0 - iul.edu.lb Sawt Al-Jamiaa arbic 7... · TR FGS+$&’ ?;FGX&’ > *+3&’ ‘3a&’-!FbGX8 !:’b0-رﻮﺼﻨﻣ ﻊﻳﺪﺑ ﻲﻣﺎﺳ .د .أ

!"#$%&'()*+,-.()*/,-,01)*+2'345

!"#$#%&'#()##*#+&,#-#.&/0

!"#$%%%%&%'%(#6789)+:;+<3=>&?@A*+<B=7C)*

<B=7C)*+D%&E+<FC=+G5*H@*+I+,&J8)*#+K%09)*+LM,=H*,1&?%N#OA*+I+G.FP

6789)+I+D7Q-%&J)*+I+RSSTU+!VWV2E

XYZT+I+[+/+\S]]TY+!2'M7;+I+^_%`P+<1&?a+XYZT+I+[+/+\S]]TZ+I+\S]][email protected]+!:d#,1e)@A*+.-,9)* - www.iul.edu.lb+!fd,1d@*

!" #$%& !'()* +,- !."/0 !."'1234 !/5&62)78 9: !.&;*<= !>&258= / «?@)8=A B(%78= C3?&» D0 EF,G

HIJKLM / NOPJQ RST2U8= 1F>8=

!"#$%&' !(")&'

*+$,&' -./ .0 .1 !g7&'345 +6789)+:;+<3=>&?@A*+<B=7C)*+2'345

2"3/ 4#/1 .0 .1 !g*5,h=+g*%&ij ++6789)+:;+<3=>&?@A*+<B=7C)*+/:(FB)*+k09)*#+D7&?*5.F)+<B=7C)*+2'345+l47d

123(4.567

5' 4+6 4#78 .0 .1 •6789)+:;+<3=>&?@A*+<B=7C)*+/<3d7&'d@A*+m%FB)*#+W*HnA*+<3FM+.3(j

9:;8 <=> .0 .1 •6789)+:;+<3=>&?@A*+<B=7C)*+/<3=>&?@A*+D7&?*5.)*+<3FM+.3(j

?;@"A B"C'=AD .0 .1 •6789)+:;+<3=>&?@A*+<B=7C)*+o:=>&?@A*+p-571)*+q71&?O*

E;FG> H"IJ .0 .1 •<3d789F)*+<B=7C)*+o<3d7&'d@A*+m%FB)*#+W*HnA*+<3FM+o657h()*+WHOA*#+:rHOA*+.h8)*+q71&?O*

K=L#&' M"NO .0 .1 •6789)+:;+<3=>&?@A*+<B=7C)*+os%h0)*+<3FM+om7B)*+:)#.)*+6%d7h)*+q71&?O*

PA4&' 4#78 .0 .1 •<3d789F)*+<B=7C)*+om%FB)*+<3FM+ot7-L3Q)*+q71&?O*

*Q8 EG+6 .0 .1 •<3d789F)*+<B=7C)*+o<3d7&'d@A*+m%FB)*#+W*HnA*+<3FM+o2'Q8)*+uFj+q71&?O*

*."+R B%S#&' 4+6 .0 .1 .T •6789)+:;+<3=>&?@A*+<B=7C)*+o<&?.8v)*+<3FM+.3(j

!%8GU&' V;W

:!8G%&' 46';X&'J VGNW';#&' :YZJ1+K%09)*+LM,=+wj+5.&xN+o<(e0=+<-%8&?+b&xd+<3(Fj+<3(-H7MO*+<FC=+<B=7C)*+D%&E+<FC=++I

V6789)+:;+<3=>&?@A*+<B=7C)*/,&J8)*#

+m%FB)*#+D7yF)*#+W*HnA*+DA7C=+:;+7v3)@*+<= z.h()*+<F3&EOA*+<3(FB)*+K%09)*+,&J8r+{8B|N+<FC()*++I

V<B39`)*+m%Fj#+<3d7&'d@A*#+<3j7(1}A*

+~9� +w= +�,&')* +u3e01)*# +<B}*,()*# +u-%h1F) +o<FC()* +G5*H@* +{)@* +<F&?,()* +K%09)* +�&i�N++I

V<( ze0()*+<3(FB)*+<�3v)*

+H7B- +o�13Cv8=# +k09)* +6%(&i= +:; +~-.BN +�O* +t*,}@* +<( ze0()* +<3(FB)* +<�3v)* +DO7N5* +*q@*++I

V,&J8)*+~9�+<=�>)*+D>-.B1)*+t*,}@A+�9�7&E+{)@*+k09)*

+_,&�+o�)q+G5#,&i)*+f&i1�*+*q@*+o7v3)@*+H,N+:1)*+K%09)*+<�73&E+GH7j@*+,-,01)*+<�3v)+�0-++I

V6%(&i()7r+">P@A*+{)@*+,=OA*+*�c+�H$%-+A+6O*

+u) +mO* +,&J8F) +fF9 |� +t*%&? +o7vr70&EO* +{)@* +H7BN +A +<FC()* +G5*H@* +{)@* +<F&?,()* +<3�09)* +H*%()*++I

V7c,&Jd+m.j+,-,9N+<FC()*+{Fj+2'3)#+o~9h|N

V<FC()*+�O*5+wj+G5#,&i)7r+2'3)#+�9N7M+�O*5+wj+k09)*+, �9B-+I

V�h;+<38;+D*5791jA+�&i�-+<FC()*+:;+�93N,N#+k09)*+5%v�+6@*+I

:[7+&' 0'46D V';3\ :YG"FG]!<3)71)*+D*%`�)7r+��0r+H*.j@*+:;+k�79)*+.3h1-

V�,PO*+<-5#H+<-O*+:;+�,&Jd+�9&'-+u)#+g*.-.}#+ g>3&EO*+k09)*+6%e-+6O*+I

V�}*,()*#+5H7&x()*+�3�%N#+<3(FB)*+<3Cv8()*+k3�+w=+:(FB)*+k09)*+.j*%hr+k�79)*+mL1F-+I

V7v1�73&E+w&'�#+<yF)*+<=>&?+k�79)*+:j*,-+I

+<3d7&'d@A*+m%FB)*+"7C=+:;+<0Q&E+T[+wj+~h-+A#+<0Q&E+RS+wj+k09)*+D70Q&E+H.j+.-L-+A++I

+m%&?,)*# +"7e&�OA* +�)q+:; +7(r +o<B39`)* +m%Fj +:; +D70Q&E+TS+wj+~h- +A# +o<3j7(1}A*#

V��>()*#+"#*.C)*#

Vw310Q&x)*+�.B1-+A+�8j+2x�F(r+k09)*+�;,|-+I

+VCD+�B=#+p&'d+K>�+w=+<FC()*+G5*H@*+{)@*+m z.h|-#+oW%&?70)*+{Fj+k09)*+�9`|-+I

+k09)*+<0Q&E+{Fj+7v-.)+~(B-+:1)*+<vC)*#+:(FB)*+�9h)#+k�79)*+u&?*#+k09)*+6*%8j+l1e|-++I

V{)#OA*

+V<0Q&x)*+w1=+:;+g73F&'F&'N+u z�,()*+7cH#5#+l&'�+2J=*%v)*+G.�*%)*+<0Q&x)*+~-q+:;+f9�|N++I

+#O*+<0Q&E+{Fj+k09)*+,Pn*+:;+��0r+:;+k�79)*+7c.(1j*+:1)*+�}*,()*#+5H7&x()*+f9�|N+u�

V<398}OA*+�}*,()*+7v3FN+u�+gA#O*+<3r,B)*+�}*,()*+,M�|N+k30r+o<Fh1&'=+D70Q&E

!:)71)*+6*%8B)*+{Fj+�<B=7C)*+D%&E�+<FC=+G5*H@*+{)@*+K%09)*+~&?,|N+I

")&*(+,-+./012345#+.'0)6(#<B=7C)*+D%&E+<FC=+G5*H@*+I+,&J8)*#+K%09)*+LM,=

H*,1&?%N#OA*+I+G.FP

6789)+I+D7Q-%&J)*+I+RSSTU+!VWV2E

^_%`P+<1&?a+XYZT+I+[+/+\S]]TZ+I+\S]]TT+!bN7c

XYZT+I+[+/+\S]]TY+!2'M7;

www.iul.edu.lb+!fd,1d@*

[email protected]+!:d#,1e)@A*+.-,9)*

]

VG^;_7#&'

Y++VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV +<3�711;A*+•<d57h=+<&?*5H+!:d789F)*+6%d7h)*+:;+:9`)*+O7`�)*+•

TR++VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 7$28&0+9:;<+,0)23+=>=?#

b47`)*+s7QN*+{)@*+TY][+<3FcOA*+W,0)*+w=+6789)+:;+< �8 ��*% |()*#+ |<3Q47`)*+ |<)O7&'()* •�T++VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV +@/AB+;CB?#+=>=?#

+:8�%)* +H7&x1�A* +,-,0N +~}O* +w= +�,1&J()* +�5%&')* +I +:d789F)* +:j7(1}A* +"7&i8)*++•^TYUZITY�Sa+w33&'d,Q)*+<8(3c+w=

[[++VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV +>#D0+;CE0+=>=?#

m>&?@A*+<)#H+:;+w3(F&'()*+,3y)+<3�*,)*+<F=7B()*+•\]++VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV +./()F+D/C23+=>=?#+,2G)H(#

+G%h)*+G,e;+{)@*+G,eQ)*+G%�+w=+! �:8-.)*+� �,`1)*+•D73j*.1)*#+H7BrOA*#+W79&?O>)+ �<3F3F0N+ �<r57h=

TST++VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV "1*I+J2KE0+,LF+=>

6%d7h)*#+<B-,&J)*#+<yF)*+w3r+W7c5A*+m%vQ= •TTY++VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVM#>)23+;CB#+;/23=>

+m%vQ()*+<3)7e&�@*I+<38-.)*+<3B},()* •TZR++VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVD2N)O+,LF=>

:=>&?@A*+�v8()*+:;+D7M,&JF)+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'()*+H7BrO*+:;+Gt*,�+•T\[++VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV +PDH0+./QR+=>

Y

!"/G__>Z'38()9:53;&3+&<==>?@&3AB=B*C&'+&D;&6& EF3 GHI@J57

&KJ<L-@&38? GH0I$.&M-.&N3(O?:67J

!"#$ %&'( )*+ .,D:DES(#+TK/U7

+o�ST[+.-.C)*+m7B)*+<-*.r+�=+w=*L1)7r+o�<B=7C)*+D%&E�+<FC=+w=+H.B)*+*�c+5.&x-

+t* z,h)* +{)@* +<FC()* +H*.jO* +�,�1) +o �G,r7�=# + �5*,&E@*# + �.v}+w=+�)�9d +7(r +�`8- +6O* + �~=O* +78�FM#

+<3d7&'d@A*+D7&?*5.)*+:;+g7&E%&xP+o�3)@*+�(`d#+�3CN,d+��)*+ �:(FB)*+�%1&'()*+:;+ow3��79)*#

+ �� FP +�78c� +q@* +o<3=>&?@A* +D7&?*5.)* +"7C= +:; +2xPOA* +{Fj# +o ��.-.C1)* +�r7`)* +D*q

+,eQ)*#+ ��,&J9)*+~hB)*+G,4*H+{)@*+ �u18=+%c+7=+w3r+o,&E7B()*+ �:;7h�)*+78r7`P+:;+�,9-+o ��&¡*#

+2'3)+%c+#O* +o�M*5H@* +~hB)*+�3`1&'-+A+��)*+�O* +o �2E7�)*+G,4*H+{)@* + �l&'18=+%c+7=#+o ��,&J9)*

+�71d +�= + �~&E*%N# + �"7&xN* +<=�O* +. �)%- +*�c# +o^"%hB)7r +W7&x|- +A +¢* +w-Ha +"%hBF) + g7�,&'=

+V^Ta��,&J9)*+£*.r@>)+ g<M#,1=+ g<B&?*#+ g<�7&'=+�78c+6O*+o678�*+bF1�-+A+�dO*+�=+o,Pn*+ ��O*+o,PnA*

+<38-.)*#+<3�,B)*+D*t7(1dA*+D*q+oD7j7(C)*+w3r+,&�79()*+~&E*%1)*+ �u1-+<�7&'()*+��c+{Fj#

+V7v8=+<-7�%)*#+o<hFy8()*+<39 �&xB1)*+D7c7CNA*+�;78=+ �.&?+ �u1-#+o<QF1�()*+<3;7h�)*#

+w=+,�MO*+{)@*+�710-+o �G. zhB()*+�;#,�+2J3Bd+��)*+��*%)*+,33yN+6O7r+ �m71)*+78d7(-@*+�=+o*�c

+o �<v} +#O* +o �H,; +D7d7e=@* +�#7C1N +o �G57 z9} + �<3F(j# + �<-,¤d + �H%v} +{)@* +�710- +%v; +o ¥�,¤d + �W7`P

+o �<3j%&¡%(r +K*.�OA* +t*,h1&?*# +o ��-,&E + �5*%� +<=7�@A +�3(C)* +:j.1&'-# +o7v83Br + �<j7(} +#O*

+o78�*,N# +78�-57N +:; +o78-.) +G%h)* +_7hd# +bB&i)* +_7hd +�78e1&?* +o:)71)7r +o �u13; +o7vh`8(r#

+o{FjOA*+:B3&J)*+:=>&?@A*+2'FC()*+!D#,3r+oU+,-.y)*+W71M+o<3=>&?@A*+<M,0)*#+<)#.)*#+<=OA*+ow-.)*+2'(&�+�.v=+.(0=+p3&J)*+^TaVZT+2E+omTYYU+"%F-O*+/¦c+TUTU+,PnA*+�3r5

TS

+{Fj +,&x18d# +o78F9h1&'= +H73&?O* +6%e8) +o §< z3r7C-@A* +o�FN +{Fj +:89d# +o �< z39F&')* +o�FN +�#7C18;

+o,Pn>)# +78N*�) +78Fv} +{Fj# +o<3d.()*# +, �&i01)* +u)7j +{)@* +W7&'1dA* +:j.N +:1)* +�781 z3F479��

+ �H �.0d#+o �571�d#+ �5 �,hd+6O*+�3`1&'d+o7 �8 F �B �;+ 6@7;+©ª6%ed+*q7()#+o6%ed+w=+<;,B(r+78NA79=A+{Fj#

V<3d7&'d@A*+<�57�)*+{Fj+78B�%=

+67(-@A*# + �:d7&'d@A* +~hB)* +w3r +<}#*L()* +2'-,eN +{Fj + |~(B)* +oD7z-%)#OA* +w= +6%e- +.�#

+ �G%hM +67(-@A* +w3r# +oG%h)* +<3j,&�# +<BQ8()*# +GH7()* + |u �e0N +w= +5 �,01()* +~hB)* +w3r +o �:8-.)*

+~r +o~hB)* +<-,� + |s �% �B |- +A + ¥:8-H + �5%&i0M# +o g<M,01= +6%eN +6O* +7v1B39� +:1)* +K*.�O>) + �<M �,0=

+��c#+V�(&?7r+ g7j5�1=+w-.)*+wj+.B19-+7=.8j+67&'d@A*+�� ,Q-+7=+. ��%-#+og73(Fj+g*, �&x9N+�.-L-

+w31 �=L1()*# +w39&xB1()* +,3� +<=OA* +t7vh;# +o �< z=7Br +w3��79)*# +w-, �eQ()* +:j.1&'N +<}#*L()*

+bh&? +f0N +~hB)* +7v�78= +:1)* +o §<3vhQ)* + §D*H7v1}A*# + §m7e�OA* + §< z�.r +,¤8)* +{)@* +o �< z&E7�r

+ ��1Q8=+m>&?@A*+6O7r#+om>&?@A*+u3c7Q=#+u3)7BN+<-%3�+.3MO7N+{)@*#+o<3�F |e)*+m7e�OA*#+t�H79()*

+w=+ �<3)7j+ �«#,r+�3(C)*+:(0-+~r+o.47hB)*+k3�+w=+�7-7j5+w3r+s �,Q-+A+o£7`hd*+>r+ �t7`B=#

+A@*+,e8|-+A#+om>&')*+�3Fj+ �.(0=+~9�+fQF&?+:1)*+DA7&?,)*+�3(Cr+w=$%-+uF&'()7;�+o�=7&'1)*

+�;7&¡O* +7() +~hB)* +�, §e8 |- +7=# +ow=L)* +D73&i1h=+�>1PA+o7v&'Qd +<-%98)* +�4*,&J)* +�1�&'d +7=

+.47hB)*#+<38�%)*+7-7h9r+f`F1P*+:1)*+D*H79B)*+W7&�#O* +w=+#O* +ouvN7;*,P+w=+�3)@* +6%8 �-.1()*

+V^Ta�~3}+{)@*+ �~3}+w=+<3Fc7C)*

+ g7&E%&xP+ot*%&? + ¥.�+{Fj+73d.)* +m%Fj# +w-.)* +m%FBr + |m7(1cA* +o�)�M+D7z-%)#OA* +w=#

+73d.)* +�1Fy&� +,PnA* +2iB9)*# +o73d.)* +m%Fj +~(v-# +w-.)* +m%FBr +~y1&J- +«*5 +2iB9)* +6O*#

+ �<=7h1&?* +67&'d@>) +~Qe- + go<B-,&�# + gG.3hj +om>&?@A* +6O* +�= +o�=%Fj# +w-.)* +wj +7v=%Fj#

+s7;n* + �H73N5*#+o �:d7&'d@A*+ ��57&i0)*+t789)*+ �.33&JN#+o"7(jOA*+ ��)7&E#+o�.v)*+ �¬%Fr#+o�-,`)*

+s,�#+l3)7&?O*+:;+ �.-.C1)*#+o ��H7()*,-%`1)*#+,3(B1)*#+�71d@A*+:;+7v3Fj+ |" z%B |-+:1)*+m%FB)*

+57�@* +:; +o�#,¤)*# +D*,�3y1)* +�= +l&?781- +7(r +�hQ)* +m%Fj +:; + �H7v1}A*# +o �:(FB)*,3eQ1)*

+V<B-,&J)*#+G.3hB)*+fr*%�

+o<3=>&?@A* +D7B(1C()* +:; +D,&J1&?* +:1)* +D7;*,0dA* + |<v}*%= +og7&i-O* +D7z-%)#OA* +w=#

+ �¬ �%&'=+wj+6%�09-+w-�)*+��)#O*+� zC&�+��)*+,=OA*+o<0-,&x)*+<0&¡*%)*+w-.)*+2E%&xd+ g<Q)7�=

+oG730)* +�= +sH7&x)* +~=7B1)* +:; +<3d7 zr,)* +�13Cv8=# +o�13()7j# +m>&?@A* +<�7(&? +w= +~ 3 z8F)

+2iB9)*+7vr+m7�+:1)*+D7&?57(()*+w=+w-.3Q1&'=+o ¥:47h1d*+ �~e&Jr#+o�r+<FB1Q()*+uv�1)*+*%h&x)O7;

+VYT2E+oD+A+o">v)*+5*H+!G,c7h)*+o<3=>&?@*+<&i-,;+,3eQ1)*+oH7hB)*+H%(0=+2?79j+^Ta

TT

+o:=>&?@*+%c+7=+~M#+m>&?@A7r+ g<d#,h=+W7c5@A*+G,c7�+f09&EO*+{1�+o �<3=>&?@*+ �D*57B&�+f0N

+.81&'-#+o �<QF1�=+ �<3&?73&?#+ �<3}%)%-.-O*+ �D73 z891 |=+{Fj+m%h-+o ¥:&?73&?+ ��r7�+#q+W7c5@A*+6O*+u�5

+o<;7&¡@A*#+o~-.B1F)+<Fr7h)*#+o<&i�781()*#+<(v9()*+w3d*%h)*+ �w&?+{)@*+o g73()7j+"#*.1()*+�=%vQ=

+V7vN7;*.v1&?*#+<8(3v()*+"#.)*+�)7&x()+ g7B9N+o7c70&¡#+ �<3&Jj+w3r+o��0)*#

+6%ed +:e)# +o7v3Fj +57&x1dA*# +7v1v}*%()# +o �G,3`P# + �G.-.j +7vv}*%d +:1)* +D7- �.01)* +6@*

+u)7j+<- �H7=# +<z3)n* +w=+kB98()* +lj �,F) +78=>&'1&?* +w=# +o�#,¤F) +781-H%9j+w=+ �~�Fhd# +o�%�O*

+�)q+:;#+o<3B�*%)*#+o<3d>hB)*#+o67(-@A*#+o<(-LB)*#+o,9&x)7r+��F&'1)*+w=+78)+.rA+oG57&i0)*

+V6%&';781()*+2';7813F;

TR

*FGS+$&' ?;FGX&' *> *+3&' `3a&'-!FbGX8 !:'b0-

-./0( 1234 )(56 ., .7+VW)H<)23+./O)&*L(#+X//CS(#+.CYE0+Z;(+.&0)[(#+.-D\(#+TK/U7

VW)H<)23+")&*(+,-+]LF?5#+^)2_H(#+TKL60+$2_F+VW)H<)23+./U)2_H(#+T3`7;(#+;a'0+TK/U7

+M)'0)6(#+Z;(+TN)b(#+,(`;(#+"$O)H(#`+,O;C(#+"$O)H(#+,c>)0+,-+D2G)E0+d)S23?#

)/L'(#+M)23#7;(#+e2KI+V./O)&*L(#

1P+DB+

+<399&')*+<`r*,)*#+5,&i)*#+:9`)*+O7`�)*+{Fj+m%hN+o<39`)*+<3)#$%&'(F)+<&' �&?$%()*+.j*%h)*

+*�c +:;# +V7v(3c7Q(r +fQF1P* +6@*# + �<3)#$%&'= + �~e) +<=7B)* +_#,&J)* +:c# +o5,&i)*# +O7`�)* +w3r

+�dOA +o:9`)* +O7`�)* +%c# +o7vhh01) +wM,)*# +o<3)#$%&'()* +��c +2'&?|O* +.�O* +"#78NO7&? +k09)*

+o<399&')*+<`r*,)*+�)�M+o7vFM+D73)#$%&'()*+:;+ �.�*#+%c+5,&i)7;+o<3)#$%&'()*+��c+:;+ �L3(1=

+ �6%d7h)* +o:9`)* +O7`�)* +:; +k09F) + ��q%(8M +o571PO7&?# +V�&x47&xP +�F; +:9`)* +O7`�)* +7=O*

+,Pn*+7c5#.r+f&? z,M+o �<�-.�+ �2E%&x8r+:9`)*+O7`�)*#+<39`)*+<3)#$%&'()*+2? z,M+�d%M+o z:d789F)*

+:d%d7h)* +2x8)* +w3r +~&xQd +6O* +we(- +A +78dO* +7(M +o673&'d,Q)* +�hQ)*# +t7&ih)* +�3)@* +~&E%N +7=

+GH%B)7r +�(v;# + �<)#H +<-O* +:; + ¥:d%d7� + �m7¤d + ��O* +{Fj +�%�%)* +we(- +A +q@* +o<347&ih)* +�N7h39`N#

+<347&ih)*+D7h39`1)*+{)@*+oG5#,&i)7r#+oGH%B)7r+7(d@*#+ol&'�#+7c.�#+<3d%d7h)*+2E%&x8)*+{)@*

+fd7M+ g<3F&EO*+o<3d%d7h)*+G.j7hF)+<3(&?,)*+5H7&x()*+w3r+~&xQ)*+we(-+A+7(M+V2E%&x8)*+�F1)

V^Ta<3h39`1)*+7c5H7&x=+wj+o g<3�731�*+#O*

+oH7v1}A*# +6%d7h)* +:; +<3;,&x()* +D73F(B)* +ob&�78)* +6*%`d*# +6%d +H*$%; +w-57&J1&'()* +b�)$% |() + �u-.hN +o5%&x8= +:=7&?+ TaV�STU+oD#,3r

TU

!"#$%& !'(#) :*"$+,-.( /0"$%.( *1 *,2.( 324.(

+:; +<347&ih)* +m7e�OA* +<F� +w= +u�,)* +{Fj +o:d789F)* +t7&ih)* +6O* +.Cd +78c +w=

+m%h-+:1)*+.j*%h)*+t7&?5@*+:;+uc7&?+.�+o�,8&?+7(M+�3;+D7j�78()*+<Fh)+g*,¤d+o£%&¡%()*

V:9`)*+O7`�)*+7v3Fj

+m7e�OA*#+:&'d,Q)*+:d%d7h)*+m7¤8)7r+ �<d57h=+t*,}@*+{)@* +<&?*5.)*+��c+:;+57&x-+6O*+{Fj

+G,¤8)* +~�(- +��)* +6%d7h)* +*�c +f(vF1&?* +.� +<3r,B)* +w3d*%h)* +u¤B= +6OA +o�3; +<347&ih)*

+:; +#O* +oH%hB)*# +D79}%(F) +<=7B)* +<-,¤8)* +:; + 6@* +o<3d%d7h)* +<;7h�)* +:; +<383NA +%d7=,C)*

V:9`)*+O7`�)*#+<39`)*+<3)#$%&'()*+7v8=#+o<38v()*+D73)#$%&'()7r+<&E7�)*+<-,¤8)*

+t7&Jd@* +�j%&¡%=# +TYUZ +"#A* +6%d7M +] +6%d7� +"#OA* +o<39`)* +<8v()* +A#78N +w3d%d7� +.Br

+<&?57(=+u3¤8N+�j%&¡%=#+oTY]Y+:d7�)*+6%d7M+T]+6%d7�+:d7�)*#+o6789)+:;+t79�O>)+w31r7hd

+TYYU+_79&�+��+p-57N+�\\+u�,)*+6%d7h)*+:d789F)*+£,1&J()*+5.&EO*+o^Ta6789)+:;+l`)*+<8v=

+w-,&JN +�S +p-57N +TRT\] +u�,)* +m%&?,()* +~0= +6%d7h)* +*�c + z~0; +o<39`)* +W*HnA7r +�FB1()*

+m%&?,(r+g7&i-O*+ �� §, |j+.�#+oTY]T+"%F-*+TY+p-57N+T\]U+u�,)*+m%&?,()7r+".B()*+oTYZY+"#OA*

V<39`)*+W*HnA*

+<39`)*+W*HnA*+fd7M+6O*+.Br+o:r738)*+2'FC()*+wj+5.&E+�dO*+TYYU+_79&�+��+6%d7�+<3(cO*

+7(=+o:B-,&J1)*+~(B)*+{)@*+�5*H@A*+~(B)*+w=+<C)7B()*+�%1&'=+{hN57;+o ¥�H7j+ �m%&?,(r+ g<(¤8=

+,�MO*# + g7�-.�+g7(3¤8N +�&¡# +�dO* +o6%d7h)* +*�c +GL3= +6O* +7(M +V<&E7P+ g<3(cO* +GH7()* +��v) +:`B-

+V�3)@* +57&J()* +TRT\] +u�,)* +m%&?,()* +w= +t79�OA* +<8v() +<=7B)* +D79}*%F) +gA%(&�# + g>3&xQN

!t79�O>)+<QF1�()*+D79}*%)*+6%d7h)*+*�c+�)7j+.h;

V^RR+{)@*+�]+H*%()*a+{&¡,()*+%0d

+:; +w-.j7&'()*# +<39`)* +�9&� +wv()* +t7&ijO* +%0d# +o^[] +{)@* +U\ +H*%()*a +uv4>=� +%0d

V^][+{)@*+U\+H*%()*a+l`)*

+VÛ]+{)@*+RU+H*%()*a+:47Q&J1&?A*#+:j7(1}A*+l`)*+:;

+f&xd +o6%d7h)* +�39`N +s7`d +TYYU+_79&� +�� +6%d7� +w=+{)#OA* +GH7()* +DH z.�+6O* +.B9;

+<3)#$%&'() +:d%d7h)* +2?7&?OA* +7v |�,P +~ �e&J |- +:1)* +ol39`)* +D79}%= +{Fj +�8= +<3d7�)* +GH7()*

V�18v=+�1&?57(=+t78�O*+l39`)*

+�dO* +{Fj +o7v3)@* +57&J()* +{)#OA* +GH7()* +f&xd +o6%d7h)* +*�c +�39`N +s7`d +{)@* +<9&'8)7r +I

+:; + �L33(N +7(d#H +�t79�OA* +:1r7hd +:; +w3FC&'()* +t79�OA* +�3(} +6%d7h)* +*�c +m7e�OA +�&i�-�

T[

#05+& 6789 *&$' .) .:

+TY]Y +:d7�)* +6%d7M +T] +6%d7� +w= +:d7�)* +~&xQ)* +u¤d +.�# +V<3(FB)* +<}5.)* +#O* +2E7&x1PA*

+V6789)+:;+l`)*+<&?57(()+<&¡#,Q()*+D>c$%()*#+_#,&J)*

+lF&E+:;+w31-,c%}+w31)O7&'=+{Fj+LM5+.�+_79&� +��+6%d7� +w=+<3d7�)* +GH7()* +2xd+6@*

+!<39`)*+<8v()*

V<)7&?5+:c+l`)*+<8v=+6O*+!](`5#+.(?)2KC(#

V67&'d@A*+<0&E+{Fj+<¤;70()*+%c+<)7&?,)*+��c+£%&¡%=+6O*+!./O)[(#+.(?)2KC(#

+<0&E+{Fj+<¤;70(F)+6@*+7(M+o7vr+mL1F-+6O*+7cA%1-+w=+{Fj+:&i1h-+ �D79}%=+<)7&?,F)+6@*

V7vr+.3h1)*+:&i1h-+.j*%�+67&'d@A*

+l39`)* +D79}%= +fj�%1; +ow3N,eQ)* +w3N7c +TYYU +_79&� +�� +6%d7� +H*%= +f(¤d +.h)

+!w3j%d+w3r+6%d7h)*+�)q+H*%=+l&'�

V^{)#O*+G,h;aV<)7&?5+l`)*+!�3&i)*+�=%vQ(r+:9`)*+~(B)*+�57P+l39`)*+D79}%=

V^<3d7�+G,h;a+V<38hN+l`)*+!�3&i)*+�=%vQ(r+:9`)*+~(B)*+57�@*+:;+l39`)*+D79}%=

+k09)* +,&x08&?+�)�)+V:d789F)* +6%d7h)* +:;+:9`)* +O7`�)* +%c+<FP*.()* +��c+6*%8j+6@*

+.-.01) +.(1B()* +573B()*# +o{)#O* + �G,h; +:; +:d789F)* +6%d7h)* +:; +m%vQ()* +*�c +�*,r@* +57�@* +:;

+6%d7h)*+:;+m%vQ()*+�)q+,3&x=+wj+ �G,3PO*+ �G,h;+:;+"t7&'18)+o �<3d7�+ �G,h;+:;+m%vQ()*+�)q

+:;+ �5%`N +w=+~&x�+7= +t%&¡+:;+t79�OA* +<3)#$%&'() + ��-,0N +w=+O*,�+7= +">P+w=+o:d789F)*

+w3d*%h)* +6O* +7()7�+o7&'d,; +:;+g*.-.0N# +o<-,eQ)*# +<3j7(1}A* +u3c7Q()* +:;# +o:9`)* +~(B)*

+D79}%()* +6%d7hM +ow33&'d,; +t7vh; +�&¡# +w= +7=@* +:c +~47&'()* +��c +ue0N +:1)* +<3d789F)*

+_79&� +TT +:; +5H7&x)* +[]U +u�,)* +6%d7h)7M +o:&'d,Q)* +�-,&J1)* +wj +�Gq%PO7= +7=@*# +oH%hB)*#

+:d789F)* +£,1&J()* +�3; +�981&?* +��)* +oIG,381&'()* +<h;*%()*# +{&¡,()* +s%h�+6%d7� +I+�SSU

+s%h0r+�FB1()* +�SS�+5*qn* +U +p-57N +�SS�IRSR+u�,)* +:&'d,Q)* +6%d7h)* +w=+�=7e�O* +u¤B=

V:0&x)*+m7¤8)*+GH%}#+o{&¡,()*

,O)&*L(#+"$O)H(#+,-+,*A(#+?)Ab(#+f$ag0+!]( ?#+hDH-

+VTYYU+_79&�+��+6%d7�+w=+�\#+T\+67NH7()*+�3Fj+f z&xd+7=+%c

+V�<38v()*+�)7(jO*+wj+ �"#$%&'=+ �l39�+ �~M�+!{)#OA*+:;+t7}

+ �<C)7B=+~&i;O*+w3=O7N+~r+o2i-,()*+<C)7B=+<C31d+l}%=+l39`)*+mL1F-+A�+!<3d7�)*+:;+t7}

V��)+ �<9&?78=

TZ

!"#$%& !'(#) :*"$+,-.( /0"$%.( *1 *,2.( 324.(

+ �W7BNO* +".r+�;H+�j%&¡%=+6%e-+2i-,()*#+l39`)*+w3r+ �s7QN* +~M+TS+GH7()* +D,¤�+.�#

+Vt7Q&J)*+67(&ir+�=*L1)*+~r7h=+:;+ol39`F)

+:Q;+V7(v3)@*+57&J()*+�\#+T\+w3NH7()*+:;+*H5#+w-�F)*+w39}%()*+w3r+ :&?7&?O*+s,Q)*+6@*

+6O* +�O* +o��`P+D79�@* +2i-,()* +{Fj# +o�;*.()* +<)7� +:; +l39`)* +6%e- +o<-78B)* +"�r +l}%=

+u) +�dO* +�O* +o2'eB)* + �f §9 � |- +6O* +l39`F) +we(-# +V2i-,()* +�N7j +{Fj +�h- +l39`)* +O7`P +D79�@*

+:Q1e- +2i-,()7; +Vu}7v()* +�&¡# +:; +l39`)* +6%e- +<C318)* +l}%= +:;# +o�O7`P +�O* +leN,-

+ol39`)*+<3)#$%&'=+ �2¡ �,�1Q |N +:e)+~(B)*+�)q+w=+�r7&EO* +��)*+5,&i)*#+o:9`)*+.hB)*+D79�@7r

+5,&i)*+H,=+6O*+D79�@7r+7=@*+ol39`)*+{Fj+i?)Ab(#+,gO+TK/(`+o<3)#$%&'()*+��c+:Qd+tlj+�h-#

+:Qd +:Qe- +>; +o�5,&ir +l9&'N +��)* +2i-,()* +O7`P+#O* +G,c7� +G%� +7(d@* +o:9`)* +~(B)* +2'3)

+V:9`)*+O7`�F)+l39`)*

+ �<hc,=# + �<9B&E + �<)O7&'= +:c+D79�@A* +<)O7&'= +6O* +�,B- +".B)* +5%&x� +:; +~(B- +w=#

+�D79�@A* +tlBr� +�)q +wj +,9j +<3d.()* +D7(M70()* +"%&EO* +6%d7� +6O*# +og7-%8B=# +g7-H7=

+2i-,()*+{Fj+tlB)*+�)q+6%e-+6O* +w39;+V^mVmVO* +TR�+GH7()*a+Charge de la preuve

+�)q+6%e-+6O*+w3r#+o7vr+:).-+:1)*+<B�*%)*+ �f §9 � |-+6O*+:j.()*+{Fj+6@*+q@*+oG.j7h)*+:c#+o:j z.()*

+{Fj#+o �H,QM+l39`)*+{Fj+ gG,3`P+�471d+lN,-+7=+oG5%M�()*+G.j7h)*+2'ej+ol39`)*+{Fj+tlB)*

V<)7&?,M+<39`)*+<8v()*

+ �<d7&x�+�)+6%eN+>;+o<3)#$%&'()* +.j*%h)+oO*.9(M#+o�&i�-+o,&J9)* +w=+�,3yM+l39`)* +6@*

+~9d +u�5 +�)q# +o2i-%BN +l}%= +w= +7v8j +�18- +7=# +o<3d.()* +�#7j.)* +w= +�3(0N +o �<&E7P

+V�=An* +b3Q�N#+2i-,()* +t7Q&�+{Fj+~(B)* +:c#+o7v3)@* +{B&'- +:1)* +<3d7&'d@A* +<-7y)*# +o�1)7&?5

+.j*%h)*+<-7(�+�)�r+.&x�O*+o:9`)*+~(BF)#+l`)*+<8v()+ g<=7j+6%eN+6O*+:&i1hN+<d7&x0)*+we)#

+5*,h)*+q7�N*+:;+">h1&?A*#+<-,0)*+g7&E%&xP+o~(B)*+�)q#+<8v()*+�FN+<38hN+7v3Fj+m%hN+:1)*

+V~(B)*+�)q+,c%}+:;+:c+:1)*+,�7�()*#+o:j%&¡%()*#+:(FB)*

+o�)7�)* +.3r +G730)7; +o�47Q&Jr +mL1F- +A# +o2i-,()* +t7Q&J) +�1-78j+"�9- +6O* +l39`)* +{FB;

+�)q+.Br+6%e-+A#+o §� §F �M �% |=+{)@* +�0)*+"7&x-@A+�.v}+"�9-+%v;+!:=70()*+6O7&�+�)q+:;+�dO7&�

Vt7&ih)*+<(v=+:c+�0)*+s7h�@7;+o�%j.)*+<C31d+wj+gA#$%&'=

+Vm.hN+7=+.M$%N+^TYYU+_79&�+��+6%d7�+w=+TS#+�\+#+T\a+G5%M�()*+H*%()*+Dt7}+.�#

T]

#05+& 6789 *&$' .) .:

!H*%()*+�FN+6O7&Jr+7(c$#*.r@*+we(-+671¤�>=

+�)q +w= +.B 9 �1 &'|1; +V2i-,()* +<C)7B= +<F�,(r +H.01- +7v�7`d +6@* +!](`5# +.jB1C(#

V�>BF)+<h�>)*+<F�,()*#+<hr7&')*+<F�,()*+!s7`8)*

+!:c#+<F�,()*+�FN+DA7�+/�\+/+GH7()*+DH.j+.�#

V2x3�&J1)*+I

V�>B)*+.-.0N+I

V�>B)*+�3Q8N+I

+V�>B)*+�3Q8N+<Br71=+I

+u�,)*+ue0)7r+D#,3r+:;+ �:d.()*+ |H,Q8()* +:&¡7h)* + |� �d%(&i=+ �H z.�+!k1'(#+T8/b2lc+m

+w=+2¡,()* +2x3�&JN +6@* +! +:NO7- +7(M+o^Ta +TYY\+<8&?+:d7�)* +w-,&JN +TS+p-57N +TYY\/TSZ\

+:1)*+{)#A*+<F�,()*+%c#+o�r79&?O*#+�&x47&xP+u33hN#+2¡,()*+.-.0N+{Fj+m%h-+l39`)*+~9�

+6O* +l39`)* +{Fj+o �<3(cO* +w=+<F�,()* +��v)+7()#+o�d@* +k3�#+V:9`)* +�F(j+l39`)* +7v3;+O*.9-

+,3� +�&x3�&JN +:NO7- +{1�+o�;,&xN +f0N +uFB)* +7vB&i- +:1)* +<38Q)* +~47&?%)* +�3(}+{)@* +O7CF-

+:; +�FyF) +67M +#O* +o^�a<3(FB)* +<38Q)* +~47&?%)* +~(B1&?* +.� +67M +*q@* +l39`)* +<3)#$%&'() + �. �)%=

+6% |8 z3B |()*+t*,9�)*+7c,-.hN+:;+O7`PO*+.�#+o2i-,()*+<)7�+<�H+�)q+w=+o�5,9-+7=+2x3�&J1)*

+<3(FB)*+D73`B()*+t%&¡+{Fj+�30&x)*+2x3�&J1)*+t7`j@*+67e=@A7r+we-+u)+#O*+o^Ra<(e0()*+w=

+��c+.�)% |-+7=+7(d@*#+VÛa�3Fj+g7;57B1=+�Fy)*+*�c+~BC-+7(=+o2x3�&J1)*+t7`j@*+<¤0)+G,;%1()*

+{)@*+7=@*+o�)q+ �. �N,-+.�#+o2¡,(F)+�&x3�&JN+:;+g738hN+gO7`P+l39`)*+leN,-+6O*+%c+o<3)#$%&'()*

+7=@*#+o^[a2x3�&J1)*+�)�)+�B&¡#+p-571r+<�.01&'()*+<3(FB)*+D73`B()7r+ �<h9&'=+ �<;,B=+m.j

+D7=%FB()*+<;7er+o2¡,(F)+l39`)*+2x3�&JN+~9�+o<�7�@A*+m.Br+ �£ �,&'N+#O*+ �<QP+#O*+ �"7(c@*+{)@*

+<-,9�()* +D7&E%0Q)* +t*,}@* +m.Br +�)q# +o2x3�&J1)* +�)q +t7`j@A +<=�>)* +#O* +o<-5#,&i)*

+.8j +~3F01)*# +2x0Q)* +GH7j@* +m.j +#O* +o^Za<=�>)* +~3)701)*# +2i-,()* +<)7� +7v&¡,1QN +:1)*

V�791&�A*+<)7�+:;+7(M+ot7&i1�A*

+VTRZ+2E+oTYYY+oD#,3r+:;+w3=70()*+<r7hd+!D#,3r+o".B)*+<FC=+oW7-H+2'-5%=+^TaAngers 4 mars.1947 D. 1948. p.298 Note R.Savatier.+! g>�=+�}*5+^�a

Trib.Civ.20 oct.1953.D.1954.Somm p.22; Trib.Civ.Lille,30 juill.1953 D.1953.Somm p.32.+!�}*5+^RaCiv. 4 jan.1974.D.1974. p.79.Rev..Trim.Dr.Civ.1974. p.822 note G.Durry.+!�}*5+Ûa

Civ.1er 24 nov.1987.D.1989 Somm.p.61obs.J.Penneau; Civ.1er.21.fev.1984.D.1984.Inf.Rap.p.461. +!�}*5 +^[aobs.J.Penneau, Rouen 8 nov.1922.S.1926. p.73; Paris 6 juin1923.D.P.1924.2.p.117; 20 fev.1946.D.1946.

