Задания к контрольной работе · Web viewThe excellent state of preservation of many ancient buildings built of this stone is evidence of this. But city buildings

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«ТЮМЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ АРХИТЕКТУРНО-СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Кафедра иностранных языков

Лапицкая С.И., Баликаева М.Б.

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

для студентов направления 08.03.01 «Строительство»,профиль «Промышленное и гражданское строительство»

профиль «Производство и применение строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций»

профиль «Городское строительное хозяйство»очной и заочной форм обучения

Тюмень, 2015

УДК – 811.111.1ББК – Л-24Лапицкая С.И., Английский язык: учебное пособие для студентов направления 08.03.01 «Строительство», профиль «Промышленное и гражданское строительство», профиль «Производство и применение строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций», профиль «Городское строительное хозяйство» очной и заочной форм обучения. /С.И. Лапицкая, М.Б. Баликаева. – Тюмень: РИО ФГБОУ ВПО «ТюмГАСУ», 2015.- 98с.

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов направления 08.03.01 «Строительство», профиль «Промышленное и гражданское строительство», профиль «Производство и применение строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций», профиль «Городское строительное хозяйство» очной и заочной форм обучения, составлено на основе современных аутентичных материалов по теме «Строительство» и адаптированы к уровню подготовки бакалавров технического вуза.

В содержании методических указаний имеется словарь к указанным текстам, способствующий совершенствованию навыков чтения, технического перевода, составления аннотаций к текстам и усвоению лексики по терминологии направления и профиля.

Рецензент: доцент каф. анг.яз., методики и переводоведения УрГПУ, канд. Пед наук, Казакова О.П. Рецензент: ст. преподаватель каф. ин.яз.ТюмГАСУ,Чуманова Н.А.

Тираж 50 экземпляров.© ФГБОУ ВПО «Тюменский государственный архитектурно-строительный

университет »© Баликаева М.Б.Редакционно-издательский отдел ФГБОУ ВПО «Тюменский государственный

архитектурно-строительный университет »

CONTENT

Введение 4

INTRODUCTION 5

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 11

TIMBER 16

STONE 22

BRICK 26

CONCRETE AND CEMENT 30

STEEL, METALS, GLASS AND PLASTIC 40

AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE 45

TEXTS FOR TEST 48

MY SPECIALITY 53

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL 57

HOME READING 65

CLICHES FOR RESUME 68

CONTROL YOURSELF 70

DICTIONRY OF CONSTUCTON TERMS 73

GRAMMAR 75

СONTROL WORK № 1 88

СONTROL WORK № 2 91

SOURCES 97

Введение

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для организации практической и самостоятельной работы бакалавров, направление «Строительство», профиль «Промышленное и гражданское строительство», профиль «Производство и применение строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций», профиль «Городское строительное хозяйство» очной и заочной форм обучения.

Учебное пособие способствуют совершенствованию навыков чтения, технического перевода, составления резюме и усвоению лексики по терминологии направления и профиля.

Учебное пособие состоят из 19 разделов, содержащих тексты различной направленности: строительство, из истории строительства, строительные материалы и др., лексико-грамматические упражнения для закрепления умения чтения, грамматический справочник для выполнения контрольных работ, контрольные работы.

К текстам прилагаются небольшие словари, облегчающие понимание, способствующие более точному переводу данных текстов и запоминанию лексики и терминологии по данному направлению и профилю.

В приложении дается список выражений, необходимых для правильного составления резюме к текстам, в соответствии с принятыми требованиями.

При отборе материала соблюдались принципы, отвечающие современным требованиям методики обучения иностранным языкам: мотивация, интегрированный подход, метод проектов, мозговой штурм.

Учебное пособие предназначено как для самостоятельной работы, так и для аудиторных занятий бакалавров.

Предлагаемое учебное пособие способствуют развитию следующих компетенций:

ОК- 5: способность к коммуникации в устной и письменной формах на русском и иностранном языках для решения задач межличностного и межкультурного взаимодействия;

ОК- 6: способность к коммуникации в устной и письменной формах на русском и иностранном языках для решения задач межличностного и межкультурного взаимодействия.

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Ответьте на вопросы (мозговой штурм):

DISCUSSION: Discuss in groups the following questions:What do you know about the history of construction?What countries developed the building construction?What materials were used for construction in old times?What did the builders construct at that time?

THE HISTORY OF BUILDING

Egypt Greece the Roman Empire

2. Прочитайте и переведете текст, используя слова и выражения после текста. Обсудите в группах следующие темы (проектная работа):

Группа 1: The History of building in Egypt Группа 2: The History of building in GreeceГруппа 3: The History of building in the Roman Empire

FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today. In

hot countries people sometimes made their homes in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or sun. In colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and trees and began to build houses out of different materials such as mud, wood or stones.

Later people found out that bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones. In Ancient Egypt especially, people learned to use these sun-dried mud bricks. Some of their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years.

The Ancient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building purposes. They erected temples, palaces and huge tombs. The greatest tomb is the stone pyramid of Khufu, king of Egypt. The ancient Egyptians often erected their huge constructions to commemorate their kings or pharaohs.

The ancient Greeks also understood the art of building with cut stone, and their buildings were beautiful as well as useful. They often used pillars partly for supporting the roofs and partly for decoration. Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in Greece.

The Romans were great bridge, harbour and road builders. In road work the Romans widely used timber piles. They also erected aqueducts, reservoirs, water tanks, etc. Some of their constructions are still used till now. It is known that the manufacture of lime is one of the oldest industries used by man. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the ancient world. One of the Romans, Marcus Porcius Cato, gave an idea of a kiln for lime production: its shape and dimensions. Such kilns were fired with wood or coal and were extremely inefficient. There are still many remains of kilns in some places of Great Britain as well as roads and the famous Hadrian Wall, which was erected to protect Romans from the celtic tribes in the first century A.D. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire for about four centuries. There are many things today in Britain to remind the people of the Roman: towns, roads, wells and the words.

In a period of 800 to 900 years the Romans developed concrete to the positionof the main structural material in the empire. It is surprising, therefore, that after the fall of the Empire, much of the great knowledge should have disappeared so completely. The knowledge of how to make durable concrete has been lost for centuries, but mention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time.

Fusion of Roman and North European traditions in construction was reflected in many ways. Buildings combined the Roman arch and the steep peaked roof of Northern Europe. Roman traditions were continued in the architectural form known as Romanesque. London Bridge, finished in 1209, took thirty-three years to build. It consisted of nineteen irregular pointed arches with its piers resting on broad foundation, which was designed to withstand the Thames current.

The Roman period was followed by other periods each of which produced its own type of architecture and building materials. During the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered. One of the recent discoveries is the usefulness of steel as a building material.

Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the frame of it is first built in steel and then the building is completed in concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than brick or natural stone and much stronger than they are. The Egyptians employed it in the construction of bridges, roads and town walls. There are evidences than ancient Greeks also used concrete for the building purposes. The use of concrete by the ancient Romans can be traced back as far as 500 B.C. They were the first to use it throughout the ancient Roman Empire on a pretty large scale and many structures made of concrete remain till nowadays thus proving the long life of buildings made of concrete. Of course, it was not the concrete people use today. It consisted of mud, clay and pure lime, which were used to hold together the roughly broken stone in foundations and walls. It was so-called “pseudo-concrete”. The idea of such building material might have been borrowed from the ancient Greeks as some samples of it were found in the ruins of Pompeii.

1. dwell (dwelt)2. cave

жить, обитать, находиться, пребыватьпещера

3. mud4. wood5. stone6. find out7. brick8. dry9. ancient10.discover11.cut12.erect13.temple14.tomb15.commemorate16.huge17.as well as18.pillar19.support20.bridge21.harbour22.basic23.kiln24.fire25.remain(s)26.remind27.suggest28.dome29.famous30.disappear31.complete(ly)32.lose (lost, lost)33.fusion34.rest35.recent36.evidence37.hold together38.trace back39.prove40.borrow41.sample 42.throughout

грязь, слякоть; ил, тинадеревокаменьузнать, разузнать, выяснить; понятькирпичсухой; сушитьдревнийоткрывать резать; рубить, валить (лес)сооружать; воздвигать, строить (о здании)храм; церковьмогила; надгробие; мавзолейпочтить памятьогромныйтак же как, а такжестолб, колонна; опора, стойкаопора; поддерживать, подпирать; нести нагрузкумостгавань; порт; прибежище, пристанищеосновнойпечь для обжига и сушкиобжигать (керамику, кирпичи и т.п.)остатки, следы прошлого; оставатьсянапоминатьпредлагатькупол; верх, верхушка, свод (большого здания)известныйисчезатьзаканчивать, завершать; полный; полностьютерять, потерятьсяинтеграция, объединение, слияниележать на; опиратьсянедавний, последнийдоказательство, подтверждение; свидетельствосплачивать(ся)выяснять происхождение, прослеживатьдоказывать; удостоверять заимствоватьобразец, образчик, экземплярповсюду; на всем протяжении

3. К каждой данной паре слов вспомните русское слово с тем же корнем, что и английское:

protect защищать, охранять, ограждать; предохранять

constructionsdecorationmanufacture

productionprovinceemperorarchitectreflectcombinearcharchitectural formpierspositionstructureclay

сооружение, строительство, здание, конструкциянаружная и внутренняя отделка, украшение домапроизводство, изготовление; производить, изготавливать, делатьпроизводство, получение; изготовление; продукцияобласть, район, территория императорархитекторотражать, влиять соединяться, объединять(ся)аркаархитектурный стильпилястр, пилястра; колонна; дамба плотина положение, местоположение; место; расположениеконструкция, устройство, дом, здание, сооружениеглина

4. Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца.

1. building purpose2. sun-dried mud bricks3. the art of building4. road works5. timber piles6. water tank7. a number of8. main structural

material9. durable concrete10.steep peaked roof11.irregular pointed arch12.broad foundation13.type of architecture14.steel frame15.artificial stone16.the earliest findings17.tall building18.roughly broken stone19.cut stone

a) некоторое количество, несколькоb) основной(важнейший)строительный

материалc) нестандартная стрельчатая аркаd) тесаный каменьe) остроконечная крышаf) стальной каркасg) искусственный каменьh) искусство строительстваi) строительная цельj) кирпичи из глины, высушенные на солнцеk) дорожные работыl) архитектурный стильm) высокое зданиеn) деревянные сваиo) прочный бетонp) ранние (первые)полученные данныеq) бак для водыr) широкое основаниеs) грубый (неровный) щебень

5. Переведите на русский язык следующие цепочки слов, обращая внимание на словообразовательные суффиксы:

Discover-discovery; build-building-a building-a building material; produce-production; construct-construction; know-knowledge; architect-architecture-architectural; use-useful-usefulness; complete-completely; efficient-inefficient; part-partly; structure-structural.

6. Вспомните, как переводятся следующие синонимы.

Building-construction; a tall building- a high building; ancient-old times; huge-very large; hard-durable; to use-to employ; to build-to construct-to erect; structural materials-building materials; basic material-main material

7. Прочитайте, переведите следующие предложения и отметьте, какие из них относятся к египетскому, греческому и римскому искусствам строительства в древности.

1. They first used sun-dried mud bricks for building.2. In a period of 800-900 they developed concrete to the position of main

structural material. 3. Their buildings were beautiful as well as useful.4. They learned how to cut stone for building purposes.5. They often used pillars partly for supporting the roofs and partly for

decoration.6. They used concrete for construction of bridges roads and town walls. 7. First kilns for lime production appeared in this country.8. In ancient times concrete for building purposes was first used in this country.9. They erected their huge constructions to commemorate their kings.10.They were great bridge and road builders in old times.

8. Закончите следующие предложения в соответствии с текстом. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Many thousand of years ago there were no houses …2. In hot countries people made their homes …3. In colder countries they …4. In ancient time kilns for lime production were fired by …5. The knowledge of how to make durable concrete … for centuries.6. After the Fall of the Roman Empire Roman traditions were continued …7. Buildings combined the Roman arch and …8. During the last hundred years many methods of building….9. One of the most recent discoveries is …

10.Nowadays the frame of a tall building is first … and then …

9. Закончите следующие предложения, используя английские эквиваленты из текста в соответствии с текстом. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, намного дешевле и прочнее, than brick or natural stone.2. The Egyptians used concrete для строительства мостов, дорог и городских стен.3. Существуют доказательства that ancient Greeks also used concrete in building purposes.4. The use of concrete by the ancient Romans может быть прослежен еще в 500 году до нашей эры).5. They were the first to use it throughout the ancient Roman Empire в довольно широких масштабах.6. Concrete in old times consisted of mud, глины, чистой извести и грубого (неровного) щебня.7. London Bridge finished in 1209 was designed on broad foundation (чтобы противостоять течению Темзы.

10. Напишите резюме к тексту, используя клише на стр.68.

II. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

1. Назовите строительные материалы, которые Вы знаете (мозговой штурм).

BUILDING MATERIALS

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста.

TEXT 1. BUILDING MATERIALS

Materials used for construction purposes possess different properties. They differ in durability, strength, weight, fire- and decay-resistance and, naturally, cost.

Wood, timber, brick, stone, concrete, metals, and plastics belong to the most сommonly used building materials nowadays. In most cases it is important that they should be hard, durable, fire-resistant an easily fastened together. They all have their advantages and disadvantages that are taken into account when designing a structure.

Wood belongs to naturally growing materials. It is known to be the oldest construction material and is still widely used for different purposes. Wood is popular since it has low weight and is easy to work. Besides, it grows naturally and is cheap. But its usage is limited because of its disadvantages: it easily burns and decays. As to stone, it also belongs to the oldest building materials. Among its advantages there are strength, high heat insulation and fire-resistance.

As to stone it also belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by men. It is characteristic of many properties. Among its advantages there are mechanical strength, high heat and sound insulation and fire-resistance.

Brick belongs to artificial construction materials. It has been used in many countries and in different climates. In modern times bricks vary widely with the method of production and temperature of burning.

Concrete is known to be one of the most popular building materials. It is produced by mixing cement, gravel, water, and sand in the proper amounts.

Steel has come into general use with the development of industry. Its manufacture requires special equipment and skilled labour.

Plastics combine all the fine characteristics of a building material with good insulating properties. It is no wonder that the architects and engineers have turned to them to add beauty to modern homes and offices.

All building materials are divided into three main groups:1) Main building materials such as rocks and artificial stones, timber and

metals.2) Binding materials such as lime, gypsum and cement.

3) Secondary or auxiliary materials which are used for the interior parts of the buildings.

We use many building materials for bearing structures. Binding materials are used for making artificial stone and for joining different planes. For the interior finish of the building we use secondary materials.

Natural building materials are: stone, sand, lime and timber. Cement clay products and concrete are examples of artificial building materials.

1. property2. purpose3. hard (hardness)4. durable (durability)5. fire resistant (fire resistance)6. fasten7. disadvantage8. burn9. decay10.strength11.artificial12.require13.equipment14.turn15.add16.beauty17.divide18.main19.timber20.lime21.secondary 22.auxiliary23.bear24.join25.plane

свойствоцельтвердый (твердость)прочный, долговечный (прочность)огнестойкий, огнеупорныйскреплятьнедостатокгореть, сжигатьгнитьпрочностьискусственныйтребоватьоборудованиезд. обращатьсядобавлятькрасотаразделитьосновнойстроительный лесизвестьвторичныйвспомогательный, дополнительныйподдерживать, подпиратьсоединятьплоскость

3. К каждой данной паре слов вспомните русское слово с тем же корнем, что и английское (работа в парах):

1. сharacteristic

2. compactness3. porosity4. concrete5. industry6. manufacture7. combine8. characteristics

9. modern

отличительный,типичныйплотность,компактностьпористая структурабетонпромышленностьпроизводствосоединять, сочетатьхарактерная особенность, свойствосовременный

10.rock

11.gypsum12.cement13.interior

14.structure

15.finish16.natural

17. clay

горная порода, каменьгипсцементвнутренняя часть помещенияконструкция,сооружениеотделкаприродныйглина, глинозем

4. Какие из данных слов являются а) существительные б) прилагательные? Почему? (работа в парах)mixer, various, advantageous, gravel, purpose, art, artificial, stone, resistant, resistance, durability, durable, disadvantage, property

5. Какие свойства строительных материалов могут иметь преимущества, а какие могут иметь недостатки? (работа в парах)

high cost fire-resistance non-fire-resistancelow resistance low cost high strengthhigh weight durability corrosion-resistanceheavy weight hardness softness

6. Соедините вместе а) прилагательные б) существительные (письменно).а) artificial, durable, various, useful, low, advantageous, highb) process, materials, properties, strength, industry, resistance, cost

7. Какие из слов данных ниже являются существительными, глаголами, прилагательными, наречиями. Переведите слова (работа в парах).height, high, deepen, depth, deeply, strength, strengthen, strong, long, highly, lengthen, length, hard, hardly, harden, hardness

8. Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца (работа в парах).

