한국기술교육대학교 Ubiquitous Networks - 3 - IPv6- Laboratory of Intelligent Networks (LINK)@KUT Youn-Hee Han

한국기술교육대학교

Ubiquitous Networks - 3- IPv6-

Laboratory of Intelligent Networks (LINK)@KUThttp://link.kut.ac.kr

Youn-Hee Han

한국기술교육대학교2


IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)

What is IPv6?

A next-generation version of IP (Internet Protocol), a basic Internet protocol, in which the number of IP addresses (numbers to identify terminals) is greatly increased.

The current version of IP is version 4.232 IP addresses (=approximately 4.3 billion)Number corresponding to Number corresponding to one bucket full of sand.one bucket full of sand.

The next-generation of IP is version 62128 IP addresses Number corresponding to Number corresponding to a mass of sand covering a mass of sand covering

the whole world.the whole world.

665,570,793,348,866,943,898,599 (or 6.65 x 1023) addresses for each square meter of the Earth's surface.

Who manage IPv6 address?ICANN/IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

인터넷 할당 번호 관리기관

RIR (Regional Internet Registry) 대륙별 인터넷 레지스트리 APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Center)

아시아 · 태평양 지역 RIPE-NCC (Réseaux IP Européens Network Co-ordination Centre)

유럽 ARIN (American Registry for Internet Number)

북남미 외 기타 지역

국가별 NIC (Network Information Center) 한국은 KISA( 한국인터넷진흥원 ) 안에 KRNIC( 한국인터넷정보센터 )

에서 담당 https://ip.kisa.or.kr/main.html


Recent Status of IPv4 Address Spacehttp://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html

https://ip.kisa.or.kr/main.html

2010.03

2011.03



Recent Status of IPv4 Address Space출처 - 2006 년 u- 인프라 통합 컨퍼런스


Recent Status of IPv4 Address Space


Recent Status of IPv4 Address Space

(/32)


IPv4 Issues (1/3)

Demerits of Current Internet Addresses Address Shortages Limits Internet growth for existing users Hinders use of the Internet for new users Internet routing today is inefficient Forces users to use NAT

System Management Costs Managing addresses manually is costly and error-prone Networks Renumbering

Caused by address space shortage When choosing a more competitive ISP

Mobile IPv4 Complicated to manage


IPv4 Issues (2/3)

Optional Security IPv4 was never designed to be secure

adapted for a public educational & research network Many solutions for IPv4 security have been defined

SSL, HTTPS, IPSECv4 No ONE standard

Security features are optional CANNOT count on their availability

Support for 21st century applications New applications are more demanding, they will require

Guaranteed on-time delivery Guaranteed availability of bandwidth Guaranteed security

Difficult to add the functions to the base IPv4 technology adding them is very high overhead


IPv4 Issues (3/3)

Overcoming Insufficiency of IPv4 Address PPP address sharing CIDR (Classless Inter-domain Routing)

“ 망 주소 / 넷마스크 사이즈” 로 라우팅 테이블 엔트리 표현 E.g.] 128.156.20.0/22 호스트식별자가 0 인 인터넷망 주소

NAT (Network Address Translation)


Use of NAT

Is NAT Good Solution?


NAT example (1/2)

Internet

192.168.0.10

131.107.47.119 157.60.13.9

NAT

Host

Webserver

Destination Address: 157.60.13.9

Source Address: 192.168.0.10

Destination TCP Port: 80

Source TCP Port: 1025




Source TCP Port: 5000

[192.168.0.10:TCP 1025] ↔ [131.107.47.119: TCP 5000]

Mapping


NAT example (2/2)

Internet

192.168.0.10

131.107.47.119 157.60.13.9

NAT

Host

Webserver




Source TCP Port: 80




Source TCP Port: 80

[192.168.0.10:TCP 1025] ↔ [131.107.47.119: TCP 5000]

Mapping


Is NAT Good Solution? IPSec packets

Address and port translation (NAT function) invalidates the packet’s integrity

Peer-to-peer(P2P) Communication NAT prohibits P2P communication, or makes it complicated

Battery Problem at Mobile Devices IPv4 mobile devices are usually behind IPv4 NATs Application that want to be reachable need to send periodic

Keep-Alives to keep NAT state active Current NATs requires Keep-Alive from 40 sec. to 5 minutes It reduces battery life of mobile devices

Is NAT Good Solution? IPSec packets

Address and port translation (NAT function) invalidates the packet’s integrity

Peer-to-peer(P2P) Communication NAT prohibits P2P communication, or makes it

complicated



Is NAT Good Solution?

Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN)What is CGN?

AccessConcentrator

Internet

Global v4 address

CPEWith NAT

Global v4 address

End Host

Private v4 address

FTTHADSL

AccessConcentrator

With NAT

Internet

Global v4 address

CPEWith NAT

Private IPv4 address

End Host

Private v4 address

Source: 72th IETF (July 2008)


CGN’s LimitationCGN looks v6 is not needed?

