 / 1985 75 .
(55) . / 1988 60 .
(56) : . . . 75 .
(57) : ( : ) (62) 1984 136 .
(58) : . ( ) / 1980 119 .
(59) ( ) 8 .
(60) . 136 .
(61) . 1988 320 .
(62) : ( ) 1991-1992 21 .
(63) . ( ) 99 / / / 1993 4 5 .
(64) ( ) 1994 23 .
1. . ( ) 1983 .
2. : . 1964 .
3. 1981 .
4. (2) / 1 / / 1994 ( 1994 .
5. . . ( ) 1987.
6. ( : ) (62) 1984 .
7. . ( ) 25 27/8/1984 .
8. . ( ) 99 / / / 1993.
9. . ( ) 1995-1996 .
10. . / 1988 .
11. . ( ) (49) 1987 .
12. 1983 .
13. ( ) 1994 .
14. . 1985 .
15. . 2 1963 .
16. . : 1985 .
17. ( ) 1991-1992 .
18. . 1988.
19. . 1985 .
20. . 1986 .
21. ( ) 1983 .
22. 220 1954.
23. ( : ) 190 .
24. ( 968- 1989 ) ( ) 1991 .
25. . ( ) / 1980 .
26. . 1987 .
27. . ( ) (80) / 1 / 1985 .
28. . 1986 .
29. ( ) (128) 1 / 1989 .
. (*)
:
.
.
. :-
: .
: ( ) .
: .
:- .
" " (1) 1992 " . (2) . " " (( )) .(3)
. ( ) 1987 " (4) :- (5)
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
.
:-
:- .
:- " " . 1948.(6)
. .
:-
1. .
2. .
.
. .(8)
..... .
:- (9)
1.
.
2. :
.
3.:
.
. . .
.
1992 :-
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5..
2000 .
2000 . .(10)
. .
:- ( )
: .
:-
:- .
:- .
:-
:- .
. . :-
1.
.(11)
. . (65) (300) 13% (1000) (78) . (18) 1.6% 5% (12).
2. .
.
:- .(13)
2003 " " 2004 . "" 2004 2004 (14) .
:- .
..... . :-
1. .(15) .
2. . (16).
3. (17) .
.
4. : . .
.
:-
.
:-
:- : 1990 661 1990 . 678 1990 .(18)
.
1999 (748) 1992 .
11 2001 11 2001 ...
( ) ( ) 9//2003 (19).
(20).
.
:- :-
.
. (21).
4/12/1986 1990 1992 1993 1995 2001 (22).
3. :
. .
. . (23). .
4. :-
2004 (24).
.
:-
.
.
.
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
:-
1.. . 2000 63.
2.. 1 2000 17.
3. :
- 1992 1992 2-4.
- 1992 1993 3-4.
4.. 2000 232.
5. 233.
6..
http://www.montadayat.org/modules.php
7. 11-14 2000 53-54.
8.. 1 1989 26-28.
9. 309 2004 250-253.
10.. : 290 200495-96.
11. 1 1995 264-265.
12.. ( ) :
http://www.montadayat.org/modules.php
13. 304 2004 100-101.
14. 2004 205.
15. :- 281 200229.
16. :- 313 2005 93-94.
17. :- 304 2004 149 2004 .
18. : 156 1992 57-68.
19. :- 281 2002 37-52.
20. :- : 306 2004 40-57.
21. : 2001 .
22.UN,PRIEFING PAPERS , THE WORLD COFERENCE , ISBM ,DOCUMENT
(92-1-100631-7),P.3-5.
23. : :-
- 290 2003 42-55.
-. 2000 194-203.
24.. 304 2004 85-93.
. (*)
(FDI) * .
9% 7.8% .
:
.
**TNCS .
.
:
:
TNCS .
.
:
:
(FDI) .
:
:
(FDI) .
(FDI) .
:
.
:
TNCS .
(FDI) .
: :
(FDI) ( ) ( ) (1)
WTO " () "(2) . (3) .
(FDI) () . FDI (4) .
(FDI) (1800 1913) # " (42%) (5) (FDI) (1919 1945) (6) .
(15) (FDI) (90) 1971 (7) .
(FDI) (3) (4) TNCS .
(FDI) 1980 (Internationalization) ( ) TNCS (47) (132) (1985
1989)(8) . (9) .
(FDI) TNCS (FDI) (FDI) 30% .
2001 (84) (68) (60) (500) 4.5 (3.5) (10) .
(FDI) .
: (FDI) :
TNCS (FDI) TNCs (11) .
TNCS (FDI) . TNCS (FDI) (FDI) (12) .