1. construction material2. commonly used materials3. low weight4. mechanical strength5. sound insulation6. heat insulation7. artificial building materials8. come into general use9. skilled labour10.insulating properties11.binding materials12.interior parts of the

building13.bearing structures14.interior finish15.clay products

a) изоляционные свойстваb) отделка внутреннего помещения зданияc) работа, требующая высокой квалификацииd) вяжущие материалыe) искусственные строительные материалыf) строительный материалg) несущие конструкцииh) широко используемые материалыi) звукоизоляцияj) внутренние части зданияk) механическая прочностьl) изделия из глиныm) теплоизоляцияn) стали широко использоватьсяo) небольшой вес

9. Закончите следующие предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста (работа в парах):

1. The most commonly used building materials are …2. They should be…3. Wood is … . Advantages of wood are… . Disadvantages of wood are …4. Stone has many properties. They are…5. Bricks are …6. Concrete is …7. Steel manufacture requires …8. Plastics has … . It is used …9. All buildings materials can be divided into …10.Building materials are used for…11.As for binding material they are used for …12.We use secondary materials for …

10. Какие из данных английских предложений относятся к дереву, кирпичу, бетону и пластику? (работа в парах)

1. It is the most ancient building materials. 2. They were used thousands years ago. 3. Architects use it to add beauty to modern homes and offices. 4. It burns and decays. 5. Its main components are synthetic resins. 6. It is light and easy to work. 7. It is a mixture of sand, cement, crushed stone and water. 8. It is an example of artificial stone. 9. Raw materials are coal, peat, and oil. 10. It is the natural building material.

11. It has good insulating properties. 12. It has a mechanical strength and compactness. 13. It is fire resistant. 14. It is light and water resistant.

11. Обсудите следующую ситуацию (ролевая игра): два инженера обсуждают выбор строительных материалов для а) многоэтажного дома б) загородного дома.

III. TIMBER

1. Назовите а) свойства древесины, б) преимущества, в) недостатки, г) применение древесины.

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста

TEXT 1. TIMBERTimber belongs to one of the oldest building materials. It has been from ancient

times and is still produced from cut wood. Timber has always been highly usable in construction because of its many

advantages. To these belong its strength, light weight, cheapness, and high workability. Its other advantage is that it belongs to natural resources and is naturally renewable. It is the more so that about a third of the world is still considered to be covered with forests. Besides, timber is resistant to corrosion produced by chemical substances in the modern polluted atmosphere. One more advantage of timber is that it can be used for many construction purposes. But, naturally, timber has disadvantages and the main ones are that it is not fire-resistant and it easily decays; especially if it is not impregnated. Besides, freshly cut timber contains water that may cause great structural defects. Removal of water from timber is a necessary procedure that should take place before timber is used in practice. It increases strength and workability of the material and, of course, its durability.

What is timber mainly used for? Because of its many advantages it is highly used for producing window and floor frames, for flooring and roofing and for other various woodwork. The two main types of timber are hardwoods and softwoods. Of them, hardwoods are popular as materials used for decorative purposes: veneering in furniture and panelling. As to softwoods, they are mainly used for producing window and door frames and other kinds of internal woodwork.

1. belong2. ancient3. employ = apply4. usable5. cheap6. consider7. resistant to8. impregnate9. cause10.structural11.remove12.take place13.veneer

принадлежатьдревнийприменять, использоватьгодный к употреблению, практичный, удобный дешевыйсчитать, рассматривать, полагатьустойчивый; упорный; стойкийпропитывать(ся)причина, основание || быть причиной, вызыватьстроительныйудалятьпроисходить, случаться(кирпичная) облицовка; наружный слой; защитное покрытие обклеивать фанерой 2) облицовывать

14.floor

15.woodwork

пол, настил, межэтажное перекрытие;настилать пол1) деревянные изделия 2) деревянные части (сооружения) 3) плотничные работы; столярные работы


1. construction

2. structural 3. natural resources 4. corrosion

5. naturally6. procedure

7. mechanical 8. decorative 9. panel 10.furniture 11.select 12.modern construction 13.defect

1. строительство; стройка; постройка; конструкция; сооружение; строение; здание

2. строительный3. природные ресурсы4. разъедание; коррозия; ржавление

выветривание; размывание5. натурально, встречающийся в природе6. рабочая операция; технологический процесс;

технология7. механический8. декоративный 9. обшивать панели листами10.мебель11.выбирать12.современное строительство13.дефект, неисправность, повреждение

4. Запомните ключевые термины и слова.floor — пол, этаж roofing — покрытие крышиflooring — настилка полов to roof — настилать крышуframe — рама, корпус surface - поверхностьremoval - устранение, переме-to belong to — принадлежать (к)

щение roof — крыша, кровля

5. Определите части речи и переведите слова.

hardwoods, surface, polluter, remove, pollution, removal, belong, roof, belongings, resist, renew

6. Образуйте существительные и переведите (работа в парах).

Model: resistable — resistability - способность к сопротивлениюworkable -________________—_________________removable —_______________-__________________

renewable —_______________-__________________usable —_______________—_________________________7. Прочитайте примеры и переведите (работа в парах) .

surface area — floor boards - floor timber — roof iron — roof ventilation — roofer —

8. Найдите соответствующий русский эквивалент и запишите (работа в парах). Model: загрязненный воздух - polluted air surface waters, floor frame, roofer, chemical pollution, decorative purposes,

surface cracks, strips of land, chemically polluted air, floor boards, roof iron, laminated panelслоистая панель —______________________________кровельщик —__________________________________поверхностные трещины —_______________________полоски земли —_______________________________химически загрязненный воздух—__________________декоративные цели —___________________________химическое загрязнение —________________________шпангоут —____________________________________поверхностные воды -___________________________настил —______________________________________кровельное железо -_______________

9. Переведите следующие термины (работа в парах).constantly polluted atmosphere, chemically produced corrosion,naturally renewable resources, commonly used types of wood,constantly increasing global pollution

10.Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца (работа в парах).

1. cut wood2. light weight3. high workability4. naturally renewable

a) древесина хвойных породb) внутренние плотничные (столярные)

работыc) срубленная древесина

5. chemical substances

6. polluted atmosphere7. construction purpose8. freshly cut timber9. structural defect10.decorative purposes11.structural use12.high strength13.window frame14.door frame15.internal woodwork16.hardwoods17.softwoods

d) хорошая обрабатываемость (способность подвергаться обработке)

e) твердая древесинаf) использование в конструкцияхg) оконная рамаh) высокая прочностьi) легкий весj) дверной порогk) декоративные цели

l) загрязненная атмосфераm) строительная цель n) свежесрубленная древесинаo) дефект конструкции, строительстваp) восстановимый, возобновляемый в

природеq) химические вещества

11. Закончите следующие предложения, в соответствии с текстом. Предложения переведите.

1.Timber is ….2.It has good properties. They are …3.But it has some disadvantages. It …4.Timber is widely used in modern construction for …5.Timer cannot be used after it has been felled because …6.… increases the strength and durability of timber.

12. Ответьте на следующие вопросы (работа в парах):1.What structural materials does timber belong to?2.What is it produced from?3.What are the main advantages (disadvantages) of timber?4. Why is removal of water from timber useful for construction purposes?5.What are the two main types of timber?6.What are softwoods (hardwoods) used for?7.How much of the world's land surface is considered to be covered with forests?8.What countries are rich (poor) in forests?

13.Составьте диалог, используя вопросы упр.12 (ролевая игра).

14.Переведите отрывок письменно.

Timber is wood, suitable for building and structural purposes.There are over 4000 woods in common use throughout the world. The best and

most commonly used softwoods popular for structural work in many countries are redwood, whitewood, pine, red cedar, sequoia, beech and some others. As to the hardwoods, the best known ones include beech, birch, blackwood, chestnut, elm, mahogany, maple, myrtle, oak, rosewood, walnut and some others.

TEXT 2. Timber

1.Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы после текста. Timber framing and conventional wood framing are two different forms of construction. Timber framed structures use fewer, larger timbers with dimensions from IS to 30 cm and mortice and tenon or wooden pegs as fastening methods, whereas conventional woodframed buildings have a greater number of timbers with dimensions from 5 to 25 cm, and nails or other mechanical fasteners are used to join the timbers. Today timber structures are often surrounded in manufactured panels, such as Structural Insulating Panels (SIPs). They are made up of two rigid woodenbased composite materials with a foamed insulating material inside. This method is used because these structures are easier to build and they provide more efficient heat insulation. Timber-framed construction offers a lot of advantages. It is kind to the environment (when the wood used is taken from sustainable forests) and the frames can be put up quickly. Its design is elegant and simple, and also both practical and adaptable. It can give a house character, both inside and outside. Thanks to its strength, large open spaces can be created, something which is not so easy to obtain with other techniques. It is very versatile, so timber-framed houses can also be clad with stone or brick. This offers two more advantages: the house can blend in with the surrounding area (both urban and rural) and it is very energy-efficient. Timber is also cheaper than other materials.

1. Do timber-framed structures use larger or smaller timbers compared to

conventional wood framing? 2. Which fastening methods do the two different methods use? 3. What structures have been recently used? How are they made up? 4. What are the advantages of this method?

2. Почитайте текст снова и напишите резюме, используя следующие выражения:

The text is about …At the beginning of the text the author stresses (underlines, points out) that …Then the author describes (suggests, states that) …After that the author passes on to (description of, statement of, analysis of …}

At the end of the text the author comes to the conclusion (pays attention to the fact) that…

3. Прочитайте текст, где эксперт говорит о преимуществах древесины, и заполните таблицу.

There are several advantages to timber frame construction but there are also disadvantages that you should be aware of before deciding if it meets your needs. Wood is a porous and very combustible material, susceptible to water, fire and bugs. Water can be absorbed into the material, causing it to rot and mould, which can compromise the strength and cause adverse health effects. This can be a major problem in humid or damp climates. Wood is also very flammable, which makes the material a fire hazard. Ants and termites eat wood framing, with serious effects on the strength of the construction. Logging for timber framing can have a major environmental impact. Producing boards and beams for timber frame construction requires cutting down trees. Large, old-growth forests are sometimes clear cut to produce wood for timber construction, which can lead to other problems such as soil erosion and destruction of wildlife habitats. Wood is an excellent transmitter of sound waves so any noise inside or outside is easily heard throughout the home. This can be a major problem if there are several people living in the house or if it is located near a noisy street as sounds are transmitted very clearly. Timber frames are quite strong up and down but not as strong as other materials horizontally. So if your building design has a large room with a long span, it will be difficult for timber frame construction to handle the weight. You may need to have a post in the middle to absorb some of the weight.

water

firebugs environmental impact

sound

strength

Water can be (1)_____ into the material causing it to rot and mould. Wood is very (2)__________ Ants and termites eat wood (3) __________Producing boards and beams for timber frame construction requires (4) __________trees. Wood is an excellent (5)_______ of sound waves so any noise inside and outside is easily heard. Timber frames are quite strong up and down but not as strong as other materials (6) _______

IV. STONE

1. Назовите а) свойства камня, б) преимущества, в) недостатки, г) применение камня (мозговой штурм).

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста.

TEXT 1. STONEStone has been used as a structural material since the earliest days. Almost of

all famous buildings of classic times, of the medieval and Renaissance periods and of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were erected of stone masonry. In some places stone was used because of the scarcity of timber, bin in other places stone was preferred because of its durability.

The stones which are usually used for masonry work are as follows:1) Granite is very hard, strong and durable. It is used particularly for

basements base courses, columns and steps and for the entire facades. Its colour may be gray yellow pink or deep red.

2) Sandstone. Sandstone is composed of grains of sand or quarts cemented together. Sandstones form one of the most valuable materials. The durability of sandstones depends very largely upon the cementing material.

Thus, there are different kinds of sandstones. Many sandstones are exceptionally hard and are selected for steps, sills etc. The excellent state of preservation of many ancient buildings built of this stone is evidence of this. But city buildings constructed of sandstone often assume a drab appearance owing to the dark colour. It is an excellent material for concrete aggregate.

3) Marble is a crystalline stone chiefly used for decorative purposes White and black marbles are used for ornamental decoration where the beauty

of the marble is shown to its best advantage.

1. since2. early3. famous4. medieval5. erect 6. prefer7. because of8. particular(ly)9. entire10.compose11.depend on12.exceptional(ly)13.excellent

1. с тех пор как, с2. ранний3. известный4. средневековый5. сооружать, воздвигать6. предпочитать7. из-за8. особенный (особенно)9. весь, целый10.состоять11.зависеть12.исключительный(исключительно)13.отличный

14.preserve15.evidence16.assume

17.drab18.appearance19.purpose

14.сохранять15.свидетельство16.принимать,допускать, предполагать17.тускло-коричневый; темный18.внешний вид19.цель


1. structure2. base3. form4. cement5. select6. column7. steps8. aggregate9. ornamental10.decoration

a) сооружение, здание, конструкцияb) основание, фундамент; основыватьc) составлять, являтьсяd) цементировать, скреплять цементным растворомe) выбиратьf) колоннаg) шаги, ступениh) заполнительi) фигурный, декоративныйj) украшение

4. Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца (работа в парах):

1. structural material2. the earliest days3. Renaissance period4. stone masonry5. scarcity of timber6. as follows7. base courses8. valuable material9. concrete aggregate10.ornamental decoration11.best advantage

a) бетонный заполнительb) ценный материалc) основной венец(каменной крепи)d) строительный материалe) фигурное украшениеf) давние временаg) недостаток древесиныh) эпоха Ренессанса (Возрождения)i) самое большое преимуществоj) каменная кладкаk) следующее

5. Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца. Дайте русский перевод данных синонимов (работа в парах).

1. structural material2. since the earliest times

a) Buildingb) strong

3. famous4. erect5. structure6. durable7. largely8. exceptionally hard

c) very hardd) construct, builde) since ancient timesf) well knowng) building materialh) chiefly

6.Закончите следующие предложения, используя английские эквиваленты из текста в соответствии с текстом. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык (работа в парах).

2. Stone has been used as a structural material since (древних времен). 3. The art of making any structure in stone is called (каменная кладка).4. Granite is used particularly for (фундаментов, колонн, ступеней и т.д.) 5. Sandstone is composed of (зерен песка и кварца). 6. Sandstone is an excellent material for (заполнителя бетона)7. Sandstones form one of the most (ценных материалов) 8. Limestones are used extensively for (строительных целей). 9. Marbles are chiefly used for (декоративных целей)

7. Используя слова и предложения из текста докажите что (ролевая игра):

1.Stone has been used as a structural material since the earliest times.2.Stone was widely used because …

a)

b)

3. Stone is one of the most valuable materials.

8.Закончите предложения в соответствии с текстом (работа в парах).

1. Stones used for masonry work are …2. Granite is used for…3. Sandstones are used as… and for …4. Marble is used for … and for …

9.Напишите пересказ следующего текста на английском языке, используя лексику изученных уроков.

Одним из наиболее древних строительных материалов является камень. Каменные конструкции просты в изготовлении, обладают долговечностью, и огнестойкостью. Для сооружения каменных конструкций применяют искусственные и природные камни.

Природные камни тяжелых пород – известняки, песчаники, граниты -используют для облицовки стен, возведения фундаментов. Природные камни легких пород в южных районах используют для возведения стен.

К искусственным камням относят кирпич различных видов, камни из бетона.

TEXT 2. STONE

1. Почитайте текст и найдите соответствующую половину предложения.

Stone walls are one of the oldest construction methods known to mankind. The first stone walls were made laying up stones without any mortar. With this method stones are held together by gravity. These walls are usually larger at the base. In Ireland and north-eastern UK counties this kind of wall was made by farmers to create fences. It was quite a long and labour-intensive method, but with no costs. When cement appeared, the first mortared stone walls were created, where cement paste fills the gaps between the stones. The first cements were made using burnt gypsum or lime, mixed with water. Concrete includes Portland cement mixed with sand, gravel and water, which makes it resistant to cracking. To make it even more resistant, steel reinforcing bars can be added. Most stone walls today are made using this method, because it is fast and cheap.

1 The first stone walls were made … 2 When cement appeared …3 The first cements were created using…. 4 Concrete is Portland cement…. 5 Steel reinforcing bars can be added ….

a. burnt gypsum or lime, mixed with water.

b. to make concrete even more resistant. -

c. first mortared stone walls were created.

d. without any mortar. e. mixed with sand, gravel and water.

V. BRICK1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Text 1. BRICKBrick, stone, and timber are known to be the oldest building materials. Bricks

belong to artificial (man-made) materials. Their production started in prehistoric times. Since then they have been produced and tested in all types of climate and in many countries. Thousands of years ago the builders in Egypt already knew the advantages of bricks and used them for construction. In those days the production of bricks was quite different from the modern one: bricks wore produced not by burning but by drying in the sun, there being much sunshine in Egypt all the year round. Brick work was also popular in Rome, there being very few growing forests and as a result little timber there.

In modern times bricks can be made of concrete, mortar, of burnt clay and of a combination of some other substances. For example, different types of clay and shale can be used as raw materials. Accordingly, bricks produced nowadays have different sizes, shapes, colours, and textures. Bricks also vary with the method of fabrication and temperatures of burning. It should be noted that some types of brick, such as, for example, salmon bricks are underburnt and highly porous. Naturally, their strength is extremely poor. This property of salmon brick should be taken into account when choosing brick material for construction. But there exist many other types of brick that are extremely strong and almost glass hard. Between these extremes there lie some other types of brick with different properties. Brick properties are of great importance and should be taken into account while choosing material for construction purposes.2. Выберете и запишите правильный вариант.

1. Shale and clay belong to (natural, man-made)__materials.2. (Metal and glass, clay and mortar)_____________are used

for fabricating bricks.3. In (prehistoric, modern)___________times bricks (are, were)

__________made by {drying in the sun, burning)_____.4. Russia is extremely (rich, poor)_________in raw materials.5. There were (many, few)_______growing forests in Rome in prehistoric times.6. Bricks (are extremely different, do not differ)______in size,

colour, and texture.3. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на независимый причастный оборот.

1.Salmon brick being porous and underburnt, its strength is extremely poor.2.Modern bricks being different in size, texture, and colours, one can easily choose

the type of brick necessary for one's construction.3.Timber being strong and workable, it is widely used for flooring and roofing.