No. CGN has serious restrictions. IPv6 is needed !

Each customer can have only some “limited” numbers of sessions simultaneously.

“port number” is just 2bytes which means 64K For example, if 2000 customer shares same Global IPv4 address

(please note that this is just for example), only 25 or 30 so sessions can be used by each customer at the worst case.

Which means that:


CGN’s Limitation - Web 2.0 and IPv6Max 30 Connections Max 20 Connections

Max 15 Connections Max 10 Connections

Source: 72th IETF (July 2008)한국기술교육대학교20

“Ajax” web application

Web 2.0 Application’s Operation

Browser

UI:

server-side

server processing

Ajax:

time

UI

Other data (e.g. images)

HTML / CSSdata

XMLdata JavaScript

Code –the AjaxEngine

XMLHttpRequest()

HTM

L re

nd

eri

ng

en

gin

e

JavaScript Engine

data stores

backend etc.

web

server

browser server-side systemsrequest

html + css+ xml

data mgmt

Desktop UI“session” management

concurrent sessions


Web 2.0 and IPv6

Source: 72th IETF (July 2008)

Examples of # of concurrent sessions of web 2.0 sites

AJAX applications of Web 2.0 break behind NAT Too many connections exhaust public IP port space

Webpage # of sessionsNo operation 5 ～ 10

Yahoo top page 10 ～ 20Google image search 30 ～ 60

Nico Nico Douga 50 ～ 80OCN photo friend 170 ～ 200+

iTunes 230 ～ 270iGoogle 80 ～ 100Rakuten 50 ～ 60Amazon 90

HMV 100YouTube 90



What is IPv6 Application? (1)

The world of IPv6

DRINKDRINK

Mobile telephone

Image Server

Music

Data car

Map information

Vending machines

Data-compatible home appliances

Broadcasting

Settlement

\ \

\\

IPvIPv ６６


What is IPv6 Application? (2)

Internet

Internet

NAT

Client

Server

ClientNAT×

IPv6: Keep unique identification Expand networking area from Server-client to peer-to-peer communication

Server-clientCommunication

Introduce IPv6 Peer to Peer

communication

New Application emergesVoIP 、 TV conference, chat,

multiplayer game over Internet,etc.

Clinet

Server

Client

IPv6 applied

Local net

Local net

Local net

Local net


IPv6 Devices (1)

for example….. The Sony IP digital camera & Camcorder

IPv6 digital camera system, IPv6 TV system, Home gateway

파나소닉의 IPv6 네트워크 카메라 모델


IPv6 Devices (2)

IPv6 Microwave Oven

IPv6 Refrigerator


IPv6 for the Ubiquitous Internet

Connect Everything to the Internet Simply (Plug & Play) and Safety

Enjoy Internet Everywhere & Anytime

Play, Learn, and Live on the Internet for Everyone Peer to Peer (P2P) Global Reachability Home Information System

We need One Internet Global Communications enhances business, trade, research


Next generation network (society) by IPv6

IPv6 Internetmobile phone

（ IMT-2000 ）

Car （ ITS ）

PDA

Servers PCs

Light

Air conditioner

★Always on Internet nearly infinite address (identification)★★Security (privacy) 1 to N, N to M (broadcast application★ ）

Contents distribution（ Cinema, Music, etc. ）

MobileComputing

HomeComputing

Remote operation, monitoring（ Freight management,

Facility management, etc. ）

NetworkComputing

Pet Animal

Home Network（ BlueTooth, Zigbee ）

Track

“Everything over IP”

Storages

InformationAppliance


New Header FormatNew Header Format

Minimize header overhead (streamline IPv6 header) Note: IPv6 header is not a superset of (not compatible with)

IPv4 header


0 bits 31

Ver IHL Total Length

Identifier Flags Fragment Offset

32 bit Source Address

32 bit Destination Address

4 8 2416

Type of Service

Options and Padding

Time to Live Header ChecksumProtocol

Removed

20 Octets + options : 13 fields, including 3 flag bits20 Octets + options : 13 fields, including 3 flag bits

Changed

New Header FormatIPv4 Header Format


New Header Format

IPv4 Header Format Internet Header Length (IHL)

Unit: 4 bytes, Min: 5 (54=20 bytes), Max: 15 (154=60 bytes) Type of Service (ToS)

RFC 2474 provides a definition of this field in terms of DS (Different Service)

Total Length Unit: 1 bytes, Min: 20 bytes, Max: 65,535(=2^16) bytes

Identifier If an IPv4 packet is fragmented, all of the fragments retain the

same Identification values, so the destination can group them for reassembly

Flags 0, 3: Reserved 1: Don’t fragment 2: More fragment

Time to Live (TTL) When TTL becomes 0, ICMPv4 Error message is sent to the source


40 Octets, 8 fields40 Octets, 8 fields

0 31

VersionTraffic Class Flow Label

Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit

128 bit Source Address

128 bit Destination Address

4 12 2416

Changed

New Header Format


IPv6 Header Format

IPv6 Header Format Traffic ClassTraffic Class

indicates IPv6 packet’s class or priorityindicates IPv6 packet’s class or priority Flow LabelFlow Label

