‚ Ó Ô Ó Ò ˚

ù Î Â Í Ú Ó Ì Ì ˚ È Ê Û Ì ‡ Î û ë à Ä

é Í Ú fl · ¸ 1 9 9 8

í Ó Ï 3 ç Ó Ï Â 3

ÇÒ β‰Ë Óʉ‡˛ÚÒflÒ‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚ÏË Ë ‡‚Ì˚ÏË

‚ Ò‚ÓÂÏ ‰ÓÒÚÓËÌÒÚ‚Â Ë Ô‡‚‡ı.

Ç Ò Â Ó · ˘ Â È Ñ Â Í Î ‡ ‡ ˆ Ë ËÔ ‡ ‚ ˜ ÂÎ Ó ‚ Â Í ‡50ÎÂÚ

Ñe Ï Ó Í ‡ Ú à à

1

LT C Z N J U J LT RF Å H Z JN V T X F T N C Z

50-z ujljdobyf ghbyznbz Dctjåotq ltrkfhf-

wbb ghfd xtkjdtrf JJY. D xtcnm ghtlcnjzot-

uj cjåsnbz Byajhvfwbjyyjt futyncndj CIF

gjlujnjdbkj cgtwbfkmysq dsgecr äktr-

nhjyyjuj éehyfkf ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥. Jy

gjcdzoty pfobnybrfv ghfd xtkjdtrf dj dctv

vbht. Bö cfvjjndthétyyfz hfåjnf dj bvz

ghfd, pfrhtgktyysö Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbtq,

dljöyjdkztn kñltq gjdcñle yf ptvkt.

D éehyfkt eltktyj dybvfybt yt njkmrj

Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb b pyfxtybñ 30 bpkjéty-

ysö d ytq ghbywbgjd, yj b hjcne vtéleyfhjl-

yjuj ldbétybz d pfobne ghfd xtkjdtrf, bcnjx-

ybrjv rjnjhjuj jyf zdbkfcm. D cgtwbfkmyjv gj-

ckfybb, gjlujnjdktyyjv r yfcnjzotq geåkbrf-

wbb, änjn vjvtyn jcjåj gjlxthrbdftn ghtpbltyn

Åbkk Rkbynjy. Dcktl pf pfzdktybtv ghtpblty-

nf ghbdjlzncz dslthérb bp htxb gthdjq ktlb

Öbkkfhb Hjläv Rkbynjy yf ctccbb Utythfkm-

yjq Fccfvåktb d Ltym ghfd xtkjdtrf 1997 u.,

rjnjhfz jpyfvtyjdfkf yfxfkj ghfplyjdfybz

50-q ujljdobys Ltrkfhfwbb.

Léjy Iännfr, xtq chjr yf gjcne gjvjoyb-

rf Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz CIF gj djghj-

cfv ltvjrhfnbb, ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelf bcntrf-

J n h t l f r w b b

50-z ujljdobyf Dctjåottq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf JJY

2

tn, dcgjvbyftn j cdjtq hfåjnt d änjq ljkéyjc-

nb d hfpdthyenjv bynthdmñ, rjnjhjt ghjdtk

jlby bp htlfrnjhjd éehyfkf Hbr Vfhifkk.

Iännfr erfpsdftn yf ghjuhtcc, ljcnbuyensq d

htfkbpfwbb yfxthnfyyjq Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwb-

tq gthcgtrnbds, b hfpvsikztn yfl ntvb ghj-

åktvfvb d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf, rjnjhst vb-

he tot ghtlcnjbn htibnm.

D cnfnmt ≤Gthcgtrnbds ghfd xtkjdtrf≥ dj-

ctvm fdnjhjd – ldf xktyf Rjyuhtccf CIF, ldf

ghtlcnfdbntkz JJY b xtndthj dctvbhyjbpdtcn-

ysö åjhwjd pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf – ltkzncz cdjb-

vb vsckzvb j Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb, j htpekm-

nfnfö, ljcnbuyensö c vjvtynf tt ghbyznbz, b j

pflfxfö, rjnjhst tot ghtlcnjbn htibnm.

Dct jcyjdyst vbhjdst htkbubb ghblfdfkb

ghfdfv xtkjdtrf ukeåjrbq cvsck. Jlyfrj cdj-

åjlf dthjbcgjdtlfybz, jlby bp cnjkgjd Dctjå-

otq ltrkfhfwbb, d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb ybrjulf

yt hfccvfnhbdfkfcm rfr eybdthcfkmyjt ghfdj b

ybrjulf yt jåtcgtxbdfkfcm gjdctvtcnyj. Äne

ghjåktve hfccvfnhbdftn Atkbc Ufqth, lbhtr-

njh Bycnbnenf ghfd xtkjdtrf bvtyb Zrjåf Åkfe-

intqyf. Tt jxthr cjghjdjélftncz gjlåjhrjq

dslthétr, pfnhfubdfñobö ghfdf xtkjdtrf, bp

hfpkbxysö cdzotyysö rybu.

Jå bcnjhbb yfgbcfybz Dctjåotq ltrkfhf-

wbb hfccrfpsdftn Lädbl Gbnnc. Åjktt ldeö

ktn gjnhtåjdfkjcm yf nj, xnjås pfdthibnm änjn

uhfylbjpysq ghjtrn, d öjlt jceotcndktybz rj-

njhjuj åskj ytvfkj dpktnjd b gfltybq. Yj

10 ltrfåhz 1948 u. dgthdst d bcnjhbb xtkjdt-

xtcndf åsk endthélty jghtltktyysq yfåjh

ghfd b cdjåjl lkz dctö kñltq, ult ås jyb

yb ébkb.

Éehyfk pfdthiftn cnfnmz Ebkmzvf Rjhb,

fdnjhf vyjujxbcktyysö rybu j pfrjyjlfntkmcn-

dt d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf b bö bcnjhbb,

drkñxfz njkmrj xnj bplfyyeñ hfåjne ≤Ytghf-

dbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb b Dctjåofz ltr-

kfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf≥. Rjhb bccktletn hjcn

vtéleyfhjlyjuj ldbétybz d pfobne ghfd xtkj-

dtrf gjckt ghbyznbz Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb,

drkñxfz cajhvbhjdfdibtcz pf änb ujls vtöf-

ybpvs hfåjns JJY b ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö

ghfdjpfobnysö jhufybpfwbq.

Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn, gthdsq ghtlctlf-

ntkm Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf,

c pfrjyxtyysv ntrcnjv Dctjåotq

ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf

C J L T H É F Y B T

3

Djghjcs LTVJRHFNBB

J R N Z Å H M 1 9 9 8 U .

5

G J C K F Y B T Å B K K F R K B Y N J Y F ,

G H T P B L T Y N F C J T L B Y T Y Y S Ö I N F N J D F V T H B R B

7

J D C T J Å O T Q L T R K F H F W B B G H F D X T K J D T R F

Dscnegktybt gthdjq ktlb CIF Öbkkfhb Hjläv Rkbynjy j pyfxtybb Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf,

d xfcnyjcnb, tt pyfxtybt lkz pfobns ghfd étyoby

1 3

G H F D F X T K J D T R F : Y F C K T L B T B Å E L E O T T

B Y N T H D M Ñ C L É J Y J V I Ä N N F R J V

Gjrblfñobq cdjq gjcn gjvjoybr ujcctrhtnfhz gj djghjcfv ltvjrhfnbb, ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelf

Léjy Iännfr hfccrfpsdftn j ghjuhtcct, ljcnbuyenjv d htfkbpfwbb gjkjétybq Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb,

b j gkfyfö d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf yf åeleott.

1 7

D P U K Z L S Y F G H F D F X T K J D T R F

R J Y U H T C C C I F

Xkty Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq Njv Kfynjc, cjghtlctlfntkm Rjvbntnf Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq gj ghfdfv

xtkjdtrf, b ctyfnjh Fkmajyct L’Fvfnj, cjghtlctlfntkm Rjvbccbb Rjyuhtccf gj djghjcfv åtpjgfcyjcnb

b cjnhelybxtcndf d Tdhjgt, dshféfñn cdjñ gjpbwbñ jnyjcbntkmyj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf;

ghbdjlbncz nfrét htpjkñwbz Rjyuhtccf.

J H UF Y B P F W B B J Å Ü T L B Y T Y Y S Ö Y F W B Q

Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm JJY Rjab Fyyfy b Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf Vähb Hjåbycjy

dscrfpsdfñn cdjb vsckb j dctjåoyjcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf.

X T N D T H J D C T V B H Y J B P D T C N Y S Ö Å J H W J D P F G H F D F X T K J D T R F

Ghtpbltyn Ñéyjq Rjhtb Rbv Nä Léey, ghtpbltyn Xticrjq Htcgeåkbrb Dfwkfd Ufdtk, Feyu Cfy Ce Xéb,

Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm Yfwbjyfkmyjq kbub pf ltvjrhfnbñ d Åbhvt, b Ghtpbltyn Ñéyj-Fahbrfycrjq

Htcgeåkbrb Ytkmcjy Vfyltkf – ujdjhzn j pyfxtybb Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb,

b rfélsq jwtybdftn tt cj cdjtq njxrb phtybz.

4

2 9

P F O B N F H T K B U B J P Y J Q C D J Å J L S

Atkbc Ufqth, lbhtrnjh Bycnbnenf ghfd xtkjdtrf bvtyb Létqrjåf Åkfeintqyf Fvthbrfycrjuj tdhtqcrjuj

rjvbntnf, ljrfpsdftn, xnj htkbubjpyfz cdjåjlf ufhfynbhetncz yt njkmrj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbtq ghfd xt-

kjdtrf, yj b lheubvb dféysvb ljrevtynfvb vtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdf. D äcct ghbdjlzncz nfrét dslthérb,

pfnhfubdfñobt ghfdf xtkjdtrf, bp hfpysö cdzotyysö ntrcnjd.

3 4

Å K F U J H J L Y J T Y F X B Y F Y B T

Htlfrnjh-rjycekmnfyn Lädbl Gbnnc hfccrfpsdftn j ldeö ujlfö hfåjns yfl ghjtrnjv Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb.

4 1

Y T G H F D B N T K M C N D T Y Y S T J H UF Y B P F W B B : 5 0 K T N Å J H M Å S P F G H F D F X T K J D T R F

Bpdtcnysq åjhtw pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf Ebkmzv Rjhb fyfkbpbhetn hjcn b frnbdbpfwbñ vtéleyfhjlyjuj ldbét-

ybz pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf gjckt ghbyznbz Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb.

4 9

Å B Å K B J U H F A B Z

Gjcktlybt rybub b cnfnmb j Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf b j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf d wtkjv.

5 1

C N H F Y B W S D B Y N T H Y T N T

Cnhfybws dj Dctvbhyjq äktrnhjyyjq ctnb, gjcdzotyyst Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Njxrb phtybz, bpkjétyyst yf gthtxbcktyysö pltcm cnhfybwfö Bynthytnf, yt dctulf jnhféfñn dpukzls ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

BPLFNTKM HJPVFHB RHJRTNN

UKFDYSQ HTLFRNJH VFHR CVBN

JNDTNCNDTYYSQ HTLFRNJH LÄDBL GBNNC

HTLFRNJH-RJYCEKMNFYN HBR VFHIFKK

PFVTCNBNTKM UKFDYJUJ HTLFRNJHF EÄQY ÖJKK

HTLFRNJH BYNTHYTNF LTÅJHF ÅHFEY

HTLFRNJHS ÄCNTKK ÅÄQHL

CÑPFY RKBHB

VJYF ÄCRETYNB

CNÑFHL UJHBY

RFHKF ÖÄNNJY

RFNKBY ÖFU

CGHFDJXYSQ JNLTK RÄHJK YJHNJY

ÅFHÅFHF CÄYLTHC

ÖELJÉTCNDTYYSQ HTLFRNJH LFQFY DEKDTHNJY

UHFABXTCRJT JAJHVKTYBT CBKMDBZ CRJNN

HTLFRWBJYYFZ RJKKTUBZ ÖJDFHL CBYRJNNF

HJPVFHB RHJRTNN

LÉJY LÄDBC ÖÄVBKK

HTLFRNJHS HECCRJUJ BPLFYBZ YFNFIF ÅFHÅFI

KBLBZ DJHJYBYF

BKMZ CECKJD

Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF, geåkbretvst b gthtlfdftvst gj dctve vbhe c nhtöytltkmysv bynthdfkjv, jcdtofñn frnefkmyst ghjåktvs, cnjzobt gthtl Cjtlb-ytyysvb Infnfvb b vtéleyfhjlysv cjjåotcndjv. Änb éehyfks, rjnjhst dsöjlzn d cthbzö ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥, cjlthéfn fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbb b ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ gj cjjndtncndeñotq ntvf-nbrt. Dct éehyfks gthtdjlzncz yf ahfywepcrbq b bcgfycrbq zpsrb, f jnltkmyst yjvthf dsöjlzn yf fhfåcrjv, gjhneufkmcrjv b heccrjv zpsrfö. Vytybz, dscrf-psdftvst d änbö éehyfkfö, ytjåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Ghjcbv dfc ghbyznm dj dybvfybt, xnj ÑCBC yt ytctn jndtncndty-yjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b ljcneg r ghbdjlbvsv cfqnfv ctnb Bynthytn; gjljåyfz jndtncndtyyjcnm wtkbrjv ktébn yf gjcnfdobrfö byajhvfwbb. Geåkbretvst cnfnmbvjuen djcghjbpdjlbnmcz b gthtdjlbnmcz yf lheubt zpsrb pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, tckb jyb yt cjghjdjélfñncz juhfybxtybzvb, rfcfñobvbcz fdnjh-crbö ghfd. Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd vjéyj gjkexbnm c yfxfkmyjq cnhfybws Byajhvfwbjyyjq ckeéås CIF (ÑCBC) dj dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjqctnb gj flhtce: “http://www.usia.gov/journals.htm”. Éehyfks geåkbreñncz d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö lkz eghjotybz bö ghjcvjnhf, gthtlfxb, dsdjlf bgtxfnb. Rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxfybz gj gjdjle änbö éehyfkjd vjéyj ghbcskfnm d vtcnyjt jnltktybt ÑCBC bkb d htlfrwbñ gj flhtce: Editor, Issues of Democracy(I/TDHR), U.S. Information Agency, 310 4th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20547, United States of America.

Ä K T R N H J Y Y S T É E H Y F K S Ñ C B F

D J G H J C S L T V J R H F N B B

B Y A J H V F W B J Y Y J T Å Ñ H J • B Y A J H V F W B J Y Y J T F U T Y N C N D J C I F • e j d e m o s @ u s i a . g o v

J R N Z Å H M 1 9 9 8 U .

5

D C D Z P B C G H F P LY J D F Y B T V 50-q uj-

ljdobys Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdt-

rf evtcnyj gjhfpvsikznm j njv, rfrjt dkbz-

ybt jyf jrfpfkf yf yfie ébpym, f nfrét ghj-

fyfkbpbhjdfnm nt ghjåktvs, rjnjhst tot

ghtlcnjbn htibnm lkz djgkjotybz d ébpym tt

åkfujhjlysö ghbywbgjd. Änjn ljrevtyn hj-

lbkcz bp ukeåby xtkjdtxtcrjuj jnxfzybz gjc-

kt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, rjulf kñlb jcjpyf-

kb, rfr lfktrj jyb vjuen pfqnb d cdjtv åtc-

xtkjdtxyjv jnyjitybb lheu r lheue. Ctqxfc,

gjkdtrf cgecnz, åjkmibycndj kñltq ptvyjuj

ifhf cdjåjlyj dsåbhftn cdjt ghfdbntkmcndj.

B änb ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ghfdbntkmcndf pyfñn,

xnj jyb gjljnxtnys bpåhfditve bö yfhjle b

jåzpfys pfobofnm ghfdf, edtrjdtxtyyst dj

Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb.

Änf Ltrkfhfwbz – jlby bp yfbåjktt dfé-

ysö ljrevtynjd 20-uj cnjktnbz b gjbcnbyt dctq

xtkjdtxtcrjq bcnjhbb, gjcrjkmre änj gthdfz

gjgsnrf cajhvekbhjdfnm xfzybz dctö yfhjljd

vbhf. Fdnjhs Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb d ntxtybt

nhtö ktn egjhyj hfåjnfkb yfl gjybvfybtv b

ufhvjybpfwbtq hfpkbxysö rekmnehysö nhflbwbq

b eåtéltybq, b htpekmnfnjv änbö ecbkbq cnfkf

cjdjregyjcnm ghfd, ghtjljktdfñobö, gj jåotve

5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y

Gjckfybt ghtpbltynf

6

ghbpyfybñ, yfwbjyfkmyst, cjwbfkmyst b rekm-

nehyst uhfybws. Nt 18 ltktufnjd, rjnjhst

cjåhfkbcm dvtcnt gjl velhsv b xenrbv herj-

djlcndjv Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn b cjcnfdbkb Dct-

jåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ, bvtkb d dble yt njkmrj

jghtltktyysq gjk – veéxby, bkb ghbdbktubhj-

dfyyst uheggs, bkb rfreñ-kbåj rjyrhtnyeñ

hfce bkb htkbubñ. Zpsr ljrevtynf zcyj ukf-

cbn: ≤Dct kñlb hjélfñncz cdjåjlysvb b hfd-

ysvb≥.

10 ltrfåhz 1948 u. Utythfkmyfz Fccfvåktz

Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq ghbyzkf

Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ åtp tlbyjuj ujkjcf ghj-

nbd. Pf gjcktlybt gjkdtrf cjlthéfybt 30 cnf-

ntq Ltrkfhfwbb djikj d cjpyfybt kñltq dctuj

vbhf. Ntgthm yf ybö gjcnjzyyj ccskfñncz d

rjycnbnewbzö b celfö. Jyb ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq

yjhve, c gjvjomñ rjnjhjq dct vs ntgthm lj-

kéys jwtybdfnm ctåz. Euhjps cdjåjlt tot ce-

otcndeñn, b ghfdf xtkjdtrf dct tot d jgfcyjc-

nb. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö vs tot yt dgjkyt

jcdjåjlbkbcm jn afyfnbpvf b ytnthgbvjcnb.

Ult-nj ltvjrhfnbb tot njkmrj ghtlcnjbn ghjkj-

ébnm cdjq genm; ult-nj tt rjhyb lj cbö gjh

ytukeåjrb. Jåotcndj jcfélfñn ytufnbdyst cb-

ks – jn yfhrjrfhntktq lj jhufybpjdfyyjq ght-

cnegyjcnb. Ckbirjv vyjuj étyoby d vbht

cnhflfñn jn hfpyjuj hjlf ytcghfdtlkbdjcnb. Yt

dtplt edféftncz ghfdj xtkjdtrf bcgjkyznm ht-

kbubjpyst jåhzls d cjjndtncndbb cj cdjtq cj-

dtcnmñ. Öjnz vjoyst cbks byajhvfwbjyyjuj

dtrf kjvfñn dct ghtuhfls, ghbåkbéfz yfc lheu

r lheue, tot ltkfñncz gjgsnrb gjcflbnm kñltq

gjl pfvjr b yt ljgecrfnm bltb bpdyt. B d

ckbirjv vyjubö cnhfyfö yt ufhfynbhetncz dth-

öjdtycndj pfrjyf, d njv xbckt d jåkfcnb pfob-

ns ghfd vtymibycnd.

Yjdjhjéltyyjt lbnz yt evttn ytyfdbltnm

– tuj yeéyj yfexbnm änjve. Yj tuj nfrét vjé-

yj yfexbnm b lheujve, n.t. djcgbnfnm d ytv

wtyyjcnb kñådb b edfétybz r lheubv kñlzv,

ghtljcnfdbd tve djpvjéyjcnm hfpdbnbz pfkj-

étyysö d ytv cgjcjåyjcntq b erhtgbd d ytv

cbke leöf. B änj åeltn kexibv cgjcjåjv gjx-

nbnm dtkbrbö uhfélfy vbhf, lfdibö yfv änjn

pfvtxfntkmysq lfh – Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ

ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Åbkk Rkbynjy ,

G H T P B L T Y N C J T L B Y T Y Y S Ö I N F N J D

Ghtpbltyn Åbkk Rkbynjy

7

Dslthérb bp dscnegktybz

gthdjq ktlb CIF Öbkkfhb

Hjläv Rkbynjy d Jhufybpf-

wbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq

10 ltrfåhz 1997 ujlf gj

ckexfñ yfxfkf ñåbktqyjuj

gznbltcznjuj ujlf Dctjåotq

ltrkfhfwbb ghfd

xtkjdtrf.

CJ H J R LT D Z N M K T N yfpfl vbh ghbyzk

yjdst jåobt yjhvs xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf

b pfytc bö d rjltrc, gj rjnjhjve yfhjlfv vbhf

ghtlcnjzkj ébnm lfkmit.

Chtlb kñltq, hfphfåfnsdfdibö änjn rj-

ltrc, åskf b Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn, ghtlcnfdkzd-

ifz njulf CIF d Rjvbccbb JJY gj ghfdfv

xtkjdtrf. Änj ghjbcöjlbkj d Gfhbét. Kñlb,

rjnjhsv ghtlcnjzkj yfgbcfnm ntrcn ltrkfhf-

wbb, åskb ltktubhjdfys nfrbvb ytgjöjébvb

lheu yf lheuf cnhfyfvb, rfr Kbdfy, Xbkb,

Ahfywbz, Rbnfq b Erhfbyf. Gthtl ybvb cnjz-

kf wtkm cjplfnm Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xt-

kjdtrf – gthdjt d bcnjhbb xtkjdtxtcndf vtéle-

yfhjlyjt cjukfitybt j ghfdfö.

Ytrjnjhst bp cdjbö cfvsö dféysö ehjrjd

veétcndf xtkjdtxtcndj gjkexftn njkmrj gjckt

cfvsö cnhfiysö nhfutlbq. Änf ltrkfhfwbz gj-

zdbkfcm d vbht, rjnjhsq bcgsnfk dct eéfcs

vbkbnfhbpvf b afibpvf. Gjckt njuj, rfr kñlb

edbltkb, lj rfrjq cntgtyb åtcxtkjdtxyjcnb jyb

vjuen ljqnb gj jnyjitybñ r lheu lheue, jyb,

5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y

J Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf

Öbkkfhb Hjläv Rkbynjy

8

yfrjytw, cjukfcbkbcm cktljdfnm jghtltktyysv

jåobv yjhvfv d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Gjpdjkmnt vyt pfxbnfnm jnhsdjr bp änjuj

ljrevtynf: ≤...ghtytåhtétybt b ghtphtybt r

ghfdfv xtkjdtrf ghbdtkb r dfhdfhcrbv frnfv,

rjnjhst djpveofñn cjdtcnm xtkjdtxtcndf...

Cjplfybt nfrjuj vbhf, d rjnjhjv kñlb åelen

bvtnm cdjåjle ckjdf b eåtéltybq b åelen

cdjåjlys jn cnhföf b yeéls, ghjdjpukfityj

rfr dscjrjt cnhtvktybt kñltq... D cdzpb c

änbv Utythfkmyfz Fccfvåktz ghjdjpukfiftn

yfcnjzoeñ Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkj-

dtrf d rfxtcndt pflfxb, r dsgjkytybñ rjnj-

hjq ljkéys cnhtvbnmcz dct yfhjls b dct uj-

celfhcndf...≥

D ljrevtynt nfrét dscrfpfyf vsckm, rjnj-

hfz, ytcvjnhz yf dcñ cdjñ jxtdblyjcnm, ckbi-

rjv xfcnj yt yföjlbn gjybvfybz: ≤Dct kñlb

hjélfñncz cdjåjlysvb b hfdysvb d cdjtv lj-

cnjbycndt b ghfdfö. Jyb yfltktys hfpevjv b

cjdtcnmñ b ljkéys gjcnegfnm d jnyjitybb

lheu lheuf d leöt åhfncndf≥.

Frn geåkbxyjuj gjlgbcfybz änjq ltrkfhf-

wbb cnhfyfvb vbhjdjuj cjjåotcndf gjyfxfke

rfpfkcz frnjv åtcghtwtltynyjuj bltfkbpvf.

Vtéle ntv, änjn frn ghjbpjitk yt d dfreevt.

Änj åsk jndtn yf vbhjdjt pkj – b z evsikty-

yj egjnhtåkzñ änj ckjdj.

Nt, rnj rjulf-kbåj bpexfk bcnjhbñ Rfnfc-

nhjas (wtktyfghfdktyyjuj eåbqcndf yfwbcnfvb

6 vbkkbjyjd tdhttd d ujls Dnjhjq vbhjdjq

djqys), pyfñn j njv, xnj yfwbcns cvjukb cj-

dthibnm dct cdjb ghtcnegktybz bvtyyj gjnj-

ve, xnj jyb cevtkb gjcntgtyyj cepbnm rheu kñ-

ltq, rjnjhsö jyb ghbxbckzkb r xtkjdtxtcrjve

hjle. Chfpe ét gjckt ghböjlf r dkfcnb jyb yf-

xfkb gjcntgtyyj, ifu pf ifujv, bcgjkmpez pf-

rjys b ghjgfufyle, jåüzdkznm ≤yt kñlmvb≥

gcböbxtcrb åjkmysö, ckfåsö kñltq, wsufy, uj-

vjctrcefkbcnjd, tdhttd, nj tcnm, dctö ntö, xmz

ébpym, gj bö ajhvekbhjdrt, åskf ≤yt ljcnjq-

yf ébpyb≥.

Hfpevttncz, änj ghjzdktybt ntvyjq, öjkjl-

yjq jåkfcnb xtkjdtxtcrjq leib, ult ghjbcöj-

lbn cyfxfkf jnrfp jn gjybvfybz, pfntv jn cj-

xedcndbz b, yfrjytw, jn ghbpyfybz lheujuj xt-

kjdtrf ctåt gjljåysv, yt eybrfkmyj lkz yf-

wbcncrjq Uthvfybb. Änjn xtkjdtxtcrbq gjhjr,

änf cgjcjåyjcnm r ltuevfybpfwbb lheubö kñltq

yfåkñlfkbcm dj dct dhtvtyf b dj dctö cnhfyfö.

B änj bvtyyj njn gjhjr, åjhmåe c rjnjhsv ghj-

djpukfcbkf Ltrkfhfwbz.

R cxfcnmñ, d ntxtybt njuj gjkedtrjdjuj gt-

hbjlf, rjnjhsq ghjitk c vjvtynf hjéltybz

Ltrkfhfwbb, yfv, rfr xtkjdtxtcrjve hjle, elf-

dfkjcm gjcnjzyyj hfcibhznm gjyznbt xtkjdt-

xtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf. Åkfujlfhz änjve ljrevty-

ne e kñltq b ujcelfhcnd tcnm yjhvf, cnfylfhn,

c gjvjomñ rjnjhjuj vjéyj bpvthbnm b jwtybnm

jåütv ghtljcnfdktyysö jcyjdjgjkfufñobö

ghfd. Vyjubt bp ntö cnhfy, rjnjhst gjzdbkbcm

pf gjcktlybt 50 ktn, cjplfdfkb cdjb rjycnbne-

wbb, xthgfz dljöyjdtybt bp änjq Ltrkfhfwbb.

Cels d cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb exbnsdfñn gjkjét-

ybz Ltrkfhfwbb; jyf ét cjcnfdkztn jcyjde ltz-

ntkmyjcnb vtéleyfhjlysö nhbåeyfkjd gj djty-

ysv ghtcnegktybzv; jyf gjldbukf ghfdbntkmcn-

Gthdfz ktlb Öbkkfhb Hjläv Rkbynjy

9

df yf cjplfybt cjåcndtyysö rjvbccbq gj pfob-

nt jcyjdysö cdjåjl.

D öjlt rjyathtywbb JJY gj ghfdfv xtkj-

dtrf, cjcnjzditqcz d Dtyt d 1993 u., bvtyyj

eåtlbntkmysq ntrcn änjq Ltrkfhfwbb dljöyj-

dbk exfcnybrjd yf exhtéltybt gjcnf Dthöjd-

yjuj rjvbccfhf gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf. Öjxe pf-

vtnbnm, xnj b JJY, b dctve vbhe gjdtpkj d

njv, xnj änjn gjcn pfybvftn Vähb Hjåbycjy. D

öjlt Xtndthnjuj dctvbhyjuj rjyuhtccf éty-

oby, cjcnjzditujcz d 1995 u., bvtyyj änf Ltr-

kfhfwbz gjpdjkbkf yfv pfzdbnm yf dtcm vbh j

njv, xnj jåotxtkjdtxtcrbt ghfdf – änj ghfdf

étyoby, f ghfdf étyoby – änj jåotxtkjdt-

xtcrbt ghfdf.