.
optimzation maximization minimization (13) .
TNCS TNCS .
TNCS (FDI) TNCS .
TNCS " " ( ) (14). (15) .
TNCS (FDI) (16) .
TNCS (FDI) .
TNCS (17) .
" (FDI) (219) 1993 (329) 1999 (865) (2000) 2002 (1.492) 2003
(559.5) (678.7) 2002 (18) .
TNCS (FDI) (FDI) TNCS . (FDI) (19) 1997 .
TNCS (FDI) TNCS ( ) . .
: /(FDI) :
(FDI) (FDI) (20) . TNCS (21) .
TNCS 95% (22) .
TNCS (23) .
(FDI) TNCS TNCS TNCS .
(FDI) TNCS TNCS .
TNCS TNCS (24) . .
TNCS TNCS TNCS (25) TNCS (26) .
(FDI) (27) . .
(FDI) (FDI) (FDI) .
.
TNCS (FDI) .
.
/ (FDI) .
( -structur adjstment ) (FDI) .
(FDI) (FDI) .
(FDI) (35 76) (1991 1997) 1997 (89%) (FDI) (36) (28) . (2001)
(208) (FDI) (71) (FDI) (FDI) (29) .
(3) (17.5) (30) (FDI) .
(FDI) .
(FDI) (30) .
(FDI) (FDI) (50%) (31).
(FDI) .
/ (FDI) :
(FDI) (FDI) .
(FDI) .
.
(FDI) 1997 (2) (105) (32) .
(FDI) ( 13 ) (1.16) (33).
(FDI) (1.3) 1991 (2) 1997 (3.1) 1998 6 2001 4 2002 (34) . (1)
(FDI) (FDI) 1990 2003 (0.75 %) (2%) (3.1%) .
(1)
( ) (1990-2003)
1990
1993
1995
1997
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
%
4
-5
-27
26
10
358
92
217
517
6.92
76
296
264
339
650
779
486
821
584
2.48
734
493
598
891
1076
1235
510
647
237
1.19
-
7
589
630
500
-
-
1065
634
0.64
38
-34
13
361
223
39
169
56
379
1.78
7
5
7
3
-
-
118
214
2.38
-6
13
7
20
-10
16
-40
7
67
0.12
165
522
551
1079
258
201
2658
481
2.279
2.02
6
7
22
150
230
292
249
257
358
0.77
159
141
105
10
150
-142
-101
96-
700
0.17-
141
142
46
49
50
23
49
23
138
0.59
-31
-1
-
48
10
392
574
713
1.349
1.48
5
72
94
55
70
252
273
631
400
1.66
1864
1369
1877
2575
2400
1.884
2.0
615
208
0.33
71
176
100
80
100
270
205
115
150
0.82
116
401
399
100
100
260
156
834
480
0.29
12
897
-218
-138
100
-201
-205
102
89-
1.57
:
UNCTAD , world Investment Report, 2000, 2002 and 2004, United
Nation, New York Geneva, table B. 1. .
(FDI) (1990 2003) (2.29%) (35) .
(FDI) (6%) 1995 (FDI) (36) .
(803) 1995 (249) 1997 (FDI) (624) (820) 1998 (37) .
(FDI) 1995 (2561) (2) (1990 2002) (19) (FDI) . (FDI) (1.5) (3)
(1990 2002) .
(2) ( ) 1990 2002
1990
1991
1992
1993
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
(%)
5
6
4
7
22
7
6
3
14
14
9
12
109
9
0.12
51
45
17
62
0
0
0
380
176
196
215
218
1359
113
0.19
7
8
18
28
13
0
0
16
14
0
0
160
331
28
0.14
18
35
11
11
0
70
135
290
506
669
56
75
1866
155
0.74
76
0
8
0
4
0
0
122
86
87
319
54
697
58
0.10
0
158
17
29
12
21
26
198
82
77
626
625
1947
162
0.09
0
0
0
28
32
554
143
70
152
331
538
542
2390
199
1.67
0
0
0
0
269
296
328
212
224
191
44
47
1610
134
0.72
0
0
0
1
2
0
19
42
46
0
0
0
110
9
0.06
0
2
5
0
0
0
0
0
58
61
66
69
260
22
0.13
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
312
400
500
350
225
650
2437
203
1.14
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
56
60
58
177
15
0.05
92
649
360
97
1093
551
496
372
258
113
68
79
4226
352
0.58
52
1
10
15
58
61
48
39
22
22
9
13
349
29
0.08
1
0
15
10
10
85
10
20
16
68
4
139
377
31
0.37
376
907
467
289
1514
1645
1522
2164
2153
2235
2238
2739
18248
: ( 2003) .