Somm.p.12; Rabat. 19 juin 1951 .Somm.p.31.Civ.1 er 14 dec.1965 et 7 mars 1966.D.1966.p.453.V.Rouen 21 avril 1923.S.1924.2.p.17 note E-H Perreau+!�}*5+^Za

T\

!"#$%& !'(#) :*"$+,-.( /0"$%.( *1 *,2.( 324.(

+o�3r,�a+TYZR+57-O*+�\+p-57N+Y�Z+u�,)*+�5*,�+:;+<)#.)*+�5%&�+2'FC()+�9&?+.�+67M#

+"7(1�*+{Fj+HA#OA*+G5.�+�.=+w�39 |N+<39`)*+D7&E%0Q)*+t*,}@*+m.j+6O7r+,91j*+6O*+o^<)#.)*+.&¡

+~cO*+{Fj+2i-%B1)7r+<-.F9)*+<3)$#%&'=+l�N �, |-+��)*+ou3&'C)*+:9`)*+O7`�)*+w=+ �£%d+%c+o�3hF1)*

+V^Ta+G.F9)*+:;+<=7B)*+<0&x)*+{Fj+<¤;70()*+wj+<)#$%&'()*+:v;+o{ z; �% �1 |()*

+l39`)* +<-,0)+g7B&¡7P+67M+6@*# +o^�a<C)7B()* +:;+<3d7�)* +<F�,()* +%c#+ik1'(# +n2N` +I

+�;*%1-#+o<39`)*+K70rOA*+�3)@*+fF&E%N+7=+�=+�Q1-+6O*+�3;+ |2¡ �,1Q|-+o�>B)*+*�c+6O*+A@*+o�,=*#O*#

+mt>1-# +o^Ra�&x3�&JN +�,} +��)* +2¡,(F) +H7&i()* +�=# +ol`)* +uFB) +<3)70)* +D73`B()* +�=

+�O7`P+~M+:Q8-+o�)q+.Br+�>B)*+*�c+"7(B1&?7;+VÛa"7(1�A*+{Fj+�N5.�#+o2i-,()*+<)7�+�=

+g7}>j+�>B)*+*�c+6%e-+7=.8j+o2i-,()7r+ �5*,&¡@*+{)@*+"7(B1&?A*+�)q+� zHO*+%)#+ol39`)*+wj

+V^[aGH7B)*+:;+ �D7Qj7&i=+<-O*+�8j+O7&J8-+6O*+6#H+ §��)7B()*+2¡,()*+<)7�+:;+g7(4*H+~(B1&'-

+7vM,N+ �<h-,`)+�)7(B1&?*+.8j+O7`�)*+<)7�+:;+%c+l39`)*+6O*+:8B-+A+o�>B)*+<�*.�+6O*+A@*

+"*L- +A +<h-,`)* +��c +6O* +oG,9�)7r +<d7B1&?A* +.Br +o2?7&?OA* +t7&ih) + �.MO7N# +ok-.0)* +l`)*

+u) + ��>j+"7(B1&?* +6O* +~r7h()* +:;# +o^Za7vN.47; + f�1 §9�|O* +.�# +o7c�#7CN +u�5+g7(47� +7vr +~=7B1)*

V�;,�+:;+^]a�)7B()*+l39`)*+�8j+"O7&' |-+gO7`P+~ �e&J |-+.�+�C471d+�,B|N+#O*+.MO71N

+�H*.j@* +<h-,�+#O* +o�>B)*+*�c+<38hN+�=+g7h;*%1=+6%e-+6O* +�3;+ |2¡,1Q|- +!k1'(#+o/g&c +I

+<F�+#O*+o �<d%j5+<-O*+l39`)*+{)@*+ �l �&'8 |-+6O*+6#H+�3Q81)*+*�c+u1-+6O*#+ométhode exploratoire

+VO7`P+ �~e)+<d �%e |()*+<3&?7&?OA*+,&E78B)*+:c#+o"7(c@*+#O*+o ��*,1�*

+o7vN*5%`N# +�1)7� +<Br71=# +o2i-,()* +G7j*,= +l39`)* +{Fj +2¡,Q|- +!k1'(# +.'<)S0 +I

+A +l39`)* +m*L1)7; +VV<3�*,C)* +<3F(B)* +m7(N@A +�dO7&Jr +<=�>)* +D7v3}%1)*# +,=*#OA* +t7`j@*#

+{1�+o�)q+lhj+2i-,()7r+<-78B)7r+�=*L1)*+.1(-+q@*+o<3�*,C)*+<3F(B)*+m7(N@*+H,C=+.8j+bh-

V<3d789F)*+<347&ih)*+G,&J8)*+<FC=+^Ta+<C)7B()7;�+o783r+7(M+o<C)7B()*+~�*,=+H.�+��)*+�3)@* +57&J()*+Y\/TSZ\+u�,)*+D#,3r+:;+:d.()*+H,Q8()*+:&¡7h)*+ue�+�}*5+^�a+m%h- +6O* +"7C()* +*�c +:; +�3Fj# +o2¡,()* +w= +�1-7(0)# +2i-,()* +wj+b3Q�1F) +l39`)* +7c��1- +:1)* +"7(jOA* +<j%(C=+:; +~�(1N

+V�2¡,(F)+�&x3�&JN+,�@*+�r+,=O7-#+o�>B)7r.20 FEV.1979.D.1980 inf. Rap.p.131.obs.Penneau+!�}*5+^Ra

Civ.20 mai 1936 D.p.1936.1.p .88 concl.Mattar.+ÛaRabat.19 juin.1951 D.1952 Somm.p.107.+^[aCiv.1 er mai 1959.D.1959 Somm.p.107.+^Za

Mont pellier.14 dec.1954.D. 1955 p.745 note Coryonnier, et sur porvoi Civ. 1 er 1 juill.1958.D.1958.J.C.P.1958.+^]aII No 101616 note R.Savatier.

TY

#05+& 6789 *&$' .) .:

+{)@*+m*L1)A*+*�c+~&x-+6O*+6#H+o �D7Qj7&i=#+�471d+w=+<3F(B)*+{Fj+lN,1-+6O*+we(-+7=+�H7Q1-

V^Ta<-78B)*+"�r#+<-7j,)*+:;+5*,(1&?A*+~r+o<3F(B)*+«7Cd#+2i-,()*+t7Q&�+67(&¡+ �.�

+ �~ §9 ��+*q@*�+�dO*+{Fj+TYYU+_79&�+��+6%d7�+w=+�+G,h;+�]+GH7()*+f&xd+o57�@A*+*�c+:;#

+ �2x�&�+�=+6#7B1)7r+mO*+�&'Q8r+t*%&?+o�1C)7B=+5*,(1&?*+w3=O71r+mLF |-+o �2i-,=+<C)7B=+l39`)*

+�r71- +6O* +:y98- +:1)* +<3(FB)* +D73`B()* +K.�OA +g7h;## +o ¥:� + �,3(&¡# + �<�H +~er +�)q# +o �~ zc$%=

+oK5*%M +"%&x� +#O* +:&JQN +"7� +:; +l}%()* +*�c +{Fj +<&?H7&')* +GH7()* +D.MO* +7(M +V�7c5%`N

+m%h- +w-�)* +{&¡,()* +wj +{F�1- +zAO* +l39`)* +{Fj +lC-� +�dO* +{Fj +DA70)* +��c +:; +f z&x8;

+GH7()*+D57&�O*+7(M+V�<8e(()*+s,`)*+~&i;O7r+<C)7B()*+��c+5*,(1&?*+w3=O7N+.Br+A@*+ouv1C)7B(r

+�7CN+�N79}*#+wj+gA#$%&'=+l39`)*+{h9-+o~(BF)+ ¥:j7(}+ �b�%N+<)7�+:;+�+�dO*+{Fj+TT+G,h;+�]

+6%e-+7c.8B;+o�>B)*+2i-,()*+2i;5+"7�+:;+�dO*+A@*+Vuv)+<C)7B()*+<-5*,(1&?*+w3=O7N#+o�7&¡,=

+f&¡,;+.h;+o,`�)*+<)7�+:;+2i-,()*+6O* +w39N+*q@*#+V��1Br71=+wj+b�%1)*+l39`)*+��+w=

+ �l39�+G57&J1&?7r+m%h-+t7&i1�A*+.8j#+o�>B)7r+�j78�@A+�.v}+"�9-+6O*�+R+G,h;+�\+GH7()*+�3Fj

+:;+l}%()*+*�vr+">P@A*+.8j+l39`)*+<3)#$%&'=+uM70()*+f8FjO*+.�#+o�<-7y)*+��v)+,�MO*+#O*+,Pn*

+!7v8=+oG.-.j+ �DA7�

+.Br+2i-,()*+<)7�+u�7QN+,`�r+�(Fj+�=+o �<1r7�#+ �G,(1&'=+ �G5%&xr+<9�*,()*+:;+"7(c@A*+I

V^�a2¡,()*+5%`N+{)@*+�)7(c@*+� zHO*+.�#+o<3F(B)*+t*,}@*

V^Ra~(0F)+G,3POA*+m7-OA*+:;+<&i-,()7r+�=7(1c*+m.j+I

+l39`)*+w=+ �~P.N+6#H#+o �<=7c+ �£7}#O7r+�)+l9&'N+7(=+o�N.c7&J=+6#H+ gG,1;+2i-,()*+�,N+I

VÛa�=An*+w=+bQ�-+7=+�47`j@7r

V^[a<3�*,C)*+<3F(B)*+�4*,}@*+.Br+#O*+o6*#OA*+~9�+�&x()*+#O*+{Q&J1&'()*+w=+2i-,()*+�*,P@*+I

+V^Za<-5#,&¡+fd7M+o2i-,(F)+ �<�*5#+ �<c7hd+G,1;+�.-.0N+m.j+I

+V^]a5*,&¡O7r+l9&'1)*#+W,v)*+�)+~v&?+7(=+og73Fhj+2i-,()*+<9�*,=+"7(c@*+I

+Paris 16 dec.1994.Gaz.Pal.1995.p.2011; Civ.30 oct.1995.D.1995.p.276; Civ.9 oct.1985.D.1985.P.417.+^Ta+Paris 26 nov.1968.D.1969.Somm p.72.+^�a

Orlaeans 9 jan.1975.D.1975.Somm p.62; Civ.1 er juin 1976.D.1976 Somm p. 63; J.C.P.1976 II.NO 18483.+^Ra+Civ.1 er 5 nov.1974.Bull.Civ.I, no 292.+Ûa

+Civ.1 er 22 jan.1963.Bull.Civ.I, No 49; 18 juin 1970.D.1970.Somm.p.193.+^[a+Civ.1 er 27 oct.1969.D.1970 p.7.+^Za

V.Req.14 dec.1926.D.p.1927.1.p.105 note Josserand;S.1927.1p.105 note Esmein; 4 janv.1938.Gaz. +^]a Pal.1938.1.p.475; paris 1 er juin 1935 D.H. 1935.P.402; Aix.18 janv.1962.J.C.P.1962 II, No 12892.noter

R.Savatier.

�S

!"#$%& !'(#) :*"$+,-.( /0"$%.( *1 *,2.( 324.(

+�3h01r+l39`)*+m*L)@*+2E%&x8)*+�FN+2i;5+t*�@*+�dO*+!H*%()*+�FN+{Fj+./O)[(#+.jB1C(#

+f=L)O*+�\+GH7()7;+o�47Q&J)+<r%F`()*+<-78B)*+"�9r+�1=L)O*+7vdO*+A@*+o2i-,()*+t7Q&�+:c#+o �<C31d

+o<-78B)*+ §"�r+ §l}%=+57�@*+:;+~P.-+7=+%c#+VT_:DCL(+ p.*23)&0+ p.6()'0+q2_-?#+J/0?)S<+l39`)*

!w3F=7Br+~&x1N+<vC)*+��v)+<)O7&'()7;+VGH.&J=#+ �<&E7P+ �<-78j+7v8e)#

+ �<�7&'= +g7(4*H +�)78v; +o ¥:9� + �~(j +~M +7v3Fj +�%`8- +:1)* +<;�7C()*# +o"7(1�A* +~=7j

+l&'dOA*#+o~&i;OA*+�*,-+��)*+�>B)*+5731P*+:;+l39`)*+<-,�+~=7j#+o~&JQ)*+#O*+«7C8F)+ �<B&?*#

+o7(v3; + �,33yN +#O* + �.33hN +~M# +o:9`)* +~(B)* +,c%}+:; +7(c +6>=7B)* +6*�v; +V2i-,()* +<)70)

+<-,0)*#+o,�7�()*#+o<;�7C()*+A%)+l`)*+<8v=+:c+7=+q@*+V~(B)*+*�c+,c%Cr+g7&?7&'=+~e&J-

+ol39�+�F`=+5731P7r+ ��F`=+ ��+2i-,(F)+67M+*q@7;+V�939�#+2i-,()*+w=+ ~M+7vr+~h1&'-+:1)*

+�]+GH7()*a+«* z,C)*+5731P*+:;+#O*+o^[R+GH7()*#+T+G,h;+\+GH7()*a+o,Pn*+ �l39�+G57&J1&?*+:;+#O*

+<38v()*+�1-,0r+®7Q1�A*+%c+ol&'�#+ ¥��+H,C=+2'3)#+og79}%=+l39`)*+{Fj+6@7;+o^T�+G,h;

+b3Q�N#+�47Q&�+~}O*+w=+<=�>)*+<-78B)*+{Fj+"%&x0)7r+2i-,(F)+ ��+~r7h()*+:;+:c+:1)*�

+:;+,3�O71)* +�dO7&� +w=+ ��y&¡+�OA+£%&i�)* +o<&?57(()* +t78�O* +o2i;,-+6O* +l39`)* +{Fj#+V�=An*

+2i-,()*+<0F&x=+:;+%c+og7d73�O*+ �<r%&'0=+,�7�=+H%}#�+6O*+7(M+V^Ta^TU+GH7()*a+��N*5*,�

+p-57N+<3&'d,Q)*+L33(1)*+<(e0=+5*,�+�8=+,h1&?*+g*H7v1}*+H*%()*+�FN+f&?,M+.h)+V^�a� gG,&�79=

+67M+ 6@*# +o.j*%h)* +�FN +:;+�3e&J1)* +�5#.r +2i;,- +l)7y)* +�hQ)* +6O* +7(M+o^Ra +TYRZ+57-O* +�S

VÛa7c,-%`N+«,1h-+2iB9)*

+ �mLF=+l39`)*+6O*+:8B-+A+o2x8)*+l&'�+2i-,(F)+ �<9&?78=+ �<C)7B=+~&i;O*+l39`)*+w3=O7N+6@*

+q2_-?#+)CO4#`+o�47Q&�+{Fj+"%&x0)*+�.vr+<�71()*+~47&?%)*+~M+2i-,()*+�,&xN+:;+�&i-+6O7r

+7(d@*#+o�1;7�M#+�>B)*+<3(er+�FB1N+A+<)O7&'()7;+V2i-,(F)+ g<(4>=+6%eN+6O*+_,&�+iqU)23$(#+rLc

+o:(FB)*+5%`1)*+7v3)@*+~ z&E% �N+:1)*+<3}>B)*+s,`)*+~&i;O*+l39`)*+.(1B-+6O7r+o<C)7B()*+<3j%8r

+V�1)7�#+2i-,()*+�=+l&?781-+7(r+<38h1)*+�FN+m.�1&'|N+6O7r#+o2i-,(F)+ g79&?78=+6%e-+6O*+_,&�

+%c+7(;+V5731PA*+�)q+:;+ g<�H#+ g<r%B&E+�)78c+6O*+A@*+o�>B)*+5731P*+<-,�+l39`F)+fd7M+*q@7;

+oTY]T +o".B)* +<FC= +oTY]S/TS/Z +p-57N +oTYZ\/RU� +u�,)* +D#,3r +:; +�3h01)* +:&¡7� +5*,� +!{8B()* +*�vr +�}*5 +^TaV�Z[+I�Z�+2x&E

+Yarnick Dagorne – Labre note sous Cass. Civ. 1er 28 juin 1989.D. 1990 p. 4130414.+^�a Jean Lanfois. L.aléa Thérapeutique. Colloque sur le risque. Université +�}*5 +<;�7C()*# +,�7�()* +G,e; +"%�# + Saint-Esprit de Kaslik (USEK). Faculté de droit 17.18.19 avril 1997 p. 65 et s.Mme Geneviève Augendre

L’aléa Thérapeutique. même colloque, ibid. pp. 75-82,D=P=+1936.1=+p=88=+^Ra

j. Penneau in repertoire de droit civil Encycl. Dalloz. Vo. Médecine no 485 et s; B. +!�}*5 +�)q +2¡,j+:; +ÛaStarck. H. Laurent. L. Boyer. Droit civil, les obligations 2.Contrat Litec. 6 éd. 1998 No et s; et No 2071.

�T

#05+& 6789 *&$' .) .:

+{QjO*+.�+£,1&J()*+67M+*q@*+!<3NnA*+<¤�>()*+t*.r@*+we(-+78c#+VH z.&J |=+ �l}%=+%c+�8=+ �W%F`=

+o �l}%(r +�Fh�O* +~r7h()* +:; +�dO* +A@* +o�47Q&� +#O* +2i-,()* +<C)7B= +<C318r +m*L1)A* +w= +l39`)*

+<)70)+<(4>()*+~47&?%)*+ �~&i;O*+o�=An*+w=+b3Q�1F)+7v83=O71)+{B&'-+:1)*+<F3&?%)*+6%eN+6O*+%c

=D:;HS(#+.:DB`+DYg(#+;s$:+i./&HS(#+tO)s+](4)-+V2i-,()*

+A+<3)#$%&'()7;+V.:)&'(#+uo*<+ts$C(#+;s$:+i vD:;HS(#+ w.:DB`+ vDYg(#+ wu)CF4#+;s$:+x/B`

V�,&E78j+D%9�+.8j+O7`�)*+G,e;+{)@*+LeN,N+7(d@*#+o�O7`P+6#H#+ g<3(e�+6%eN

Vt/*A(#+?)Ay+;:;Ec+7)/'0+!./O)z+hDH-

!:NO7-+7=+TYZ]+57-O*+T\+p-57N+YTS+u�,)*+D#,3r+�78�1&?*+<(e0=+5*,�+:;+t7}

+"%&EO*+7v�,1&JN+:1)*+G5%&x)*+{Fj+o�)+<39`)*+<-78B)*+"�9r+�&i-,=+t*�@*+mL1F-+l39`)*+6@*�

+ f�� §0|r+t*%&?+og*. z�%=+l39`)*+<B9N+573B=+6%e-+o�&¡,�#+m*L1)A*+*�c+�=#+V�8;+D73&i1h=#+�18v=

+�=*L1)*+�3Q8N+:;+l39`)*+�,P+ 6@7;+o ¥�,3&xhN+ �2?7&?O*+{Fj+#O*+o ¥�.hj+ �2?7&?O*+{Fj+<B91)*+��c

+#O*+o�&E7&x1P*+£,;+:;+ g<�H#+og*,&x9N#+o gG,9P#+o gGt7QM+ot79�OA*+�&?*#O*+w=+ �l39�+�%F&?+wj

V�1B9N+�3Fj+m%hN+gO7`P+b)$%-+�}#,P+6@7;+og*5,&¡+K.�O7;+o:8v()*+�*%1&'=+:;

+,-.h1)*+*�c+,&E78j+w=+6%e-+6O*+:y98-+o573B()*+*�v)+g7B9N+��`P+,-.hN+.8j+�d@*+k3�#�

+��c+wj+~cq+6@7;+o:9`)*+�F(j+"7C=+:;+G,h1&'()*+<38Q)*+"%&EO>)+l39`)*+G7j*,=+�.=

+w=+�13)#$%&'=+g7B911&'=+�,3&xhN+67M+o �".}+�q+,3�+f&'=O*+6O*+.Br+7v8j+ z�&�+#O*+o"%&EOA*

V��}%)*+*�c

+�)7B-+��)*+l39`)7;+�+V7v)+ ��A+ �5*,�+:;+573B()*+*�c+DLM5#+o7v&'Qd+<(e0()*+DH7j+.�#

+o<9}*%)*+<-78B)*+"�r+�hN7j+{Fj+�PO7-+~r+og7(1�#+ g>=7M+�)+t7Q&J)*+w3=O71r+mL1F-+A+o2i-,()*

+6O* +:y98-+7(j+�,�-+>;+o�&E7&x1P*+"7C=+:;+G,h1&'()*+<�-.0)*+<39`)*+.j*%h)*+G7j*,=#

V^Ta��N*q+"7C()*+:;+ gG,9P#+o gGt7QM+ot79�OA*+�&?*#O*+�=L1F-

!,c?):+)0+J:7#DH(#+J:o{+J0+|S&S2Kw:

+:1)*+o�N7=*L1)*+�3Q8N+:;+�}#,�r+~�(1-+��)*+%c+ol39`)*+�8j+"O7&' |-+��)*+O7`�)*+6@*+! W5`?#

+o gG,9P#+o gGt7QM+ot79�OA*+�&?*#O* +w=+%c+o �l39`)+�%)O7()*+�%F&')*+wj+o7v3)@* +G57&�@A*+fh9&?

V<�H#+og*,&x9N#

V\+u�5+oUU\+2E+o^w-.)*+2'(&�a+oTY]S/R/TS+p-57N+oRTR+u�,)*+5*,h)*+oD#,3r+�78�1&?*+<(e0=+^Ta

��

!"#$%& !'(#) :*"$+,-.( /0"$%.( *1 *,2.( 324.(

+��)*+:&x�&J)*+573B()*+2'3)#+o �H,C=+ :j%&¡%=+ �573B=+%c+o<vC)*+��v)+.(1B()*+573B()7;

V�138cq#+o�3Fj+{j z.()*+l39`)*+<3&x�&�+{Fj+LM,-

+��)*+%c+o�8=+ �%e&J()*+l39`)*+O7`P+,-.h1)+ �2?73h(M+ |. �(1B |-+��)*+�&?%)*+l39`)*+6@*+!W)/O)z

+6@7;+o2E7&x1PA*+£%8N#+£,Q1)*+.B9;+V:8v()*+�*%1&'=+:;+#O*+o�3)@*+57&J()*+l39`)*+<�;+w=+6%e-

+{Fj#+og7&x&x�1=+og7-H7j+o7v&'Qd+�3Fj+{j z.()*+l39`)*+<�;+{)@*+:(18-+��)*+%c+t79�OA*+�&?#O*

+:c+o"#.)* +2iBr+:;+t7&ih)* +7vr+�h-+.�+:1)* +<r%B&x)*#+V�&x&x�N+£,;+5791jA7r+�P$%- +6O*

+Vg*5H7d+#O*+<)#.)*+:;+g7;#,B=+£,Q)*+*�c+6%e-+A+7=.8j

+"%&EOA*#+o:9`)*+�F(j+"7C=+:;+G,h1&'()* +<38Q)* +"%&EO>)+l39`)*+G7j*,=+�.=+!W)[()z

V<8v()*+<&?57(=+7v3&i1hN+:1)*

+uv()7;+V,3&'-+#O*+o �u3&'}+�O7`P+w3r+�-,Q1F)+ol39`)*+O7`P+:;+k09)*+.8j+o"7C=+A+!W)'<#7

V�8;+:;+G,h1&'()*+"%&EOA*+{j*5+.�+l39`)*+6%e-+A+6O*

+ g7vh;+fr7�)*+573B()*+%c+o7v-5*,�+:;+<3;78�1&?A*+<(e0()*+�N.(1j*+��)*+573B()*+*�c+6@*

+t79�OA*+�&?#O*a+g*H,C=+t7}+6@*#+ol39`)*+%c+! :&x�&�+"#OA*+!w3B�*#+{Fj+LM,-+%v;+o^Tagt7&i�#

+wQ)*+"%&EO*#+.j*%�+! :j%&¡%=+:d7�)*+V^�)7B()*+l39`)*+7v3Fj+67M+:1)*+<3}57�)*+�#,¤)*+:;

+,¤8|-+>;+!67=�>1=+7(c+67B�*%)*+6*�v;+V<39`)*+.3)7h1)*#+D*H7B)*+�3Fj+D,}+7=#+o:9`)*

+ gGH7j+l39`)*+m*L1)*+">P+w=+7(d@*#+o �<Fh1&'=+ �G5%&xr+oO7`�)*+,-.hN+.8j+�&?#OA*+l39`)*+{)@*

+7= +<;,B() +�)q# +o�)7B()* +l39`)* +7v3; + �. §} |# +:1)* +7v&'Qd +�#,¤)* +:;+<8v()* +w;# +o.j*%hr

+TYYU+_79&�+��+6%d7�+2?,M+.�#+V.j*%h)*+�FN+wj+�,P+#O*+o{j*5+.�+l39`)*+*�c+67M+*q@*

+GHA%)*+"7�+:;�+�dO*+{Fj+�8=+RR+GH7()*+f&xd+.h;+o g<�*,&E+7=@*+o.j*%h)*+�F1r+m*L1)A*+l}%=

+<0F&x()+:9`)*+wQ)*+�&¡,Q-+7()+ g7h;#+�,&x1-+6O*+l39`)*+{Fj+o<3B39`)*+,3�+#O*+G,&'B1()*

+7v&?,M+:1)* +D79}%()* +bF1�(;+og738(&¡+7=@*# +o�<3F47j+ �D*5791j7r+ �,��O7N +7(d#H+o~Q`)*+#O* +mOA*

+t*.r@* +:&i1h- +o57�@A* +*�c +:; +we)# +V"%&EOA*# +.j*%h)* +�FN +lF&E +:; +:c +5%M�()* +6%d7h)*

!<3NnA*+D7¤�>()*

+¯7v3F-+7=#+�[Z+2E+oTYYZ+o��+o6%&'0r+<&'&?$%=+!D#,3r+o<3d.()*+<3)#$%&'()*+o:d.()*+6%d7h)*+o:}%B)*+{Q`&x=+!�}*5+�)q+"%�+^Ta+oD*.-%j +D*5%&J8= +!2'-57r +I +D#,3r +o5,&i)*# +O7`�)* +o:&x�&J)* +~BQ)* +wj +<�&�78)* +<3)#$%&'(F) +<=7B)* +<-,¤8)* +ol3h8)* +b�7j+7=#+T+2E+oTYZU+o^sV6a+<3d789F)*+<347&ih)*+G,&J8)*+o<3d.()*+l39`)*+<3)#$%&'=+:;+<&E7P+:�*%d+o�-,}+~3FP+¯�U]+2E+oTY\R+2?#5.)*+.vB=+D7&?*5H+u&'�+oTT+H.j+oTY][+o^VsV6a+6789)+:;+l39`)*+<3)#$%&'=+o�,-,0)*+u&'3=+VTSI\+2x&E+g7&E%&xP+o7v3F-+<FC=+:; +�3FBN +oW7-H +2'-5%= +¯TR]+2E+oTYYR+o�H.j+o".B)* +<FC=+:; +�3FBN +o.3j +%r* +2?73)* +¯7v3F- +7=# +T�\]+2E+o<347&ih)*

VTRY+2E+oTYYY+o".B)*

�R

#05+& 6789 *&$' .) .:

+ �"#$%&'=+ �l39�+ z~M+�+6O*+{Fj+f ¨&xd+.�+5%M�()*+6%d7h)*+w=+T\+GH7()*+6@*+!]( ?5#+.jB1C(#

+£,1&J()*+6O7M#+o2x8)*+,c7�+:;+#.9-+k30r+V<38v()*+�47`PO*+wj+2'3)#+o�<38v()*+�)7(jO*+wj

+l}%=+<B39�+,33yN#+ot79�OA*+<3)#$%&'=+:;+�&?%1)* +{)@* +:=,N+:1)* +<�-.0)*+<jL8)7r +,�O7N +.�

+wj+gA#$%&'=+l39`)*+fFB}+T\+GH7()7;+V �<-7�+ §�3h0N+ §l}%=+{)@*+ �<-78j+ §"�r+l}%=+w=+ol39`)*

+#O*+oH%hB)*#+D79}%()*+6%d7�+w=+T��+GH7()*+fFB;+7(M+o<3j#,&J()*+m.Br+7vd*,�@*+6#H+�)7(jO*

+6#H+l39`)*+<3)#$%&'=+6%eN+6O*+:;+:c+<jL8)*+6O7e;+!<=7B)*+.j*%h)*+�)q+2¡,QN+7(M+oO7`�)7r

V�731=7r+ �u3&'}+�O7`P+*�c#+oO7`P

+��)*#+o g<=7j+l39`)*+l}%()+7c.-.0N+:;#+oG5%M�()*+�\+GH7()*+6@*+!./O)[(#+.jB1C(#

+ p.*23)&0+ p.6()'0+q2_-?#+J/0?)S<+�+%c+�)�)+g7&?73h=+fB&¡#+o�8j+ |"�O7&' |-+gO7`P+�r+">P@A*+~e&J-

+�&?*#O*+�r+mL1F-+6O*+:&i1h-+7=+�.=+<;,B=+{)@*+t%CF)*+.8j+ok09)*+2¡,Q-+7=+%c#+o�T_:DCL(

+ g79&?78=+6%e- +6O* +{Fj+ol`)* +uFj+�3)@* +~&E%N +7=# +o<38Q)* +s,`)* +~&i;O* +H7(1j* +%c#+ot79�OA*

+<=�>)* +<¤h3)*# +oG,9�)*# +o<3(FB)* +Gt7Qe)* +l39`)* +:; +�(1CN +6O7r +2¡,1Q- +�)q +V2i-,(F)

+«,`- +7(= +V2i-,(F) + �<C)7B= + �~&i;O* +o2x8)* +�;# +ow �=$% |N +:1)* +G5%&x)7r +:9`)* +~(B)* +t*,}@A

+:j%&¡%()* +573B()7r +°Q1�* +6*# +o�3)@* +57&J()* +2x8)* +:; +£,1&J()* +67M +*q@* +7= +"%� +"$#7&'1)*

+:;#+o2?73h()*+l39`)*+:;+7c,;*%N+:&i1h-+:1)*+_#,&J)*+:;+ �H z.&JN+.�+ol39`)*+O7`P+,-.h1)

+ ��5.N+.}%-+o57�@A*+*�c+:Q;+©l39`)*+*�c+7vr+�1(1-+6O*+:&i1h-+:1)*+:9`)*+wQ)*+"%&EO*#+.j*%�

+l39`)*+6%e-+7=.8j+g7&i-O*+H.&J1N+<-78B)*+��c#+Vl39`)*+w=+<r%F`()*+<-78B)*+<}5H+:;+g7&i-O*

+lF`|-+��)*+�>B)*+wj+ �bF1�=+�8=+lF`|-+��)*+�>B)7;+o :&E7&x1P*+ �l39�+%c+�3Fj+{j z.()*

+:c +o<8-.()* +:; +l39`)* +<3B&¡# +6O* +7(M +V^m7j +l�a + �H z.0= + �2E7&x1P* +�) +2'3) + �l39� +w=

+<�71()*+~47&?%)*+#O*+o2x&x�1)7;+V<C)7B(F)+<3)#OA*+D7}731�A*+{)@*+,h1QN+ �<347d+ �<-,�+:;+7c,3�

+7(M+V:&E7&x1P*+ �l39�+w=+lF`|-+7=+ ¥m7j+ �l39�+w=+lF`|-+>;+VDA70)*+�FN+l&'0r+ �<QF1�=

+G,;%1()*#+o<-H7()*+D7d7e=@A7;+V<8-.()*+:;+ �l39�+w=+lF`|-+7=+<-,h)*+:;+ �l39�+w=+lF`|-+A

+�,-.hN +:; +2¡,1Q- +<-78B)* +"�r +l}%=+6@7; +78c +w=+V7vFM +DA70)* +�FN +:; +7vN*q +:c+f&'3)

+o<C318)*+l}%=+�&¡,1Q-+A+��)*+,=OA*+%c#+oDA70)*+w=+ �<)7�+~e)+<&E7�)*+£7&¡#OA7r+�POA*

V^Taw-.()*+w=+<)#�9()*+<-78B)*+:;+k09)*+6#H#+o �<83B=+ �<-7�+�3h0N+%c+�3;+W%F`()*+6@*+k3�

+o�3)@* +57&J()* +573B(F) +�)7(j@* +.8j +oG5#,&i)7r# +�) +.r +A +t7&ih)* +6@* +!.[()[(# +.jB1C(#

+l39`)* +�=L1F- +��)* + ��%F&')* + |bzFe()* + |,39�)* +w39- +6O* +{Fj +o<38Q)* +G,9�)7r +w3B1&'- +6O* +w=

V. Starck Roland et Boyer – Droit civil op. cit. No 1179+^Ta

�U

!"#$%& !'(#) :*"$+,-.( /0"$%.( *1 *,2.( 324.(

+w=$%N+:1)*+<38Q)*+"%&EOA*#+.j*%h)*#+o�3Fj+{j z.()*+7vr+.}#+:1)*+�#,¤)*+~�=+:;+2?73h()*

+V5,&i1()*+2i-,(F)+ �<C)7B=+~&i;O*

=,*A(#+?)Ab(#+f$ag0+,-+u$ES(#+!.[()z+hDH-

+m*L)@* +57�@*+w=+<39`)*+<3)#$%&'()*+:;+"7h1dA*+%c+o57�@A*+*�c+:;+O*,�+��)*+"%01)*+6@*

+�3h0N+l}%(r+l39`)*+m*L)@*+{)@*+o�&¡,j+�,}+��)*+%08)*+{Fj+<-78B)*+"�r+l}%(r+l39`)*

V� �9�8CN+TYYU+_79&�+��+£,1&J=+"#7�+7=+%c#+o2i-,()*+t7Q&�+:c+o �<C31d

!w313�7d+w=+�,9-+"%01)*+*�c+6@*

V:9`)*+O7`�)*+{)@*+G,¤8)*+w33FN+!](`?5#+./B)&(#

V<39`)*+<3)#$%&'()*+:;+<=7B)*+.j*%h)*+{Fj+�#,�)*+!./O)[(#+./B)&(#

+�1d+7(FM+uv13)#$%&'=+6>j@*+{)@* +£*,&?@A7r+ot79�OA*+t*�@* +H �.&J1)*+:;+~�(1N+](`5#+./B)&(#

+wj+#O*+o �<-,9�=+~3)70N+wj+5,&i)*+�)q+O7&Jd+%)+7(M+o<-H7B)*+<3}>B)*+"7(jOA*+2iBr+wj+5,&i)*

+ �D7r7v1)* +<30&¡+2i-,()*+67M+#O* +o:9`)*+wQ)*+<&?57((r+g73FM+�FB1N+A+ �<-H7j+ �<`3&'r+ �D7&E%0;

+H7C-@7r+�}%1)*+*�c+O*.1r*+.�#+V{Q&J1&'()*+:;+ucH%}#+t78�O*+{&¡,()*+l3&xN+:1)*+w=+ �<3=%�,}

+�N7j+{Fj+w=+D79�@A*+tlj+lF�+w=+�)q+�911&'-+7=+�=+oGH73B)*#+l39`)*+�N7j+{Fj+�O7`P+<8-,�

+o^TaO7`�)*+:Qd+7v3Fj+�9&EO*+:1)*+<39`)*+GH73B)*+#O*+ol39`F)+�F3(0N#+o�r7&')*+:;+7(M+o2i-,()*

+{)@*+lN,1()*+l}%()*+"*.r@*#+o �<3)#$%&'=+<8-,�+H7C-@*+:c+o �G.-.}+ �<F�,=+{)@*+�}%1)*+*�c+{hN5*+u�

+^�a:98}OA*+l9&')*+D79�@7r+<3)#$%&'()*+�FN+:Qd+7(d@*#+o�3Qd+#O*+�&'ej+D79�@*+we(-+A+ �<C31d+l}%=

V^Ra�5*H@A*+t7&ih)*+:;+ �<F�7(=+ �G,¤d+�=+�Q1-+7=+%c#+VG,c7h)*+G%h)*+2x47&xP+�%10-+��)*

+6%d7M+T[+p-57N +7v) + �5*,�+:;+2'-57r +�78�1&?* +<(e0=+fQ&J1M* +o,Pn* + ¥:;7&¡@* + �5%`N+:;#

+ �l}%=+o<-78B)* +"�r+%c#+o:&?7&?OA* +l39`)* +l}%=+2J=7c+{Fj+.}%- +�dO7r+oÛa +TYYY+:d7�)*

Cass.1 Civ. 21 Mai 1996. R.T.D.C. 1996 P. 913 NO 2; Bull. Civ. I. NO 219; J.C.P. 1996. éd, G.I.n. 3985.+^Tan 24 et s. obs. G. Viney; 16 juin 1998. J.C.P. 1996. II. NO 10122 note Isabelle Denis – Chauchet.

Cass. 1o Civi. 29 Juin. 1999 D. 1999. p. 559 note D.Thouveni. Somm. P. 395 obs. J. Penneau; J.C.P. +^�a 1999. II. 10138 rapport p. Sargoss; 2000. I. 199. obs. Viney; Respons. Civile et assur. 1999. Chr. 20 par

H. Groutel. R.T.D.C. 1999 p. 841. obs. Jourdain. C.E. 9 Dec. 1988 cohen. R.p. 431. D.1990. P. 487 note J.J Thouronde et J-F Fouchard; 1 Mars 1989. +^Ra Bailly Respons civ. Et assur. 1989. p. 199; 14 Juin 1991. Maalem. Même rév. 1991.p. 300 et D. 1992.

p.148 obs. et P. Terneyre.C.A.Paris. 15 janvier. J.C.P. 1999. II, no 10068 note Laurence Boy. (arret smatt).+Ûa

Cass. 1 civ. 15 novembre. 1988. Bull. Civ. I no 319. R.T.D.C. cass. 1. civ. 15 Nov. +!678&?OA* +l`) +<9&'8)7r + 1972. D. 1973. p. 342. R.T.D.C. 1974. p. 160. note. C. Durry. 22Novembre 1994. J.C.P. 1995. IV. p. 204.

. R.T.D.C. 195.. obs. Jourdain p. 375

�[

#05+& 6789 *&$' .) .:

+<}5.)*+G7&ih;�+Vl}%()*+�)�)+<-5#,&i)*+<(11)*+%c+��)*#+o2i-,()*+<=>&?+<)7QM+%c+ :B9N

+{Fj+:hF |-+A+o�)+ �6%r�#+«* z,C)*+l39`)*+w3r+O7&J8-+��)*+.hB)*+<B39�+6O*+ ¥�0r+*#,91j*+.�+o{)#OA*

+"7(jOA*+~&J;+<)7�+:;+�z9`()*+l}%()*+*�c+6O*+A@*+o �<-78j+"�r+l}%=+�%&?+oO*.9(M#+o�hN7j

+2'3)+o ��>j+ �~e)+<=�>()*+,�7�()*#+2¡,()*+<)7�+679&'0)7r+�POA*+�=+g7&E%&xP+o<3}>B)*

+<=>&?+w3=O7N+{)@*+�.v-#+o�)+<-5#,&i)*+<(11)*+%c+��)*#+o ¥:B9N+ �l}%=+H%}#+�8(-+6O*+�dO7&�+w=

+��)*+5,&i)*+2¡ �%B-+6O*+�= §LF |-+o �<=>&?+ §<)7QM+ �l}%=+«* z,C)*+l39`)*+{Fj+6@7;+*�ec#+V2i-,()*

+5,&i)*+6%e-+A+7=.8j+O7`�)*+W73yr+{1�+o�}>B)+ �5#,&¡+ :�*,}+ �~(j+�&i-,()+�r+l9&'1-

V�<)70)*+��v)+��%1()*+5%`1)*+�=+A#+o2i-,(F)+<hr7&')*+<)70)*+�=+ �<�>j+{Fj

+uM70()*+f&i�+.h;+V<39`)*+<3)#$%&'()*+:;+<=7B)*+.j*%h)*+{Fj+�#,�)*+!./O)[(#+./B)&(#

+#O* + gG �H �5 �% |= +7v1Q&xr +<3}>B)* +D7&'&?$%()*# +ot79�OA* +�N7j +{Fj + �<C31d + §l}%= +H%}%r +<3&'d,Q)*

V^Ta<F(B1&'()*+<)nA*+:;+ �l3Br+,=OA*+�FB1-+7=.8j+oDAnA*#+H*%()*+2iB9)+ gG.vB1=

+��c +:; +.-.C)* +I +l39`F) +<3d.()* +<3)#$%&'()* +:; + |� §, 9 |- +o�3)@* +57&J()* +"�%01)* +*�c +6@*

+]LF +./*A(# +.&aC(# +}2GDgc +Po(# +~;a(#` +if$agC(# +,- + �q2N)E(# +�7 �$AS(# +I +<3)#$%&'()*

+<3)#$%&'()* +.3B&E+{Fj+o �<39F&? +�471d +w=+:&'d,Q)* +t7&ih)* +�3Fj+lzN5 +7=#+of1F45)< +t/*A(#

+o:&'d,Q)* +:d.()* +!w3d%d7h)* +w3r +g73;7&¡@* + g7;>1P* +.}#O* +7= +%c# +o7v`9&¡ +lB&x- +o<38v()*

V6789)+:;+H%hB)*#+D79}%()*#

+l}*# +w(&¡ +w= +�f1F45#� +ts$C(# +#o{ +JF +"1F45)< +,2KODg(# +^)2_H(# +?#;S<# +;H(

+ |l39`)*+:`B-+6O*+{Fj+�%`8-+7=+%c#+o�FP.1)+2i-,(F)+�9&'()*+{&¡,)*+{Fj+"%&x0)7r+l39`)*

+6 �%e|3 �;+o ��*%)*+<h3h�+{Fj+�%�%)*+w=+2i-,()*+we(1-+{1�+o �<-5#,&i)*+ §D7=%FB()*+ �2i-,()*

V^�a"%9h)*+#O*+2i;,)7r+�1j78�

+�3; +DO7}7; +og*5*,� +<3&'d,Q)* +L33(1)* +<(e0= +D5.&EO* +oTYY] +<8&? +_79&� +�[ +p-571r

+:d.()*+6%d7h)*+w=+TRT[+GH7(F)+ g73FM+ g<QF1�=+ gGt*,�+f`jO*+7=.8j+o^Ra�2E7&x1PA*+W70&EO*�

+� zQd+�dO*+f9� |-+6O*+ §w §v �1((F)+H%B-+�dO*+!7c,¤89;+V,(1&?*+ �H7v1}A+g*.�+�)�r+fB&¡%;+o:&'d,Q)*

+{Fj+TY[T+<8&?+<(e0()*+5*,�+�8=+o7d,&�O*+7(M+oD79�@A*+tlj+67M+6O*+.B9;+Vm>j@A7r+�9}%=

Cass. Civ. 29 mai 1951. D. 1952. Jurispr. p. 53. note Savatier. S. 1953. p. 1 note. Nerson. J.C.P.II. no. +^Ta+6421. note Perrot.