Yj, ytcvjnhz yf njn ghjuhtcc, rjnjhsq lj-

cnbuyen pf gjcktlybt gjkdtrf, yfv dct-nfrb yt

d gjkyjq vtht elfkjcm hfcibhbnm htfkmyst

uhfybws xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf. Ckbirjv

vyjubt kñlb tot yt jåkflfñn jcyjdjgjkfufñ-

obvb ghfdfvb, cajhvekbhjdfyysvb d ltrkfhf-

wbb; vs gj-ghtéytve jcnftvcz ukeöb r cnhflf-

ybzv vyjubö kñltq.

Tckb vs jåhfnbvcz r bcnjhbb, nj edblbv,

xnj rfélfz cnhfyf gthtébdfkf gthbjls, rjulf

ytrjnjhst tt uhfélfyt jcnfdfkbcm pf xthnjq

uevfyyjcnb. Djpmvtv öjnz ås ghbvth vjtq

cnhfys. E Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd nhelysq jgsn,

cdzpfyysq c bpåbhfntkmysv bkb ytcghfdtlkb-

dsv ghbvtytybtv ntö ghfd, rjnjhst ecnfyjdkt-

ys fvthbrfycrjq Rjycnbnewbtq. Lfét jnws-jc-

yjdfntkb yfituj ujcelfhcndf, rjnjhst lfktrj

jgthtlbkb cdjt dhtvz d cdjbö ghtlcnfdktybzö

j xtkjdtxtcrjv ljcnjbycndt – ghjdjpukfcbd d

Ltrkfhfwbb ytpfdbcbvjcnb, xnj ≤dct kñlb

hjélfñncz hfdysvb≥ – dct-nfrb pfrhtgbkb

hfåcndj d Rjycnbnewbb. Pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm yf-

itq ytghjcnjq 220-ktnytq bcnjhbb – f d ytq

åskb b rhjdfdst cjåsnbz – eikf yf nj, xnjås

fvthbrfyws fahbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, yt-

bveobt ckjb yfctktybz b étyobys cvjukb d

gjkyjq vtht gjkmpjdfnmcz ghtbveotcndfvb

uhfélfycndf. Cfvf Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn gjkexbkf

ghfdj exfcndjdfnm d dsåjhfö eét d 35-ktnytv

djphfcnt.

Yj lfét ctujlyz vs jxthxbdftv djrheu ct-

åz ytrbq rheu, pf ghtltks rjnjhjuj vs ghtlgj-

xbnftv yt cvjnhtnm. Xthyjrjébt ñéyjfahb-

rfyws hfccrfpsdfñn j njv, rfrjdj bv åskj hf-

åjnfnm wtksq ltym chtlb åtksö, rjnjhst cvjn-

htkb yf ybö b yt dbltkb bö. Fyfkjubxysv jå-

hfpjv yf Åfkrfyfö jlyb kñlb yt cxbnfñn pf

kñltq lheubö kñltq, bvtñobö jnkbxyjt jn ybö

ghjbcöjéltybt b rekmnehyjt yfcktlbt. Lf b

vs, jåbnfntkb bylecnhbfkmyjuj vbhf, xfcnj

ghtlgjxbnftv yt dbltnm afrnf ceotcndjdfybz

ghjåktvs ltncrjuj nhelf, yt pfvtxfnm cnhflf-

ybq ltntq, herfvb rjnjhsö cltkfys yfib rhf-

cbdst rjdhs bkb eljåyst neakb.

Ckbirjv dj vyjubö cnhfyfö ctujlyz ndj-

hbncz ytcghfdtlkbdjcnm d jnyjitybb étyoby,

yj vs njét änjuj yt pfvtxftv.

Vs yt pfvtxftv ytcghfdtlkbdjcnb ghfdj-

dsö cbcntv, d rjnjhsö étyobyf hfccvfnhbdftn-

cz rfr ytgjkyjwtyysq xkty jåotcndf. Ckbirjv

dj vyjubö cnhfyfö étyobys gjkexfñn vtymitt

yfcktlcndj, xtv veéxbys. Ytcghfdtlkbdst pf-

rjys j hfpdjlfö dsyeélfñn étyoby jcnfdfnm-

cz d vexbntkmyjv lkz ybö åhfrt. D celfö vyj-

ubö cnhfy cdbltntkmcrbt gjrfpfybz jlyjuj veé-

xbys ghbhfdybdfñncz r cdbltntkmcrbv gjrfpf-

ybzv ldeö étyoby.

Vs pfrhsdftv ukfpf b yf lheubt caths.

Vs ghtlgjxbnftv yt dbltnm njn htfkmysq

drkfl, rjnjhsq dyjczn étyobys d ärjyjvbxtc-

reñ ébpym yfibö cnhfy. Ckbirjv dj vyjubö

cnhfyfö d jnyjitybb étyoby ceotcndetn lbc-

rhbvbyfwbz ghb ghtljcnfdktybb åfyrjdcrbö

ccel, yfpyfxtybb yf herjdjlzobt ljkéyjcnb b

ghjldbétybb gj ckeétåyjq ktcnybwt. Bv gkf-

nzn vtymit, xtv veéxbyfv, bkb yt gkfnzn dj-

jåot. Åtlysö étyoby åjkmit, xtv åtlysö

10

veéxby – étyobys cjcnfdkzñn 70 ghjwtynjd

dctö kñltq, ébdeobö d eckjdbzö ybotns.

Vs nfrét ghtlgjxbnftv vyjujuj b yt cks-

ifnm. Yj cdjåjlf b hfdtycndj lkz dctö d gth-

deñ jxthtlm pfdbczn jn njuj, jåkflfñn kb uhfé-

lfyt d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb ghfdjv ujkjcf.

Gjrfpfntkmyj, xnj lfét ghb cjcnfdktybb

ghjtrnf Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghjbpjitk cgjh

j hfdyjghfdbb étyoby. Gthdjyfxfkmysq dfhb-

fyn Cnfnmb 1 Ltrkfhfwbb ukfcbk: “All men are

created equal” – ≤Dct kñlb hjélfñncz hfdys-

vb≥. D fyukbqcrjv zpsrt ckjdj “men” jpyfxf-

tn jlyjdhtvtyyj ≤veéxbys≥ b ≤kñlb≥, b

étyobys, exfcndjdfdibt d gjlujnjdrt ntrcnf

Ltrkfhfwbb dj ukfdt c u-éjq Öfycjq Vtönf

(Bylbz), jåhfnbkb dybvfybt yf njn afrn, xnj

jyj vjétn åsnm bynthghtnbhjdfyj rfr bcrkñ-

xfñott étyoby. Njkmrj gjckt ljkubö ltåfnjd

änf ajhvekbhjdrf åskf bpvtytyf yf “All

human beings are born free and equal”, rjnjhfz yt

jcnfdkztn vtcnj ldecvscktyyjcnb.

Ctujlyz vs gj-ghtéytve yt cksibv ujkj-

cf vyjubö étyoby. Ckbirjv dj vyjubö cnhfyfö

étyobys yt bvtñn djpvjéyjcnb exfcndjdfnm d

gjkbnbxtcrjq ébpyb. Ckbirjv dj vyjubö cnhf-

yfö ltdjxrb b étyobys lfét b yt gjvsikzñn

j njv, xnjås gjlyznm ujkjc d cdjñ pfobne...

Djpvjéyjcnb öjlbnm d irjke kbitys 130 vky.

ltntq, b ldt nhtnb bp ybö cjcnfdkzñn ltdjxrb.

Ldt nhtnb bp 96 vky. xtkjdtr d vbht, rjnjhst

yt evtñn yb xbnfnm, yb gbcfnm, cjcnfdkzñn

étyobys...

Cdjåjlf ckjdf b cdjåjlf ghtccs, ghfdj yf

jåhfotybt r ghfdbntkmcnde b ghfdj yf ghjdt-

ltybt cjåhfybq – dct änj bvttn jcyjdjgjkf-

ufñott pyfxtybt. Yj gjlevfqnt j njv, yfcrjkm-

rj juhfybxtys änb ghfdf d cnhfyfö, ult åjkm-

ibycndj vjkjlsö étyoby ytuhfvjnys. Ghfdf,

pfgbcfyyst yf åevfut, yj yt jåtcgtxtyyst b

yt htfkbpetvst yf ltkt, ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq

gecnjq pder.

Vs ceéftv rheu ghfd xtkjdtrf b ntv, xnj

ghtlgjxbnftv vyjujt yt xedcndjdfnm. Rfr crf-

pfkf Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn, ≤rjulf ét yfcnegbn vj-

vtyn, rjulf yfif cjdtcnm cnfytn yfcnjkmrj xen-

rjq, xnjås ghtljndhfofnm xtkjdtxtcrbt ytcxfc-

nmz, f yt vcnbnm pf ybö?≥ Ckbirjv dj vyjubö

cnhfyfö cnhflfybz, rjnjhst bcgsnsdfñn éty-

obys, cxbnfñncz xtv-nj nhbdbfkmysv, bö

jåüzcyzñn rfr ≤cgtwbabxtcrbq atyjvty, ghb-

ceobq lfyyjq rekmneht≥. Djpvjéyj, d änjv b

cjcnjbn ghbxbyf njuj, xnj étyobys yt bvtñn

djpvjéyjcnb d gjkyjq vtht gjkmpjdfnmcz ecke-

ufvb plhfdjjöhfytybz b yt gjkexfñn ljcnegf r

eckeufv d jåkfcnb gkfybhjdfybz ctvmb. Yfdth-

yjt, bvtyyj gjänjve ghjljkéftncz ghfrnbrf

hbnefkmyjuj jåhtpfybz utybnfkbq, rjnjhjq d

ytrjnjhsö cnhfyfö gjldthufñncz 90 ghjwtynjd

étyoby.

Yfdthyjt, gjänjve åsnjdjt b ctrcefkmyjt

yfcbkbt jcnftncz cfvsv cthmtpysv, ytljcnf-

njxyj htubcnhbhetvsv b ibhjrj hfcghjcnhf-

ytyysv yfheitybtv ghfd xtkjdtrf d vbht.

Gjxnb d rféljq cnhfyt vbhf åsnjdjt yfcbkbt

cjcnfdkztn jlye bp jcyjdysö ghbxby edtxbq b

nhfdv, gjkexftvsö étyobyfvb. D vjtq cnhfyt

30 ghjwtynjd eåbnsö étyoby gjubåfñn d ht-

pekmnfnt yfgfltybz yf ybö yfcnjzobö bkb åsd-

ibö gfhnythjd. Rfr crfpfkf ujcctrhtnfhm Vf-

ltkty Jkåhfqn, åsnjdjt yfcbkbt ytkmpz buyj-

hbhjdfnm, rfr änj xfcnj ltkfkjcm d ghjikjv,

cxbnfz tuj yjhvjq ébpyb d njq bkb byjq cnhf-

yt bkb dyenhbctvtqysv ltkjv. Lfdfqnt ét

uhjvrj ghjdjpukfcbv yf dtcm vbh: vs jnrfpsdf-

tvcz dthbnm d nj, xnj yfcbkbt d jnyjitybb

étyoby – änj ghjcnj rekmnehyfz nhflbwbz; vs

cxbnftv, xnj änj ghjcnj ghtcnegktybt.

Yt ckexfqyj bpyfcbkjdfybz b ctrcefkmyjt

yfcbkbt ghjljkéfñn jcnfdfnmcz jlybv bp vtnj-

ljd dtltybz djqys. Z dbée étcnjreñ ytcghf-

dtlkbdjcnm d njv, xnj jrjyxfybt vyjubö djqy

yt ghbyjcbn étyobyfv b bö ctvmzv vbh, f ds-

11

yeélftn bö cnfyjdbnmcz åtétywfvb, ghb änjv

gjkjétybt étyoby b ltntq njkmrj eöeliftncz.

D vbht ctujlyz yfcxbnsdftncz 23 vky. åtéty-

wtd, b 80 ghjwtynjd bp ybö cjcnfdkzñn étyob-

ys b ltnb.

Gjkyjt ghtljcnfdktybt étyobyfv bö ghfd

– änj pflfxf, rjnjhfz nfr b yt åskf htityf yf

ghjnzétybb änjuj åehyjuj dtrf...

Vyt ljdtkjcm gjtplbnm gj cdtne, b z dcnht-

xfkfcm cj vyjubvb étyobyfvb, rjnjhst ybrju-

lf yt cksifkb jå änjq Ltrkfhfwbb b j tt

ghbywbgfö, yj rjnjhst, ntv yt vtytt, eåtélt-

ys d njv, xnj pfckeébdfñn edfétybz b kexit-

uj jnyjitybz r ctåt d cdjtq ctvmt, yf hfåjnt

b d jåotcndt d wtkjv.

Ytcvjnhz yf dct änj, ytrjnjhst ghjljkéf-

ñn cxbnfnm cnhflfybz étyoby cjdthityyj yt-

pyfxbntkmyjq ghjåktvjq. Nfr kb änj? Djn xnj

yfgbcfkf d 1958 u. Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn: ≤Ult yf-

xbyfñncz ghfdf xtkjdtrf? Jyb yfxbyfñncz

nfv, ult tuj ljv, d vfktymrbö vtcntxrfö – rj-

njhst yfcnjkmrj vfks, xnj bö ytkmpz edbltnm

yf utjuhfabxtcrbö rfhnfö. Vtéle ntv, lkz jn-

ltkmyjuj xtkjdtrf – änj wtksq vbh ... jy cj-

cnjbn bp njuj vtcnf, ult xtkjdtr ébdtn, bp afå-

hbrb, athvs bkb rjynjhs, ult jy hfåjnftn. B

rfélsq veéxbyf, étyobyf bkb htåtyjr, ébde-

obq bkb hfåjnfñobq d nfrjv vtcnt, hfccxbns-

dftn yf cghfdtlkbdjcnm, yf hfdyst c lheubvb

djpvjéyjcnb, yf hfdyjt ljcnjbycndj b jncencn-

dbt lbcrhbvbyfwbb. Tckb dct änb ghfdf yt

bvtñn cvsckf nfv, jyb djjåot ybult yt bvt-

ñn ybrfrjuj cvsckf≥.

Hfplfñncz nfrét ujkjcf, endthélfñobt,

xnj d yfheitybb ghfd xtkjdtrf ytn ybxtuj

cnhfiyjuj. Vtéle ntv, d ljrkflt Rjvbccbb

Rfhytub, jgeåkbrjdfyyjv yf änjq ytltkt, j

ghtljndhfotybb rjyakbrnjd, pfrfyxbdfñoböcz

cvthntkmysv bcöjljv, endthélftncz jåhfnyjt.

D ytv crfpfyj: ≤Djkyf uheåsö yfheitybq ghfd

xtkjdtrf gjxnb dctulf ckeébn cthmtpysv ghtl-

dtcnybrjv nhfubxtcrbö cjåsnbq, nfrbö, rfr

vfccjdsq gjnjr åtétywtd bkb uhfélfycrfz

djqyf≥.

Ujdjhzn nfrét, xnj ghfdf xtkjdtrf – änj

hjcrjim, dslevfyyfz yf Pfgflt, rjnjhfz xeé-

lf vyjubv cnhfyfv. Jlyfrj z cxbnfñ – b nfr

cxbnfñn nt étyobys, c rjnjhsvb z hfpujdfhb-

dfkf, – xnj ghfdf xtkjdtrf cjcnfdkzñn nfreñ

ét ytjnütvktveñ xfcnm xtkjdtxtcrjuj ceitcn-

djdfybz, rfr djpleö b djlf, b xnj jyb dsöjlzn

pf hfvrb jåsxftd b nhflbwbq, gjcrjkmre lfys

xtkjdtre c vjvtynf hjéltybz. Étyobys, c rj-

njhsvb z dcnhtxfkfcm, yt cxbnfñn, xnj ghfdf

xtkjdtrf – änj bcreccndtyyjt gjyznbt, bpjåht-

ntyyjt ntjhtnbrfvb. Ytcvjnhz yf dct gjcnekf-

ns, rjnjhst lbrneñn bv vtcnyst jåsxfb b nhf-

lbwbb, d cdjtq leit jyb nfr ét zcyj gjybvf-

ñn, xnj änb ghfdf lfñncz xtkjdtre Åjujv jn

hjéltybz, rfr nj, xnj jyb hjlbkbcm d xtkjdt-

xtcrjq ctvmt.

Dtlm tckb änb ghfdf yt ghbceob xtkjdtre

c hjéltybz, nj gjxtve ét yf ghjnzétybb dctq

bcnjhbb kñlb nfr egjhyj b veétcndtyyj chf-

éfñncz pf ybö?

Gfhfljrcfkmyj, yj ljrfpfntkmcndj eybdth-

cfkmyjcnb änbö ghfd lfñn cfvb yfheibntkb

ghfd xtkjdtrf. Gjxtve, yfghbvth, nt, rnj cj-

dthiftn fynbuevfyyst ltzybz, dctulf cgtifn

pfvtcnb cktls cjltzyyjuj – hfpdt änj yt ujdj-

hbn j njv, xnj jyb cjpyfñn, xnj cjdthibkb yt-

ghfdtlyjt ltkj? Yfwbcns gsnfkbcm crhsnm nj,

xnj jyb ltkfkb d rjywtynhfwbjyysö kfuthzö.

Rjvveybcns ghznfkb cdjq nthhjh pf étktpysv

pfyfdtcjv. D rfvtybcnjq ptvkt Åjcybb, d uke-

öbö ktcfö Hefyls ktéfn nhegs kñltq, eåbqcn-

dj rjnjhsö gsnfkbcm crhsnm. Bpdtcnyj vyjuj

ckexftd, rjulf b d pfgflyjv gjkeifhbb ≤ghj-

gflfkb≥ kñlb b bö bltb.

Gjxtve ét kñlb åjhñncz pf änb ghfdf?

Jyb ltkfñn änj gjnjve, xnj ceoyjcnm ghfd

xtkjdtrf dsöjlbn lfktrj pf hfvrb ntö bkb

12

bysö gjkbnbxtcrbö htébvjd b cgtwbabxtcrbö

erkfljd ébpyb. Nt eåtéltybz, rjnjhst cajh-

vekbhjdfys dj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb xtkjdt-

rf, gjzdbkbcm yt 50 ktn yfpfl. Änj yt htpekm-

nfn nheljd rfrjq-nj jnltkmyjq rekmnehs bkb

cnhfys. Jyb dctulf åskb c yfvb – c ntö gjh,

rjulf vbhf rjcyekcz gthdsq kex wbdbkbpfwbb.

Cjajrk gbcfk j ybö ldt c gjkjdbyjq nsczxb

ktn yfpfl – tuj Fynbujyf ujdjhbn j njv, xnj

ceotcndeñn änbxtcrbt pfrjys, rjnjhst dsit

pfrjyjd abdcrbö wfhtq. G. Xfy, rjnjhsq exf-

cndjdfk d cjcnfdktybb ntrcnf Dctjåotq ltrkf-

hfwbb, gjlxthrbdfk, xnj änb ghbywbgs åskb

cajhvekbhjdfys tot Rjyaewbtv d Lhtdytv

Rbnft. Ghbywbg, cjukfcyj rjnjhjve vs lj-

kéys jnyjcbnmcz r cdjbv cjctlzv c nfrbv ét

edfétybtv, c rfrbv jnyjcbvcz r cfvbv ctåt,

cjcnfdkztn zlhj dctö jcyjdysö htkbubjpysö

extybq vbhf.

Ghbywbgs, cajhvekbhjdfyyst d ljrevty-

nt, ñåbktq rjnjhjuj vs jnvtxftv ctujlyz, yt

crjycnhebhjdfys, f lfys d jnrhjdtybb; dct dt-

kbrbt vbhjdst htkbubb jncnfbdfkb b ghjgjdt-

ljdfkb änb bcnbys.

Hfpjhdb z ntrcn änjq Ltrkfhfwbb, ghjdjp-

ukfityyst d ytq wtyyjcnb dct hfdyj jcnfyencz.

Cjéub z änjn ljrevtyn, tuj cvsck cjöhf-

ybncz.

Pfghtnb z xbnfnm tuj, dct hfdyj pfgbcfy-

yst d ytv ckjdf åelen uhjvrj pdexfnm d cth-

lwfö b leifö kñltq.

Rfélfz ägjöf bvttn cdjb åtkst gznyf b

ytpfrjyxtyyst ltkf. B e yfc tcnm ltkj, rjnjhjt

vs ljkéys pfrjyxbnm yf gjhjut yjdjuj nsczxt-

ktnbz. Vs dyjdm ljkéys gjcdznbnm ctåz pflf-

xt jåtcgtxtybz ghfd xtkjdtrf. Vs ljkéys jc-

nhtt dbltnm, kexit cksifnm b njymit xedcndj-

dfnm kñåst yfheitybz änbö ghfd.

Yj änj tot yt dct. Vs ljkéys gjllth-

ébdfnm ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt jåotcndf – yjdst b

cnfhst – rjnjhst cgjcjåcndeñn htfkbpfwbb

dscjrbö bltq, pfkjétyysö d änjq Ltrkfhf-

wbb.

Lkz yfc, lkz dctuj xtkjdtxtcndf, yfcnfkj

dhtvz gjkyjcnmñ gjcdznbnm ctåz änjve ltke. E

yfc eét yt jcnfkjcm ghtlkjujd lkz njuj, xnjås

yt ltkfnm änjuj. 20 dtr pfrfyxbdftncz... d ytv

åskj ckbirjv vyjuj djqy. Tckb bcnjhbz änjuj

cnjktnbz xtve-nj yfc b yfexbkf, nfr änj njve,

xnj yfc éltn eéfcyjt åeleott, tckb vs åeltv

ljgecrfnm gjczufntkmcndf yf ljcnjbycndj jn-

ltkmyjuj xtkjdtrf bkb uheggs kñltq, jnkbxfñ-

oböcz jn lheubö gj rfrjve-kbåj ghbpyfre.

B yfjåjhjn, tckb vs åeltv hfcibhznm rheu

uhfélfycrjuj b xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf, xnj-

ås d ytuj vjukb djqnb dct åtp bcrkñxtybz, nju-

lf e yfc gjzdbncz jcyjdf lkz yfltéls yf ghj-

wdtnfybt d jåyjdktyyjv vbht.

Nfr lfdfqnt ét blnb gj ljhjut, rjnjhfz dt-

ltn d nfrjq vbh. Zcyj, xnj änf ljhjuf ybrjulf

yt åeltn kturjq. Ghfdf, j rjnjhsö vs ujdjhbv,

dtxys, rfr b åjhmåf pf ybö. B öjnz vhfr d le-

it xtkjdtrf vjétn ytvyjuj hfcctznmcz, jy yb-

rjulf gjkyjcnmñ yt bcxtpytn. Gjänjve vs lj-

kéys jcnfdfnmcz htfkbcnfvb d htitybb ghj-

åktvs ghfd xtkjdtrf. B d änb lyb, rjulf jnvt-

xftncz 50-ktnyzz ujljdobyf Dctjåotq ltrkfhf-

wbb ghfd xtkjdtrf, vs ljkéys c jnrhsnsv

cthlwtv dpznmcz pf tt djgkjotybt d ébpym c

yjdsvb cbkfvb.

Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth 3,

jrnzåhm 1998 u.

13

Léjy Iännfr d ntxtybt vyjubö ktn åskgjvjoybrjv ujcctrhtnfhz CIF gj djghjcfvltvjrhfnbb, ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelf. Ytlfdyjjy dsldbyen rfylblfnjv yf ljkéyjcnm gj-ckf CIF d Xticrjq Htcgeåkbrt, b ljkétyjcnfdbnm cdjb gjcn. Lfyyjt bynthdmñ ghj-dtk rjhhtcgjyltyn ÑCBF Hbr Vfhifkk 28 ctynzåhz 1998 ujlf.

DJGHJC: D ltrfåht bcgjkybncz 50 ktn cj lyz

ghbyznbz Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkj-

dtrf. Vyjubt jhufybpfwbb ujnjdzncz jnvt-

nbnm änj cjåsnbt. Rfr ds jöfhfrnthbpetnt änb

gjcktlybt gjkdtrf d jåkfcnb cjåkñltybz

ghfd xtkjdtrf?

IÄNNFR: Z cxbnfñ, xnj dnjhfz gjkjdbyf cnj-

ktnbz ghtlcnfdkzkf cjåjq juhjvysq gfhfljrc

dj vyjubö jnyjitybzö. Änj åskj dhtvz, rjulf

pfrkflsdfkbcm jcyjds vtéleyfhjlyjq pfrjy-

yjcnb. Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf b

Jhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq cnfkb ht-

pekmnfnjv rjkktrnbdysö ukjåfkmysö ecbkbq, yf-

ghfdktyysö yf nj, xnjås étcnjrjcnb, cdbltnt-

kzvb rjnjhsö vs åskb dj dhtvz Dnjhjq vbhj-

djq djqys b Rfnfcnhjas, ybrjulf yt gjdnjhb-

kbcm. Jyb lfkb ujkjc vbkkbjyfv kñltq dj

5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y

Ghfdf xtkjdtrf:yfcktlbt b åeleott

Bynthdmñ c Léjyjv Iännfrjv

14

dctv vbht, ecbkbz rjnjhsö d ltkt ljcnbétybz

cdjåjls b cjåkñltybz jcyjdjgjkfufñobö ghfd

xtkjdtrf jcnfkbcm ås yt pfvtxtyysvb.

C lheujq cnjhjys, d ntxtybt dnjhjq gjkj-

dbys cnjktnbz vs åskb cdbltntkzvb ghjljk-

éfñotujcz rhbpbcf jcyjdjgjkfufñobö b aey-

lfvtynfkmysö cdjåjl. Yfghbvth, dj dhtvz

öjkjlyjq djqys cjdtncrbt djqcrf gjlfdkzkb

ghjzdktybz cdjåjls d Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt, n.t.

jyb jceotcndkzkb nj, xtuj jyb eét ljåbkbcm d

Cjdtncrjv Cjñpt. Fyfkjubxyst zdktybz yfåkñ-

lfkbcm b d Fpbb, d xfcnyjcnb, d Rbnft.

D nj ét dhtvz yfif cjåcndtyyfz cnhfyf åj-

hjkfcm c eéfcysv yfcktlbtv hfåcndf b gjcktl-

cndbzvb eothåf, yfytctyyjuj fvthbrfycrbv by-

ltqwfv. Änj – lheufz cnjhjyf gfhfljrcf.

Cjtlbytyyst Infns d änjn gthbjl åskb

jödfxtys vjoysv ldbétybtv, yfghfdktyysv

yf ghtjljktybt bkb, gj rhfqytq vtht, bpåfdkt-

ybt jn cthmtpysö yfheitybq uhfélfycrbö ghfd

b uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl d gthbjl hfåcndf b gj-

pét. Yfåkñlfkjcm nfrét gjcntgtyyjt ghbpyf-

ybz ghfd rjhtyyjuj yfctktybz b juhjvysq ghj-

uhtcc d ghtljcnfdktybb ghfdf ujkjcf b lheubö

ghfd uheggfv yfctktybz, rjnjhst åskb kbitys

bö, d xfcnyjcnb, étyobyfv, f nfrét lheubv rf-

ntujhbzv kbw b yfwbjyfkmysv vtymibycndfv

Fvthbrb, cnhfys, ult vyjubt ywbjyfkmyjcnb

gthtvtifkbcm b ≤gthtgkfdbkbcm≥, rfr d juhjv-

yjq gkfdbkmyjv rjnkt.

Jlyfrj, yfv tot vyjujt ghtlcnjbn cltkfnm

b vs ghjljkéftv yfl änbv hfåjnfnm.

Dj vyjujv cbvdjkjv ghjuhtccf d jåkfcnb

ghfd xtkjdtrf pf dtcm änjn gthbjl cnfkj hfpdb-

nbt vyjujhfcjdjq ltvjrhfnbb d Ñéyjq Fahb-

rt, gjlyzditqcz yf hebyfö b åtlcndbzö, cdz-

pfyysö c fgfhntbljv. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, d änjn gt-

hbjl åskb ljcnbuyens htfkmyst gjåtls, öjnz

jy nfrét öfhfrnthbpetncz vyjubvb dspsdfñob-

vb eéfcs yfheitybzvb. F cjdctv ytlfdyj vs

yfåkñlfkb pf hfpdbnbtv étcnjrbö rjyakbrnjd,

rjnjhst ghbdtkb r utyjwble, rfr, yfghbvth, d

Hefylt b d åsditq Ñujckfdbb. Ghbvth änbö

cnhfy gjcnjzyyj yfgjvbyftn j njv, xnj ytpfdb-

cbvj jn njuj, yfcrjkmrj öjhjij ghfdf vjuen ds-

ukzltnm yf åevfut, wbybxyst herjdjlbntkb vj-

uen cghjdjwbhjdfnm rjyakbrn b åkfujlfhz cdj-

bv vfybgekzwbzv eybxnjébnm wtkst cnhfys b

juhjvyjt xbckj uhfélfycrjuj yfctktybz.