4.Freshly cut wood containing some moisture, it cannot be classified as a strong building material.

5.The upper stratum of soil being organic, it must be removed from the building area.6.Wood panels requiring less labour for installation, they are widely used for

construction purposes.

4.Составьте диалог, используя вопросы (ролевая игра).

1.What building materials are considered to be the oldest ones?2.What natural (man-made) materials are used for construction nowadays?3.Is brick a newly produced or an ancient building material?4.In what countries are there (many, few) growing forests?5.What countries are rich (poor) in raw materials?6.What properties of brick should be taken into account when choosing material for

building purposes?

Types of Brick

clay brick глиняный кирпичceramic b. керамический к.lime and sand b. известково-песчаный к.common b. красный к.

porous b. пористый к.solid b. полнотелый к.

air b. пустотелый к.wall b. стеновой к.shaped b. фасонный к.cellular b. ячеистый к.pressed b. прессованный к.

5. Прочитайте данные в таблице выше. Переведите их a) с английского языка на русский язык; b) с русского языка на английский язык (работа в парах).

6. Переведите предложения письменно. 1. Bricks are divided into several grades.2. In what way should bricks as a building material be transported?3. Don't load bricks in bulk!4. Don't use pale bricks or overturned bricks.

TEXT 2.1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

CERAMIC TILESIt is a well-known fact that there exist many types of bricks. Some of I hem are

highly usable in construction while others are not popular because of their poor properties. Between these types there lie various types that are used for specific purposes. To them belong, for example, ceramic tiles.

Ceramic tiles is a burned-clay product. It is mainly used for decorative and sanitary purposes.

A ceramic tile consists of a clay body (корпус) covered with decorative glaze. Ceramic tiles are usually flat in form. They are extremely various. They vary in size from about 1/2 in square to more than 6 in. Their shapes are widely variable: squares, rectangles, hexagones, and others. Ceramic tiles are produced from clays of different colours. But — strange as it is — their colours do not depend on the colours of clays they are made of. Tiles are glazed, as a rule, and their colour depends on the colour of the glaze they are covered with. It is quite natural that ceramic tiles in practice exist in wide variety of colours: from pure whites to deep darks and blacks. Ceramic tiles are applied to the covered surface by means of a mortar or some adhesive substance. They are usually applied with the thinnest mortar joint.

2. Составьте диалог, используя вопросы (ролевая игра).1. Is the body of a ceramic tile covered with some substance? What substance is it

covered with?2. What spheres are ceramic tiles used in?3. Do they differ in forms, colours, and shapes?4. What are their colours and sizes?5. By what means are ceramic tiles applied to the surfaces? Are they applied with

a thick or thin adhesive joint?

TEXT 3.1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

TerracottaTerracotta belongs to decorative types of brick. They are produced of burned clay. Their

structural properties being similar to the properties of brick, they are often used in a manner similar to brick. Terracotta also exists in a wide variety of colours from pure whites to blacks. Their colour depends on the colour of the glaze they are covered with. Different adhesive substances are used for the application of terracotta to the surfaces being decorated with them.3. Составьте 3-4 вопроса к тексту и задайте их друг другу (работа в парах).

TEXT 4. Brick1. Причитайте текст и напишите список преимуществ и недостатков

кирпича. Masonry construction is a method that has been used for centuries around the

world. It is usually used for walls of buildings, retaining walls and monuments. The most frequent type of masonry is brick, but concrete block is also becoming more and more popular. Brick was one of the first building materials that man used and has been used since the times of the ancient Egyptians because it offers a great number of advantages. First of all, it has an affordable price and it is made of accessible raw material, which has long durability and good insulating properties. It is a strong material and is perfect for load-bearing systems where the loads are compressive. It is the size of a man's hand and therefore simple to use. The appearance of the final work depends on the ability and expertise of the bricklayer. Another advantage of using brick is that, like stone, it offers increased comfort in the heat of the summer and the cold of the winter. Being heat resistant, this material also offers good fire protection.

One of the disadvantages of using this material is that masonry must be built on a firm foundation to prevent settling and cracking, and in the presence of expansive soils the foundation may need to be elaborate. Moreover, this is a heavy material, consequently the structural requirements will have to be increased, especially if the area is subject to earthquakes.

Advantages affordable price Disadvantages

5.Прочитайте тест снова и напишите резюме, используя следующие выражения:

The text is about …At the beginning of the text the author stresses (underlines, points out) that …Then the author describes (suggests, states that) …After that the author passes on to (description of, statement of, analysis of …}At the end of the text the author comes to the conclusion (pays attention to the fact) that…

VI. CONCRETE AND CEMENT

TEXT 1. CONCRETE1. Запомните и выучите следующее термины.

concrete — бетон quality — качествоaggregate — заполнитель (бетона) tensile — растяжимый, вязкийcoarse — крупный, необработан- to crush - дробить

ный, сырой accordingly - соответственноfine — тонкий, мелкозернистый the very — именно тот, тот самыйprecast — готовый, готовоотлитый

2. Определите части речи и переведите слова.the very, slab, tensile, coarse, crush, gravel, member, cast, quality

3. Соедини данные прилагательные a) с данными существительными; б) с русскими словосочетаниями.Model: дробленый гравий - crushed gravel

a) crushed, coarse, fineb) sand, gravel, aggregateдробленый песок —_____________________________крупный гравий —______________________________мелкозернистый заполнитель —

4. Прочитайте термины и переведите их с русского языка (работа в парах).

concrete slab — бетонная плитаslab roof— кровля из плитtensile strength — прочность на растяжениеsite of foundation — пласт под фундаментомslab covering — настил из плит5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.the very site of construction proportionally divided amountscarefully mixed aggregates the very site of production6. Выберете правильный вариант и вставьте в предложения.

1. Concrete as a building material possesses {only advantages, both advantages and disadvantages).

2.Concrete is considered to be a {universally used material, rarely used material) .3.One of the qualities of concrete is that (it does not possess tensile strength, possesses

tensile strength)___________________.4._____________________________________Ferro-concrete is {rather popular, not popular) in the modern construction.

5.Gravel is classified as {coarse, fine) aggregate.6.One of the good qualities of concrete is its {high, low) cost.7.Concrete (decays and bums, does not decay and burn)_.7. Переведите следующие вопросы на русский язык. Найдите ответы в статье ниже.

1.What properties make concrete a highly used construction material?2.What two types of aggregate are used for producing concrete?3. Is sand a coarse or fine aggregate?4.What ingredients does the quality of concrete depend upon?5.How long does the process of hardening the mixed components last?6.What is the difference between the so-called in-situ and precast concrete?7.What quality is considered to be the main disadvantage of concrete?8.For what reason is tensile strength considered to be an important quality?9.For what purpose are metals introduced into the structure of concrete?10. What metals is concrete frequently combined with?11. When did the use of ferro-concrete start?12. Would you like to live in a wooden or concrete building? Why?

8. Прочитайте и переведите статью.

Concrete is considered to be a universal material for construction. Different kinds of concrete can be used practically for every building purpose. The raw materials for producing concrete can be found in every part of the world. The main property that makes concrete so popular is that it can be formed into strong monolithic slabs. Another good quality is its relatively low cost. Besides, concrete is known to be fire- and decay-resistant.

Concrete is produced by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Portland cement, and water. Coarse aggregate is generally gravel or crushed stone, while fine aggregate is sand. Cement, sand, gravel, and water are taken in proportional amounts and mixed. The quality of concrete depends mostly on the quality of the cement used. The process of production consists in pouring the mixed components into forms and holding them there until they harden. The process of hardening generally lasts for about 28 daysThere exist different ways of producing concrete. It can be produced by mixing the ingredients and pouring the mixture into position on the very site of building. Concrete can also be produced in a factory, and used as a material for manufacturing prefabricated blocks. Accordingly, there exist the so-called in-situ (cast-in-place) concrete and precast concrete.

Concrete, as any other building material, has not only advantages but also disadvantages. Its main disadvantage is that it has no form of its own. Also, it does not possess useful tensile strength. Because of these qualities, in modern times

construction concrete is very frequently combined with different metals. Most common of them are iron and steel.

The introduction of metal into the structure of concrete is highly advantageous. It strengthens the material and helps to realize its limitless construction and architectural potential. It should be noted that the use of ferro-concrete started only in the nineteenth century and is still gaining popularity.

TEXT 2. CONCRETE (continued)

1. Запомните следующие слова.

bridge — мостcell — ячейка, клетка, канал в

пустотном кирпиче cellular concrete — ячеистый

газобетонdam - дамба, плотинаfoam — пенаfoamy — пустотелый, пенныйpile — сваяto emit — испускать, выделять

2. Определите части речи и переведите слова.plain, cellular, foamy, foam, bridge, emission, emit, cell, pile, pipe

3.Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.constant use foamy structure powerful emission

4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод независимого причастного оборота.

1.Concrete having no form of its own, it is frequently combined with metals.2.Prestressed concrete is very popular, its good qualities being high strength and

durability.3.Concrete with foamy and cellular structure being light, it is considerably

decreased in strength.5. Соедините данные английские словосочетания a) с соответствующими русскими словосочетаниями b).

Model: 1-2a) 1. bridge beam b) 1. плоская черепица

2. foamy structure 2. мостовая балка3. flat tile 3. укладка труб4. pipe laying 4. плоская черепица (плитка)

5. bridge pile 5. пустотелая балка6. cellular girder 6. ячеистая структура7. cellular structure 7. мостовая свая

6. Прочитайте словосочетания и переведите их на русский язык (работа в парах).

bridge girder — pipeman — bridge joint — pipe work — bridge member — 7. Переведите вопросы на русский язык и ответьте на вопросы , используя текст. 1.What factors does the quality of concrete depend upon?2.What is the main difference between plain and ferro-concrete?3.What constructions is ferro-concrete used for?4.What materials is concrete with cellular structure made up of?5.What qualities does concrete with foamy structure possess?6.What is its main disadvantage?

8. Прочитайте и переведите статью.The quality of concrete is known to depend on the properties of materials it consists

of. The amount of constructing materials is also of great importance. Among the kinds of concrete used in modern construction are plain concrete and reinforced, or ferro-concrete. The usage of plain concrete is practically limitless. As to ferro-concrete, it is mostly used for construction of foundations, columns, girders and beams. This kind of concrete is also rather popular for constructing bridges, dams, and clock walls.

Concrete being a universally used material, its new kinds are being constantly produced. Among others there exists concrete with cells. Its main quality is that it is made up of materials that emit gas and foam during the process of mixing the aggregates with water. It should be taken into account that concrete of this type possesses relatively light weight. It is mostly used for producing slabs, wall panels, and frame constructions. As we know, decrease in weight leads to a considerable decrease in strength. This quality is classified as a great disadvantage of cellular concrete.

TEXT 3. PRECAST CONCRETE

1. Запомните следующие термины (работа в парах):

beam — балка, бимс storage — хранение, запасcompression — сжатие tank — бак, резервуарdecade — десятилетие tower — башня, вышка, опораpipe - труба

2. Прочитайте словосочетания и переведите их русского языка на английский (работа в парах).beam system - compression stress — storage tank — pipe installation — pipe joint — tank tower —

3. Вставьте соответствующе глаголы и переведите слова.

Model: joint — to join — присоединяться кcompression — to _____________________installation - to_____________________relation —to _________________________________________________________________________combination —to_________________________________storage —to__________________________________usage —toservice —toproduction —to

pre-pref. — заранее, предварительно pre-examine — исследовать заранее

4. Прочитайте примеры и переведите их на русский язык (работа в парах). prestressing - prestressed reinforcement — compressive stress —5. Прочитайте и переведите статью.

Prestressed concrete is a relatively young product. It started to be widely used only during the last few decades, and is still gaining popularity. The reason of its popularity is its usefulness. The main good qualities of prestressed concrete are its high strength and durability. In prestressed concrete, concrete is combined with steel. This combination is highly advantageous and serves the purpose of producing a compressed stress in the concrete as a building material. For this reason any member of beam is under constant compression and as a result has no cracks. In modern times this type of concrete serves as construction material for beams, for pipes, find columns, storage tanks, water towers and the like.3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту. 1.What good qualities does prestressed concrete possess?

2.What metal is it combined with?3.What purpose does this combination serve?4.What constructions is prestressed concrete mostly used for?

4. Прочитайте таблицу и переведите примеры а) с английского на русский язык; б) с русского на английский язык (работа в парах). Мы знаем, что бетон является универсально используемым строительным материалом, различные самые популярные виды бетона и их основные свойства перечислены ниже.

TABLE 1. Types of Concrete

architectural concrete архитектурный бетон

asphalt с Асфальтобетон

gas с. Газобетонgypsum с гипсовый б.gravel с бетон из гравияprecast с заранее отлитый б.plain с неармированный б.prestressed reinforced с напряженно

армированный б.

TABLE 2. Properties of Concrete

high-strength concrete высокопрочный бетонwaterproof с водонепроницаемый б.nailable с гвоздимый б.lightweight с легкий б., теплый б.cast-in-situ с монолитный б.poor quality с б. низкого качества

5. Вставьте словосочетания с противоположным значением.

Model: poor quality concrete - high-grade concretehigh-strength concrete —_______________cast-in-situ —______lightweight concrete —.plain concrete —__6. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.What kind of concrete has practically universal usage?2.What kind of concrete is produced in factories?3.What are the main qualities of precast concrete?4.Why is concrete combined with metals?5.What kind of concrete serves as construction material for beams, pipes, storage

tanks, water towers and the like?7. Прочитайте примеры и переведите их на русский язык (работа в парах).concreter — concrete mixer — concrete frame — concrete workability —

8. Прочитайте и переведите статью. Silica Concrete

Among the aggregates concrete is composed of, there are heavy and light ones. Silica belongs to comparatively new types of concrete. Its structure is rather special. It does not contain cement and is relatively light in weight. Besides, it is highly fire-resistant. Because of these and some other properties silica concrete is widely used in aviation and in building underwater constructions. But its disadvantages should be also taken into account: because of its light weight its strength is considerably decreased.9. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. Which of the two kinds of concrete possesses greater strength — cellular or asphalt concrete?

2. What is the name of concrete having glass in its structure?3. What is the meaning of the term 'nailable'?4. What kind (kinds) of concrete has (have) practically limitless use?

TEXT 4. IS ADDITIONAL WATER A FRIEND OR AN ENEMY?

1. Запомните следующие слова.achievement - достижениеhydration - гидрация, присоединение водыspecification — технические условия to cure — сохранять, исправлять, выдерживатьvapour - испарение, парliquid – жидкостьlayer — слой ratio — отношение

2. Вставьте соответствующие глаголы a) существительные b); переведите слова.

Model: foundation - to found (a) to enrich - enrichment (b)

a) corrosion

-to b) to enrich -Hydration -to to require —Invention -to to achieve —Penetration -to to attach -Evaporationn

-to to adjust —Relation -tospecification -to_________

4. Прочитайте словосочетания переведите их на русский язык (работа в парах).covering material — материал покрытияrover of roof — кровляwater/cement ratio — пропорция воды в раствореconcrete curing - выдержка бетонаcompressive strength — сопротивление на сжатиеvapour pipe — паровой патрубокvapour heating system — система парового отопления5. a) Переведите данные предлоги на английский язык. 1. The cover zone is the layer (между)__the steel reinforcement and concrete surface.2. The durability of cover zone depends (от)__the mix design of concrete.3. (В течение)_______the period of concrete curing, a minimum of cement content and a maximum of water/cement ratio is included (в) the mix.4. Water is added (к)__concrete (для)___hydration of cement.

5._________________________________________Additional amounts of water increase the pores (в, внутри) the concrete's structure.

6. The process of concrete's curing lasts for (около) 28 days.b) Переедите примеры на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод причастия II.1. ... additional amount of water poured into the mix...2. ... required strength achieved with minimum cement content...3. ... durability increased by adding water...

... workability provided by the necessary amount of aggregates...

7. Прочитайте и переведите статью. One of the key requirements of concrete service is its durability. And the quality of

cover zone (покрытие) is of primary importance for providing concrete's durability.

The cover zone is the concrete layer between the steel reinforcement and concrete surface. It should be taken into account that durability of concrete zone depends upon the mix design of concrete and the properties of the concrete itself.

The process of concrete's curing, as we know, lasts for about 28 days. And the compressive strength at 28 days is considered to be the basis of concrete specification. During the period of curing, engineers frequently include a minimum of cement (content) and a maximum of water/cement ratio into the mix.

Naturally, different construction purposes require different cement content, and for many types of mixes the required strength can be achieved with the minimum cement content. Engineers add water to concrete for hydration of cement. But the minimum amount of water needed for hydration of the mix may be too little to provide the necessary workability of the mix. So, in order to increase workability of concrete, additional amounts of water can be poured into the mix. And what is the result of this operation? It turns out that additional amounts of water increase the pores within the concrete's structure, especially after evaporation. It leads, in its turn, to an increase of gas, vapour, and liquid penetration into the structure of the mix. It is noted that especially strong this penetration is in the cover zone. So, one can see that additional water provides the potential for structural mix to decrease its durability. One more disadvantage of adding water to the concrete mix is its reinforcement corrosion and cracking. Additional corrosion and cracking provide new ways for gas, vapour, and liquids to penetrate into the cover zone. So, is additional water concrete's friend or enemy?