+_79&�+�T+:;+ �5H7&E+ �5*,�+{)@*+57&�O*+o(ed. 1988. p.126)+t79�O>)+<38�%)*+<r7h8)*+�N,&Jd+��)*+o<39`)*+W*HnA*+6%d7�+�)7j+w=#+^�a+ g<39-,hN+ g<`3&'r�+ �D7=%FB=+{hFN+67M+*q@*+A@*+{`B-+6O*+we(-+A+2i-,()*+"%9�+6O*+�3;+D,91j*+o<3&'d,Q)*+L33(1)*+<(e0=+wj+TYZT

V�}>j#+�13B&¡#+"%�+� g<(3h1&'=#+ g<0&¡*##+ g<=%vQ=#Gérard Memeteau. La présentation du droit médical dans le R.T.D.C. (Rev.Trim.Dr.civ) 2002. Variétés.+^Ra

�Z

!"#$%& !'(#) :*"$+,-.( /0"$%.( *1 *,2.( 324.(

+�dO*+ |D79�@*+l39`)*+�N7j+{Fj+�9&x-+:e)+TYY]+_79&�+5*,�+:;+H7v1}A*+"%0N+o2i-,()*+�N7j

+t7&ih)* +:; +g7-.-.CN +g*5*,� +g*,91B= +67M +��)* +oTY[T+5*,h; +o^Ta�3Fj +l}%1()* +m>j@A7r +m7�

+<3)#$%&'()*+s7`d+:;+o�)+67M+�dO*+ |2iB9)*+,91j*+��)*+oTYY]+<8&?+5*,�+�F0=+~�+.�+o:&'d,Q)*

+ g<F-%�+ gG,1;+,¤18-+u)+:&'d,Q)*+t7&ih)*#+o^�a.HF)28(#+9I`+o{)#OA*+<}5.)*+:;+<38B()*+<39`)*

V^Ra,(1&'=#+ m7j+ ��39`N+�)+�9&EO*+{1�+o �<j,&'r#+o�8(&iN+7=+2?,e;+o5*,h)*+�)q+£79NA

+og*5*,�+TYY\+<8&?+_79&�+T]+:;+<3&'d,Q)*+L33(1)*+<(e0=+D5.&EO*+o ��*%=+ ��,0N+:;#

+o�r7&')*+:;+7(M+o g{QB=+l39`)*+.B-+uF;+Vld*%C)*+<;7M+~(&J3)+m>j@A*+l}%=+�3;+fhF�O*

+�)q+�8=+o�3Fj+7(d@*#+oÛa7v)+2¡,B1-+.�+:1)*+<3478�1&?A*+,�7�()*+2i-,(F)+w39-+6O* +w=

+5*,h)* +*�c +.-O7N +.�# +o^[a<=7&'C)7r +b&x1N +:1)* +,�7�()7r +2i-,()* +±F9- +6O* +op-571)*

V^Za<h�A+ �D*5*,hr

+<3&i� +:; +L33(1)* +<(e0() +<=7B)* +<�3v)* +5*,� +�= +�N#5q +±Fr +.� +m>j@A* +l}%= +6@* +~r

+t7`POA*+f)7�+6O*+�8=+�dO*�+�3;+D,91j*+��)*#+o�SSS+<8&?+:d7�)*+w-,&JN+T]+p-57N+Perruche+ �W7&x=+GHA#+l8CN+6#H+mOA*+�=+<=,9()*+H%hB)*+7c�3Q8N+w=+,91�()*#+l39`)*+w=+<9eN,()*

+5,&i)*+wj+�)+ ¥:&x�&�+ �2i-%B1r+<9)7`()7r+�0)*+^~Q`)*a+,3POA*+*�c+{)@*+H%B-+�d@7;+o �<�7j@7r

+<=7B)*+<�3v)*+6O*+#.9-+A#+V�<&?,e()*+t7`POA*+�FN+�r+f99&'N+��)*#+o<�7j@A*+�FN+wj+�N78)*

V7vQ�%=+wj+�}*,1)*+<F�,=+:;+:c

+<(e0()* +�5,hN +7= +6OA +o�3; + �W%�,= +,3� +�}*,1)* +�)q +6O* +t7vhQ)* +2iBr +.C- +.�#

+o<(e0()* +��c+<3�*.&x(r +g7 z8&¡ +�)q# +ol-,h)* +.y)* +:; +�,3yN +6O* +�%C- +A +om%3)* +73FB)*

V"%F0)*+5*,h1&?*#

R.T.D.C. 1997. p. 437. obd. Jourdain et. P. 924. obs. Mestre. Et V. obs. Jourdainsur civ. 1er. 27. mai. +^TaR.T.D.C. 1999. p.111.

+P. Jourdain. In. R.T.D.C. 1997. p. 434. Precit.+^�a+Memeteau. Art. Precit.+^Ra

+Cass. 1er. Civ. 3. janv. 1991. bull. Civ. i. no. 5.+Ûa Cass. 1er. Civ. 7. oct. 1998. D. 1999. p. 154. note. Stephanie Prochy et somm. Comm.. p. 259. obs. +^[a

Mazeaud. J.C.P. 1998. II. No. 10179. concl. Sainte- Rose. Note. Saryos. Cass. 1er. Civ. 9. oct. 2001. J.C.P. 2002. II. No. +!�}*5+TYY\+<8&?+5*,�+~9�+DO7&Jd+£7&¡#O* +{Fj+~0)*+*�c+�39`N+:;# +

10045. note. O. Cachard. Cass. 27. mai. 1998. bull. Civ. i. no. 187. D. 1998. p. 530. Cass. 7. oct. 1998. J.C.P. 1998. II. No. 10179.+^Za

R.T.D.C. 1999. pp. 111-112.+:1)* +".B)* +<FC= +o^6789) +:; +<39`)* +W*HnA* +6%d7�a +TYYU +_79&� +�� +6%d7� +�;# +<39`)* +<3)#$%&'()* +o5%&x8= +:=7&? +!�)q +:;# ++6%d7h)* +!<3d.()* +<3)#$%&'()* +o5%&x8=+:=7&?+!g7&i-O* +o7v3F- +7=#+�Y\+2E+o�SSS+<8&?+oUH.j+oD#,3r+:;+w3=70()* +<r7hd+7c5.&xN+:9F0)*+D*#,&J8=+!D#,3r+o:&'d,Q)*+:d.()*+6%d7h)*+{Fj+m7j+:147=+o.j79N+mO*+W57hN+oH%hB)*#+D79}%()*+6%d7�#+:&'d,Q)*+:d.()*

VTYSITUY+2x&E+o�SS[+o<3�%h0)*

�]

#05+& 6789 *&$' .) .:

+o �<(3&'}+ �<�7j@7r+ g7r7&x=+g*.)#+Perruche +G.3&')*+f9CdO* +!<3NnA*+:c+<3&ih)*+��c+�47�##+omOA*+<3B&¡#+w=+.MO71F)+ �<-,9�=+~3)701r+m7�+��)*+,91�()*+w=+ ¥~M+�}#+:;+�#L)*+�=+fj zH7;

+.h;+V�)7B()*+l39`)*#+o �<�7j@7r+GHA%F)+<99&'()*+<3d7()OA*+<9&x0)*+2¡,(r+ g<r7&x=+fd7M+*q@*+7=#

+~3F01)+ g7B9N+ g<3r7C-@*+<C318)*+fNO*+q@*+o g<&i�781=+�471d+o7(vr+m7�+w3F3F01)+ g7B9N+o,91�()*+{`jO*

+.h;+ol39`)*+7=O*+Vanticorps+2¡,(F)+ �D*H7&i=+H%}#+�=+oanalyse de contrôle+<9�*,()*+ �<3;7&¡@* +~3)70N# + �D7&E%0; +t*,}@* +#O* +o7vh3�.N +m.j# +~3)701)* +�FN +�471d +2xP +7(3; +O7`PO*

+ g7-H*5@*+~(0)*+�`�+{)@*+DO7C)+fd7e)+o7v&¡,(r+f(Fj+%)+Perruche+G.3&')7;+o��*%)*+w=+.MO71F)+ �. §) |# +7()# +oGHA%)* +fF&x�+7() +<38h1)* +t7`POA* +�FN +A%F; +V~(0)* +w= +�3r7&?O* +G,&JB)* +">P

V7v3;+%c+:1)*+<-#7&?O7()*+<�7j@A*+t79jO*+o�1F47j#+%c+o g> �(01 |=+2�#57r+A%e3d

+o�>jO*+w39N+7=+�;#+o �. zMO*+��)*#+o£%&¡%()*+:;+"#OA*+7c5*,�+<=7B)*+<�3v)*+D5.&EO*+6O*+67M#

!w31)O7&'=+{Fj

+w3r#+o,91�()*#+l39`)*+w=+<9eN,()*+<38h1)*+t7`POA*+w3r+ �<399&?+ �<`r*5+H%}#+!](`?5#

V<�7B()*+<30)*+GHA%)*

+wj +g7&i-O* +6%e- +%v; +oG7;%)* +wj +<CN78)* +5*,&¡OA* +wj +6%e- +7(M +2i-%B1)* +6@* +!./O)[(#

+:;+7830&¡O7;+ª g<(Bd+�9&EO*+D%()*#+o g<(hd+f09&EO*+G730)*+6O7e;+VG730)*+wj+<CN78)*+5*,&¡OA*

+{v18=+%c+*�c#+o g<3Fhj+mO*+fd7M+ g<-.&'}+o<�7j@A*+W70&EO*+w=+2xF�1)7r+:�,B)*+,v`1)*+.vj

+{1�+o�F�)* +:;+7�-.�+6#H%)%()*+�,1|- +67M+k3�+o� ¥:�579&?�+ ��(1C=+:;+781r+{1�+o�}*,1)*

V,&J9)*+w3r+:Fc7C)*+L33(1)*+{v18=+*�c#+o<B39`)*+<=#7h=+�3`1&'-+w=+G730)7r+,(1&'-

+ol&'�# +:&'d,Q)* +6%d7h)* +:; +<3d.()* +<3)#$%&'()* +u3c7Q= +:; +, �3y |- +u) +Perruche +5*,�+ow3d%d7h)*+:;+<3d.()*+<3)#$%&'()*+ue0N+:1)*+u3c7Q()*+:;+g70&¡*#+g7;>1P*+O7&JdO*+ g7&i-O*+7(d@*#

!w31v}+w=+�)q#+o:d789F)*+H%hB)*#+D79}%()*#+:&'d,Q)*

V^"#O*+ �u&'�a+<=7B)*+<3d.()*+<3)#$%&'()*+ue0N+:1)*+u3c7Q()*+:;+�>1PA*+!](`?5#

+<38v()*a +<&E7�)* +<3d.()* +<3)#$%&'()* +ue0N +:1)* +u3c7Q()* +:; +�>1PA* +!./O)[(#

+V^ �67�+ �u&'�a+^<39`)*#

+o �<9-,�+ �G,1;+{1�+iW)2N$28y+,*A(#`+iW)0$CF+,&aC(#+f1F45#+ts$0+.6()'0+i")&*(+,-

+"%&x�+~9�+673&'d,Q)*+�-,&J1)*#+t7&ih)*+7v3Fj+67M+:1)*+o<(-.h)*+G5%&x)*+{Fj+"*L-+A+67M

+oD79�@A*+.3B&E+{Fj+#O*+o�*.=#+��7`d+�3&?%1r+o�&'Qd+l}%()*+.3B&E+{Fj+,3POA*+"%01)*+*�c

�\

!"#$%& !'(#) :*"$+,-.( /0"$%.( *1 *,2.( 324.(

+6O7M#+oIl39`)*I+�3Fj+{ �j z.()*+�N7j+{)@*+I2i-,()*I+: §j z. |()*+�N7j+{Fj+w=+D79�@A*+tlj+~h8r

+{Fj+Ig*,Pn*+6%e-+A+.�#I+g*,3PO*+#O*+ofhh0N+7vdO*+f9�-+6O*+�3Fj+o �<C31d+l}%=+%c+l39`)*+l}%=

+��)*+5,&i)*+K*.�@*+:;+l9&')*+%c+l}%()*+�)�r+">P@A*+6O*+5791j7r+o<3)#$%&'()*+.j*%�+.3B&E

+D7vC)* +��v) +u3c7Q()7; +V<vr7&J()* +D*5*,h)*# +o2�#57r +5*,� +:; +7(M +o,Pn* + �5.&x= +�) +6%e-

+!<3NnA*+W79&?O>)+:h1FN+A+o<QF1�=

+<39`)*+W*HnA*+6%d7�+I+TYYU+<8&?+_79&�+��+6%d7�+6@7;+o�&'Qd+l}%(F)+<9&'8)7r+!W5`?#

+"#OA*+w-,&JN+�S+p-57N+TRT\+u�,)*+m%&?,()*+Vl}%()*+*�c+o ��&¡*#+ �~e&Jr#+o�)7B-+u)+I

+2i-,()* +wj+:Q�- +6O7r +�0)* +l39`)* +{`jO* +.� +oI<39`)* +W*HnA* +m%&?,= +I +TYZY +<8&?

+:&i1h- +67M# +o^Ta2i-,()* +<F47j +m>j@* + |~ �&i �Q |-# +o �<�79Fr +�) +�8FB- +6O* +#O* +og*,`P +g7&x3�&JN

+<h;*%()*#+{&¡,()*+s%h�+6%d7�+I+�SSU+<8&?+_79&�+TT+p-57N+[]U+u�,)*+6%d7h)*+57¤1d*

+o�3)@*+57&J()*+�SS�/+RSR+u�,)*+ z:&'d,Q)*+ �6%d7h)*+ |£,1&J()*+�3;+uvF1&?*+��)*+oI+G,381&'()*

+<C)7B=+{)@*+�)q+�#7C1-+6O*+6#H+we)#+o�d%(&i=+.-.0N#+ol}%()*+*�c+u)7B=+�&¡%1N+{1�

+lN,1N +:1)* +�4718)*# +D79�@A* +tlj +<vC) +g7&E%&xP# +o7v�,`- +:1)* +<3d%d7h)* +D73)7e&�@A*

+ g7=%(j+<3)#$%&'()*+ue0N+:1)*+<=7B)*+.j*%hF)+ g<B&¡7P+~47&'()*+��c+{h91;+o�r+">P@A*+{Fj

V.-.01)*+�}#+{Fj+<39`)*#

+o<)O7&'(F)+2¡,B1-+u)+o�3)@*+57&J()*+[]U+u�,)*+6%d7h)*+6@*+oD79�@A*+.j*%h)+<9&'8)7r+!W)/O)z

+{)@*+£%},)7r#+V�3)@*+57&J()*+�SS�+<8&?+5*qn*+U+p-57N+�SS�/RSR+u�,)*+:&'d,Q)*+6%d7h)*+2'ej

!:NO7-+7=+{Fj+:d789F)*+H%hB)*#+D79}%()*+6%d7�+w=+�[[+GH7()*+f ¨&xd+.h;+o<=7B)*+.j*%h)*

+o.hB)*+��3Q8N+m.j+H,C()+gA#$%&'=+6%-.()*+6%e-+A+t78�1&?A*+�}#+{Fj+H%hB)*+2iBr+:;�

+6%d7h)*+w�3B |-#+o�N79�@* +w4*.)*+{Fj+lC-+ogO7`P+�r7eN5*+{Fj+g7;%�%=+�r+<B91)*+s70)@* +6%e-+~r

+�,0N+#O* +o5%`N+7(v=+q@* +o:9`)* +g*.-.0N# +o:8v()* +.hB)* +oH%hB)* +��c+w=#+V��13(cO* +<}5H

+o<-78B)*+"�r+:c#+ol39`)*+l}%()+<3&?7&?OA*+<B39`)*+,33yN+<C31d+{)@*+~&x-+w)+�d@7;+oH7v1}A*

V^�aG,(1&'=+ �D*5*,�+:;+:d789F)*+t7&ih)*+�3Fj+,h1&?*+7=+%c#+V2i-,()*+t7Q&�+67(&¡+A

+{)@*+ g*H781&?*#+o^Ra:&'d,Q)*+:d.()*+6%d7h)*+:;+�Fr7h-+7=+�)+2'3)+V£Vm+�[[+GH7()*+2xd+6@*

+Vm>j@A* +l}%(r +Iw-.()*I +l39`)* +">P@* +f9�- +6O* +I +w4*.)* +I +2i-,()* +{Fj+lC-+o�)q

V�U+GH7()*+^Ta+V7v3F-+7=#+�YS+2E+o2?Vm+o<39`)*+<3)#$%&'()*+o5%&x8=+:=7&?+!�)q+:;+^�a

+V:&'d,;+:d.=+TTU\#TTU]+w3NH7()*+2xd+%c#+o7vFr7h-+7=+7v)+H%hj#+D79}%=+�[U+GH7()*+�h;+^Ra

�Y

#05+& 6789 *&$' .) .:

+w=+{Fj+o.j*%h)*+�FN+l&'�+o�h-+D79�@A*+tlB;+VD79�@A*+:;+<=7B)*+.j*%h)*+�=+�Q1-+7=+%c#

+GH7()* +�3Fj+f z&xd+7=+2'ej+o^<3d.=+D7(M70=+"%&EO* +TR�+GH7()*a+~(B)* +#O* +<B�*%)* +: §j z. �-

+<)7�+:;+�+!7v3;+t7}+.�#+oG,3POA*+7vN,h;+o7&'d,;+:;+�SS�+<8&?+5*qn*+U+6%d7�+w=+TTTTI�

+.�+m>j@A*+6O* +{Fj+~3).)* +<=7�@* +o<30&x)*+<&'&?$%()* +#O* +<8v()* +l�7&E+{Fj+l}%1-+o£*L8)*

+�1=7�@* +we(- +~3).)* +*�c# +VGH7()* +��c +:; +GH.0()* +_#,&J)* +�;# +<�>B)* +l�7&x) +:`j|O*

+:&'d,Q)*+t7&ih)*+�&? z,M+��)*+�}%1)*+�)�)+ :B-,&JN+ �2'-,eN+�)q+:;#+V�D79�@A*+s,�+<;7er

Vw39N+7(M+TYY]+<8&?+�8=

+o6789)+:;+<347&ih)*+D*5*,h)*+<F�+%c+ot79�OA*+<3)#$%&'=+57�@*+:;+ �° ��> |()*+6@*+o<C318)7r

+�)q+ �.N,-+.�#+ot79�OA*+m7&x1P*+:;+uM70()*+{Fj+ |2¡ �, B |N+:1)*+7-7&ih)*+<F�+2'eB-+7=+%c#

!w399&?+{)@*

+�3Fj+{j z.()* +7v3;+6%e-+:1)* +<3)#$%&'()* +£*%dO* +~M+"#781- + m7j+%c#+o :&'Qd+!"#OA* +l9&')*

+oG7&ih)*a+ �<v}+#O*+o^VVVVw33Q0&x)*+ow3=70()*+ow3&?.8v()*+ot79�OA*+!<r7hda+ �u&'}+{)@*+ g73(18=

+<3)#$%&'=+5,h-+w=+6O*+<C0r+o<C318)7r+ �H,1&?+�%j.)*+6O*+w3&¡7h1()*+.8j+£781�A7;+V^6%Q�%()*

+6%d%e-# +o<(e0()* +w= +6%QzFe |- +t*,9P +uc +^VVVV:Q0&x)*# +:=70()*# +2?.8v()7Ma +l39`)*

+{)@*+6#.(B3;+o<j7(C)7r+2'0)*+tA$%c+�.)+6%e-#+o:8v()*+#O*+o:9`)*+u&'C)*+w(&¡+w=+ gGH7j

V^Ta^w33).B)*+G7&ih)*+"7(jO*+o<)#.)*+<(&E7�=+�%jHa+7v3)@*+6%(18-+:1)*+<vC)*+<-7(�

+{)@* +<;7&¡@A7r+5,&i1()*+2i-,()*+�)+2¡,B1-+��)*+s7c5@A7r+~�(1-+o �H7=+!:d7�)*+l9&')*

!w31v}+w=+�)q+6%e-#+V�5,&¡

+w383B()*+t*,9�)*+G,}O*+#O*+o�%j.)*+D7hQ8r+I: §j z.()*I+2i-,()*+b3Fe1r+s7c5@A*+!]( ?5#

V<(e0()*+w=

+<r%F`()*+<-78B)*+�)�r+m.j+{Fj+~3).)*+<=7�@*#+ol39`)*+O7`P+D79�@*+:;+s7c5@A*+!./O)[(#

+<(e0()* +w=+D zH |5 +:1)* +o�#7j.)* +2iBr +fv1d* +.�# +V: §j z.(F) + �<9&?78= + �<C)7B= +~&i;O* +w3=O71r

+7v13)#$%&'= +6>j@7r +<9)7`()*# +o<)#.)* +m7&x1P* +{)@* +ol39`)* +ld7} +:; +O7`�)* +D%9� +m.B)

+:;+g793j+<)O7&'()*+:;+6O*+�=+o^�a^7v3F-+7=#+]UT+H*%()*a+w33).B)*+G7&ih)*+"7(jO*+wj+<(}78)*

VG7&ih)*+:;+g793j+2'3)#+oD79�@A*

+VU[+2E+o2?Vm+o:d.()*+6%d7h)*+o{}%B)*+{Q`&x=+!�}*5+^Ta+V^<)#.)*/�-7�a+TYYU/R/T]+p-57N+oYU/TR+u�5+o<=7j+<�3c+oL33(N+^�a

RS

!"#$%& !'(#) :*"$+,-.( /0"$%.( *1 *,2.( 324.(

+:; +#O* +ot79�OA* +<3)#$%&'= +DA7�+:; +�&?%1)* +W%F`()* +2'3) +o��*%)* +*�c +w=+�#,�F)

+m.v-+7=+og7347&i�+w3h�>=+{)@*+t79�OA*+"%01-+6O*+! m7c+ �,`P+�)q+:Q;+V7c.j*%�+,33yN

+A +�)q+we)# +V^<;�7C()* +G,e;# +l39`)* +<-,�a+:9`)* +~(B)* +7v3Fj +m%h- +:1)* +2'&?OA*

+m.Br+m7B)*+�O*,)*+�.)+�9&'()*+5%&x1)*#+o2'}*%v)*+<)*�@7r+o��*%)*+*�c+<C)7B=+w=+�8(-

V�%j.)*+w=+�#.C)*

+H%}#+{Fj+<)HOA*+,;*%N+m.B)+7(d@*#+o�3Fj+{j z.()*+<3&x�&�+2?7&?O*+{Fj+H,N+�%jH+w=+2'3F;

+Vt79�OA* +<3)#$%&'= +f8FjO* + �m7e�O* +G,3POA* +<d#nA* +:; +D5.&E +.� +�dO* +~3).r +o�9d7} +:; +O7`�)*

+<3j%d+fd7M+%)+7(M+og70&¡*#+l39`)*+O7`P+6%e-+7=.8j+o gG, z&'3 |=+ |6%eN+.�+~3).)*+<=7�@* +6@* +~r

+�8= +�%e&J()* +5,&i)* +6%e- +.�# +o,�7�= +#O* + g<;�7C= +:j.1&'N +A +2i-,()* +<)7� +#O* +o2¡,()*

+6%ed+o{)#OA* +<)70)* +:Q;+V<C)7B()* +t78�O* +l39`)* +7vF(B1&?* +H*%=+#O* +o �G*HO* +#O* +o �<)n* +�r +f99&'N

+o<3d7�)* +<)70)* +:;# +o^Tal39`)* +O7`P+6>j@A +�47�%)7r +:&¡7h)* +7c�LB- + �<347&i� + �<8-,� +m7=O*

+:;+{1�+~r+o�O7`P+6#H+:v;+o^H%hj#+D79}%=+TRT+GH7()*a+ gG, z&'3 |=#+ g<3(e�+<3)#$%&'()*+6%eN

+o�r+6%(1v-+��)*+bF()7r+A@*+6#,�O71-+A+w-�)*+t*,9�)*+w=+ �<8C)+b3FeN+6@*+!�,POA*+DA70)*

+.8j+<-78B)*+"�9)+G7&ihF)+ gG%jH+o:)71)7r+o�)q+:;+6@*+VO7`�)*+ld*%}+673r#+o��*%)*+�*,r@7r+ �~3QM

+<3d7&'d@A*+7cH7BrO7r+o<38v()*+uvN79}*%r+m*L1)A*+w=+ �.-L=+{)@*+t79�O>)+ gG%jH#+ot*,9�)*+5731P*

V./&Hc`+ �.()237+i)O?#;<+)CQ`+itA()-+V<38h1)*#

+Vg7hr7&?+�3)@*+57&J()*+TYY\/TT/TS+p-57N+Y\/TSZ\+u�,)*+D#,3r+:;+:d.()*+H,Q8()*+:&¡7h)*+m7e�O*+!�}*5+^Ta

RT

?GS+& *> !S cd';#&'J e!"NfG3&' e!&`.#&'gfG3&' hGNi' 9&D jklm !"$Cn' o=7&' -8

89:; 3<;7 ., .7,CL'(#+xE*(#`+M)23#7;L(+.'0)6(#+TK/U7+tU)O")&*(+,-+./012345#+.'0)6(#

1P+DB+

+o gg<8&?+G,&Jj+2'(P+D,(1&?*#+oTY][+m7B)*+:;+6789)+:;+f9&Jd+:1)*+<3FcOA*+W,0)*+~B)

+D, �� |&? +o,&E7B()*# +k-.0)* +��-57N +:; +<3)711()* +D7=�OA* +<F&'F&? +:; +b8jOA* +<hF0)* +fd7M

+�H%(B)* +m7&'hdA* +7vC471d +w= +67M# +o<3d789F)* +<�7&')* +{Fj +GH%}%()* +D7&i�781)* +~M +7v)

+V^<303&'()*a +<3�,&J)* +<h`8()*# +^<3=>&?@A*a +<3r,y)* +<h`8()* +!<3d789F)* +b4*%`)* +w3r

+w= + �<F47c + �H*.jO* +{)* + g<;7&¡@* +o{�,C)*# +{F1h)* +w= +�AnA* +D*,&Jj +W,0)* +��c +<30&¡+«*5

+fC1d+¯�b47`)*+s7QN@*�¦r+� §, |j+7(3;+o �<3¦)#H#+ �<3(3F�@*+ �<-%&'1r+fv1d*#+ow-, zCv()*#+w-H z,&J()*

+o�<h3�%)*�+��c+we)+V6789F)+g*5%1&?H+f)701&?*+:1)*+�:8�%)*+s7;%)*+<h3�#�¦r+f; §, |j+ �<h3�#+�8j

+~=7B1)*+:;+ gG.-.}+ �.j*%�+��*%)*+2¡5O*+{Fj+D�,;O*+o g<3�>&E@*#+ g<3�7;#+6%eN+6O*+7v)+ �.-5|O*+:1)*

+o<3d789F)*+<)#.F)+<3(&?,)*+<3B},()*+G,e;+:&�>N+:;+f(v&?O*#+o�5*H@A*#+:d%d7h)*#+:&?73&')*

+o7v1`F&?# +<)#.)* +GH*5@* +wj + g<F&xQ8= +b4*%`)* +s%h� +D,¦�O*# +o<8 ��*%()* + �G,e; +f�7�O* +7(M

V6789)+:;+<38�*%()*#+< �8 ��*%()*+t78r#+<3d.()*+<)#.)*+m73h)+s �%B |()*+:Q47`)*+H%}%)*+ g<&?,¦e=

+©<3d789F)*+<)#.)*+~&E7Q=+bF1�=+:;+ g<-5%0=+ g<38r+<3Q47`)*+fFB}+:1)*+W79&?OA*+:c+7(;

+D7B-,&J1)*# +<3}57�)* +<-%&'1)* +f(v&?O* +b3M# +©w�*%()*# +w�%)* +{Fj +�)q +D73j*.N +7=#

+<jL8)*+L-LBN+<0F&x()+<8�*%()*+G,e;+57&'0d*+:;+�b47`)*+5%1&?H�+wj+fC1d+:1)*+<3d789F)*

©6789)+:;+<39c�()*#+<3Q47`)*

pq

R�

;<$2.( =$>?( @.A BCDE !F-GH( IJK.( L& /$+,. *1 !M+ MN(0 OP.(Q O!F><$2.( O!.3RP.(

+o g73M%F&?#+ g73d%d7�+o:(18-+ �w�*%=+{)@*+�1Q47�+:;+ �w�*%=+w=+:d789F)*+~-%¦0N+67e=@A7r+~c#

+67e=@A7r +"*� +7= +~c# +©<3d789F)* +<-5%v(CF) +<-5*H@A*# +<3d%d7h)*# +<-5%1&?.)* +D7&'&?$%()* +{)@*

+s%h�# +:FcOA* +uF&')* +w3&x0N +�.vr +w3j�781()* +"7C&? +wj + �GL3(1= + �<3d.= + �<;7h� +p3&?,N

+we(-+~c+og*H*,`1&?*#+©<3�*,h(-.)*+{Fj+<3r,1F)+�=*,r+�71d@*#+o< �8 ��*%()*+<;7h�+,9j+o67&'d@A*

+©6789)+:;+< �8 ��*%()*+�3h0N+<)701&?7r+"%h)*

+<3).}+"%�+ �GH.B1=+ �<F�&?O*+{Fj+�1QN#+o2'9Fz)*#+"7e&�@A*+,3�1&'N+o,M�)*+<Qdn*+oDA$#7&'1)*+��c

+7v1�>j+�.=#+<3Q47`)*+<)O7&'()*+<r57h=+<3(cO*+:NO7N+78c+w=+V6789)+:;+< �8 ��*%()*#+<3Q47`)*

+w`91&'-# +o �<3(3F�@* + �_%y&¡ +,3&?O* +2J3B-# +o£�%81)* +:; + �G.�# +<)7&?5 +~(0- + �.Fr +:; +o< �8 ��*%()7r

V<3)#H#+ �<3(3F�@*#+ �<3FP*H+ �W#,0)+ �<�7&?+{)@*+"%013)+ g<�,Q=+ g<3Fr7�

13A(OQ3(ORJ&3A9H<SC&1!38$@&,T& UVQ7IW@7&XY+b4*%`M+og79)7�+ouv&'QdO*+6%= �.h-+t7�,;OA*+tA$%c+6O*+o6789)+:;+£*L8)*+t7�,;O*+W7`P+:&J-

+~c+!<38-.)* +<Q47`)* +:c+7(;+V<38-.)* +<Q47`)* +�F`&x=+�3&¡%N +o g<-*.r +o:j.1&'- +7=+o �<38-H

+<38-.)* +7vNAAH+7v) + �<3j7(1}* + �G,c7�+mO* + :&'Qd + �b�%=+:c+~c+©�<39&xj+:c+~c+©�<jLd +:c

+we(-+ ¥.�+ ��O* +{)@*# +og7&E%&xP+<3d789F)* +b4*%`)* +b3&E%N +o:)71)7r +owe(-+b3M#+©<3&?73&')*#

© g<38�@*+ g<3�,j+ �D7j%(C=+7c5791j*

+7c�7eN5*+{8B(r+o �<3�-57N#+ �<3j7(1}@*+�47h�+:c+og7=%(j+o^Tab4*%`)*+6O*+7cH7Q=+ �<1r7�+ �<( ��

+o �l)7�+ ¥:;7h�+ �£#,&J=+:;+7v}7=.d*#+7v�*,�d*+m.j+~e&�+o �<39c�=#+ �<38-H+ �<3B(}+ �D*,M*q+{)@*

+ �~=7B)* +o �<-.3�%N + ��*.cO7r +o ¥�,�MO* + �l3M,N +D*q +og7-57&i� +�<(C&'8= + �<3j7(1}@* + �<F1M +�F(0N

+:c +7(M +o�3; +<(3h()* +�(1C()* +:; + g<)7B;# + gG,�$%= +7v=*#H# +7v1-5*,(1&?* +,3&'QN +:; + �2'34,)*

+w=7&i1)7r+u&'1N#+o,v¤()*+�%&?+ �<38-H+ �DAAH+<z-O*+~(0N+A+ �<`&�7d#+ �<(¤8=+ �<3}%)%-.-@*+ �D*.�#

+7v&x47&xP+l&'�+uv(3FBN#+7cHA#O*+<3r,N+w3=O7N#+o7v&?%h�#+7c.3)7hN+<d73&E+<3yr+.&¡7B1)*#

+V^�auv83r+7=+:;+:j7(1}A*+~;7e1)*+<3yr

+%c+7=+7v8=#+o �K#5%=+%c+7=+7v8=+o �<QF1�=+~=*%j+{)@* +781h`8=+:;+b4*%`)*+O7&J8=+H%B-

+,=OA*+o<`3&?%)*+6#,h)*+">P+ �p&'QN+w=+:=>&?@A*+u)7B)*+�.v&�+7=+7v �(cO* +w=+~B)+o �l&'1e=

+uFB)* +5*H+ !D#,3r +i")&*(` +.:>;'S(# +M)'CS6C(#` +./(#7;/g(# +o67(3F&? +m7&xj +!,¤dO* +ob4*%� +7vB(}# +o<Q47`)* +b-,BN +"%� +^Ta+h>)/2K(#` +Tl:)'S(# +M)/()Y2�4# +VnU)A(# +;'< +)0 +.(`> +,- +nU#$A(# +")&*( +o%8&? +�#$#,)* +.9j +¯�TITY +2x&E +oTYYT +ow3->(F)

V�RI�T+2x&E+o�STU+oD#,3r+:;+<3�,&J)*+K70rO>)+:d7()OA*+.vB()*+!D#,3r+ik7)b(#+7#`>?#`+!D#,3r+o�J:?#+](4#+")&*(+�:7)c+.<)SQ+!W71M+:;+k0r+o�.:;HO+DjO+.as`+V,O)&*L(#+,b:7)S(#+�)Ab(#�+oW#,MH+w3&'�+.(0=+^�a

V[[S+2E+oD+A+oD#,3r+:;+<3=>&?@A*+.&E7h()*+:},�1=+<3B(}+D*5%&J8=

RR

SF2T 8PT: .) .:

+om>&?@>)+ �2E7�)*+7c |5�%&xN+7v8=+ ¥~e)+67M+:1)*+ §s �, §Q)*#+b4*%`)*+H.j+<Qj7&i=+{Fj+�C&�+��)*

+<3&?73&')* +<`F&')* +~�(N + �<Q47� +{)@* +7v8= + ~M +D.81&?* +o �G.-.j + �"#H +5%v� +�)q +wj +�18;

+o<`F&')7r +�7&'=@A* +<&E,;+7v) + ��1 |N +u) +:1)* +b4*%`)* +7=O* +V�FN +#O* +<)#.)* +��v) +<3}%)%-.-@A*#

+7(FM+o�8CN+fd7M+6@*#+o�=7&'1)*+~r7h=+:;+£73&xdA*#+£%&i�)7r+"%9h)*+{)@* + gG,¦`&i=+fd7e;

+<9�7B1()*+<3=>&?@A*+"#.)*+fF(1&�*+7(M+V673&xB)*#+H,(1)*+{)@*+o<3N*$%()*+�#,¤)*+7v)+f08&?

+">h1&?A*+w=+g*5.�+o7v1j7�+t7h)+o7v&'Q8)+f8(&¡+o7&i-O*+o �<3=>&?@*+,3�+b4*%�#+ �m*%�O*+{Fj

V7vr+<e&'(()*+<j7(C)*#+<`F&')*+�7CN+:N*�)*

+,�MO*+7cH.j+±)79)*#+o:)70)*+6789)+7v8=+ �~ ze&J �N+:1)*+��78()*+:;+D,h1&?*+:1)*+b4*%`)7;

+<38-.)*+b4*%`)*+w=+g7 ¨&E7P+7}q%(dO*+~e&J |N+oGL3(1()*+7v1-%c+7v8=+ ¥~e)+o g<Q47�+G,&Jj+:d7(�+w=

+w= + �,39M + �5.hr +7v&'Q8) +f¤Q1�* +o:r,B)* +s,&J()* +:; +^<-%3dH +�9&� +#O* +<38-H +<r%&'0()* +#O*a

+,¤8)7r+o^Ta:B(1C=+�:8�#+6#H+7=�+ �t7(1d*#+ ¥:8-H+ ��r7�+D*q+ �D7-%c+{Fj+<(47�+o<3&E%&x�)*

+ �<Q47�+~B; +w=+og7&?7&?O* +o7d%e- +u) +o6789) +:; +<)#.)* +GH73�# +<`F&')* +{Fj+t>31&?A* +6%M +{)@*

+7v8=+ �G.�*#+~M+~3(N+o �G.j+b4*%�+�3;+f=7�+~r+oG5#7C()*+"#.)*+:;+"70)*+:c+7(M+ �G.�*#

+ �<3Q8j+ �D7j*,&E+:;+o7v9�d+,9j+o7vj%(C(r+f�,�d*#+o �< z=|O*+�9&�+#O*+ �<)#H+�9&JM+�,&x1)*+{)@*

+ �we(=+ �5.�+,9MO*+{Fj+"%&x0)*+~}O*+w=+I+G.�+{Fj+7v8=+ �G.�*#+~M+~P*H+7(r5#+I+7v83r+7(3;

+V^�a<3&?73&')*+<`F&')*+w=

+oD73&E%&x�)*# +L-7(1F) +g*5.&x= +~e&J- +o:d789F)* +�(1C()* +:; +:Q47`)* +:8-.)* +£�%81)7;

+k3�+o<�-.0)*+5%&xB)*+:;+D5%F9N#+o<`3&?%)*+5%&xB)*+">P+D73&E%&x�)*+��c+fFe&JN+.�#

+ �D7j7(CM+o �<&E7�r+7v8=+<303&'()*#+o �<=7Br+<3d789F)*+<38-.)*+b4*%`)*+bF1�=+7v)>P+D.}%d*

+ g<�#5%=+ �w3d*%�#+ �D*H7j+ g<B91=+o �<38-H#+ �<3j7`�@*+ �D7c7}#+<`F&?+f0N+o ¥:N*q+ �">h1&?@7r+ �<B1(1=

+V^Ra7v8=+ ¥~er+<&E7P

+�1�7&'= +:; +,3y&x)* +6789) +6@7; +o<3;*,y(-.)*# +<-H7&x1�A*# +<3�-571)* +<F ¨&x0()* +:;#

+<8`F&')* +{Fj +:}57�)* +£*,&x)* +.j7&xN +�= +�3; +<3Q47`)* +�#,r +O*.r +o<-H7&x1�A* +�H5*%=#

+7=+67j,&?#+o�2i-,()*+~},)*�+<M,N+m7&'1�A+o<3r,B)*+<h`8()*#+6789)+{Fj+G,`3&'()*+<3d7(�B)*

+!D#,3r+oT�ZR+H.B)*+ihD/2KC(#+.L60+o�e/2KHS(#+ ?# +u)28gO5#+ ?# +")/\AL(+)'&0+!./23)/2K(#+./gU)A(#+^)\(4#�+ol-,`�+573r+67}+^TaV�STSI�IT[

+V�[\+2E+o2?Vm+o")&*(`+.:>;'S(#+M)'CS6C(#`+./(#7;/g(#+o67(3F&?+m7&xj+^�a+VYTIZT+2x&E+o6Vm+!{)@*+GH%B)*+we(¦-+o6789¦)+:;+:Q47`)*+:8-.¦)*+£%81)*+"%¦�+~3&xQ1)*+w=+.-L(¦)+^Ra

Dominique Chevalier, La société du Mont- Liban à l’époque de la Révolution industrielle +! g7&i-O* +�}*5 +en Europe, Paris!+Librairie Orientaleo+Paul Guethnero+1971, pp. 241-252.

RU


+~BC-+ �~e&Jr+o<3)#.)*#+<3(3F�@A*+D7j*,&x)*+�=+<39c�()*#+<3Q47`)*+�N7j7(}+D7j*Ld+fFP*.N

+o:d789F)*+�(1C()7r+fQ&xj+:1)*+<39c�()*+D7j*,&x)*+D73`B=+~=7M+�91N+{Fj+ �5H7�+,3�+k�79)*

+<3j7`�@A*+{8 |9¦)*+w3r+D7v}*%()*+D zHO* +k3�+o,&Jj+�&?71)*+6,h)*+w=+"#OA*+b&x8)*+w=+ gt*.1r*

+ ��3C&J1r+<3d789F)*+b4*%`)*+bF1�=+w3r+u�+w=#+o�#5.)*#+<d5*%()*+w3r+6789)+~9}+:;+<3Q47`)*#

+f�7; + �<h3(j + �<3j7(1}* +I + �<3&?73&? + �DA%01r +f(v&?O* + �D7M,�# + �D7&¡7Q1d* +{)@* +o�57�)* +w=

+<3j7(1}A*+D7=*.&x)*#+D*,N%1)*+5H7&x=+w=+g73&?7&?O*+ g*5.&x=+~e&�+7=+o<3Q47`)*+D73&E%&x�)*

+V7v1-H.BN+{Fj+b4*%`)*+w3r+7=+:;+D7�>B)*+DA7C=+:;+ �«%&¡%r+�,9N+fd7M+7=+67j,&?+:1)*

13A UC3();"+J&3A UTJ<Z&1!38$@&,T& UP [=9Q3W@7& UF3.7\8@7&X]+o:)71)7r +owe(- +b3M#+©5%&xB)* +">P+6789) +:;+f�.�+:1)* +D7j*L8)* +uv;+we(- +b3M

+7vF�*,= +.-.0N# +o^w33}57�)*# +w33FP*.)*a +6789) +:; +D7j*L8)* +�*,�O* +<B&¡%= +w33BN

+©w=L)*+,9j+7v)>P+f&?5% |=+:1)*+b8B)*+"7e&�O*#+7vN7r7`P#+7vN73)n*#

+oD.v&�+6789)+~9}+<h`8=+6@7;+o:)70)*+6789)+7v8=+~e&JN+:1)*+��78()*+p-57N+{)@*+GH%B)7r

+o^Ta+T\UR+m7B)*+:;+w313=7h(47�+{)@*+7v(3&'hN+ �. 3 �B |r+ g<3=*H+ �D7j*Ld+o:d7(�B)*+ue0)*+~�+:;

+"#.)*+<;,B(r+o�57&x8)*#+�#5.)*+w3r+b8B)*+"7(jO*+f)*%N#+o�#5.F)+�,PO*#+�57&x8F)+ �G.�*#

+,=OA*+{v1d*#+oT\ZSm7B)*+:;+7vN#5q+fyFr#+oT\[Z+m7B)*+w=+ gt*.1r*+o<3d7(�B)*+<)#.)*#+<3r#5#OA*

+wj+w3F�(=+u&i-+ �G5*H@*+2'FC=+�)+o^�a+T\ZS+m7B)*+:;+6789)+~9}+:;+<3;,&x1()*+m7¤d+t7&Jd@7r

+o<d5*%()*+!�H.B)*+7v(C�+�;#+o<&x&E70()*+G.j7�+{Fj+o7c5731P*+�,}+o�,9M+b4*%�+f&?