DJGHJC: Rfreñ hjkm ldbétybt pf ghfdf xt-

kjdtrf csuhfkj d bcnjhbb dnjhjq gjkjdbys

20-juj cnjktnbz?

IÄNNFR: Pf gjcktlybt 50 ktn ldbétybt pf

ghfdf xtkjdtrf ghbjåhtnftn dct åjkmieñ b

åjkmieñ ktubnbvyjcnm. Änj ldbétybt, rjnjhjt

jnhféftn hjcn gjpbnbdysö cbk ghjwtccf ukjåf-

kbpfwbb b cnhtvktybt kñltq ébnm d eckjdbzö

cdjåjls b d jnyjcbntkmyjv vbht. Gjänjve rju-

lf cnhfys vbhf dscnegfñn dvtcnt b ghbybvf-

ñn nfrjq ljrevtyn, rfr Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz

ghfd xtkjdtrf, f pfntv herjdjlcndeñncz tñ d

ntxtybt gznb ltcznbktnbq, änj erfpsdftn yf nj,

xnj dtcm änjn ghjwtcc ghbjåhtnftn dct åjkmieñ

Léjy Iännfr, gjvjoybr

Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz

CIF gj djghjcfv ltvjrhfnbb,

ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelf

15

b åjkmieñ pfrjyyeñ cbke. Z cxbnfñ, xnj jy

csuhfk cdjñ hjkm d Ötkmcbyrcrjv ldbétybb d

åsditv Cjdtncrjv Cjñpt b cnhfyfö Djcnjxyjq

Tdhjgs.

Z eåtélty, xnj ctujlyz Ltrkfhfwbz bvttn

dféyjt pyfxtybt lkz ntö, rnj åjhtncz pf ghfdf

xtkjdtrf d Rbnft, Byljytpbb, Åbhvt b Ybut-

hbb – cnhfyfö, ult vjoysv fdnjhbnfhysv ht-

ébvfv elftncz gjlfdkznm ghfdf xtkjdtrf. Pyf-

xbntkmyj djphjckj lfdktybt d gjkmpe cvtys

änbö htébvjd. Z cxbnfñ, xnj nen jghtltktyyjt

djpltqcndbt jrfpfkb cnhtvktybz r jåtcgtxtybñ

ghfd xtkjdtrf b pfrjyyjcnm bö nhtåjdfybz, gjl-

rhtgktyyfz Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdt-

rf. Vtéle ntv, xnj afrnbxtcrb ghjbcöjlbn d

cnhfyt, b ntv, xnj vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj

ghbpyftn rfr pfrjyyjt, ceotcndetn dpfbvjcdzpm.

Dctvbhyfz rjyathtywbz gj ghfdfv xtkjdt-

rf, bkb Dtycrfz rjyathtywbz, – änj rhegyjt

cjåsnbt, rjnjhjt ghjbpjikj d njn vjvtyn, rju-

lf ysytiyzz flvbybcnhfwbz ghbikf r dkfcnb.

Nfv cnhfys vbhf dgthdst ltqcndbntkmyj ds-

ikb pf ghtltks Dctvbhyjq ltrkfhfwbb b pfyz-

kb gjpbwbñ, xnj ghfdf xtkjdtrf zdkzñncz pf-

rjyysv ghtlvtnjv vtéleyfhjlyjq lbgkjvfnbb

b jåceéltybq. Änj åskj jxtym dféyj. Yf rjy-

athtywbb ytjöjnyj cjukfcbkbcm c änbv lfét

nfrbt cnhfys, rfr Rbnfq, rjnjhsq yfhzle c

lheubvb cxbnfkb, xnj gjkjétybt dyenhb cnhfys

yt ljkéyj hfccvfnhbdfnmcz c njxrb phtybz cj-

åkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf.

D ntxtybt gjcktlybö gznb ktn dgthdst

djpybrfkb vtéleyfhjlyst rjfkbwbb, cjplfyyst

bcrkñxbntkmyj lkz njuj, xnjås hfphtibnm rhb-

pbcyst cbnefwbb d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Bvtyyj änj ghjbcöjlbkj yf Ufbnb, f d rfxtcn-

dt ytlfdytuj ghbvthf vjéyj egjvzyenm Åjc-

ybñ. Jåsxyj vtéleyfhjlyst rjfkbwbb, b jcj-

åtyyj nfrbt, d rjnjhsö tcnm djtyysq rjvgj-

ytyn, dscnegfñn dvtcnt d wtkzö pfobns cdjbö

yfwbjyfkmysö bynthtcjd. F d änbö ckexfzö jyb

åskb cjplfys, ghb gjllthért Jhufybpfwbb

Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq, ghfrnbxtcrb yb lkz xt-

uj byjuj, rhjvt åjhmås c eéfcysvb afrnfvb

yfheitybq ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Cfvjt åjkmijt hfpjxfhjdfybt, rjnjhjt z

gthtébk pf änb ujls, cdzpfyj c ntv, xnj cnhf-

iysq rhbpbc d Hefylt yt gjkexbk cdjtdhtvty-

yjq vtéleyfhjlyjq gjllthérb lkz ghjdtltybz

cjjndtncndeñobö vth b cgfctybz åjktt 500 000

kñltq, gjubåibö d htpekmnfnt utyjwblf d Hefy-

lt. Yj z cxbnfñ, xnj cjåsnbz yf Ufbnb b d

Åjcybb cjplfkb ghtwtltyn. Z levfñ, xnj d ec-

kjdbzö hfcneotq bynthyfwbjyfkmyjq htibvjc-

nb d cdzpb c cbnefwbtq d Rjcjdj vtéleyfhjl-

yjt cjjåotcndj ghtlghbvtn ghfrnbxtcrbt if-

ub, xnjås gjkjébnm rjytw cfvsv eéfcysv afr-

nfv yfheitybz ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Jlyfrj, ghtlcnjbn ghjqnb ljkubq genm,

ghtélt xtv gjzdbncz gjbcnbyt ltqcndtyyfz

vtéleyfhjlyfz cbcntvf, rjnjhfz vjétn jåtcgt-

xbnm dsgjkytybt cjåkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf.

DJGHJC: Rfrjdf, gj dfitve vytybñ, åeltn

cbnefwbz d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf d åkbéfq-

ibt 50 ktn?

IÄNNFR: Z gjkfufñ, xnj d änjq jåkfcnb yf-

åkñlftncz hzl ntyltywbq, rjnjhst lheu lheuf

dpfbvyj ljgjkyzñn. Tckb ljåhj cvjétn jlth-

éfnm gjåtle yfl pkjv, nj vjéyj åeltn ceotcn-

dtyyj erhtgbnm cbcntve vtéleyfhjlyjq pfob-

ns ghfd xtkjdtrf. Yj änj ljkéyj jpyfxfnm uj-

hfplj åjktt ibhjrjt ghbpyfybt njuj ghbywb-

gf, xnj dyenhtyybt cjåsnbz d cnhfyt, jrfps-

dfñobt pyfxbntkmyjt djpltqcndbt yf cbnefwbñ

d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf, ljkéys cnfnm ghtl-

vtnjv pfrjyyjuj vtéleyfhjlyjuj dybvfybz. D

yfcnjzott dhtvz änj gjkjétybt yt yfcnjkmrj

ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyj b jåotghbyznj, rfr

öjntkjcm ås.

Änj ljkéyj jpyfxfnm, xnj kñåst ntylty-

wbb, cdzpfyyst c hfpébufybtv b hfphfcnfybtv

16

änybxtcrbö b htkbubjpysö rjyakbrnjd, ljkéys

cnfnm jåütrnjv ghjdthjr cj cnjhjys vtéleyf-

hjlysö cbcntv, jåtcgtxbdfñobö ghtljndhfot-

ybt gjljåysö rjyakbrnjd, gjchtlcndjv cjxtnf-

ybz lbgkjvfnbxtcrbö b – byjulf – djtyysö

vth b chtlcnd, f nfrét pf cxtn hfpdbnbz ltvjr-

hfnbxtcrbö ghbywbgjd d jåotcndt. Gjrf yfv

yt elfkjcm cjplfnm äaatrnbdyj ltqcndeñoeñ

cbcntve lkz jcnfyjdrb b ghtrhfotybz gj-

ljåysö htkbubjpysö b änybxtcrbö rjyakbrnjd

lj njuj, rfr jyb ltqcndbntkmyj dsqlen bp-gjl

rjynhjkz.

Z cxbnfñ, xnj hfpdbnbt ukjåfkmyjq ärjyj-

vbxtcrjq cbcntvs ljkéyj cjghjdjélfnmcz dct

djphfcnfñobv edfétybtv r jcyjdjgjkfufñobv

vtéleyfhjlysv ghfdfv nhelzoböcz, ghfdfv

hfåjxbö b pfobnjq ezpdbvsö rfntujhbq yfctkt-

ybz jn kñåjq ajhvs ärcgkefnfwbb, d xfcnyjc-

nb, étyoby b ltntq. Cjtlbytyyst Infns cnj-

zn dj ukfdt ghjwtccf, yfghfdktyyjuj yf htfkb-

pfwbñ änbö vth pfobns, jlyfrj ceotcndetn

vyjuj cnhfy, rjnjhst änjve cjghjnbdkzñncz.

Z nfrét cxbnfñ, xnj yfif cnhfyf ljkéyf

ghjljkébnm ghtlghbybvfnm ifub, yfghfdkty-

yst yf ghbpyfybt vtéleyfhjlyjq cnhernehs,

rjnjhfz åeltn bvtnm dféyjt pyfxtybt lkz pf-

obns ghfd xtkjdtrf, b, d xfcnyjcnb, hfnbabwb-

hjdfnm hfpkbxyst ljujdjhs. Cjtlbytyyst Inf-

ns dctulf ghbybvfkb jxtym frnbdyjt exfcnbt d

cjcnfdktybb bö ghjtrnjd, b vs exfcndjdfkb d

cjplfybb Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb. F ntgthm yf

yfc ktébn jåzpfyyjcnm ghjljkébnm äne kbybñ b

gjkyjcnmñ jljåhbnm vtéleyfhjlyeñ ñhblbxtc-

reñ cbcntve, pfobofñoeñ ghfdf xtkjdtrf.

Yfv ytjåöjlbvj nfrét hfphfåjnfnm åjktt

cjdthityyst vtéleyfhjlyst cnhernehs ghfdj-

celbz. Vs eét cltkfkb gthdsq ifu, dgthdst

cjplfd djtyyst nhbåeyfks, rjnjhst hfccvfnhb-

dfñn ltkf j utyjwblt b ghtcnegktybzö ghjnbd

xtkjdtxtcndf d åsditq Ñujckfdbb b d Hefylt.

Jlyfrj, ntgthm ytjåöjlbvj htfkbpjdfnm vths

gj hfphfåjnrt ltqcndtyyjq vtéleyfhjlyjq ce-

ltåyjq cbcntvs yf jcyjdt ntö ghbywbgjd, rj-

njhst d gjcktlybt ujls jåceélfkbcm d rjyntr-

cnt cjplfybz Vtéleyfhjlyjuj eujkjdyjuj celf.

Gj jnltkmysv djghjcfv åskj vyjuj hfpyjukf-

cbq, jlyfrj, d rjytxyjv cxtnt yfv ytjåöjlbvj

cjplfnm cbcntve, rjnjhfz cvjétn ljåhfnmcz lj

dctö yfheibntktq dj vyjubö lheubö cnhfyfö,

gjvbvj Hefyls b åsditq Ñujckfdbb.

Änb djghjcs cnjzn yf gjdtcnrt lyz yf åkb-

éfqibt 50 ktn. B ltqcndbntkmyj gjnhtåetncz

dtcm änjn chjr lkz njuj, xnjås bö htibnm. Bö

ytkmpz htibnm pf jlby ltym. Z yfltñcm, xnj r

vjvtyne ghfplyjdfybz 100-ktnytq ujljdobys,

ytrjnjhst f, djpvjéyj, b dct änb pflfxb åelen

ghjhfåjnfys ujhfplj ukeåét, xtv ctujlyz.

Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth 3,

jrnzåhm 1998 u.

17

Rjyuhtcc CIF

Xtnshyflwfnjuj ctynzåhz Gfkfnf ghtlcnf-dbntktq CIF ghb cjukfcjdfybb c CtyfnjvCIF gjlfdkzñobv åjkmibycndjv ujkjcjdghbyzkf htpjkñwbñ j ghfplyjdfybb 50-q uj-ljdobys Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf.D htpjkñwbb gjlndthélftncz ≤ghbdthéty-yjcnm Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd jcyjdjgjkfufñ-obv ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, ghjdjpukfityysv gj-kdtrf yfpfl≥, b dshféftncz ≤htibvjcnmghjljkébnm hfåjne dj bvz jceotcndktybz bcjåkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf, rjnjhst bvtñneybdthcfkmysq öfhfrnth, b vtéle yfhjlysöcjukfitybq j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf≥.

Ybét ghbdjlzncz vsckb gj gjdjle bltqb ghbywbgjd Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkj-dtrf, dscrfpfyyst xktyjv Gfkfns ghtlcnf-dbntktq Njvjv Kfynjcjv (ltvjrhfn,infn Rfkbajhybz), cjghtlctlfntktv Rjvb-ntnf Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq gj ghfdfvxtkjdtrf, b ctyfnjhjv Fkmajyct L’Fvfnj(htcgeåkbrfytw, infn Ymñ-Qjhr), cjghtlct-lfntktv Rjvbccbb Rjyuhtccf gj djghjcfvåtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcndf d Tdhjgt, fnfrét cfv ntrcn htpjkñwbb.

5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y

Dpukzls yf ghfdf xtkjdtrfGhtlcnfdbntkb Rjyuhtccf CIF,

Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq

b xtndthj åjhwjd pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf

18

Xkty Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq

Njv Kfynjc

GZ N M LT C Z N K T N – ytvfksq chjr, b ctq-

xfc åskj ås jxtym cdjtdhtvtyyj tot hfp gjl-

ndthlbnm cdjñ ghbdthétyyjcnm, ghbdthéty-

yjcnm lfyyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmyjuj jhufyf b yfitq

cnhfys änjve ébpytyyj dféyjve ljrevtyne.

Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf – änj jlby

bp cfvsö vjyevtynfkmysö ljrevtynjd pf dcñ

bcnjhbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf. Jyf cjlthébn jåot-

ghbyznjt vtéleyfhjlyjt jghtltktybt ghfd xt-

kjdtrf b zdkztncz jcyjdjq lkz vtéleyfhjlysö

pfrjyjd b ljujdjhjd j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf. Jyf

nfrét ckeébn dféyjq jnghfdyjq njxrjq lkz åe-

leobö vtéleyfhjlysö cjukfitybq j ghfdfö

xtkjdtrf.

Z yt cnjkm yfbdty, xnjås yt jnlfdfnm ctåt

jnxtnf d njv, xnj d ltcznrfö cnhfy änf Dctjå-

ofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf yt cjåkñlftncz.

B änjn dspsdfñobq åjkm afrn pfcnfdkztn yfc

dyjdm njhétcndtyyj gjlndthlbnm ghbdthéty-

yjcnm dctv ntv ghbywbgfv, rjnjhst pfrkñxtys

d änjv ljrevtynt.

Cjcnfdbntkb Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb yt

cnhtvbkbcm r njve, xnjås cajhvekbhjdfnm yj-

dst gjkbnbxtcrbt rjywtgwbb b ghfdf, rjnjhst

åskb ås ghtljcnfdktys bkb hfcghjcnhfyzkbcm

yf dct yfhjls vbhf. Jyb crjhtt gsnfkbcm

cajhvekbhjdfnm nt jcyjdjgjkfufñobt ghfdf,

rjnjhst ktéfn d cfvjq jcyjdt yfitq xtkjdt-

xtcrjq ghbhjls, ghfdf, rjnjhst cjcnfdkzñn

ceoyjcnm yfitq uevfyyjcnb. Wtkm Dctjåotq

ltrkfhfwbb pfrkñxfkfcm d njv, xnjås gthtxbc-

kbnm dct änb ghfdf b ecnfyjdbnm yjhvs, rjnj-

hst ljkéys cjåkñlfnm dct cnhfys.

Nt cnhfys, rjnjhst cnfkb cjplfntkzvb Jh-

ufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq yf Rjyathty-

wbb d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj d 1945 u., ujhjlt, rjnj-

hsq z bvtñ xtcnm ghtlcnfdkznm d änjv jhufyt

dvtcnt c vjbv lheujv bp Rfkbajhybb (u-éjq

Gtkjpb), ghbikb r pfrkñxtybñ, xnj lkz pfob-

ns jcyjdysö ghfd dctö kñltq ytjåöjlbvs yj-

dst bycnhevtyns b vtéleyfhjlyst vtöfybpvs.

Änj åskj bö ghzvsv jndtnjv yf frns étcnjrjc-

nb, cjdthityyst dj dhtvz Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djq-

ys yfwbcncrjq Uthvfybtq b lheubvb cnhfyfvb,

rjulf ghjbcöjlbkb åtcghtwtltynyst b cbcntvf-

nbxtcrbt yfheitybz jcyjdjgjkfufñobö ghfd,

ghbdtlibt r ytbvjdthysv xtkjdtxtcrbv cnhf-

lfybzv.

D 1946 u. Jhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yf-

wbq exhtlbkf Rjvbccbñ gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf –

jcyjdyjq jhufy, pfybvfñobqcz pfobnjq ghfd

xtkjdtrf d vbht b ghbybvfñobq htitybz d

änjq jåkfcnb. Gthdsv ghtlctlfntktv Rjvbccbb

gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf cnfkf Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn,

dljdf ghtpbltynf Ahfyrkbyf Ltkfyj Hepdtkmnf.

Gjl tt dljöyjdtyysv herjdjlcndjv änf Rjvbc-

cbz dpzkf yf ctåz jndtncndtyyjcnm gj hfphfåjn-

rt dctjåütvkñotuj cdjlf jghtltktybq ghfd xt-

kjdtrf, rjnjhsq vju ås ckeébnm jcyjdjq lkz

åeleobö ñhblbxtcrbö ljrevtynjd gj pfobnt

ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Åskj ghjdtltyj 1400 hfeylf ujkjcjdfybz,

nj tcnm ghfrnbxtcrb gj rféljve ckjde ghjtrnf

Ltrkfhfwbb. B njkmrj gjckt änjuj Utythfkmyfz

Fccfvåktz tlbyjukfcyj ghbyzkf Dctjåoeñ

ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf 10 ltrfåhz 1948 u.

d Gfkt lt Ifqj d Gfhbét. C ntö gjh 10 lt-

rfåhz vs tétujlyj jnvtxftv Vtéleyfhjlysq

ltym ghfd xtkjdtrf. Dgjcktlcndbb yf jcyjdt

Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb d Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlb-

ytyysö Yfwbq åskj pfrkñxtyj åjktt 60 ljuj-

djhjd b ltrkfhfwbq.

R cjéfktybñ, vyjubt bp ghjdjpukfityysö

dj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf gjldth-

ufñncz rhbnbrt d hfpysö cnhfyfö vbhf. Z ghb-

psdfñ vjbö rjkktu ghbcjtlbybnmcz rj vyt b

ghjljkébnm yfie åjhmåe pf dct ghfdf xtkjdtrf

lkz dctö kñltq, lfét tckb änj pfcnfdkztn byju-

lf ghbybvfnm ytgjgekzhyst htitybz. Rfr e

19

tlbycndtyyjq jcnfditqcz cdthölthéfds, e yfc

tcnm jcjåjt jåzpfntkmcndj gthtl åtlysvb, gt-

htl ntvb, rjuj gsnfñn b ghtcktleñn, gthtl uj-

ybvsvb b åtétywfvb – gthtl dctvb ntvb, rnj

kbity ghfdf ujkjcf, d rfrjq ås cnhfyt vbhf

jyb yb ébkb. Kñåjt ghjzdktybt ecnegxbdjcnb

d djghjcfö ghfd xtkjdtrf åskj ås ghjcnj ght-

lfntkmcndjv eåtéltybq yfitq cnhfys b ghby-

wbgjd, bpkjétyysö d yfitq Rjycnbnewbb b d

Åbkkt j ghfdfö.

Ctyfnjh CIF Fkmajyct

L’Fvfnj

LT C Z N J U J LT RF Å H Z 1948 U . Jhufyb-

pfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq ghbyzkf Dctjåoeñ

ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf. Nfrbv ghjdblwfv

rfr Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn b Htyt Rfccty elfkjcm

cjplfnm ljrevtyn, rjnjhsq pfrhtgbk ghbywbg

wtyyjcnb b ljcnjbycndf rféljuj jnltkmyjuj xt-

kjdtrf. Gthdst 50 ktn ceotcndjdfybz Dctjå-

otq ltrkfhfwbb jcnfdbkb gjckt ctåz juhjvyjt

yfcktlbt.

Änf Ltrkfhfwbz gjrjktåfkf bltñ j njv,

xnj yfwbjyfkmysq cedthtybntn erhsdftn ghf-

dbntkmcndf jn ghbcnfkmyjuj dybvfybz r njve,

rfr jyb cjåkñlfñn ghfdf xtkjdtrf. Hfytt kñ-

åfz cnhfyf vjukf pfzdbnm, xnj nj, rfr jyf jå-

hfoftncz cj cdjbvb cjåcndtyysvb uhfélfyf-

vb, – änj tt dyenhtyytt ltkj, b, cktljdfntkm-

yj, yt gjlktébn vtéleyfhjlyjve fyfkbpe b

rjynhjkñ. D ujls, gjcktleñobt pf Rfnfcnhj-

ajq, Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz, dshféfz gjdct-

vtcnyjt djpveotybt nhflbwbjyysvb yjhvfvb

vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq, ghtlkjébkf cj-

dthityyj yjdst: nj, rfr rfrjt-kbåj ujcelfh-

cndj jnyjczncz r cdjbv cjåcndtyysv uhfélf-

yfv, cjcnfdkztn ghtlvtn pfrjyjvthyjq jpfåj-

xtyyjcnb dctö ujcelfhcnd b yt zdkztncz bc-

rkñxbntkmyj dyenhtyybv ltkjv lfyyjuj ujce-

lfhcndf.

Dj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb gthtxbcktys yt-

jnütvktvst b eybdthcfkmyst ghfdf, rjnjhst

vjuen cnfnm ghtlvtnjv ghbcnfkmyjuj fyfkbpf b

rjynhjkz. Hfpdbdfz gjkjétybz j ghfdfö xtkjdt-

rf d Ecnfdt JJY, Ltrkfhfwbz cjcnfdbkf åfpbc,

yf rjnjhjv cnhjbncz kñåjt htubjyfkmyjt b ukj-

åfkmyjt cjukfitybt j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf. Ytcvjn-

hz yf nj, xnj cyfxfkf ytrjnjhst cnhfys yt

gjllthéfkb äne ltrkfhfwbñ, ctujlyz jyf cxb-

nftncz jåzpfntkmysv ljrevtynjv lkz dctö

cnhfy, drkñxfz b ytlfdyj jåhfpjdfdibtcz ujce-

lfhcndf. B öjnz cnhfys vjuen ≤bynthghtnbhj-

dfnm≥ Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ yf cdjq cjåcndty-

ysq kfl, ghtcktlez cdjb wtkb, ybrnj yt jcvt-

kbdftncz tt jndthufnm.

Jlyfrj, gjåtlf d åbndt pf edfétybt änbö

ghfd tot yt jlthéfyf. Gjckt jrjyxfybz öjkjl-

yjq djqys ghtéybq fynfujybpv b yjdst fvåb-

wbb hfpjéukb rhjdfdsq utyjwbl b ghbdtkb r

pyfxbntkmysv yfheitybzv ghfd xtkjdtrf dj

dctv vbht – Rjcjdj, Celfy, Åbhvf... Ghtlcnj-

bn tot ghjltkfnm åjkmieñ hfåjne, xnjås änb

ghfdf cnfkb htfkmysvb b ltqcndtyysvb lkz

rféljq kbxyjcnb. B öjnz endthélftncz, xnj änb

ghfdf ≤dctjåobt≥, jyb jkbwtndjhzñn cjåjq

aeylfvtynfkmyst wtyyjcnb Fvthbrb b gjänjve

dspsdfñn dctcnjhjyyññ gjllthére cj cnjhjys

fvthbrfycrjuj yfhjlf.

Ntrcn htpjkñwbb

GH B Y B V F Z D J D Y B V F Y B T, xnj 10 lt-

rfåhz 1948 u. Utythfkmyfz Fccfvåktz Jhufyb-

pfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq ghjdjpukfcbkf

Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf gjckt nj-

uj, rfr jyf åskf tlbyjukfcyj ghbyznf Utyt-

hfkmyjq Fccfvåkttq;

GHBYBVFZ DJ DYBVFYBT, xnj Dctjåofz

ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf åskf jcyjdfyf yf

gjkjétybzö Åbkkz j ghfdfö, döjlzotuj d Rjy-

20

cnbnewbñ Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, b xnj jyf ås-

kf hfphfåjnfyf ghb kblbheñotq hjkb Cjtlb-

ytyysö Infnjd b, d xfcnyjcnb, ghb kbxyjv

exfcnbb Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn, rjnjhfz åskf

ghtlctlfntktv Rjvbccbb JJY gj ghfdfv xt-

kjdtrf;

GH B Y B V F Z D J D Y B V F Y B T, xnj Dctjå-

ofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf dsldbuftn jcyj-

djgjkfufñobt ghfdf xtkjdtrf, drkñxfz ghfdj

yf ébpym, cdjåjle b åtpjgfcyjcnm kbxyjcnb;

cdjåjle dthjbcgjdtlfybz; cdjåjle dpukzljd b

cdjåjle ckjdf; cdjåjle cjåhfybq; cfvjeghfdkt-

ybt yf jcyjdt cdjåjlysö dsåjhjd; cdjåjle jn

hfåcndf b gsnjr; cdjåjle yf xtcnyjt b cghfdtl-

kbdjt celtåyjt hfpåbhfntkmcndj b yf hfdtycn-

dj gthtl pfrjyjv; ghtpevgwbñ ytdbyjdyjcnb lj

dsytctybz jådbytybz; ghfdj yt gjlgflfnm gjl

ltqcndbt pfrjyjd c jåhfnyjq cbkjq; cdjåjle gt-

htldbétybz gj nthhbnjhbb cdjtuj ujcelfhcndf

b cdjåjle dstpéfnm bkb djpdhfofnmcz d änj uj-

celfhcndj; ghfdj yf eåtébot; ghfdj yf uhfé-

lfycndj; ghfdj bvtnm ctvmñ; ghfdj ghjnbd ghj-

bpdjkmyjuj dvtifntkmcndf d kbxyeñ ébpym, ct-

vmñ, ljv bkb gthtgbcre; ghfdj yf xfcnyeñ cj-

åcndtyyjcnm, cjwbfkmyjt cnhföjdfybt b hfåjne;

ghfdj cjplfdfnm b dcnegfnm d ghjacjñps; ghf-

dj yf ljcnjqysq ehjdtym ébpyb, jåhfpjdfybt b

jnlsö; ghfdj yf exfcnbt d rekmnehyjq ébpyb

jåotcndf;

GH B Y B V F Z D J D Y B V F Y B T, xnj Dctjå-

ofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf cnfkf cfvsv

hfcghjcnhfytyysv b jåotghbyznsv ljrevty-

njv, jghtltkzñobv ghfdf xtkjdtrf, yf rjnjhsq

ccskfñncz d htpjkñwbzö b cjukfitybzö, ghb-

ybvftvsö vyjujxbcktyysvb vtéleyfhjlysvb

jhufybpfwbzvb, d vyjujcnjhjyybö b ldecnjhjy-

ybö ljujdjhfö, d yfwbjyfkmysö rjycnbnewbzö b

vtcnysö pfrjyfö b ltrhtnfö, f nfrét

GH B Y B V F Z D J D Y B V F Y B T, xnj Dctjå-

ofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf, yt åelexb ljuj-

djhjv bkb ñhblbxtcrb jåzpfntkmysv vtéleyf-

hjlysv cjukfitybtv, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ≤jå-

oeñ yjhve, dsgjkybnm rjnjheñ cnhtvzncz dct

yfhjls b dct cnhfys≥:

GF K FN F G H T L CN F D B N T K T Q (ghb cjukf-

cjdfybb c Ctyfnjv) yf jcyjdt änjuj gjcnfyjdkz-

tn, xnj Rjyuhtcc

(1) gjlndthélftn ghbdthétyyjcnm Cjtlb-

ytyysö Infnjd jcyjdjgjkfufñobv ghfdfv xt-

kjdtrf, ghjdjpukfityysv gjkdtrf yfpfl dj Dct-

jåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf, rjnjhfz cke-

ébn jnhfétybtv jcyjdjgjkfufñobö uhfélfy-

crbö b xtkjdtxtcrbö ghfd, cjlthéfoböcz d

Ltrkfhfwbb j ytpfdbcbvjcnb b d Rjycnbnewbb

Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd b, d xfcnyjcnb, d Åbkkt

j ghfdfö;

(2) dshféftn cdjñ htibvjcnm hfåjnfnm dj

bvz htfkbpfwbb b cjåkñltybz vtéleyfhjlysö

ghfd xtkjdtrf b vtéleyfhjlysö cjukfitybq gj

ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, b

(3) ghbpsdftn herjdjlbntktq ghfdbntkmcnd

dctö cnhfy, ghtlcnfdbntktq xfcnysö vtéleyf-

hjlysö jhufybpfwbq åjhwjd pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf,

ghtlghbybvfntktq b ghjacjñpysö kblthjd,

hfåjnybrjd vtcnysö jhufyjd eghfdktybz b dctö

fvthbrfywtd bcgjkmpjdfnm Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhf-

wbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf rfr bycnhevtyn lkz jåtcgt-

xtybz nthgbvjcnb, gjybvfybz b åjkmituj edf-

étybt ghfd xtkjdtrf.