TEXT 5. Cement and concrete

1. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски выделенными словами.

blocks bricks concrete (x2) ingredient materials mixture walls

The most common type of cement is Portland cement, which is the basic (1)__ of concrete and mortar. It is made of Portland cement clinker (calcium silicates, aluminium and other compounds) and other minor constituents. Portland cement clinker is produced by heating a mixture of raw (2)___ up to 1450° C in a kiln. There are three production stages: • preparation of the raw mixture, • production of the clinker, • preparation of the (3) ___ _ Limestone is the main raw material for the production of clinker, followed by sand, shale, iron ore, bauxite, fly ash and slag. About 2% gypsum is also added and then the (4)___ is pulverised. The resulting powder will react when water is added. Portland cement is commonly used to produce (5)___ , which is made of gravel, sand, cement and water. Blocks of cinder concrete, ordinary concrete and hollow tile are known as Concrete Masonry Units (CMU). They are larger than ordinary (6)___ and

used for applications where appearance is not very important, such as in factory walls, garages and industrial buildings. One of the advantages of concrete (7)___ is that they can be reinforced, grouting the voids, inserting rebar or using grout, so that they are stronger than typical masonry (8)____

6.Прочитайте текст снова и выберете правильное слово. 1. Portland cement is the basic ingredient of concrete/aluminium. 2. The main raw material for the production of clinker is brick/limestone. 3. Portland cement is used to produce gravel/concrete.4. Concrete Masonry Units are larger than ordinary bricks/stones. 5. Concrete blocks can be reinforced/industrial. 6. Reinforced concrete blocks are stronger than masonry industries/walls.

7. Найдите соответствующие определение.

1 masonry 2 brick 3 concrete 4 mortar 5 limestone

a. a mixture of cement, sand, small stones and water b. brick work c. white rock often used for making cement d. a mixture of sand, water and cement or lime e. a reddish-brown rectangular block used to build

walls and houses

8.Прочитайте тест снова и напишете резюме, используя клише.


9. Создайте 4 группы и выберете один из строительных материалов (stone, timber, brick, cement and concrete). Опишите своими словами выбранный строительный материал (проектная работа).

10. Используя информацию из текстов разделов III, IV, V, VI заполните таблицу.

stone timber brick cement and concrete

advantagesdisadvantages

VII. STEEL, METALS, GLASS AND PLASTIC

TEXT 1. Steel 1. Прочитайте текст и вставьте пропущенные сова в предложениях.

Steel is resistant to corrosion, rusting and general deterioration. It can be used both for exterior as well as internal infrastructure. Compared to conventional concrete buildings, steel buildings offer a longer lifetime and they cause less harm to the environment thanks to the resistance and durability. Because steel buildings are usually pre-fabricated or made in sections and parts that are assembled on the construction site, they are cheaper than conventional buildings.

The quantity of carbon contained in steel determines whether the alloy is hard or soft. Nowadays steel buildings are often appreciated for their design. In fact, the flexibility of this material allows different forms and shapes. More than any other building material, steel has a high strength-to-weight ratio. This means that it is easy and cheap to span large distances elegantly eliminating columns. Thanks to this, it is easier to subdivide and customise office- and warehouse space.

1. Steel can be used both for the exterior and the interior of _____a building. 2. Steel is ________ to corrosion, rusting and general deterioration. 3. Steel buildings have a longer compared to conventional concrete buildings. 4. Steel buildings are usually than buildings. 5. It is easy and cheap to span large elegantly.6. By eliminating , it is easier to subdivide and customise office and warehouse

space.

2. Прочитайте текст снова и подберите соответствующее определение к словам.

rustingflexibilityalloydeteriorationlifetimecustomise

a a composite metal made by mixing other metals togetherb the period of time for which a building is expected to lastc when a metal becomes reddish brown because of air and waterd to change the appearance or characteristics of something according to someone's taste or needse becoming worse in quality or condition f being bent easily without breaking

3. Прочитайте текст снова и напишите резюме, используя следующие выражения:


TEXT 2. Glass and metals

1. Прочитайте текст и подберете соответствующее название к каждому параграфу.

A Advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of metals B Transparent buildings: problems and possible solutions C An interesting experiment

1. Glass is a fashionable material in contemporary architecture. Transparent buildings and structures are very popular in contemporary architecture. Structural glass components such as columns and beams are often required, but this material seems structurally unsafe because of its brittleness. For this reason a new construction technique has been developed using: • very long overlapping glass segments to create glass beams. These are made by bonding the segments adhesively; • a small stainless steel profile that has been added to the layout of the glass beam to reinforce it. 2.To prove that glass structures can be as safe as reinforced concrete, an experimental transparent pavilion has been designed (with dimensions 9 x 9 x 3.6 m3) that combines a number of innovative ideas. Many different kinds of glass and glass systems have been used. The outermost and the triple-layered insulating glass units have been tempered and sometimes laminated and some glass has also been coated with solar control glass to reflect some of the unwanted sunshine outwards. In other cases glass that can be heated electrically and glass panes free of iron oxide have been used to make the inside light more natural. 3. Painted, stainless, hot dip galvanised and weather resistant steel, as well as alu minium, have also been used for supporting structures. Aluminium has some advantages (it is light, resistant to corrosion and easy to work but also some disadvantages (its thermal expansion and conductivity are high and it has low elastic modulus and fire resistance). Stainless steel also offers some advantages (it has good fire resistance and it is easy to keep) but its high price is a major disadvantage. Both hot dip galvanised and painted steel are not as expensive, but they are difficult to work on site and are not resistant to corrosion.

2. Почитайте текст сова и определите соответствие и несоответствие содержанию текста (T) или (F).

1. Glass is very popular in contemporary architecture. 2. There is no way to create a glass structure that is as safe as reinforced concrete. 3. A transparent pavilion has been recently designed as an experiment that uses some innovative ideas. 4. There is only one type of glass in this pavilion.5. Glass has also been used for supporting structures. 6. Hot dip galvanised steel is not resistant to corrosion.

3. Прочитайте текст снова и подберите соответствующее определение к словам.

1 outermost 2 stainless steel 3 galvanised 4 brittleness 5 pane

a a metal made from steel that does not rustb fragilityc externald flat sheet of glasse coated with zinc to protect it from rust



TEXT 3. Plastic

1. Прочитайте текст и выберете правильный вариант.

Plastic products offer a number of ecological advantages: they save resources, have a low maintenance cost and can be recycled. Furthermore they contribute to save energy (plastic foams are used for thermal insulation in many applications). Plastic is also useful for noise protection and insulation. The main fields of application of these materials are pipes, insulation, wall covering, flooring (both in houses and in public areas) and, quite recently, window frames (made of PVC). PVC stands for Polyvinyl Chloride and it is the plastic which has seen the most rapid growth in recent times in industry. PVC is often used in piping systems because of its good chemical resistance to corrosive fluids. PVC pipes are used for a great number of applications: to drain waste, for natural gas distribution, for electrical and communications wiring, for municipal water. As it is the newest primary construction material and entirely man-

made, plastic is extremely versatile. Improvements made through research have increased its acceptance among designers, contractors and building code officials.

1 Plastic products save ... A industry. B materials. C resources. 2 Plastic insulation is also useful for ... protection. A recycled B resources C noise 3 PVC is the plastic whose use has grown more ... A recently. B slowly. C primary. 4 The ... fields of application of these materials are in flooring. A alternative B main C useful 5 PVC has good ... resistance to corrosive fluids. A physical B public C chemical 6 PVC pipes are used for ... gas distribution. A natural B chemical C piping

2. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы. 1. What are the advantages offered by plastic products? 2. How can plastic save energy? 3. What is plastic insulation useful for? 4. What are the main fields of application of plastic?5. What does PVC stand for? 6. What are PVC pipes used for?



6. Напишите список достоинства и недостатки каждого материала.

Steel and Metals Glass Plastic

advantagesdisadvantages

TEXT 5. Sustainable materials

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Due to the rise in global population and prosperity over the last few decades, one of the consequences of this phenomenon has been the increase in volume and variety of the materials used (such as raw materials, food, manufactured products and waste) with a consequent increase in the transport distances. This has created a series of negative effects on the environment, especially different kinds of pollution, leading to an ecological emergency and growing preoccupation about health. This is why the aim of eco-design is to create buildings with low ecological impact, where people can live in a comfortable, healthy way. This is possible by using building materials that are traditionally considered eco-friendly and-sustainable: timber from forests that have been certified; quickly renewable plant materials (such as straw or bamboo); some typical traditional materials such as brick, stone, clay and cork; non-toxic, renewable and recyclable materials (natural paints, waxes and varnishes). Waste materials can also be reused as a resource for construction purposes.

1. What has happened to population and wealth in the last few decades? 2. What has been one of the results of this? 3. What is the aim of eco-design? 4. Can you name some eco-friendly and sustainable materials you have found in

the text?

2. Ответьте на вопросы (работа в парах): What is your opinion of modern building materials? Which would you use if you could build your own house? Tell your partner about it using the information given in this unit.

VIII. AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE

1. Назовите заполнители бетона (мозговой штурм).

AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE

2. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на ключевые слова, перевод которых вы найдете в словаре после текста.

AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETEBy the simple definition from the dictionary “aggregates are the materials, such

as sand and small stones, that are mixed with cement to form concrete”. In other words aggregates can be defined as a mass of practically inert mineral materials, which, when surrounded and bonded together by an active binder, form a rock. This rock is denoted by the general term concrete.

Aggregates have three principal functions in the concrete: they provide a relatively cheap filler for the concreting material, or binder; they provide a mass of particles which are suitable for resisting the action of applied loads, of abrasion, of percolation of moisture through the mass, and of climate factors; they reduce volume changes resulting from the action of the setting and hardening of the concrete mass.

All aggregates, both natural and artificial, which have sufficient strength and resistance to weathering, and which do not contain harmful impurities may be used for making concrete. As aggregates such as natural materials as sand. Pebbles, broken stone, broken brick, gravel, slag, cinder, pumice and others can be used.

Sand is the chief material used as a fine aggregate. It is required in mortar or concrete for economy and to prevent the excessive cracking. Mortar made without sand would be expensive.

The word “sand” is applied to any finely divided material, which will not injuriously affect the cement or lime and which is not subject to disintegration or decay. Sand is almost the only material which is sufficiently cheap and which can fulfill these requirements.

A mixture of coarse and fine grains is very satisfactory, as it makes a denser and stronger concrete with a less amount of cement than when only fine-grained sand is used.

The following sands are used for mortars: quarry sand, river sand and sea sand.

СЛОВА И ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ”AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE”

1. aggregate2. bond3. binder4. rock5. abrasion6. result from7. reduce8. setting

9. hardening

10.contain11.pebbles12.broken stone=broken brick13.cinder14.pumiceapply (applied)15.injurious16.affect17.subject18.decay19.fulfill20.coarse21.grains22.quarry

1. Заполнитель2. связывать, соединять, сцеплять 3. вяжущее4. камень, булыжник; горная порода5. стирание, стирание, трение6. происходить, вытекать7. уменьшать8. затвердевание,застывание;

схватывание (цемента);9. затвердение, застывание (цемента,

бетона); цементирование10.содержать, вмещать11.булыжник, мелкий камень, щебень12.щебень13.окалина, шлак, угольный мусор14.пемза15.применять, прикладыватьвредный, приносящий вред16.влиять17.подвергаться18.гнить, гниение, разложение19.выполнять20.крупный21.зерна22.открытая разработка, карьер

3.Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца (работа в парах).

1. cheap filler2. concreting material

3. applied load4. percolation of moisture5. volume change6. sufficient strength7. resistance to weathering8. harmful impurities9. fine aggregate10.excessive cracking

1. мелкий заполнитель2. вредные вещества (включения, нечистоты)3. стойкость к выветриванию4. чрезмерное образование трещин5. мелкозернистый песок6. бетонная смесь7. достаточная прочность8. дешевый заполнитель9. материал тонкого помола (очень мелкий)10.изменение объема11.просачивание влаги

11.finely divided material12.subject to disintegration13.fine-grained sand

12.приложенная нагрузка13.подвергаться разрушению

4.Прочитайте и закончите предложения о заполнителях в соответствии с содержанием текста. Предложения переведите (работа в парах).

1. Aggregates are the materials

2. They provide a cheap filler3. They can resist4. They reduce

5. All aggregates (natural and artificial)

6. Sand is the chief material

7. Sand is not subjected to8. A mixture of coarse and fine grains

is very satisfactory

a)as it makes a denser and stronger concrete.b)to disintegration and decayc)for the concreting materiald)have sufficient strength and resistance to weatheringe)volume changes in the process of concrete setting and hardening.f)such as sand and small stones, that are mixed with cement to form concrete.g)used as a fine aggregateh)the action of the applied loads, of abrasion, and of climate factors

TEXTS FOR TEST

1. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст на русский язык, пользуясь словами и выражениями из текстов, прочитанных дома.

TEXT 1. MODERN BUILDING MATERIALSSome of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone

concrete, metal, plastics and glass.Timber is provided by different kinds of trees. Timbers used for building purposes are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industries where it provides a number of valuable materials.

However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of purposes.

A brick is best described as a “building unit”. It may be made of clay by moulding and baking in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. In shape it is a rectangular solid and its weight is from 6,5 to 9 lb.

There exists variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of mortar.

The shape and convenient size of brick enables a man to grip it with an easy confidence and, because of this brick building has been popular for many hundred years. The hand of the average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day.

Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.

Metals: Aluminum, principally in the form of various alloys, is highly valued for its durability and especially for its light weight, while brass id frequently used for decorative purposes in facing.Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction.

Plastics are artificial materials used in construction work for a vast number of purposes. Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics. Plastics have some good advantages as they are lighter than metals, not subject to corrosion and they can be easier machined. Besides, they are inflammable, they can take any colour and pattern, and they are good electrical insulators. More over, they possess a high resistance to chemical action.

A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support. They can be worked with ordinary builder’s tools.

Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate has been developed for both inside and outside use. It resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious deformation. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work. Being used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface.

Foamed glass is a high –porosity heat insulating material, available in block made of fine-ground glass and a frothing agent.

Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction.

Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapour and gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound absorption, and it is easily sewn and nailed.

Structural foamed glass block are designed to fill ceilings, and for making interior partitions in buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation.

Concrete is perhaps the most widely spread building material used nowadays. Concrete is an artificial stone, made by thoroughly mixing such natural ingredients or aggregates as cement, sand and gravel or broken stone together with sufficient water to produce a mixture of the proper consistency. It has many valuable properties. It sets under water, can be poured into moulds so as to get almost any desirable form, and together with steel in reinforced concrete it has very high strength, and also resists fire. Prestressed concrete is most widely used at present while prefabricated blocks are employed on vast scale for skeleton structures.

2. Прочитайте и переведите выделенные в тексте слова и выражения.

3. Прочитайте и определите, какие предложения относятся к а) дереву, б) кирпичу, в) пластику г) бетону. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. This material is provided by different kinds of trees.1. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for production of this material.2. In can be hollow, porous and lightweight.3. It is employed as a building material in the form of boards.4. It is lighter and not subject to corrosion.5. It is made of cement, sand and gravel or broken stone together with water.6. It sets under the water.7. It can be used for decorative purposes.8. It can be easier machined.

10. It may be made of clay by moulding and baking in kilns.11. Together with steel it has very high strength.12. It is laid in place with the help of mortar.13. It possesses a high resistance to chemical action.14. Prefabricated blocks are made of it and they are employed for skeleton structures.

4. Закончите предложения о металле, слоистом пластике и пеностекле в соответствии с текстом. Предложения переведите.1. Aluminum in the form of various alloys is highly valued for …2. Steel finds its use in…3. Laminate is a strong material manufacture from…4. It resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years …5. It is used for …6. Foamed glass is made of …7. It is widely use in prefabricated house building for … 1. Прочитайте и переведите данный текст. Вспомните, как переводятся выделенные слова и выражения.

TEXT 2. THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETEConcrete must be hard, strong, durable, dense, non-porous, fire-resisting

and economical.Concrete has proved to be durable when made of good materials, well mixed,

and properly cured. Failures can be found in concrete work, but the trouble is usually caused by poor material, faulty foundations, and lack of knowledge of the properties or poor workmanship. For example some cements will give better results in sea water than others. This fact had to be established by experience and experiments.

It is more difficult to secure durable reinforced concrete than mass concrete. This is due to the reinforcing steel and the additional water required to make the concrete flow around the steel bars. When moisture reaches the steel, it will rust and expansion caused by the rust will crack the concrete, resulting in unsightly structure and necessary repairs. In all structures exposed to the weather the reinforcing steel must be carefully placed and well secured so that it cannot be displaced while concreting. Small wires will soon cause rust spots on the surface of the concrete if they are exposed.

Concrete, to be durable, must be made of good materials, uniform in quality, mixed with a minimum of water, and properly placed and protected while curing. Concrete exposed to sea water and the rise and fall of water levels, especially in cold climates where ice forms on the structures, requires special attention in the selection of the cement, aggregates, mixing, placing and curing.

With the use of dense aggregates the proportions which will produce the densest products are generally those which contain the maximum amount of coarse aggregate and still contain enough fine aggregate to produce a smooth surface. With porous aggregates used in the production of light weight units, the amount of material in the mix passing a 50-mesh sieve is generally limited and in addition more of the coarse aggregate is used to produce a unit of less density and lower weight. This is generally desirable for light weight units except where fire resistance or watertightness are important.