+ ��,&x1=+G5*H@7r+o<B3&J)*#+o<8&')*#+o�3)%�7e)*+m#,)*#+o2'Mq%�5OA*+m#,)*#+o�#5.)*+w-. �� % |()*#

+u)+o:N*�)*+ue0)*+w=+g7j%d+:d789F)*+~9CF)+�8=+��)*+om7¤8)*+6O*+.3r+V<3r#5#O*+ �<-7j5#+ ¥:d7(�j

+og783�+o<3d789F)*+b4*%`)*+w3r+2';781)*+67M+7=+g*,3�M#+o67e&')*+w3r+£*L8F)+ ¥.�+�&¡#+:;+�C8-

+o �m*H+ �£*Ld+{)@*+o,PnA*#+w30)*+w3r+o�)%0N#+o7v&'Qd+G.�*%)*+<Q47`)*+~P*H+<=7jL)*+f39�1)+#O*

+<¦3)#.)*#+<3(3F�@A*+�%h)*+w=+g*,&�79=+ g>P.N+�5.1&'-+og7d73�O*+�&'Qd+�,&x1()*+w=+ �2i-,01r#

+#O*+/#+:(3F�@A*+�57�)*+�%hr+w33F0()*+t7(jL)*+~9h1&'=+wc5#+o£7911&?A*+G.j7�+{Fj+o<Fj7Q)*

+V^Ra�%h)*+�FN+�)7&x=+m.�-+7(r#+o:)#.)*

+"7(M+¯TTUITT�+2x&E+oTYZ]+o57v8)*+5*H+!D#,3r+ix:;E(#+")&*(+�:7)c+o:93F&x)*+"7(M+¯TST+IYT+2x&E+o6Vm+o67(3F&?+m7&xj+^TaV]YI]U+2x&E+o�SS]+o57v8)*+5*H+!D#,3r+i")&*(+,-+u)C(#`+.AL2K(#+u)s7+!qY/a(#+7)6c`+nU#$A(#+^#D0?#+ol-H

+!G,c7h)*+i��+m��+�#;SO45#+.:#;<+](4#+./-D28SC(#+;aF+o&0+")&*(+ow3r*,�+.(�O*+¯TSY+ITST+2x&E+o6Vm+o67(3F&?+m7&xj+^�a+M){)6c45#+i,O#Dz$Q+}/s`+¯TU\+ITU]+2x&E+o6Vm+o:93F&x)*+"7(M+¯Y[IYU+2x&E+oTYZS+o<3r,¦B)*+K70rOA*#+D7&?*5.)*+<&'&?$%=+D*5%&J8=+!D#,3r+oD/*Y(#+")&*(+.%(`>+](4#+./O)C['(#+./-D28SC(#+J0+i,<D'(#+�D2lC(#`+")&*(+q*s+,-+./23)/2K(#`+./F)CSs45#

V\�+I]Y+2x&E+o"=f+ol-H+"7(M+¯]SIZY+oZ[+2x&E+oTY\Z+o<3;7h�)*+6%&'0rVU�+IRZ+2x&E+o2?Vm+ok7)b(#+7#`>?#`+h>)/2K(#`+Tl:)'S(#+M)/()Y2�4#+VnU)A(#+;'<+)0+.(`>+,-+nU#$A(#+")&*(+o%8&?+�#$#,)*+.9j+^Ra

R[

SF2T 8PT: .) .:

+m7B)* +:; +{)#OA* +<3()7B)* +W,0)* +<3&Jj+{1�+~9C)* +:; +g7(47� +<3¦;,&x1()* +m7¤d +,(1&?*

+7vN7-A%) +<Br71)* +��78()* +"%PH# +o<3d7(�B)* +<8`F&')* +573vd* +7vC471d +w= +67M +:1)*# +oTYTU

+m7¤8)* +*�c+. zv(; +o:d7`-,9)*# +:&'d,Q)* +w3r*.1dA* +{)@* +o<3d789F)* +��78()* +7v8=# +o<3=7&J)*

+D#,3r+u&ir+o^Ta+TY�S+m7B)*+w=+Wn*+RT+:;+:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+<-7j,r+,39e)*+6789)+<)#H+m73h)

+<`F&')*+£�%1N+6O*+{Fj+o^�a6789)+~9}+{)@*+o<3j%�+7v8=+,�MO*+ �<-,&'�+ �G5%&xr+<Br5OA*+<3&i�OA*#

+<d5*%()* +�8= +�= +o<3¦;,&x1()* +m7¤d +:; +�r +gA%(B= +67M +7(r + gt*.1�* +oG,39e)* +b4*%`)* +{Fj

+5%1&?.)*+2?,¦M#+og*H.¦j+b4*%`)*+,9MO*+7vdO*+<B-5�r+oG.31B)*+<3d789F)*+<)#.)*+:;+<3FBQ)*+<`F&')*

+*�c +we) +og7¦1¦�$%= +�<3&?73&')* +<3Q47`)*� +o�H%8r +.¦�O* +:; +oTY�Z +m7B)* +:; +5H7&x)* +.-.¦C)*

+:; + �G.-.} + �D7j*L8) + g799&? +�)q +67e; +¯^Ra�3; +,¤8)* +GH7j@7r +<9)7`()* +u�5 +,(1&?* +f¦¦�$%()*

+Vm%3)*+{1�+ gG,(1&'=+"*LN+A+6789)

+�FP.1r+ow33d789F)*+w3r+.j791)*+�3(BN+:;+^TYURITY�Sa+:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+wB=O*+7(M

+wj+,9BN+ �D7=7j�+7cH%hN+ g<3F0=+ g<`F&?+�t*5#+ g7Q�F� |=+o<3d789F)*+<3&?73&')*+G730)*+:;+,&�79()*

+o �<�-.�+ �<3�*,h(-H+ �<)#H+t78r+wj+DLCj+o �<39c�=+#O*+ �<3Q47�+w-#>N+D*q+o �<3&x�&�+�)7&x=

+7-7j5 +A +w38�*%= +uvQ&E%r +ow33d789F)* +w3r +G*#7&'()*# +<)*.B)* +w=$%- +7(r +o6%d7h)* +7cH%&'-

+ f�3 §8 |r +oTYUR +m7B)* +w= + gt*.1r* +o">h1&?A* +<F�,= +:; + �<)#H +6789) +:; +f=7� +u� +VÛab4*%�

+D7;7h�)* +H.B1) + �2?7eBd* +:c+7(r +o^[a<3h;*%1)* +<3�*,h(-.)* +G.j7�+{Fj+o ¥:Q47�+ �u&?7hN +{Fj

+!qY/a(#+7)6c`+nU#$A(#+^#D0?#+ol-H+"7(M+¯TT[+ITTT+2x&E+o2?Vm+o")&*(`+.:>;'S(#+M)'CS6C(#`+./(#7;/g(#+o67(3F&?+m7&xj+^TaV\U+I\R+2x&E+o2?Vm+o")&*(+,-+u)C(#`+.AL2K(#+u)s7

+o�+�+o<3d789F)*+<B=7C)*+D*5%&J8=+!D#,3r+o:&'39�+w&'�+<(},N+oP7$S23;(#`+,23)/2K(#+")&*L(+,b:7)S(#+J:$YS(#+o_7r5+6%=H@*+^�a+!D#,3r+o��+m��+D/*Y(#+")&*(+,-+h#`)2KC(#+ih;B$(#+!q0)F+q*s+t()A0+ol3B&�+uB8()*+.9j+:Fj+¯Z�SIZTY+2x&E+o�SS�+!�/S'(# +D2K6(# +#o{ +ol-H +"7(M +¯TU[ +ITUU +2x&E# +oYU +IY� +2x&E +oTY\] +^.C=a +,&J8)*# +D7&?*5.F) +<3B=7C)* +<&'&?$%()*

V\]I\Z+2x&E+o�STR+o57v8)*+5*H+!D#,3r+oR+_+o�,E/2KC(#+")&*(+�$H23V�STT+,9(&'-H+/"#OA*+6%d7M+�\+p-571r+o./c`D/*(#+q*HS2KC(#+h;:Ds+o�6789)+:;+:8-.)*+H.B1)*#+<3Q47`)*�+o�7(&')*+.(0=+^Ra

+<3B(}+D*5%&J8=+!D#,3r+o�J:?# +](4# +")&*(+�:7)c+.<)SQ+!W71M+:;+5%&J8=+k0r +i�<3Q47`)*+<)O7&'()*#+6789)+� +o.-%&?+w3&?7-+¯6Vm+Ûa+!D#,3r +i�� +m�� +,F)CSs45# +")&*( +�:7)c +o,c7&¡ +H%B&'= +¯TYIT\ +2x&E +oD+A +oD#,3r +:; +<3=>&?@A* +.&E7h()* +:},�1=

V[YI[\+2x&E+oTY]U+o:r*57Q)*+5*H+�,CN#+oD*5*,h)*+�¦�1N#+og79d7}+w3d*%h¦)*#+5%1&?.¦)*+�&iN+7=+g79¦)7�+:v;+¯<3h;*%1¦)*+<3�*,h(-.¦)*+�¦39`N+"%¦�+G,3�M+�¦Pn7=+<(¦�+^[a+w= +.-L() +V<3�*,h(-.)* +w= +{dHOA* +.0)* +�3h0N +~�,B- +7= +o<38-.)* +#O* +<3Q47`)* +<3j7(1}@A* +�%h)* +m7C�O* +l&'0r +D7-%&'1)*+o2?Vm +onU#$A(# +")&*( +o%8&? +�#$#,)* +.9j +!,¤d* +o:d789F)* +:&?73&')* +m7¤8)* +:; +<3h;*%1)* +<3�*,h(-.)* +�39`N +"%� +~3&E7Q1)*+o57v8)* +5*H +!D#,3r +oR_ +ou3�5 +�,e&� +<(},N +o�� +m�� +")&*( +,- +.(`;(# +u)2N ?# +rYgc +o6�7�)* +.-,¦; +¯�ZI�R +2x&E+D7&?*5.)*+.vB=+!D#,3r+/+H*.yr+o�8-�+:8&'�+<(},N+i> �;'S0+9CS60+,-+.�/H-#$S(#+.�/�#DHC:;(#+oD57v93)+fd5n*+¯[TY2E+o�SS[

V]IZ+2x&E+o�SSZ+o<3C3N,1&?A* Antoine Messarra, «Illusions et désillusions des Libanais sur l’État»,in : Citoyenneté et Déconstruc-+!¦r+657�+

tions de l’État, Beyrouth : Institut des Sciences politiques, Université Saint- Joseph, 2004, pp. 68, 77.

RZ


+ �<hF0)* +~e&�# +">h1&?A* +�= +�;*,N +��)* +^Ta�<y3&x)*# +:8�%)* +s7�3()*� +6*%8Br +o<3&?73&')*

+m7¤8)*#+<`F&')*#+<)#.F)+:&'3&?O71)*+wM,)*+b4*%`)*+5791j*+{Fj+m%hN+ �<-%&'1r+{&ih;+o�)+ �<F �(e()*

+ g7`9N,=+o ¥:Q47�+ �2?7&?O*+{Fj+<`F&'F)+<&'34,)*+l&E78()*+�-�%1r+{&i�+g7;,j+.}#O*#+o^�a:&?73&')*

+i====i,&�$(#+7$'2l(#+t'2l(#+DC�+]S0�+o<Fh1&'()*+<)#.)*+t789)+g*.3v(N+ �<1¦¦�$%=#+ �<3¦;,�+ �<)70r

+V��J�$L(+ vnv %'2_ wC(#+,gU)A(#+f)j&(#+^)\(4#+]LF+ p.&/O?)C%A<+ wq v*Hw/-

+:;+<)#.)* +{hrO* +ou47h)* +:&?73&')* +m7¤8)* +:;+o<`F&'F) +:Q47`)*+u&?7h1)* +p3&?,N+we)

+o�(1C()*#+w�%)*#+<)#.)*+{Fj+G,39e)*+7vN739F&'r+5*,�@A*+w=+u�,)7r+o<3;,¤)*+<)70)*+G,4*H

+ ph7$28<�+b4*%`)*+~�(1N+6O*+{Fj+f ¨&xd+:1)*+i,O)&*L(#+7$S23;(#+J0+��+h>)C(*+:;+t7}+7=+�;#

+�)q+"#$%-+6O*+6#H+w=+�+h7#R$(#+q/Y2lc+,-`+i.0)'(#+nU)�$(#+,-+� p.(>)F+ ph7$28<`+ p.S%� %I�$0

+:;+,v�+7=.8j+oTY\Y+m7B)*+{1�+,(1&?*+�f�$%()*�+*�c#+oÛa�<)#.)*+<0F&x(r+5*,&¡@A*+{)@*

+ g7�,&�#+og73&?73&?+ g7d73M+<Q47`)*+5*,h1&?*+{)@*+�HO*+7=+o^[a�b47`)*+s7QN*�+:;+ �G.-.}+ �<y3&E

+ gG,e10 |=+ g<B8h=+ g<3Q47�+ g<-%c+<3d789F)*+<-%v)*+f0&¡O*+{1�+o<)#.)*+u)7j+{)@*+"%P.F)+g73&?7&?O*

+<3&E%&x�)*� +{(&'- +7= +#O* +ob4*%`)* +w3r +2J-7B1)* +G.j7� +{Fj +o�FN +#O* +<Q47`)* +��c +w=

+D,v¤(N+o">h1&?A*+<)#H+:;+<3Q47`)*+w1Q)*#+D7=�OA*+:=78N+wj+�)q+,Q&?O*#+o^Za�<3d789F)*

+uF&'()*+�F&x)*+2¡7-5#+:d#57()*+�5%�)*+G57&Jr+w3&'34,)*+w3r+oTYUR+m7j+o~&x�+ �s7QN*+:c#+o<r%1e=+,3�+ �<h3�#+:8�%)*+s7�3()*+^Ta+6789) +6O*# +oGH73&? +D*q# + �<Fh1&'=# + �G,� + �<3d789) + �<)#H +m73� +~}O* +w= +:03&'()* +I +:=>&?@A* +�;*%1)* +wj +{8� +A +6O* +�H7Q= +o:8&')*+{F�1- +6O* +{Fj+oW,y)* +�=+7v=7�O* +:1)* +<-57&i0)*# +<3;7h�)* +D7�>B)* +�`�+:8BN +A+�1r#,j+6O*# +o<3r,B)* +:c+�1y) +o ¥:r,j+ ��}#+#q+wj+6%(F&'()* +{F�1- +6O* +~r7h= +:; +og*,(= +A# +g*,h= +57(B1&?>) +6789) +6%e- +AO*# +o7&'d,; +g7&E%&xP+oW,y)* +<-7(�+wj+6%303&'()*

+V:8�%)*+s7�3()*+�O*+o�;*%1)*+*�c+7v3Fj+m%h-+6O*+lC-+:1)*+<3&?7&?OA*+²H79()*+{Fj+6>},)*+�QN*+7(M+o7-5%&?+�=+G.�%)*+o�+�+oTYZT+o<3d789)+s*5#O*+D*5%&J8=+!D#,3r+o./O)&*(+�U)HB+i�5%�)*+G57&Jr+!�}*5+o:8�%)*+s7�3()*+"%�+D7=%FB()*+w=+ �.-L() ++o,&'C)* +u&?7r +¯T[U+IT[R+2x&E+oTY][+o,&J8F) +57v8)* +5*H +!D#,3r +oT3)&(# +90+.&23 +"$2KCy +ou)7&? +b&?%- +¯�YY+I�\Y+2x&E

V7c.Br+7=#+RT[+2E+oTY]\+o,&J8F)+57v8)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o��+�)[/0+LM,= +!2'-57r +o793F&E +2'-5%= +<(},N +o. �0?5# +�)'*O# +](4# +.(`;(# +7)/aO# +J0 +�DE(# +J0R +,- +Tl:)'c +!")&*( +obd7c +5#H%3N +^�a+:; +m.� +k0r +o�:8�%)* +s7�3()*# +:&?73&')* +m7¤8)*� +o�,&� +�5%} +¯TSR +I +TSS +2x&E +o�STT +o:r#5#OA* +I +:r,B)* +D7&?*5.)*+p-571r +o<3d789F)* +<B=7C)* +I +^:d7�)* +£,Q)*a +<3d7&'d@A* +m%F¦B)*# +W*HnA* +<3FM +�1(¤d +o./O)[(# +.% �/C()%'(# +�DE%(# +,- +")&*( +!DCc�$0

+V�ST�+:d7�)*+w-,&JN+�YAntoine Azar, Le Liban face à demain, Éditions Librairie Orientale, Beyrouth, 1978, p. 25.

+VTYUR,r%1MO*+/"#OA*+w-,&JN+]+:;+�L28(#+TG):7+.0$YE(+P7#R$(#+")/*(#+!�}*5+^Ra+VT]]IT]U+2x&E+oT�+iT3=f+i,b:7)S(#+J:$YS(#+i�)<7+6%=H*+!g7&i-O*+�}*5+o}c1:;'c`+��+.&23+7>)28(#+,O)&*L(#+7$S23;(#+J0+��+h>)C(# + Ua

V�[\+2E+oTYYR+o.-.C)*+5*H+!D#,3r+onU)A(#+]LF+�1HO45#+o5%&x8=+,39)O*+^[a Michel Chiha, Politique intérieure, Beyrouth - +!,¤dO* +V<3d789F)* +b4*%`)* +w3r +2J-7B1)* +<3}%)%-.-@* +,¤8=+703&� +"7&J3=+,91B-++^Za

Paris : Éditions du Trident, 1964, p. 182.+<3Q47�+D7�3r#+b4*%�+<j%(C=+%c+:d789F)* +lB&J)* +6O* +�,-+%v;+¯703&�+"7&J3=+<-,¤d+�,&E78=+�,rO* +w=+�)7=+"57&�+,91B-+7(M ++o �GL3(=#+ �<B4*5+ �<38�+ �u3�#+.3)7hN+w=+ �<3d789)+ �<Q47�+~M+�r+2x1�N+7=+{Fj+.M$%d#+o783Fj+w3B1-+o�)�)#�+o2iBr+wj+7v&iBr+<Fh1&'=+57�@* +:; +os>�)* +�=7&'1)*# +6#7B1)*# +oVVVVob4*%`)* +��c +2J-7BN +:; +,h1&'()* +m7¤8)* +{Fj +o�&'Qd +f�%)* +:; +o.M$%d# +H.&Jd +6O*#

+V�"H791()*+m*,1�A*+VY[IZS+oTY+2x&E+oTY]U+o�7M,&�#+6*5.r+<&'&?$%=+!D#,3r+o}c#d+,-+")&*(+o�)7=+"57&� +

R]

SF2T 8PT: .) .:

+m*.1�*# +o:&?73&')* +m7¤8)* +D7=�O* +.j7&xN +~� +:; +o �<3¦FcO* + �W#,0r +,PnA*# +w30)* +w3r

+:; +:Q47`)* +£*,&x)* +�}O* +��)* +5#7vdL-O* +£#,&J= +m.hN# +o:F34*,&?@A* +I +:r,B)* +£*,&x)*

+"7B&�@*+{)@*+�HO*+7=+o^�a+TYZY+m7B)*+:;+o<383`&'FQ)*+I+<3d789F)*+K*.�OA*#+oTY[\^Ta+m7B)*

+~=*%B)*+�=+<3FP*.)*+~=*%B)*+7v3;+fFP*.N#+oTY][+m7B)*+:;+D,CQN+:1)*+<3¦FcOA*+W,0)*

V^Ra<3}57�)*

+ �<3FP*H + �D7j*L8) + g7hF`8 |= +oÛa +TYU\ +m7B)* +:; +w3`&'F; +:; +~34*,&?@* +<)#H +m73� +~e&�#

+<=#7h()* +w=# +o:d%3v&x)* +673e)* +w= +w33d789F)* +b�*%= +w-79N# +2¡57BN +l9&'r +6789) +:;

+<3d789F)*+<=%e0)*+w3r+�G,c7h)*+s7QN*�+�3�%N+,�O*+{Fj+o6789)+w=+g7�>`d*+<0F&'()*+<383`&'FQ)*

+g*.-.}+g*,&x8j+�)q+�7&¡O7;+o^[a+TYZY,9(;%d+/:d7�)*+w-,&JN+R+:;+<383`&'FQ)*+D7(¤8()*#

+:; +~34*,&?@* +f(v&?O*# +o �2¡57B=# + �. �-$%= +w3r +�t*�@* +*%(&'hd* +ow33d789F)* +w3r +£*L8)* +<)7� +{)@*

+o^Za �<&E7�r+�r%8}+{Fj#+o �<=7Br +6789) +{Fj+<F&E*%1()* +7vN*t*.1j*+">P+w=+m7&'hdA*+�3}O7N

+b8jOA*+<hF0)*+fd7M+oTY][+m7B)*+:;+w�%)7r+fQ&xj+ �2?#,&¡+ �<¦3FcO* + �W,�+{)@* +�)q+�HO7;

+D7&i�781)*+~M+7v)+D,¦¦� |&?+o,&E7B()*#+k-.0)*+6789)+p-57N+:;+<3)711()*+D7=�OA*+<F&'F&?+:;

+�%)OA*+D*,&Jj+7ct*5#+fQ¦zFP#+o g<8&?+G,&Jj+2'(P+D,(1&?7;+o<3d789F)*+<�7&')*+{Fj+GH%}%()*

+I:=>&?@A* +£*,&x)* +6*%8j +f0N +o^]a<(3&'C)* +<-H7()* +,47&'�)*# +w3�%B()*# +7-70&i)* +w=

+o<`F&')* +�-�%N +<)O7&'= +"%� +D5%0(N +:1)* +<3;*,y(-.)* +DA%01)* +<3QFP +{Fj# +o:03&'()*

+D7= �%h=+{Fj+LvCN+6O*+DH7M#+o<h`8()*+:;+,4*.)*+£*,&x)*+w=+,3y&x)*+.F9)*+��%=+<)O7&'=#

+7v3;+7(r+o<3d789F)*+:&¡*5OA*+w=+ �G,39M+t*L}OA+~34*,&?@*+">1�*+�=+�)q+�;*,N#+o�3;+2J3B)*

+D7r,&¡+~BQr+o�SSS+m7B)*+:;+6789)+w=+W70&'dA*#+,hvh1)*+{)@*+D,`&¡*+u�+oD#,3r+<(&E7B)*

V^\a<3=>&?@A*#+<38�%)*+<=#7h()*

+:d7�)*+~&xQ)*+o�SS\+oT+�=+om%FBF)+<3r,B)*5*.)*+!D#,3r+o9CS6C(#+� �;28c`+.(`;(#+rYgc+!��m��+")&*(+�DB+o%8&?+�#$#,)*+.9j+!,¤dO*+^Ta

VW71e)*+w=

+�,-,0)*+LM,=+D*5%&J8=+!D#,3r+o}z#Dc`+}b:7)c+,-+")&*(+!W71M+:;+~&x;+o�:FP*.)*+7v`30=+:;+<3d789F)*+<=�OA*�+o:d79�+.)7P+^�aV][Z+I][U+2x&E+o�+�+oTYYRo:;7h�)*

V��]+I��U+2x&E+o2?Vm+o. �0?5#+�)'*O#+](4#+.(`;(#+7)/aO#+J0+�DE(#+J0R+,-+Tl:)'c+!")&*(+obd7c+5#H%3N+^Ra+£*,&x)*+:;+7c5#H+!<3d%3v&x)*+<M,0)*�+�H@*+"7&J3=+¯][�I][T2x&E+o2?Vm+o�:FP*.)*+7v`30=+:;+<3d789F)*+<=�OA*�+o:d79�+.)7P+Ûa+LM,=+D*5%&J8=+!D#,3r+o}z#Dc`+}b:7)c+,-+")&*(+!W71M+:;+~&x;+o�<3d789F)*+�73()*#+:&¡*5OA*+:;+7vB=7`=#+:F34*,&?@A*+I:r,B)*

+V]]T+I]]S+2x&E+o�+�+oTYYR+o:;7h�)*+�,-,0)*V][[I][U+2x&E+o6Vm+o:d79�+.)7P+^[a

V7c.Br+7=#+Z[+2E+oTYY]+o:r*57Q)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o,CL2K(#+J/H:1(#+o5.3�+H%(0=+^Za+p-571r +h)/E(# +h;:Ds +o57(j@A* +<QFM# +TY][ +W,� +,47&'P +!57(j@A*# +t7(d@A* +2'FC= +2'345 +l47d +,-,hN +o:e9) +2?,`r +!9s#7 +^]a

+VTYY�+2?57=+/5*qn*TSVRYU+2E+o2?Vm+onU)A(#+;'<+)0+.(`>+,-+nU#$A(#+")&*(+o%8&?+�#$#,)*+.9j+^\a

R\


1,$^_`@7J& a,9Q3W@7& U0 [DS?@7J& a,:38$-@7& a,(b3=()@7& Uc3L8@7&Xd+:&xB1&'-+%v;+¯u)7B)*+:;+G.47&')*+<3&?73&')*+u¤8)*+w3r+ �.-,;+:d789F)*+:&?73&')*+m7¤8)*+6@*

+¯<(3�+A#+�)+6�#+A+om7¤8)*+*�c+:;+ow�*%()*+/H,Q)7;+V �~3F0N+~M+{Fj+H,(1-#+ �b38&xN+~M+{Fj

+o:&?73&')*+«,&'()*+�57P+�3h9-#+ow3jOA*+wj+�9C0-+<39c�()*#+<3Q47`)*+D7j7(C)*+W79&i;

+ �<�;+#O*+ �<j7(}+~M+6OA+o�)�M+�)+H%}#+A+~=7e1()*+:8�%)*+�(1C()*+6O*+7(M+oK*.�OA*+wj+g*.3Br

+ ��r*#5+�%&?+�,POA*+<3Q47`)*+D7B(1C()7r+�`r,N+A+�N*�r+g7(47�+g7B(1C=+7v&'Qd+,91BN+o �<3Q47�

+<C318)* +6%eN# +o<9�Fh1()* +< z3dnA* +�)7&x()* +<d73&E#+2J-7B1)7r +5*,(1&?A* +G,e;+7v&¡,QN +o �<3c*#

+o<-,3&x()*+~47&'(F)+<9&'8)7r+ g7&E%&xP#+o6789)+:;+<3&?73&')*+G730)*+"%¦0N+o�)�)+<3h`8()*

+D7j7(C)* +oW#781)7r +o7v&?57(N +oG%h)* +{)@* +t%CF)7r + �.-.vN +#O* +o �b8j +#O* +o ��y&¡ +D73F(j +{)@*

+oH,Q)*+w�*%()*+6O7&�+~0(&i3;+o7v0)7&x=+wj+g7j7;H+o,PnA*+2iB9)*+t*�@*+7v&iBr+o<`F&'1()*

+�Q�*%()+#O*+�4*5nA+H%B-+A#+o<3B91)*#+tA%)7r+{)#OA*#+ow�%)*+:c+o�3)@*+<9&'8)7r+o<Q47`)*+�9&xN#

+<&'&?$%()* +m%vQ= +o�)�r +ol3y3; +o7vNLv}O*# +<)#.)* +{&�>1N# +o �<(3� +< z-O* +<3(FB)*# +<-,eQ)*

+uv1�*5 +{Fj +,v&')*# +w38�*%()* +<=.�) +f=7� +7vdO* +2¡,1Q()* +w= +:1)* +�,9e)* +<3&?73&')*

+o�*,M@A7r+<&J-7B1()*+b4*%`)*+w=+,;781()*+�3F�)*+*�c+�}#+{Fj+o%Q`-#+ouvN73�#+uvN7=*,M#

+V�h;+b4*%`)*+��c+D%&E

+ �<QF1�= + g�%� +w3r + ��3�H + �6�*%N +{Fj +m%h- +:d789F)* +:&?73&')* +m7¤8)* +6O* +om.hN +7(= +�&iz1-

+<3�*,h(-.)*+G.j7�+{Fj+ouc7Q1)*+W%F&?O* +�7v1d@* +{Fj+m*#.)*+{Fj+ �<c,e |=+7vB3(}+o �GL-7(1=#

+W7&x|N#+o{&¡%Q)*+,&J181;+o6�*%1)*+~1�-+>�)+o �<3}57P+ �<-7j,r+673�OA*+u¤B=+:;#+o<3h;*%1)*

+<3Q47`)* +�)7&x()* +w= + �<0F&x= +7v3; +2¡,B1N + �G,= +~M +:Q; +V^Ta5,&i)7r +�%h)* +��c +�)7&x=

+<4.vN +{)@* +�<-7j,)* +W70&EO*� +£57&'|3¦; +o �,N%1= +%} +H>9)* +{Fj +u3�|-# +�(1C()* +L1v- +o,`�F)

+G5#,&¡+wj#+o�,1&J()*+2J3B)*+#O*+2J-7B1F)+ g7d%&E+o<3d789F)*+<38�%)*+G.�%)*+wj+K.¦01)*#+2?%Q8)*

+2E,0)*+G,(�+:;#+V7vr7&xd+{)@*+5%=OA*+GH7j@*+o�)�r+ou11;+o:Q47`)*+6�*%1)*+O*.9(r+�&'(1)*

+G,e;+�3&iN#+o<)#.)*+G,e;+,¦�91N#+ow�%)*+{&�>1-+ob4*%`)*+w3r+�:8�%)*+6�*%1)*�+w3=O7N+{Fj

V^�a< ¨&E7�)*#+<-%�Q)*+�)7&x(F)+ �s79&?+6*.3=+o �.-.}+w=+ow�%)*+H%B-#+o<=7B)*+<0F&x()*

+"$Y/(+q<+iW)&�`+"$Y/(+TK �23�$% w: +e(�+6789)+6O* +¢*+~&i;+w3&'�+.(0=+.3&')*+�,-+w�)#

+>D60 +TK/(� +6789) +6O* +{)@* + g71;A +o��D\(# +]LF +�D2lL( +Who-)O` +i�D2l(# +,- +�D\L( + W.s)B

V�STR:d7�)*+6%d7M+TZ+p-571r+o.�/c`D/*(#+7)a&(#+h;:Ds+o g7M,1&J=+g7(&?7�+<8�*%()*+A+<3Q47`)*+o«%&'=+�5%}+^TaV6Vm+^�a

RY

SF2T 8PT: .) .:

+o�H7B)* +67&'d@A* +�%1&'= +{Fj + g<38�# + gG.�# +<(� +6O* +5,h- +�d@7; +i�.�/23)/23 +.(>)'0 +q< + pJ�`

+�%r,1)*#+o:j*5L)*+#O*+o�57C1)*+�%1&'()*+{Fj+< � �F1� |()*+��78()*+~cO*+w3r+2J-7B1)7r+G,v¤(1=

+T_'<+;6O+)C�<7+i./&�$(#+h;B$(#+ ?#+,&�$(#+�)-$(#+"#;H-+J0+$Y2lc+5+T3)&(#�¦;+¯:;7h�)*#

+iT3)&(#+ �"?#+ B1O+)&O4#+i====ih7$Ab(#+.LBD0+](4#+q28c+5+)a&Y(`+i¡)&{`+)&{+M)/23)2KE(#

+T_'*(# +90 +ea2_'<� +"$HSL: +iW) �/%H�)&0` +W) �/gU)�` +W)/23)/23 +"$gLSb: +J:o(# +i")&*( +qQ +,-

V^Ta�ZD*Y(#+):)2_H(#+,-`+i¢#Dc?5#`+¢#D-?5#+,-+�Dy£5#

+w-,=O7r +,3M�1)* +lF`1N +o:9c�()*# +:8-.)* +H.B1)*# +<3Q47`)* +£%&¡%= +<C)7B= +6@7; +o*�)

!67 z(v=+7(v8e)#+ow33Fe&�

+ �t:&�+<3Q47`)*+wj+t78y1&?A*+we)+o �~301&'=+ �t:&�+<3Q47`)*+t7y)@*+6O*+%c+ou`?5#+D0?5#+I

+o2¡,Q)*# +<-,&'h)* +<Q&E+~(0-+t7y)@A7; +¯t78y1&?A*# +t7y)@A* +w3r +g*,39M+g7�,;+<(� +6O*# +o �we(=

+D.(|¦1j* +k3� +og*.-.0N +o6789) +:;# +V,33y1)* +w= +W%F&?OA* +*�c +~(10- +A +H.B1()* +�(1C()*#

+~(B)* +D79F`1= +�=# +os7;%)* +«#5 +�= +2i�781- +t7y)@A* +<y3&E +H7(1j* +6@7; +o�;*%1)* +<y3&E

+V7v(&?5#+:&?73&')*+m7¤8)*+G5%&E+.-.0N+GH7j@A+o�,1&J()*

+o,33y1)7r + g<M,1&J=+ gGH*5@*# + g7M,1&J=+g7d7(-@* +2'eB-+�d@7; +ot78y1&?A*+�O* +o,O)[(# +D0?5# +7=O* +I

+#O*+o �m%&?,=+#O*+o �5*,hr+2'3)#+o ¥:&?73&?#+o ¥:;7h�#+o ¥�%r,N#+o ¥:j7(1}*+ ¥�,33yN+ �57&'=+,9j+u1-+%c#

+6O*+{)@*+o�N7d%e=+~er+o:d789F)*+�(1C()*+w�(`-+7=.8B;+V�(1C()*+{Fj+<`F&')*+�`h&'|¦N+o �6%d7�

+t78y1&?A*+<3F(j+:; +"%P.)*+{)@* +5H79-+�%&?+o<3Q47`)*+t79jO* +w=+2xF�1)7r +6%eN+�10F&x=

+<0F&x()*+{1�+#O*+o<-H,Q)*+�)7&x()*#+<Q47`F)+t7(1dA*+w3r+_79N5A*+�¦;+lF`1-+*�c#+o7v8j

V<Q47`F)+<=7B)*

1^�aPe8 ef7I U @7& gP@J0&I*:& gNI$S@7& UP=@3h(ij7J& gVQ3W@7& Uk39C*+Xl+w-�)* +W*%8)* +�;*%N +6O* +{)@* +w33d789F)* +t7�,;OA* +w3r + gG.j7&x1= +£*L8)* +G,3N# +D,(1&?*

+<h3�#�+¦r+<;#,B()*+o^Ra�:8�%)*+s7;%)*+<h3�#+�+5*,�@*+{Fj+oTY\Y+m7B)*+:;+b47`)*+:;+*%B(1}*

+V�SSR+�%(N+�U+p-571r+o<3N#,39)*+q*HS2KC(#+h;:Ds+:;+�B=+f-,}O*+<Fr7h=+o¢*+~&i;+w3&'�+.(0=+.3&')*+^Ta Marcel Prelot, La science politique, Que Sais-Je?, Paris: PUF, 1963;+!<B}*,=+we(-+o<8�*%()*+�F`&x=+b-,B1)+^�a Roger Scruton, A Dictionary of Political and Western Thought, New Jersey: Humanities Press, Sussex, Harvester Press, 1980; Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics, New Haven:1989, Yale University Press, Humanities Press, Sussex, Harvester Press, pp. 213-265; Dawn Oliver and Derek Heater ,The

Foundations of Citizenship, New York: harvester heatsheaf,1994, pp. 209- 210.+.23#7> +�J:?# +](# +")&*( +,- +./gU)A(# +o,3&Jr +5.8e&?@* +oW71M +w= +� +?# +� +�0F()* +�}*5 +o�:d789F)* +:8�%)* +s7;%)* +<h3�#� +6%(&i= +{Fj +£>�@>) +^Ra+o�SSZ +o^.C=a+ �-�%1)*# +,&J8)*# +D7&?*5.F) +<3B=7C)* +<&'&?$%()* +!D#,3r +i)aU)\(4# +q*HS2K0` +./23)/2K(# +./gU)A(# +7$AS( +./HU)z` +./L/LEc

VTT�+IYY+2x&E

US


+f0Cd+.�#+oTYYS+"%F-O*+R+:;+:d789F)*+5%1&?.)*+f0&¡O*+:1)*+o �<3)#H#+ �<3r,j+ �<-7j,r+o�b47`)*

+{)@*+%)#+o<3¦FcOA*+W,0F)+ ¥.�+�&¡#+:;+o g<3�>&E@*+ g<3�7;#+6%eN+6O*+7v)+.-5|O*+:1)*+o<h3�%)*+��c

+:d%d7h)*# +:&?73&')* +~=7B1)* +:; + gG.-.} + �.j*%� +o��*%)* +2¡5O* +{Fj +oD�,;O* +7vdO* +,3� +ow3�

+G,e; +f�7�O*# +o<3d789F)* +<)#.F) +<3(&?,)* +<3B},()* +G,e; +:&�>N +:; +f(v&?O*# +o�5*H@A*#

+:Q47`)*+H%}%)*+ g<&?,e=+o7v1`F&?#+<)#.)*+GH*5@*+wj+ g<F&xQ8=+b4*%`)*+s%h�+D,�O*#+o< �8 ��*%()*

+2' �&?$%N+6O*+w=+o:)71)7r+owe(1N+u)#+o<38�*% |()*#+< �8 ��*%()*+t78r#+<3d.()*+<)#.)*+m73h)+s%B()*

+ �,c7¤=#+gA7e&�O* + gG��1=+ow33d789F)* +�}7&i=+2ihN+£*L8)* +"7�+D,(1&?7;+o�3;+ �G.-.}+ �G730)

V^Ta�(1C()*#+w�%)*+6789F)+<3&?73&')*+D*573�)*+"%�+og7&?7&?O*+oD5%0(N+ g<QF1�=

+ �<3¦F0= + ��*,�O* +��7Cd@* +:; +f(v&?O* +��)* +oTY\Y +m7B)* +:; +ob47`)* +s7QN* +~¦�¦= +w�)#

+o6789)+:;+:FcOA*+uF&')*+w=+ g<)7�+{&?5O*#+ob8B)*+<=*#H+w=+�#,�F)+<F¤()*+o �<3¦)#H#+ �<3(3F�@*#

+�5%1&?.)*+7vh39`N+:;+.(&xN+u)+<-%&'1)*+��c+6O*+,3�+o ¥:}57P+ ��*,&�@*+f0N+ �GH.C1=+ �<-%&'1r

+:8B-+7=+o gG,3�M+ �bB&¡+5#�r+�b47`)*+5%1&?H�+~(�+.h;+¯<3}57�)*+<-7&E%)*+<-7j5+~�+:;+A@*

+ �<-,-%`N + �<y3&E +�%&? +f&'3) +o�N7}5.8 |=# +2x8)* +«#,r +<3FC1 |()*# +G.)%1&' |()* +<y3&x)* +��c+6O*

+:;+o7(v3)@*+~¦ ¨&E%1)*+w3�+>e&�+w-�F)*+o:8�%)*+TYUR+s7�3=#+TY�Z+5%1&?H+,9j+o7vh9&?+7()

+o*#.C3)+o�*�83�+o7(vr+w33d789F)*+w=+,3�e)*+{8yN+7()7`)+o �~=O*+:N5H7r+ow31F&xQ8=+w31F�,=

+V^�a+G.-.}+ �D7=�O*+�71d@A+o5%=OA*+��*#+�=+�791&�A*+w3�+o2'&?O*+.�+7(v8=+ g>M+6O*+o�)q+.Br

+m7¤8)*+<=�O*+w=+f)%0N#+o g<=#�O7=+:d789F)*+:&?73&')*+£7(1}>)+<3&?7&?OA*+<389)*+D,(1&?*+7(M

+](4#`+J//O)&*L(#+u$HF+](4#+D/28C(#+]LF+�LH(#�+~F&'1;+o^Ra �<(�7Q1=+ �<3j7(1}@*+ �<=�O*+{)@*+�3;

+VÛaw3��79)*+.�O*+,¦39BN+l&'0r+o�W)/CL23+W)&/H:5+u)ES23#`+ie{DF)2l0

+s7QN*+7c,¦;#+:1)*+:8�%)*+s7;%)*+<y3&x)+ �m*,1�*+w=+�`&')*+{Fj+,v¤-+7(=+u�,)*+{Fj#

+ �<3;*,y(-H+ �D*,¦3yN+�78v;+¯�%h)*+w-�*%=+:;+D*,3y1)*#+D*5%`1)7r+ �,P*�+�10N+7=+6@7;+ob47`)*

+V.)*%1)*#+G,Cv)*+~BQr+ob4*%`F)+<39&'8)*+6*�#OA*+:;

+b4*%`)* +6O* +%c+o:&?73&')* +�%1&'()* +{Fj+o6789) +:;+g*.3hBN +<3Q47`)* +<)O7&'()* +.-L- +7=#

+oW%8C)*+:;+6#LM,(1-+<B3&J)7;+¯ ¥:;*,y}+ �2?7&?O*+{Fj+oW,0F)+ g<C31d+o£�%1N+f09&EO*+<&'34,)*

VRS+I�[+2x&E+o2?Vm+o,CL2K(#+J/H:1(#+o5.3�+H%(0=+^Ta+V�STR+�%(N+T+p-571r+o6789)+o.:7$aC6(#+h;:Ds+oG,3&xh)*+<3�-571)*+G,M*�)*#+G,3y&x)*+W#,0)*+!6789)+oW7-H+%rO*+57`P+^�a

+oTYYZ+o:;7h�)*+�,-,0)*+LM,=+!D#,3r+i,O)&*L(#+¢d$C&(#+V"):>?5#`+nU#$A(#+J/<+.QDS2lC(#+h)/E(#`+7#$E(#+,- +o6#,Pn*#+~3j7(&?@*+"H7j+^RaVR\[IR\U+2x&E

VTR+2E+o2?Vm+o,CL2K(#+J/H:1(#+o5.3�+H%(0=+Ûa

UT

SF2T 8PT: .) .:

+o:)7(&J)*#+:r,y)*+w3j7h9)*+:;+o~P*.)*+:;#+o<3r,y)*+7v13�7&¡#+D#,3r+<8-.=+{1�+o~�7&')*#

+ow1()*# +6*#,&'M +:1h`8=+w=+ �,39M + �tL}#+oD#,39) +<3�,&J)* +<3�7&i)* +:;+<d5*%()* +LM,(1-#

+tLC)*+:;+<¦8&')*+w`h-#+o�,&Jr#+o6.c@*#+o6#,19)*#+o~39}+:;+b3�e)*+uc.}*%N+{)@*+ g<;7&¡@*

+o2'Fr*,� +:; +g7&E%&xP# +o6789) +"7(&� +:;# +o*.3&E# +oW#,�)* +u3F�@*# +o<(&E7B)* +w= +:r,y)*

+Vu31)* +�H*## +o�3)7j# +o�%&J)* +~9} +�#5.)* +6#.�%()* +w�%1&'- +w3� +:; +o57ej# +o<38&i)*#

+:1)* +o�57&x()*# +o<3d789F)* +<B=7C)*# +o2J3C)* +7v&?O*5 +{Fj# +o<(v()* +D7&'&?$%()* +2iBr +A%)#

+o7vr*L�O7r+~�(1()*+~h1&'()*+�9&�+7vd73M+b4*%`)*+��c+w=+ ¥~e)+6@7;+ob4*%`)*+~M+7c.8j+:h1FN

+7vN7r7hd# +o<3&¡7-,)* +7v1-.dO*# +o<3(3FB1)*# +o<38-.)*# +<3j7(1}A*# +o<-H7&x1�A* +7vN7&'&?$%=#

V^Ta<j%(&'()*#+<3¦4,()*#+7v8=+Gt#,h()*+o<3=>j@A*+7vF47&?##+o<38v()*

+w3r +D7�>B)* +p-57N +o673�OA* +w= + �,3�M +:; +o�.v&� +��)* +:=*.)* +£*L8)* +6@7; +o�)q +�=#

+o:Q47`)* +/:8-.)* +H.B1)* +wj +oG5#, ¨&i)7r +og7CN7d +2'3) +o6789) +:; +<3d7e&')* +D7j%(C()*

+¯ �<QF1�= + �D738�@* +~e&JN +<F3&x� +%c +:d789F)* +£7(1}A* +6O* +{)@* +2E%F�F) +�3Fj +t789)* +we(|- +A#

+s,B)* +{)@* +<h�7&')* +7v139)7yr +l&'18N + �<3d7e&? + �D7j7(} +w= + �6%e¦ |= +m%3)* +:d789F)* +�(1C()7;