G H B Y Z N J G F K F N J Q G H T L C N F D B N T K T Q

1 4 C T Y N Z Å H Z 1 9 9 8 U .

21

Jhufybpfwbz JåütlbytyysöYfwbq

Rjab Fyyfy – ctlmvjq gj cxtne Utythfkmysqctrhtnfhm Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq.C ntö gjh, rfr 1 ltrfåhz 1997 u. Utythfkm-ysq ctrhtnfhm Fyyfy dcnegbk d ljkéyjcnmchjrjv yf 4 ujlf, jy ytjlyjrhfnyj yf hfp-ysö rjynbytynfö gjlybvfk djghjc j ghfdföxtkjdtrf. Ybét ghbdtltys ytrjnjhst bp tujvscktq j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf, rjnjhst dpzns bptuj dscnegktybq. Änb b lheubt dscnegktybzvjéyj yfqnb yf cnhfybwt JJY d Bynthyt-nt gjl pfujkjdrjv ≤Rjab Fyyfy d wbnf-nfö≥.

12 ctynzåhz 1997 u. Vähb Hjåbycjy cnf-kf dnjhsv Dthöjdysv rjvbccfhjv gj ghf-dfv xtkjdtrf d JJY. Ldf vtczwf cgecnz, 11 yjzåhz 1997 ujlf, jyf ghjxbnfkf ktrwbñd Jrcajhlcrjv eybdthcbntnt, Dtkbrjåhbnf-ybz, d rjnjhjq jyf ujdjhbkf j pyfxtybb Dct-jåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf. Hfytt c 1990 lj 1997 uu. Vähb Hjåbycjy åskf ght-pbltynjv Htcgeåkbrb Bhkfylbz. Jnhsdrb bptt dscnegktybz d Jrcajhlt ghtlcnfdktysgjckt dslthétr bp dscnegktybq Utythfkmyj-uj ctrhtnfhz JJY.

Rjab Fyyfy, Utythfkmysq

ctrhtnfhm JJY

Z D G J K Y T J C J P Y F Ñ njn afrn, xnj yt-

rjnjhst hfccvfnhbdfñn ghfdf xtkjdtrf rfr

hjcrjim åjufnsö cnhfy, jåkflfnm rjnjhjq Fa-

hbrf tot yt ujnjdf. Z nfrét gjybvfñ, xnj lhe-

ubt jnyjczncz r änjve rfr r dvtifntkmcnde, tc-

kb yt pfujdjhe cj cnjhjys ghjvsiktyyj hfpdb-

njuj Pfgflf. Z cxbnfñ änb cjjåhfétybz ghjcnj

eybpbntkmysvb, tckb gjybvfnm, xnj cnhtvktybt

r jåhtntybñ xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf ghbcen-

cndetn d cthlwt rféljuj fahbrfywf.

Bp dscnegktybz yf tétujlyjq

Fccfvåktt ukfd ujcelfhcnd

b ghfdbntkmcnd Jhufybpfwbb

fahbrfycrjuj tlbycndf,

Öfhfht, 2 bñyz 1997 u.

Hfpdt fahbrfycrbt vfnthb yt gkfxen, rjulf bö

csyjdtq b ljxthtq eåbdfñn bkb pfödfnsdfñn

futyns htghtccbdysö htébvjd ghfdktybz?

Hfpdt fahbrfycrbt jnws yt jgtxfktys, rjulf

bö ltntq ytcghfdtlkbdj cféfñn d nñhmve bkb

gsnfñn? Hfpdt Fahbrf d wtkjv yt jåtlyttn,

tckb evjkrytn öjnz ås jlby bp tt ghtrhfcysö

ujkjcjd?

Bp dscnegktybz yf tétujlyjq

Fccfvåktt ukfd ujcelfhcnd

b ghfdbntkmcnd Jhufybpfwbb

fahbrfycrjuj tlbycndf,

Öfhfht, 2 bñyz 1997 u.

Cdjåjlf yt pyftn uhfybw... pfébufntkmysq ujkjc

cdjåjls d jlyjq cnhfyt vjétn gjlyznm leö

lheujq lfktrjq cnhfys.

Bp dscnegktybz d åbåkbjntrt bv.

Rtyytlb,

Åjcnjy, 6 bñyz 1997 u.

22

Yfcbkbt d jnyjitybb étyoby cnfkj cfvsv

hfcghjcnhfytyysv yfheitybtv ghfd xtkjdtrf,

yt pyfñobv yb utjuhfabxtcrbö, yb rekmneh-

ysö, yb ärjyjvbxtcrbö åfhmthjd.

Bp dscnegktybz yf jnrhsnbb

52-q ctccbb Utythfkmyjq

Fccfvåktb JJY,

Ymñ-Qjhr, 22 ctynzåhz 1997 u.

Gecnm yt jcnfytncz ybrfrbö cjvytybq d

njv, xnj ceotcndeñn aeylfvtynfkmyst yjhvs

xtkjdtxtcrjuj gjdtltybz, yfheitybt rjnjhsö

ghjcnj ytghbtvktvj. Jcyjdjgjkfufñobt ghfdf

xtkjdtrf – ghjlern cfvjq xtkjdtxtcrjq ghbhj-

ls b afrnbxtcrb cfvjq xtkjdtxtcrjq ébpyb.

Bp dscnegktybz yf åkfujndjhbntkmyjv

dtxtht ≤Dpukzl yf bcnjhbñ b yf

yfc cfvbö≥,

Ymñ-Qjhr, 14 jrnzåhz 1997 u.

Nfv, ult ceotcndetn hfåcndj, nfv jnhbwftncz

cfvj xtkjdtxtcrjt ljcnjbycndj, b nfv cnslzn

dctö ntö, rnj bcgsnsdftn cjcnhflfybt bkb cj-

xedcndbt gj jnyjitybñ r ckfåsv b ytpfob-

otyysv d yfitv vbht. Ghfdf xtkjdtrf yt pyf-

xfn ybxtuj, tckb ghb änjv yt ghtlgjkfuftncz

cdjåjlf jn jrjd dj dctö cathfö ébpyb. B ntv

yt vtytt yf gjhjut yjdjuj nsczxtktnbz vs

ghjljkéftv åsnm cdbltntkzvb cnfhsö b, rfr

änj yb gtxfkmyj, yjdsö ajhv hfåcndf. Cjnyb

nsczx kñltq dj dctv vbht ébden b evbhfñn

rfr hfås d njq bkb byjq ajhvt.

Bö Gjckfybz gj ckexfñ

Vtéleyfhjlyjuj lyz jnvtys hfåcndf,

2 ltrfåhz 1997 u.

Rjulf vs ujdjhbv j ghfdt yf ébpym bkb cj-

wbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrjt hfpdbnbt, bkb yf cdjñ

njxre phtybz b vytybt, vs ujdjhbv j nthgb-

vjcnb. Nthgbvjcnm – gjllthéfyyfz, pfoboty-

yfz b gjxbnftvfz – cvjétn ufhfynbhjdfnm dct

ajhvs cdjåjls. Åtp ytt e yfc yt åeltn ybrf-

rbö ufhfynbq. Gj ckjdfv jlyjuj velhjuj xtkj-

dtrf, ≤dthf gjhjélftn edfétybt, f afyfnbpv

ghjdjwbhetn ytyfdbcnm≥... Ghfdf xtkjdtrf –

änj dshfétybt ntö nhflbwbq nthgbvjcnb,

ghbceobö dctv rekmnehfv, rjnjhst ckeéfn jc-

yjdjq vbhf b ghjuhtccf... Ghfdf xtkjdtrf...

yt xeéls yb jlyjq rekmneht b ghbceob dctv

cnhfyfv... Nthgbvjcnm b vbkjcthlbt dctulf b

dj dctö rekmnehfö åskb bltfkfvb ujcelfhcn-

dtyyjuj ghfdktybz b xtkjdtxtcrjuj gjdtlt-

ybz. Ctujlyz vs yfpsdftv änb wtyyjcnb xtkj-

dtxtcrbvb ghfdfvb.

Bp dscnegktybz d Ntuthfycrjv

eybdthcbntnt gj gjdjle

Lyz ghfd xtkjdtrf,

10 ltrfåhz 1997 u.

Ytkmpz dsåbhfnm jnltkmyst ghfdf xtkjdtrf, bu-

yjhbhez jlyb b yfcnfbdfz yf lheubö. Njkmrj

rjulf ghfdf jlbyfrjdj ghbvtybvs rj dctv,

njkmrj njulf bö vjéyj cxbnfnm eybdthcfkmyj

ghbtvktvsvb bkb jåotghbyznsvb. Jyb yt lj-

kéys yjcbnm dsåjhjxyjuj bkb jnyjcbntkmyjuj

öfhfrnthf, bkb ckeébnm jhelbtv yfrfpfybz lkz

lheubö. D bö gjkyjnt b åtcrjvghjvbccyjcnb –

bö dtxyfz cbkf.

Bp dscnegktybz d Ntuthfycrjv

eybdthcbntnt gj gjdjle

Lyz ghfd xtkjdtrf,

10 ltrfåhz 1997 u.

Yt ceotcndetn tlbyjq vjltkb ltvjrhfnbb,

ghfd xtkjdtrf bkb rekmnehs lkz dctuj vbhf. Yj

lkz dctuj vbhf ljkéys ceotcndjdfnm ltvjrhf-

nbz, ghfdf xtkjdtrf b cdjåjlf dshfétybz d

rekmneht.

Bp dscnegktybz d Ntuthfycrjv

eybdthcbntnt gj gjdjle

Lyz ghfd xtkjdtrf,

10 ltrfåhz 1997 u.

23

Rjulf vs ujdjhbv j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf rfr j pf-

gflyjq rjywtgwbb, nj hfpdt yt gkfxen bhfy-

crbt bkb fahbrfycrbt vfnthb, rjulf gsnfñn bö

csyf bkb ljxm? Hfpdt yt djpveoftvcz dct vs,

rjulf jlyjuj bp yfibö kblthjd ytcghfdtlkbdj

åhjcfñn d pfcntyrb? Hfpdt yt cnhflftv vs dct

jn jncencndbz pfrjyyjcnb b jn ghjbpdjkf? Hfp-

dt änj yfv xeélj? Xnj ét pltcm pfgflyjuj? F

rjulf vs ujdjhbv j ghfdt yf hfpdbnbt, gjnhtå-

yjcnb ébnm gjkyjwtyyjq ébpymñ b cgjcjåyjc-

nb ghtndjhznm vtxne d ébpym, nj änj ghbceot

dctv... Hfpujdfhbdfz c kñlmvb, dcnhtxfkbcm kb

ds rjulf-kbåj c éthndjq – xtkjdtrjv, gjldth-

ufdibvcz gsnrfv, – rjnjhsq dscnegfk ås ghj-

nbd cjåkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf? Dcnhtxfkbcm kb

ds c kñlmvb, rjnjhst jnhbwfkb ås ghfdf xtkj-

dtrf, ghbpdfyyst pfobofnm bö? Dj dctv, xnj

vs ltkftv, åelm-nj ärjyjvbxtcrjt hfpdbnbt,

åtpjgfcyjcnm, bkb xnj-nj tot, d wtynht dybvf-

ybz – xtkjdtr. B bvtyyj änj vs bvttv d dble,

rjulf ujdjhbv j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf, rjulf ujdjhbv

j cdjåjlt dshfétybz d rekmneht, gjkbnbxtcrbö

ghfdfö, ärjyjvbxtcrbö ghfdfö.

Ghtcc-rjyathtywbz yf cfvvbnt

Jhufybpfwbb Bckfvcrjq

rjyathtywbb,

Ntuthfy, 11 ltrfåhz 1997 u.

Vs ljkéys tot hfp gjlndthlbnm ghbdthéty-

yjcnm Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf b

ljåbnmcz njuj, xnjås jåotcndtyyjcnm b rfélsq

jnltkmysq xtkjdtr gjyzkb, xnj änj bö ghfdf.

Änj yt ytxnj nfrjt, xnj vjétn lfnm xtkjdtre

ghfdbntkmcndj, rfr yfghbvth, ceåcblbñ, rjnj-

heñ vjéyj gjnjv jnyznm. Änj ytjnütvktvj, änj

ytjnltkbvj, b z yfltñcm, xnj vs vjétv dj-

cgjkmpjdfnmcz 50-q ujljdobyjq, xnjås ljytcnb

lj dctö äne vsckm.

Ghtcc-rjyathtywbz

d infå-rdfhnbht JJY

24 atdhfkz 1998 u.

Vähb Hjåbycjy, Dthöjdysq

rjvbccfh gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf

JJY

D C K T L E Ñ O T V U J L E vs åeltv jnvtxfnm

50-ñ ujljdobye Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xt-

kjdtrf. Z cxbnfñ, xnj änf ltrkfhfwbz cnjbn d

hzle cfvsö dtkbrbö b dljöyjdkzñobö ljrevty-

njd yfitq bcnjhbb. Jyf jkbwtndjhztn cjåjq

yfltéls b vtxns kñltq, e rjnjhsö tot yt ås-

kb pfktxtys hfys Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, rj-

njhst jgfcfkbcm djpybryjdtybz öjkjlyjq djq-

ys b njkmrj yfxbyfkb dtkbrjt jcdjåjéltybt

yfhjljd, ghbitlitt dvtcnt c hfcgfljv tdhj-

gtqcrbö bvgthbq.

Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz ghjdjpukfiftn jcyj-

djgjkfufñobt cdjåjls: cdjåjle ckjdf, vyt-

ybq, dshfétybz b dthjbcgjdtlfybz b pfrhtg-

kztn d rfxtcndt wtynhfkmyjuj ghfdj yf ghtl-

cnfdbntkmyeñ cbcntve ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ghfd-

ktybz, jåtcgtxbdfñott ibhjrjt exfcnbt yf-

hjlf d eghfdktybb cnhfyjq. Yj nfrét ndthlj

b c hfdysv frwtynjv jyf ghjdjpukfiftn ärj-

yjvbxtcrbt, cjwbfkmyst b rekmnehyst ghfdf b

ghfdj yf hfdyst djpvjéyjcnb. Änj ljkéyj ås-

kj cnfnm ≤jåotq yjhvjq lkz dctö yfhjljd b

dctö cnhfy≥; ghb änjv gjlhfpevtdfkjcm, xnj

bpkjétyyst d ytq ghfdf b cdjåjls ljkéys d

hfdyjq vtht ghbyflktéfnm dctv, åtp rfrjq-kb-

åj lbcrhbvbyfwbb gj nfrbv ghbpyfrfv, rfr

hfcf, wdtn rjéb, gjk, yfwbjyfkmyjt bkb cjwb-

fkmyjt ghjbcöjéltybt, bveotcndtyyjt gjkj-

étybt, vtcnj hjéltybz b ghjxtt.

Ldflwfnm ktn cgecnz gjckt ghbyznbz Ltrkf-

hfwbb tt jcyjdyst gjkjétybz åskb drkñxtys d

Ntuthfycrjt pfzdktybt 1968 u. Åjktt gjlhjåyj

änb ghfdf b cdjåjls åskb bpkjétys d ldeö gfr-

nfö Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq – Gfrnt

j uhfélfycrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö ghfdfö b Gfrnt

jå ärjyjvbxtcrbö, cjwbfkmysö b rekmnehysö

ghfdfö, rjnjhst dcnegbkb d cbke d 1976 u.

24

Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz – änj ébdjq ljre-

vtyn. Njhétcndtyyj jnvtxfz tt ujljdobye yf

pfdthifñotv änfgt änjuj nsczxtktnbz, yfv yt-

jåöjlbvj eltkbnm åjkmitt dybvfybt yfceo-

ysv b ckjéysv ghjåktvfv cjåkñltybz nfrbö

ghfd xtkjdtrf rfr: ghfdj yf hfpdbnbt, ghbpyf-

ybt ghfd rjhtyysö yfhjljd, ghfdf b djpvjé-

yjcnb kñltq c abpbxtcrbvb ytljcnfnrfvb,

lbcrhbvbyfwbz gj gjke b ghjåktvs jghtltkt-

ybz bcöjlysö lfyysö lkz chfdybntkmyjq jwty-

rb gjkjétybz c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf b gjljnxtn-

yjcnb d ltkt cjåkñltybz änbö b lheubö ghfd.

D yfcnjzott dhtvz pyfxbntkmyj djphjckj

xbckj cnhfy-exfcnybw, gj chfdytybñ c 10 cty-

nzåhz 1948 u. R ybv ghbcjtlbybkbcm vyjujxbc-

ktyyst jåotcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb. Ctqxfc pf-

lfxf pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås gjlndthlbnm jå-

oeñ ghbdthétyyjcnm ajhvekbhjdrt änbö ghfd

d ghtfvåekt rj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb: ≤Ghbyb-

vfz dj dybvfybt, xnj ghbpyfybt ljcnjbycndf,

ghbceotuj dctv xktyfv xtkjdtxtcrjq ctvmb, b

bö hfdysö b ytjnütvktvsö ghfd cjcnfdkztn

aeylfvtyn cdjåjls, cghfdtlkbdjcnb b dctjå-

otuj vbhf...≥, f nfrét d njv, xnjås yjdst xkt-

ys JJY b jåotcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb ghbyzkb

exfcnbt d jåyjdktybb änjq ajhvekbhjdrb d yf-

it dhtvz.

Jwtyrf htpekmnfnjd d ltkt cjåkñltybz

vtéleyfhjlysö yjhv ghfd xtkjdtrf yfcnjz-

ntkmyj nhtåeñn yjdsö b cdtébö gjlöjljd. D öj-

lt yfitq gjlujnjdrb r 50-q ujljdobyt Dctjå-

otq ltrkfhfwbb z crfpfkf vjbv rjkktufv, xnj

z yt hfccvfnhbdfñ änj rfr gjdjl lkz ghfplyj-

dfybz. Gjcvjnhbnt yf htpekmnfns 50-ktnytq hf-

åjns vtöfybpvjd d jåkfcnb cjåkñltybz ghfd

xtkjdtrf, 30 ktn hfåjns vyjujvbkkbfhlysö

ghjuhfvv hfpdbnbz b åtcrjytxyjq hbnjhbrb yf

dscitv ehjdyt – b ds eåtlbntcm, xnj bö ukj-

åfkmyjt djpltqcndbt yt nfr pyfxbntkmyj.

D vbht dct tot ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyf

lbcrhbvbyfwbz yf jcyjdt gjkf, änybxtcrbö

ghbpyfrjd, htkbubjpyjq ghbyflktéyjcnb, ctr-

cefkmyjq jhbtynfwbb, b dct tot ckexfñncz

ghjzdktybz utyjwblf – njkmrj pf änj ltcznbkt-

nbt jy åsk jnvtxty ldféls. 48 cnhfy, ult ghj-

ébdftn jlyf gznfz xfcnm dctuj yfctktybz, éb-

dtn d eckjdbzö, rfr vs ghbdsrkb ujdjhbnm, ≤få-

cjkñnyjq åtlyjcnb≥.

Änj cdbltntkmcndj ytghtljcnfdktybz ghfd

xtkjdtrf d nfrbö rhegysö vfcinfåfö, xnj yfv

dctv ljkéyj åsnm cnslyj. Cnjkmrj ghbkjétyj

ecbkbq, cnjkmrj pfnhfxtyj chtlcnd, cnjkmrj yf-

ltél cdzpfyj c änbv... b nfrbt ytpyfxbntkmyst

htpekmnfns. Ctqxfc ytljcnfnjxyj ghznfnmcz pf

gjcktlcndbz öjkjlyjq djqys b lheubt afrnjhs,

rjnjhst juhfybxbdfkb d ghjikjv ltqcndbz

vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjjåotcndf. Yfcnfkj dhtvz bp-

dktrfnm gjkmpe bp ghjqltyysö ehjrjd. B jlby

bp ehjrjd cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås gjyznm, xnj gj

cenb ghfdf xtkjdtrf änj xnj-nj, xnj ghblftn

yfv cbks b hfcibhztn yfib djpvjéyjcnb...

Gthtgtxfnfyj c hfphtitybz Eghfdktybz Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf

gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, Jhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq, Étytdf,

Idtqwfhbz.

25

Xtndthj pfobnybrjd ghfd xtkjdtrf

15 fghtkz 1998 u. dj Ldjhwt yfwbq d Étytdt(Idtqwfhbz) ujcnb ltktufwbb CIF d Rjvbc-cbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf b Byajhvfwbjyyjqckeéås CIF d Étytdt cjåhfkbcm lkz njuj,xnjås jnvtnbnm dsgecr ghjtrnf ljrkflf j≤Pfobnybrfö ghfd xtkjdtrf≥, gjlujnjdkty-yjuj hfåjxtq uheggjq JJY. R cjåhfdibvczjåhfnbkbcm nhjt dslfñoböcz pfobnybrjdghfd xtkjdtrf d yfib lyb: ghtpbltyn Htcgeå-kbrb Rjhtz Rbv Nä Xéey, ghtpbltyn Xti-crjq Htcgeåkbrb Dfwkfd Ufdtk b utythfkmysqctrhtnfhm Yfwbjyfkmyjq kbub pf ltvjrhf-nbñ d Åbhvt Feyu Cfy Ce Rb. Dbltjpfgbcbbö htxtq åskb ghjbuhfys gthtl felbnjhbtq.

21 ctynzåhz 1998 u. ghtpbltyn Ñéyj-fahbrfycrjq Htcgeåkbrb Ytkmcjy Vfyltkfdscrfpfk cdjb cjjåhfétybz j Dctjåotq ltr-kfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf yf Utythfkmyjq Fccfvåktt JJY.

Ybét ghbdjlzncz dslthérb bp dscnegkt-ybq änbö xtnshtö dctvbhyj bpdtcnysö ghf-djpfobnybrjd.

Bp dscnegktybz Ghtpbltynf

Rbv Nä Xéeyf

C Y FX F K F D H T V T Y dtplt, ult åskb kñlb,

ceotcndjdfkb ghfdf xtkjdtrf.

Dtplt, ult ceotcndjdfkf dkfcnm, ghfdf xt-

kjdtrf yfheifkbcm. Dtplt, ult bvtkj vtcnj nj

bkb byjt yfheitybt ghfd xtkjdtrf, gjzdkz-

kbcm nt, rnj bö pfobofk. Jyb – yfib uthjb.

Bbcec Öhbcnjc crfpfk: ≤Rnj ckeébn vtym-

itve bp cbö åhfnmtd vjbö, rnj cnhflftn b nth-

gbn ujytybz, njn ckeébn Åjue. F rnj yt ckeébn

bv, njn yt ckeébn Åjue, b gj ltkfv bö åeltn

bv yfuhflf bkb yfrfpfybt≥.

Åellf ghjdjpukfcbk jnltkmyeñ kbxyjcnm

cfvjq åkfujhjlyjq dtomñ d yfitq dctktyyjq.

Cjukfcyj rjyaewbfycrjq nhflbwbb, gjl-

lfyyst bvtñn ghfdj jn bvtyb dctö kñltq bp-

uyfnm dkfcntkbyf, rjnjhsq yfheiftn ghfdf yf-

hjlf.

C ghbyznbtv 50 ktn yfpfl Dctjåotq ltr-

kfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf cnhfys vbhf ghbpyfkb

ghfdf xtkjdtrf dctjåobvb b jcyjdjgjkfufñob-

vb. C njuj dhtvtyb vyjujxbcktyyst ghfdjpf-

obnyst jhufybpfwbb, drkñxfz Rjvbccbñ JJY

gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, b jnltkmyst åjhws pf ghf-

df xtkjdtrf ghbytckb dtkbrbt éthnds b ghbkj-

ébkb åjkmibt ecbkbz d pfobne ghfd euytnty-

ysö kñltq dj dctv vbht.

Z ndthlj eåtélty, xnj gjrf gjljåyst éth-

nds b ecbkbz dj bvz xtkjdtxtcndf ghjljkéf-

ñncz, xtkjdtxtcrbt ghfdf dctö cnhflfñobö

kñltq åelen hfcibhznmcz ltym jnj lyz. Vtyz

d ntxtybt 40 ktn ghtcktljdfkb lbrnfnjhs. Z

åtp cnhföf åjhjkcz pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf, gznm hfp

åsk yf uhfyb cvthnb b ghjdtk itcnm ktn d

nñhmvt b 10 ktn d ccskrt bkb gjl ljvfiybv

fhtcnjv.

C änjuj lyz b lj rjywf ébpyb z åele ghj-

ljkéfnm ckeébnm lfkmytqitve hfcibhtybñ

ghtljcnfdktybz ghfd xtkjdtrf.

26

Z åkfujlfhty dctv vjbv lhepmzv dj dctv

vbht, rjnjhst dscnegfñn d pfobne ghfd xtkj-

dtrf.

Lf åkfujckjdbn dfc dctö Åju.

Bp dscnegktybz Ghtpbltynf

Dfwkfdf Ufdtkf

Z D C T UL F G J L X T H R B D F Ñ dyjdm b

dyjdm, xnj Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf,

njxyj nfr ét rfr b hzl lheubö ljrevtynjd b

ghfdjdsö yjhv nfrjuj hjlf, – änj ytxnj åjkm-

itt, xtv ntöybxtcrjt cjukfitybt.

Änj pthrfkj, jnhféfñott jghtltktyyst

wtyyjcnb. Wtyyjcnb, rjnjhst vs pfoboftv, d

bcnbyyjcnb rjnjhsö vs eåtéltys, wtyyjcnb,

rjnjhst ghtlcnfdkzñncz ybcgjckfyysvb yfv

cdsit, wtyyjcnb, rjnjhst vs d ytrjnjhjv

cvsckt ufhfynbhetv.

D änjv cjcnjbn hfpybwf vtéle bcnbyjq,

wtyyjcnmñ, bltfkjv c jlyjq cnjhjys, b byajh-

vfwbtq – c lheujq. Byajhvfwbz cdjåjlyj gt-

htlftncz, jyf vjétn gthtktnfnm gj Bynthytne

jn jlyjuj rjvgmñnthf r lheujve gj ghjdjlfv.

Bcnbyf – änj xnj-nj, xnj ytjåöjlbvj jncnfb-

dfnm, pf xnj ytjåöjlbvj hexfnmcz, xnj nhtåetn

jåtcgtxtybz b ufhfynbq. B tt vjuen jåtcgtxbnm

kñlb.

Djn gjxtve z cxbnfñ jxtym dféysv, xnjås

vs yt pfåsdfkb ntö, rnj jncnfbdftn ghfdf xt-

kjdtrf, rnj åjhtncz pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf, ntö, rnj

cgjcjåty lfét ghbytcnb jghtltktyyeñ kbxyeñ

éthnde hflb änjq åjhmås.

Båj bvtyyj jyb cfvbv afrnjv cdjtuj ce-

otcndjfybz htfkmyj jåtcgtxbdfñn htfkbpfwbñ

– ufhfynbñ – änbö wtyyjcntq, cdbltntkmcndez j

njv, xnj cnfdrjq d änjq åjhmåt ckeébn yt ghj-

cnj byajhvfwbz, f ltqcndbntkmyj bcnbyf.

Bp dscnegktybz utythfkmyjuj

ctrhtnfhz

Feyu Cfy Ce Rb

LTKJ ÅJHMÅS pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf tldf kb yeé-

lftncz d jåjcyjdfybb, b dct ét cyjdf b cyjdf

yfv ghböjlbncz ghbpsdfnm vbh pflevfnmcz j

ghfdfö xtkjdtrf, yfgjvbyfnm j njv, xnj änj rf-

cftncz dctö kñltq, f yt njkmrj ytrjnjhsö bp

yfc, ébdeobö d ytljcnfnjxyj hfpdbnsö cnhfyfö.