The strength of plain concrete depends upon the quality of the cement, the strength and character of the aggregate, the quantity of cement in a unit of volume, and the density of the concrete. Other things being equal the strongest concrete is that containing the largest amount of cement in a given volume of concrete, the strength of the concrete varying directly as the amount of cement. The strength of concrete also depends upon the methods used in mixing, upon the care taken in measuring the ingredients, and in the mixing and placing the concrete. Concrete exposed to the air hardens more rapidly than protected concrete. The setting of cement is a chemical change brought about by the addition of water to the cement, the strength increasing very rapidly the first few days, after which the mixture slowly hardens and increases in strength.Concrete has poor elastic and tensional properties, but it strong in compression. Its tensile strength is only one-tenth of its compressive strength. The compressive strength of plain concrete varies between wide limits, depending upon the cement, the proportions of cement and aggregates, and the methods of mixing, and placing and the age.

2. Закончите следующие предложения в соответствии с текстом. Переведите полученные предложения.1. Concrete must be …2. Failure in concrete work are caused by …3. It is more difficult to protect reinforced concrete than mass concrete because: a) it will …

a) the expansion caused by the rust will ….b) the result of this is …

4. In all structures exposed to the weather the reinforcing steel must be …5. Concrete to be durable must be made …6. More of the coarse aggregate is used to produce …7. Light weight units can’t be used where fire resistance and …8. The strength of plain concrete depends upon …9. Concrete exposed to the air hardens more rapidly than … 10.Concrete has poor … but it is strong in …

3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные грамматические формы.1. Concrete has proved to be durable when made of good materials.2. This fact has to be established by experience and experiments.3. Reinforcing steel in concrete can rust resulting in an unsightly structure and

necessary repairs.4. Concrete to be durable must be protected while curing. 5. The densest products are those, which contain maximum amount of coarse

aggregate and still contain enough fine aggregate to produce a smooth surface.

6. The strongest concrete is that containing the largest amount of cement in a given volume of concrete, the strength of concrete varying directly as the amount of cement.

7. The setting of cement is a chemical change, the strength increasing very rapidly the first few days.

8. The compressive strength of plain concrete varies depending upon the cement.

IX. MY SPECIALITY

I am a second year student of the Building Institute of the Tyumen State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. It is one of the largest higher educational establishments in our town. The Civil Engineering Institute was founded in 1971. Our Institute trains civil engineers in the following specialities: “Industrial and Civil Construction”, “Manufacture of the Building Structures”, “Management of Real Estate”, “Heating and Gas Supply”, “Road Engineering”, "City Construction” and “Water Supply”. During the years of activity the Institute has trained many highly-qualified engineers. Such specialists are in great demand nowadays. There are the day-time, and extra-mural departments. Those who combine studies with their work are trained at the extra-mural departments. The whole process of studying deals with mastering new construction methods and progressive technology of production of building structures and materials. The junior students are taught mathematics, physics, a foreign language (English/German/French), chemistry, philosophy, computer processing of information. We attend lectures, do laboratory work and tests. We have quite a number of well-equipped laboratories at our disposal. Mastering one of the foreign languages enables us to read foreign literature and learn about the latest scientific and technical achievements abroad. The senior students study special engineering subjects such as Strength of Materials, Theoretical Mechanics, Building Materials, Geodesy, Architecture, etc. The fourth-year students combine their studies with their research work. We write course papers and graduation theses on the scientific problems of our research work. Many highly - qualified teachers work at the departments of our Institute, some of them have candidate's degrees and scientific ranks. In summer the students of our faculty, besides vacation, have their practical hours in order to have a clear idea of what our speciality means. According to the academic plan the fourth -year students are sent to work at different plants and construction sites, where they learn to employ in practice the knowledge they gained at the University. During practice the students master the job of a civil engineer and at the same time collect materials for their diploma papers. The final and most important period in the students’ life is the defence of the graduation work in the presence of the State Examining Board. All the graduates get work according to their speciality. We shall work at building material factories, on construction sites, at design and research institutions and laboratories. Besides, we are provided with everything necessary for a scientific career entering a post-graduate course. In a word we have a wide range of job opportunities.

1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя выражения: I suppose... I think... It seems to me... As far as I know (remember)...

I believe... As a rule... Usually... Besides... 1 What University do you study at? 2 What Institute do you belong to? 3 When was it founded? 4 Are you a second-year student? 5 What specialists does the Building Institute train? 6. Why do you want to become a civil engineer ? 7 What subjects is the academic program composed of? 8 Why do our students study foreign languages ? 9 What does the course of studies end with? 10 What problems do the students deal with in their course papers and graduation theses? 11 Where do our graduates work ? 12 In what way can graduates continue their study?

2. Вставьте предлоги (with, at, in, on). 1 The process of studying deals ......... mastering new construction methods. 2 Such specialists are ......... great demand now. 3 We have quite a number ......... well-equipped laboratories ......... our disposal. 4 We write graduation theses .........the scientific problems of our research work. 5 We are provided ......... everything necessary for a scientific career. 3. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения. 1) their speciality, get work, all the graduates, according to; 2) a wide range of, we, job opportunities, have; 3) our Institute, work, at the department of, highly-qualified teachers, many; 4) is, in our town, it, higher educational establishments, one of the largest; 5) their studies, students, their research work, the fourth-year, with, combine.

4. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих русских выражений: 1) процесс обучения; 2) технология производства; 3) второкурсник; 4) дипломная работа; 5) информатика; 6) ВУЗ; 7) новейшие научные достижения; 8) высококвалифицированные преподаватели; 9) в нашем распоряжении; 10) строительная площадка; 11) ученая степень.

5.Заполните пропуски словами, данными ниже:

1 We write ...... and graduation theses on the scientific problems of our ......... work. 2 In summer the students of out faculty, besides ......... , have their practical hours. 3 We have quite a number of......... laboratories at our disposal. 4 The whole process of studying ......... with mastering new ......... methods. 5 The final and most important period in students' life is ...... of graduation work. 6 During the years of ......... the faculty has trained many highly qualified engineers. (construction; activity; research; deals; vacation; course papers; well-equipped; defence).

7. Спросите своего однокурсника (работа в парах):

-if he is a second-year student; -if there are the day-time, evening-time and extra-mural departments; -if the fourth-year students combine their studies with their research work; -if during practice the students master the job of a civil engineer; -if those who combine studies with their work are trained at the evening-time department. 7. Прочитайте диалог, дополнив недостающие реплики, и инсценируйте его.

An Excursion to a construction siteA group of students is asking a civil engineer questions

Student: What is under construction here ?Civil Engineer:.........S.: By the way, how long does it take the builders to complete it ?C. E.: ......... S.: What materials do you use here ? C. E.: ......... S.: We see a tower-crane here. What other building machinery and lifting equipment has this team of builders ?C. E.:......... S.: And what about construction methods ? Which of them are used here ? C. E.:......... S.: Thank you for your answers. Good-bye. 8. Представьте, что вы являетесь участником международной выставки, организованной в вашем Университете. Инсценируйте данный диалог.

At an Industrial Exhibition

Boris Antonov is an engineer from a Tyumen Plant of Building Structures, which is taking part in an industrial exhibition at the Tyumen State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. Mr. Blake, a businessman from Canada, is talking to Antonov, who is working at the exhibition as a guide. Blake: Have you seen our new model, Boris? Antonov: Yes, and I must say it is a very up-to-date design. B: I'm happy to hear that! A: We are interested in buying some of these machines for our factories. B: Are you ? How many would you like to buy? A: I can't give you a definite answer now, I think it may be a big order. Would you like to visit the factory and talk to the Director General? B: I'd love to if you could arrange it soon, because I am leaving Orenburg next Saturday. A: No problem, Mr. Blake. B: Good. Thank you ever so much.

9. Разыграйте следующие ситуации:

-You have met your former classmate, who is a student of the Medical Academy now. Exchange your opinions on the process of studying.

-Your acquaintance is going to enter our University this year. Prove him/her to apply for your faculty.

-A group of American students is visiting our University . They are interested in each faculty. Tell them about the Civil Engineering Faculty.

7.Расскажите о своей специальности, используя следующие ключевые слова:

a second-year student; to be founded; to train engineers; departments; new construction methods; to be taught; to master foreign language; graduation thesis; according to the academic plan; job opportunities

X. ADDITIONAL MATERIALTEXT 1.

1.Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

TEXT 1. WOODWood has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. Among other highly used construction materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and plastics. They all differ in their properties and in the methods of usage. Construction materials are known to differ in strength, hardness, fire- and corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost.

Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. Is wood strong? Hardly so, because wood always contains some water which decreases its strength. But after the wood is cut, the water content starts to evaporate and as the water content decreases the strength of the cut wood and its hardness start to increase. It is a well-known fact that the drier is the cut wood the greater is ITS strength and hardness.

Trees are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly renewable natural resource. Among other advantages of wood there are its low cost, low weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its disadvantages. The main ones are the following — it is not fire-resistant, it easily burns. Besides, it easily decays.

1. What building materials are used in construction and what are their main properties?2. What decreases the strength of wood and what is necessary to do to increase the strength of wood?3. What are advantages and disadvantages of wood?

TEXT 2.


TEXT 2. WOOD PRODUCTSWood used for construction purposes is usually changed into laminated wood or wood

panel products. Large structural wooden members are produced by glueing small strips of wood together.

Wood in panel form is more advantageous for many building purposes than boards. Why is it so? First of all, because wood panels are much easier to install than boards. They require much less labour for the process of installation. Besides, swelling (набухание) and splitting (расщепление) in panels are greatly decreased compared with boards. As to plywood panels, they are made up of thin wooden veneers glued together. It is of great importance to note that when wooden structures are designed the future stresses of their structural members must be predetermined.

1.Does wood as a structural material have only advantages? If not, what are its disadvantages?

2. Is wood a strong building material? If not, why?3. Does the water content in the cut wood increase or decrease?4. What forms is wood changed into? And for what purposes? Compare wood in panel forms

with boards. What do they differ in?5. What elements are plywood panels made up of?

2. Запомните и выучите следующие слова (работа в парах). board - доскаto board — обивать досками plywood - фанера strip - полоса, лента veneer — облицовка veneered — облицованный to determine [di't3:min] — определять, устанавливатьto laminate — расщеплять, ламинироватьto require — требоватьto glue — клеитьto install — устанавливать, монтировать

3. Вставьте соответствующие глаголы и переведите все слова (работа в парах).

Model: predetermination — to predetermine — заранее определять(a) requirement —to____________—___________

installation — to____________ —___________lamination - to_____________-________________determination - to_____________-________________evaporation - to_____________-________________

(b) glue — клей — to glue — клеитьchange —_________- to___________—__________form —_________— to__________—__________strip —_________- to___________-___________decrease —_________— to__________—__________

veneer —_________— to__________—__________board —_________— to__________—__________

Kinds of Wood

Древесина wood, timberберезовая д. birch woodдубовая д. oak w.клееная д. glued w.пропитанная д. impregnated w.слоистая д. laminated w.д. мягких пород Softwoodд. твердых пород Hardwood

4.a) Прочитайте словосочетания и переведите их а русский язык. glued board ------laminated glass —veneering plywood — wood veneers ----laminated wood-----strip of land------strips of wood glued together ------

б) Дайте английские эквиваленты русским словам. 1. Small (полосы)________of wood are (склеены)_______

together.2. Wood in panel form is more (предпочтителен)______for

some construction (цели)_______than (доски)_______.3. (фанерные)_____________panels are made up of (тонкие)

______________(деревянные)_____________veneers.

TEXT 3.

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы. FROM THE HISTORY OF METALS

Metals began to be widely used as construction materials not so long iigo. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century metals played little structural role in the process of

building. Mostly they served for joining parts of buildings. The ancient Greeks and Romans are known to use bronze for joining slabs of stone.

It was only in the eighteenth century when the first all-metal structure was built in Europe. It was a cast-iron bridge across the river Severn in England. The strength of the bridge turned out to be so great that now, more than two centuries after its construction, it still carries heavy modern traffic across the Severn.

In the first half of the nineteenth century cast iron and wrought iron were introduced and used for industrial construction in Europe and North America. Steel was not widely used, being considered a rare and expensive building material. Inexpensive steel first began to be produced and used only with the invention of the Bessemer process, in the 1850s. From that period on, metal started to be used as rather popular and useful building material. The famous Eiffel Tower of Paris was constructed of wrought iron in 1889. By that period several steel frame skyscrapers had already been built in the United States. That was the beginning of the new era; a new highly useful and popular construction material had been born and introduced into building industry.

1. For what purposes were metals mostly used before the beginning of the nineteenth century?

2. What did ancient Greeks and Romans use bronze for?3. When and where was the first all-metal structure built? What can you say about its

present-day condition?4. What kinds of iron were introduced in the first half of the nineteenth century?5. Why was steel as a building material unpopular for a long period?6. What is the essence of the Bessemer process?7. What was the global result of its invention?8. What material is the famous Eiffel Tower constructed of?9. In what country were the first skyscrapers built?10. Are they good to live in? Would you like to live in a skyscraper?

2. Переведите отрывок письменно, пользуясь словарём при необходимости.

The Empire State Building was built in 1931 in the United States of America. Its construction took about two years. The exterior of the skyscraper is supported by a framework produced of steel. It should be noted that 60,000 tons of steel were used for its production. The Empire State Building is considered to be one of the tallest and spacious construction of the world. It can be attended by 80,000 people simultaneously.

TEXT 4.

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы. STEEL

What is steel as a construction material? Steel may be classified as iron with the controlled amount of carbon. The amount of carbon in steel is generally less than 1.7 per cent. Ordinary structural steel should contain less than three tenth of one per cent carbon. This kind of steel also contains small amounts of phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and silicon. Like iron and its alloys, steel belongs to ferrous metals. It is a hard substance. Accordingly, it can be pulled, forged, and melted. Generally, steel, this strong metal, like other metals, is a good conductor of electricity. Alloyed steel and stainless steel are corrosion-resistant kinds of steel. Corrosion-resistant materials are known lo be widely used for plant equipment, furnaces, valves, etc.

It should be noted that steel frames as a whole and their separate parts should be carefully designed: their function is to be able to carry the loads imposed on them and supported by them.

1.What group of metals does steel belong to?2.What substances can steel contain?3.What amount of carbon does steel generally contain?4.What materials can be used for producing plant equipment?5.What is the construction purpose of steel frames? For what reason must they be

carefully designed?TEXT 5.


FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALSAll metals, with the exception of mercury (ртуть), are hard- and fire-resistant. The

common properties of metals being hardness and high fire-resistance, they are widely used in modern construction.

Metals are divided into two main groups: ferrous and non-ferrous. Iron, steel and their various alloys belong to the group of ferrous metals, while the main component of non-ferrous metals is not iron.

All metals have some common properties: they can be pulled, forged, and melted. They are also good conductors of electricity.

Ferrous metals are commonly used for construction of supporting members. Steel and other ferrous metals serve as reinforcement in ferroconcrete constructions.

As to non-ferrous metals, their advantage is their being light. They are also good conductors of electricity, copper being the best one. Metals possess high resistance.

2. What are the properties of metals?

3. What metals are called ferrous and what metals are non-ferrous?

4. What are the properties of ferrous metals?

5. Where are they used in construction?

6. What are the properties of non-ferrous metals?

TEXT 6.

1.Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

ALUMINUM. ALUMINAAluminum is a considerably new structural material. For a long period it was

considered to be rather expensive since its production required the use of electric power. Because of its relatively high cost, aluminum was not very popular as a construction material till the middle of the twentieth century. But now the situation is absolutely different.

Aluminum and aluminum-based alloys are extremely popular and are widely used in various forms for construction purposes.

The advantages of aluminum, compared with other popular metals, are its high strength combined with lightness. High-purity aluminum (about 99% pure) is soft and ductile but its great disadvantage is that it is not strong enough. At the same time it has high corrosion resistance and is used in construction of buildings as bright foil for heat insulation, roofing, exterior and interior architectural ornamentation.

And what about aluminum alloys? They are much more advantageous than pure substance, Aluminum alloys are much harder and stronger than pure aluminum. Besides, pure aluminum is rather difficult to cast while many of its alloys are extremely easily cast. Pure aluminum is easily alloyed with other metals. And these combinations possess a great variety of usage. For example, when alloyed with copper, aluminum possesses additional strength. Unfortunately, it is much less corrosion resistive than alloys with manganese, chromium, or magnesium and silicon.

One more advantage of aluminum is that it can be easily remelted over and over again.

Aluminum combined with oxygen forms a new oxide. Its name is alumina. Alumina is a colourless crystallic substance. It is glass hard, solid and extremely durable.

It should be also noted that being an excellent conductor aluminum is widely used in power engineering. It serves for long-distance transfer of electric power.

1.Why was aluminum unpopular for a long period?2.What good qualities does aluminum possess?3.Where is aluminum in the form of bright foil used?4.What are the advantages of aluminum alloys?5.Can aluminum be remelted?6. In what way is alumina produced?7.What are its properties?8.What does aluminum serve in power engineering for?

2.Какие качества из перечисленных ниже могу классифицироваться как преимущества и недостатки материалов используемых для строительных целей?

ductability, poor conductance, low durability, high corrosion resistance, high purity, low strength, high cost, low cost, excellent conductance, hardness, workability, poor purity, high strength

TEXT 7. 1. Прочитайте текст и выполните задание.

PlasticsAir, water, sand, salt, coal, petroleum are familiar elements in the everyday

life, but these form the basic sources of the world's fastest growing (расти) industry -plastics.

From a purely engineering viewpoint the following characteristics of plastics explain their increasing acceptance by industries and consumers alike. These characteristics are usually shared by all plastics, but there are variations between individual materials: lightweight (sometimes high strength to weight ratio); corrosion resistance; electrical and thermal insulation; ease of fabrication; transparency in some materials; ease of the increasingly successful application of plastics which take advantage of these characteristics have meant that plastics materials are now manufacturing materials in their own rights and not substitutes. The high strength to weight ratio of some plastics offers big field in the coming age of space travels and rockets.