+#O*+o �<3d*.FM+#O*+o �<3h383;+w=+o<j%81()*+"%&EOA*+D*q+<3�,j+D73F�O*+7vB=#+o �<3)7j+ �<9&'8r+:r,B)*

+o �<3r#5#O*+ �D73)7}+7-7hr+w=+#O*+o �<38=5O*+#O*+o �<-H,M+#O*+o �<3d7(M,N+#O*+o �<3d7-,&?+#O*+o �<3r,j+#O*+o �<-5%&�n*

+m7BF)+:(&?,)*+t7&x�@A*+l}%(r+<3d789F)*+<3&'8C)*+f)7d#+o6789)+:;+5*,h1&?A*+D5,�+o7c,3�#

+w3r + g<M,1&J=+o g<3;7h�# +o g<3j7(1}*# +o g<-H7&x1�* +o g<3N*q# + g<3j%&¡%=+,3-7B=+<(� +6O* +7(M+oTYR�

+:9c�()*+#O*+:8-.)*+uvj%8N+w=+u�,)*+{Fj+o:8�%)*+uct7(1d*+�LBN#+ouv83r+�(CN+ow33d789F)*

V^�aD73&E%&xP+w=+�r+�9N,-+7=#

+:; +ow3303&'()*# +w3(F&'()* +:F�(= +w3r +<Q&E78()* +,¦�O* +b47`)* +s7QN* +6O* +w= +u�,)7r#

+k09) +^Ra�<38�# +<�3c� +~3e&JN +{)@* +7jH# +o{)#OA* +<�Q)* +:Q�%=# +o<=%e0)*# +:r738)* +2'FC()*

+o:Q47`)*+.3h)*+�57P+:d7�)*+:r738)*+2'FC()*+t7&ijO*+W7�1d*+G5#,&¡#+o<3Q47`)*+�#7CN+<3Q3M

+:9c�()*#+:Q47`)*+u&?7h1)* +o2x8)7r +o2?,¦M+�dO* +,3�+ob4*%`F)+ �³%3&�+2'FC=+K*.01&?* +�=

+<&x&E70()* +�r7� +7v3Fj +{y� + g<-%`F&? + �D7&?57(= +�)q +�911&?*# +oÛa<)#.F) +<&'34,)* +��*%(F)

+<38�%)*+<�3v)*+~3e&JN+ §,C-+u)#+o�(1C()*#+<)#.)*+:;+<3Q47`)*+:&JQN#+o<39c�()*#+<3Q47`)*

VT[T+ITR[+2x&E+o2?Vm+onU)A(#+;'<+)0+.(`>+,-+nU#$A(#+")&*(+o%8&?+�#$#,)*+.9j+!�}*5+o~3&xQ1)*+w=+.-L()+^TaV[[R+I[[�+2x&E+o2?Vm+i�.:;HO+DjO+.as`+V,O)&*L(#+,b:7)S(#+�)Ab(#�+oW#,MH+w3&'�+.(0=+^�a

+")&*(+,-+./gU)A(#+o,3&Jr+5.8e&?@*+!W71M+w=+�+?#+�+�ELC(#+!�}*5+o�5%1&?.)*+2x8)*+:;+t7}+7(M+o<3Q47`)*+t7y)@A+<38�%)*+<�3v)*+~3e&JN+"%�+^Ra

VTS]+ITSZ+T82N+iT3=f+i�J:?#+](4#

+V,()E(#+")&*(+7$S23>+w=+Y[+oZ[+oZU+o[R+o[�+oUU+oT\+oT]+!H*%()*+!+�}*5+Ûa

U�


+u47h)*+o"#OA*+.Br+o:d7�)*+:r738)*+2'FC()*+t7&ijO*+W7�1d*+A#+o<3Q47`)*+�#7CN+<3Q3M+k09)

+:; +7v8= +s>`dA*# +o^Ta<3Q47`)* +<8j,&� +{)* +�HO* +7= +o:Q47`)* +.3h)* +�57P +<Q&E78()* +{Fj

+o<3=>j@A*# +o<-%r,1)*# +o<3&?73&')* +D>}7&'()* +:;# +o7vN7&'&?$%=# +<)#.)* +w-%eN +{)@* +,¤8)*

+2i�781)* +w=+ �"7�+�)q+wj+�18;+oq%Q8)* +��*%=+{Fj+<&x&E70()* +�`8=+<8(3c+{)@* + g<;7&¡@*

+{Fj+g79F&?+ g7&'eB8=+o7v3;+.47&')*+%c+~F�)*+~B}+7=+o<3Q47`)*+D7d�*%1)*+f39�N+7vB=+~301&'-

+u¤B=+~-%0N+w=+w¦e=#+o:j7(1}A*#+�H7&x1�A*+5*,h1&?A*+{Fj#+o<3&?73&')* +G730)*+~(C=

+ �D7C8&JN +{)@* +~&xN +7= +g*,3�M +o �D>&iB= +{)@* +6%3d789F)* +7vv}*%- +:1)* +D>e&J()*# +7-7&ih)*

+Vw�%)*#+lB&J)*+G.�#+H.v|N+ �<-H%(j+ �<3Q47�+ �D7=7&'hd*#

+ow�%)*+m%vQ=+w3r+2?791)A*+{)@* +o<3Q47`)*+<&x&E70(F)+b47`)*+5%1&?H+5*,�@* +�HO* +.h)

+ g>-.r+<Q47`)*+<;7h�+u3(BN+�)q+wj+uCd#+o7v3)@*+t7(1dA*#+<Q47`)*+m%vQ=+w3r#+o�3)@*+t7(1dA*#

+ ��,1&J= + ��=7CM +:8�%)* +�r*,)* +�7B&¡@*# +o<38�*%()* +G.�# +{Fj +<389()* +ow�%)* +<;7h� +wj

+�,1&J |()* +l&xB)* +{0&¡O* +��)* +lc�()*# +o<Q47`)* +<-%)#O* +<0F&x() +o:d789F)* +lB&J)* +~e)

+7= +ow�%F) +tA%)* +~9� +7c�%=5# +<Q47`F) +tA%)* +�9&EO* +og*H*,`1&?*# +o�3)@* +w3(18()* +w3r +"#OA*

+5*,(1&?* +<8j,&J) +<(j*.)* +D*5,9()* +.&J0N# +¬%&'N + �<3Q47�+ �D7d73M +£%(C=+,3POA* +*�c+~B}

+u47h)*+^�a�,1&J()*+2J3B)*+_%h&?#+o�eQ1)7r+673e)*+H.v-+�,33yN+6O*+<B-5�r+o:Q47`)*+m7¤8)*

+GH73&? +{Fj +GLeN,()* +o<�-.0)* +<)#.)* +m73� +�8= +{)@* +�HO* +7(M +o<3h;*%1)* +<3�*,h(-.)* +{Fj

+uvQ&E%r+oH*,;OA*+�3(C)+<38-.)*+,47B&J)*+<&?57(=#+o.h1B()*#+o,eQ)*+<-,�+~QeN+:1)*+o6%d7h)*

VD79}*%)*#+s%h0)*+:;+6%d7h)*+m7=O*+w-#7&'1=+w38�*%=

+TU+�-,;#+5*qn* +\+�-,;a+6789)+:;+w3&'34,)*+£*L8)*+:h-,;+w3r+o H7�+ �s�O7=+�)q+wj+�1d#

+<9)7`=#+o£7;.F) +7(c.�O* +"7(;+!w33&?7&?O* +w-.Br +{)@* +.81&?* +o ¥�%-$#5 + �m7&'hd* +wj+,Q&?O* +o^5*qn*

+o<-5%1&?.)*+�&E%&xd+{)@*+6%M,)*#+ob47`)*+5%1&?H+<F¤(r+5*,�@A*#+�*,1jA*+G5#,&ir+,PnA*+�-,Q)*

+m7e1�A*+w=+o< �8 ��*% |()*+<)#H+%0d+5%9B)*+:;+2?7&?OA*+~e&JN+o �<38�#+ �GH*5@*+wj+fh�9d*+7c5791j7r

+V7cH*,;OA+<8&¡70)*+7vdO*+{Fj#+o7v&¡5O*#+7v&'Qd+{Fj+7vNH73&'r+u3F&'1)*#+<-5%1&?.)*+D7&'&?$%()*+{)@*

+{Fj+��,�+:;+g*LeN,=+ob47`)*+<)#.)+2'3)#+o<`F&'F)+g7&¡57B=+�&'Qd+wFjO*+.h;+o,PnA*+�-,Q)*+7=O*

V<)*.B)*#+G%h)*+�O*.9=+{Fj+m%hN+ �<3h3h�+ �<)#H+2'3&?O71)+ g7hF`8=+o�1-$#5+�;#+o.¦B¦ |N+o �<3478�

V�Z[+I�ZU+T82N+iT3=f+i")&*(`+.:>;'S(#+M)'CS6C(#`+./(#7;/g(#+o67(3F&?+m7&xj+^Ta+G.-,;+<)7&?5+�6789F)+6@*+!<)%h=+l�7&E+703&�+"7&J3=+�,1&J()*+2J3B)*+G,eQ)+w3}#,()*+�,rO*+w=+VTY�Z+5%1&?H+D*LeN,=+w=+%c+^�a+o:�*,h(-.)*+,eQ)*+�71d+2'3)+67(),9)*+6@*#+o<3&?73&')*#+<38-.)*+<-,0)*+�3h01)+73B&?+ob4*%`)*+w3r+�,1&J()*+2J3B)*+"7C=+:;�+")&*( +,- +.(`;(# +u)2N ?# +rYgc +o6�7�)* +.-,¦; +!<B}*,= +we(- +o.-L(F) +V,PnA* +2iB9)* +�= +78&iBr +2J3B)* +GH*5@A + �_,&� +%c +7(d@*#

+V7c.Br+7=#+[TY+2E+o2?Vm+o��+m��

UR

SF2T 8PT: .) .:

+b4*%`)*+.hj+{)@*+W,�O*+%c+:j7(1}A*+.hB)*+6O*+�H7Q=+og7B�*#+b47`)*+5%1&?H+{&?5O*+o*�ec#

+w=+ �<Q47�+~e)+q%Q8)*+��*%=+o7vN7&'&?$%=+,9j+o<)#.)*+��c+°Q0N+6O*+{Fj+o^Ta<)#.)*+<`F&?+�=

+o< �8 ��*% |()* +<)#H +f&'3)# +o^�ab4*%`)* +<3¦)*5.3; +{Fj+m%hN +:1)* +<)#.)* +�9&J- +7= +�O* +ob4*%`)*

+ §. �(¦ �B �N �# +w9y)7r +7=+ �<Q47�+2'0N+w3�+o�*L1c>)+g7&¡,B=+.hB)* +*�c+{0&¡O7; +V:FBQ)* +{8B()7r

+6%M,)*+�,C-#+o�,1&J()*+2J3B)*+<)%h=+o�*�83�+o5%�1;+o�,POA*+b4*%`)*+~9�+w=+7v47&x�@*

+u3h1&'N+A#+om7&'hdA*#+£.&x1F)+ g<&¡,j+<)#.)*+~BC-+7=+%c#+o7v8j+.30)*+we(-+A+ �<(zF¦ �&'(M+7v3)@*

+� §1 z3 §8 §c*, §r +o5%1&?.)* +6O* +:8B- +7=+V<3d789F)* +<h-,`)* +{Fj+�}<)28O+](4# +�E(# +h>$'<� +A@* +5%=OA*

+~M +��(B1N�¦; +o<-5#.)*# +<3dnA* +D7=�OA* +{Fj + g<�%1Q= +b4*%`F) +<3&?73&')* +G730)* +~BC- +o��c

+o<3&?73&')*+<93M,1)*+~(C=+{Fj+7v)>¤r+:P,|N+ �D7&¡*,1j*#+ �D7&�7h8r+D7=�OA*+��c+w=+ �<=�O*

+{)@*+<}7}L)*+�8j+w=+og*,3PO*+o�,�1)+ob8B)*+w=+og79)7�+o%F�N+A+:1)*+oG#5�)*+<F�,=+±F91;

+D7-%&'1)* +s,`;+¯<9Fy)* +m.j#+�;*%1)* +G.j7�+{)@* +GLeN,()*+<-%&'1)* +:c#+oG,3POA*+7v1F�,=

+�./O)&*L(# +.:DH*'(#� +D7j.19= +w= +:c# +o�,PO* +{Fj + �<Q47`) + g<30}5O* +o gGH7j +o~¦�¦(N +A +:1)*

+D7�%&'=+:;+7c5,9-+7=+7v)+q@*+o5%1&?.)*+5#�}+wj+<F&x)*+<j%`h=+f&'3)+oD7=�OA*+5%9j+:;

+o�H*%=+w=+ �GH7=+,3�+:;+��*,r@*+:d789F)*+5%1&?.)*+~Q¦y|-+u)+��)*+�;*%1)*+:;#+o�,1&J()*+2J3B)*

+V^Ra�,1&J()*+2J3B)*+G,e;+�=+mt*%13)

+wj+�*,0dA*+w=+<=�O>)+.r+A+ow33d789F)*+w3r+m7&'hdA*+�(B1-#+o2�7h8)*+m.10-+w30;

+ ��7&E#O7r+ g<F¦¦(0=+o7c,-,9N+u�+o<-,�MOA*+�O*5+{)@*+H781&?A*+:c#+o£*L8)*+u&'0)+ �<F3&?#+{)@*+7c57&'=

+:1)*+o<3�*,h(-.)*+<&?57(=+:;+<h-,B)*+"#.)*+5*,�+{Fj+o :�*,h(-H+ �.Fr+6789)+6O*+{Fj+ �<;7&i |=

+:c#+V�O*,)* +t*.r@7r +7vh�+<&¡57B(F) +°Q0N+7(3; +o |� ��3Q8N +{)%1N# +7 �c �5*,�+�3; + |<-,�MOA* +�8&xN

+7vdO* +,3�+o~�OA*+{Fj+o<-,¤8)*+<3�78)*+w=+7v13)%9h=+¬%&'-+ g73h`8=+g*.8&?+7v)+.CN+.�+ �<)%h=

+.hB)* +u3c7Q= +{)@* + �H#.&J= +<8�*%()* +u3� +t78r +6O* +�,N +:1)* +:j7(1}A* +.hB)* +<-,¤8) +<-,eQ)* +2'&?OA* +�&'rOA +b)7�= +*�c# + Ta+L-LB1) + �67(&iM +<3B(C)*# +<-H,Q)* +<0F&x()*# +~hB)* +<)#H +:; +o<`F&')* +"#*.N# +�57&J1)* +u3�# +o<38�%)* +<)#.)*# +:j7(1}@A*

V:�*,h(-.)*+573�)*VTZ+IT[+oTR+2x&E+o�ST�+o<3r,B)*+G.�%)*+D7&?*5H+LM,=+!D#,3r+i)aC/I+]LF+./<DS(#`+.&�#$C(#+ob3`F)*+.9j+"7(M +

+f99&'N#+o<-5%1&?.)*+�N7&'&?$%=+~(j+{Fj+<39F&')*+7v)>¤r+fP5O*#+o:d789F)*+�(1C()*+��*#+w=+6789)+:;+b4*%`)*+<3)*5.3;+fh�9d* + �a+V<34*,}@A*#+<3B-,&J1)*+w31`F&')*+w3r+<�>B)*+:;+ �~F�r

VTY]+IT\\+T82N+iT3=f+i")&*(`+.:>;'S(#+M)'CS6C(#`+./(#7;/g(#+o67(3F&?+m7&xj+!,¤dO*+o.-L(F) ++�,�-+A+K.¦0-+6O*+we(-+7=+~M+6O*#+o �2¡57j+ �KH7�+W,0)*#+o6789)+,c%}+%c+�;*%1)*+6O*+o<3d789F)*+b4*%`)*+w3r+�;*%1)*+<-,¤8r+6%F47h)*+�,-++^Ra

+6%&¡,1B()* +�,- +7(3; +o�1)7&?5 +:c+��c# +o6789) +5.� +%c +*�¦c# +o�,PO* + �GH.¦0= + ��;*%N +<y3&E +{)@* + �GH.0=+ ��;*%N +<y3&E +w=+"7h1dA* +�`8= +wj

+ �2¡ z,B=+ �,=O* +%c#+ol)7y1)*#+£57&x1)*+"7e&�O* +w=+ �~e&�+%c+7(d@* +<)#.)*+:;+<&'34,)*+��*%(¦)* +u&?7hN+:;+�;*%1¦)* +6O* +:Q47`)*+�;*%1)* +<-,¤d+{Fj

V,3POA*+�O*,)*+{)@*+~3(d+w0d#+o�)�)+<3}57�)*#+<3FP*.)*+�#,¤)*+D,;%N+{1=+57CQd>)+ �~r7�#+om�O71)*#+67h1�>)

+2x&E +o�SS[ +o<B3F`)* +5*H +!D#,3r +i�)&�#$0 +.�/<D'(# +u`;(# +,- +>Dg(# +D/28: +]S0 +i.23)/2K(#` +./<DS(# +,- +o57&xd +b3&E7d +V�\�I�\T

UU


+<9)7y()*+~h�+:;+D*�)*+.3MO7N#+o�57&x1dA*�+D73)n*+�.�@*+~e&JN+7vd%e)+o�-%&J1)7r+ g<r%&J=+{h9N

+w=+6789)+:;+7vNH*,;#+7v1�*,Br+:8y1)*#+�,1&J()*+2J3B)*+<)%h=+{Fj+m.h1N+k30r+o<3Q47`)*

V6*.F9)*+,47&?+w=+�,3�+6#H

+~e&JN +:1)* +b4*%`)* +�.�@* +�}%r +o�,9e)* +b4*%`)* +w= +671Q47� +fh;*%N +%) +*q7= +we)

+.� +�<FB1Q()* +<-,�MOA*� +6%eN +�*�830;+©b4*%`)* +<3¦)*5.3; +m7¤d +:;+2?7&?OA* +G.(jOA* +.�O*

+O*.9=+{)@*+GH%B)7r+o"%`N+6O*+.Br+o.(�N+.�+oD7=�OA*+w=+ �G.-.}+ �G5#H+�#,9)+<3d7e=@A*+D,¦¦¦;#

+w=+ �G.-.}+ �G5#.)+o�#%&'1)*+~0)*+{)@*+7vF39&?+�F&'N+u)+"7�+:;+o2'&?$%N+.�#+o�,1&J()*+2J3B)*

+A+o �<-5%FeF;+ �D7�>&E@7r+ �<F(0=+ �G.-.}+ �<Q3)%N+:;+u-.h)*+m7¤8)*+�71d@*+.3BN+<3¦FcOA*+W#,0)*

Vb47`)*+s7QN*+~9�+ �u47�+%c+7=+<3�#5+wj+�,�N

+<9�7B1()* +D7=%e0)* +t*HO* +t%&? +w= +o7v(¤B(r +o �<3NO71= +6789) +7c7d7j +:1)* +D>e&J()7;

+f8B=O* +~r +ol&?78()* +67e()* +:; +l&?78()* +~},)* +O*.9= +�9`N +u) +:1)* +ob47`)* +5%1&?H +.Br

+ouvN7&E7&x1P*#+w30&�,()*+Gt7QM+wj+,¤8)*+2iyr+oD73r%&'0()*+l&'0r+b47�%)*+u3&'h1r

+ �,;*#+ �H.j+<(�+q@*+o<B¦8h()*+<)7`9)*+G,c7�+:c+:d789F)*+�(1C()*+{)@*+ gG.-.}+ gG,c7�+fFPHO*#

+�O* +*%)�9- +6O* +6#H +w=+lN*#5 +6%&¡7h1-# +o<)#.)* +:;+ g<3F&xQ=+LM*,=+6%F10- +w3Q�%()* +w=

V,M�-+ �.v}

+D7&?57(()*# +<3=%e0)* +D7&?57(()* +w3r + g7&¡57BN +�,d +o<��7�)* +D7&?73&')* +��c +l9&'r#

+w=+6789)+�,�-+6O*+o:FBQ)*+7vh39`N+6O7&�+w=+:1)*+o<38�*%()*+{)@*+,¤8)*+">P+w=+o<39B&J)*

V<3&x�&J)*+<0F&x()*+{Fj+<=7B)*+<0F&x()*+l3Fy1r+<3&?73&')*+�N>e&J=

+G%CQ)* +�&?# +7= +5.hr +o<39&xB)* +:; +6789) +"7PH@* +:; + �,39M + �5#H +b47`)* +s7QNA+67M +7(M

+2'345 +D73�>&E +2x3FhN +,9j +oH>9)* +:; +<3&?73&')*# +<38-.)* +D73B},()* +w3r +<3&?73&')*

+<&?745a +<¦8&')*# +<B3&J)* +w3(F&'(F) + �<3&?73&? +LM*,= +D73�>&E +~3BQN# +o:d#57()* +<-5%v(C)*

+,B&Jd+781r#+ob4*%`)*+w3r+D7;>�)*+�3}O7N+:;+�)q+uv&?O7;+o^<=%e0)*+<&?745#+W*%8)*+2'FC=

+w3r+<39F&')*+<3�-571)*+D*.3hB1)*+o">h1&?A*+.Br+7=+<F�,=+:;+o2J3Bd+"*LdA+o6789)+:;+78dO*

+Vm%3)*+{1�+6789)+m73�+�8=+<39c�()*#+<3Q47`)*+<F�F�)*+��c+{)@*+�HO*+��)*+,=OA*+ob4*%`)*

+ �2x&x� +GH7-� +,9j +f38|r +o gGO*L1C= + g<3&?73&? + �D7�>&E@* +b47`)* +<h3�# +f8(&iN +.h)

+G730)* +{)@* +:8�%)* +6�*%1)* +.3BN +6O* +6#H +w= +o,Pn* + ��-,; +W7&'� +{Fj + ��-,Q) + �D79&'1e=#

+o:Q47`)*+H%}%)*+o�)�r+of&?,e;+o7v)7�+{Fj+f)*�+7=+<3Q47`)*+{8¦ |9¦)*+6O*+7()7�+o<3&?73&')*

+V<38�*%()*+t78r#+<3d.()*+<)#.)*+m73�+W7&'�+{Fj+o<3Q47`)*+,j7&J()*+fC}O*#

U[

SF2T 8PT: .) .:

+uM70)*+<-%c+{Fj+2x8-+A+7(M+o<)#.)*+w-H+<-%c+{Fj+2x8-+A+.-.C)*+5%1&?.)*+6O*+ ��30&E

+7v47`j@*# +ob4*%`)* +<8(3c+w=+.-L1) +Dt7}+o5%1&?.)* +w=+.'23)S(# +h>)C(# +6O* +,3� +o<38-.)*

+)aS:>?)S< +i.(`;(#` +i �.HLA0 +>)HSF5# +.:DB +"4#� +!7v3; +t7} +k3� +o<)#.)* +:; +f9¦�1)* +<3j,&�

+DU)'2l(#+.0)I4# +.:DB+qgYc`+it{#oC(#`+"):>?5#+9/Cs+fDSEc+i]()'c+¤+u1s45#+TG`D-

+)2_:?#+JC2_c+,{`+if)'(#+f)j&(#+,-+ �u1y4#+ir(d+,-+i"$Y:+5+"?#+]LF+i)aS:)CB+¥Ec+./&:;(#

+o^Ta�./&:;(# +�()28C(#` +./28b2l(# +u#$B?5# +f)jO +f#DSB# +ieaLL0 +~1Sy# +]LF +iJ/L{?1(

+7c5#H +�L¦j# +o<)#.)* +:; +<-%8B()* +<3&x�&J)* +<3d789F)* +lc*�()*# +b4*%`)* +�8= +��)* +,=OA*

+<3d789F)* +<)#.)7; +¯lB&J)* +{Fj +G,`3&')* +:; +<)#.)* +2';78N +f0&¡O7; +o:d%d7h)*# +o:j7(1}A*

+o�*#�+>;+¯:Q47`)* +uc.3�+">P+w=+A@* +ow38�*%()7r +o7v83d*%�+#O* +o7c5%1&?H+:;+�,1BN +A

+�`P+w(&¡+:Q47`)*+.3h)*+�5H|O*+k3�+o �w3B=+ �lc�=+{)@*+ �u18=+,3�+ �H,Q)+<Q3�#+A#+oK5@*+A#

+{1�+#O*+o"78()*+<9B&E+:j7(1}A*+�7=.dA*+<3F(j+~BC-+7=+ob4*%`)*+w3r+ g<Q&E78=+b3�%1)*

+7v3)*+O7CF-+:1)*+<3&?7&?OA*+<3B},()*+W73�#+<)#.)*+D*5.h=#+D*5.�+bB&¡+~�+:;+o g<F301&'=

+#O* +o �<3r7&'81&?* +6#H +w= +oH*,;OA* +s%h� +w(&i- +7(r +ow3d*%h)* +~3BQN +m.j +~� +:;# +oH*,;OA*

VG*#7&'()*+O*.9(r+ �">P@*

+,39B1)* +:; +�¦h¦�# +o<Q47`)* +<0F&x() +�5#H + �l3¦y= +:d789F)* +m7¤8)* +:; +H,Q)* +6O* +7(M

+wj+, �9B |-+6O*+�)+�%C-+>;+¯_79�@A*+G.hj+#O*+w9y)*+G.hj+#O*+�%�)*+G.hj+<;7h�+<C0r+o �D%9e=

+�9&x-+o:)71)7r#+o7v(3jLr+<F¦�(()*+<Q47`)*+<0F&x=+�=+�r7`P+mt>1-+7=+5*.h(r+A@* +o�-O*5

+m7¤d+�O*+oG,e19()*+<j.9)*+6O*#+o7v)+g7&ic78=+~hd+u)+6@*+o<3�*,h(-.F)+ g> � �B |=+:Q47`)*+m7¤8)*

+t78r+:Qd#+o7v47(j�#+b4*%`)*+<-7&E#+.vj+5*,(1&?A+ �uc#+�%&?+f&'3)+o:�*,h(-.)*+�;*%1)*

+V<�-.0)*+<)#.)*

+�=+o:8-.)*#+2E7�)*+u3FB1)*+<-,�+b4*%`F)+o5%1&?.)*+w=+i^�ahD2�)'(#+h>)C(#+D z,�O*+w�)#+

+:d789F)*+5%1&?.)*+7vr+H,Q8-+ �<)7�+:c#+o<&E7�)*+7vN7B=7}#+7v&?5*.=+t7&Jd@*+:;+7v�%h�+67(&¡

+�3B|-# +w33d789F)* +w3r +.j791)* +:;+o �.3Br + ¥.¦�+{)@* +ouv&'|- +�)q+6@7; +ou)7B)* +,3N7&?H+,47&? +wj

+7c7hF1- +:1)* +<3;7h�)* +<3�78)* +w=+uv83r +,;781)* +t*%}O* +o:)71)7r +o�F�-# +o:8�%)* +uv}7=.d*

V^Ra<QF1�=+W57&J=+w=+<�&�78)*

VTZITR+2x&E+o�STT+o<3�%h0)*+:9F0)*+D*5%&J8=+!D#,3r+o.E()28(#+.&�#$C(#+./s$($Y/23+o�%&'3B)*+w(�,)*+.9j+^TaV,()E(#+,O)&*L(#+7$S23;(#+w=+<B&?71)*+GH7()*+!�}*5+^�aV,()E(#+,O)&*L(#+7$S23;(#+w=+G,&�7B)*+GH7()*+!�}*5+^Ra

UZ


+t78r# +oD7j*L8)* +�#7CN +:; + ��57r + �5#H +w=+<3r,1F) +7= +f¤0)+.� +b47`)* +<h3�# +6O* +u�5#

+,-+Dj&(#+h>)F4#�+G5#,&¡+{Fj+f&xd+7=.8j+o �<3(cO*+w=+�h01&'N+7=+7v1)#O7;+o<38�%)*+G.�%)*

+i,-)H[(#`+,B`D(#+¢)SgO5#`+iJ//&�$(#+7)a28O5#`+^)CSO5#+RX':+)C<+){D:$Ac`+|{)&C(#

+7vFe&�+:1)*+op-571)*+67C)+6O*+.3r+V^Ta�./&�$(#+./<DS(#`+�:7)S(#+,c>)0+,-+�)SY(#+;/B$c`

+u)# +o7c57(� + §D$%N +u) +o ¥:8�# + ¥:&?5.= + �p-57N +W71M +H*.j@A +ot7(d@A*# +K%09F) +�%r,1)* +LM,()*

+D7P78()7r +<F&x1()* +D*5791jA* +{)@* +H%B- +�)q +:; +l9&')* +~B)# +o7v1(v= +�7Cd@* +{)@* +~¦ ¨&E%1N

+u&'�+{)@*+o.Br+o*%F&E%1-+u)+w-�)*+w33d789F)*+w3r+<3Q47`)*+D7rq7C1)*#+o<8P7&')*+<3&?73&')*

+G,()* +W57C1)* +w= +.Q1&'N +u) +:1)* +H>9)* +:; +G.47&')* +<38c�)* +{)@*# +o<-,3&x()* +uvN*573P

V^�a�r+b&xBN+6O*+DH7M+ �<8P7&?+ �D7=�O*+,9j+ow�%)*+7c7d7j+:1)*

+.�/O;C(#+.(`;(#+.0)I4#`+")&*(+,-+.�/&�#$C(#+�/*Ac+JYC:+q{+if �;Hc+)0+^$2G+,-++m�

�.�/�#DHC:;(#

+o ¥:Q47�+ ��(1C=+:;+<)H7B)*+<3�*,h(-.)*+<3d.()*+<)#.)*+�3h0N+<r%B&xr+o g<-*.r+o�,1Bd

+{Fj +<(47h)* +oG7CN,()* +<)#.)* +��v; +¯�7CN@A* +*�c +:; +{B&'d +6O* +78h� +w= +o6789) +:; +o788e)

+/.�*%)* +lB&J)* +t78rO* +7v3; +W57h1- +:1)* +o,39B1)*# +.h1B()* +<-,�# +D79}*%)*# +s%h0)* +O*.9=

+�dO7r +uv8= + �H,; +~M +,B&J- +o<h� + �<38�# + �G.�%) +2'&?$%N + g<3B(1C= + gG.�# +{j,N# +o6%8�*%()*

+~� +:; +7v&'Qd +D79}*%)* +�3Fj +lN,1N# +7v83j +s%h0)7r +�1(1- +�dO7r# +o,PnA* +H,Q)* +�= + �#7&'1=

+<3Q47`)*+D7d%1d7e)*+��*#+w=+6789)+~h8-+6O*+we(-+��)*+:j%&¡%()*+~0)*+:c+o6%d7h)*+GH73&?

+l3yN+k3�+o< �8 ��*% |()* +2?7&?O* +{Fj+<389()*+<3�*,h(-.)*+<)#.)*+t78r+{)@* +o7vN*q+{Fj+<hF¦y()*

+Vl&?78()*+��%()*+:;+l&?78()*+2x�&J)*+:NO73;+o<39c�()*#+<3Q47`)*#+<3rL0)*+D73r%&'0()*

+:j%)7r +og7&?7&?O* +o �<d%c,= +oD79}*%)*# +s%h0)* +O*.9= +w= +g7�>`d* +o�< �8 ��*% |()*� +<&?57((;

+o5731PA* +<-,� +{)@* +GLeN,()* +<3&?73&')* +G730)* +:; +{F&iQ)* +<M57&J()* +,¦¦;%- +��)* +:d%d7h)*

+<38�*%()* +�LB1N +�)�r# +o<3r7�1dA* +<3F(B)* +:; +7(3&? +A# +o5731PA* +*�c +�3Q8N +{Fj +G5.h)*#

V^Ra:N730)*#+:=%3)*+uvM%F&?+:;+ g<3B39�+g7( �3 §�+#.yN#+oH*,;OA*+2?%Qd+:;

Vb47`)*+<h3�#+:;+�e/L'S(#`+./<DS(#�+G,h;+!�}*5 + Ta+D7&?*5.)* +LM,=+!6789) +I+.8(F9)* +otIDC(#+.L60 +o�.3�%1)* +2'}7c#+�v8()* +<=�O* +w3r+6789) +p-57N +<r71M+<3(Fj�+o�3`�+.(�O* + �a+ �p-57N+<r71M+we(-+~c�+!�&'Qd+b)$%(F)+ g7&i-O*+�}*5+¯�[U+I�UY+2x&E+oTY\\+b-,P+o�+H.B)*+o.8(F9)*+<B=7}+o<3=>&?@A*+<303&'()*+o�J:?# +](4# +")&*( +�:7)c +.<)SQ +!W71M +:; + �k0r +o�t7(d@A*# +K%09F) +�%r,1)* +LM,()* +<r,CN +:; + �Gt*,� +© gGH7=# +g7Cv8= +6789F) + �.�%=

+VUZ]+IUZ[+2x&E+oVD+A+o<3=>&?@A*+.&E7h()*+<3B(}+:},�1=+<3B(}+D*5%&J8=+!D#,3r+VTYT+IT\R+2x&E+o2?Vm+onU)A(#+;'<+)0+.(`>+,-+nU#$A(#+")&*(+o%8&?+�#$#,)*+.9j+!,¤dO*+oH.&x)*+*�c+:; + Ra

U]

SF2T 8PT: .) .:

+sALdA* +6#H +"%0N# +o7vN.�# +6%&xN# +o6789) +:; +oGH.B1()* +D7�Q)* +�(CN +<38�*%()7;

+A#+o<3¦FP*.)* +G.�%)* +�h01N +w38�*%()* +�3(}+{Fj+6%d7h)* +H7&? +*q@7; +¯:FP*.)* +£�781)* +{)@*

+�h01-+6O*+o:)71)7r+owe(-#+o^Ta<;7M+DA7C()*+:;+<h0)*+<3�*,h(-.)*+<&?57(=+w=+7vB=+{&J�|-

+H*.91&?A*+<jLd+w=+b3Q�1)*#+oG.�*%)*+<)#.)*+:;+<QF1�()*+<38-.)*+D7j7(C)*+w3r+6�*%1)*

V^�a<-LM,()*+<`F&')*+.8j

+g73&?73&?+ g7P78=+�F�N+:v;+¯6789)+:;+<�#,`()*+"%F0)*+.�O7M+<38�*%()*+G,e;+�,9N+o*�)

+£*,1�A*+�-H78&E+{Fj+"79�@A*+�31N+ob4*%`F)+ gG�#7C1=+ g<3�*,h(-H+ �D73)n*+7cH7(1j*+,9j+g7=7j

+w3F�(()*+W7�1d*+<-,�+:8BN+*q7=+we)#+Vb4*%�+t78rO*+A+g*H*,;O*+uvQ&E%r+w38�*%()*+~9�+w=

+6#,B&J- +A +6%F�(()* +tA$%c +I +2¡,Q)* +~39&? +{Fj +I +67M +*q@* +olB&J)* +#O* +H*,;OA* +tA$%c +wj

+w3d*%h)*+:QeN+~c#+©uvQ4*%�+{)@*+t7(1dA7r+6#,B&J-+7=+5.hr+om7j+ ¥:&?73&?+ �~h�+{)@*+t7(1dA7r

+o<38�*%()* +D7=LF1&'(r + �:j# +�78c +we- +u) +7= +m7v()* +��vr +2¡%v8F) +<-5%1&?.)* +²H79()*#

+�#7CN +w= + �<}5.1= + �<3F(j +{)@* +#O* +o<�&J81)*# +<3r,1)* +w= +~�*,= +{)@* +�710N +G,3POA* +��c#

V^Ra©�5.1)*+*�c+O*.9=+:j*,N+w3d*%�+K*.01&?7r+o<3Q47`)*

+s%h0)*+7v=*%�+o �G.�*#+ �<=7j+²H79=+:;+�3(B)*+_*,�dA*+2?7&?O* +{Fj+m%hN+<38�*%()7;

+ �b4*%�# + �D7j7(}+*%d%e- +6O* +~9� +g*H*,;O* +uvQ&E%r +o6%8�*%()* +7v3; +�#7&'1- +:1)* +D79}*%)*#

+:1)* +~(B)* +D7�>j+7v8=# +o<3j7(1}A* +G730)* +2x�N+:1)* +DA7C()* +~M+~(&JN +7(M+og7d7-HO*#

+"7`N+:1)*+D*5731PA*+6O*+7(M+ow38�*%()*+H*.jO*+H7-H�*+.Br+o6789)+:;+o gG.-.}+g*H7BrO*+D��N*

+:1)* +<)#.F) +tA%)* +{8B(r +o<38�*%()* +:; +g70&¡*# +g*,3�O7N +,�$%N +<)H7B)* +<-H7&x1�A* +<&?73&')*

+V ¥�%d7�+ �tA#+{)@*+<-.3Fh1)*+D7j7(C)*+{)@*+tA%)*+"%01-+7(3;+om7B)*+7c57�@7r+w38�*%()*+,¦�$%N

+��+7vF&EO*#+o<j%81()*+<3&?73&')*+7vN7-%1&'(r+ow38�*%(F)+<-,0)*+,¦;%N+mLF1&'N+<38�*%()*+we)

+~Qe- +7(r +oD7`F&')* +5.&x= +lB&J)* +6O*# +o<3&?73&')* +D7j7(C)* +w-%eN# +o�&�,1)*# +W7�1dA*

VÛa<)#.)*+7c7j,N+:1)*+w3d*%h)*+H#.�+:;+2J3B)*#+o,39B1)*#+.h1B()*+<-,�

+{)@* +t7(1dA* +"7e&�O* +w= + �~e&� +:c +7(r +o6789) +:; +o< �8 ��*% |()* +G,e; +�39`N +6@7; +o*�)

+uvNH*5@* +wj +w-,¦9B= +ouv1-,� +t~(r +6%8�*%()* +�3; +_,�8- + ¥:d.= + ��(1C= +{)@*# +ow�%)*

V\S+2E+o�STR+o<3d789F)*+<B=7C)*+D*5%&J8=+!D#,3r+o){>)'<?#`+)a2K23?#+i.&�#$C(#+ow3&'�+.3&')*+67d.j + Ta+o�SS] +o<3r,B)* +G.�%)* +D7&?*5H +LM,= +!D#,3r +o,<DF +,�#DHC:> +^)&*( +.0;H0 +i.�:$<DS(# +.(?)2KC(# +,- +oG57&Jr +:=Lj + �a

VTUYITU\+2x&EV\�I]\+2x&E+o2?Vm+i){>)'<?#`+)a2K23?#+i.&�#$C(#+ow3&'�+.3&')*+67d.j + Ra

V]RI[Y+2x&E+o6Vm + Ua

U\


+uv47(1d*+wj+,¤8)*+�,&xr+o�3(CF)+G*#7&'()*+~Qe-+��)*+6%d7h)*+GH73&?+f0N+og7B=+2J3B)7r

+V:Q47`)*+#O*+:8-.)*

+o<Q47`)*+{)@*+�47(1d*+{Fj+ �<hr7&?#+o �<Fh1&'=+ �<(3�+�)+ �H,QM+67&'d@A*+ |< �8 ��*% |()*+m.hN+o�)�r#

+,33yN+:;+,3�O71)*+�)+6%e-+:e)+o:d789F)*+:d.()*+�(1C()*+D*5.�+�L¦B-+7=+o<F47B)*#+olc�()*#

+o<3�*,h(-.)* +{Fj +<(47h)* +o<3d.()* +<)#.)* +m73� +w= +{y19()* +{)@* +gA%&E# +oG.47&')* +<38c�)*

+.(1&'N+o �w3B=+ �w-H+{)@* +�708N+A#+o67-HOA*+~M+m,10N+<)#H+oD7`F&')*+w3r+~&xQ)*#+o<)*.B)*#

+g*t.r +o<-H,Q)* +s%h0)7r +�1(1)7r +�(&'N# +oW7�1dA* +6%d7�# +£*,1�A* +�-H78&E +w= +7v13j,&�

+<)*.B)*# +o6%d7h)* +m7=O* +uvN*#7&'=# +ow38�*%()* +~e) +:d789F)* +5%1&?.)* +7vFQM +:1)* +<-,0)7r

+<F¦�(1()* +uvN79}*%r +uv=*L1)*# +o�j*%dO* +~er +b8B)* +uc�9d# +o �W7&'81&?* +6#H +w= +uv83r

+V�)>h1&?*#+�NH73&?#+�N.�#+{Fj+®7Q0)*#+w�%)7r+k9&J1)7r

1P#`C3#R

+o �<-,�+w=+o<-%(81)*+~47&?%)*+�&'rO*+{)@*+,h1QN+ �<F�7�+ �2¡5O*+:;+%(8N+A+< �8 ��*% |()*+<;7h�+6@*

+o�13d7&'d@*+�3h0N+{Fj+~(B)*#+o67&'d@A*+s%h0)+ �m*,1�*#+o �6�*%1=+ �t7(d@*#+o �G*#7&'=#+o �<3�*,h(-H#

+�1dO*+7=+o<-5#.)*+<38=OA*+D*,N%1)*#+oD7=7&'hdA*+l9&'r+og73)7�+o<3d789F)*+<�39)*+�.h1QN+7=+*�c#

+�*,jOA*#+o�<3}57�)*+D7-%&'1)*�#+o�<3h;*%1)*+<3�*,h(-.)*�+~�=+oH>9)*+:;+ g<&E7P+u3c7Q=

+<`F&? +bB&¡O*# +ow38�*%()* +w3r +,;781)*# +o:j7(1}A* +�r781)* +�L¦j +7= +o<3Q47`)*# +<3d%d7h)*

+6%3d789F)*+"701&?*#+ow33�*,h(-H+6#H+w=+<3�*,h(-.)7r+{8y1-+g*.Fr+6789)+"701&?7;+¯<)#.)*

Vw38�*%=+A+7-7j5

+>;+¯��*%)*+2¡5O*+{Fj+�h39`N#+o5%1&?.)*+�3Fj+2x8-+7=+w3r+ �<B&?*#+ �G%C;+<(�+o6789)+:Q;

+ol&'0;+ �D79}*## + �s%h�+w=+7v3Fj +lN,1- +7=# +o< �8 ��*% |()* +²H79= +6%8�*%()* +�,B- +6O* +:Qe-

+w3r +:B(C)* +~(BF) +gO*.9=# +o:j7(1}A* +~;7e1)*# +6#7B1)* +{)@* + g>P.=+�)q +~e&J- +6O* +lC- +~r

+o:d789F)*+w�*%()7;+¯.Br+�h01-+u)+6789)+:;+:8�%)*+t7(1dA*+,&x8j+6O*+7(3&?+A+ow38�*%()*

+:8�%)*+t7(1dA*+,&x8j+�-.)+6%e1-+u)+o< �8 ��*% |()*+<3c7(r+<-*5.)*#+<;,B()*+�-.)+fd%eN+��)*

+V�1)#H+�7CN+�N7=*L1)*+t*HO*#+��%h0r+<9)7`()*+{)@*+�B;.3)

+ �t7(1d*+�O* +{Fj+:8�%)*+t7(1dA*+l3FyN+{Fj+~(BN+6O* +<38�*%()*+<3r,1)*+{Fj+lC-+o�)�)

+w3(18()* +~=7BN +:1)* +<38�%)* +<)#.)* +G,e; +L-LB1) +�)q# +og738-H +mO* + g73&?73&? +67M +t*%&? +o,Pn*

+{Fj+G5H7�+<)#H+o �D79}*#+uv3Fj#+ �s%h�+uv)+o6%d7h)*+m7=O*+w-#7&'1=+w38�*%=+<j7(CM+7v3)@*

UY

SF2T 8PT: .) .:

+67cqO*+:;+p&?,11)+o<=7B)*+G730)*+:;#+o<;7h�)*+:;#+o<B=7C)*#+<&?5.()*+:;+<8�*%()*+�39`N

+o�78¦c+O*.9N+.�+~r+oG,&?OA*+H#.�+:;+ gG5%&x0=+<38�%)*+<�&J81)*+6%eN+6O* +:Qe-+>;+¯2?78)*

V^Ta<3&?73&?+I+<3j7(1}*+G5#,3&?+7vd%M+o:v18N+A#

+ �57B&JM+2'3)+o< �8 ��*% |()7r+:j#+6#H+w=+o6789)+:;+o<3�*,h(-.)*+m73�+we(-+A+o�)�M#

+~� +:; +o<3�*,h(-.)* +�C8N +6O* +we(- +A +7(M +ow�%)* +:; + ��%F&?# + �<&?57((M +~r +ol&'0;

+~r +o�47y)@* +#O* +o,PnA* +2'(� +{)@* +�.vN +A +<3�*,h(-.)7; +¯:(3&'h1)*# +o:Q47`)* +��*%)*

+wj +,39B1)* +<-,�# +o.h1B()* +<-,� +7v8=# +o5%1&?.)* +7vFQM +:1)* +�13 ¨&E7�r# +�r +�*,1jA*

+o g<)*.j+,�MO* +6%e3) +oW7�1dA*+6%d7�+:;+,¤8)* +GH7j@* +:j.1&'- +7=+oW7�1dA*+��#+o�O*,)*

V<39B&J)*+GH*5@>)+ g>3�(N#

+D,¦;%N+7=+*q@*+ouBd+©6789)+:;+<3&?73&')*+<3Q47`)*+w=+2xF�1F)+ �<3d7e=@*+<(�+~c+og*,3PO*#

+!7v8=#+o�)�)+ g7hF`8=+~e&JN+:1)*+,&E78B)*+w=+ �<F(}

I +o~cOA*+H%v}+,;7&i1r+ �<�78=+ �<(v=+:c#+o �m7(1c*+w=+�h01&'N+7=+<38�%)*+<�&J81)*+t>-@*

+2'0)*# +G5H79()* +«#5 +<3(8N# +o<�&�78)* +�.) +<38�%)* +«#,)* +L-LB1) +o�(1C()*# +o<&?5.()*#

¯w�%)*+D7d%e=+w3r+~&E*%1)*+�3BN+ �<3Q47�+#O*+o �<39c�=+ �D73QFP+6#H+w=+ouv-.)+:8�%)*

I ¯~3�(1)*+<)*.j+w=$%-+7(r+oW7�1dA*+6%d7�+,-%`N#+o:&?73&')*+~(B)*+u3¤8N

I ¯<3Q47`)*+2')7C()*#+<=7B)*+l&E78()*+w3r+~&xQ)*

I +m.� +{Fj +6%8�*%()* +6%e- +k30r +o<�,Q1)*# +L33(1)* +.&¡ + �G.-.} + �D7B-,&JN +5*.&E@*

¯.h1B()*+#O*+o2'8C)*+:;+ �<�,QN+6#H+w=+oG*#7&'()*

I ¯<3r7&'81&?A*+2'3)#+ob47�%)*#+ol&E78()*+:;+Gt7Qe)*+573B=+H7(1j*

I +ow38�*%()*+�3}%N+:;#+om7B)*+�O*,)*+{Fj+ �,3�O7N+w=+�)+7()+o�83&x0N#+om>j@A*+5#H+~3BQN

+<38�%)*+D73)#$%&'()7r+m*L1)A*#+o<=7B)*+D7-,0)*+²H79=+ujH+{Fj+m>j@A*+~47&?#+,v&'N+k30r

+o:9c�=+£*,&E+6*%8j+f0N+o �G.-.}+ �<81;+2'}7c+om%3)*+o2J3Bd+78dO*+o7(3&?+A+o�)q+{Fj+<9N,1()*

+w=+ �<F(}+<3QFP+{Fj#+o �<3)7j+ �<;,0r+�)+�#,|-+o:=>&?@A*#+:r,B)*+w3()7B)*+:;+o:B3&�+I+:8&?