Åjhmåf pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf – änj åjhmåf pf xtkj-

dtxtcrjt ljcnjbycndj, xtkjdtxtcreñ åtpjgfc-

yjcnm, xtkjdtxtcreñ ceoyjcnm. Gjcrjkmre dct

vs xtkjdtxtcrbt ceotcndf, z levfñ, xnj dctv

yfv cktletn åtcgjrjbnmcz j njv, tcnm kb d änjv

vbht kñlb, cnhflfñobt jn njuj, xnj jyb yt vj-

uen ébnm gj-xtkjdtxtcrb. Euytntyyst kñlb jn-

kbxfñncz jn ntö, rnj cdjåjlty b yföjlbncz d

åtpjgfcyjcnb. C yfvb xnj-nj ghjbcöjlbn, rjulf

yfc gjlfdkzñn, rjulf yfv euhjéfñn, rjulf yfv

ghböjlbncz tétlytdyj åtcgjrjbnmcz j cdjtq

åtpjgfcyjcnb.

Ltkj åjhmås pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf d Åbhvt

rfcftncz yt njkmrj änjq cnhfys. Jyj ceotcn-

dtyyj lkz dctö ntö, rnj cnhflftn gjl uytnjv fd-

njhbnfhysö htébvjd. Cnhflfybz yfituj yfhjlf

– änj cnhflfybz dctö ntö, xmt xtkjdtxtcrjt lj-

cnjbycndj yt pfobotyj pfrjyjv. Z yfltñcm,

xnj, jncnfbdfz ltkj Åbhvs, z åele jncnfbdfnm

ltkj dctö kñltq vbhf, cnhflfñobö jn yfheit-

ybq ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Nhelyj dsåhfnm, j xtv ujdjhbnm, rjulf

htxm bltn j yfheitybzö ghfd xtkjdtrf d

Åbhvt. Ckbirjv vyjuj hfpkbxyjuj hjlf yf-

heitybq. Yj z levfñ, xnj j vyjubö bp ybö

cnfkj bpdtcnyj vtéleyfhjlyjve cjjåotcnde

åkfujlfhz hfåjnt Rjvbccbb JJY gj ghfdfv

xtkjdtrf, lheubö ghfdjpfobnysö jhufybpf-

wbq, ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq b

dctö ntö, rnj hfåjnftn hflb ltkf ltvjrhfnbb

d Åbhvt.

27

Vs cnhtvbvcz r ltvjrhfnbb d Åbhvt yt

gjnjve, xnj vs levftv, åelnj ltvjrhfnbz – änj

djkitåyjt ckjdj, rjnjhjt hfphtibn dct ghjåkt-

vs yfitq cnhfys. Vs hfåjnftv hflb ltvjrhf-

nbb gjnjve, xnj gjybvftv: ltvjrhfnbz – änj

cbcntvf, rjnjhfz jcyjdfyf yf pfobnt jcyjdysö

xtkjdtxtcrbö ghfd. Tckb yfib kñlb yt gjke-

xfn jcyjdysö ghfd xtkjdtrf, yfif cnhfyf yt

åeltn yfckfélfnmcz vbhjv b ghjwdtnfybtv.

Vyt öjntkjcm ås d pfrkñxtybt gjåkfujlf-

hbnm Rjvbccbñ JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf b dct

ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybfpwbb, rjnjhst nfr

vyjuj cltkfkb lkz ekexitybz cbnefwbb d jå-

kfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf d Åbhvt. Njn afrn, xnj

vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj dybvfntkmyj cktlbn

pf ntv, xnj ghjbcöjlbn d Åbhvt, b gjkjétybtv

c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf e yfc d cnhfyt, bvttn

ltqcndbntkmyj juhjvyjt pyfxtybt. Yfltñcm, ds

ghjljkébnt ltkfnm änj. Yfltñcm, ds åeltnt jn-

cnfbdfnm cdjb ghbywbgs, ytdpbhfz yf dct ght-

gzncndbz yf dfitv genb, gjnjve xnj änj jxtym

cbkmyj gjvjuftn yfv. Cgfcbåj dfv.

Bp dscnegktybz ghtpbltynf

Ytkmcjyf Vfyltks

DG J K Y T C G H F D T L K B D J, xnj ysyti-

yññ 53-ñ ctccbñ Utythfkmyjq Fccfvåktb pf-

gjvyzn d dtrfö rfr vjvtyn, rjulf dct vs jnvt-

xfkb b ghfplyjdfkb 50-ñ ujljdobye ghbyznbz

Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf. Hjélty-

yfz dcrjht gjckt hfpuhjvf yfwbcnjd b gjckt

afibcncrbö ghtcnegktybq ghjnbd xtkjdtxtcn-

df, änf ltrkfhfwbz cjlthéfkf d ctåt yfltéle

yf nj, xnj d åeleotv dct yfit jåotcndj åeltn

cnhjbnmcz yf jcyjdfybzö njuj cdtnkjuj dbltybz

vbhf, xnj pdexbn d rféljq bp tt cnfntq.

Lkz ntö, rjve ghbikjcm åjhjnmcz pf cdjt

jcdjåjéltybt, gjljåyj yfv, rjnjhst c dfitq

gjvjomñ jcdjåjlbkbcm jn ghtcnegyjq cbcntvs

fgfhntblf, Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf

ckeébkf gjlndthéltybtv ghfdjns yfituj ltkf.

D nj ét dhtvz jyf ghbpsdfkf yfc gjcdznbnm lj-

cnbuyeneñ yfvb cdjåjle ghtndjhtybñ d ébpym

wtktq, cjlthéfoböcz d ltrkfhfwbb.

Ctujlyz vs ghfplyetv njn afrn, xnj änjn

bcnjhbxtcrbq ljrevtyn gthtébk gznm åehysö

ltcznbktnbq, yfgjkytyysö cfvsvb ytjåsxys-

vb cjåsnbzvb d hfpdbnbb xtkjdtxtcrjuj jåot-

cndf. R bö xbcke jnyjczncz rhfö rjkjybfkmyjq

cbcntvs, ghtrhfotybt ceotcndjdfybz gjkzhyj-

uj vbhf, pfödfnsdfñobt leö ecgtöb yferb b

ntöyjkjubb, f nfrét gthtöjl r ckjéyjve ghj-

wtcce ukjåfkbpfwbb.

B dct ét c ljcnbétybtv dctuj änjuj kñlb,

rjnjhsv gjcdzotyf Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd

xtkjdtrf, ghjljkéfkb cnhflfnm jn djqy b étc-

njrbö rjyakbrnjd. Jyb tot yt jåhtkb cdjåjls

jn cnhföf cvthnb d htpekmnfnt ghbvtytybz jhe-

ébz vfccjdjuj eybxnjétybz b jåsxysö djjhe-

étybq. Vyjubt lj cbö gjh yt vjuen gjkmpjdfnm-

cz jcyjdjgjkfufñobvb b ytjnxeélftvsvb lt-

vjrhfnbxtcrbvb ghfdfvb, gjpdjkzñobvb exfcn-

djdfnm d jghtltktybb celtå cdjbö cnhfy, yfhj-

28

ljd, ctvtq b ltntq b pfobofnm ctåz jn nbhf-

ybb b lbrnfnehs.

Cfvjuj ghfdf åsnm xtkjdtrjv kbitys cjn-

yb vbkkbjyjd kñltq d htpekmnfnt åtlyjcnb b

ytljcnegyjcnb cfvsö ytjåöjlbvsö dtotq: gb-

ob, hfåjns, djls b rhjdf, jåhfpjdfybz, plhfdj-

jöhfytybz b pljhjdjq jrheéfñotq chtls. Yt-

elfxf d ljcnbétybb wtktq Dctjåotq ltrkfhf-

wbb ghfd xtkjdtrf, gjkexftn lhfvfnbxtcrjt dj-

gkjotybt d rjynhfcnt vtéle åjufncndjv b åtl-

yjcnmñ, öfhfrnthyjv lkz cnhfy Ctdthf b Ñuf,

f nfrét d ghtltkfö jnltkmysö cnhfy d jåjbö

gjkeifhbzö.

Äne cbnefwbñ ltkftn jcjåtyyj ujhmrjq b

nhelyjq njn afrn, xnj cjceotcndjdfybt åjufncn-

df b åtlyjcnb, edtrjdtxtybt ysytiytq ghfrnb-

rb hfphtitybz vtéujcelfhcndtyysö b dyenhb-

ujcelfhcndtyysö rjyakbrnjd b jnhbwfybt lt-

vjrhfnbxtcrbö ghfd dj vyjubö cnhfyfö vbhf –

dct änj htpekmnfn ltqcndbq b åtpltqcndbz ntö,

rnj pfybvftn herjdjlzobt gjcns d gjkbnbrt,

ärjyjvbrt b lheubö jåkfcnzö xtkjdtxtcrjq ltz-

ntkmyjcnb.

Z bvtñ d dble cktleñott: dct änb cjwb-

fkmyst åtls, ghtlcnfdkzñobt cjåjq fnfre yf

Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf – yt pf-

rjyjvthysq htpekmnfn ltqcndbz cbk ghbhjls...

Änj gjcktlcndbz htitybq, rjnjhst ghbybvfñn

bkb jnrfpsdfñncz ghbybvfnm kñlb; ghbxtv dct

änb kñlb åtp rjktåfybq pfzdzn j cdjtq åtpjuj-

djhjxyjq gjllthért dpukzljd, dshfétyysö dj

Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf...

Änf ltrkfhfwbz åskf ghjdjpukfityf dctjå-

otq bvtyyj gjnjve, xnj jcyjdfntkb lfyyjq jh-

ufybpfwbb b yfhjls vbhf, rjnjhst jåütlbybkb

ecbkbz d åjhmåt c euhjpjq afibpvf, drkñxfz

nt yfhjls, rjnjhsv tot ghtlcnjzkj ljåbnmcz

cjåcndtyyjuj jcdjåjéltybz, zcyj gjybvfkb, xnj

yfi vbh ghtlcnfdkzk cjåjq dpfbvjcdzpfyyjt

wtkjt. Cxfcnmt, cghfdtlkbdjcnm, xtkjdtxtcrjt

ljcnjbycndj, vbh b ghjwdtnfybt ytjåöjlbvj

cjcnfdkzñn dctjåoeñ jåzpfyyjcnm, gjcrjkmre

rfélsq yfhjl b rfélsq xtkjdtr bvtñn ghfdj

yf ybö.

D nj ét dhtvz yb jlby yfhjl yt vjétn

xtcnyj crfpfnm, xnj jy yfckfélftncz cxfcnmtv,

vbhjv b ghjwdtnfybtv, tckb lheubt, njxyj nf-

rbt ét kñlb ghjljkéfñn cnhflfnm jn ybotns,

rjyakbrnjd b nthhjhbpvf.

Gjänjve vs dghfdt crfpfnm, xnj dspjd, rj-

njhsq cnfdzn gthtl yfvb cktleñobt 50 ktn

Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf yf gjhjut

yjdjuj cnjktnbz, jåkbr rjnjhjuj jyf ljkéyf gj-

vjxm cajhvbhjdfnm, cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås kñlb,

b jcjåtyyj nt, rnj åeltn pfybvfnm herjdjlzobt

gjcns, yfikb d ctåt veétcndj jåtcgtxbnm yf-

rjytw gjcnhjtybt uevfyyjuj vbhf, jndtxfñot-

uj gjkjétybzv änjq bcnjhbxtcrjq ltrkfhfwbb

b lheubv ljrevtynfv d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf,

ghbyznsv gjckt 1948 u.

Gtxfnftncz c hfphtitybz Atlthfk Ymñp Cthdbc,

620 National Press Bldg., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20045

(202) 347-1400/Info@FNS 6.com © 198 Federal News Service

Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth 3,

jrnzåhm 1998 u.

29

Htkbubjpyfz cdjåjlf, rfr

endthélftn d ghbdjlbvjq

ybét cnfnmt Atkbc Ufqth,

lbhtrnjh Bycnbnenf ghfd

xtkjdtrf bvtyb Létqrjåf

Åkfeintqyf Fvthbrfycrjuj

tdhtqcrjuj rjvbntnf,

ufhfynbhetncz yt njkmrj

Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbtq

ghfd xtkjdtrf, yj b dféys-

vb ljrevtynfvb vtéle-

yfhjlyjuj ghfdf.

D gjcktlybt ujls ghfdbntkmcndf ytrjnjhsöcnhfy, d xfcnyjcnb, Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd,ghtlghbyzkb ifub lkz njuj, xnjås tot hfpgjlndthlbnm dféyjt pyfxtybt htkbubjpyjqcdjåjls. Ecbkbz flvbybcnhfwbb Rkbynjyf dänjv yfghfdktybb drkñxfñn cjplfybt Rjy-cekmnfnbdyjuj rjvbntnf gj htkbubjpyjqcdjåjlt pf heåtéjv d cnherneht Åñhj Ujce-lfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf gj djghjcfv lt-vjrhfnbb, ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelf. Dcrjht åe-ltn yfpyfxty cnfhibq rjjhlbyfnjh gj dj-ghjcfv htkbubjpyjq cdjåjls d hfyut gjckf,pflfxtq rjnjhjuj åeltn cjltqcndbt gjllth-ért ghfdbntkmcndjv CIF htkbubjpyjq cdj-åjls dj dctv vbht rfr jlyjuj bp afrnjhjdghjwtccf ajhvbhjdfybz gjkbnbrb.

YF GHJNZÉTYBB DCTQ BCNJHBB dtkbrbt

htkbubb gjlxthrbdfkb ytjåöjlbvjcnm edfét-

ybz xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf rféljq kbx-

yjcnb b ytjåöjlbvjcnm pfobns xtkjdtxyjcnb d

rféljv xtkjdtrt. B dct ét rjyakbrns yf gj-

xdt htkbubjpyjq ghbyflktéyjcnb ckbirjv

xfcnj dktrkb pf cjåjq frns ytnthgbvjcnb,

5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y

Pfobnf htkbubjpyjq cdjåjls

Atkbc L. Ufqth

30

ghtcktljdfybz, yfcbkbz, djbycndtyyjcnb b

djqys. Ltqcndbz, yfghfdktyyst d pfobne ht-

kbubjpyjq cdjåjls, åskb ecbktys d htpekmnf-

nt ghbyznbz d 1948 u. Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb

ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Änjn pfvtxfntkmysq – rkñxtdjq – ljrevtyn

ldbétybz d pfobne ghfd xtkjdtrf åsk cjplfy d

ujls, ytgjchtlcndtyyj cktleñobt pf Rfnfcnhj-

ajq, rjulf d yfwbcncrbö rjywtynhfwbjyysö kf-

uthzö b ufpjdsö rfvthfö åskb eåbns itcnm

vbkkbjyjd tdhttd, åjktt vbkkbjyf bp rjnjhsö

tot yt ljcnbukb gjlhjcnrjdjuj djphfcnf. Nhfub-

xtcrbt htpekmnfns gjgsnrb eybxnjébnm dctö

tdhttd, f nfrét vyjubö lheubö kñltq åskb tot

ckbirjv cdtéb, ckbirjv phbvs, xnjås bvb

ghtytåhtxm. Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn, ghtlctlfntkm-

cndjdfdifz d Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf,

yfgjvybkf ltktufnfv j njv, xnj kñlb dctuj vb-

hf élen ytpfvtlkbntkmysö ltqcndbq gj ghbyz-

nbñ Ltrkfhfwbb, rjnjhfz jåüzdbn gjljåyjt gj-

dtltybt dyt pfrjyf.

Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz yt njkmrj jghtltkz-

tn ghfdj rféljuj xtkjdtrf yf cdjåjle vsckb,

cjdtcnb b dthjbcgjdtlfybz, yj b ytjlyjrhfnyj

gjlndthélftn, xnj lbcrhbvbyfwbz yf htkbubjp-

yjq gjxdt ytljgecnbvf. Dsldbyens ldf rkñxt-

dsö fcgtrnf änjuj ghfdf: ghfdj dthbnm, xnj cj-

cnfdkztn dyenhtyybq fcgtrn änjuj ghfdf, b

ghfdj ghjzdkznm äne dthe, vjkzcm bkb ghtlfdf-

zcm vtlbnfwbzv d etlbytybb, bkb dvtcnt c

lheubvb, xnj cjcnfdkztn dytiybq fcgtrn änjuj

ghfdf.

Ltrkfhfwbz zcyj gjlndthélftn ghfdj vt-

yznm cdjt dthjbcgjdtlfybt. Jlyfrj, änj cghjdj-

wbhjdfkj nfreñ gjktvbre (jcjåtyyj chtlb

ghtlcnfdbntktq bckfvcrbö ujcelfhcnd), xnj d

gjcktleñobt ujls ajhvekbhjdrf änjuj geyrnf

åskf bpvtytyf, yj nfr, xnj jyf ghtlgjkfufkf

ghfdj rféljuj ≤bcgjdtljdfnm bkb ghbybvfnm≥

htkbubñ bkb dthe, nj tcnm cjöhfyznm tt, bpvt-

yznm bkb afrnbxtcrb jnrfpsdfnmcz jn ytt.

Hjkm vtéleyfhjlyjuj gfrnf

Pfrkñxtyysq JJY d 1966 u. Vtéleyfhjlysq

gfrn j uhfélfycrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö ghfdfö,

bvtñobq cbke vtéleyfhjlyjuj ljujdjhf, ltkf-

tn ghtljcnfdktybt ufhfynbq cdjåjls vsckb,

cjdtcnb bkb dthjbcgjdtlfybz ñhblbxtcrb

jåzpfntkmysv lkz gjlgbcfdibö änjn ljrevtyn

ujcelfhcnd. Dyjdm gjlndthélfz ghfdj rféljuj

xtkjdtrf yf bpüzdktybt cdjtq dths d xtnshtö

jåkfcnzö – gjrkjytybt, cjåkñltybt jåhzljd,

ghfrnbrf b ghtgjlfdfybt, – jy ghtlgjkfuftn,

xnj änb dytiybt fcgtrns ghfdf vjuen gjldth-

ufnmcz ytrjnjhsv juhfybxtybzv, yj kbim ≤yt-

jåöjlbvsv lkz pfobns jåotcndtyyjq åtpjgfc-

yjcnb, gjhzlrf, pljhjdmz bkb vjhfkb kbåj jc-

yjdjgjkfufñobö ghfd b cdjåjl lheubö kñltq≥.

Yt ljgecrfñncz ybrfrbt juhfybxtybz ghf-

df dthbnm rfr nfrjdjuj, lfét dj dhtvz xhtpds-

xfqysö cbnefwbq d jåotcndt. Ghbvtxfntkmyj,

xnj ghbxbyjq juhfybxtybz ytrjnjhsö dbljd ht-

kbubjpyjq ltzntkmyjcnb vjétn åsnm jåotcndty-

yfz åtpjgfcyjcnm, yj yt åjktt hfcgksdxfnfz

≤yfwbjyfkmyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm≥. Nfrbv jåhfpjv,

åskb ghtlghbyzns ecbkbz lkz njuj, xnjås uf-

hfynbhjdfnm, xnj ghtlecvjnhtyyst gfrnjv juhf-

ybxtybz yt vjuen cnfnm ghtlkjujv, gjl rjnjhsv

ujcelfhcndj gjlfdkztn ghjzdktybz htkbubb bkb

dths.

Jåtcgjrjtyyjcnm gj gjdjle rkñxtdjq hjkb

ujcelfhcndtyyjq cbcntvs jåhfpjdfybz d cj-

ltqcndbb hfcghjcnhfytybñ jghtltktyyjq htkb-

ubb bkb djbycndeñobö fntbcnbxtcrbö dpukzljd

– rfr änj åskj, yfghbvth, dj dhtvz öjkjlyjq

djqys d Cjdtncrjv Cjñpt – gjåelbkf drkñxbnm

d ntrcn gfrnf fåpfw, cgtwbfkmyj ufhfynbheñ-

obq ghfdj hjlbntktq jghtltkznm b jåtcgtxb-

dfnm htkbubjpyjt jåhfpjdfybt lkz cdjbö ltntq.

Ghb dctö änbö juhfybxtybzö b hfpüzcytyb-

zö d Gfrnt, rfr b d Ltrkfhfwbb, yt ltkftncz

gjgsnrb jghtltkbnm, xnj bvtyyj cjcnfdkztn

31

≤htkbubñ≥, bkb d lfyyjv rjyntrcnt ≤cdjåjle

vsckb≥ bkb ≤cjdtcnb≥. JJY gjyfljåbkjcm

gjxnb 20 ktn lkz njuj, xnjås cajhvbhjdfnm cj-

ukfitybt j lheujv ljrevtynt – Ltrkfhfwbb jå

ecnhfytybb dctö ajhv htkbubjpyjq ytnthgb-

vjcnb – rjnjhfz ljgjkybntkmyj hfpüzcyztn, bp

xtuj cjcnjbn ghfdj yf cdjåjle ≤vsckb, cjdtc-

nb, htkbubb b dths≥.

Änf ltrkfhfwbz, ghbyznfz d 1981 u. ghb

frnbdyjv exfcnbb fahbrfycrbö ujcelfhcnd,

jghtltkztn pfghtns rfr yf jceotcndkztveñ uj-

celfhcndjv, nfr b yf xfcnyeñ lbcrhbvbyfwbñ;

cdjåjle jnghfdktybz htkbubb bkb dths åtp yt-

jåjcyjdfyyjuj dvtifntkmcndf ghfdbntkmcndf; f

nfrét jåzpfntkmcndj ghfdbntkmcnd ghbyznm ghf-

djdst b jåhfpjdfntkmyst vths lkz ecnhfytybz

htkbubjpyjq ytnthgbvjcnb.

Cgtwbfkmysq ljrkflxbr

gj ghjåktvt htkbubjpyjq

ytnthgbvjcnb

Ghjzdkzz c ntö gjh jcjåjt dybvfybt r dsgjk-

ytybñ Ltrkfhfwbb, Rjvbccbz JJY gj ghfdfv

xtkjdtrf, ghtlcnfdkzñofz cjåjq jhufy eghfd-

ktybz, exhtlbkf d 1981 u. ljkéyjcnm cgtwbfkm-

yjuj ljrkflxbrf gj ghjåktvt htkbubjpyjq yt-

nthgbvjcnb – jnltkmyjuj bycgtrnjhf, yfpyfxft-

vjuj lkz hfccvjnhtybz ckexftd htkbubjpyjq

ytnthgbvjcnb b ghtlcnfdktybz tétujlyjuj lj-

rkflf Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf j gj-

ljåysö ckexfzö. Ldf xtkjdtrf, pfybvfdibt äne

ljkéyjcnm, gjctofkb lkz bpextybz ghjåktvs

htkbubjpyjq ytnthgbvjcnb cnjkm hfpyst cnhf-

ys, rfr Cjdtncrbq Cjñp, Rbnfq, Bhfy, Gfrbc-

nfy, Uthvfybz, Bylbz, Celfy, Fdcnhfkbz b d

cfvjt gjcktlytt dhtvz Cjtlbytyyst Infns. F

bö ljrkfls jödfnsdfkb ujhfplj åjktt ibhjrbq

cgtrnh ujcelfhcnd.

Cgtwbfkmysq ljrkflxbr erfpfk, xnj r xbc-

ke yfbåjktt hfcghjcnhfytyysö dbljd yfheit-

ybq, cdzpfyysö c htkbubjpyjq ytnthgbvjcnmñ,

jnyjczncz: 1) abpbxtcrbt yfgfltybz (drkñxfz

eåbqcndf b gsnrb); 2) juhfybxtybt ghjptkbnbp-

vf b jåkflfybz htkbubjpysvb ghtlvtnfvb; 3)

pfrhsnbt b hfpheitybt vtcn gjrkjytybz, juhf-

ybxtybt htkbubjpysö bplfybq b ecnfyjdktybt

rjynhjkz yfl ghfdjv bpåbhfnm cdjbö htkbubjp-

ysö kblthjd; 4) lbcrhbvbyfwbz d jåkfcnb jå-

hfpjdfybz, pfyznjcnb, ébkmz, ghfdf cjåcndty-

yjcnb, djpvjéyjcnb gjkextybz rhtlbnjd b n.g.;

5) yfcbkmcndtyyfz ccskrf b dscskrf dtheñ-

obö; 6) xhtpvthyst juhfybxtybz cdjåjls dshf-

étybz b cjåhfybq. Ythtlrj änbv pfybvfñncz

ujcelfhcndtyyst xbyjdybrb, yj d gjljåysö

ltqcndbzö ljdjkmyj xfcnj åsdfñn dbyjdys xfc-

nyst kbwf bkb uheggs kbw.

Gjgsnrf äythubxyj htibnm äne ghjåktve

cnjkryekfcm c jghtltktyysvb nhelyjcnzvb. Uj-

celfhcndf ghjcbkb cgtwbfkmyjuj ljrkflxbrf

yfhzle c rjynhjktv pf yfheitybzvb hfcib-

hbnm lbfkju. Cj cdjtq cnjhjys JJY ghb hfc-

cvjnhtybb änjuj djghjcf d ujls öjkjlyjq djq-

ys ghjzdkzkf vtlkbntkmyjcnm b ythtibntkm-

yjcnm. Åskj lfét ghbjcnfyjdktyj hfcghjcnhf-

ytybt Ltrkfhfwbb 1986 u. yf ytrjnjhsö jab-

wbfkmysö zpsrfö JJY; d ntxtybt hzlf ktn jyf

yt djcghjbpdjlbkfcm b yt hfcghjcnhfyzkfcm yf

heccrjv, rbnfqcrjv b fhfåcrjv zpsrfö.

Jhufys JJY, pfybvfñobtcz ghfdfvb

étyoby, erfpfkb yf ghjåktvs, djpybrfñobt d

ntö ckexfzö, rjulf rekmnehf bkb htkbubz bc-

gjkmpeñncz d rfxtcndt ghtlkjuf lkz cfyr-

wbjybhjdfybz yfcbkbz ghjnbd étyoby bkb

lheubö nhflbwbjyysö jcrjhåbntkmysö ajhv

jåhfotybz. Yf vyjujxbcktyysö ajhevfö, d

njv xbckt yf Xtndthnjq Dctvbhyjq rjyathty-

wbb gj ghjåktvfv étyoby d Gtrbyt, ujcelfh-

cndf ytjlyjrhfnyj gjlndthélfkb, xnj gj-

ljåyst endthéltybz yt vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz

lkz jghfdlfybz änbö (bkb kñåsö lheubö) yfhe-

itybq ghfd xtkjdtrf.

32

Vyjubt ärcnhtvbcncrbt htkbubjpyst jhuf-

ybpfwbb cktleñn ghfrnbrt, jåtcgtxbdfñotq

gjlxbytybt b gjrjhyjcnm étyoby b kbitybt

bö ghfd yf hfdtycndj b cdjåjle. D Faufybcnf-

yt herjdjlcndj ldbétybz ≤Nfkbåfy≥ kbibkj

étyoby ghfdf yf hfåjne dyt ljvf b cfyr-

wbjybhjdfkj abpbxtcrbt gjåjb – yf ekbwfö b

ljvf – d rfxtcndt chtlcndf jåtcgtxtybz gjcke-

ifybz étyoby.

D gjcktlybt ujls ytrjnjhst fpbfncrbt uj-

celfhcndf ghtlghbyzkb ecbkbz, yfghfdktyyst

yf ghbpyfybz rekmnehyjuj htkznbdbpvf d ghb-

vtytybb r yjhvfv d catht ghfd xtkjdtrf, jn-

xfcnb herjdjlcndezcm ghbywbgjv htkbubjpyjuj

hfpyjjåhfpbz. Vyjujxbcktyyst jhufys JJY,

b, xnj tot dféytt, Dctvbhyfz rjyathtywbz gj

ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, ghjdtltyyfz d 1993 u. d Dt-

yt, dyjdm ghzvj gjlndthlbkb dctjåoyjcnm

ghfd. Jyb nfrét ghbpyfkb, xnj ytjåöjlbvj

exbnsdfnm hfpyjjåhfpbt (htkbubjpyjt b rekm-

nehyjt), jlyfrj, gjlxthryekb, xnj, ntv yt vt-

ytt ljku ujcelfhcnd cjcnjbn d jåtcgtxtybb

dctö ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Dpfbvjcdzpm

pkjegjnhtåktybq

Cgtwbfkmyst ljrkflxbrb JJY ecnfyjdbkb, xnj

ytnthgbvjcnm b pkjegjnhtåktybz d catht ghfd

xtkjdtrf d djghjcfö htkbubb jåsxyj ghjzdkz-

ñncz d cjxtnfybb c lheubvb pkjegjnhtåktybz-

vb d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf. Dpfbvjcdzpfy-

yjcnm ghfd xtkjdtrf cnfyjdbncz ukeåjrj jxt-

dblyjq ghb bpextybb ckexftd htkbubjpyjq yt-

nthgbvjcnb.