Indicates that this packet belongs to a specific sequence of Indicates that this packet belongs to a specific sequence of packets between a source and a destinationpackets between a source and a destination

Payload LengthPayload Length Indicates the length of IPv6 payload Indicates the length of IPv6 payload unit: 1 byte, Max: 65,535(=2^16) bytesunit: 1 byte, Max: 65,535(=2^16) bytes For payload of which length greater than 65,535 bytes, this For payload of which length greater than 65,535 bytes, this

field is set to 0 and the Jumbo Payload option is used in Hop-field is set to 0 and the Jumbo Payload option is used in Hop-by-Hop option extension headerby-Hop option extension header

Next HeaderNext Header Indicates either the type of the first extension header or the Indicates either the type of the first extension header or the

upper-layer protocol (such as TCP, UDP, or ICMPv6).upper-layer protocol (such as TCP, UDP, or ICMPv6). Hop LimitHop Limit

The maximum number of links over which IPv6 packet can The maximum number of links over which IPv6 packet can travel travel

New Header Format


34

New Header Format


IPv6 Extension Header

Routing Header Routing HeaderRouting Header

Used to specify a list of intermediate nodes for the packet Used to specify a list of intermediate nodes for the packet to travel to the final destinationto travel to the final destination

35 한국기술교육대학교

Fragment Header Fragment HeaderFragment Header

Used for IPv6 fragmentation and reassembly servicesUsed for IPv6 fragmentation and reassembly services Only source node generate the fragment headerOnly source node generate the fragment header If the packetIf the packet’’s size is greater than s size is greater than ‘‘Path MTUPath MTU’’, the fragment , the fragment

header is requiredheader is required

Unfragmentable part

Fragmentable part

Unfragmentable part

First fragmentFragment header

Unfragmentable part

Second fragmentFragment header

Unfragmentable part

Third fragment

Fragment header

Original IPv6 Packet


Internet Header Length (IHL) is removedInternet Header Length (IHL) is removed IPv6 Header is always a fixed length of 40 bytesIPv6 Header is always a fixed length of 40 bytes The size of header - The size of header -

IPv4: minimum 20 bytes IPv4: minimum 20 bytes IPv6: fixed 40 bytes IPv6: fixed 40 bytes

The number of fieldsThe number of fields IPv4: 12 IPv4: 12 IPv6: 8 IPv6: 8

Seldom-used fields (e.g., Identification, Flags, Fragment Seldom-used fields (e.g., Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset) are removedOffset) are removed Fragmentation information is contained in a Fragment Fragmentation information is contained in a Fragment

extension headerextension header

Header Checksum field is removedHeader Checksum field is removed Link-layer performs bit-level error detectionLink-layer performs bit-level error detection

Features of IPv6



Features of IPv6

Efficient and Hierarchical Addressing and Routing Infra.

International and planned address allocation Backbone routers will have much smaller routing table entries

Address Autoconfiguration Stateless and Stateful address configuration

Built-in Security Support of IPSec is an IPv6 protocol suite requirement

Better Support for QoS New QoS fields in the IPv6 header

IPv6 주소 유형 IPv6 주소의 유형


Why IPv6?

IPv6 의 장점



Why IPv6 (Summary)?

IPv6 solves the address depletion problem

IPv6 solves the international address allocation problem

IPv6 restores end-to-end communication

IPv6 has more efficient forwarding

IPv6 has built-in security and mobility

IPv6 uses scoped addresses and address selection

IPv6 & Google

http://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/

[ 추천동영상 ]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5RbyK0m5OY



IPv6 Reference

Homepage IETF Homepage : www.ietf.org IPv6 Forum : www.ipv6forum.com IPv6 Korea Forum : www.ipv6.or.kr

IPv6 RFC RFC2460 : Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification RFC2461 : Neighbor Discovery for IPv6 RFC2462 : IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration RFC2463 : Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the IPv6

Specification RFC2464 : Transmission of IPv6 Packet over Ethernet Networks RFC2373 : IPv6 Addressing Architecture RFC2374 : An IPv6 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address Format RFC2529 : Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4 Domains without Explicit

Tunnels RFC1886 : DNS Extensions to support IPv6 RFC2471 : IPv6 Testing Address Allocation RFC2472 : IPv6 over PPP

추천 사이트 및 동영상http://www.vsix.net/

한국 인터넷 진흥원 IPv6 포털

http://www.v6pc.jp/en/index.phtml 일본에서 만든 IPv6 홍보 사이트

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wa7y3W2DI0&feature=related

IPv6 Tutorial

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5RbyK0m5OY Google IPv6 Conference (Jan. 2008)


Documents

한국기술교육대학교 Ubiquitous Networks - 3 - IPv6- Laboratory of Intelligent Networks (LINK)@KUT Youn-Hee Han