+<3r,B)*+D7j*,&x)*+g7&E%&xP#+o<h`8()*+D7j*,&xr+�FB1()*+7v8=#+o:;*,y(-.)*+7v8=+o,&E78B)*

+o.-.}+w=+~`|- +6789) +:; +<3¦FcOA* +W,0)* +�9&� +~BC- +7= +o7v)%�+�;*%1)* +W73�# +o<3r,B)* +I

+.3&')* +67d.j +¯��ITU +2x&E +o2?Vm +o�)&�#$0 +.�/<D'(# +u`;(# +,- +>Dg(# +D/28: +]S0 +i.23)/2K(#` +./<DS(# +,- +o57&xd +b3&E7d +^TaVRS+I�T+2x&E+o2?Vm+o)aC/I+]LF+./<DS(#`+.&�#$C(#+ob3`F)*+.9j+"7(M+¯T[YITUY+2x&E+o6Vm+ow3&'�

[S


+w=+7=#+os*,B)*#+7-5%&?+:;+G,4*.)*+W,0)*+:�>N+7vd%M+o�(jO*+6%eN+.�+om%3)*+o7c57�n*+we)

+<3&¡7()*+<3¦FcOA*+W,0)*+{( |�+6O*+w=+u�,)*+{Fj+o g<j78=+H*H�*+.�+:d789F)*+u&'C)*+6O*+.3Q|-+ �t:&�

V�,PO*+ �G.-.j+w3�73&�+o ��3(j+ �D79 |&?+w=+of¤h31&?*#+o°h31&?*+7vd7`3&�+6O*#+o.Br+t{Q`8N+u)

+w-,r7j+w33`B |=+7(v&¡*,1;*+2¡%j+o<3d789F)*+781)#H#+o:d789F)*+789B&�+:89d+6O*+783Fj+o*�)

+ �lB&�+w0d+7(r+o78e&?7(N+{)@*+<F-nA*+�-,`)*+w=+g7�%&�+oTY�S+m7B)*+�8=+o783&J=+.h;+¯p-571F)

+oTY[\#+oTYUR#+oTYRZ+m*%jOA*+o g<Br711=+ �D7=�O*+�-,`)*+��c+{Fj+78=.hN+<QFM+fd7M#+o �<)#H#

VlB&J)*+D7d%e=+w3r+�=*.1)*+s7&'=+£7},1&?*+"#70-+w=+.&�,|N+oTY][#

+<�>B)*+G.j7�+{Fj+o<38�%)*+G.�%)*+{)@*+~P.()*+:c+<-%v)*+<3&i�+6@7;+o"%h)*+<&E>P#

+ �m7¤d +t78r# +o:Q47`)* +m7¤8)* +t7y)@* +:; +�.C)* +,3eQ1)*# +o<)#.)*# +w�*%()* +w3r +G,&�79()*

+7v3(0-+w)+b4*%`)*+6O*+5*,�@A*+lC-+7(M+o^Taw�%)*#+w�*%()*+s%h�+°Q0-+ ¥:h3h�+ ¥:�*,h(-H

+Vw�*%()*#+w�%)*+{Fj+<¤;70()*#+o<38�%)*+G.�%)*#+6%d7h)*+<)#H+~�+:;+o:FcOA*+uF&')*+A@*

+6,h)*+<;7h�+w=+6%3d789F)*+~h18-+6O*#+o:Q47`)*+m7¤8)*+6%3d789F)*+�#7C1-+6O*+6*#OA*+6n*+.h)

+2iBr+�)%h-+7(M+o2?%Q8)*+:;+f&'3)+<3&ih)7;+¯w-,&JB)*#+.�*%)*+6,h)*+<;7h�+{)@*+,&Jj+�&?71)*

+o �.-.}+ �m7¤8) +<&'&?$%()* +2E%&x8)* +:; +og7&?7&?O* +o �GH%}%=+:c+~r +ol&'0;+w33d789F)* +<&?7 z&')*

Vw33Q47`)*+<0F&x()+og*.(j+o<9¦3y()*#

VR\+2E+o6Vm+o57&xd+b3&E7d+^Ta

[T

SF2T 8PT: .) .:

rI'=#&'J b0GL#&' !#fGR

+:; +7vB=7`=# +:F34*,&?@A* +I:r,B)* +£*,&x)* +:; +7c5#H +!<3d%3v&x)* +<M,0)*� +o"7&J3= +o�H@*

+D*5%&J8=+o�+�+o}z#Dc`+}b:7)c+,-+")&*(+!W71M+:;+~&x;+o�<3d789F)*+�73()*#+:&¡*5OA*

+V]Y\+I][Y+2x&E+oTYYR+oD#,3r+o:;7h�)*+�,-,0)*+LM,=

+�q%(8)* +/67-HOA*# +b4*%`)* +w3r +<M,1&J()* +G730)*# +5*%0)* +:; +o6#,Pn*# +"H7j +o~3j7(&?@*

+VTYYZ+oD#,3r+o:;7h�)*+�,-,0)*+LM,=+o:d789F)*

+G.�%)* +D7&?*5H+LM,=+o:r,j+:�*,h(-H+t789) +<=.h=+o<-%r,1)* +<)O7&'()* +:;+o:=LjoG57&Jr

+V�SS]+oD#,3r+o<3r,B)*

+<3Q47`)* +5%`1) +<3h47�# +<3¦F3F0N +<&?*5H +©w-O* +{)@* +6789) +:; +<3Q47`)* +o5.8e&?@* +o,3&Jr

+o^.C=a+ �-�%1)*# +,&J8)*# +D7&?*5.F) +<3B=7C)* +<&'&?$%()* +o7v47y)@* +~9h1&'=# +<3&?73&')*

V�SSZ+oD#,3r

VTY]\+oD#,3r+o,&J8F)+57v8)*+5*H+oTYUR+s7�3=+ou&?7r+o,&'C)*

!.(�O*+o�3`�

+LM,=+otIDC(#+.L60+o�.3�%1)*+2'}7c#+�v8()*+<=�O*+w3r+6789)+p-57N+<r71M+<3(Fj� •+o^TY\\ +b-,P +o� +H.B)*o:)7(&J)* +6789) +o.8(F9)* +<B=7} +o<3=>&?@A* +<303&'()* +D7&?*5.)*

V�[U+I�UY+2x&E

+�%r,1)*+LM,()*+<r,CN+:;+Gt*,�+©GH7=#+7Cv8=+6789F)+.�%=+p-57N+<r71M+we(-+~c� •+:},�1=+<3B(}+D*5%&J8=+o�J:?#+](4# +")&*(+�:7)c+.<)SQ +!W71M+:;+k0r+o�t7(d@A*#+K%09F)

VUZY+IU[]+2x&E+oVD+A+oD#,3r+oD#,3r+:;+<3=>&?@A*+.&E7h()*

[�


VTYY]+oD#,3r+o:r*57Q)*+5*H+o:(F&')*+w3h->)*+oH%(0=+o5.3�

+57v8)*+5*H+ou3�5+�,e&�+<(},N+oTY]Z+ITYZ]+6789)+:;+<)#.)*+"7&E#O*+�eQN+o.-,;+o6�7�)*

+V�SS[+oD#,3r+oR+V_+o,&J8F)

VTYZT+oD#,3r+o<3d789)+s*5#O*+D*5%&J8=+o�+�+i<3d789)+�47h�+oG57&Jr+o�5%�)*

+!W71M +:; +k0r +o�<-.hd +,¤d +<v}# +/:d789F)* +:�-571)* +W7`�)* +� +ow3&'� +.(0= +oW#,MH

+oD#,3r+:;+<3=>&?@A*+.&E7h()*+:},�1=+<3B(}+D*5%&J8=+o�J:?#+](4#+")&*(+�:7)c+.<)SQ

V[ZU+I[RY+oVD+A+oD#,3r

+o.:7$aC6(#+h;:Ds+oG,3&xh)*+<3�-571)*+G,M*�)*#+G,3y&x)*+W#,0)*+!6789)+o57`P+oW7-H+%rO*V�STR+�%(N+T+p-571r+o6789)

!"7(M+ol-H

+o57v8)* +5*H +i6789) +:; +"7()*# +<`F&')* +"7}5 +!~e3v)* +57CN# +b4*%`)* +t*,=O* •+V�SS]oD#,3r

V�STR+oD#,3r+oR+V_+o57v8)*+5*H+©:03&'()*+6789)+_%h&?+!�31B)*+,&'C)*+*�c •+o:&'39� +w&'� +<(},N +o�5%1&?.)*# +:&?73&')* +6789F) +:�-571)* +w-%e1)* +o6%=H@* +o_7r5

V�SS�+oD#,3r+o<3d789F)*+<B=7C)*+D*5%&J8=+o�+�

+VTY][+oD#,3r+o57v8)*+5*H+o2?78)*+�=+<8&?+6%&'(P+ob&?%-+ou)7&?

+VTYYT+oD#,3row3->(F)+uFB)*+5*H+i6789)#+<-H.B1)*+D7B(1C()*#+<3¦)*5.3Q)*+om7&xj+o67(3F&?

+6%d7M+�\+p-571r +oq*HS2KC(#+h;:Ds+o�6789)+´+:8-.)*+H.B1)*#+<3Q47`)*�+o.(µ+o�7(&')*

V�STT+"#OA*

I !�#$#,)*+.9j+o%8&?

+i�57�)*+5*#HO*#+GH73&')*#+2J-7B1)*+D73)7e&�@*+/b47`)*+.Br+7=+<)#H+:;+b4*%`)*+6789) •+V�STU+oD#,3r+o<3�,&J)*+K70rO>)+:d7()OA*+.vB()*

+om%FBF)+<3r,B)*5*.)*+oT+�=+o�(1C()*+£.&xN#+<)#.)*+�eQN+!TYYS+ITY][+6789)+W,� •V�SS\+oD#,3r

+o�J:?# +](4# +")&*( +�:7)c +.<)SQ +!W71M +:; +k0r +i�<3Q47`)* +<)O7&'()*# +6789)� +ow3&?7- +o.-%&?

+V[RU+IUYY+oVD+A+oD#,3r+oD#,3r+:;+<3=>&?@A*+.&E7h()*+:},�1=+<3B(}+D*5%&J8=

+o<3d789F)* +<B=7C)* +D*5%&J8= +oD#,3ra +o7cH7BrO*# +7v&'&?O* +o<8¦�*%()* +o67d.j +ow3&'� +.3&')*

V�STR+oD#,3r

[R

SF2T 8PT: .) .:

+�DE(#+,-+")&*(+!DCc�$0+:;+m.�+k0r+o�:8�%)*+s7�3()*#+:&?73&')*+m7¤8)*�+o�5%}+o�,&�

+<B=7C)* +I +^:d7�)* +£,Q)*a +<3d7&'d@A* +m%FB)*# +W*HnA* +<3FM +�1¤d +o.�/O)[(# +.�/C()'(#

+V�ST�+:d7�)*+w-,&JN+�Y+p-571r+o<3d789F)*

+oTYRZ+ITYSS+,39e)*+6789)+:;+G*#7&'()*+oG.�%)*+!~=7j+~9}+l)7`=+ouB8()*+.9j+:Fj+ol3B&�

VTY\]+oD#,3r+o^.C=a+,&J8)*#+D7&?*5.F)+<3B=7C)*+<&'&?$%()*

+VTYZ]+oD#,3r+o57v8)*+5*H+ik-.0)*+6789)+p-57N+o"7(M+o:93F&x)*

VTY]U+oD#,3r+o:r*57Q)*+5*H+oTY�Z+ITYTU+:j7(1}@A*+6789)+p-57N+oH%B&'=+o,c7&¡

+<&'&?$%=+iTY�S+IT\ZT+W*.¦¦¦1d@A*+<¦¦¦-*.r+{¦¦¦)@*+<3;,&x1()*+.¦¦¦vj+�8=+6789)+o.¦¦¦(�O*+ow¦¦¦3r*,�

+VTYZS+oG,c7h)*+o<3r,¦B)*+K70rOA*#+D7&?*5.)*

+o<3r,B)*+G.¦¦¦�%)*+D7¦¦¦&?*5H+L¦¦¦M,=+o7¦¦¦v(3�+{¦¦¦Fj+<¦¦¦3r,1)*#+<¦¦¦8�*%()*+o"7¦¦¦(M+ob¦¦¦3`F)*+.¦¦¦9j

V�ST�+oD#,3r

+o<3�%h0)*+:¦¦¦9F0)*+D*5%¦¦¦&J8=+o<0)7&x)*+<¦¦¦8�*%()*+<¦¦¦3}%)%e3&?+ow¦¦¦(�,)*+.¦¦¦9j+o�%¦¦¦&'3B)*

V�STToD#,3r

p-571r+o.%%% �/c`D/*(#+q*HS%%%2KC(#+h;%%%:Ds+:¦¦¦;+�¦¦¦B=+<Fr7h=+ow¦¦¦3&'�+.¦¦¦(0=+.¦¦¦3&')*+o¢*+~¦¦¦&i;

V�SSR+�%(N+�U

+}b:7)c +,- +")&*( +!�)SQ +,- +~&x;+o�:FP*.)* +7v`30=+:; +<3d789F)* +<=�OA* +� +o.)7P+o:d79�

V][]+I]�Y+2E+oD#,3r+TYYRo:;7h�)*+�,-,0)*+LM,=+D*5%&J8=+o�+�+o}z#Dc`

+.L60+ou3&'h1)*+#O*+"7&xQd@A*+#O*+673y`F)+7B8=+!<3&?73&')*+<3Q47`)*+t7y)@*+o573r+67}+ol-,`�

V�STS+_79&�+T[+oD#¶r+oT�ZR+H.B)*+ihD/2KC(#

+w= +o:r,B)* +s,&J()*# +6789) +~9} +:; +<3&?73&')*# +<3j7(1}@A* +D7c7CN@A* +i�3}# +o:d*,�%M

VTY\Z+oD#,3r+o<3;7h�)*+6%&'0r+D*5%&J8=+o,39e)*+6789)+<¦)#H+{)@*+<3d7(�B)*+<3;,&x1()*

VTYY�5*qn*+TS+p-571r+h)/E(#+h;:Ds+o57(j@A*+<QFM#+TY][+W,�+,47&'P+o2?,`r+o:e9)

+D7&?*5.)*+.vB=+o�8-�+:8&'�+<(},N+iH.B1=+�(1C=+:;+<3h;*%1)*+<3�*,h(-.)*+ofd5n*+oD57v93)

V�SSZ+oH*.yr+/D#,3r+o<3C3N,1&?A*

VTY]U+oD#,3r+o�7M,&�#+6*5.r+<&'&?$%=+!D#,3r+o�N*q+:;+6789)+o"57&�+o�)7=+

+6%d7M+TZ+p-571r+./c`¦*(#+7)a�&(#+h;:Ds+o7M·&J=+7(&?7�+<8�*%¸*+A+<3Q47`)*+o�5%}+o«%&'=

V�STR+¹7�)*

[U


VTYYR+oD#,3r+o.-.C)*+5*H+ob47`)*+{Fj+W>hd@A*+o,39)O*+o5%&x8=

+o©78�*%= +<3r,B)* +"#.)* +:; +H,Q)* +,3&x- +{1= +o<&?73&')*# +<3r,1)* +:; +ob3&E7d +o57&xd

V�SS[+oD#,3r+o<B3F¦ ¨ )*+5*H

+<(},N +o<=OA* +K7B9d* +{)@* +<)#.)* +573vd* +w= +W,0)* +w=� +:; +2J-7BN +!6789) +o5#H%3N +obd7c

+V�STT+o2'-57r+o:r#5#OA*+I:r,B)*+D7&?*5.)*+LM,=+o793F&E+2'-5%=

Azar, Antoine, Le Liban face à demain, Édition Librairie. Orientale, Beyrouth, 1978.

Dahl, Robert A., Democracy and Its Critics , Yale University Press, Humanities Press, Sussex, Harvester Press, New Haven,1989.

Chevalier, Dominique, La société du Mont- Liban à l’époque de la Révolution industrielle en Europe, Librairie Orientale, Paul Guethner,Paris, 1971.

Chiha, Michel, Politique intérieure, Éditions du Trident, Beyrouth- Paris, 1964.

Messarra, Antoine, Illusions et désillusions des Libanais sur l’Etat ,in : Citoyenneté et Déconstructions de l’Etat, Institut des Sciences poli-tiques, Université Saint- Joseph, Beyrouth, 2004

Oliver, Dawn and Heate , Derek,The Foundations of Citizenship, harvester heatsheaf, New York ,1994.

Prelot, Marcel, La science politique, Que Sais-Je ?, PUF, Paris, 1963 .

Scruton,Roger, A Dictionary of Political Thought ,Hill and Wang, New York, 1982.

Reese, W. I.,Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought,Humanities Press, Sussex, Harvester Press, New Jercey, 1980.+

[[

s=_,#&' Kb;.&' – *FGS+$&' *6G#_IZ' tG@S&' *Sd;&' 0GL_RZ' =^=7i uI1 -8

-"".F=N&' !S#"C -8(jkvw-jkxy)

,=>( 3<'( ., .7+")&*(+m+,'0)s+d)S23?#`+xB)<

1mA8`@7J&P(b7ND@7&nHDBC

+ �6,� +�r,)* +D�#7CN + �G,1Q)# +:&'d,Q)* +W*.1dA* +w= +:d789F)*# +�5%&')* +67Q�%()* +u&'N5*

+">h1&?A* +<=O*%N +{1�#+o^TY�S+67&'3da +�%(-5 +67&?� +:; +W*.1dA* +6>j@* +�= +�O* +w=L)* +w=

+,M7&'BF) +:47v8)* +t>C)* +�,1&J()* +7(c�7Cd@* +:)71)7r# +oTYUR +m7B)* +:; +w-.F9F) +:8�%)*

+w=+7(&'N5*+oTYUZ+^,9(&'-Ha+"#OA*+6%d7M+w=+w3�>�)*#+�H70)*+:;+7(v&¡5O* +wj+<3&'d,Q)*

!<3&?7&?O*+ �K>�+7-*#�

+ �bzFy=+ ¥:&'d,;+ ¥:)>1�*+ ¥�57(B1&?* + �£#,&J()+<=%e0()*+<3&'d,Q)* +G,`3&')* +<-#*� +!]( ?5#

+�)>1�*+��78=+G5*H@A+�57(B1&?A*+:&?73&')*+,eQ)*+�j.1r*+ ¥�,-,9N+ ��F`&x(M+o �W*.1d*+<`;73r

V{)#OA*+<3()7B)*+W,0)*+.Br+7=+<F�,=+:;+q%Q8)*+D7j�%N#+D7-%&'1)*+W7hjO*+:;+G.-.C)*

+u)+<3&?73&')*+D73;*,yC)*+w=+ �<F&'F&?+£78`&E*+,9j+om7&J)*+H>9)+<4LC1)*+<-#*�+!./O)[(#

+f0N +D,v� +<3&?73&')* +D7d73e)* +w= + �<F&'F&? +m73hr +fF�(N# +o~9� +w= +<h`8()* +p-57N +7v;,B-

+o^TYU�ITY�Sa+g7=7j+w-,&Jj# +w38�* +<r*,� +<3FP*.)* +7-5%&? +:;+D,(1&?*# +o�D>-#H� +u&?*

+D73&E%&x�)* +u3&'CN +:; +o7v3)@* +57&J()* +G,1Q)* +"*%�+:&'d,Q)* +W*.1dA* +.v}+6O* +.Br +o*�c

[Z

*+N0.( )$5UVW( J7JK? XY: L& ZJU[P.( \#0R.( – *"$+,-.( *]$PUYW( ^$_+.((BCà–BCbc) LFFR"J>.( !+PFG L&

+W*.1dA* +o~r7h()7r +o.v} +6O* +.Br# +o7v83r +7(3; +<38-.)*# +<3;7h�)*# +<3h�78()*# +<3(3F�@A*

+673e)* +<=7�@A +,3&i01)* +:;+^<-5%&? +w=+:r%8C)* +u&'h)*a+w3`&'F;# +6H5OA* +{Fj+:d7`-,9)*

+G57&i�+wj+g79-,�# + g>3PH +�h; +we- +u) + �673M +%c# +o<3r,B)* +w3`&'F; +2¡5O* +{Fj +:d%3v&x)*

+:1)*+<4LC1)*+:;+<-LM,()*+<hF0)*+6%e3)+oucOA*+%c#+og7&i-O*+7(d@*#+o:�-571)*+7v�*,N#+<h`8()*

Vm%3)*+{1�+<3=%h)*+W,B)*+G.�#+m73�+6#H+ g>47�+bhN

+��c+�1;,j+��)*+57&'()*#+o<¦¦¦3d789F)*I<-5%&')*+D7�>B)*+<-#*�+:v;+<�)7�)*+7¦¦¦=O*+!.%%%[()[(#

+of(&'N5*+.�+D7�>B)*+��c+fd7M+*q@*#+V<3r*.1dA*+<F�,()*+67¦¦¦r@*+m7B)*+7c5%`N+:;+D7¦¦¦�>B)*

+w=+:&?73&')*+�3eQ1)*+�O*.¦¦¦9()+7v&'-,eN+:;+<3r*.1dA*+<¦¦¦&?73&')*+��%=+w=+o7v8=+ �l¦¦¦d7}+:¦¦¦;

+ �<v}+w=+<(M*,()*+:¦¦¦;+:&'d,Q)*+"7(&?O*,)*+<0F&x=+m.¦¦¦�-+7(r+�H7&x1�A*+.¦¦¦3�%1)*#+o<¦¦¦v}

+:;+w-.F9)*+:¦¦¦;+2?78)*+�)7&x=+�&¡,QN+f¦¦¦d7M+D7�>B)*+�¦¦¦FN+w=+g*,39M+g79d7}+6@7¦¦¦;+o�,¦¦¦PO*

+uc5*,(1&?*+D7¦¦¦=%h=+,¦¦¦3;%N#+o<3N730)*+u¦¦¦vN7}7�+w¦¦¦=+�5#,&i)*+w¦¦¦3=O71)+u¦¦¦4*.)*+u¦¦¦v3B&?

+o<-%&iB)*+uv`r*#5+�¦¦¦(j+.3MO7N+:;+g7(4*H+w¦¦¦(eN+2?78)*+tA$%c+<0F&x=+6O*+�¦¦¦)q+ou¦¦¦c5%`N#

+:&?73&')*+uv8=O*+{)@*+gA%&E#+o�H7¦¦¦&x1�A*#+:j7(1}A*+w=OA*+:;+<3N730)*+uvN7}7�+~¦¦¦=7eN+#

+ �<398}O*+ �<3B9N+#O*+ �<8(3c+<¦¦¦-O*+wj+g*.3Br+<38�%)*+<)#.)*+<=7�@*#+o:8�%)*+">h1&?A*+�¦¦¦3h0N+:¦¦¦;

+V�F&'1)*+#+">y1&?A*+G%hr+ �<&¡#,Q=

+ow-.F9)*+:9B&J)+<3j7(1}A*+�4*,&J)*+,¦¦¦47&?+w3r+<M,1&J()*+<-%30)*+�)7&x()*+G.j7�+{¦¦¦Fj

ITY�Sa+w=L)*+w=+6,�+�r5+w=+,�MOA+�,1&J()*+�5%&')*+I+:d789F)*+:j7(1}A*+"7&i8)*+u&'N5*

+o^<0F&'()*+<=#7h()*a+�,¦¦¦e&'B)*+�%1&'()*+ou`?5#+!~=7e1)*+w=+ �D7-%1&'=+<¦¦¦�>�+,¦¦¦9j+o^TYUZ

+w=+:j7(1}A*+�%1&'()*+ox%%%%()[(#+o^<3&?73&')*+W*L�OA*#+l�8)*a+:¦¦¦&?73&')*+�%1&'()*+o,%%%%O)[(#

V<3j7(1}A*+#+<-H7&x1�A*+<39F`()*+<M,0)*+:;+w-.F9)*+:;+ �<B&?*#+ �<39B&�+�4*,&�+_*,�d*+">P

+<-5*H@A*+<¦¦¦3 §&' z&?$%()*+{¦¦¦89)*+~=7eN+6#H+"7¦¦¦�+.¦¦¦�+:¦¦¦&'d,Q)*+:¦¦¦r*.1dA*+H%¦¦¦}%)*+67M+*q@*#

+~¦¦¦3=7&?,)* +%¦¦¦(8) +<¦¦¦}70)* +�¦¦¦y&¡+f¦¦¦0N#+o67M+�¦¦¦dO* +A@* +o67¦¦¦89)# +7¦¦¦-5%&? +w¦¦¦3r +<¦¦¦3&?73&')*#

+w=+ �,39M+ �H.j+{¦¦¦Fj+t7hr@A*+">P+w=+�H7&x1�A*+~¦¦¦=7e1F)+ g<3&¡5O*+.}#O*+.¦¦¦�+oD*57¦¦¦(�1&?A*#

+L;*%0)*+<r7�(r+�)7&x()*+��c+fd7M#+V7(v83r+ g<M,1&J=+fF�+:1)*+<-%30)*+<3&?7&?OA*+�)7&x()*

+w=+<-H7&x1�A*+D7�Q)*+,47&?+7vB=#+o<¦¦¦3)7 z( |B)*#+<3; �, §0)*#+<3� z>Q)*+o<C18()*+�%hF)+<¦¦¦B;*.)*

+o<3)7&i8)*+D7-%1&'()*+<;7M+{Fj+w=7&i1)*#+~&E*%1)*+�¦¦¦3(B1)+ouc*%&?#+£78&x)*#+6.()*+57¦¦¦CN

+m�>1()*+:8�%)*+H7&x1�A*+,-,0N#+o:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+t7vd@*+~}O*+w=+og73j7(1}*#+g7-H7&x1�*

[]

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

+D7�>B)*+G.j7�+{Fj+w-.F9)*+:;+<Fh1&'()*+<38�%)*+<`F&')*+<=7�@*#+o:&?73&')*+">h1&?A*+�¦¦¦=

V�,PO*+ �<3�7d+w=+7(v83r+~=7e1)*#+6#7B1F)+<3C3N*,1&?A*+<}70)*+D79�#+o<3�7d+w=+GL3(()*

+"7(&?O*,)* +�y&¡ +6O* +7cH7Q= +o �<-LM,= + �<3)7e&�@* +"%� +k09)* +*�c +5#.- +!./()Y2�45#

+<3&¡%Q()*a+6789)#+<-5%&?+:;+ �<(M7�+ �<3&'d,;+ �<`F&?+<-7(�+:;+<(M*,()*+{Fj+u47h)*+:&'d,Q)*

(Haut Commissariat de la République Française en Syrie+^73FB)*+<3&'d,Q)*

+ �<3j7(1}* + �<3)7&id + �<M,� +m73h) +g*L;7� +~e&� +:)7(&?O*,)* +�y&i)* +*�c +oet au Liban)

+ �<3; �, §�# + �<3� z>; +w= +o g<B&?*# + g<3j7(1}* + ��4*,&�# + �D7�; +f(&¡ +o �<M,1&J= + �<-5%&? + �<3d789)

+w33=>j@*# + �b0&E +W70&EO*# + �57CN# +w3�* z%&?# +w3=70= +w= +o �G,� + �wv= +W70&EO*# + �<3)7 z( |j#

+ �<3F3�(N + �D7�3c +">P +w= +7vNA7&id +� �&'8 |N# +o7v9)7`= +. ��%N +<M,0)* +��c +f�*5 +Vuc*%&?#

+o<3j7(1}A*+7vj7&¡#O*+w3&'01r+<9)7`()*+w=+7vN*57B&�+:;+f}5.N#+o7v8j+fh�9d*+ �<3r7hd#

+ue0)*+<=7�@*#+:&?73&')*+">h1&?>)+g*.3v(N+�H7&x1�A*+">h1&?A*+:;+7vC=7d,r+6>j@*+{)@*

+7(v&¡5O*+wj+<3&'d,Q)*+2�%3C)*+t>}+�3h0N+u�+w=#+oTYUR+m7B)*+:;+w-.F9)*+:;+:8�%)*

+VTYUZ+m7B)*+<-7vd+:;

+!<3&?7&?O*+ �K>�+k09)*+*�c+7v�,`-+:1)*+<3(FB)*+D73&¡,Q)*+�,rO*+!M)/2GDg(#

+!w3&i�781= +w-O*.9= +{Fj +f=7� +6789)# +7-5%&? +:; +<3&'d,Q)* +<3r*.1dA* +<&?73&')* +i]( ?5#

VH7&x1�A*+:;+.3�%1)*#+o<&?73&')*+:;+�3eQ1)*

+^57C1)* +579M# +�57&x()*# +D7M,&J)* +"7(&?O*5a +:&'d,Q)* +"7(&?O*,)* +67M +7() +o./O)[(#

+:; +<C18()* +�%hF) +">y1&?A*# +57e1�A*# +lv8)* +{Fj +g7(47� +g7-57(�&?*# +og73(M*,N +gA7(&?O*5

+o �<3d789)# + �<-5%&? + �<39F`=+ �D7M,�+s7�9d* +{)@* +:)>y1&?A* +��*%)* +*�c+�;H +.h; +o6789)# +7-5%&?

+<3)7 z(B)*#+<3� z>Q)*+<C18()*+�%h)*+,-,0N#+o57e1�A*+,&'e)+<3j7(1}A*+7vNA7&id+. ��%N+f�*5

+Vw-.F9)*+:;+<z38v()*#

+ �<3)7 z( |j+ �D7B(CN+~e&�+{Fj+D�,r+o �<M,1&J=+ �<-5%&?+I+ �<3d789)+ �<3r7hd+ �<M,�+fh�9d*+i.[()[(#

+ �W7`P +{)@* +:j7(1}A* +7vr7`P +D5%� +6O* +<M,0)* +��c +k9FN +u) +o �<3r7hd + �D7�3c# + �<3; �, §�#

+:; +:8�%)* +">h1&?A* +�3h0N +~}O* +w= +:&?73&')*# +:j7(1}A* +w3)7&i8)* +w3r +�(} +o ¥:&?73&?

+,9j +,=OA* +*�c +:; +f0Cd +.�# +o<3&?73&')*# +<3j7(1}A*# +<-H7&x1�A* +�83=7&i(r +ow-.F9)*

+VTYUZ+m7B)*+:;+:&'d,Q)*+�,e&'B)*+t>C)*#+oTYUR+m7B)*+:;+">h1&?A*+:1`0=

[\


+{Fj+m%h-+ ��v8=+%c# +i(Interdiciplinaire) +,&/*(#+|a&C(# +k09)*+*�c+.(1B- +!|a&C(#+<-#*� +w= +<&?#5.()* +G,c7¤)* +<C)7B() + �D7r57h= +G.j +w3r +�(CN +o�c78= +G.j +w3r +�39&J1)*

+o<3j7(1}A*# +<-H7&x1�A* +<3;*,yC)*# +o:&?73&')*# +:j7(1}A*# +�H7&x1�A* +p-571)* +m%Fj

V<&?73&')*+uFj#+o73}%)%3&?%&')*#+o<Q&'FQ)*#

+7c,&E78j +{)@* +hD{)j(# +r/Ygc +./(£# +i](`?5# +! +w318�* +w313)n* +,9j +�v8()* +*�c +~(B-

+o:j7(1}* +o�H7&x1�*a +G.� +{Fj +7v8= + �,&x8j + �~M +<3&E%&xP +<&?*5H +~}O* +w= +<d%e()*

+G,c7¤F)+ �l3M,N+GH7j@* +<3F(j+:; +.23`7;C(# +D2N)&'(#+|0>+./(£# +i./O)[(##+o^VVVp)*+o:&?73&?

+:; +7vM,1N +:1)* +�4718)7r +�&'(-# +om7B)* +7c57&'= +uv; +{Fj +.j7&'- +��)* +,=OA* +o.-.} +w=

Vw383B()*+67=L)*#+67e()*+:;+��*%)*

+I +:&'d,Q)* +b3&�5OA* +�47�# +{Fj + �<3&?7&?O* + �G5%&xr +k09)* +.(1B- +!./H/z$S(# +h>)C(#

Ministère des Affaires Étrangères Françaises +<3&'d,Q)* +<3}57�)* +G5*�# +b3&�5n*+{Fj +7v8= +o:&'d,Q)* +W*.1dA* +<F�,= +fC)7j + �<3&?7&?O* +5H7&x=+{)@* +<;7&¡@A7r +!(M.A.E.F)

+!,&x0)*+A+"7�()*+~39&?

I O'zoux, Raymond, «Les États du Levant sous le Mandat Français», Paris, 1931.

I Couland, Jacques, «Le Mouvement syndical au Liban», Paris, 1974.

+!D#,3r +o�,3r+�7}+u-.hN+# +o�H7c+~39d +l-,BN+o<3r,B)* +<yF)7r +�},()* +*�c+,&Jd +.�#

VTY]U+o:r*57Q)*+5*H

I HIMADE, Said, «Economic organization of Syria», Beirut , 1935.

I +!�&J=H+oTY[\+I+T\[S+<-5%&?+:;+:98}OA*+"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r

VTYZ]+o,3c7(C)*+5*H

I +5*H+!D#,3r+oTYUZ –+TYS\+6789)+:;+<3r7h8)*#+<3)7(B)*+<M,0)*+p-57N+o�5*%9)*+2?73)*VTY\Z+o"#OA*+tLC)*+o:r*57Q)*

+D.&xN +:1)* +<M,1&J()* +<-5%&')* +I +<3d789F)* +<3j7(1}A* +DA7&i8F) + g<h z(B |= + g<&?*5H +6@*

+ �6,� +�r5 +w= +,�MOA +w-.F9)* +:; +<C18()* +�%hF) +<3)>y1&?A*# +o<-57e1�A* +<3&'d,Q)* +<&?73&'F)

+:9B&�+w=+ �<B&?*#+�4*,&J)+:C3N*,1&?A*+57&'()*+G.�#+{Fj+.M$%N+o^TYUZ+I+TY�Sa+w=L)*+w=

VG730)*+6#$%&�+bF1�=+:;+~=7e1)*#+~j7Q1)*#+�)7&x()*+G.�#+w=+g7�>`d*+ow-.F9)*

[Y

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

1,():<9@7&o7D?:67&D(p&,:38$-@7&X&qNI()@7&,.3`?r67&s3(48@7

!,2KODg(#+u)C23?#DL(+ §P7)C[S23#+ ��$23+")&*(`+.:7$23+m�

+<&?73&'F) +<3Q�)* +�;*#.)* +b&Je1N +DO*.r +o:r*.1dA* +.vB)* +w3&�.1) +{)#OA* +D7-*.9)* +�=

+ ��F`&x= +�%&? +��*%)* +:; +we- +u) +W*.1dA7; +V6789)# +7-5%&? +{Fj +7vr*.1d* +6O7&Jr +<3&'d,Q)*

+�.vr+ �G.-.}+ �D*,(B1&'=+{)@*+H.(1)*+:;+�N7&?73&?+,-,91)+�57(B1&?A*+,eQ)*+�j.1r*+o ¥:=>j@*

V<3)7(&?O*,)*+D7(M*,()*+w=+.-L()*+�3h0N

+ �s%&? +{)@* +6789)# +7-5%&? +"%0N +7&'d,; +f�*5 +o<30r,)* +<(M*,()* +G.j7� +{Fj# +o78c +w=

+ g<3B},=+ �D7`F&?+7vQ&E%r+oW*.1dA*+D7`F&?+DO73c+.h;+V{)#OA*+<}5.)*+w=+ ¥:&'d,;+ ¥�57(�1&?*

+<3&'d,Q)* +D7M,&J)*# +~3=7&?,F) +<(4>()* +_#,&J)* +o,39e)* +6789)# +<-5%&')* +D>-#.F) + g<(M7�

+ �s7`d +{Fj +D*�731=A*# +D*57e1�A* +<&?57(=# +o<38�%)* +D*#,�)* +5H7&x(r +�7&'=@A* +~}O* +w=

V:d789F)*#+�5%&')*+H7&x1�A*+�;*,=+w=+ ��;,=+,3y)+ ��&?*#

+7vd@7;+o �<3d789)#+ �<-5%&?+ �<8-.=+,3�+:;+7&'d,;+7vNO7&JdO* +:1)* +^TaG.-.B)*+�%89)* +ld7}+{)@*

+"7C=+:;+ �<j%81=+ �D*57e1�*#+ �D*�731=7r+�%QF)+o<-57(�1&?A*+7vN7M,&�+w=+.-.BF)+678B)*+fhF�O*

+<3j78&x)*#+<-57C1)*#+<3)7()*+D7M,&J)*+{)@* +<;7&¡@A7r+o<347r,ve)*#+<347()*+D7=.�)*#+~h8)*

+ �<3&'d,; + �"*%=O* +2?#$#,r +~(BN# +o{)#OA* +<}5.)7r + g<3&'d,; + �D7M,&� +7vFM +fd7M +:1)*# +o�,POA*

V^�a2E7P+ ��}%r

!,2KODg(#+u)C23?#DL(+ �.s)B+./O)&*L(#`+.:7$2K(#+.L0)'(#+.H*A(#+m�

+:)7()* +2i47Q)* +:8}+{Fj+m%h- +<3&'d,Q)* +<-57(�1&?A* +D7M,&JF) +{FjOA* +�.v)* +67M +7()

!<3&'d,Q)*+�%89)*+,v&�O*+^Ta+oTYTY+m7B)*+:;+f �&' z&?O7N+ �<3&'d,;+ �<3)7=+ �<M,&�+%c#+o6789)#+7-5%&?+:;+.h8)*+5*.&E@*+�731=*+�8 |=+��)*+�,39e)*+6789)#+<-5%&?+�8r�

V�d,;+6%3F=+T[º[+�5.�+ �"7(&?O*,r#V�d,;+6%3F=+T[S+�5.�+ �b�%=+ �"7(&?O*,r+�:&'d%1)*#+�,4*LC)*+:)7()*+b3F&'1)*+�8r�

V�d,;+w3->=+Z+�5.�+ �"7(&?O*,r+O*.r+��5%&')*+:)7()*+b3F&'1)*+�8r�V�d,;+w3->=+TS[+"7(&?O*,r+�<-,4*LC)*+<3)7()*+<M,&J)*�

!�}*5+<3)7()*+D7M,&J)*#+�%89)*+��c+"%�+~3&E7Q1)*+w=+.-L(F)- O'Zoux, Raymond, «Les États du Levant sous le mandat Français», Paris, 1931, p. 160.- M.A.E.F, E-Levant, Syrie-Liban 1930-1940, V. 440, pp. 82-83.