Äkbpfåtn Jlfqj Åtybnj bp Rjcnf-Hbrb

(cgtwbfkmysq ljrkflxbr, ysyt dnjhjq dbwt-

ghtpbltyn cdjtq cnhfys) erfpfkf, xnj yfåjé-

yjcnm htkbubjpyjq uheggs bkb kblthf vjétn

åsnm vfcrjq lkz lheubö ghtlhfccelrjd, yt

bvtñobö ybxtuj jåotuj c htkbubtq. Dhféltå-

yjcnm vjétn jnhféfnm bcnjhbxtcrbt, rekmneh-

yst bkb abpbxtcrbt afrnjhs. B dct ét htkb-

ubjpyst extybz vjuen åsnm gjdthyens b bcnjk-

rjdfys d jghfdlfybt ghtlhfccelrjd. Ghbxbys

htkbubjpyjuj ghtcktljdfybz vyjujxbcktyys: jn

ytdtétcndf lj rjyrhtnysö rjyakbrnjd, jn jn-

cencndbz rjynfrnf b lbfkjuf lj cnhtvktybz r

dkfcnb.

Åjhmåf c htkbubjpyjq ytnthgbvjcnmñ nht-

åetn ibhjrjuj b hfpyjjåhfpyjuj fhctyfkf

chtlcnd – cjjndtncndeñobö yjhv, rjynhjkz,

geåkbxysö jnxtnjd, lbfkjuf, äaatrnbdyj

aeyrwbjybheñobö celjd, cgjcjåysö jåtcgt-

xbnm jndtncndtyyjcnm dbyjdysö d cjdthitybb

gjljåysö frnjd, f nfrét dybvfntkmyjcnm cj

cnjhjys cfvbö ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpf-

wbq. Htyt Rfccty, jlby bp fdnjhjd ghjtrnf

Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf, jlyféls

pfvtnbk, xnj drkñxtybt d änjn ljrevtyn gjkj-

étybz j cdjåjlt htkbubb åskj d pyfxbntkmyjq

cntgtyb jåeckjdktyj bltzvb, nfkfynfvb b yf-

cnjqxbdjcnmñ ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpf-

wbq, jcjåtyyj htkbubjpysö.

Lkz njuj, xnjås bpåtéfnm frnjd htkbubjp-

yjq ytnthgbvjcnb, änbv b lheubv jhufybpfwb-

zv ghbltncz gjåeélfnm bycgtrnjhjd JJY b

lheubö kñltq eltkznm åjkmit dybvfybz yfhe-

itybzv cdjåjls htkbubb bkb dths b ghtcktlj-

dfybñ kñltq, bcgjdtleñobö ne bkb byeñ ht-

kbubñ, rjnjhst b ctujlyz ghjljkéfñn ghjbcöj-

lbnm gjdctvtcnyj. ❖

33

Ghfrnbxtcrb dct åtp bcrkñxtybz jcyjdystvbhjdst htkbubb ecvfnhbdfkb ukeåjrbqcvsck d ljcnjbycndt kbxyjcnb b ghtljcnfd-ktybb xtkjdtre dctjåobö b jcyjdjgjkfufñoböghfd.

Åföfb

Dctjåobt åkfuf ghjbcntrfñn bp vbkjcnb Åjét-

cndtyysö htkbubq, båj jyb dktren cdjbö bcnby-

ysö gjcktljdfntktq r bcrhtyyjcnb gjåeélt-

ybq, r dscjrjq wtkb, r xbcnjnt b ytpfgznyfy-

yjq xtcnb, r ytghtdpjqltyyjq ljåhjnt b cj-

cnhflfybñ, r dsgjkytybñ dpznsö yf ctåz jåz-

pfntkmcnd, r pfåjnt j ghfdfö lheubö, r otlhjc-

nb, r cghfdtlkbdjcnb d rféljq uhfyb ébpyb, r

xtkjdtxyjcnb b xtkjdtrjkñåbñ, r ljåktcnb b r

ytjckfåtdfñobv ecbkbzv d ckeétybb xtkjdt-

xtcnde.

Fålek-Åföf,

≤Nfqyf åjétcndtyyjq wbdbkbpfwbb≥

Åellbpv

Yj bp dctö cjrhjdbo yfbåjktt lhfujwtyyf cf-

vf ébpym. Lfét cjrhjdbof dctq dctktyyjq yt

vjuen chfdybnmcz c wtyyjcnmñ jlyjq xtkjdtxtc-

rjq ébpyb.

Ybxbhty,

jr. 1270 u. y.ä.

Öhbcnbfycndj

R cdjåjlt ghbpdfys ds, åhfnbz, njkmrj ås cdj-

åjlf dfif yt åskf gjdjljv lkz eujéltybz gkj-

nb; yj kñåjdmñ ckeébnt lheu lheue. Båj dtcm

pfrjy d jlyjv ckjdt pfrkñxftncz: ≤kñåb dkbé-

ytuj cdjtuj rfr cfvjuj ctåz≥ (Ktdbn 19, 18).

Tckb ét lheu lheuf euhspftnt b cütlftnt, åt-

htubntcm, xnjås ds yt åskb bcnhtåktys lheu

lheujv.

Gjckfybt

Ufkfnfv, 5: 13–15

Bylebpv

Lf åelen e xktyjd yfituj jåotcndf cöjébt wt-

kb. Lf bcgjkyzncz yfib cthlwf kñådb lheu r

lheue, b lf åeltv vs tlbys d jlyjq vsckb. Lf

cjtlbyzncz dvtcnt jnltkmyst ecbkbz hflb lj-

cnbétybz yfitq jåotq wtkb.

Vfynhs Dfqlbrb,

Hbudtlf, vfylfk 10, ubvy 191, vfynhf 4

Bckfv

Ds, kñlb: Vs [Åju] cjndjhbkb dfc bp tlbyjq

gfhs veéxbys b étyobys b cjplfkb bp dfc

yfhjls b gktvtyf, lfås ds vjukb epyfnm b djp-

kñåbnm lheu lheuf, f yt ghtphtnm lheu lheuf;

bcnbyyj, cfvst ljcnjqyst bp dfc gthtl Åjujv

cenm cfvst ghfdtlyst.

Rjhfy,

cehf 49:13

Belfbpv

Cjöhfytybt ébpyb jlyjuj xtkjdtrf hfdyjcbkm-

yj cjöhfytybñ wtkjuj vbhf, f eybxnjétybt

ébpyb kñåjuj xtkjdtrf hfdyjcbkmyj eybxnjét-

ybñ wtkjuj vbhf.

Nfkvel,

Cfyutlhby 4:5

Cbröbpv

D jåbnfkbot xhtdf ytn yb ghjbcöjéltybz, yb

jåotcndtyyjuj gjkjétybz. Dct ghjbpjikb jn

Ctvtyb Åjuf.

Uehe Uhfynö Cföbå,

≤Gbcfybt cbröjd≥

Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth 3,

jrnzåhm 1998 u.

34

Lädbl Gbnnc, ÑCBF,

hfccrfpsdftn jå bcnjhbb

cjcnfdktybz b ghbyznbz

Dctvbhyjq ltrkfhfwbb

ghfd xtkjdtrf d JJY.

RJULF RJVBCCBZ JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdt-

rf ghjdjlbkf d zydfht 1947 ujlf d Ymñ-Qjhrt

cdjt gthdjt pfctlfybt, ybrnj yt vju ufhfynbhj-

dfnm ecgtiyjuj htpekmnfnf tt hfåjns. Wtkm Rj-

vbccbb pfrkñxfkfcm d njv, xnjås dsgjkybnm

åtcghtwtltynyeñ d bcnjhbb xtkjdtxtcndf pflf-

xe: hfphfåjnfnm ghjtrn Dctvbhyjq ltrkfhfwbb

ghfd xtkjdtrf lkz rféljuj veéxbys, étyobys

b htåtyrf yf yfitq gkfytnt.

C cfvjuj yfxfkf dct exfcnybrb gjybvfkb,

xnj pflfxf åeltn yt bp kturbö. Hfpkbxbz d

bltjkjubb, rekmneht b bcnjhbb åskb öfhfrnth-

ys lfét lkz cnhfy c jlbyfrjdsvb cjwbfkmyj-

ärjyjvbxtcrbvb cbcntvfvb. Yj d rfrjv-nj

cvsckt exfcnybrb åskb tlbys. Dct jyb bcgs-

nsdfkb juhjvyjt yhfdcndtyyjt gjnhzctybt d

cdzpb c rjkjccfkmysvb gjnthzvb xtkjdtxtcrbö

ébpytq d ytlfdyj pfdthibditqcz djqyt – jrj-

kj 50 vbkkbjyjd xtkjdtr.

D cthtlbyt 20 dtrf, d cthlwt Tdhjgs, jlyj

bp cfvsö hfpdbnsö ujcelfhcnd vbhf gjgsnfkjcm

bcrjhtybnm lfét cfvst aeylfvtynfkmyst ghfdf

xtkjdtrf, b d ntxtybt rfrjuj-nj dhtvtyb c gjvj-

omñ gfhnythjd gj Jcb jyj ghtecgtkj d änjv yf

ljcnfnjxyj jåibhyjq nthhbnjhbb. Bvtyyj änjn

afrn cnfk vjoysv gjåelbntkmysv vjnbdjv d

cjpyfybb ntö, rnj cjåhfkcz d Ymñ-Qjhrt pbvjq

1947 ujlf, b jyb htibntkmyj åskb yfcnhjtys yf

ecgtiyjt htitybt gjcnfdktyyjq gthtl ybvb cj-

5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y

Åkfujhjlyjt yfxbyfybt

Lädbl Gbnnc

35

dthityyj jghtltktyyjq pflfxb: cjcnfdbnm Dct-

vbhyeñ ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Tot lj jrjyxfybz Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys,

d 1941 ujle, åskf ghtlghbyznf gjgsnrf dct-

vbhyjuj ghbpyfybz ytjnütvktvsö ghfd xtkjdt-

rf: d Fnkfynbxtcrjq öfhnbb, f pf ytcrjkmrj vt-

czwtd lj änjuj d htxb Ghtpbltynf CIF Ahfy-

rkbyf Ltkfyj Hepdtkmnf ≤Xtnsht cdjåjls≥ d

Rjyuhtcct CIF. D Dtkbrjåhbnfybb ghtvmth-

vbybcnh Ebycnjy Xthxbkkm dshfpbk dpukzls,

fyfkjubxyst dpukzlfv fvthbrfycrjuj ghtpblty-

nf, pfzdbd, xnj gjåtlf cjñpybrjd åeltn pyfvt-

yjdfnm cjåjq ≤djpdtkbxtybt ghfd xtkjdtrf≥. F

yf dctv ptvyjv ifht yfhjls, yföjlbdibtcz

gjl uytnjv rjkjybfkbpvf, ghböjlbkb r jcjpyf-

ybñ njuj, xnj cdjåjlf b ghfdf xtkjdtrf – yt

njkmrj öjhjib lkz tdhjgtqwtd b fvthbrfywtd,

yj ytjåöjlbvs dctv kñlzv yf ptvkt.

D nj dhtvz, rfr vbh cjdthityyj gj-yjdjve

yfxbyfk levfnm j nfrbö aeylfvtynfkmysö rjy-

wtgwbzö, rfr cdjåjlf b cghfdtlkbdjcnm, celtå-

yst hfpåbhfntkmcndf djtyysö ghtcnegktybq d

Yñhyåthut b Njrbj cjplfkb ghtwtltyn: yfhe-

ibntkb ghfd xtkjdtrf ljkéys ghbdktrfnmcz r

jndtncndtyyjcnb, b ghb änjv ljkéys ceotcndj-

dfnm yfltéyst b xtnrbt vtöfybpvs lkz ghb-

dktxtybz r jndtncndtyyjcnb nfrbö ghtcnegyb-

rjd, jcjåtyyj d vfccjdjv vfcinfåt, rfr d djty-

yjt, nfr b d vbhyjt dhtvz.

Ghbyznsq d 1945 ujle Ecnfd JJY gjcnfdbk

wtkm ≤cjltqcndjdfnm b jåtcgtxbdfnm edfétybt

ghfd xtkjdtrf b aeylfvtynfkmysö cdjåjl dctö

kñltq, ytpfdbcbvj jn hfcs, gjkf, zpsrf b htkb-

ubb≥. D cjcnfdktybb ghjtrnf Ecnfdf ukfdyeñ

hjkm csuhfkb ghfdbntkmcndf. Yj vfkj rjve bp-

dtcnyj, xnj d änjv ghbybvfkb exfcnbt nfrét b

ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb åjhwjd pf

ghfdf xtkjdtrf – cdsit 1300, cjukfcyj jlyjve

bcnjxybre.

B öjnz Ecnfd JJY ghblfk ghfdfv xtkjdt-

rf yjdsq vtéleyfhjlysq ñhblbxtcrbq cnfnec,

d ytuj cgtwbfkmyj yt åsk drkñxty vtéleyf-

hjlysq åbkkm j ghfdfö, pf xnj vyjubt dscnegf-

kb. Änf pflfxf åskf djpkjétyf yf Rjvbccbñ gj

ghfdfv xtkjdtrf.

Jcyjdyst cjcnfdbntkb

Ukfdyjq abuehjq d gjlujnjdrt Dctvbhyjq

ltrkfhfwbb åskf Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn, dljdf

ghtpbltynf Ahfyrkbyf Hepdtkmnf, rjnjhsq

evth d 1945 ujle. Ufhhb Nhevfy, cvtybdibq

tt veéf yf gjcne ghtpbltynf, bpåhfk tt åsnm

gthdsv ghtlcnfdbntktv CIF d änjq rjvbc-

cbb.

Cjukfcyj bvtñobvcz lfyysv, Äktfyjhf

Hepdtkmn jåkflfkf ljcnfnjxyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnmñ

ghb jghtltktybb gjkbnbrb CIF d ghjwtcct

cjcnfdktybz ghjtrnf änjuj ljrevtynf. ≤Afrnb-

xtcrb u-éf Hepdtkmn b jghtltkzkf gjkbnbre≥, –

gbitn Léjpta Käi d cdjtq rybut ≤Äktfyjhf:

ujls jlbyjxtcndf≥. ≤Dsåjh ghtpbltynf gfk yf

ytt – étyobye c vbhjdsv fdnjhbntnjv, b Ujc-

ltgfhnfvtyn åsk ujnjd dsgjkyznm nj, xnj jyf

öjntkf≥. Djpvjéyj, åkfujlfhz tt åjkmijve fd-

njhbntne yt njkmrj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, yj

b dj dctv vbht, xktys änjq rjvbccbb tlbyju-

kfcyj bpåhfkb tt ghtlctlfntktv.

Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn åskf ghtlctlfntktv rj-

vbntnf gj cjcnfdktybñ ghjtrnf ltrkfhfwbb, rj-

njhsq hfåjnfk gjl äubljq rjvbccbb, d cjcnfd

rjnjhjq chtlb lheubö döjlbkb: Xfhkmp Vfkbr

bp Kbdfyf, G.X. Xfy bp Rbnfz, rfyfltw Léjy

Öfvahb, lbhtrnjh jnltkf JJY gj ghfdfv xt-

kjdtrf, b Htyt Rfccty bp Ahfywbb.

Åelexb jcyjdysv ljrkflxbrjv d rjvbccbb,

Vfkbr buhfk ukfdyeñ hjkm d tt yfgbcfybb,

jcjåtyyj d jajhvktybb jrjyxfntkmyjuj dfhbfy-

nf ghjtrnf. Tuj fdnjhbntn åsk dscjr chtlb rjk-

ktu, b jy cnfk jcyjdyjq ldbéeotq cbkjq d yf-

gjkytybb änjuj ljrevtynf gjbcnbyt ukeåjrbv

cjlthéfybtv.

36

Xfy, jlby bp ldeö pfvtcnbntktq ghtlctlf-

ntkz rjvbccbb, cnfk vjoysv hegjhjv fpbfn-

crbö cnhfy, rjnjhst åskb jpfåjxtys ntv, xnj-

ås ltrkfhfwbz yt cjlthéfkf dpukzljd ckbirjv

htubjyfkmyjuj öfhfrnthf yf ghfdf xtkjdtrf. Jy

ujdjhbk, xnj ≤jyf ljkéyf drkñxfnm d ctåz bltb

Rjyaewbz, yfhzle c bltzvb Ajvs Frdbycrj-

uj≥. Rhjvt njuj, Xfye yeéyj jnlfnm ljkéyjt pf

hfphtitybt vyjujxbcktyysö negbrjdsö cbnef-

wbq d ghjwtcct lbcreccbq.

Ctrhtnfhbfn JJY jrfpsdfk gjllthére rj-

vbccbb b rjvbntne gj cjcnfdktybñ ghjtrnf

ukfdysv jåhfpjv xthtp Öfvahb. Jy dytc d änjn

ghjwtcc hfpyjcnjhjyybq drkfl, d xfcnyjcnb, jy

åsk fdnjhjv 408-cnhfybxyjuj yfåhjcrf ghjtrnf

Ltrkfhfwbb. Änjn ljrevtyn jrfpfk ytjwtybveñ

gjvjom, jcjåtyyj rjulf yfxfkcz ghjwtcc cj-

cnfdktybz ghjtrnf ltrkfhfwbb.

Rfccty, dnjhjq pfvtcnbntkm ghtlctlfntkz

Rjvbccbb, cjcnfdbk gthdsq gjkysq ghjtrn

ltrkfhfwbb, cjlthéfdibq åjkmieñ xfcnm gjkj-

étybq, drkñxtyysö d jrjyxfntkmysq dfhbfyn

ljrevtynf.

Ghbxfcnyst r änjve ghjwtcce ghtlcnfdbnt-

kb åjktt xtv 50 ghfdbntkmcnd lheubö cnhfy nfr-

ét csuhfkb dféyeñ hjkm, jcjåtyyj ghb cjcnfd-

ktybb jrjyxfntkmyjuj ghjtrnf. Ärcgthns, bpe-

xfdibt Dctvbhyeñ ltrkfhfwbñ, cxbnfñn, xnj

bvtyyj cjnhelybrb JJY c Äktfyjhjq Hepdtkmn

dj ukfdt ytckb yf ctåt d jcyjdyjv jndtncndty-

yjcnm pf nj, xnjås htfkbpjdfnm vtxne j Dctvbh-

yjq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf d nt bpyehzñobt

lyb b vtczws dcnhtx d 1947 b 1948 ujlfö. Bö

ecbkbz, bö dbltybt b, d xfcnyjcnb, bö evtybt

ghbvbhznm ghjnbdjgjkjéyst njxrb phtybz bvt-

kb dféyjt pyfxtybt lkz ecgtöf änjq hfåjns.

Nhelyfz pflfxf

Jlyfrj, änj åskf ytkturfz pflfxf. Vtéle cnhf-

yfvb-exfcnybwfvb bvtkbcm ceotcndtyyst hfp-

yjukfcbz jnyjcbntkmyj ghfd étyoby b hfcjdsö

vtymibycnd, htkbubjpyjq cdjåjls, vjvtynf, c

rjnjhjuj yfxbyftncz xtkjdtxtcrfz ébpym, uhf-

ybw, d hfvrfö rjnjhsö cktletn jöhfyznm cdjåj-

le ckjdf, ghfd yf kbxyeñ njxre phtybz b hjkb

ärjyjvbxtcrbö b cjwbfkmysö ghfd.

Cfvst cthmtpyst hfpyjukfcbz jåüzcyzkbcm

b ntv, xnj cnhfys Pfgflf b cjdtncrjuj åkjrf

bvtkb lbfvtnhfkmyj ghjnbdjgjkjéyst njxrb

phtybz gj nfrbv aeylfvtynfkmysv ghbywbgfv

cjåkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf, rfr cdjåjlf b lt-

vjrhfnbz. Hepdtkmn ljrfpsdfkf, xnj ≤d Cjdtn-

crjv Cjñpt yt ceotcndetn bcnbyyjq cdjåjls

xtkjdtrf, gjcrjkmre ghfdf xtkjdtrf gjlxbytys

ujcelfhcnde≥.

Ghtlcnfdbntkb cnhfy cjwbfkbcnbxtcrjuj

åkjrf jndtxfkb yf änj, xnj ≤rekmn bylbdblef-

kbpvf≥ ghbdtk r ärjyjvbxtcrjq ärcgkefnfwbb b

r njve, xnj ärjyjvbxtcrbt ghfdf cnfkb åjktt

dféysvb, xtv gjkbnbxtcrbt. ≤Änf ltrkfhfwbz

ljkéyf pfobofnm d rfxtcndt vjltkb lkz dctuj

xtkjdtxtcndf jåhfp cdjåjlysö kñltq, f yt öj-

hjij yfrjhvktyysö hfåjd≥, – jndtnbk åhbnfy-

crbq ltktufn dj dhtvz jlyjuj bp nfrbö jåvtyjd

vytybzvb. Bp änjuj dblyj, xnj ghjtrn Ltrkfhf-

wbb cjcnfdkzkcz d ghjwtcct ujhzxbö cgjhjd j

aeylfvtynfkmysö abkjcjacrbö b bltjkjubxtc-

rbö gjyznbzö.

Ltktufns bp cnhfy rjvveybcnbxtcrjuj åkjrf

dscrfpsdfkb htprbt djphfétybz d öjlt lbcrec-

cbq Rjvbccbb, ghjbpyjcz byjulf åtp jcnfyjdrb

8-xfcjdst htxb d gjgsnrt ghbåkbpbnm ajhvekb-

hjdre gjkjétybq Ltrkfhfwbb r cdjtq njxrt pht-

ybz. Åelexb ghtlctlfntktv Rjvbccbb, Äktfyjhf

Hepdtkmn ghtljcnfdkzkf bv ljcnfnjxyeñ cdjåjle

ltqcndbq, yj d cdjtq fdnjåbjuhfabb jyf dcgjvb-

yftn j njv, xnj åskf gjkyf htibvjcnb pfdthibnm

dsgjkytybt änjq pflfxb r Hjéltcnde 1948 u. ≤Z

hfåjnfñ jxtym vyjuj. B rjulf ljåthecm lj wtkb,

åele cjdthityyj dsvjnfyf, d njxyjcnb nfr ét,

rfr b lheubt xktys rjvbccbb≥, gbcfkf jyf.

37

Rhjvt lbcreccbq gj gjdjle cnfntq änjuj

ljrevtynf dtkbcm nfrét cgjhs j njv, ljkéys

kb gjkjétybz Ltrkfhfwbb bvtnm cbke vtéle-

yfhjlyjuj pfrjyf. Jlyf uheggf, d cjcnfd rjnj-

hjq döjlbkb ghtbveotcndtyyj vfkst ujce-

lfhcndf, cxbnfkf, xnj änj cktletn cltkfnm.

Lheufz uheggf, relf döjlbkb Cjtlbytyyst

Infns, ljrfpsdfkf, xnj cyfxfkf cktletn ghb-

yznm Ltrkfhfwbñ ghbywbgjd, f gjnjv eét

ghbybvfnm ñhblbxtcrb jåzpfntkmyst lkz bc-

gjkytybz cjukfitybz. Änf uheggf jcjpyfdfkf,

xnj ljcnfnjxyj ckjéyj ljcnbxm ljujdjhtyyjc-

nb gj Ltrkfhfwbb j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf, f yf-

cnfbdfybt yf drkñxtybb ñhblbxtcrb jåzpf-

ntkmysö lkz bcgjkytybz gjkjétybq, dthjzn-

yj, pfnzyekj ås ljcnbétybt cjukfitybz yf

vyjubt ujls. D rjytxyjv cxtnt gjåtlbkf

bvtyyj änf njxrf phtybz.

Pf gthbjl ldeöktnytq hfåjns d ytq åskj

vyjuj dpktnjd b gfltybq, yj Hepdtkmn b uheggf

tt ndthlsö cnjhjyybrjd ljcnbukb cdjtq wtkb.

Enhjv 10 ltrfåhz 1948 u. Utythfkmyfz fccfv-

åktz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq ghb-

yzkf Dctvbhyeñ ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf. Bp

58 xktyjd JJY, ghbcencndjdfdibö yf pfctlf-

ybb, 48 ghjujkjcjdfkb ≤pf≥, ybrnj yt ghjujkj-

cjdfk ≤ghjnbd≥, 8 djplthéfkbcm, f ldjt jncen-

cndjdfkb.

Cjdtncrbq Cjñp b tuj cfntkkbns cjcnfdkz-

kb åjkmibycndj chtlb djplthéfdiböcz; cjdtn-

crbq ghtlcnfdbntkm pfzdbk, xnj d Ltrkfhfwbb

xhtpvthyjt dybvfybt eltktyj ≤ghfdfv 18-uj

dtrf≥ d eothå ärjyjvbxtcrbv ghfdfv. Cfeljd-

crfz Fhfdbz djplthéfkfcm bp-pf njuj, xnj, gj tt

vytybñ, Ltrkfhfwbz åskf ckbirjv jhbtynbhj-

dfyf yf Pfgfl. Ñéyfz Fahbrf, rjnjhfz bvty-

yj d änjn ujl joenbkf yf ctåt dgthdst dct nz-

ujns fgfhntblf, lkbditujcz gjnjv ljkubt ujls,

nfrét djplthéfkfcm, pfzdbd, xnj Ltrkfhfwbz

ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ckbirjv ibhjreñ njxre

phtybz yf ghfdf xtkjdtrf.

Gthdfz Rjvbccbz gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf pf

hfåjnjq: ghtlctlfntkm Rjvbccbb Äktjyjh

Hepdtkmn (cghfdf) åtctletn c ljrkflxbrjv

Xfhkpjv Vfkbrjv (Kbdfy) b dbwt-ghtlctlf-

ntktv Rjvbccbb (dnjhjq cktdf)

Htyt Rfcctyjv (Ahfywbz).

38

Ytcvjnhz yf rjkbxtcndj djplthéfdiböcz,

xbckj ujkjcjdfdibö ≤pf≥ jrfpfkjcm gjlfdkzñ-

obv. Dscnegfz yf Utythfkmyjq fccfvåktt,

Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn gjlxthryekf ägjöfkmyjt pyf-

xtybt Ltrkfhfwbb:

≤Ctujlyz vs cnjbv yf gjhjut cj-

åsnbz juhjvyjuj pyfxtybz rfr d ébp-

yb Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yf-

wbq, nfr b d ébpyb xtkjdtxtcndf. Änf

Ltrkfhfwbz dgjkyt vjétn cnfnm vté-

leyfhjlyjq Dtkbrjq öfhnbtq djkmyjc-

nb kñltq dj dctv vbht. Vs yflttvcz,

xnj tt ghjdjpukfitybt Utythfkmyjq

fccfvåkttq JJY cnfytn cjåsnbtv,

chfdybvsv kbim c ghjdjpukfitybtv

≤Ghfd xtkjdtrf≥ ahfywepcrbv yfhj-

ljv d 1789 u. b ghbyznbtv ≤Åbkkz j

ghfdfö≥ yfhjljv Cjtlbytyysö Inf-

njd, f nfrét ghbyznbtv d hfpkbxyst

dhtvtyf gjljåysö ltrkfhfwbq lheub-

vb cnhfyfvb≥.

Ägjöfkmyjt pyfxtybt änjuj

ljcnbétybz

Vfcinfå änjuj cjåsnbz åsk jxtdblty lkz dctö.

Ybrjulf hfymit pf dcñ bcnjhbñ xtkjdtxtcndf

cjjåotcnde cnhfy yt elfdfkjcm cajhvekbhjdfnm

gjkjétybz jå jcjåsö ghfdfö b cdjåjlfö yt

ghjcnj lkz jlyjq cnhfys, yt ghjcnj lkz jlyjq

uheggs kñltq, f lkz dctö kñltq dj dctv vbht

b yf dct dhtvtyf.

Cnfnmz 1 Dctvbhyjq ltrkfhfwbb pflftn njy

lkz ibhjrjuj lbfgfpjyf gjkbnbxtcrbö, cjwb-

fkmysö b ärjyjvbxtcrbö ghfd, rjnjhst dsldb-

ufñncz d rfxtcndt jåotq yjhvs lkz dctö cnhfy:

≤Dct kñlb hjélfñncz cdjåjlysvb b hfdysvb

d cdjtv ljcnjbycndt b ghfdfö. Jyb yfltktys

hfpevjv b cjdtcnmñ b ljkéys gjcnegfnm d jn-

yjitybb lheu lheuf d leöt åhfncndf≥.