The same benefits of light weight with good strength and absence of corrosion offer tremendous potential as alternatives to traditional building materials. New shapes in building are absorbing the attention of the architects. Plastics offer many of properties for these designs and their application in exotic structures is an example.

2. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык.1.The basic sources of plastic are …2.The characteristics of plastics, which increase its use in industry and by consumers, are …3. It will be used in this age of space travels and rockets because of …4.Plastics offer new shapes in building and application in exotic structures because of combination of …

TEXT 8. 1.Прочитайте текст и выполните задание после текста.

FROM THE HISTORY OF CONCRETE

Mass or plain concrete dates from very early days. It was employed in ancient times by the Egyptians, Romans and Greeks in the construction of aqueducts and bridges, in the construction of roads and town walls. Romans used it even in under-water structures some of which have survived till our time. They also employed concrete as a filling between the brick and stone ribs of the vaults and arches. A large part of the Great Chinese Wall (the 3rd century before our era) was also built of concrete.

The concrete remains of the foundations of buildings built several thousands years ago have been found in Mexico. As cement was not known in those times, concrete was made of clay and later of gypsum and lime. The knowledge of the concrete use seems to have been lost during the Middle Ages, and it was not until the eighteenth century that its value was rediscovered. Nowadays concrete is made in up-to-date machinery with very careful regulation of the proportion of the mix.

The idea of strengthening concrete by a network of small iron rods was developed in the 19th century, and ferro-concrete was introduced into engineering practice. Since that time the development of reinforced concrete work has made great progress. And the reasons of this progress were evident. Between 1880-1890 several reinforced concrete buildings were erected in the United States, and since 1896 the increase in the amount of construction with this material has been remarkable.

2. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык.1. Mass or plain concrete was employed in ancient times in …2. Romans also used concrete as a filling…3. As cement was not known in ancient times concrete was made of …4. The knowledge of the concrete use … in the Middle Ages.5. Nowadays concrete is made …6. The idea of strengthening concrete by … was developed in the 19th century.7. Between 1880-1890 … were built in the United States.

3. Прочитайте снова дополнительные тексты и составьте резюме, используя следующие выражения:

The text is about …At the beginning of the text the author stresses (underlines, points out) that …Then the author describes smth (suggests, states that) …After that the author passes on to (description of, statement of, analysis of …}At the end of the text the author comes to the conclusion (pays attention to the fact) that…

HOME READINGПрочитайте тексты и переведите их. Напишите резюме, используя выражении после тестов.

Text 1. Building Construction The construction of the homes and buildings in which people live and work has been a major industry ever since early human beings first made huts of sticks, mud, or rocks. Methods of building construction have been constantly improved since those first crude structures. Modern skyscrapers can be built within a year or two. Prefabricated buildings, with their various parts made in factories by assembly-line methods, can be built in a day or two, but are rarely as durable as traditionally made buildings. A building has two main parts, the substructure (the part below ground) and the superstructure (the part above ground). The substructure is usually called the foundation. It includes the basement walls, even though these may extend above the ground. Both the substructure and the superstructure help to support the load (weight) of the building. The dead load of a building is the total weight of all its parts. The live load is the weight of the furniture, equipment, stored material, and occupants of a building. In some regions, the wind load of a building is important if the structure is to withstand storms. The snow load may also be an important factor. In some areas, buildings have to be constructed to withstand earthquake shocks. Foundations are the chief means of supporting a building. They carry both the dead and live loads. There are three main types of foundations: (1) spread, (2) pier, and (3) pile. Spread foundations are long slabs of reinforced concrete that extend beyond the outer edges of the building. Such foundations are not so firm as those based on solid rock. The footing areas in contact with the soil must be of sufficient size to spread the load safely over the soil and to avoid excessive or uneven settlement. Any such settlement would cause walls to crack or doors to bind. Pier foundations are heavy columns of concrete that go down through the loose topsoil to a bed of firm rock. This bed may also be sand, gravel, or firm clay. If the bed consists of firm clay, the pier is usually enlarged at the base, to increase the bearing area. Pile foundations are long, slender columns of steel, concrete, or wood. Machines, called pile drivers hammer them down as deep as 60 metres to a layer of solid soil or rock. Workers can tell when the columns reach their proper depth by the number of blows the pile driver needs to drive the columns a few centimetres deeper. These columns transmit the building load to the supporting soil. Most skyscrapers are supported by rock foundations.

Text 2. Types of construction In load-bearing-wall construction the walls transmit the load to the foundation. In skeleton construction, all loads are transmitted to the foundation by a rigidly constructed framework made up of beans, girders and columns. This skeleton carries the roof, walls, and floors, together with their loads. Load-bearing-wall construction is usually most economical for buildings less than four storeys high, but skeleton construction is better for taller buildings. All buildings in the skyscraper class are of skeleton construction. The first building to have skeleton construction was the 10- storey Home Insurance Building in Chicago. Completed in 1885, this building was the world's first skyscraper. Many parts of a building have no structural function. Partition walls and curtain walls carry only their own weight and serve to divide the interior of a building or to keep out the elements. Other nonload-bearing parts include windows, doors, stairs, and lifts. In one method of construction, called tilt-up construction, concrete wall panels are formed at ground level. Cranes or derricks then lift them into position. Lift-slab construction may be used for positioning roof and floor slabs. These slabs are formed with concrete at ground level, within the framework of the building. They are then lifted into place using hydraulic jacks. Beams, girders, and columns support a building much like bones support the body. They form the skeleton of the superstructure, and bear the weight of the walls and each floor of the building. Beams and girders run horizontally. Girders are usually larger than beams. Closely spaced beams are called joists, especially in wooden buildings. Purlins are small beams that brace rafters or girders and help provide the structure to support roofs. Beams above window and door openings are called lintels. Slabs are beams whose width is greater than their depth. Columns are heavy vertical supports that carry the load of beams and girders. Trusses consist of many wood or steel supports that are connected in triangular patterns. They provide the strength and rigidity to span large distances with relatively small amounts of material. Arches are curved supports that usually extend over openings.

Text 3. Prefabricated Construction Prefabrication has become an important part of most types of building construction. Prefabricated sections of a building are produced in large quantities in a factory and then shipped to various construction sites. This procedure may allow work to continue despite poor weather conditions and should reduce any waste in time and material at the site. As a result, costs are lowered and construction time decreases. Many types of building sections can be prefabricated. For example, entire walls may be prefabricated for a wooden-frame house. Huge wooden arches are prefabricated for use as supports in churches, gymnasiums, and other buildings. Concrete beams, floors, roofs, and wall panels may be precast for many types of structures. Entire buildings may be constructed in a factory and then transported to the desired location. Prefabricated structures are sometimes made by a process called modular construction, first used in Japan. Modular construction refers to the use of a standard measurement as the basis for all building materials. The size of the module

may vary considerably from country to country. In the United States, the basic module is 10 centimetres. All building parts are designed so that each dimension equals this measurement. Modular parts are also used in buildings that are not prefabricated.

Text 4. Building Stone Building stone ranks in importance with steel as a construction material. Stone is used for the foundations, walls, and steps of buildings, for the support of piers and bridges, and for finishing and decorating all types of structures. Crushed stone accounts for most building stone used in construction. Crushed stone is quarried stone crushed into small pieces suitable for such uses as the surfacing of roads and industrial construction. Dimension stone is stone in natural blocks or slabs cut in definite shapes and sizes. Builders expect good dimension stone to last at least a hundred years. The best dimension stone has the fewest pores or air cells, making it able to resist the wearing effects of weather. Stone with large, open pores will chip off if water freezes and expands in the pores. Dimension stone includes granite, limestone, sandstone, marble and slate. Granite is one of the strongest of all the building stones. However, it is difficult to cut and handle because it is extremely hard. It is used extensively in the construction of public buildings. Granite can be polished to a glossy finish, and is an excellent background for carvings and lettering. Limestone is a hard and lasting building stone that can be cut easily and shaped with saws, planes, and even lathes. These buff or gray stones are sometimes placed over the rough stonework of a building to make an attractive surface. Limestone is also used to tile floors, and for sills, steps and trimming. Marble is the most elegant building stone. Pure marble is white, streaked with veins of black, gray, green, pink, red, and yellow. Builders use marble to make monuments and tombstones, and to decorate stairways, hearths, floors, and panelling. Slate is fine-grained rock that can be split easily into thin slabs and used for roofing shingles and flagstone flooring.

Text 5. Constructing a skyscraper New methods in the design and construction of skyscrapers have been closely related to the development of computers. Engineers use computers to solve the complex mathematical problems involved in such construction projects. Computers do this work quickly by breaking the design down into a limited number of precalculated elements. Before construction begins, engineers determine the strength of the soils that will lie underneath the new building. With this information, they can design the proper foundation. After the building site is cleared, levelled and drained of water, excavation (digging) begins. Mobile diggers usually excavate the foundation. Ground made of rock may be excavated by blasting. After the excavation is finished, the footings (base) and the superstructure are built. Most steel used in the superstructure, such as beams, girders, and columns, comes prefabricated. Each piece of steel should have a number indicating the exact place where it should be used. When the steel is raised into place, workers fasten the pieces together temporarily

with bolts. Later, welders and riveters join these pieces together permanently. Many kinds of cranes and derricks are used in the construction of skyscrapers. The two main kinds are mobile cranes and tower cranes. Mobile cranes are mounted on trucks or special vehicles and can manoeuvre around the outside of the building to hoist materials and equipment from various locations. Tower cranes are supported on a steel tower erected next to or inside a building's framework. After workers complete the superstructure and outside walls, the building is ready to be finished, decorated and furnished.

CLICHES FOR RESUMEI. The text is about … The text tells us about… The text deals with The text is concerned withII. At the beginning of the text the author describes smth (сущ.) that (which)… dwells on (the problem, the question of) informs us about… states that … underlines that … points out that … stresses that … mentions … comments upon smth (сущ.)… criticizes … suggests … introduces …III. Then the author passes on to the description of … analysis of … characteristics of … statement that …IV. After that (next) the author goes on to say about … pays attention to smth … develops the idea of … proves that … characterizes smth (сущ.)… gives the characteristics of …

Этот текст имеет дело с …Этот текст касается …Вначале текста авторописываеткасается (проблемы, вопроса)сообщает нам о …утверждает что …подчеркивает что…указывает что …выделяет что …упоминает …комментирует …критикует…предлагает …вводит, представляет …затем автор переходит кописанию …анализу …характеристике …утверждению … После этого ( затем) автор продолжаетрассказыватьуделяет вниманиеразвивает идею …доказывает, что …характеризует …дает характеристику …В конце текста автор приходит к выводу, что …

V. At the end of the text the author comes to the conclusion that … In conclusion the author recommends … decides … repeats … expresses …

Introductory words and phrasesIt is necessary (interesting) to note that …It is extremely important to underline that ...It is not surprising that …It is clear that…It is a well-known fact that…No wonder that …At first … then …In contrast to …Moreover …Thus …Besides …However…As a result …As for …

В заключение автор рекомендует …решаетповторяетвыражает …

Вводные слова и выраженияНеобходимо (интересно) отметить, что …Чрезвычайно важно подчеркнуть, что …Неудивительно, что …Ясно, что …Это очевидный (известный) факт, что …Неудивительно, что …Сначала … затем …В отличие от …Более того …Таким образом …Кроме того …Однако …В результате …Что касается

Тест CONTROL YOURSELF

1. High cost and low fire-resistance are classified asa) advantages of construction materials.b)disadvantages of construction materials

2. Cement, brick, and concrete may serve as examples ofa) natural materialsb) artificial materials

3. Durability, strength, and high fire-resistance are propertiesa) of stoneb) of wood

4. Iron, steel, and their alloys belong toa) ferrous metalsb) non-ferrous metals

5. One of the advantages of cast iron isa) its cheapnessb) its high cost6. Aluminum is

a) a good conductor of electricityb) a poor conductor of electricity

7. Wood is considered to bea) the only naturally renewable materialb)one of the naturally renewable materials

8. In cut wood water content isa) constantly increasingb) constantly decreasing

9. Steel, brick, and concretea) differ in their propertiesa) have the same structural properties

10. The drier is the cut wooda) the lower is its strengthb) the greater is its strength11. Large structural members are produced by glueing together

a) large strips of woodb) small strips of wood

12. Wood panels area) much easier to install than boardsb) much more difficult to install than boards

13. Plywood panels are made up ofa) thin wooden veneers glued togetherb) thick wooden veneers glued together

14. Timber is material that isa) artificially renewedb) naturally renewed

15. Removal of moisture from timbera) increases its strength, hardness, and workabilityb) decreases its strength, hardness, and workability

16. Birch and oak belong toa) hardwoodsb) softwoods

17. Hardwoods are widely useda) for sanitary purposesb) for decorative purposes

18. In ancient Egypt bricks were produceda) by burningb) by drying in the sun

19. Russia isa) poor in raw materialsb) extremely rich in raw materials

20. Overburned bricka) should not be used in constructionb) can be used for construction purposes

21. Underburned brick isa) highly porousb) glass hard

22. Bricks are produced ofa) sand and waterb) mortar and burned clay

23. Many/Few growing forests serve for producinga) much timberb) little timber

24. The properties of building materialsa) are of no importance for building purposesb) should be taken into account

25.Ceramic tiles area) modern productsb) ancient products

26.World's modern atmosphere isa) clean and fresh

b) highly polluted by chemical waste27.The colour of ceramic tiles

a) does not depend on the colour of clayb) depends on the colour of the clay they are made up of

28.Ceramic tiles are applied by means ofa) glueb) some adhesive substance

29.They are applied with an extremelya) thin mortar jointb) thick mortar joint

30.The properties of terracotta area) different from the properties of brickb) similar to the properties of brick

Словарь строительных терминов

to affect воздействоватьAggregate заполнитель (бетона)Binding вяжущееBlastfurnace slag доменный шлак Capacity способность, производительностьto cast отливатьCement цементCement paste цементное тестоCoarse крупнозернистыйCompaction уплотнение Concrete бетонConstruction строительствоCrack трескатьсяCreep ползучесть (бетона)to cure выдерживатьDensity плотностьto dry высыхатьEvaporation испарениеExcavation выемка грунта, экскавацияFiller наполнительFine мелкозернистыйFlux потокFoundation фундамент , основаниеFracture разрушениеGrading подбор гранулометрического составаGravel гравийto harden затвердеватьHigh alumina cement цемент с высоким содержанием глиноземаto increase увеличивать, возрастатьInert инертныйInsulation изоляцияLean (mix) тощая (смесь)Load нагрузкаTo maintain поддерживатьMix смесьPermeability проницаемостьPortland cement портланд- цемент

Pressure давлениеRate скорость, степень, коэффициентRatio коэффициент, пропорцияRemainder остатокto require требоватьto result in приводить кSand песокSaturated насыщенныйto set схватывать, затвердеватьto shield защищатьto shrink сжиматьсяShrinkage усадка, сжатиеSlab плитаSpecific creep специфическая ползучесть бетонаStrain деформацияStrength прочность, крепостьStress напряжение, нагрузкаStructural строительныйto subject подвергатьSurface поверхностьWorkability обрабатываемость, удобоукладываемость (бетонной смеси)

ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИКI. СЛОВО С ОКОНЧАНИЕМ ”s”

в английском предложении может быть:1. существительным2. глаголом в настоящем времени (Present Simple)3. существительным в притяжательном падеже

1. Определителями существительного являются:артикли a, the;притяжательные местоимения my, your, his, her, its, their, ourуказательные местоимения this/these, that/thoseнеопределенные и отрицательные местоимения some, any, no, everyприлагательные и числительныеVing и Ved формы, когда переводятся причастиями2. Глагол определяем a) по месту в предложенииОбстоятельство Подлежащее Сказуемое Дополнение ОбстоятельствоIn scientific work he Measures Volume in cubic

centimeters

б) личное местоимение в именительном падеже (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) показывает, что следующее за ним слова – сказуемое

It (the bus) stops at our house. в) личное местоимение в объектном падеже (me, you, him, her, it, us, them)

показывает, что предшествующее ему слово – глагол-сказуемое. This experiment interests us greatly.Note: вспомогательные глаголы do, does, did, will и модальные глаголы can may must need could might should would показывают, что следующее за ними слово –глагол-сказуемое.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции окончания “s”.1. Aluminum is a corrosion-resistant material. It means that painting is not necessary

at all.2. The use of helicopters is an excellent means to place (установить) building units

on inaccessible (недоступный) construction sites.3. The builders should introduce more building machines into building practice

by all possible means.4. When an engineer designs a steelwork he must carefully consider all the loads.

5. Present-day designs for housing envisage all modern conveniences and sanitary fittings.

6. This technique aims to a higher output of better structures at a lower cost.7. The strength of concrete increases with age.8. Mass or plain (обычный) concrete dates from the early age.9. The central core of the building houses the fast passenger and freight lift.10. Plastics possess valuable and diverse properties.

II. CУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ В ФОРМЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯДля английского языка характерно употребление в роли определения

одного или нескольких существительных, образующих цепочку слов. В такой цепочке последнее существительное является основным, а все предшествующие ему слова являются определениями к нему. World market conditions - условия мирового рынка Maximum home trade steel prices – максимальные цены на сталь на внутреннем рынке

Итак, существительное в функции опреления переводится: 1) прилагательным

room temperature - комнатная температураlimit pressure предельное давление

2) существительным без предлога в родительном падеже (кого, чего?) или существительным с предлогом.radio equipment laboratory - лаборатория радиооборудованияthe atomic energy conference – конференция по проблеме атомной энергии farm produce price increase - повышение цен на продукцию сельского хозяйства

Перевести предложения, обращая внимание на перевод определений, выраженных именем существительным.1. Steel manufacture requires special equipment and skilled labour.2. This material has an extremely high rate of strength increase.3. Builders use aluminum in structures where weight saving (экономия) is of

great importance.4. Archeologists found the concrete remains of the foundations of buildings built

(построенный) several thousands years ago.5. Another structural problem is to provide adequate foundation support for

massive buildings.6. This invention relates to the manufacture of thermoplastic materials by steam

treatment process.