VTT[+2E+oTYRZ+oD#,3r+o2?%=H+~9&�+<(},N+o�<-5%&?+:;+:;,&x()*#+�.h8)*+m7¤8)*�+oGH7(�+.3B&?+I!�}*5+7veF(N+:1)*+~3=7&?,)*+m7C�O*#+D7M,&J)*+��c+"%�+~3&E7Q1)*+w=+.-L(F)+^�a

M.A.E.F, E-Levant, Syrie-Liban 1930-1940, V. 440, pp. 77-83.V\Y+2E+oTYZ]+o,3c7(C)*+5*H+!�&J=H+o�TY[\IT\[S+<-5%&?+:;+:98}OA*+"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*�+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r+! g7&i-O*#+I +

ZS


+<}70)*+�y&¡+f0N+oD,`&¡*+D7M,&J)*+��c+6@7;+o7c57(�1&?*+�731=*+f08 |=+:1)*+�;*,()*+w=

+o<3d789F)*# +<-5%&')* +<F=7B)* +�%hF) +<3Fe3v)* +,�OA* +~3e&JN +{)@* +oG7P%1()* +«7r5OA* +,3;%N +{)@*

VG,(�1&'()*+<M,&JF)+:)7()*+2i47Q)*+w-%eN+o �<C18=+�%hM+o7v3Fj+b�%1-+:1)*#

+<-5%&?+:;+o6%e1N+DO*.r+o:&'d,Q)*+�57(�1&?A*+"7(&?O*,F)+7v3)@* +57&J()*+<}70)*+t%&¡+:;

+D7�>j+w(&¡+g7�3&J;+g7�3&�+_,�8N+f�*5+o �<3d789)#+ �<-5%&?+ �<F=7j+ �<h9`)+ �< z3)#O*+u)7B=+o6789)#

+¯<3h9`)*+7vB�*%()+:j7(1}A*+:j%)*+uF&?+:;+�5.1N+D�PO*+6O*+7vB=+k9FN+u)+o �<3)7(&?O*5+ ��71d@*

+2¡%P+:;+�579)*+5#.)*+7v)+67e;+o �<3r7hd#+ �<3)7(j+ �,�O*+:;+7v&'Qd+u3¤8N+{)@*+7vB;H+��)*+,=OA*

+W*.1dA*+.&¡+:&?73&')*+"7&i8)*+�57B=+�=+g73FM+f=�>N+:1)*+<3j7(1}A*+�57B()*+w=+ �<F&'F&?

+{)@* +LeN5* + �">h1&?* +%c#+o6789)# +7-5%&? +w=+ ¥~M +:;+:8�%)* +">h1&?A* +{)@* +gA%&E#+o:&'d,Q)*

Vg7B=+ �6n*+:;+:&?73&')*#+:j7(1}A*#+�H7&x1�A*+5,01)*

+2'3) +o6789)# +7-5%&? +{)@* +<3)7(&?O*,)* +D7�>B)* +~PHO* +:&'d,Q)* +"7(&?O*,)* +6@* +o*�ec

+,3;%N +�;*.r +7(d@*# +ow-.F9)* +:; + g>-%� +DH7&? +:1)* +<3j7`�@A* +D7�>B)* +<38r +,-%`N +�;*.r

+6O* +A@* +Vt:&� +~M +~9� +<(M*,()*# +57(�1&?A* +:; +�0)7&x= +,-%`1r +<F3Qe)* +D73)nA*# +~47&?%)*

+<3}71d@A* +�N7&'&?$%= +{)@* +<3)7(&?O*,)* +D7�>B)* +"7PH@* +6O* +�5.- +we- +u) +"7(&?O*,)* +*�c

+:; +<3d789F)*# +<-5%&')* +<F=7B)* +<h9`)* +�4>� +GHA# +{)@* +�H$%- +�%&? +o6789)# +7-5%&? +:;

+5%`N +�= +%(8)*# +5%`1)7r +D�PO* +G.-.C)* +<h9`F) +G.-.C)* +<B3F`)* +��c� +oD7&'&?$%()* +��c

+<B3F`)* +��c +fF(0N +.h) +V7v3; +:98}A* +"7(&?O*,)* +G,`3&? +. �� % �N# +o<-57(B1&?A* +G,`3&')*

+o�5%`N#+:h9`)*+:j%)*+t%&Jd+{)@*+57(�1&?A*+*�c+�HO*#+o:98}OA*+:)7(&?O*,)*+57(�1&?A*+tlj

V^Ta�<-5,0N+ �<38�#+ �<jLd+�h;*,N

!�#;SO5#+;2G+./F)CSs5#+J//O)&*L(#`+J/:7$2K(#+M5)2_O+m�

+olF� +o�&J=Ha +7v8= +�,9e)* +7(3&? +A +o6.()* +:; +<3)7(B)* +D7B(C1)* +,9MO* +fd7M

+��c +w= +<3&'d,Q)* +D7M,&J)* +q7�N* +ue0r +�)q# +o^VVV*.3&E +o2'Fr*,� +oD#,3r +o2x(�

+,�MO* +6%eN +<39F`()* +D7M,01)*# +D7}7C1�A* +6OA# +o<v} +w= +7v) +<-LM,= +D*,h= +6.()*

+<38=OA*# +<-5*H@A*# +<3&?73&')* +7vNLv}O*# +<(M70)* +D7`F&')* +LM,(1N +k3� +o6.()* +:; +g7B�#

V�,PO*+<v}+w=

V�\[+2E+o6Vm+^Ta

ZT

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

+7v8=+o gG �H �.B1=+gA7e&�O*+�N7M,&�#+W*.1dA*+.&¡+6789)#+7-5%&?+:;+<39B&J)*+DA7&i8)*+D��zN*

+D*,c7¤()*# +D7r*,&¡@A*# +o<B�7h()* +6>j@*# +oH%;%)* +D7}7C1�*# +oD73�,9)*# +o2i4*,B)*

V<9P7&x)*+<39B&J)*

+fd7M# +o:r*.1dA* +.vB)* +�)7`= +�8= +<3&'d,Q)* +D7M,&J)* +{Fj +�7C1�A* +D7M,� +DO*.r

+w3&¡%Q()*+.vj+:;+�O*+,&�79()*+�,e&'B)*+ue0)*+<F�,=+:;+ g<�3`r+o �<3)7(}@*+ �G5%&xr+o7vN,3N#

+"%P.)*+.Br+_7&J8)*+2iBr+f;,j+u�+o�*57&?#+67y-#+o#5%�+!^Ta<�>�)*+DA*,8C)*+w33=7&')*

+A@* +V<3=7&')* +<3&¡%Q()* +l&x8= +:; +~38;%} +�H +�,8c +"%F� +�= +:d.()* +ue0)* +<F�,= +:;

+<=�OA* +W%&Jd +,�O* +{Fj +67e; +oG.0)*# +<3)%(&J)* +�r7� +��N* +��)* +:)7&i8)* +.j7&x1)* +6O*

+��c+�#7CN +{)@* +7&'d,; + f �B �&? +k3�+oTY�Y+:d7�)* +w-,&JN +:; +<3)7(&?O*,F) +<=7B)* +<-H7&x1�A*

V6789)#+7-5%&?+7v83r+w=#+D*,(B1&'()*+{)@*+7c,-.&xN+">P+w=+<=�OA*

1P=Ct67&u:3v&P=.3`?r67&F63(48@7&w<;57!,<)H&(#+m+,() �C w'(#+u)2_&(#+m

+w3&'01r+<9)7`(F)+D,9d*+:1)*+<3r7h8)*+D7�3v)*#+<3)7(B)*+D7B(C1)*+:;+"7&i8)*+*�c+,v�

+V<3&'d,Q)*+<-57(�1&?A*+D7M,&J)*+D7M>=+:;+w3F=7B)*+"7(BF)+<&J3B()*#+5%}OA*#+�71d@A*+�#,�

!fd7e;+<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*+w31�7&')*+{Fj+g7- �#. |=+ g�.&E+fM,N+:1)*+DA7&i8)*+7=O*

+�)ac#;:;Cc`+¨)CBm�2l0>�+�$Ay+.QD2l(+.'<)S(#+.:;:;E(#+rY2K(#+u)CF+M)<#D2G4#+I

+w=7&i1F) +67M# +V5%}OA* +GH7-� +~}O* +w= +TY�S +m7B)* +:; +D7r*,&¡A* +��c +f�.� +i(D.H.P)

+o2'Fr*,�# +2x(�# +D#,3r# +s7-5# +lF�# +�7(�# +�&J=H +:; +o<M,&J)* +"7(B) +�%QB)* +:)7(B)*

+Vuc5%}O* +{Fj+ �GH7-�+�;.r+ �.vBN +{Fj+uv §)%&x�+.Br+W*,&¡@A* +~�+{Fj+uvN.j7&'=+:;+�,�O*

+m7B)* +:;+ g<3d7� +W*,&¡@A* + §�78�1&?* +{)@* +"7(B)* + z,`&¡* +k3�+o7c.j#+� �Q8N +u) +<M,&J)* +we)#

+D �5 z,h; +ow3r,&i()* + ��0r +b �&'B1)* +{)@* + D�O7 �C�) +6O* +A@* +<M,&J)* +G5*H@* +w= +67M +7(; +oTY�T

+_7&Jd +{Fj + �G.-.&� + �<r7�5 +2¡,; +{)@*# +o�579= +u3F&? +uv83r +w=# +ouv §NH7� +w= + �H.j +�,&E

V^�a�<3B(C)*�

+�F`=+:;+�*57&?+ue�+<-7vd+{1�#+TY�S+m7B)*+:;+<3=7&')*+<3&¡%Q()*+l&x8=+:;+#5%�+w33BN+�8=+<�>�)*+DA*,8C)*+ue�+ z,(1&?*+^TaVTY�Z+m7B)*

+VTSY +2E +oTY\Z +oT� +o:r*57Q)* +5*H +!D#,3r +o�TYUZITYS\ +6789) +:; +<3r7h8)*# +<3)7(B)* +<M,0)* +p-57N� +o�5*%9)* +2?73)* + �a+o:r*57Q)* +5*H +!D#,3r +o�,3r +�7} +u-.hN# +�H7c +~39d +l-,BN +o�TYUZITYTY +6789) +:; +<3r7h8)* +<M,0)*� +o6A%M +�7} +!g7&i-O*#

VY]+2E+oTY]U

Z�


+P#$0#DS(#� +D:$&S(#` +D6(# +M)QD2l( + �./O)&*(` + �.:7$23 + �./*'2� + �.'�)H0` + �M)<#D2G4# +I

+o �GH �.B1= +t7r,vM +D7M,&� +6789)# +7-5%&? +:; +<&'34,)* +6.()* +:; +f=7� +!�^)<DaY(#` +¨)/C(#`

+V�73()*# +G57d@A*# +,CF) + g7&i-O* +7v&iBr# +oG57d@A*# +,CF) +,PnA* +7v&iBr# +o�h; +G57d@>) +7v&iBr

+<-5%&')* +6.()* +67e&') + �<3=.P + �D7}7� +w3=O7N +we- +u) +D7M,&J)* +��v) +,3POA*# +"#OA* +�.v)*

+G57d@A*# +~h8)*# +t7()* +{)@* +6.()* +��c +:; +<=7B)* +<}70)* +57(�1&?* +%c +7= +5.hr +o<3d789F)*#

+��c+H%hj+ z6@* +V67e&')* +w=+w3eFv1&'()* +5%v(}+W7&'�+{Fj+<F47`)* +«7r5OA* +2?.eN +~}O* +w=

+£,&JN# +o7vr70&EOA +,3;%)* +�r,)* +�%&? +{ zP%1N +A + g<3&?7� + g<3)>y1&?* + g7�#,&� +w z(&i1N +D7M,&J)*

+olF� +<8-.= +:Q; +V7v1-7j5# +W*.1dA* +D7`F&? +<-7(� +f0N + ��57(B1&?A* +lv8)* + �<3F(j +uv)

+g7M,1&J=+[TRS+w=+,�MO*+.}%-+A+oTYRR+m7B)*+:;+<(&'d+6%3F=+b&xd+<r*,�+f z(&¡+:1)*#+o g>�=

+�&?%1=+6@7;+o�)�r#+o �<M �,0=+ �G%hM+t7r,ve)*+:;+g7M,1&J=+�RU+w=+,�MO*#+oG57d@A*+t7r,vM+:;

+<M �,0()*+G%h)*+:;#+oD*#+%F3M+T]T+w=+,�MO*+�#7C1-+A+G57d@A*+:;+�,1&J(F)+�%8&')*+�>v1&?A*

+m*,N +W7M5 +H.j+±Fr +.h; +o^Tramwasa+,C)* +<)O7&'= +{Fj +�9`8- +�&'Qd +,=OA* +V^Ta^�S\Sa

+g7Q)O*+T�+<r*,�#+oTYUR+m7B)*+:;+lM*5+b)O*+TT+oD*,1=%F3M+TS+{Fj+.-L-+7=+�)%�+±)79)*+lF�

V^�a<8-.()*+67e&?+H.B)+<9&'8)7r+ �~3�&¡+ �.}+ �u�5+%c#+oTYUU+m7B)*+:;

+:; +:47r,ve)* +5%8)* +:M,1&J= +H.j + �±�F �r +.h; +olF� +�&¡%) + g7vr7&J= +g7}q%(d +�&J=H +m �.hN#

+5 z.h|- + ¥�%8&? + ��>v1&?* +�&?%1(r +�O* +o g7M,1&J= +T[]]T +�j%(C= +7= +TYRR +m7B)* +:; +<8-.()*

+�O* +oRSS +<M,0()* +G%h)* +t7r,vM +:; +w3M,1&J()* +H.j +±Fr +7(M +V�,1&J(F) +D*# +%F3M +T�� +¦r

+m7B)* +:; +m*,1)* +W7M5 +H.j +7=O* +V^Ra.�*%)* +�,1&J(F) +^�\]Sa + ¥�%8&? + ��>v1&?* +�&?%1(r

+H.B)*+�QN5*+ouFM+��+{Fj+.-L-+7v)%�+ �_%`P+{Fj+ �lM*5+�TUSS+^�&J=Ha+7v3;+±Fr+.h;+TYUR

VÛa+TYUU+m7B)*+:;+�O*+:)71)*+m7B)*+:;+g79M*5+�RT�[+{)@*

+7(d@*#+o �<1r7�+²H79=+#O*+�3�*%=+<-O7r+mL1F1)+weN+uF;+G5%M�()*+<M,&JF)+<;,B1)*+<&?73&?+7=O*

+��c+2i3Q�N+{)@*+O7CFN+u)+o~r7h()7r+o7v8e)#+o�d,Q)*+<(3�+2¡7Q�dA+g7B9N+57B&?OA*+�;,N+fd7M

V�1(3�+{Fj+ ¥� �.}+ �w&'0N+�O*+O*,�+7=+*q@*+57B&?OA*

VTZ\+2E+o2?Vm+o�VVV:98}OA*+"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*�+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r+^Ta+D7�,; +7v39�7&x) +,&J8)*# +b3)O71F) +�,9e)* +<91e()* +!�&J=H +o�6789)# +7-5%&? +:; +�,9e)* +<-H7&x1�A* +7-7&ih)*� +ob-,&J)* +,38= + �a

VTR]+2E+oTYU]+o:N7Cd#VTZY+2E+o2?Vm+o�VVV:98}OA*+"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*�+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r + Ra

VTR]+2E+o2?Vm+o�6789)#+7-5%&?+:;+�,9e)*+<-H7&x1�A*+7-7&ih)*�+ob-,&J)*+,38= + Ua

ZR

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

+<M,&J)+:)>y1&?A*+�v8)*+*�c#+olF�+67e&?+{Fj+b0C()*+�731=A*+2¡,;+:;+<&?73&')*+��c

+:;+,-%81)*#+,C)*#+t7()*+D7M,&�+<3h9)+6713&?7&?OA*+671(&')*+7(c+o7v3;+t7()*#+,-%81)*#+,C)*

+wj +<j,Q1()* +�7(�# +2x(� +t7r,vM +<M,&�# +o�&J=H +m*,N# +t7r,vM +<M,&JM +o�,POA* +6.()*

+:; +�73()*# +,-%81)*# +~h8)* +<M,&�# +o6#5.8e&?A* +,-%8N +<M,&�# +oD#,3r +m*,N# +t7r,vM +<M,&�

V7c*%&?#+2'Fr*,�

+G57d@A*# +�*%=*,1)* +D7M,&� +">y1&?* +{Fj +6.()* +,3c7(} +H,N +6O* +:B39`)* +w= +67M

+7vQ �&'B1)+ ¥.�+�&¡##+D7M,&J)*+��c+ §D*�731=*+ §,&'M+�.vr+o �<9&¡7�+ �<3}7C1�*+ �D7}%(r+�73()*#

V�&JC)*+7v)>y1&?*#

!¨D{)j0+RD<?#+ö{ +iW)/($C2� +W)/&� +W)'<)�+M)QD2l(#+rLc+n �2K'c+]LF+,*'2l(#+�>D(#+obc#

+o:r738)*+2'FC()*+D7&'F}+�.�@*+:;+ouv3r+,(j+:d789F)*+l478)*+u}7c+oTY�\+"#OA*+6%d7M+:;+I

+m%-+7c,M*�N+67(�O*+fB;5+:1)*+o g7&E%&xP+t7r,ve)*#+m*,1)*+D7M,&�#+og7=%(j+<398}OA*+D7M,&J)*

+f09&EO*+ �<}5.)+o�d,Q)*+<(3�+w&'0N+u�5+67(�OA*+��c+{Fj+ g<¤;70=+fzF�#+o�d,Q)*+<(3�+_%9c

V^Ta,M*�1)*+�FN+67(�O*+ §� ; �5+m%-+g*,&Jj+fd7M+6O*+.Br+o<-5%&?+ �D*,3)+[+<39c�)*+G,3F)*+<(3�

+bF1�=+wj+w3F ��(=+ �u&iN+ �<B&?*#+ �<39B&�+ �<8C)+D#,3r+:;+ f�F ze&JN+oTYRT+5*qn*+�&?*#O*+:;+I

+w38�A*+57vd+w=+ gt*.1r*+of�8�FjO*+:1)*+o<3)7(B)*+D7j7`h)*#+<38�%)*+D7c7CNA*+bF1�=#+t73�OA*

+fFe&�# +o�*%=*,1)*# +t7r,ve)* +<M,&� +<B�7h(r +t.9)* +o�&'Qd +m7B)* +w= +67&'3d +"#O* +�3; +��*%)*

+o,3&')*+w=+m*,1)*+D>;7�+�8=+7v1(v=+oD#,3r+t70dO*+bF1�=+:;+ �D7-5#.r+m%h1)+ g<39B&�+g7d7C)

Vt7r,ve)*+<M,&J)+�;.)*+m.j+{Fj+:)7cOA*+2i-,0N+�)q+{)@*+ g7;7&i=+o7v(3`0N+{1�#

+o�,9)*+<�7&?+:;+67&'3d+"#O*+:;+�O*+o�&'Qd+m%3)*+:;+f=7�+ �G.&�7�+�G,c7¤=+fd7M#+o*�c

+6O* +{)@* +w-,c7¤1()7r +l&iy)* +~&E#+.�#+o�*%=*,1)* + §5%}O*# + §t7r,ve)* + §57B&?O* +2i3Q�1r +l)7`N

+m*.`&EA* +{)@* +� zHO* +��)* +,=OA* +o�,9)* +<�7&? +{Fj +7c,3&? + �� H7&E +:1)* +D>;70)* +*%( z �

+ouc.&¡+<&?*,&J)*#+�(h)*+l3)7&?O*+bF1�=+w3F(B1&'=+o~3�)*+6%9M,-+*%d7M+w-�)*+�5.)*+"7},r

+67M#+Vw-,c7¤1()*+w=+,3�e)*+"7h1j*+wj#+o{�,C)*+w=+ �H.j+_%h&?+wj+<M,B()*+D,Q&?O*#

+bF1�=+:;+ g<�57;+,3&'N+fd7M+:1)*+m*,1)*+D>;7�+<&?*,0r+w3QFe=+�5.)*+"7}5+w=+,Pn*+ �H.j

V<(&E7B)*+£5*%&�

VT]SITZY+2x&E+o2?Vm+o:98}OA*+"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r+^Ta

ZU


+<8CF)*+t7&ijO*+<-,�MO*+"7h1j*+w=+<3&'d,Q)*+D7`F&')*+f8 ze(N+o<39B&J)*+<M,B()*+�FN+">P#

V^Ta:).B)*+2'FC()*+m7=O*+<(M70()*+{)@*+uv1)7�@*#+oW*,&¡@A*+{)@*+<3j*.)*

+7v3;+6#.9|-+o2?7rH+"57&�+<-5%v(C)*+2'345+{)@*+ �<&i-,j+�;5+{)@*+D#,3r+:)7cO*+ �. �( �j+.�#

+w=+o^�a�73()*+<M,&�+�)�M#+o,-%81)*#+,C)*+<M,&�+7c.(1BN+:1)*+�70}@A*+<&?73&?+w=+uc,=�N

V~h8)*#+G57d@A*+m%&?5+:;+2J�7Q)*+£7QN5A*+t*,}

+ �,v&�O*+<�>�)*+<r*,�+�O*+oTYRT+�%(N+�&?*#O*+{1�+67&'3d+"#O*+w=+<M,B()*+D,(1&?*#+o*�c

+o»US+<9&'8r+t7r,ve)*+57B&?O*+f&iQP#+olB&J)*+l)7`()+<M,&J)*+f�&¡5+6O*+{)@*+o,v&J)*+b&xd#

V^Ra»�[+<9&'8r+�*%=*,1)*+<;,BN+�)�M#

+%j.N +,3&�78= +oTYR� +m7B)* +:; +"#OA* +6%d7M +w= +"#OA* +b&x8)* +:; +fj �� |# +o�2l0> +,-

+o g7&i-O* +of �j �� |# +7(M+V<;,B1)* +7v&i3Q�N+m.B)+<8-.()* +:;+�,-%81)*# +,C)*� +<M,&�+<B�7h=+{)@*

+<B�7h=+�3Q81r+DO*.r+:1)*+<=57B)*+<39B&J)*+<M,0)*+,�@*+o<B�7h()*+{Fj+:)7cOA*+2¡,0N+ �D7d73r

VÛaD#,3r+:;+t7()*#+t7r,ve)*

+m*,N#+t7r,vM+<M,&�#+:)7cOA*+w3r+ g>-%�+£*,&x)*+~�+o�&J=H+t7&ih)+<Br71)*+i,O#;<X(#+,-

+ �£7QN5A+t7r,ve)7r+�*,1&�A*+wj+6%&¡,B|-+ �D*%8&?+K>�+w=+,�MO*+:)7cOA*+tA$%c+ z~�+.h;+V�&J=H

V2i3Q�1)*+m.j+{Fj+ gG z,&x=+<M,&J)*+fzF�+ �f�#+:;+o7c §57B&?O*+:;+ ¥:)73P

+k30r +o�&J=H +m*,N# +t7r,vM +<M,&J) + �<F=7&� + �<B�7h= +fd7M +oTYRZ +:d7�)* +6%d7M +:;#

+{)@*+7c7&x�O*+w=+H>9)*+ f�F �( �&�+ �G57 z9}+ �<3&?73&?+ �<3)7&id+ �<-,3c7(}+ �<M,�+{)@*+<B�7h()*+f�) z%0N

+�N%jH#+o<-5%&?+">h1&?*+O*.9(r+�;*,1j*+wj+:&'d,Q)*+ld7C)*+6>j@7r+A@*+O*.vN+u)#+o7c7&x�O*

+:;+<3&'d,Q)*I<-5%&')*+D7�>B)*+u3¤8N+~}O*+w=+2'-57r+{)@*+ �.;#+"7&?5@*+{)@*+�5%&')*+ld7C)*

V^[aw-.F9)*+w3r+m%hN+ �G.c7B=+57�@*

!*%d7M+*%F §h|1j*+w-�)*+<8CF)*+t7&ijO*+^Ta+o^W>`)* +W#.8=a +�F&x)* +H7(j +o^2'34,)* +l47da +�,h)* +.(0= +o^<8CF)* +2'345a +�5%c.)*� +<FC= +l�7&E +H*.� +u3c*,r@* ++7d%e-+uF;+6%8}+67&i=5#+�F&x)*+l38=+7=O*+Vs%j*.)*+~=7M+o.M*#+2?%3d7�+oH7hB)*+u3F&?+o�57(B=+"7&J3=+o³#,;+u3F&?+!t7&ijOA*#

Vw3Fh1B |()*+w3r+w=VTUY+2E+o2?Vm+o�VV6789)+:;+<3r7h8)*#+<3)7(B)*+<M,0)*+p-57N�+o�5*%9)*+2?73)*+!,¤dO* +

V�T�+2E+o2?Vm+o�6789)+:;+<3r7h8)*+<M,0)*�+o6A%M+�7}+^�aVT[S+2E+o2?Vm+o<3r7h8)*#+<3)7(B)*+<M,0)*+p-57N+o�5*%9)*+2?73)*+!�)�M#+V6V2E+o6Vm+^Ra

VT]S+2E+o2?Vm+o�VV:98}OA*+"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*�+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r+ÛaV6+2E+o6Vm+^[a

Z[

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

1!38$@J&3HNI(b&,T&'=%7 GI G()@7&'=;&,.3`?r67&D(p3S?@7+W*.1dA*+.vj+:;+ g<B&?*#+ g<3j7(1}*+ g<0-,&�+w33d789)#+w3-5%&?+w=+D*573&')*+%h47&?+~ ze&�

+£7`�+{)@*+<}70)*+.-*LN+�=+G.-*L1()*+w3h47&')*+ §H*.jO7r+�h;+H z.01N+u)+ �<0-,&�+:c#+o:&'d,Q)*

+w= + �,39M + �H.j +<)7j@7r +m%hN +:1)* +<39B&J)* +<38v()* +7v1Q3�%r + g7&i-O* +7(d@*# +oD>&E*%()*# +~h8)*

+uvFh8N+:;+67e&')*+w=+ �<B&?*#+ �_7&?#OA+ �<-5#,&¡+ �<}7�+{)@*+7v)%0N#+o<v}+w=+<3j7(1}A*+,&?OA*

V�,PO*+ �<v}+w=+uvB47&ir+~hd#

+oW7M,)*+~h8)+G z. �B()*+D*573&')*+H*.jO*+:;+g71;A+g*.-*LN+:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+<F�,=+f;,j

+oTY�S+m7B)*+�F`=+:;+D*573&')*+H.j+67M+6O*+.B9;+V�47&i9)*+~h8)+w0&J)*+D7d%3(M+:;+g7&i-O*#

+6789)+:;+u�,)*+LQ�+oG573&?+<�()*+<r*,�+o:&'d,Q)*+W*.1d>)+fB&iP+:1)*+��78()*+,47&?+:;

+H.j+6O*+oGH7(�+.3B&?+�H7&x1�A*+k�79)*+,M�-#+V^TaG573&?+ZSSS+{)@*+TY�\+m7B)*+:;+�.�#

+fj z�%N+o �� ,0=+D*q+ g<r,j+#O*+ gG573&?+T]Z]U+oTYR�+m7B)*+:;+±Fr+D>-#.)*+�3(}+:;+D*573&')*

!^�a:NnA*+~e&J)*+{Fj+D>-#.)*+{Fj

Z]T[ + +<-5%&?+<)#H

Y\Y[ +,39e)*+6789)+<)#H

Z�[ + +w3-%FB)*+<)#H

UT� +�#5.)*+~9}+<)#H

+D>-#H+:;+D*573&')*+H.j+6O*+{)@*+57&�O*+oTYUT+#+TYUS+:=7B)+ ¥:&'d,;+ ¥:47&x�@*+ �673r+:;#

+og7d%3(M+T]U\#+o �<�73&?#+ �G,}O*+G573&?+\S[T+7v8=+oTYUS+m7B)*+:;+G573&?+TTSTU+±Fr+W*.1dA*

V^Ra<-57d+ g<}*5H+Z[]+#+og*57M%N#O*+[[\+#

+l0&') +u4*.)* +7v3B&? +:; +oW*.1d>) +<=7B)* +<&?73&')* +wj +�O78(r +6%�*%&')* +we- +u)

+6%�* z%&')* +�}*# +.h; +VG,0)* +wv()*# +~(B)*# +�71d@A* +D7j7`� +,47&') +:j7(1}A* +2i47Q)*

+D7=*,y)* +:; + �G#7&'�# +om%&?,)* +:; +G,(1&'()* +D*H7-L)* +<vC) +GO7�%)* + �G.-.&� + �,3&? + �<(¤dO*

+�= +<v}*%(F) +u4*.)* +H*.B1&?A* +w3�*%&')* +tA$%c +{Fj +67M +o�)�) +V7vF3&x0N +s,� +:;#

+D7r*,&¡@A*+w=+ g<F&'F&?+*%&¡7P+.h;+V7v)+<Br71)*+<38=OA*#+<-5*H@A*+GLv}OA*#+W*.1dA*+D7`F&?

VT[�+2E+o6Vm+^TaHIMADE, Said, Economic organization of Syria, Beirut, 1935, p. 186.+^�a

M.A.E.F, E-levant Syrie-Liban 1939-1945, v. 54, p. 93. ^Ra

ZZ


+ §,47&?+{)@*+�H*.1=*+<vC)+o<3)%(&J)7r+L3(N+��)*+TYRR+W*,&¡@*+7c�,rO*+67M+oD7}7C1�A*#

+^w3j%9&?O*+w=+,�MO*a+7v �� ,y1&?*+:1)*+<F-%`)*+G,1QF)#+o<v}+w=+<-5%&')*#+<3d789F)*+ §��78()*

V�,PO*+ �<v}+w=

!^Ta¥O)Y-+�#D2G45#+#o{+�)*23?#+)0?#

T+ I+:1)*#+o<38B()*+D7`F&')*+7v1&¡,;+:1)*+<3;7&¡@A*+m%&?,)*+l9&'r+w-L89)*+57B&?O*+GH7-�

+<M,0)*+³5$%=+I+6A%M+�7}+,M�-+78c#+V:h3h0)*+<03Q&x)*+w(�+wj+w3QB&i)*+5*.h=+DH*�

+:c+:1)*#+o.-.0)*+<e&?+<M,&�+LCj+<3`y1)+67M+7(d@* +�*�dn* +w-L89)* +,B&?+�;5+6O* +o<3r7h8)*

V^�a<3&'d,;+ �<M,&�

�+ I+<&E7�)*+b�*%()*+w=+W7M,)*+~3(01)+6%Q�%1-+w-�)*+w3h47&')*+{Fj+ �D7r%hj+2¡,;

V�*%=*,1)7r

R+ I+t*LC)* +w3r+«#*,1N +fd7M+:1)*# +o<Q)7�()* +.8j+w3h47&')* +�0r+<Q0C()* +D7=*,y)*

VwC&')*+<r%hj#+�.h8)*

+{Fj+u �¤|d#+o7-5%&?+%h47&?+�3)@*+ zu&id*+7=+67j,&?#+oTYRR+5*qn*+w=+2?H7&')*+:;+W*,&¡@A*+O*.r

+k9F-+u)#+V^Raw3h47&')*+ §�%�O*+{Fj+ �D*.j7&'=+�-�%N+o �G,=+"#OA+o �5 z,hN#+o~-%`)*+5*,(1&?A*+2?7&?O*

+o g7=57j+g739B&� +g*.3-O7N +{�A+k30r+o �< z=7j+ �<-H7&x1�*I �<3j7(1}* + �<3&i�+{)@* + �" z%0N +6O* +W*,&¡@A*

+ou §v §0 §)7&x()+ g<F�,j+W*,&¡@A*+5*,(1&?*+:;+*#O*5+w-�)*+6.()*+57C1)+ g<39F`=+ g<3&i�+D7r+{1�

Vuv;7&xd@*#+w3�*%&')*+l)7`=+ §<39FN+:;+<F�7(()*+<3)#$%&'=+ �<(M70)*+ §D7`F&')*+6%F �(0|-+*%�*,;

+:j7(1}A*+w 3 �)7&i8)*+w3r+ f � �r �5+ �<38�#I �<3j7(1}*+ �<3&i�+{)@*+ �" z%0N+6O*+W*,&¡@A*+k9F-+u)

+D7M,&J)*+.&¡+� z} �% |()*+�,01)*+*�c+~�()+:8�%)*+�%10()*+6O*�+�)q+oW*.1dA*+.&¡+:8�%)*#

+�F&x)*+2¡7-5+m7(1c*+:j,1&'-+6O*+.r+A+67M+o ��47&?+\SSS+:)*%�+l`h1&'-+��)*#+o�731=A*+D*q

+wj+g7�.01=+�&'Qd+�579=+6*,`()*+�,9d*+6O*+67M#+VW*.1d>)+<3)*%()*+,3�+b0&x)*+�5 �,0=#

+:;+g*,3&J=+oÛa�5*qn*+TY+:;+�F&x)*+2¡7-5+ld7}+{)@*+�%�%)*+:;+H zH,1-+u)#+o�2?.h()*+l&iy)*�

VW*.1dA*+�7CN+ �G.�%=+ �<3d789)+ �<38�#+ �<-$#5+G5%Fr+:;+ ¥:j%d+ �"%0N+<-*.r+{)@*+�)q

VT[]+2E+o2?Vm+o6789)+:;+<3r7h8)*#+<3)7(B)*+<M,0)*+p-57N+o�5*%9)*+2?73)*+^TaV��U+2E+o2?Vm+o6789)+:;+<3r7h8)*+<M,0)*+o6A%M+�7}+^�a

V6V2E+o6Vm+^RaV6V2E+o6Vm+Ûa

Z]

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

+:1)* +l&?7e()*+6O* +w=+u�,)*+{Fj+o5*qn* +w=+w-,&JB)* +t7&'=+:;+W*,&¡@A*+b�%N+og*,3PO*

+ §t* �, �}|O* +w= + �,39M + �H.j +w3r +g7=7&'hd* +��#O* +��)* +,=OA* +¯ gG.3c� +fd7M +6%h47&')* +7v3Fj +~&x�

+.&¡7BN+<3B(}�+2'345+uvB=#+oD7}*57e)*#+D*573&')*+W70&EO*#+o<v}+w=+w3h47&')*+: �3 §; �, §�#

V^Ta�,PO*+ �<v}+w=+o6%j,;+�,8c+�<3d789F)*+<-5%v(C)*+:;+w3�*%&')*

1!38$@J&3HNI(b&,T&Pv3=*@7J&m=()8@7&s3 [ .&'=;&,.3`?r67&'+3(4?@7+7-5%&?+6.=+:;+ g<B&?*#+ gG,v&�+o{)#OA*+<3()7B)*+W,0)*+~9�+o�3&'8)*#+"Ly)*+<j78&E+f;,j

+fj7&�+k3�+o6789)+~9}+<3;,&x1=+D*.Fr+w=+ �G.Fr+,3�+:;#+^2x(�+o�&J=H+olF�a+<3FP*.)*

V2E7P+ ��}%r+�B38&xN#+�}71d@*#+,-,0)*+<j*5�

+oW*.1dA*+6>j@*+.Br+:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+D7`F&?+7v N �. �( �1j*+:1)*+<3M,(C)*+<&?73&')*+6O*+A@*

+<-7(0)* +<&?73&'r +u1vN +u) +D7`F&')* +�FN +6O* +�)q +o<z3C3&'8)* +D7j78&x)7r +g*,3�M +D z, �&¡�O*

+�)7&x()* +s#.8&x) +"7()* +w3=O71r +u1vN +fd7M +7= +5*.h(r +ow-.F9)* +:; +<38�%)* +D7j78&xF)

V^�aH>9)*+<0F&x=+�3&i1hN+7=+�;#+A+o�.-,N+��)*+�}%)*+{Fj+�r+� z,&x1N+{1�+<M,1&J()*

+!<3NnA*+m7�5OA*+�3Fj+".1;+o,-,0)*#+�3&'8)*+:1j78&E+W7&EO*+��)*+�}*,1)*+7=O*

!^Ra{)#OA*+<3()7B)*+W,0)*+~9�

.&:;C(#|/2K&(#+u#$O?#u) �C'(#

lF�T[SSSUSSSS�&J=H[SSSIUSSS�[SSSI�SSSS

2x(�\SSS

!Ûa+TYRS+m7B)*+:;+�&¡%)*

lF�RSSS�[SSS�&J=H]SSIZSSUSSS2x(��SSS[SSSIU[SS

+o<d73�)7r+�=7v �N*+{)@*+,=OA*+uvr+~&E#+.�#+ouv�%h�#+uv9)7`=+{Fj+,=n71)7r+6%j,;+�,8c+^<3B(C)*a+<r7h8)*+2'345+6%h47&')*+u �v zN*+^Ta+<M,0)*+p-57N+o�5*%9)* +2?73)* +!:;+H5#+V<r7h8)*+�=+g*5%;+�N7�>j+�`�+6O* +7c.Br+k9F-+u)+t7(�@A*+w=+ �<)7�+:;+�B�#O* +��)*+,=OA*

VT[\+2E+o2?Vm+o<3)7(B)*V�U\+2E+o2?Vm+o�VVV:98}OA*+"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*�+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r+^�a

V6V2E+o6Vm+^RaV6V2E+o6Vm+Ûa

Z\


+:; +<3C3&'8)* +D7j78&x)* +:; +�}*,1)* +<9&'d +6%eN +o�>jO* +<839()* +m7�5O>) +g7h;# +o�3Fj#

!:NnA*+~e&J)*+{Fj+G5%M�()*+6.()*

.&:;C(#+9s#DS(#+.*2KOu#$O?5#+>;F+,-

+9s#DS(#+.*2KOu)C'(#+>;F+,-

lF�»\S»R]º[�&J=H»\ZI\[»\UI\S

2x(�»][

+��c+W7&EO*+��)*+,hvh1)*+wj+ g<3;7&¡@*+ gG5%&E+67= �.h-+�B38&xN#+,-,0)*+�71d@*+67M#+o*�c

+:)*%0r+5 z.h|-+,-,0)*+w=+6789)#+7-5%&?+�71d@*+67M+6O*+.B9;+V:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+.vj+:;+<j78&x)*

+og78�+�]ZS+!fd7M+D7B}*,1)*+w=+ g<F&'F&?+W*.1dA*+.vj+:;+~C&?+oTYTU+m7B)*+:;+w�+ZSSS

+oTYR�+oTYRT+!D*%8&') +:)*%1)* +{Fj +�)q# +og78�+Y[Z+# +w�+TRSS+ow�+TUSS+og78�+T]Z�

V^Ta+TYRZ#+TYRU+oTYRR

+:;+ �"%d+U[SS+w=+�,-,0)*+�#.3)*+�3&'8)*+"*%dO*+H*.jO*+fB}*,N+o7c.�#+lF�+<8-.=+:Q;

+o2'Fr*,�+:;#+V^�a+TY�\+m7B)*+:;+T\SS+{)@*+fBQN5*+u�+oTY�Z+m7B)*+:;+T[SS+{)@*+TYSY+m7B)*

+oTYRS+m7B)*+:;+�h;+~=7B=+[+�%&?+oW,0)*+~9�+"Ly)*#+�3&'8F)+ g>(B=+�S+~&EO*+w=+ ��9-+u)

+~9}+:;#+V2x�&�+RSS+{)@*+<M730)*+�d7&x=+"7(j+H.j+2xFhN+k3�+oD#,3r+:;+,=OA*+�)�M#

+D*,&Jj+f(&¡+:1)*+<-,-,0)*+"*%dOA*+57&J1d*+:;+ g<;7�M+.v&JN+�N*.Fr+,�MO*+fd7M+6O*+.Br+o6789)

V^Ra+TYR�+m7B)*+:;+�h;+~=7j+R[SS+�%&?+<j78&x)*+��c+:;+~(B-+.B-+u)+o"7(B)*+�An*

+{Fj+ g<39F&?+g*57�n*+o6789)#+7-5%&?+:;+�3&'8)*#+"Ly)*+D7j78&E+W7&EO*+��)*+,hvh1)*+�,N

+67M+o �G,3`P+ |�471d+�)q+{Fj+lzN,N+.�#+o<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*+,&?OA*+�AnA+<3N730)*+£7&¡#OA*

+w3`&'F; +{)@* +2x(�# +�&J=H# +lF� +6.= +:; +"*%dOA* +W70&EO* +w= +.-.B)* +G,Cc +7c�,rO*

+<(&E7B)* +�7CN7r + g7Q3�M+g7�#Ld+6789) +~9}+D*.Fr +D.v&�+7(3;+o�,POA* +G5#7C()* +6*.F9)*#

+:;+ §� §57cH�* +{Fj+W*.1dA* +� zC&� +��)* +�57C1)*# +:N7=.�)* +~(B)* +:;+_*,�d>)+oD#,3r

V<F�,()*+�FN

V�UY+2E+o6Vm+^TaV6V2E+o6Vm+^�a

VT[R+2E+o2?Vm+o�6789)+:;+<3r7h8)*+<M,0)*�+o6A%M+�7}+^Ra

ZY

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

+6%v}*%- +*#,(1&?* +o6789)# +7-5%&? +~P*H +*#.(&E +w-�)* +<3C3&'8)* +D7j78&x)* +"7 z(j +7=O*

+:8�%)*+uv §)7&id#+:j7(1}A*+uv §)7&id+w3r+w3`r*5+o:&'d,Q)*+W*.1d>)+<-H7&x1�A*+<&?73&')*

+67M#+o�&J=H+:;+�3&'8)*+"7(j+W*,&¡@*+, zCQN+oTYRS+m7B)*+:Q;+V">h1&?A*#+5,01)*+~}O*+w=

+7v)>P +{zFCN +o,v&�O* +<1&')* +fr57� +k3� +o7v�,y1&?* +:1)* +G.()* +k3� +w= +"%�OA* +W*,&¡@A*

+:d7�)*+w-,&JN+�\+:Q;+V�N73`B=#+ §� §5 �% |&E+~(}O7r+7-5%&?#+6789)+"7(j+w3r+:j7(1}A*+w=7&i1)*

+{)@* + gt*.d +fv z}%; +o�2l0;< +J/<D2_C(# +|/2K&(# +u) �CF +.O)F4# +.&6( +D#,3r +:; +f �Qz)O7N +oTYRS

+��c+<F3&x�+~(0)+ �67C)+G z.j+<-7y)*+��v)+f �Qz)O7N+.�#+V^Ta£ �,91)*+{Fj+uv�0N+D7r7h8)*#+"7(B)*

+o6O7&J)* +*�c+:;+g7�7Cd+ f �h zh�+.�+<3d789F)* +<d7j@A* +<8C)+6%eN+�)�r#+V�&J=H+{)@* +D7j,91)*

I:d789F)* +:j7(1}A* +w=7&i1)* +L-LBN +"7C= +:; +7v)7(jO* +�3&?%1) +�-,`)* +7v&'Q8) + f zh �&� �#

VG.�*#+ �<39vd#+ �<3)>y1&?*+ �<3&'d,;+ �<&?73&?+<v}*%=+:;+ �G.�*#+<39F`()*+<M,0)7;+V�5%&')*

+6O*+<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*+<3r7h8)*#+<3)7(B)*+D7M,0)*+w3r+:j7(1}A*+w=7&i1)*+*�c+k9F-+u)

+<8C)+O7&JdO*+��)*+o:d789F)*I�5%&')*+:j%3&J)*+WL0)*+D7v}%N+w=+o.Br+7(3;+o,9MOA*+m7(1cA*+"7d

V^�aw=7&i1)*+*�c+<-7j5#+<Br71()+o2�*.er+.)7P+o� §47&ijO*+.�O*+{)@*+7v §NH73hr+ �. �v �j+ g<&E7P+ g<-H73�

!38$@J&3HNI(b&,T&PH<=^3`x@7&P(p39?:671(Regie)&,xH<@7&Pv<(i&N3h?y7&D(p

+5%0(N +:1)* +�,rOA* +<3j7(1}A* +<3&ih)* +og7M>v1&?*# + g7B38&xN# + g<j*5� +o±91)* +<3&i� +fd7M

+.&¡+<38�%)*#+<-H7&x1�A*#+<3j7(1}A*+�H7BrO*+:;+:d789F)*I�5%&')*+�,1&J()*+"7&i8)*+7v)%�

V:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*

+l9&'r +o<3d7(�B)* +<)#.)* +D,`&¡* +7=.8j +oT\\R +m7B)* +{)@* +�57(�1&?*# +±91)* +�731=* +H%B-

+fd7M+V��7981)*#+±91)* +,&x�+G5*H@A+:C-,)*+<M,&��+ �<3&'d,;+ �<M,&�+{)@* +�08=+{)@* +o2?>;@A*

+{1�+�O*+og7=7j+,&Jj+<&'(P+{)@*+�=7e�O*+D �H �. |=+u�+oTYTR+m7B)*+:;+:v18N+ g<8&?+RS+�731=A*+G.=

+.&¡+o6789)# +7-5%&? +:;+f=7� +:1)* +<B&?*%)* +<39B&J)* +<F(0)* +�y&¡+f0N# +VTY�Y+67&'3d +TU

+�3;+".91&?*+oTYRS+57-O*+RS+p-571r+ �5*,�+5*.&E@*+{)@*+:=7&')*+2¡%Q()*+,`&¡*+o<M,&JF)+.-.C1)*

V^Ra<y(1)*+<`&?*%r+u&?,)*+�O*+�"#5.89)*�+m7¤8r+�"%r%d%()*�+�57e1�A*+<M,&J)*+m7¤d

+o^s#.8&x)* +w3=O*a +673&J3&�7M +~3e3=# +o^,3N,e&')*a +:dA.C= +b3&E7d# +o^<d7j@A* +<8C) +2'345a +7&?%M +w-.)* +:0= +!t*.8)* +��# +^TaV�T\+2E+o6Vm+!,¤dO*+V673d7P+�,�+�5%3M#+�5%Qe)*+"7&J3=#

V6V2E+o6Vm+^�a+�8=+6789)+:;+�1j78&E#+±91)*+<j*5��+!6*%8Br+TY\S+<8&')*+o�<3d789)+D7&?*5H� –+:d789F)*+,&J8)*+LM,= –+m>jOA*+G5*�#+D*5%&J8=+^Ra

VRY+2E+o�m%3)*+{1�+w-.)*+,�;+,3=OA*+.vj

]S


+:;+D>-#.)*+D7=%e�+H5*%=+<3(8N+�8=+.&xh-+uF;+o�"#5.89)*�+,3r.N+t*5#+w=+�.v)*+7=O*

+f=5+ �<)#70(M+t7}+~r+ow3eFv1&'()*#+w3Bd7&x)*#+w3j5*L()*+,3c7(}+2�7Bd@*+A#+o6789)#+7-5%&?