Gj jrjyxfybb cfvjq dfhdfhcrjq djqys pf

dcñ bcnjhbñ xtkjdtxtcndf cnhfys vbhf ghbyz-

kb yfrjytw rjvgktrc ghbywbgjd, rjnjhst, rfr

jyb yfltzkbcm, yfghfdzn xtkjdtxtcndj gj yjdj-

39

ve genb: dct cnhfys ljkéys ytcnb jndtncndty-

yjcnm pf cdjb ltqcndbz, rfr dyenhb cnhfys, nfr

b pf tt ghtltkfvb.

Jlyfrj, åelexb jlyjq bp htpjkñwbq Utyt-

hfkmyjq fccfvåktb Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö

Yfwbq, Dctvbhyfz ltrkfhfwbz yt jåkflftn cb-

kjq pfrjyf. Htpjkñwbb Fccfvåktb ghtlcnfdkz-

ñn cjåjq htrjvtylfwbb lkz ujcelfhcnd vbhf, f

yt ñhblbxtcrb jåzpfntkmyst frns. Yj, rfr

Létr Ljytkkb b Hjlf Ujdfhl gjlxthryekb d

≤Vtéleyfhjlyjv cghfdjxybrt gj ghfdfv xtkj-

dtrf≥, c ntxtybtv ktn ≤Dctvbhyfz ltrkfhfwbz

ghtdhfnbkfcm d ytxnj åjkmitt, xtv ghjcnfz ht-

rjvtylfwbz≥.

Änf ltrkfhfwbz dljöyjdbkf kñltq yf gjl-

gbcfybt wtkjuj hzlf htubjyfkmysö rjydtywbq

gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf d cnhfyfö Tdhjgs, Kfnby-

crjq Fvthbrb b Fahbrb, f nfrét jrfpfkf dkbz-

ybt yf cjcnfdktybt vyjubö ghjtrnjd Rjycnbne-

wbb yjdsö ytpfdbcbvsö ujcelfhcnd, rjnjhst gj-

zdkzkbcm yf vbhjdjq fhtyt d 50-t, 60-t, f pfntv

b 90-t uu. Gj lfyysv Bycnbnenf Ahfyrkbyf b

Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn d Ymñ-Qjhrt, Ltrkfhfwbz

gjckeébkf bcnjxybrjv lkz jcyjdysö gjkjétybq

ghbåkbpbntkmyj 90 yfwbjyfkmysö rjycnbnewbq,

rjnjhst åskb cjcnfdktys gjckt 1948 u.

Yjhvs b ghbywbgs, cjlthéfobtcz dj Dct-

vbhyjq ltrkfhfwbb, åskb gjplytt hfpdbns d

cthbb cjukfitybq b rjydtywbq, d jcjåtyyjcnb,

d Vtéleyfhjlyjv gfrnt gj uhfélfycrbv b gj-

kbnbxtcrbv ghfdfv b d Vtéleyfhjlyjv gfrnt

gj ärjyjvbxtcrbv, cjwbfkmysv b rekmnehysv

ghfdfv. Änb gfrns cxbnfñncz ñhblbxtcrb jåz-

pfntkmysvb lkz gjlgbcfdibö bö cnhfy, rfr b

ghtlecvfnhbdfkb cjplfntkb Ltrkfhfwbb.

Hfåjnf Rjvbccbb

ghjljkéftncz

Rfélsq ujl Rjvbccbz JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdt-

rf – nf ét jhufybpfwbz, ghtlctlfntktv rjnjhjq

åskf Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn gjkdtrf yfpfl, cjåbhf-

tncz d Étytdt, xnjås jwtybnm, rfr cnhfys vb-

hf cjåkñlfñn yjhvs d jnyjitybb ghfd xtkjdt-

rf, b ghbpdfnm r jndtncndtyyjcnb yfheibntktq.

B öjnz vyjubt åjhws pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf rhbnb-

reñn bvtñobtcz d hfcgjhzétybb Rjvbccbb

vtöfybpvs lkz dshfétybz djkb vtéleyfhjlyj-

uj cjjåotcndf, b öfhfrnthbpeñn bö rfr ytfltr-

dfnyst, ntv yt vtytt ytkmpz ytljjwtybdfnm tt

djpvjéyjcntq d dszdktybb ntö, rnj yfheiftn

ghfdf xtkjdtrf.

Rfr crfpfkf Éthfkmlby Athhfhj, ghtlcnf-

dbntkm CIF d Rjvbccbb c 1994 u. gj 1996 u.:

≤Yf yfc d Rjvbccbb ktébn jåzpf-

ntkmcndj uhjvrj ujdjhbnm j yfheityb-

zö, vs ytctv jndtncndtyyjcnm gthtl

dctvb kñlmvb. Yfc ljkéys ecksifnm.

Yfi ujkjc – änj ujkjc éthnd: htåtyrf,

rjnjhjve ytxtuj tcnm, vfkmxbrf, rjnj-

hjuj pfcnfdbkb dpznm heémt b cnfnm

cjklfnjv, ltdjxrb, rjnjhfz dsyfibdf-

tn htåtyrf jn yfcbkmybrf, vfnthb, rj-

njhfz hslftn, nfr rfr jyf yt vjétn

yfrjhvbnm cdjñ ctvmñ, jnwf, rjnjhsq

njvbncz d jrjdfö, gjnjve xnj jy jcvt-

kbkcz dscrfpfnm dckeö cdjb vsckb≥.

Nfrbv jåhfpjv, hfåjnf Rjvbccbb b lheubö

cnherneh JJY, yfghfdktyyfz yf nj, xnjås clt-

kfnm Dctvbhyeñ ltrkfhfwbñ htfkmyjcnmñ, ghj-

ljkéftncz. Ghjljkéftncz b hfåjnf ghfdbntkm-

cnd, rjnjhst hfccvfnhbdfñn tt gjkjétybz rfr

cdzotyyst. Dj dctv vbht ghjljkéftncz nfrét

hfåjnf nsczx ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpf-

wbq, åjhwjd pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf, rjnjhsö ljöyjd-

kztn ljrevtyn, 50-ktnbt rjnjhjuj vs åeltv jn-

vtxfnm d ltrfåht änjuj ujlf.

Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth 3,

jrnzåhm 1998 u.

40

åktvfv étyoby, dcgjvbyftn nfrét, xnj Äktf-

yjhf Hepdtkmn ≤evtkj yföjlbkf genb, xnjås jn-

cnjznm ne bkb byeñ dsbuhsiyeñ gjpbwbñ bkb

ajhvekbhjdre b pfrhtgbnm ghjuhtcc, yt pflt-

dfz ntö, rnj c ytq åsk yt cjukfcty≥.

≤Ytn ybrfrbö cjvytybq d njv, xnj ecgtiyjt pf-

dthitybt änjq hfåjns åskj dj vyjujv pfcke-

ujq Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn, rjnjhfz kbxyj frnbdyj

exfcndjdfkf dj vyjubö pfctlfybzö≥, – dcgjvb-

yftn Äyy Rjnhtkm, éehyfkbcnrf, jcdtofdifz

njulf äne hfåjne d ≤Ymñ-Qjhr Uthfkml Nhb-

åñy≥. D cdjtv ytlfdytv bynthdmñ Rjnhtkm jn-

lftn ljkéyjt ≤eåtlbntkmyjcnb b htibntkmyjc-

nb≥ Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn, c rjnjhjq jyf dsgjk-

yzkf cdjñ hfåjne. ≤Jcjåtyyj pfåjnbkb tt

ghfdf étyoby b vtymibycnd, yj afrnbxtcrb

jyf åjhjkfcm pf ghfdf rféljuj≥.

Hjkm Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn

Nfvjhf Öfhbdty, jlyf bp vyjubö åbjuhfajd

Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn, gbitn d rybut ≤Cjdtcnm

Fvthbrb≥, xnj åelexb ghtlctlfntktv Rjvbc-

cbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, åsdifz gthdfz ktlb

htibntkmyj yfcnfbdfkf yf njxyjv b zcyjv

jghtltktybb ghfd xtkjdtrf, ≤gsnfzcm ghb

änjv yfdtcnb vjcns vtéle hfpysvb xktyfvb

rjvbccbb b ghbvbhbnm hfpkbxyst njxrb phtybz,

rjnjhst åskb htpekmnfnjv hfpyjjåhfpbz rekm-

neh≥. Vyjubt bccktljdfntkb Dctvbhyjq ltrkf-

hfwbb cxbnfñn, xnj tckb ås yt kblbheñofz

hjkm Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn, hfåjnf, djpvjéyj

ås, yt elfkfcm.

Nfrjq ét njxrb phtybz ghblthébdftncz Vjkkb

Åhec, rjnjhfz ghbybvfkf exfcnbt dj vyjubö

gthdsö pfctlfybzö Rjvbccbb b yfåkñlfkf pf

Äktfyjhjq Hepdtkmn d hfåjnt. ≤Jcjåtyyj evt-

kj jyf ltqcndjdfkf dj dhtvz gthtujdjhjd≥, –

dcgjvbyftn jyf d jlyjv bp bynthdmñ. – ≤Änj

jxtym ytpfdbcbvfz étyobyf≥. Åhec, rjnjhfz d

nj dhtvz yfxfkf hfåjnfnm d Ctrhtnfhbfnt

JJY, f pfntv djpukfdbkf ghjuhfvve gj ghj-

Äyy Rjnnhtkk, d nj dhtvz htgjhnth ufptns

≤Ymñ-Qjhr Uthfkml Nhbåmñy≥, åthtn bynthdmñ

e Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn

41

D cdjtq cnfnmt Ebkmzv Rjhb

ujdjhbn j dféyjq hjkb, rjnjhfz

ghbyflktébn ytghfdbntkmcndty-

ysv jhufybpfwbzv d eukeåktybb

b hfcibhtybb vtéleyfhjlyjuj

ldbétybz d pfobne ghfd xtkjdt-

rf pf gjcktlybt 50 ktn . Rjhb –

fdnjh vyjubö rybu j pfrjyjlf-

ntkmcndt, jnyjczotvcz r ghfdfv

xtkjdtrf, b bcnjhbb åjhmås pf

ghfdf xtkjdtrf, d njv xbckt

rybub ≤Ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst

jhufybpfwbb b Dctjåofz ltrkf-

hfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf≥.

GZ N M LT C Z N K T N Y F P F L ckjdjcjxtnfybt

≤ghfdf xtkjdtrf≥ htlrj abuehbhjdfkj d chtlcn-

dfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, extåybrfö bkb lbg-

kjvfnbxtcrbö yjnfö. Ctujlyz ét jyj pfybvftn

dféytqitt vtcnj yf fhtyt jåotcndtyyjq vsc-

kb. D änjv jcyjdyfz pfckeuf ytghfdbntkmcndty-

ysö jhufybpfwbq, bkb YGJ. Dpsdfz r ghfdb-

ntkmcndfv bkb r exhtéltybzv JJY, pfybvfzcm

vjåbkbpfwbtq gjllthérb cdjbö pflfx d chtlcn-

dfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb bkb chtlb frnbdbc-

njd yf vtcnfö, ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpf-

wbb d ntxtybt dnjhjq gjkjdbys ysytiytuj dt-

rf cnfkb dféytqitq cjcnfdkzñotq ldbétybz d

pfobne ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Rhegysv bvgekmcjv r ltzntkmyjcnb YGJ

d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf cnfkj gtxfkmyjt yf-

cktlbt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys – 50 vbkkbjyjd

gjubåibö. YGJ csuhfkb jcjåtyyj dféyeñ

hjkm, dsyelbd cjcnfdbntktq Ecnfdf njkmrj xnj

cjplfyyjq njulf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö

5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y

Ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb: 50 ktn åjhmås pfghfdf xtkjdtrf

Ebkmzv Rjhb

42

Yfwbq drkñxbnm d ytuj gjkjétybz j ghfdfö

xtkjdtrf.

D åjktt hfyybö dthcbzö Ecnfdf JJY ghf-

df xtkjdtrf egjvbyfkbcm kbim dcrjkmpm. Vyjuj-

xbcktyyst YGJ, rfr d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö,

nfr b yf vtéleyfhjlyjq fhtyt, djpukfdbkb ecb-

kbz gj bpvtytybñ ghjtrnf Ecnfdf. Nfr, yfghb-

vth, Gfyfvthbrfycrfz rjyathtywbz gj ghfdfv

xtkjdtrf d Vtöbrj ≤rjycjkblbhjdfkf htib-

vjcnm kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjq jåotcndtyyjcnb lj-

åbnmcz drkñxtybz geyrnjd j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf d

ntrcn ecnfdf≥, j xtv cdbltntkmcndeñn lfyyst,

ghtljcnfdktyyst ymñ-qjhrcrbv Bycnbnenjv

Äktfyjhs b Ahfyrkbyf Hepdtkmn.

D cfvbö Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö rfvgfybñ

gj drkñxtybñ d Ecnfd JJY gjkjétybq j ghf-

dfö xtkjdtrf djpukfdbkb nhb YGJ: Fvthbrfy-

crbq tdhtqcrbq rjvbntn, Yfwbjyfkmysq cjdtn

wthrdtq b Rjvbccbz gj bpextybb jhufybpfwbb

vbhf. D vft 1945 u. gjckt gjkextybz gjllth-

érb cj cnjhjys wtkjuj hzlf jåotcndtyysö jh-

ufybpfwbq, jabwbfkmysq ghtlcnfdbntkm nhtö

dsitegjvzyensö YGJ eåtlbk njulfiytuj uj-

celfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz CIF Älefhlf Cntn-

nbybecf d ytjåöjlbvjcnb gjlxthryenm dfé-

yjcnm ghfd xtkjdtrf d ntrcnt Ecnfdf, pfzdbd,

xnj, tckb änj yt åeltn cltkfyj, dyjdm cjplfy-

yeñ JJY vjétn gjcnbuyenm nf ét celmåf, xnj

b Kbue Yfwbq, nj tcnm, fvthbrfycrbq Ctyfn

ghjujkjcetn ghjnbd exfcnbz CIF d änjq jhuf-

ybpfwbb.

Gjckt änjuj Cntnnbybec eåtlbk cjñpybrjd

CIF d ytjåöjlbvjcnb gjllthéfnm äne bltñ yf

dcnhtxt d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj, exfcnybrb rjnjhjq

eét hfphfåfnsdfkb gkfys gj cjplfybñ JJY. D

htpekmnfnt ghfdf xtkjdtrf cnfkb jlybv bp wty-

nhfkmysö äktvtynjd Ecnfdf JJY. Ctvm geyrnjd

änjuj ecnfdf gjcdzotys ytgjchtlcndtyyj dj-

ghjcfv ghfd xtkjdtrf, jlby bp rjnjhsö gjcke-

ébk gjdjljv lkz cjplfybz Rjvbccbb JJY gj

ghfdfv xtkjdtrf.

Hfphfåjnrf ghjtrnf

Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb

Gthdfz pflfxf Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf,

rjnjhjq evtkj herjdjlbkf åsdifz gthdfz ktlb

CIF Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn, cjcnjzkf d hfphfåjn-

rt ntrcnf Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Gjckt gjxnb ldeöktnytq hfåjns 10 ltrfåhz

1948 u. – d ltym, rjnjhsq c ntö gjh jnvtxftn-

cz dj dctv vbht rfr Ltym ghfd xtkjdtrf –

ntrcn Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb åsk jabwbfkmyj

ghbyzn Utythfkmyjq Fccfvåkttq JJY.

Ltrkfhfwbz cjcnjbn bp 30 cnfntq, rfcfñ-

oböcz uhfélfycrbö, gjkbnbxtcrbö, ärjyjvbxtc-

rbö, cjwbfkmysö b rekmnehysö ghfd. Dct jyb

dvtcnt dpznst cjcnfdkzñn cvtkeñ b lfktrj

bleoeñ ghjuhfvve, rjnjheñ ghbpdfys jceotcn-

dkznm ghfdbntkmcndf dctö cnhfy vbhf; cajhve-

kbhjdfyyst d Ltrkfhfwbb gjkjétybz yfghfd-

ktys yf nj, xnjås pfobnf cdjåjls b åkfujgj-

kexbz rféljuj xtkjdtrf cnfkf dféytqibv fc-

gtrnjv ltzntkmyjcnb vbhjdjuj cjjåotcndf.

Htyt Rfccty (Ahfywbz), jlby bp jcyjdysö

hfphfåjnxbrjd ntrcnf Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb,

yfpdfk tt ≤fdnjhbntnyjq bynthghtnfwbtq Ecnf-

df JJY≥. Gj vytybñ E Nfyf (Åbhvf), rjnjhsq

d 1960-ö ujlfö åsk Utythfkmysv ctrhtnfhtv

JJY, Ltrkfhfwbz ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ≤Dtkb-

reñ öfhnbñ djkmyjcntq dctuj xtkjdtxtcndf≥.

Yf hfyytq cnflbb ltzntkmyjcnb rjvbccbb

jlybv bp tt ukfdysö exfcnybrjd åsk Xfhkmp

Vfkbr (Kbdfy), rjnjhsq lfk djpvjéyjcnm ghtl-

cnfdbntkzv ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq

ghbyznm ibhjrjt exfcnbt d gjlujnjdrt ntrcnf

Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb d rfxtcndt ≤ytjabwbfkm-

ysö rjycekmnfynjd, rjnjhst ghtlkfufkb bv bltb

b dsldbufkb ghtlkjétybz≥. Gjplytt Rfccty

erfpsdfk yf jcjåtyyeñ hjkm, rjnjheñ YGJ csu-

hfkb d hfcghjcnhfytybb Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb.

Bvtyyj YGJ, crfpfk jy, ≤gthdsvb cnfkb ibhj-

rj jåceélfnm ghbywbgs Ltrkfhfwbb≥ d åhjiñ-

43

hfö, gthbjlbxtcrbö bplfybzö, cnfnmzö b dscneg-

ktybzö yf vyjujxbcktyysö rjyathtywbzö.

Vtéle ntv, gsnfzcm cltkfnm wtkmñ JJY

åjhmåe c htfkmysvb yfheitybzvb ghfd xtkjdt-

rf, YGJ cnfkrbdfkbcm cj pyfxbntkmysvb nhel-

yjcnzvb. Eét d 1947 u. Rjvbccbz JJY gj ghf-

dfv xtkjdtrf jabwbfkmyj jåüzdbkf j njv, xnj

jyf yt åeltn ghtlghbybvfnm ltqcndbz gj éfkj-

åfv j yfheitybzö ghfd xtkjdtrf. Ytcvjnhz yf

nj, xnj vyjubt cnhfys, d xfcnyjcnb, cnhfys c

njnfkbnfhysvb htébvfvb, jljåhbkb Dctjåoeñ

ltrkfhfwbñ, d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb jyb yfheifkb

ghfdf xtkjdtrf b gsnfkbcm dctvb cbkfvb bpåt-

ufnm rhbnbrb. Yj afrnbxtcrb vyjubv cnhfyfv,

ult ltkf c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf jåcnjzn ytdféyj,

elftncz ltkfnm änj b ctqxfc.

YGJ ghjljkéfkb djpltqcndjdfnm yf rjvbc-

cbñ, ljåbdfzcm bpvtytybz tt gjlöjlf. Jlyfrj

Cjdtncrbq Cjñp b lheubt njnfkbnfhyst htébvs

jrfpsdfkb yf rjvbccbñ nfrjt vjoyjt lfdktybt,

xnj gjyfljåbkjcm ldf ltcznbktnbz lkz njuj, xnj-

ås rjvbccbz cjukfcbkfcm ghbybvfnm r hfccvjn-

htybñ ltkf j ≤uheåsö yfheitybzö≥ ghfd xtkj-

dtrf, d rjnjhsö ghjcktébdfkbcm ≤ecnjqxbdst

ntyltywbb≥. Yj lfét gjckt änjuj ghbyznst rj-

vbccbtq ghjwtlehs åskb vfkjäaatrnbdysvb,

b vyjubt ckexfb ghbvtytybz gsnjr, bcxtpyjdt-

ybz kñltq b rfpytq åtp celf b cktlcndbz, cj-

dthifdiböcz c cjukfcbz ghfdbntkmcnd hzlf

cnhfy, pfvfkxbdfkbcm rjvbccbtq. D flhtc YGJ,

ghjntcnjdfdibö ghjnbd änbö yfheitybq, åskj

dscrfpfyj ghtleghtéltybt j njv, xnj jyb vjuen

gjnthznm cdjq rjycekmnfnbdysq cnfnec d JJY,

tckb åelen cjjåofnm j gjlhjåyjcnzö nfrbö yf-

heitybq yf pfctlfybzö JJY.

Frnbdbpfwbz ltzntkmyjcnb YGJ

Ytljdjkmcndj gjkbnbrjq JJY pfcnfdbkj Vté-

leyfhjlyeñ kbue pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf djjåot jn-

rfpfnmcz jn rjynfrnjd c ytq b ghbdktrfnm dyb-

vfybt vbhjdjq jåotcndtyyjcnb r yfheitybzv

ghfd xtkjdtrf gentv geåkbrfwbb cgtwbfkmysö

bccktljdfybq b jåceéltybz änbö yfheitybq d

chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Nfrbv jåhf-

pjv, Kbuf cnfkf jlyjq bp gthdsö YGJ, rjnjhst

ddtkb ghfrnbre ≤gjhbwfybz b jceéltybz≥ njnf-

kbnfhysö htébvjd, djtyysö lbrnfneh b lfét

ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö cnhfy, ljgecrfñobö gjljåyst

yfheitybz.

Jlyf bp yfbåjktt äaatrnbdyj ltqcndeñ-

obö d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf YGJ – ≤Ävybc-

nb Bynthytiyk≥, cjplfyyfz d Kjyljyt d 1961 u.

Tt bccktljdfntkmcrbq jnltk yfrjgbk cfveñ jå-

ibhyeñ åfpe lfyysö j yfheitybzö ghfd xtkj-

dtrf dj dctv vbht. Gfhfkktkmyj ghfrnbrt gj-

hbwfybz b jceéltybz, ≤Ävybcnb≥ yfxfkf yfps-

dfnm éthnds ujcelfhcndtyysö htghtccbq ≤epyb-

rfvb cjdtcnb≥. D 1974 u. ≤Ävybcnb≥ jgeåkbrj-

dfkf lfyyst j ghbvtytybb gsnjr 61 htébvjv,

ghbxtv åskb jåyfhjljdfys b eéfcfñobt gjl-

hjåyjcnb änbö yfheitybq. Jcjåtyyj äaatrnbd-

ysvb åskb hfpjåkfxtybz djtyysö htghtccbq d

cnhfyfö Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb – bvtyyj jyb gj-

ckeébkb jcyjdfybtv lkz ghbceéltybz änjq jh-

ufybpfwbb Yjåtktdcrjq ghtvbb vbhf d 1977 u.

Ghfrnbrf vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåyfhjljdfybz

pkjegjnhtåktybq bvttn, jlyfrj, b cdjb juhfyb-

xtybz, gjcrjkmre ytrjnjhst htébvs yfcnjkmrj

étcnjrb, xnj fåcjkñnyj buyjhbheñn äne byajh-

vfwbñ. Gj vytybñ YGJ, äne ghjåktve vjéyj

htifnm c gjvjomñ vtéleyfhjlysö vtöfybpvjd

ghfrnbxtcrbö vth yf jcyjdt gjkexftvjq jn

YGJ byajhvfwbb.

Gjrf YGJ ghjljkéfkb rfvgfybñ pf cjplf-

ybt nfrbö vtöfybpvjd, 1 fduecnf 1975 u. åsk

ghbyzn Ötkmcbyrcrbq Pfrkñxbntkmysq frn, gjl

rjnjhsv gjcnfdbkb cdjb gjlgbcb Jhufybpfwbz

Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj ljujdjhf, ytqnhfkmyst b

ytghbcjtlbybdibtcz ujcelfhcndf Tdhjgs, f

nfrét exfcnybrb Jhufybpfwbb Dfhifdcrjuj lj-

ujdjhf. Cnfd jlyjq bp dféytqibö dtö d ädjkñ-

44

wbb vtéleyfhjlyjq cbcntvs ghfd xtkjdtrf,

ötkmcbyrcrbt cjukfitybz nhtåjdfkb jn gjlgb-

cfdibö bö cnhfy cjåkñltybz ≤ghfd xtkjdtrf b

jcyjdjgjkfufñobö cdjåjl≥ (ghbywbg 7). Yf gj-

cktleñobö ajhevfö, cjcnjzdiböcz d Åtkuhflt,

Vflhblt b Dtyt, åsk dsldbyen hzl bltq, åhj-

cbdibö dspjd cjdtncrjve njnfkbnfhbpve b d rj-

ytxyjv bnjut cgjcjåcndjdfdibö rheitybñ rjv-

veybcnbxtcrjq bvgthbb.

D vft 1976 u. Ñhbtv Jhkjdsv åskf cj-

plfyf Vjcrjdcrfz ötkmcbyrcrfz uheggf. Änf

uheggf ltkfkf dféytqieñ hfåjne gj gjlujnjd-

rt gjlhjåyj ljrevtynbhjdfyysö lfyysö j yf-

heitybzö ghfd xtkjdtrf d Cjdtncrjv Cjñpt,

rjnjhst Pfgfl pfntv bcgjkmpjdfk yf hfpkbxysö

vtéleyfhjlysö dcnhtxfö, gjcdzotyysö ghby-

wbgfv Ötkmcbyrcrjuj Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf, b

cjlthéfybt rjnjhsö gthtlfdfkjcm vtéleyfhjl-

ysvb hflbjcnfywbzvb, dtofdibvb yf Djcnjx-

yeñ Tdhjge.

Tot jlyjq YGJ, ltqcndeñotq gj ntv ét

yfghfdktybzv, gj rjnjhsv hfpdbdfkcz Ötkm-

cbyrcrbq ghjwtcc, cnfk gjkmcrbq Rjvbntn pf-

obns hfåjxbö (RJH). Cjplfyysq d ctynzåht

1976 u., änjn rjvbntn dgjcktlcndbb cnfk jcyj-

djq ldbétybz ≤Cjkblfhyjcnm≥. Dcktl pf änjq

gjkmcrjq bybwbfnbdjq d zydfht 1977 u. yf cdtn

gjzdbkfcm ≤Öfhnbz 77≥, dj ukfdt rjnjhjq dcnfk

Dfwkfd Ufdtk.

Tot jlyjq YGJ, bvtditq juhjvyjt pyfxt-

ybt lkz Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs, cnfkf jhufybpfwbz

gj yfåkñltybñ pf Ötkmcbyrcrbv ghjwtccjv –

≤Ötkmcbyrb Ejnx≥, rjnjhfz åskf cajhvbhjdf-

yf d 1978 u. Tt herjdjlbntkm Léthb Kfåth

xfcnj åsdfk d Ghfut b Dfhifdt, dcnhtxfkcz c

frnbdbcnfvb ötkmcbyrcrjuj ldbétybz b åsk

cdjtuj hjlf ghjdjlybrjv byajhvfwbb j ybö.

Änf byajhvfwbz ibhjrj geåkbrjdfkfcm yf Pf-

Ñéyjfahbrfyws dscnhfbdfñncz

d jxthtlm e geyrnf ujkjcjdfybz d Cjdtnj

gjl Qjöfyytcåehujv, xnjås ghbyznm exfc-

nbt d gthdsö d bcnjhbb Ñéyj-fahbrfy-

crjq htcgeåkbrb dctjåobö vekmnbhfcjdsö

dsåjhfö d fghtkt 1994 ujlf.

Ajn

juhfa L

tybc Afhhtkk (E

fql Ejhkl A

jnjc)

45

gflt. Rjulf gjckt ghfécrjq htdjkñwbb Dfwkfd

Ufdtk dgthdst gjctnbk Cjtlbytyyst Infns,

jy chfpe yfghfdbkcz d infå-rdfhnbhe jhufybpf-

wbb ≤Ötkmcbyrb Ejnx≥ d Ymñ-Qjhrt, ult jy

crfpfk d cdjtv dscnegktybb: ≤Djpvjéyj, tckb

ås yt ds, e yfc yt åskj ås htdjkñwbb≥.