- .
(1990 2002) (90) (7) (38) . (2%) .
(FDI) (39) .
(3)
: (%)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
2001
2002
1.6
0.1
2.3
3.7
7.2
3.0
6.6
8.9
13.1
5.7
4.8
39.0
33.6
33.6
44.7
57.7
33.4
40.9
33.0
45.1
41.9
40.8
59.4
66.3
64.1
51.6
35.1
63.6
52.5
58.1
41.8
52.4
54.4
: 2003.
/ :
(FDI) (FDI) 1 6 (1972 1995)(42) :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. (FDI) (FDI) .
7. .
(FDI) :
(FDI) TNCS (FDI) .
(FDI) (FDI) TNCS (FDI) (FDI) .
(FDI) TNCS (FDI) .
30% .
TNCS (FDI) .
TNCS .
(FDI) TNCS .
.
TNCS (FDI) .
(infrastructure) .
.
TNCS TNCS TNCS (FDI) TNCS .
: (FDI) (FDI) .
. .
:
TNCS FDI FDI TNCS .
(FDI) :
(FDI) .
(FDI)
.
(FDI) .
*(FDI)
Foreign Direct Investment = FDI
**
Trans National corporations = TNCS
1. ) 1999 11 .
2. wto, special topic trade and foreign DIRECT TUVESTMENT Annual
Report 1996 , Vol, 1. Geneva , 1996 , p. 46 .
3. () () 2 1982 7-8 .
4. 2000 76 .
# FDI () () .
5. 1994 42-49 .
6. " " 2000 267 .
7. " " . 1976.
8. (11) 1992 51 .
9. UNCTAD,WORLD Investment report 1997 Transitional corporations
, market and structure competition policy un. NewYourk and Geneva ,
1997 , p. 306 .
10. 1 2003 87 .
11. . 1994 43 .
12. " " 1994 101 102 .
13. ( ) 285 .
14. 1 1990
15. (238) 1998 126 .
16. " " 1998 149 .
17. " " 1998 149 .
18. Unctad world Investment Report 2004 , united Nation , New
Yourk and Geneva , 2004 , p. 671 .
19. ( ) 1996 52.
20. " ) 271 280 .
21. (13) 1979 94 95 .
22. . " " (32) 1 1997 142 .
23. " TNCS 1984 271 272 .
24. 149 .
25. 1999 254 .
26. . 1981 .
27. (35) 1998 34 .
28. ( ) 82 .
29. 1995 21 .
30. 85 .
31. 1998 343 .
32. 1999 1997 19 .
33. Survey by staff (IMF) , October , 1996 , table / 22 p. 45
.
34. International Minatory found (IMF) survey of staff , 1999 ,
table No (7) , p22 .
35. Unctad , world Investment Report 2003 , United Nation , New
Yourk , and GEUENA , 2003 , TABLE . B.1 B.2 .
36. 11 9 2000 6 .
37. . . 3 2000 22 .
38. 19 1999 11 .
39. 2003 124 .
40. 1988 1998 153 .
41. ( ) ) 1998 2000 83 .
. (*)
.
1963 1990 1991 1998 .
( ) 1998 2001 2003 .
.
: - 2003
.
1. :
.
( )( ( ) .
1876 ( ) 1889 1891 ( ) 1911 .
1908 ( ) ( ) .
25% ( ) 26/ 4/1920 ( ) .
.
( ) ( ) (23,75 %) ( ) .
1945 ( ) .
1950 1952 .
( ) 1955 .
(51 % ) .
(80) 1961 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1961 1964 ( ) (80) (20% ) .
(80) .
2. 1968
1968 1972 1973 ( ) " ".
( .
1969 1980 ( ) 2//1990 20% .
( ) ( ) 7/ 1990 ( ) . 1991 .
( ) .
( ) .
1998 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1998 1998 .
( 2003 ( ) .
1973 -1981 1981 -1991 1987 - 1968- 2003 .
: 2003
9/4/2003 2003 .
1.
:
1.
( ) ( ). (*) ( ) ( / ) ( ) ( ) " ( ) ( ).
. " USADI" " " ( ) " ".
. .
. (USADI) (40) ( ) ( ) .
. .
. ORENS GOLDSEIN) ) ) ( ) " (REUEL MARK ) ( ".
.
.
2.
:
2003 () ( ) ( ).
1958 1968 ( ) ( ) .
( ) .
:
(1958 ) (9/4/2003) ( ) / (1977) ( ) .
.
.
3.
:
:
() ( )( ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) () ( ) ( Boots & Coot ) (