III. ВРЕМЕНА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ГЛАГОЛАВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ SIMPLE

Времена группы Simple употребляются 1) для констатации факта совершения действия или 2) для выражения обычного часто повторяющегося действия в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени.

Форма Present Simple Past Simple Future Simple

Утвердительная My friends study French

He speaks English.

My friends studied French at school.

He spoke English at the conference.

My friends will study French at the Institute.The teacher will speak about our English exam.

Вопросительная Do your friends study French?

Does he speak English?

Did you friends study French at school?Did he speak English at the conference?

Will your friends study French at the Institute?Will the teacher speak about our English exam?

Отрицательная My friends don’t study French.

He doesn’t speak English.

My friends did not study French.

He didn’t speak English at the conference.

My friends will not (won’t) study French at the institute.The teacher won’t speak about our English exam.

Структура специальных вопросовВопроси-тельные слова

Вспомога-тельный глагол

Подлежащее и определение к нему

Смысловой глагол в форме инфинитива

Другие члены предложения

What Where

When

dodidwill

youhe your sister

dogoreturn

in the evening?yesterday?home?

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на времена группы “Simple”.1. The building techniques (by techniques we mean building materials and

method) depend upon the types of buildings.2. As the bricklayer works he often looks at the plan. Then he will know where to

build in the doors, windows and ventilators.3. There are many instances (examples) where aluminum structures justify.4. Romans used concrete for construction of aqueducts and bridges, for roads and

underwater structures.

5. Steel does not undergo shrinkage, but concrete does.6. The builders did not construct the houses of wood in old times in Egypt. They

used sun-dried brick and stones for making walls of the building.

IV. Употребление временных форм глагола в действительном залоге Active Voice Инфинитив

Время

Simpleинфинитив без частицы to

Continuousbe+Participle I (Ving)

PerfectHave + Participle II (Ved или 3 форма глагола)

Present Askasks (he, she, it)вспомогат.гл.do, does в вопросахи отрицат.предл.

amIs askingAre

havehas (he,she,it) asked written

Past Askedwrote, wentвспомогат.глагол did

was were asking

had asked written

Future Will ask will be asking will have asked, written

Note: 1. Времена группы Continuous переводятся глаголами несовершенного вида (что делаю? что делал? что буду делать?), так как показывают процесс выполнения действия. Чаще всего ошибки происходят при переводе Past Continuous. I was asking– Я спрашивал (нельзя переводить спросил ) 2. Времена группы Perfect чаще всего переводятся глаголами совершенного вида (что сделал? или что сделаю?), так как показывают законченное, завершенное действие.

I have asked – Я спросил.

Употребление временных форм глагола в страдательном залогеPassive Voice

Инфинитив Время

Simplebe +Participle II(Ved или 3 форма глагола)

Continuousbe+being+Participle II

Pertfecthave+been+Part.II

Present amis asked,are written

amis being asked,are written

Have Has been asked, written

Pastwas asked, was being asked, had been asked,

were written

were written written

Future will be asked written

- will have asked, written

Note: 1. О переводе глагола-сказуемого и подлежащего в страдательном залоге смотрите ниже: 2. Continuous Passive переводится: The house is being built – Дом строится (дом строят). The house was being built - Дом строился Дом строили (что делали?) 3. Perfect Passive переводится:

The house has been built – Дом (что сделали?) построили Дом был построен.

b) СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГTo be + Participle II (Ved, V3F)

Страдательный залог показывает, что подлежащее пассивно, т.е. оно подвергается воздействию со стороны другого лица или предмета.

Страдательный залог широко употребляется для научных описаний, для описания технических и экономических процессов, в отчетах, объявлениях и т.д.

Показателем времени, лица и числа является вспомогательный глагол to be, который имеет формы am, is, are для настоящего времени, was, were – прошедшего времени, will be и shall be – будущего времени. Смысловой глагол в форме причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II) не изменяется и может переводиться тремя способами:

1) сочетанием глагола быть + краткая форма причастияThe article was written. Статья была написана.The article will be written. Статья будет написана.

Глагол-связка быть в настоящем времени в русском языке опускается. The article is written. Статья написана.

2) возвратным глаголом с окончанием –ся, -сь.The houses will be built here. Здесь будут строиться дома.

3) неопределенно-личной формой глагола (3-лицо множественного лица)The paper was translated Эту статью (они) перевели неделю назад. a week ago.

Подлежащее английского предложения может переводиться на русский язык существительным (или местоимением) в именительном падеже и во всех косвенных падежах.The house was built by a Дом был построен новым методом.a new method.He was seen in the laboratory Его видели в лаборатории 2 часа назад.2 hours ago.

He was given a new job to do. Ему поручили выполнить новую работу.

Если за сказуемым в страдательном залоге следует предлог, относящийся к глаголу, то при переводе предлог ставится перед подлежащим.The design of the house was Над проектом этого дома много работали.much worked at. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на видо-временные формы глагола. Определите время по таблице. Обратите внимание на перевод глагола в страдательном залоге.

a) 1. The level of life is very much affected by housing.2. The cost of project is influenced by the requirements of the design.3. Copies of the plan are made and are given to the builder.4. Reinforced concrete houses are produced by a variety of construction methods.

b) 1. Modern buildings have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames and glass walls.2. In our country housing construction is being carried out on a large scale.3. The walls of the building will be built on the concrete foundations.4. Built-in furniture especially of the storage type has always been preferred by

many.5. The new material has been tested successfully and is now being used for

irrigation systems, roads, pavements and other structures.6. The use of precast (сборный) concrete has many advantages over other

building materials.7. Steel has come into general use with the development of industry.8. The research and development in housing technology is being paid much

attention.

V. PARTICIPLE

Функция Participle I (прич. наст.вр.)Ving от глагола

Participle II (прич.прош.вр.)Ved или 3 форма нестандартных глаголов

Часть сказуемого(после форм глаголов to be и to have)

Входит в состав сказуемого времени гр. Continuous(to be +Participle I)The builders are applying…Строители применяют…The builders were applying…Cтроители применяли…

Входит в состав сказуемого в Passive Voice (to be +Participle II) I was told… – Мне сказали… и Perfect Tense (to have + Participle II)He has changed …Он изменил…

Обстоятельство (причастие стоит в начале или в конце

(When, while)changingизменяяпри изменении

С союзами when-когда, if-если, unless-если не, as- как-переводится придаточным

предложения или с союзами)

когда изменяютbeing changedбудучи измененным иликогда (так как, если, после того как) изменилиhaving changedизменивhaving been changedкогда (так как, если, после того как) изменили

предложением, а иногда – при + существительноеUnless tested the machine must not be put into operation. –Если машина не прошла испытаний, ее нельзя эксплуатировать.When heated the polymer changed… - Когда полимер нагрели, он изменил…При нагревании полимер изменил

Определение(причастие стоит перед определяемым словом или после него и можно задать вопрос какой?)

changing conditions-изменяющиеся условияconditions changing- условия изменяющиеbeing changed –изменяющийся, изменяемый, который изменяется

changed – изменяемый, измененный

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные функции Participle I и Participle II.1. We use many building materials for bearing structures.2. Most of the moisture must be removed; otherwise the timber will shrink

causing defects in the work.3. Timber is the name applied to the cut material derived from trees.4. Sandstones are composed of grains of sand or quarts cemented together.5. Cast iron is used in building for compressed members of construction as the

supporting members.6. Durability of cement depends upon the cementing material.7. For many centuries nature has been destroying stone, changing it into sand.8. When the concrete hardens and sets, the resulting material gains great strength.9. Using new kinds of prefab ferro-concrete frames, builders have erected some

buildings which can stand earthquakes.10. The civil engineer must consider many factors when selecting the material for

construction. VI. MODAL VERBS

ДолженствованиеPresent Past Future

must - должен Must - -have to- должен, вынужден, придется

have to has to

had to will have to

Be to- должен, предстоит в силу запланированности или договоренности

am tois toare to

was towere to

-

Should (должен, следует)

should - -

ought to (должен, следует)

ought to

Способность или возможность совершить действие

Can (может, умеет)can could -

be able (может умеет)

am ableis ableare able

was ablewere able

will be able

Разрешение или возможность (вероятность)

May (может, разрешает, возможно)

may might -

be allowed (может, разрешает)

am allowedis allowedare allowed

was allowed were allowed

will be allowed

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.

1. A qualified building worker must now be able to read any technical drawings.2. This master plan is to be completed in the short period of two years.3. The master plan has to define the ultimate growth of the town.4. An architect has to think not only of what he wants the building look like when

it is finished, but also what it is to be used for.5. A town designer should not ignore the past.6. At present, prefabricated structures may be classified into two groups - for

residential houses and industrial buildings.7. The engineer should be familiar with construction methods and costs if he is to

design a project that is to be constructed at the lowest practical cost.

VII. МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ ГЛАГОЛОВ TO BE и TO HAVEМногофункциональность глагола to be.

Present Past FutureAm, is are was, were will be

В предложении глагол to be может быть:1) смысловым глаголом со значением быть, находиться. В настоящем

времени ”to be” в этом случае часто не переводится.2) Связкой в составном именном сказуемом со значением быть,

являться, состоять, заключаться, когда за ним следует существительное с предлогом of , прилагательное, числительное.

Physics is a natural science. Физика – естественная наукаThe calculations will be very Расчеты будут очень сложными.

сomplicatedThis problem was of great Эта проблема представляла для

interest for us нас очень большой интерес После слов aim, purpose (цель). task (задача) и др. инфинитив смыслового глагола употребляется с частицей to

Our task is to finish the test by 7 Наша задача–закончить (заключается o’clock. в том, чтобы закончить) испытание 7 часам

3) модальным со значением должен. В этом случае за ним следует инфинитив смыслового глагола(глагол с частицей “to”)

We are to prepare everything for the Мы должны все подготовить к experiment. опыту. He was to get the data yesterday. Он должен был получить эти данные вчера.

4) вспомогательным для образования:

а) времен группы Continuous be + Participle I (V-ing). (Все глаголы переводятся на русский язык глаголами несовершенного вида.

She is working now. Она работает сейчас. She was working all the day yesterday. Она работала весь день вчера б) страдательного залога в сочетании be +Participle II (V-ed, 3 форма глагола.) He is (was, will be) asked to make Eго просят (просили, попросят) a report. сделать доклад The house is being built now. Дом строится (строят) сейчас. Note: глагол “to be” может входить в состав оборота “there be” и употребляться во всех временах. Оборот переводится: быть, находиться, иметься, существовать, причем начинать перевод следует с обстоятельства места или времени. В настоящем времени глагол-сказуемое часто не переводится.There are different kinds of barometers and thermometers. Имеются (существуют) различные виды барометров и термометров. There are a lot of research institutes in our city.В нашем городе – (есть) много научно-исследовательских институтов.There were many reactions which helped us to solve the problem.Происходило (было) много реакций, которые помогли нам решить проблему.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции глагола “ to be”

1. Pores are formed in concrete also as a result of evaporation of water.2. The light cellular concrete is produced from a binding agent, water and foam-

forming (foam concrete)or gas-forming (gas concrete) substances.

3. Brookline (part of New-York) at that time was a young city. It was growing fast. It was becoming an important business centre.

4. It is prefabrication that speeds up the construction work.5. Hundreds of thousands of new apartment’s homes are to be built for the

population.6. Glass is unaffected by gases and most acids.7. One of the greatest advantages of artificial materials is their low cost compared

to the cost of natural ones.8. Air-entrainment (вовлечение воздуха в бетон) was generally considered as

the greatest advance (успех) in concrete technology.

Многофункциональность глагола to havePresent Past Future

have, has had will have В предложении глагол to have может быть:

смысловым со значением иметь обладать This material has many valuable qualities. Этот материал имеет много ценных свойств.

модальным со значением должен, приходится. В этом случае за ним следует инфинитив смыслового глагола с частицей to.

They have to make this experiment Мы должны (нам придется) once more. сделать этот опыт еще раз. We had to use a computor to make Мы должны были пользоваться calculations. компьютером, чтобы сделать эти вычисления.

вспомогательным для образования времен группы have+ Participle II (V-ed, 3 форма глагола). В этом случае глагол to have не переводится на русский язык, но служит показателем времени, числа и лица смыслового глагола, который переводится чаще всего глаголами совершенного вида. He has made an interesting report Он сделал интересный доклад at the conference. на конференции. The construction of this plant has Строительство этого завода already been finished. было уже закончено (уже закончили).

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола “to have”

1. Air-entrainment has helped to reduce the amount of heat generated during setting of the cement.

2. Scientists had to overcome many disadvantages in the development of decorative laminates.

3. Pure aluminum has excellent engineering properties.4. With the introduction of steel and reinforced concrete new possibilities have

been introduced into construction.5. Use of water-reducing admixtures has expanded rapidly in the past few years.6. The workers have to remove some of this rock in order to make a good base for

the towers.

VIII. НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА ГЕРУНДИЙ, ПРИЧАСТИЕ I, ИНФИНИТИВИнфинитив. (Infinitive).Функции и перевод.Инфинитив (глагол с частицей “to”), являясь неличной формой глагола, имеет свойства, как существительного, так и глагола.

Инфинитив может выполнять функции подлежащего, дополнения, обстоятельства, определения, а также может быть частью составного сказуемого.

Инфинитив в предложенииАнглийский вариант

Русский вариант Функция и место инфинитива в английском предложении

To read English books is useful

Читать английские книги – полезно.

Подлежащее; в начале предложения и другого подлежащего нет. Переводится существительным или неопределенной формой глагола

To live is to learn Жить – значит учиться частью сказуемого; стоит после форм глагола to be или после модальных глаголов must, can, may, should и др.). Переводится неопределенной формой глагола.

I like to work дополнением ;стоит после сказуемогоПростые формы переводятся существительным или неопределенной формой глагола, сложные формы придаточным предложением с союзами что, чтобы.

To raise the labour productivity we must apply the new equipment

Чтобы повысить производительность труда, мы должны применить новое оборудование

Обстоятельство; стоит в конце или в начале предложения иногда вводится союзом in order to или словами too, enough перед или после прилагательного. Переводится неопределенной формой глагола с союзом чтобы, для того чтобы или существ. с предлогом для.

The work to be finished next week is of great interest.

Работа, которую необходимо (нужно, следует) закончить на следующей неделе представляет большой

Д) определением; стоит после определяемого существительного.Переводится: а)придаточным предложением с союзом который, сказуемое которого выражает

He was the last to come to the meeting

интерес.

Он последний пришел на собрание

долженствование, возможность или будущее время; б) неопределенной формой глагола, в) иногда существительным. в) инфинитив после слов the first, the last и т.п. переводится глаголом в том времени, в котором стоит глагол to be.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.1. Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with soil.2. To make the walls stronger the bricks must overlap each other.

3. The aggregates are graded in size from fine to coarse in order to reduce the amount of void space to be filled by cement.4. To do this work properly and safely, walls, roofs and other parts of the construction must be correctly designed.5. The live load to be used in computations depends upon the use of the building.6. Steel is used in reinforcement units to undergo high tensile loads.7. Enough water should be used to produce a placeable mix.8. Elements to be employed in a heat-insulating capacity undergo (подвергаться) special treatment.

Герундий (Gerund)Герундий представляет неличную глагольную форму, выражающую название действия, но не имеет категории лица, числа, наклонения, а поэтому самостоятельно никогда не выступает в роли простого сказуемого. Герундий – промежуточная форма между глаголом и существительным. Вот почему он сочетает глагольные свойства со свойствами существительного табл. 1 и выполняет в предложении функции существительного табл.2

Таблица 1Английский вариант Русский вариант Перевод герундияReading English books is useful

Чтение английских книг полезно

Существительное

They started correlating the properties of these two devices

Они начали сравнивать свойства этих двух приборов

Неопределенная форма глагола

We cannot master English without working at it systematically.

Мы не можем овладеть английским языком, не работая над ним систематически.

Деепричастие

Wee have heard of his working at an interesting problem

Мы слышали, что он работает над интересной проблемой

Глагол в личной форме в придаточном предложении с союзами «что, чтобы, как»

Таблица 2Примеры функции герундия в предложении

Пример Русский вариант Функция герундияReading English book is useful

Чтение английских книг – полезно.

Подлежащее (в начале предложения)

My favourite occupation is reading

Мое любимое занятие – чтение

Именная составная часть составного сказуемого (после форм глагола to be)

At the meeting the workers spoke about applying the new Method at their shop.

На собрании рабочие говорили о применении нового метода в их цехе.

Дополнение (после глагола)

We cannot master English without working at it systematically.

Мы не можем овладеть английским языком, не работая над ним систематически

Обстоятельство (с предлогом в начале и конце предложения)

They discussed the means of reducing the cost of production.

Они обсуждали способ снижения издержек производства

Определение после существительного с предлогами (of или for)

Причастие I (Participle I)Причастие I так же как и герундий, является неличной формой глагола и имеет окончание –ing. Однако между этими двумя формами существует значительное различие, на что и следует обращать особое внимание при переводе. Герундий имеет признаки и глагола и существительного. Причастие I занимает промежуточное место между глаголом и прилагательным, а также частично между глаголом и наречием

Способы перевода причастия I на русский языкАнглийский вариант Русский вариант Перевод причастия

The test being carried out is of great significance.