Gjljåyj cdjbv tlbyjvsiktyybrfv d Dj-

cnjxyjq Tdhjgt, frnbdbcns ghfdjpfobnysö

ldbétybq d cnhfyfö Fahbrb b Fpbb, åjhjd-

ibtcz pf jcdjåjéltybt jn rjkjybfkmyjuj uytnf,

nfrét xthgfkb dljöyjdtybt bp ghbywbgjd Dct-

jåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Änj ét vjéyj crfpfnm b j nsczxfö ghfdj-

pfobnybrfö b cjnyzö YGJ dj dctv vbht, rjnj-

hst cgjcjåcndjdfkb kbrdblfwbb fgfhntblf d

Ñéyjq Fahbrt. B ltqcndbntkmyj nf hjkm, rj-

njheñ Jhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq

dvtcnt c ghfdjpfobnysvb jhufybpfwbzvb csu-

hfkf d åjhmåt c fgfhntbljv, ghtlcnfdkztn cj-

åjq kexibq ghbvth ghfrnbxtcrjuj htpekmnfnf,

rjnjhjuj jyf vjétn ljåbnmcz d ltkt pfobns jc-

yjdjgjkfufñobö ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Dscnegfz d ctynzåht 1998 u. yf ctccbb

Utythfkmyjq Fccfvåktb JJY, ghtpbltyn Ñé-

yjq Fahbrb Ytkmcjy Vfyltkf ghbpyfk änj,

crfpfd: ≤Lkz ntö, rjve ghbikjcm åjhjnmcz pf

cdjt jcdjåjéltybt, gjljåyj yfv, rjnjhst c

dfitq gjvjomñ jcdjåjlbkbcm jn ghtcnegyjq

cbcntvs fgfhntblf, Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz

ghfd xtkjdtrf ckeébkf gjlndthéltybtv ghf-

djns yfituj ltkf≥.

Gjllthérf cj cnjhjys

Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd

Hjcn xbcktyyjcnb b dkbzybz ytghfdbntkmcndty-

ysö jhufybpfwbq, f nfrét bö exfcnbz d ghfdj-

pfobnyjv ldbétybb yfikb jnhfétybt b d gj-

kbnbrt CIF. D cdjtq byfeuehfwbjyyjq htxb d

zydfht 1977 u. Ghtpbltyn Lébvvb Rfhnth gjl-

xthryek, xnj ≤ghbdthétyyjcnm yfitq cnhfys

ghbywbgfv ghfd xtkjdtrf ljkéyf yjcbnm fåcj-

kñnysq öfhfrnth≥. Ltqcndez yf jcyjdt ghbyz-

njuj Rjyuhtccjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, Rfhnth

cajhvbhjdfk åñhj gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf d cjcnf-

dt Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf; ghb ytv ét

åskb jgeåkbrjdfys gthdst ljrkfls j gjkjét-

ybb c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf d hfpysö cnhfyfö vb-

hf. D gthdsö ljrkflfö, gjzdbdiböcz d 1977 u.,

egjvbyfkbcm njkmrj nt cnhfys, rjnjhst gjkexb-

kb gjvjom jn Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd – bö xbc-

kj cjcnfdbkj 82; d ljrkflfö, jgeåkbrjdfyysö d

1997 u., eét abuehbhjdfkb 184 cnhfys.

Rfhnth nfrét cgjcjåcndjdfk åjktt xfcnsv

rjynfrnfv vtéle ghfdbntkmcndjv CIF b ghf-

djpfobnysvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Änj gjvjufkj fl-

vbybcnhfwbb gjkexfnm dféyst cdtltybz, rjnj-

hst gjnjv vjukb åsnm bcgjkmpjdfys lkz jrfpf-

ybz lfdktybz yf ghfdbntkmcndf cnhfy Kfnby-

crjq Fvthbrb b cnhfy, yföjlbdiböcz d jhåb-

nt cjdtncrjuj dkbzybz. Gj ckjdfv htlfrnjhf

jlyjq bp fhutynbycrbö ufptn Léfrjåj Nbvth-

vfyf, frwtyn yf ghfdfö xtkjdtrf ≤gjvju cgfc-

nb vyjubt nsczxb ébpytq≥. Jcdjåjéltybt bp-

gjl ljvfiytuj fhtcnf cfvjuj Nbvthvfyf, fr-

nbdyjuj rhbnbrf ≤uhzpyjq djqys≥, rjnjheñ dt-

kf fhutynbycrfz djtyobyf, cjcnjzkjcm dj vyj-

ujv åkfujlfhz lfdktybñ cj cnjhjys nfrbö

YGJ, rfr ≤Å’yfq Å’hbn≥, f nfrét cj cnjhjys

ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Flvbybcnhfwbz Rfhnthf

nfrét dscnegfkf d gjllthére ghfdf YGJ yf

åjktt gjkyjt exfcnbt d ltzntkmyjcnb JJY. Cj-

dvtcnyst ecbkbz yfxfkb ghbyjcbnm gkjls d

1980 u., rjulf xktys Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xt-

kjdtrf ghjujkjcjdfkb pf cjplfybt hfåjxtq

uheggs gj hfccktljdfybñ bcxtpyjdtybz kñltq

d htpekmnfnt yfcbkmcndtyysö ltqcndbq. Ldevz

ujlfvb gjpét åskf exhtéltyf ljkéyjcnm Cgt-

wbfkmyjuj ljrkflxbrf gj eåbqcndfv kñltq,

cnfdibö htpekmnfnjv ghjbpdjkf bkb dytceltå-

ysö ltqcndbq. D 1985 u. åskf exhtéltyf lj-

kéyjcnm tot jlyjuj ljrkflxbrf gj bpextybñ

46

cjjåotybq j ghbvtytybb gsnjr c jljåhtybz b

cjukfcbz ghfdbntkmcnd.

Dcrjht gjckt änjuj åskb exhtéltys lj-

kéyjcnb Cgtwbfkmysö ljrkflxbrjd gj hfcckt-

ljdfybñ ckexftd htkbubjpyjq ytnthgbvjcnb,

hfcbpvf b yfcbkbz d jnyjitybb étyoby, f

nfrét gj hfccktljdfybñ yfheitybq cj cnjhjys

cybcrfdibö ctåt gtxfkmyeñ ckfde htébvjd d

Bhfyt, Bhfrt, Åbhvt, Celfyt b yf Reåt. Änb

dféyst cjåsnbz cnfkb djpvjéysvb, d jcyjd-

yjv, åkfujlfhz bybwbfnbdfv YGJ. Ytghfdb-

ntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb nfrét cltkfkb jxtym

vyjuj lkz gjdsitybz äaatrnbdyjcnb dctö änbö

ghjwtleh b lkz jåtcgtxtybz hfåjxbö uhegg b

cgtwbfkmysö ljrkflxbrjd ytjåöjlbvjq byajh-

vfwbtq – byajhvfwbtq, rjnjheñ ghfdbntkmcn-

df xfcnj jnrfpsdfkbcm ghtljcnfdkznm. Dtlm yt-

rjnjhst xktys Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf

ghjljkéfñn jnrfpsdfnm cgtwbfkmysv ljrkflxb-

rfv dj dütplt d cdjb cnhfys, ghbxtv JJY gj-

rf yt vjétn ybxtuj c änbv gjltkfnm.

Åjkmifz pfckeuf YGJ cjcnjbn b d hfpdb-

nbb lheujuj fcgtrnf vtéleyfhjlyjq ghfdjpf-

obnyjq cbcntvs, f bvtyyj d pfrkñxtybb hfp-

yjuj hjlf gfrnjd b rjydtywbq d jåkfcnb ghfd

xtkjdtrf. Yfbåjktt dféyst bp ybö – Vtéleyf-

hjlysq gfrn j uhfélfycrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö

ghfdfö b Vtéleyfhjlysq gfrn jå ärjyjvbxtc-

rbö, cjwbfkmysö b rekmnehysö ghfdfö. Änb gfr-

ns jåkflfñn cbkjq vtéleyfhjlysö cjukfitybq

b åskb cjplfys lkz njuj, xnjås ghblfnm Dct-

jåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf cnfnec ñhb-

lbxtcrb jåzpsdfñotuj ljrevtynf.

Gfrn j uhfélfycrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö ghf-

dfö dcnegbk d cbke d 1976 u., öjnz Cjtlbyty-

yst Infns hfnbabwbhjdfkb tt njkmrj gjckt

ghböjlf r dkfcnb flvbybcnhfwbb Rkbynjyf.

Jcyjdyfz vsckm änjuj ljrevtynf cjcnjbn d njv,

xnj gjlgbcfdibt tuj cnhfys ljkéys ljrkfls-

dfnm j öjlt tuj dsgjkytybz Rjvbntne gj ghf-

dfv xtkjdtrf – jhufye, cjcnjzotve bp ärcgth-

njd, ltktubhjdfyysö cnhfyfvb, hfnbabwbhjdfd-

ibvb änjn gfrn. D ntxtybt gjcktlybö ldeö lt-

cznbktnbq änjn rjvbntn ghbjåhtk pyfxbntkmyst

gjkyjvjxbz b cnfk jcyjdysv rfyfkjv gjcneg-

ktybz byajhvfwbb b ghtlkjétybq jn YGJ.

Nfr, d xfcnyjcnb, Rjvbntn ñhbcnjd pf ghfdf xt-

kjdtrf ghtljcnfdkztn rjvbntne jcyjdyeñ ljre-

vtynfwbñ, f nfrét htrjvtylfwbb, rfcfñobtcz

rjyrhtnysö yfheitybq, ljgecrftvsö ujcelfh-

cndfvb-exfcnybrfvb gfrnf.

Dcnegbkb d cbke b ytrjnjhst lheubt ghf-

djpfobnyst rjydtywbb, ytjåöjlbvjcnm ghbyz-

nbz rjnjhsö gjlxthrbdfkfcm YGJ. D bö xbckj

döjlzn Rjydtywbz j kbrdblfwbb dctö ajhv

lbcrhbvbyfwbb d jnyjitybb étyoby (1981),

Rjydtywbz j ytljgecnbvjcnb ghbvtytybz gs-

njr (1987) b Rjydtywbz j ghfdfö htåtyrf

(1990). Nfr ét, rfr b Gfrn j uhfélfycrbö b gj-

kbnbxtcrbö ghfdfö, gthtxbcktyyst rjydtywbb

ghtlecvfnhbdfñn yfkbxbt jhufyf gj bö ghfrnb-

xtcrjq htfkbpfwbb, d rjnjhsq YGJ yfghfdkz-

ñn dféytqibt vfnthbfks c wtkmñ jåtcgtxtybz

dsgjkytybz gjkjétybq änbö vtéleyfhjlysö

cjukfitybq.

Dctvbhyfz rjyathtywbz gj

ghfdfv xtkjdtrf

Jlyj bp yfbåjktt dféysö cjåsnbq d ghfdjpf-

obnyjq ltzntkmyjcnb jhufybpfwbq b exhtélt-

ybq cbcntvs JJY ghjbpjikj d öjlt Dctvbh-

yjq rjyathtywbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, ghjdj-

lbditqcz d Dtyt (Fdcnhbz) d bñyt 1993 u. Rfr

b hfymit, YGJ dpzkb yf ctåz dféyeñ hjkm, jh-

ufybpjdfd äaatrnbdyeñ vtéleyfhjlyeñ rfvgf-

ybñ pf ghtljcnfdktybt bv ghfdf exfcndjdfnm d

änjv vthjghbznbb. D nj ét dhtvz jyb pfhexb-

kbcm frnbdyjq gjllthérjq cj cnjhjys flvbyb-

cnhfwbb Rkbynjyf, rjnjhfz r njve vjvtyne yf-

öjlbkfcm e dkfcnb eét ytcrjkmrj vtczwtd. Gj

cenb ltkf, fvthbrfycrfz ltktufwbz yf Dtycrjq

47

rjyathtywbb bvtkf d cdjtv cjcnfdt ghtlcnfdb-

ntktq fvthbrfycrbö YGJ, yfhzle c jabwbfkm-

ysvb ghtlcnfdbntkzvb ghfdbntkmcndf – nj

tcnm, cjcnfd ltktufwbb ajhvbhjdfkcz gj njq ét

cötvt, xnj b cjcnfd fvthbrfycrbö ltktufwbq yf

lheubö vtéleyfhjlysö ajhevfö d ghjikjv.

D cjnhelybxtcndt cj cdjbvb tlbyjvsikty-

ybrfvb bp lheubö cnhfy, ghtlcnfdbntkb YGJ b

ghfdbntkmcnd cevtkb jåtcgtxbnm ghbyznbt hzlf

dféytqibö htitybq yf Dtycrjq rjyathtywbb,

d njv xbckt gjkexbditt tlbyjleiyjt jljåht-

ybt htitybt jå exhtéltybb gjcnf Dthöjdyjuj

rjvbccfhf JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, f nfrét

ghbyznbt ltrkfhfwbb, gjlndthélfñotq dctjå-

obq öfhfrnth ghfd xtkjdtrf. Dthöjdysq rjvbc-

cfh gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, ljkéyjcnm rjnjhjuj d

yfcnjzott dhtvz pfybvftn Vähb Hjåbycjy, pf-

ybvftncz djghjcfvb pfobns ghfd xtkjdtrf d

cbcntvt JJY, f nfrét pfobns ghfd yf vtéle-

yfhjlyjq fhtyt.

Exfcnbt d Dtycrjq rjyathtywbb ghtlcnf-

dbntktq yjdjuj gjrjktybz YGJ bp cnhfy Fpbb,

Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb b Fahbrb, cnfditt ht-

pekmnfnjv ghjwtccf, rjnjhsq lkbkcz ytcrjkmrj

ktn, jpyfvtyjdfkj cjåjq gjzdktybt yjdjuj äkt-

vtynf d vtéleyfhjlyjq ghfdjpfobnyjq cbcnt-

vt; r yfxfke hfåjns rjyathtywbb htubcnhfwbñ

ghjikb nhb nsczxb YGJ. Cktletn jcjåj jnvt-

nbnm gjlujnjdbntkmyeñ dcnhtxe d Åfyurjrt, yf

rjnjhjq YGJ bp cnhfy Fpbb ghbyzkb ltrkfhf-

wbñ j ytjåöjlbvjcnb cjåkñltybz vtéleyfhjl-

ysö cnfylfhnjd d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf b ex-

htéltybz gjcnf dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf gj ghf-

dfv xtkjdtrf.

Exfcnybrb Dtycrjq rjyathtywbb nfrét

ghbdktrkb dybvfybt vtéleyfhjlyjq jåotcn-

dtyyjcnb r ghfdfv étyoby, ghtlcnfdkzñobv

cjåjq, gj bö vytybñ, cjcnfdyeñ xfcnm jåotxt-

kjdtxtcrbö ghfd. Dscrfpfyyfz bvb htibntkm-

yfz gjllthérf ghfd étyoby cjplfkf jcyjde

lkz ghjdtltybz bvtdituj bcnjhbxtcrjt pyfxt-

ybt Xtndthnjuj dctvbhyjuj rjyuhtccf gj ghj-

åktvfv étyoby d Gtrbyt (1995 u.), f nfrét

lkz ghbpyfybz hfcneotq hjkb étycrbö jhufyb-

pfwbq b uhegg yf vtéleyfhjlyjq fhtyt.

Yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö ktn eéfcfñobt yf-

heitybz ghfd xtkjdtrf, ghjbcöjlbdibt d 20-v

dtrt, pfcnfdkzkb YGJ, jcjåtyyj jhufybpfwbñ

≤Yfåkñltybt pf ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf≥, ghbpsdfnm

r ytjåöjlbvjcnb ddtltybz gjljnxtnyjcnb d jce-

otcndktybb ghfdjcelbb b ecnfyjdktybz ltqcn-

dbntkmyj ceotcndeñotuj gjkjétybz ltk. R vj-

vtyne cjpsdf Dtycrjq rjyathtywbb djqyf d

Åjcybb eét eåtlbkf vyjubö exfcnybrjd ghfdj-

pfobnyjuj ghjwtccf d ytjåöjlbvjcnb cjplfybz

yjdjuj vtöfybpvf lkz ghbdktxtybz r jndtncn-

dtyyjcnb kbw, dbyjdysö d uheåtqibö yfheit-

ybzö ghfd xtkjdtrf, nfrbö, rfr utyjwbl b ght-

cnegktybz ghjnbd xtkjdtxtcndf.

D cdzpb c änbv d 1993 u. Cjdtn Åtpjgfc-

yjcnb JJY exhtlbk Vtéleyfhjlysq eujkjd-

ysq nhbåeyfk lkz åsditq Ñujckfdbb. Gjl-

lthéfd änj yfxbyfybt, jhufybpfwbz ≤Yfåkñlt-

ybt pf ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf≥ ghtljcnfdbkf nhbåe-

yfke ljrevtynfwbñ, rjnjheñ tuj ukfdysq jådb-

ybntkm Hbxfhl Ujklcnjey (Ñéyfz Fahbrf) yf-

pdfk åtcwtyyjq. Nhbåeyfk jnlfk ljkéyjt b

ltzntkmyjcnb lheujq YGJ – ≤Dhfxb pf ghfdf

xtkjdtrf≥, rjnjhfz jrfpfkf gjvjom d ghjdtlt-

ybb celtåyj-vtlbwbycrjq ärcgthnbps ärcuevb-

hjdfyysö ntk gjubåibö. Tdhjgtqcrbt YGJ

jrfpfkb pyfxbntkmyeñ gcböjkjubxtcreñ b vf-

nthbfkmyeñ gjvjom cdbltntkzv, dscnegfdibv

yf ghjwtcct.

Yf cktleñobq ujl JJY exhtlbkf fyfkj-

ubxysq nhbåeyfk lkz Hefyls, hfåjxbq jhufy

rjnjhjuj yföjlbncz d u. Fheif, Nfypfybz. B öj-

nz fvthbrfycrjt ghfdbntkmcndj b hfpkbxyst

YGJ dj vyjujv yt cjukfifkbcm lheu c lheujv

pf ljkubt ujls hfåjns, jåt cnjhjys ghblfñn

dféyjt pyfxtybt ltzntkmyjcnb jåjbö nhbåeyf-

kjd b ghbywbge jndtncndtyyjcnb pf yfheitybt

48

ghfd xtkjdtrf. Nfr, Cjtlbytyyst Infns dpzkb

yf ctåz pyfxbntkmyeñ xfcnm hfcöjljd, cdzpfy-

ysö c hfåjnjq änbö nhbåeyfkjd.

Ukjåfkmyjt ldbétybt YGJ

D rjywt 20-uj dtrf exfcnbt ytghfdbntkmcndty-

ysö jhufybpfwbq dj dctö fcgtrnfö ghfdjpfobn-

yjq ltzntkmyjcnb pyfxbntkmyj ecbkbkjcm. Ct-

ujlyz ghfrnbxtcrb dj dctö cnhfyfö vbhf ceot-

cndeñn ghfdjpfobnyst jhufybpfwbb b frnbdbc-

ns ghfdjpfobnyjuj ldbétybz. Ytrjnjhst bp

ybö hbcreñn cjåcndtyyjq ébpymñ, jncnfbdfz

cdjåjle ckjdf, ltvjrhfnbñ, htkbubjpyeñ b hf-

cjdeñ nthgbvjcnm. Jlyb dscnegfñn ghjnbd

ghbvtytybz gsnjr, ghjbpdjkmysö fhtcnjd b cj-

dhtvtyysö ajhv hfåcndf. Lheubt gsnfñncz

jrfpfnm djpltqcndbt yf vtéleyfhjlyst abyfy-

cjdst bycnbnens, cgjcjåcndjdfnm ghjwtcce hfp-

dbnbz, juhfybxbdfnm ltncrbq nhel, ddtcnb pf-

ghtn yf yfptvyst vbys b åjhjnmcz c njhujdktq

étyobyfvb b ltdjxrfvb.

D vbht cjdthiftncz tot vyjuj cthmtpysö

yfheitybq ghfd xtkjdtrf, b ghbywbgs, cajh-

vekbhjdfyyst dj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd

xtkjdtrf, dsgjkyzñncz lfktrj yt dj dctö cnhf-

yfö. Vtéle ntv, cbkf b frnbdyjcnm vtéle-

yfhjlyjuj ghfdjpfobnyjuj ldbétybz lftn gj

rhfqytq vtht yfltéle yf nj, xnj d cktleñotv

cnjktnbb elfcncz ljåbnmcz åjkmituj ghjuhtccf

d änjq jåkfcnb. Ytjåöjlbvj nfrét gjvybnm jå

eét jlthéfyysö gjåtlfö – jyb yt ljkéys jc-

nfdfnmcz ytpfvtxtyysvb.

Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth 3,

jrnzåhm 1998 u.

49

Brownlie, Ian, ed.Basic Documents on Human Rights.3d edition. New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1993.

Ching, Frank“Responsibilities and Rights,”Far Eastern Economic Review, vol. 60, no. 46,November 13, 1997, pp. 38–39.(Review of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.)

Claude, Richard P., and Burns H. WestonHuman Rights in the World Community: Issues and Action.2d edition. Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992

Clinton, William J.“Remarks Celebrating the 50th Anniversaryof the Universal Declaration of Human Rightsin New York City.”Weekly Compilation of Presidential Docu-ments, vol. 33, no. 50, December 15, 1997, pp. 2002–2005.

Danieli, Yael, Elsa Stamatopoulou andClarence J. Dias, eds.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights:Fifty Years and Beyond.New York: Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.,1998.

Donnelly, JackInternational Human Rights.2d edition, Boulder, CO: Westview Press,1998.

Donnelly, JackUniversal Human Rights in Theory and Practice.Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press,1989.

Elshtain, Jean Bethke“The Right Rights,”The New Republic, vol. 218, no. 24, June 15,1998, pp. 11–13.(The fight for adoption of the U.N. UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights.)

Forsythe, David P., Louis Henkin, Margaret E.Galey, et al.Symposium, “Free and Equal in Dignity andRights: the Universal Declaration of HumanRights,”PS: Political Science and Politics, vol 31, no. 3, September 1998, pp. 505–534.(A series of five articles.)

Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt InstituteBibliography and Further Resources on theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightshttp://www.udhr50.org/history/default.htm(Includes historical source documents,sources consulted and suggestions for further reading.)

Glendon, Mary Ann“Knowing the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights,”Notre Dame Law Review, vol. 73, no. 5, May 1998, pp. 1153–1190.

Å b å k b j u h f a b z

Ljgjkybntkmyfz kbnthfnehf gj ghjåktvfv ghfd

xtkjdtrf b Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf

50

Hobbins, A.J.“Eleanor Roosevelt, John Humphrey andCanadian Opposition to the Universal Decla-ration of Human Rights: Looking Back on the50th Anniversary of UNDHR,”International Journal, vol. 53, no. 2, Spring 1998, pp. 325–342.

International Secretariat of Amnesty International“International Women’s Day – 50 years of Women’s Rights?”Press Release, 6 March 1998.

“Into the Future,”Index on Censorship, vol. 27, no 3, May–June 1998, pp. 184–190.(Comments on the successes and failures ofthe U.N. Universal Declaration of HumanRights.)

Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancementof Human RightsAdvocating Human Rights – Selected Publi-cationshttp://www.ajc.org/jbi/pubs.html

Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancementof Human RightsTo Reaffirm Faith in Fundamental HumanRights: The U.N. and Human Rights,1945–95, The Institute, 1995.

Morsink, Johannes“Women s Rights in the Universal Declara-tion,”Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 2, 1991,pp. 229–256.

Robinson, Mary“Shame of Failure on Human Rights,”The World Today, vol. 54, no. 2, February 1998, pp. 45–49.(Commentary on the 50th anniversary of theU.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.)

Sen, Amartya“Universal Truths: Human Rights and theWesternizing Illusion,”Harvard International Review, vol. 20, no. 3,Summer 1998, pp. 40–43.

Steiner, Henry J., and Philip AlstonInternational Human Rights in Context: Law,Politics, Morals.New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Tongue, Kathryn A.“Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights.”Human Rights, vol. 25, no. 3, Summer 1998.pp. 2–5.

United Nations High Commissioner for Human RightsFiftieth Anniversary of the Universal Declara-tion of Human Rights, General Assembly Re-solution 52/117 of 12 December 1997http://www.UNHCHR.CH./html/menu4/gares/gares117.htm

Weiming, Tu“Joining East and West: A Confucian Perspe-ctive on Human Rights.”Harvard International Review, vol. 20, no. 3,Summer 1998, pp. 44–49.

Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth

3, jrnzåhm 1998 u.

51

Ybétcktleñobt flhtcf – änj kbim ytrjnjhst

bp juhjvyjuj xbckf flhtcjd, gj rjnjhsv vjéyj

yfqnb byajhvfwbñ j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf. ÑCBF yt

ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b ljcneg-

yjcnm htcehcjd, yt jnyjczoböcz r ÑCBF.

D C T J Å O F Z L T R K F H F W B Z

G H F D X T K J D T R F –

L J C N E G Y F Y F H F P Y S Ö

Z P S R F Ö :

Fhfåcrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/1/arabic_menu.htm

Rbnfqcrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/1/chinese_menu.htm

Fyukbqcrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_udhr.htm

Ahfywepcrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/french/html/menu3/b/a_udhr_fr.htm

Heccrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/1/rusian_menu.htm

Gjhneufkmcrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/1/udportug.htm

Bcgfycrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/spanish/html/menu3/b/a_udhr_sp.htm

Lheubt zpsrbhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/1/univdec1.htm

L H E U B T D T Å - C F Q N S ,

G J C D Z O T Y Y S T G H F D F V

X T K J D T R F

Egjkyjvjxtyysq JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrfhttp://www.unhchr.ch/

Cnhfybwf Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf gj ghfdfxtkjdtrf JJY, gjcdzotyyfz 50-jq ujljd-obyt ghbyznbz Dctjåotq Ltrkfhfwbbghfd xtkjdtrfhttp://www.udhr50.org/

Yf änjq cnhfybwt, cgjycjhjv rjnjhjq ds-cnegftn Bycnbnen bvtyb Ahfyrkbyf b Äktf-yjhs Hepdtkmn, ghtlcnfdkty ibhjrbq rheuytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq, rjhgj-hfwbq, ghjatccbjyfkmysö ghjacjñpjd, htkbubjpysö uhegg, yfwbjyfkmysö b vtéle-yfhjlysö futyncnd, yfexysö bycnbnenjd, ghjatccbjyfkmysö fccjwbfwbq b jnltkmysökbw, rjnjhsö jnkbxftn ukeåjrfz ghbdthéty-yjcnm ghbywbgfv ghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdysöcdjåjl.

C n h f y b w s d B y n t h y t n t

52

Cnhfybwf, gjcdzotyyfz 50-ktnbñ JJYhttp://www.unhchr.ch./html/50th/50anniv.htm

Vtéleyfhjlyfz Ötkmcbyrcrfz atlthfwbzgj ghfdfv xtkjdtrfhttp://www.ihf-hr.org/

Ytghfdbntkmcndtyyfz uheggf, wtkm rjnjhjqpfobnf ghfd xtkjdtrf d cnhfyfö Tdhjgs,Ctdthyjq Fvthbrb b d chtlytfpbfncrböhtcgeåkbrfö åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf.

Åbåkbjntrf kbnthfnehs gj ghfdfv xtkj-dtrf ghb Eybdthcbntnt infnf Vbyytcjnfhttp://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/

Jlby bp yfbåjktt dctjåütvkñobö cfqnjd,ult ghtlcnfdktys kñåst vfnthbfks gj ghj-åktvt ghfd xtkjdtrf, d njv xbckt ljrevty-ns, åbåkbjuhfabb, jåexfñobt vfnthbfks,bvttncz djpvjéyjcnm dsöjlf yf lheubtcfqns, gjcdzotyyst djghjcfv, cdzpfyysv c ghjåktvjq ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Ujcltgfhnfvtyn CIF, Åñhj gj ghjåkt-vfv ltvjrhfnbb, ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelj-dsv djghjcfvhttp://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/index.html

Cnhfybwf Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndfCIF (ÑCBF) gjcdzotyyfz ghjåktvtghfd xtkjdtrfhttp://www.usia.gov/topical/rights/hrpage/

Bvttncz djpvjéyjcnm dsöjlf yf cnhfybwslheubö jhufybpfwbq, nfrbö rfr ≤Ävytcnb by-nthytiyk≥ b ≤Ömñvfy hfqnc ejnx≥

Ddtltybt d ghjåktve ghfd xtkjdtrfhttp://www.usia.gov/topical/rights/hrpamp/hrintro.htm

Jåyjdktyyfz dthcbz åhjiñhs ÑCBF≤Ghfdf xtkjdtrf≥.

Jåütlbytybt xktyjd Rjyuhtccf CIF gjghjåktvt ghfd xtkjdtrfhttp://www.house.gov/lantos/caucus/caucuswebpage.htm

Jåütlbytybt xktyjd Rjyuhtccf CIF gjghjåktvt ghfd xtkjdtrf åskj cjplfyj d1983 ujle rjyuhtccvtyfvb Njvjv Kfynjcjvb Léjyjv Äldfhljv Gjhnthjv lkz ghbdkt-xtybz dybvfybz jåtbö gfhnbq r cfvsv aey-lfvtynfkmysv wtyyjcnzv fvthbrfycrjujjåotcndf – cdzotyysv b ytjnütvktvsvghfdfv uhfélfy, yf jcyjdt rjnjhsö jnws-jcyjdfntkb cjplfkb Cjtlbytyyst Infns.

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é Í Ú fl · ¸ 1 9 9 8

í Ó Ï 3 ç Ó Ï Â 3

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