Проводимое сейчас испытание имеет большое значение

причастие

The test being carried out is of great significance

The student translating the text knows English well

Being packed in strong cases, goods arrived in good condition

Испытание, которое сейчас проводится, имеет большое значение.Студент, который переводит текст, хорошо знает английский язык. Так как товары был упакованы в крепкие ящики, товары прибыли в хорошем состоянии.

придаточное предложениеa) с союзом «который» после существительного;

б) с союзами «так как, когда, если, после того как» если в начале или в конце предложения

While doing his work he made an important discoveryHaving considered the matter

Выполняя работу, он сделал важное открытие.Рассмотрев этот вопрос, мы

деепричастие

we arrived at a definite decision.

пришли к определенному решению

ING-формаBuilding

Participle 1

Причастие 11. строящийся2. строя

формальные маркеры;when (while) building

при строительствестроякогда (пока) строят

The working motor (какой?)-работающий мотор

Applying the method the technologists will get the results desired - Применяя метод технологи получат желаемые результаты (ф.обст.)

Verbal nounОтглагольное существительноезданиестроительство

формальные маркеры:артикли a, the

Vings – множественное число

GerundГерундий

строитьстроительство

формальные маркеры:глагол + ing-формапредлог + ing-формапереводится:

предлог +сущест.деепричастие (а, я, ав, ив)

the working model (для чего?) – рабочая модель, модель для работы

Applying the method will give the results desired –

Применение этого метода даст желаемые результат

1. The crystals forming in the process of making concrete stick together in a very hard artificial stone.2. There are “cellular” concretes made by using materials which foam or form gas during the mixing of the concrete.3. Using new kinds of prefab ferro-concrete frames builders have erected some buildings which can stand earthquakes.4. Changing the time at which the admixture is added can significantly vary its degree of effectiveness.5. A group of specialists has developed piles without using building materials.6. Drawers and shelves can often be concealed behind walls, freeing valuable floor space.7. Being a brittle concrete cannot withstand tensile stresses.8. The civil engineer must consider many factors when selecting the materials for construction.

9. This process is accomplished by covering the concrete without damaging the surface with damp cloths, wet sand or the concrete can be kept wet by sprinkling, or by immersing in water.10. High alumina cement is a material containing alumina.

VIII. Условные предложения Условные предложения в английском языке вводятся союзами if - если, provided-если, при условии что, unless-если не, in case - если1. Если в главном предложении употребляются вспомогательный глагол will, то в условном придаточном предложении сказуемое употребляется в настоящем времениНа русский язык сказуемое в главном и придаточном предложениях переводится будущим временем.If the temperature is low, Если температура будет низкой, the reaction will proceed slowly. реакция будет проходить медленно. 2 Сложное предложение относится к настоящему или будущему времени.В главном предложении употребляются глаголы should, would или could + простой инфинитив (глагол без частицы to).В условном придаточном предложении сказуемое употребляется в простом прошедшем времени (Ved или V2f). На русский язык сказуемое в главном и придаточном предложениях переводится с частицей бы. We should test the device Мы бы проверили этот приборif we got it. если бы получили его.He could complete the test Он бы мог закончить проверкуif he had time (today, tomorrow). если бы у него было время.

Сложное предложение относится к прошедшему времени.B главном предложении после глаголов should, would и could стоит перфектный инфинитив (have+Ved или V3f)в условном предложении сказуемое употребляется в Past Perfect (had+Ved или V3f).На русский язык сказуемое в главном и придаточном предложениях переводится с частицей бы.He would have used the device, Он бы использовал этот прибор,if it had been order. если бы он был в порядке.I could have come to the conference, Я бы мог прийти на конференцию,provided I had been in town. (last week). если бы был в городе.

Переведите условные предложения, обращая внимание на время употребления.

1. If the amount of water had increased above that necessary, it would have produced a more porous structure.

2. If the aggregates were dry when placed in the mixer, they would absorb water and leave less available for mixing with the cement.

3. The concrete will lose its plasticity provided it is used dry.4. If the concrete paste had been allowed to dry out, then considerable change

would have occurred.5. If the load were maintained for some time and then removed the concrete

would not return its original size.6. If the concrete had been completely dried the shrinkage would have been the

greatest.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА N 1 ЗАДАНИЕ N 1. Письменно переведите следующие предложения из

домашних текстов, обращая внимание на грамматические явления, рассматриваемые в данной контрольной работе.

1. Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today.

2. Bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones.

3. Some of their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years.4. The Ancient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building purposes.5. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than brick or natural

stone and much stronger than they are.6. The most commonly used (используемые) materials are steel, concrete,

stone, wood and brick.7. Wood is the most ancient structural material.8. Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials.9. Steel manufacture requires special equipment and skilled labour.10.Secondary or auxiliary materials are used for the interior parts of the

buildings.11.Elimination of this moisture increases the strength, durability and resilience of

timber.12.When an engineer designs a steelwork he must carefully consider all its loads.13.Concrete is now more widely used in construction than all other materials

together.14.But this method does not utilize the full potentialities of concrete.15.Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in Greece.16.Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the

ancient world.17.Such kilns were fired with wood or coal and were extremely inefficient.

18.The Roman period was followed by other periods each of which produced its own type of architecture and building materials.

19.During the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered.

20.The knowledge of how to make durable concrete has been lost for centuries.

21.Fusion of Roman and North European traditions in construction was reflected in many ways.

22.Many structures made of concrete remain till nowadays thus proving the long life of buildings made of concrete.

23.Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several requirements.

24.Concrete is referred to as one of the most important building materials.25.Steel has come into general use with the development of industry26.The architects and engineers have turned to plastics to add beauty to modern

homes and offices.27.We use many building materials for bearing structures. 28.Binding materials are used for making artificial stone and for joining different

planes.29.Timber is a name applied to the cut material derived from trees.30.Timber used for building purposes is divided into two groups: softwoods and

hardwoods31.Timber cannot be used for either carpenters' or joiners' work immediately it

has been felled because of the large amount of sap which it contains.32.Stone has been used as a structural material since the earliest days.33.In some places stone was used because of the scarcity of timber, but in other

places stone was preferred because of its durability.34.Sandstone is composed of grains of sand or quarts cemented together. The

durability of sandstones depends very largely upon the cementing material.35.These characteristics are possessed by all metals but the metals themselves

differ from one another.36.Cast iron is chiefly used in building for compressed members of construction,

as the supporting members.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА N 21. Cement is the most essential material and the most important one for making

concrete of high quality.2. Cement is made of limestone and clay. It is burnt at high temperature and

ground up into powder.3. Depending on the kind and composition of the raw materials different types of

cement are obtained.4. Concrete is made by binding together particles of sand and gravel, stone or

broken brick.

5. Cement starts hardening one hour after the water has been added.6. Concrete can be made on a building site, or it may be used as the materials for

making prefabricated units in a plant.7. To get the best of concrete the following considerations should be kept in

mind (помнить).8. When the concrete hardens and sets, the resulting material gains great

strength.9. The reinforcing of concrete was first introduced in France in 1861 by Joseph

Monier, who constructed flower pots, tubs and tanks10.Since 1896 the development of reinforced concrete work has made great

progress.11.Steel does not undergo shrinkage or drying.12.Steel constructions with reinforced concrete have become the most important

building materials that were invented in centuries.13.By giving concrete a big squeeze after it has hardened, builders can increase its

elasticity ten times so that it will bend under a heavy load without breaking. 14.This is important in building bridges, viaducts, and floors of large buildings.15.The simplest way to pre-stress concrete is to put steel wires or roads in the

concrete when it is poured.16.Until recently, the aim of engineers was to make concrete with as few bubbles

as possible.17.This concrete is made by adding an agent, which foams to form the bubbles

when the concrete is mixed.18.Scientists are working on research into the behaviour of cement and concrete

under all kinds of conditions. 19.The principle of reinforced earth is analogous to that of reinforced concrete.20.Buildings of reinforced concrete may be constructed with load-bearing walls or with a skeleton frame.21.The principle of reinforced earth is analogous to that of reinforced concrete22. A built-in wardrobe requires less space than a movable one of similar capacity.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ПО ГРАММАТИКЕFUNCTIONS OF VERBS “to be”, “to have”

variant I1. From the earliest days the mankind has erected structures of great size and beauty.2. Since the need for buildings of all kinds is great different methods for speeding up

construction are developed.3. The influence of various factors on the strength of concrete has to be taken into

account (to take into account - принимать во внимание) in the successful proportioning of the compounds of a mix to achieve the desired properties.

4. The students were trying to devise a production of a very durable, cementless binding material.

5. Asphalt slabs are not affected by water.6. The concrete roof of the new 4-storey store was cast as soon as the steel frame had

been erected.7. According to the plan there were to be two towers. These towers had to be very

strong, they were of granite.8. Hydraulic lime has the property of setting under water.9. Masonry domes have been constructed for centuries.

FUNCTIONS OF THE VERBS “to be”, “to have”

variant II

1. The new plastic can be easily cleaned and are unaffected by high temperature.2. A new development is that the building from the top to downwards and from the

bottom to upwards is taking place simultaneously.3. In order to attain one property a compromise has to be made in the other

properties.4. Other forms of test have been carried out, but the simplest is the tensile test on a

concrete cylinder.5. For interior use plastics is recommended for surface finish of walls.6. These steel cables were to hold the bridge.7. Proper compaction of concrete is essential for the development of its full strength.8. Dry mixes of low workability if adequately compacted by vibration, have higher

strengths than more workable mixes with the same water-cement ratio. INFINITIVE variant I

1. Walls are built to carry the weight of floors and roofs.2. In order to save time, the builder prefers to use prefabricated concrete units.3. Building regulations define the type of mortar to be used with bricks of varying

strength to carry varying loads.4. As the building began to lean over, the builders altered the design of the upper

stories to balance it.5. The knowledge of concrete seems to have been lost during the Middle Ages.6. Pure aluminum is very plastic, which allows it to be readily formed into different

shapes.7. There are designs which provide the service centers to be connected with the

dwelling houses by roofed passages.8. The white exteriors of the tower block (жилой дом) appeared to be free of some

ceramic materials.

INFINITIVEvariant II

1. The members to be connected by welding must be held rigidly in position during the welding process.

2. The exterior walls are designed of sufficient strength to carry the loads of the floors and roofs.

3. To make concrete resistant to bending, engineers reinforce it.4. In order to replace hand-ramming, mechanical vibrators are now used for

compacting of concrete.5. Water fit for drinking is assumed to be free from harmful ingredients.6. Many building codes require brick basement walls to be 4 in. thicker than the walls

above.7. It is convenient to use built-in units which enable one room to serve the purposes

of several.8. Built-in furniture is considered to be valuable asset in small building.9. Lime is produced from limestone and chalk which is burnt in a kiln for 3 or 4 days

when it is ready to be made into mortar.

INFINITIVEvariant III

1. A sanitary engineer protects the quality of water by treating and purifying this water to be used for domestic purposes.

2. The plumber lays the pipes to carry clean water into the house and to carry waste water away to the sewers.

3. In construction of a house the first step is to examine the soil in order to find its bearing power.

4. To transport water for populated districts the builders also construct aqueducts.5. Green plants are considered to be very important because they clean the air, reduce

contamination and so improve living conditions.6. The internal combustion engine is known to cause more pollution than the

factories.7. The building regulations require external walls to be adequate to prevent heat loss

from the building.8. Many people consider the motor cars to be the main source of air pollution.9. Concrete has a low tensile strength and needs to be reinforced with steel to form a

structural member.10. In order to understand what civil engineering is you must consider the

development of different branches of engineering.

INFINITIVEvariant IV

1. The aggregates are graded in size from fine to coarse in order to reduce the amount of void space to be filled by cement.

2. Elements to be employed for heat-insulation undergo supplementary treatment.3. Before calculating the required sizes of beams or columns it is necessary first to

determine the loads carried by the structure.4. To make a house quite a lot of people all work together.5. Cement is known to be the most important component of concrete.6. When the water is added to the cement, this causes the whole mixture to set and

hardening, forming a solid mass.7. Water-reducing admixtures are found to facilitate placing of concrete under

difficult conditions.8. If alumina is not correctly proportioned it will cause the bricks to crack when being

burnt.9. Excessive amounts of air-entrainment are found to reduce the strength of concrete.

V-ing FORMSvariant I

1. Besides having a low strength due to a high water-cement ratio concrete has even a lower strength because of poor compaction.

2. Having rather small strength, aluminum cannot be used for building structures.3. Concrete is made by binding together particle of sand and gravel, stone or broken

brick.4. When choosing the building materials a building engineer must consider the

conditions under which the chosen material is to operate in a built structure.5. The value of this property is apparent in forming composite structures, laminate

and the like.6. The tower cranes are employed for lifting building materials onto the building

being erected.7. Cement is a binding material which hardens on drying and is used with a suitable

aggregate to form a concrete.8. Bricks serve only as a load-bearing material.9. Being cured under pressure in autoclaves, concrete attains its great strength in 4 or

6 hours.10. Suitable concrete aggregates may differ widely in their properties, the

differences being as great as those between various cements.

V-ing Formsvariant II

1. Having been introduced in construction Portland cement quickly replaced lime for making concrete.

2. “Non-fines” concrete is a concrete having fairly large voids.3. Cutting became possible with the invention of tools.4. Binding materials are used for making artificial stones and joining together

different materials.5. At first the idea of making concrete by using sand was completely rejected.6. The ancient Egyptians often erected their huge buildings without thinking of their

usefulness.7. Strains or deformations occur in any body being subjected to external loads.8. By enlarging the size of building elements labour costs and time were decreased.9. From the earliest times, architects and engineers have been aware of the problems

involved in laying a building’s foundation. 10. Various materials may be used as aggregate, the most common being naturally

occurring sand and gravel.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глагола to be.1. Automation today is an important factor of Russian chemical industrial production. It is being introduced (внедряться) on a wide scale in all branches of industry and agriculture as well as (также) in medicine and everyday life. 2. In close cooperation with industry Russian scientists are developing many new types of electronic and cybernetic devices. They are to become the basis for the solution of a great number of economic and scientific problems. They will be reliable helpers of engineers and scientists. 3. Chemical materials and products are of great importance for all branches of the national economy in our country. 4. There are a lot of test-tubes of different sizes in any chemical laboratory.

Переведите текст, обращая внимание на различные значения глагола to be.Physics is the science studying various phenomena in nature. Its object is to determine exact relations between physical phenomena. Physics is divided very naturally into two great branches, experimental and theoretical physics. The task of the former is to make observations and carryout experiments. On the basis of the experimental facts theoretical physics is to formulate laws and predict the behaviour of natural phenomena. Every law is based on experiment; therefore it is important that experiments be done very accurately. It was the study of natural phenomena that made it possible to formulate various laws. There are still a lot of problems to be solved. Scientists all over the world are doing their best (прилагают все усилия) to find answers to numerous yet unknown phenomena.

Список литературы

1. С.И. Гарагуля. Английский язык для студентов строительных

специальностей. Ростов-на-Дону: «Феникс», 2013. -347 с.

2. О.Н. Мусихина, О.Г. Гисина, В.Л. Яськова. Английский язык для

строителей. Ростов-на-Дону: «Феникс», 2014. – 347 с.

3. В.Ф. Развадовский. Английский язык для будущих инженеров. Гродно:

ГрГу, 2010. -124 с.

4. Е.В., Рябцева, А.А.Гвоздев, Л.В. Михеева. Архитектура и строительство.

Тамбов, ТГУ, 2004. -96 с.

5. Patcizia Caruzzo. Flash on English for Construction. Reconati, Italy, 2012. - 50 p.

Приложение 1 Таблица времен английского глагола .Active Passive

(действительный) (страдательный)

Образование Пример Перевод Время Образование Пример Перевод I. I N D E F I N I T E

V(s) He writes Он пишет 1. Present To be +V(ed) (PII) He is written Ему пишут(в настоящем)

V(ed) He wrote Он писал 2. Past To be +V(ed) (PII) He was written Ему написали (в прошлом)

Shall/will V He will write Он будет писать 3. Future Shall/will + be +V(ed) (PII) He will be written Ему напишут

II. C O N T I N U O U S

To be +V(ing) P.I. He is writing Он пишет (сейчас) 1. Present To be + being +V

(ed) (P.II.) He is being writtenЕму пишут (сейчас, в данный момент)

To be + V(ing) P.I. He was writing

Он писал (в определеный момент в прошлом)

2. Past To be + being + V(ed) (P.II.)

He was being written

Ему писали (в определенный момент в прошлом)

Shall/will be + V(ing) P.I. He will be writing

Он будет писать (в определенный момент в будущем)

3. Future Не употребляется

III. P E R F EC T

Have (has)+ V(ed) (P.II.) He has written

Он написал (к настоящему времени)

1. Present Have (has) +been + V(ed) (P.II.)

He has been written.

Ему написали (к настоящему моменту)

Had + V(ed) (P.II.) He had writtenОн написал (к моменту в прошлом)

2. Past Had + been + V (ed) (P.II.)

He had been written.

Ему написали (к моменту в прошлом)

Shall/will + have + V(ed) (P.II.)

He will have written

Он напишет (к моменту в будущем)

3. FutureShall/will + have + been + V(ed)

(P.II.)He will have been written.

Ему напишут (к моменту в будущем)

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Задания к контрольной работе · Web viewThe excellent state of preservation of many ancient buildings built of this stone is evidence of this. But city buildings