+uvF(�+u�+o�r7&')*+�"%r%d%()*�+�O*+,&x0)*+m7¤d+w=+tA$%c+<(hd+t*%1�*+{)@*+7v4*5#+w=+7&'d,;

V�"#5.89)*�+D7�3&?+*%Q&J1e-+6O*+.Br+�3)@*+GH%B)7r+<9)7`()*+{Fj

+fF&E# +k30r +o��78()* +,47&? +:; +±91)* +<j*5� +<-,� +�F�O* +�"#5.89)*� +m7¤d +6O* + ��30&E

+<-5%v(C)*a+,39e)*+6789)+:;+ f �y�F �r �#+o7v)+ ¥.�+{&x�O*+{)@*+TYRT+m7B)*+:;+<&?#,y()*+D7�7&'()*

+<)#H +:;+fBQN5*# +o571ec+�[SS+w3-%FB)* +<)#H +:;# +o571ec+�\SS+^TY�Z+m7B)* +.Br +<3d789F)*

+6789)+:;+"718M+TR[SS+fyF9;+o g<F�7(=+g7=7�5O*+~3&E70()*+ f�F zC&?+7(M+V571ec+�ZSS+{)@*+<-5%&?

+u�&i1)*+*�c+6O*+A@*+V^Ta<-5%&?+<)#H+:;+gA718M+TTR[S+#+ow3-%FB)*+H>r+:;+"718M+�[SSS+#+o,39e)*

+o<v}+w=+uv}71d@*+b-,&xN+<r%B&E+! �<}#HL=+ �<Fe&J=+m7=O*+�j78&E#+±91)*+£*5�+�&¡#+�71d@A*+:;

+o<&?#,y()*+D7�7&'()*+�}*,N+{)@*+<Fe&J()*+��c+f&i;O*+V�,PO*+ �<v}+w=+D7B39()*+57B&?O*+: �d �. �N#

+!:NnA7M+±91)*+D7�7&'=+fd7M+o g>�=+oTYRU+m7B)*+:Q;+V~3&E70()*+D73(M+2¡7Q�d*+{)@*+�)�M#

+~9}+<)#H#+oD*571ec+\TS+<-5%&?+<)#H+og*571ec+T][S+w3-%FB)*+<)#H+o571ec+T\SS+,39e)*+6789)

+w3-%FB)*+<)#H+o"718M+YSSS+,39e)*+6789)+!�&'Qd+m7BF)+fN79;+D73(e)*+7=O*+VD*571ec+R+�#5.)*

V^�agA718M+RS+�#5.)*+~9}+<)#H#+ogA718M+U[RS+<-5%&?+<)#H+o"718M+TRSSS

+±91)*+<j*5�+<�7r@*+<vC)+o�"#5.89)*�+m7¤d+:;+~F�)*+ld*%}+<3&'d,Q)*+<3&¡%Q()*+fFy1&?*

+5*.&E@*+{)@* +�~N57=+�H�+:=7&')*+2¡%Q()*+O7C)+7c.8j+Vu&?*%()*+:;+ �H7&'M+w=+7v8j+uCd+7=#

+£7&iP@*#+o�"#5.89)*�+m7¤d+t7y)@7r+{&i�+��)*+oTYRU+:d7�)*+w-,&JN+�]+p-57N+�][+u�,)*+5*,h)*

+6%d7M+�[+:;#+V^Ra,&x0)*+m7¤d+�O*+o�r7&')*+�"%r%d%()*�+m7¤d+{)@*+�B38&xN#+�B3r#+±91)*+<j*5�

+�,&x0)*� +_#,&� +wj +g7d73r +73FB)* +<3&¡%Q()* +:; +D7j%9`()* +G,4*H +D5.&EO* +oTYR[ +:d7�)*

!Ûa678�*+_#,&J)*+��c+:;+t7}+7=+ucO*#+o.-.C)*

T+ IVTYZS/T�/RT+<-7�+{1�+ ��,1&J=+ �£7Q1d*+D*q+:C-5+G5*H@*+,&x0)*+*�c+,(�1&'N

�+ I!<3NnA*+l&'8F)+ g7h;#+�r+l�1 �1 e |-#+o �<-5%&?+ �G,3)+Tº�[SºSSS+¦r+<M,&J)*+"7(&?O*5+H z.0|-

I V<(47h)*+�579Q)*+W70&EOA+2x&x�N+»ZS

VY\+2x&E+oTYYR+om%FBF)+.3&�,)*+5*H+!D#,3r+oT_+o�:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+.vj+:;+<-5%&')*I<3d789F)*+D7�>B)*�+oH*,=+.(0=+^TaVYY+2E+o6Vm+^�a

VT][+2E+o2?Vm+o�VVV:98}OA*+"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*�+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r+^RaVT]ZIT][+2x&E+o6Vm+Ûa

]T

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

I V^:C-,)*+<M,&J)+�O*a+�731=A*+l�7&x)+»RS

I V6789)#+<-5%&?+:)7cOA+2x&x�N+»TS

+�O* +o<hr7&')* +<M,&J)* +{)@* +�7981)*# +±91)* +,&x� +m7¤d +.3jO*# +o<3�,&'()* +f z(N +o*�ec

+{)@*+VTYZS+m7B)*+<-7vd+:;+:v18N+og73;7&¡@*+ g7=7j+�[+G.()+�57e1�*#+�57(�1&?7r+�%Q1)+o:C-,)*

+uc+©tA$%c+uc+w=+V<(47h)*+�579Q)*+W70&EOA+»ZS+.-.C)*+m7¤8)*+2x&xP+o<M,&J)*+ld7}

+:; +<3M,3=OA* +<-L3FedA* +±91)* +<M,&� +£#,; +�.�@* +o673&?%N7= +<M,&� +w3r + �<M*,&� +wj +G579j

V7v&'Qd+<3&'d,Q)*+:C-,)*+<M,&�+w3r#+o,&x=

!^Ta�r70&EO*+w=#+o:8�%)*+"7(&?O*,F)+�h;+ �<&x&x�=+:v;+o<3�79)*+»TS+¦)*+<&x�+7=O*

I Vûv&?+TSSSa+�&J=H+w=+:N7r*,&�+67(�j

I V^g7(v&?+T�]�a+D#,3r+w=+�d*%P@*#+�%&E7�+67}

I V^g7(v&?+T�\Ra+D#,3r+w=+�HA#O*#+7-*%&E

I Vûv&?+USSa+�&J=H+w=+�,e&')*+l38=

+{)@* +o:C-,)* +<M,&� +7v1&?57= +:1)* +ob38B)* +57(�1&?A* +D73)n*# +57e1�A* +<&?73&? +f) z%0N

+w3F=7B)* +{Fj +g7&i-O*# +o:d789F)*# +�5%&')* +w3Q-,)* +t*,h; +w= +±91)* +:j5*L= +{Fj + �~3h� + �tlj

+7vd%M +wj +±91)* +<3&i� +f},P +.h; +V�r +w-,}71()*# +w3eFv1&'()* +{Fj +�)�M# +o�1j78&E +:;

+,47&?+~(&J1) + D z.�1=*+o g<B&?*#+ g<-,3c7(}+ g<3&i�+fN7r+6O* +{)@* +o7v83Br+ �<3j7(1}*+ �<0-,&�+<3&i�

+�;*#H+fFe&�+:1)*+o<3&?73&')*#+<3j7(1}A*+7-7&ih)*+7c.8j+��7h11)#+o<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*+H>9)*

+ue0)*+m73�#+:98}OA*+W*.1dA*+t7vd@* +~}O* +w=+o�,1&J()*+:d789F)*I�5%&')*+"7&i8F)+ g<3&?7&?O*

Vw-.F9)*+:;+:8�%)*+:)>h1&?A*

+D7(¤8()*#+D7�3v)*+bF1�=+f=7�+o,&x0)*+m7¤d+{)@*+GH%B)*+5*,�+5#.&E+5%;#+o�&J=H+:;

+{)@* +GH%B)7r+l)7`N+fd7M+o�%=OA*+�=7C)*+w=+ f �h�F`d*+ ��7C1�*+ §G,c7¤(r+o<38�%)*#+<39B&J)*

V^�a"#5.89)*+m7¤d

+o�[TI�[S+2x&E+oTYR[+oR�+oD*%8�+olB&J)*+<B9`=+ot*L}O*+<�>�+o�w33=7&')*+w3&¡%Q()*+D*5*,�+<j%(C=�+o7d7}+�3;%N+.(0=+^Ta

VT]\+2E+o2?Vm+o"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r+!g7&i-O*#

VTZ]+2E+o2?Vm+oT�+o6789)+:;+<3r7h8)*#+<3)7(B)*+<M,0)*+p-57N+o�5*%9)*+2?73)*+^�a

]�


+. �-$%d� +!7v3; +t7} +o:=7&')* +2¡%Q()* +{)@* + g<3�,r +6%-%d7�)* +6%9�18()* +~&?5O* +olF� +:;#

+~B}# +67P.)* +57(�1&?* +<3&ih) + ¥.� +�&¡%) +ue1=7�Q) +<j%;,()* +D7B�,)*# +oH>9)* +2i4*,j

+,3e0N+�;.c+6%e-+ �5*,�+~M+6@*+VV �~PH+<-57e1�A*+D7M,&JF)+6%e-+6O*+6#H+ gG,�+�N57CN#+�1j*5�

+6%�#�-+*#.�+w-�)*+H>9)*+t78rO*+w=+�%)OA*+G730r+5*,&¡@A*#+�1j78&E#+�N57CN#+67P.)*+<j*5�

V^Ta�VVV�r+H>9)*+�,1BN+A+o2J3B)*+,=

+{)@*+7c7&x�O*+w=+<-5%&?+~(&�+��)*+o,39e)*+�5%&')*+W*,&¡@>)+67M+oTYR[+_79&�+T[+:;

+:8=5OA*#+:r,B)*+u&¡#+oGO*,()*#+b�%()*#+,}71)*#+l)7`)*#+~=7B)*#+«>Q)*+u&¡#+o7c7&x�O*

+V:&'d,Q)*+W*.1d>)+<-57(B1&?A*+<-H7&x1�A*+<&?73&')*#+<M,&J)*+.&¡+ �.�*#+ �57B&�+o�H,e)*#

+o7v)7(jO* +b�%N +~=7B()*# +ouv13d*%� +6%hFy- +57C1)*# +o<&?*5.)* +wj +6%r §,&i|- +W>`)* +67M

+~P*.)* +w= +w3)#$%&'()* +{)@* +~(0N +s,9)* +�>&?O*# +ow-,c7¤1()* +,3c7(Cr +¼F1(N +£5*%&J)*#

+:r,B)*+:47&'8)*+H70NA*+l)7�+.h)+V.-.&J)*+�7C1�A*+D73�,r+ou=OA*+<9&xj+{)@*#+o�57�)*#

+�%)OA*+D*,&Jj+<&J3B=+H5%=+:c+�1j78&E+6OA+ow3-5%&')*+�.-O*+:;+�N57CN#+±91)*+�71d@*+t7hr@7r�

V^�a�w38�*%()*+w=

+:;+w3( z¤8=+D*,c7¤()*# +W*,&¡@A* +67M# +o5*qn*# +_79&� +�,v&� +:;+D7r*,`&¡A*+f)*%N

+ �<B&?*#+ �<F(�+:;+f`&Jd+:1)*+oG.-.B)*+67CF)*+f �Qz)O7N+o2'Fr*,�#+�&J=H+:Q;+VwM7=OA*+w=+,3�M

V^Ra<398}OA*+D7j%8&x()*+<B�7h=+~}O*+w=#+ow3P.1)*+.&¡

+~er+6789)+t70dO*+~M+~(&J1)+D z.1=*#+o.&�O*#+b8jO*+t731&?A*+<}%=+fd7M+.h;+i")&*(+,-+)0?#

+ �67C)+fQz)O7N#+o6.()*+:;+,&x0)*+m7¤d+.&¡+W*,&¡@A*+wFj|O*+V<3�#,)*+�Q4*%�#+<39B&J)*+�N7�;

V:C-,)*+<M,&�+7vB8&xN+:1)*+,-7e&')*+�>v1&?*+<B�7h=+{)@*+%j.N

+7=+{)@*+±91)*+D*,c7¤=+f�) z%0N+oI+w3`&'FQ)+<-q70()*+<3r%8C)*+G.F9)*+I+~39}+f8r+:Q;

+G5%��+o"#OA*+!w3=7c+w3�.�+�=+^TYRZ+b3&Ea+�*�dn*+f8=*LN+:1)*+o<39B&J)*+<&¡7Q1dA*+�9&J-

+_7&J8F)+<(j*.)*+:d7`-,9)*+W*.1d@A*+D7`F&?+.&¡+m7&'h)*+w-.)*+Lj+p3&J)*+GH73hr+w3`&'F;

+V7&'d,; +�= +G.c7B()* +6O7&Jr +<&¡#7Q(F) +2'-57r +:; +�5%&')* +.;%)* +H%}# +o:d7�)* +o:d%3v&x)*

+67M +~39}+f8r +:j5*L(r +��>)* +w9y)* + z6O* +o�D#,3r� +<Q30&E+:;+t7}+oTYRZ+�%(N +�\+:Q;

VT\Y+2E+o2?Vm+o�VVV:98}OA*+"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*�+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r+^TaVTYS+2E+o6Vm+^�aV6V2E+o6Vm + Ra

]R

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

+o g70-,}+,&Jj+<&'(P#+{F1�+<Br5O*+{)@*+ D zHO*#+o<`F&')*+7v1B(�+ �D*,c7¤(r�+:)7cOA*+m7h;+og*,39M

+ucO* +6@* +V*.3&E +<8-.= + �<&E7P + �G5%&xr +o g>=7&� +W*,&¡@A* +67M# +o7vFM +W%8C)* +6.= +fr,&¡O7;

+2i4*,j+{)@*+fv1d*+u�+oG.�%)*+lF�+~39&?+:;+ �<&i-,j+�3�%N+67M+o~39}+f8r+KH*%�+:;+ �l9&?

V�"%r%d%()*�+G57CN+m7¤d+.&¡

+7c.;##+<-5%&')*+<38�%)*+<F1e)*+~9�+w=+g7-%�+g7Q�7BN+:d789F)*+W%8C)*+6.=+W*,&¡@*+{�A

+<9&xj#+<3&'d,Q)*+<3}57�)*+G5*�#+{)@*+ f �B §; |5+ �57e81&?*+D*,M�=+�78c#+o2'-57r+:;+2¡#7Q()*

+k3�+o�%(N+[+:;+,0)*+2?79j+p3&J)*+"L8=+:;+*.3&E+:;+ �,(N$%=+.hj+{)@*+<;7&¡@A7r+o*�c+ou=OA*

+o:&'d,Q)* +W*.1dA*+t7vd@* +o<-5%&')* +G.�%)* +!l)7`=+<�>�+w3r+ f �} �L �= + g<9v&'=+ gG,M�=+5.&EO*

V^Ta:C-,)*+<M,&�+H%3�+w=+5,01)*

+ g79)7`= +o:d789F)* +67(),9)* +:; +<j*5L)* +<d�*%= +5,h= +ou)7&? +b&?%- +l478)* + �K z. �0�N

+fd7M#+oG.3e()*+:;+78B�#+,&J)*+m%3)*+w=+ §�z1d+u)+6@7;�+o,&x0)*+<M,&�+b&'BN+w=+2xF�1)7r

+�478rO* +,rO*#+6789)+~1�+�F1�+:;#+o2J3B3)+,�&x)*+f08-+��)*+w3e&'()*+«>Q)*+~1�+<C318)*

V^�a��H5*%=+{8�O*#

+o:&'d,Q)* +:=7&')* +2¡%Q()* +fFr7� + g<8C) + �~ ze&� +.� +:d789F)* +W*%8)* +2'FC= +67M# +o*�c

!^Ra<3NnA*+l)7`()*+f8(&iN+ gG,M�=+�)+f= z.�#

T+ IV<F=7B)*+.3)*+wj+£7;.)*

�+ IV<j*5L)*+<-7(�

R+ IV~=7B()*+W70&EO*+s%h�+wj+£7;.)*

U+ IV�Fe&�+67M+g7-O*+±91)*+57e1�*+57(�1&?*+:;+:d789F)*+"7(&?O*,)*+s%h�+wj+£7;.)*

[+ I+o57(�1&?A*+*�c+w=+7v)+�18N+:1)*+o"*%=OA7r+�,&x1)*+:;+<)#.)*+s%h�+{Fj+<¤;70()*

Vg*,�+g7;,&xN

+<&¡7Q1dA*+�9&J-+7=+{)@*+±91)*+<M,&�+.&¡+D7}7C1�A*#+D7r*,&¡@A*+<F&'F&?+f)%0N+o*�ec

+,&E78j +w= +g7B&?*# +g*.3-O7N +<&¡7Q1dA* +��c +f�A +.�# +Vt*%&')* +{Fj +6789)# +7-5%&? +:; +<38�%)*

+2x&E+o2?Vm+o�<-5%&')*I<3d789F)*+D7�>B)*�+!781&?*5H+�}*5+�N>j7QN#+:d789F)*+W%8C)*+6.=+W*,&¡@*+6O7&Jr+~3&E7Q1)*+w=+.-L(F)+^TaVR\]IR\[

VT\Y+2E+o2?Vm+o"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r+^�aVTZ\ITZ]+2x&E+o2?Vm+o<3)7(B)*+<M,0)*+p-57N+o�5*%9)*+2?73)*+^Ra

]U


+¯:d789F)*#+�5%&')*+m7B)*+�O*,)*+_7&?#O*+:;+s%=,()*+7cLM,=+7v)+67M+o �<3�#5#+ �<3&?73&?+o �<-H73�

+ g<3&?73&?+ g<3(cO*+�.N,1)+o g<-H7&x1�*I g<3j7(1}*+ g<)O7&'=+7vd%M+wj+±91)*+<3&i�+�,PO*+��)*+,=OA*

+5%&'} +.(N +�%h)* +��c +D�PO7; +V6789)# +7-5%&? +:; +<Fj7Q)* +�%h)* +7ct*%) +fF(� +o g<&E7P

+�(&'N +o:&'d,Q)* +W*.1d>) + �<B-,&? + �<-7vd +.-.01r +<9)7`()* +G.j7� +{Fj +o7v83r +7(3; +6#7B1)*

+�3h0N+{)@*+gA%&E#+o">y1&?A*#+57e1�A*+H%3�+w=+<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*+<38�%)*+D*#,�)*+,-,01r

V:8�%)*+">h1&?A*

+:;+� �H,1)*+<3)#$%&'=+:&'d,Q)*+ld7C)*+<&i-,j+6%`dO*+:d#57()*+�,-,`9)*+~ z(�+o6789)+:Q;

+olF�#+V6789)#+7-5%&?+��78=+bF1�=+:;+±91)*+:j5*L=+w=+ �<B&?*#+,3c7(C)+<3&J3B()*+"*%�OA*

+o^Ponsota+%&'d%r+�,8c+:=7&')*+2¡%Q()*+{)@*+�B;5#+i�D2_y?5#+�)SY(#�+�3Fj+�F�O*+W71M+:;+g783=O7N+�)q+~BQd+6O*+789}*#+w=+�dO*+.h1Bd+78d@*#+V�N57CN#+67P.)*+<j*5�+<-,�+6789F)+*%M,1N+6O*�

+7v3;+fQ)+o �<)7&?5+:;#+V�.3�%)*+�H5%=+�N57CN#+67P.)*+<j*5�+f09&EO*+��)*+789B&�+~9h1&'()

+wj+�18N+6O*+.r+A+:1)*+o<(3P%)*+l�*%B)*�+�5*.N+{)@*+:=7&')*+2¡%Q()*+,¤d+<&i-,j+�,-,`9)*

V^Ta�W*.1dA*+«#,)+ g7&i�78=#+7vr*,P+{Fj+g7�j7r+H>9)*+�,91BN+��)*+"%r%d%()*+GH7j@*

+.&¡+6%-5%&')*+t7(jL)*+7vhF�O*+ �<F�7(=+ �D7}7C1�*+�=+<&i-,j+�,-,`9)*+�7C1�*+w=*LN

+*,&'-%&?+,3Q&?+{)@*+�H#579)*+�,�;+�&J=H+l47d+ �s �, rO*+oTYR[+_79&�+TZ+:Q;+V±91)*+�"%r%d%=�

+{Fj+g7}7C1�*�+<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*+6.()*+~(&�+ ¥m7j+ �W*,&¡@*+wj+�)+ g7�57&�+�&J=H+:;+.(1B()*

+*�c +~hd +�13�,r +:; +lF� +.� +�H#579)* +67M# +V�"%r%d%()*# +ol4*,&i)*# +o<3M,(C)* +<&?73&')*

V^�a�u=OA*+<9&xj+�.)+*,&'-%&?+W#.8=+{)@*#+o<-,&'-%&')*+<3}57�)*+,-�#+{)@*+�7C1�A*

'==:38$-@7J &'=HNI()@7 &'==.38(O@7 &'=; &,.3`?r67Xq03(O?%67 &'+3(4?@71o7D?:67&PAr7I+&,T

+G.�%r+o6789)#+7-5%&?+:;+�71d@A*+D7j7`�+w=+ �£7`�+,3�+:;+o<-H7&x1�A*+�%h)*+D,B&�

+7vN.(1j* +:1)* +<-H7&x1�A* +<&?73&')* +t* z,} +w= +o<M,1&J()* +7v0)7&x= +H �.vN +:1)* +57`POA*

+o:&'d,Q)* +"7(&?O*,F) +73FB)* +<0F&x()* +�%&?+7v(v-+we-+u) +:1)*# +o:&'d,Q)* +W*.1dA* +D7`F&?

V5%`1)*#+%(8)*+{Fj+ �G.j7&'=+ ��71d@*+_#,&�+,3;%N+:;+< �C §18()*+�%h)*+�)7&x()+ �5791j*+�O*+7(d#H

!:;+7v3Fj+:=7&')*+2¡%Q()*+W*%}#+~47&?,)*+��c+g7&i-O*+�}*,N+V�Z+2E+oTYRZ+67&'3d+�Z+p-57N+\R�+H.j+�2'9h)*�+G.-,} + Ta+D*57e1�A*# +:&'d,Q)* +W*.1dA* +<v}*%= +:; +:M,er +5#H +�,9N +<3&?7&?O* +<3�-57N +�47�# +o7&'d,;# +6789)� +o<&i-,j +�,-,`9)* +

V\[I][+2x&E+oTY\]+o:r*57Q)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o,c7&¡+H%B&'=+7v)+m z.�#+7vB}*5+oW%&x�+2?57;+<3r,B)*+{)@*+7vFhd+o�<3&'d,Q)*M.A.E.F, E-levant, Syrie-Liban 1930-1940, v. 490, p. 85.+^�a

][

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

+7v 1 �v}*# +:1)* +lj7&x()* +�,rO* +w= +�F&')* +{Fj +<&¡#,Q()* +<3M,(C)* +<;,B1)* +fd7M +.h;

+7v)+ �£7QN5*+"#O*+<;,B1)*+��c+fF zC&?+oTY�U+m7B)*+:;+V<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*+<3F0()*+D7j78&x)*

+fh �9 |�+w3�+:Q;+¯7vB=+, �}71()* +"#.)* +w3r + �<}#HL=+ �<&?73&? +{)@* + g<;7&¡@* +o»T[+{)@* +»TT+w=

+{)@*+fF&E#+�%&x�+ �<;,BN+,PnA*+7v&iBr+{Fj+fh�9 |�+o»T[+:c#+o{dHOA*+.0)*+<;,BN+7v&iBr+{Fj

+o»�[+{)@*+T[+w=+<-H7B)*+fBQN5*+k3�+og*.-.}+g7j7QN5*+<;,B1)*+fF zC&?+oTY�Z+m7B)*+:;+V»RS

V^Ta»[S+{)@*+RS+w=+�%&xh)*+fBQN5*+7(3;

+w3`&'F;+:;+:d7`-,9)*+W*.1dA*+<h`8=+:;+G �. �( �1B |()*+<3M,(C)*+m%&?,)*+�=+ �<d57h=+:;

+W*.1dA*+<h`8=+:;+o7vd@7;+o<BF&')*+<(3�+w=+»T]+#+TT+w3r+f�#*,N+:1)*#+o6H5OA*#+s*,B)*#

+*�c+67M+.h)+V^�a7v&'Qd+�F&')*+{Fj+»TSS#+[[+w3r+f�#*,N+ g<3)73P+g7=7�5O*+fF zC&?+:&'d,Q)*

+<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*+D7j78&x)*+:;+w3F=7B)*+w=+.-.B)7r+fB;H+:1)*+W79&?OA*+�,rO*+w=+w-791)*

+ g<=t>=+,�MO*# +~&i;O* + �_#,&� +,;%1N +k3� +o,&x=# +w3`&'F; +{)@* +G,Cv)* +�-,�+�%F&? +{)@*

V:j78&x)*+%(8F)

+T[ +:; +�&J=H +:; +<3d789F)*# +<-5%&')* +<-57C1)* +�,y)* +� N �. �h �j + �,(N$%= + §" z#O* + §,-,hN +:Q;

+<;,B1)* +GH7-� +t* z,} +w= +g*,3�M +2'r>()*# +�3&'8)* +<j78&E +fF z(0N +.h)� +! +t7} +oTY�\ +57-O*

+6nA* +f09&EO* +o57cH�A* +{)@* +�,B1)* +DO*.r +fd7M +:1)* +<3C3&'8)* +781j78&E +6@*# +VVV<3M,(C)*

+2'r>=+<�73P#+�3&'d+G5%1M7Q3d7=+fFh1d*+b3M+�3r7&?O*+�8=+78-O*5+.�#+V<r%B&x)*+,3�M+ ��&¡#+:;

V^Ra�G �, �v �()*+78)7 z( |j+w=+ �,39M+ �H.j+�=+w3`&'F;+{)@*+<F=7M

+�3&'8N+%0d+ g<B-,&?+ �D*%`P+%`�N+<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*+<-H7&x1�A*+D73)7BQ)*#+�%h)*+f�*5

+�1&?73&?#+W*.1dA*+�}#+:;+7v9)7`=+.3�%N#+o7v�79N5*+�3(BN+{)@*+{B&'N#+o<M,1&J()*+7vQ�*%=

+�H7&x1�A*+:j78&x)*+,(N$%(F)+<-�3Q81)*+<8CF)*+D.hj+oTY�Y+"#OA*+6%d7M+T�+:Q;+V<-57e1�A*

+7vC=7d,r +f8FjO*# +o57 zQ0)* +:Q`) +<&?74,r +D#,3r +:; +<-57C1)* +<;,y)* +<j7� +:; +7v) + g7j7(1}*

!Ûa7v(cO*+��c+ol)7`()*+w=+ �<F(}+{)@*+LeN5*+��)*+�H7&x1�A*

T+ IV<38�%)*+D7j78&x)*+<3(81)+ ¥:j78&E+ ��,&x=+t7&Jd@*

V�U]+2E+o2?Vm+o<-5%&?+:;+:98}OA*+"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r+^TaVR+2E+oTYRR+5*qn*+�\+p-57N+TT[T]+H.B)*+o<3N#,39)*+�"70)*+67&')�+^�a

V�[S+2E+o2?Vm+o<-5%&?+:;+:98}OA*+"7(&?O*,)*+{Fj+t*%&¡O*+o:j79&')*+w-.)*+5.r+^RaVRZUIRZR+2x&E+oTY�Y+"#OA*+6%d7M+H.j+o<8=7�)*+<8&')*+o�&J=.r+<-57C1)*+<;,yF)+<-,v&J)*+G,&J8)*+Ûa

]Z


�+ I+bF1�=+:;+<j78&x)*+G5*H@*+6%)%1-+ow338�#+w338;+w3&?.8v=+H*.j@*+{Fj+~(B)*

VH>9)*+t70dO*

R+ I+{Fj +:F0()* +lF`)* +GH7-� +~}O* +w= +o:d7(�B)* +D7j78&x)* +�-%&JN +6%d7hr +~(B)*

V<38�%)*+D7j78&x)*

U+ I+<3M,(C)* +<-7(0)* +O*.9= +�39`N# +om%&?,)* +w= +<3)#OA* +H*%()* +,47&? +t7Qj@* +G5#,&¡

V<3F0()*+<j78&x)*+£#,;+bF1�()

+o �~j7;+ �5%&i0r#+o�3;+�57&�+o m7c+ �H7&x1�*+ �,(N$%=+D#,3r+:;+.h |j+oTYRR+5*qn*+��I�S+w3r

+,(j+�&?O*,N+o6789)#+<-5%&?+D>-#H+:;+<-57C1)*#+<3j*5L)*#+<3j78&x)*+D7j7`h)*+,47&?+%F�(=

+57 zQ0)*+:Q`)+!w-�579)*+�47&ijO*+w=#+o^D#,3r+:;+<j78&x)*#+G57C1)*+<;,�+2'345a+s%j*.)*

+s%8&J()* +.(�O* +o^�&J=H +G57CN +<;,�a+:;%3&')* +uF&'= +o^�&J=H +G57CN +<;,�+2'345 +l47da

+u3jL)* +.3B&? +.(0= +o^2x(� +G57CN +<;,�a +G579j +m>&')* +.9j +o^�7(� +G57CN +<;,�a

+67} +o^lF� +G57CN +<;,�a +<-.Q&E +G,9} +o^6#5.8e&?*# +lF� +:; +G57C1)* +:1;,� +W#.8=a

+:d%3v&E+�,e&�+o^lF�+G57CN+<;,�a+,c.)*+u-7&E+:=7&?+o^*.3&E+G57CN+<;,�a+<r7rH+~-7;#5

+"7(M+o�*,9)* +,(j+o,`=+u3&'d +!D#,3r +G57CN+<;,�+t7&ijO* +w=#+V^<3�q>)* +G57CN+<;,�a

+67181&'d%M+o:;%3&?+2?73)*+o:)%9d71&?*+67N7d+o:&'Fr*,�+2?73)*+o:d*,(0&?+w(�,)*+.9j+o,9}

V^Ta:830`)*+6%=HO*#+W7-H+�57j+o,&�7r+L)%&?+.)*,3}+o2?.3r7c%}

!��./c£5#+,{+i>#$0+qY2�+]LF+M^)6-+iDCc�$C(#+)a<+kDy+,S(#+t()AC(#+)0?#

+H>9)*+<¦¦¦¦)7�+�=+�¦¦¦¦;*%1-+7¦¦¦¦(r+<¦¦¦¦3M,(C)*+<¦¦¦¦&?73&')*+~¦¦¦¦-.BN+W%¦¦¦¦}#+!{¦¦¦¦)#OA*+GH7¦¦¦¦()*+I

V<-H7&x1�A*

+s,&�#+w3`&'F;+:¦¦¦;+G �. �( �1B()*+�F1)+ �<¦¦¦vr7&J=+ �<3M,(}+ �<¦¦¦;,BN+H7(1j*+!<¦¦¦3d7�)*+GH7¦¦¦()*+I

V6H5OA*

V<38�%)*+D7j78&x)*+k-.0N+{Fj+~(B)*+!<�)7�)*+GH7()*+I

+<M,� +�3&J8N +~}O* +w= +o5*%C)* +�= + �<3M,(} + �D73�7QN@* +.hBr +£*,&?@A* +!<Br*,)* +GH7()* +I

V�7C0)*#+,&x=#+s*,B)*#+6H5OA*+s,&�#+w3`&'F;+:;+<3r,B)*+s*%&?OA*+�=+�57C1)*+"H791)*

VTS+2E+oTYRR+m7B)*+<j%(C=+o<-5%&')*+<3(&?,)*+G.-,C)*+^TaVYIZ+2x&E+o6Vm+^�a

]]

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

V:d*%30)*+�71d@A*#+<j*5L)*+<-7(�+!<&'=7�)*+GH7()*+I

+:;+ g<F47�+±)79=+lF`1N+:1)*+�731=A*+D*#q+D7M,&J)*+q%Qd+w=+.0)*+!<&?H7&')*+GH7()*+I

VH>9)*+<�7�+s%;+:c+os7Qd@A*

+<-57C1)*#+<3}71d@A*+D73)7BQ)*+,47&?+w3r+<-H7&x1�A*+D*,(N$%()*#+D7j7(1}A*+f)*%N+.h)

+.3�%N+{)@*+o<M,1&J()*+7v0)7&x=+�y&¡+f0N+o{B&'N+D73)7BQ)*+��c+fd7M#+V<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*

+�3`1&'N+o�H7&x1�A*+~=7e1)*#+�r*,1)*+w=+{FjO*+ �<}5H+�3h0N+�.vr+o7vF(j+�=*,r#+7v9)7`=

+:1)*#+oW*.1dA*+�F;+:;+5#.N+:1)*+�,POA*+<3F0()*+�%h)*#+o<3&'d,Q)*+D*57e1�A*+<vr7C=+�B=

V<3j7(1}A*+7vB�*%=#+7v0)7&x=+m.�-+ g>=7j+�47hr+:;+�,N

+:;+D#,3r+G57CN+<;,�+:;+. §h |j+.�+<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*+<-H7&x1�A*+D*,(N$%()*+�,rO*+67M

+o57C1)*+D73B(}#+o<3j*5L)*#+<3j78&x)*#+<-57C1)*+�,y)*+,47&?+�3;+fF�(N#+oTYR\+_79&�+T]

+�,rO* +67M +V��78()*# +6.()* +bF1�= +:; +ow3=70()* +oD*573&')* +:h47&? +o<;70&x)* +D7r7hd#

+w3r+7=+ gG. z�%=+<M,1&J()*+�)7&x()*+G5*H@*+t7hr+W%}#+!u`?5#+o673&?7&?O*+678�*+,(N$%()*+D*5,h=

+G.c7B()*+2E%&x8)+g7h;#+73FB)*+<3&¡%Q()*+w=+G5*H@A*+��c+671=%e0)*+uzF&' �1 �N+6O*#+o6789)#+<-5%&?

+O*.9=+{Fj+g7B`�+�;*%-+A+,(N$%()*+ z6O*+!,O)[(#+V<3d789)I �<-5%&?+ �<M,1&J=+ �<�3vr+5*.|N+6O*#+o^TYRZa

+ �<3=%e�+,;7�=+<=7�@* +6OA+oO*.9()*+*�c+~47&?#+w=+�-.)+7=+~er+m#7h-#+o:M,(C)*+"7&xQdA*

+{Fj+m71)*+t7&ih)*+�3;+6%e-+o<3M,(C)*+m%&?,)*+t7Q31&?A+ �<zFh1&'=+ �D*5*H@*+t7&Jd@*#+oH#.0)*+{Fj

+m.�O*+�8=+ g<er7&J1=#+ g<F&xz1=+"*LN+7=#+fd7M+:1)*+<-H7&x1�A*+7(vN7�>j+{Fj#+ow-.F9)*+�)7&x=

V^Ta<-57C1)*#+<-H7&x1�A*+7v13B&¡##+<3;*,yC)*+H>9)*+<B39�+�)�r+:&ihN+7(M+op-571)*+<8=�O*

+q0)YS(# +�:D� +]LF + W. �0 ©;HS0 +Wh$Ay +q©[Cwc +DCc�$C(# +#o{ +M#7DH0 + �"4# +i9I#$(# +,-

+,23)/2K(#mP>)28SI5# +|0)OD*(# +i¡#oO£# +i¥ �C �23�7 +)aO4# +)CQ +i,O)&*L(#` +P7$2K(# +P>)28SI5#

+.:7$2K(#+./F)CSs5#`+.:>)28SI5#+�)23 ?5#+nLSb0+,-+$C&:+?#;<+Po(#+,(1HS235#+^)&*L(

+¨R`)6c+,-+7)/S(#+#oa(+T3)23?5#+9-#;(#+.QDS2lC(#+.:>)28SI5#+):)2_H(#+¥c)<+;H-+=./O)&*L(#`

+P7$2K(# +,LEC(# +>)28SI5# +�)*SS23# +r- +,-` +i.H©/2_(# +./H�)&C(#` +./gU)A(# +M#7)*SF5#

+M)I1'(# +.:$Hc +�$s` +]LF +iq<)HC()< +i¨;/Q?)c +,-` +i,2KODg(# +7$EC(# +JF +,O)&*L(#`

+,&�$(#+eYE(#+.0)I4#+](4#+~>)a(#+,23)/2K(#+nI$C(#+;/B$c+h;F)I+]LF+.:7$2K(#m./O)&*L(#

V[SIU\+2x&E+oTY]]+o:r,B)*+t7(d@A*+.vB=+!D#,3r+oT_+o�<y3&x)*#+s7�3()*+o">h1&?A*+o6789)�+o,c7&¡+H%B&'=+^Ta

]\


+DCS2KC(# +�/2K&S(# +7)�4# +,- +.QDS2lC(# +)Cac)I1F+X:X'c` +i")&*(` +):7$23 +,- +,(1HS235#

=.:$/E(#+)CaE()28C(+W)&/0?)c

+,F)CSs5#mP>)28SI5#+u)2_&(#`+,F)CSs5#+u)2_&(#+n/2N$c+"?)2l<+W) �/(`?#+W)s)S&S23#+"4#

!./23)23?#+ pM55>+�1z+q/62Kc+](4#+)&'-;:+i,2KODg(#+�#;SO5#+.as#$0+,-+,O)&*L(#mP7$2K(#

+${ +i p;B#` + ª,(1\S23# + ªP7)YSB# + ª,*&s?# + p@�L2KS( +./()2_&(# +.a<)6C(# +h;B` +!]( ?5# +m

=,2KODg(#+�#;SO45#

+.jE(+M#d+,a-+i p./O)&*(`+ p.:7$23+ p./<)HO`+ p./()CF+ p.QDE(+./L/6(# +.0?#$S(# +!./O)[(# +m

+ ª,c)2K23�$0+ ª,LY/{+ pJ:$Yc`+ pk)SO4#+�`D2�+q�+,-+M�7 �$Ac`+)aS/&<+M?)2lO+i ph;B#`+ p./b:7)c+ ph>5`

=;B#`+ ª,-)Hzm ª,F)CSs#+ p")/&<`

+7 �DES(# +J/< +W):$2_F +@<7 +Po(# +,()2_&(#m,*LAC(# +|0)OD*(# +h;B` +!.[()[(# +m

+h>)/2K(#` +,&�$(# +u1HS235# +](4# +W5$2N` +i,23)/2K(# +7 �DES(#` +P>)28SI5#m,F)CSs5#

=.0)S(#+./&�$(#

+.:7$2K(#+./23)/2K(#+�#XB?5#+|0#D<+,-+¡DS2lC(#+,O)&*L(#+m+P7$2K(#+,F)CSs5#+u)2_&(#

=J//2KODgL(+.2_{)&C(#+./O)&*L(#`

+G,M�()*#+,(N$%()*+57�@*+:;+:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+{Fj+:d789F)*#+�5%&')*+:&?73&')*+H,)*+ z,(1&?*

+D,v�+6O*+f�9)+7=+o<(¤8()*+<3&?73&')*+D>3e&J1)*+.3B&E+{Fj+o g<3j%d+ gG*%d+6O*+A@*+V�7C1�A*#

+�N*%d + f�F �e |&�# +oTY�U+"#OA* +w-,&JN +�U+:;+2'&?O7N +��)* +o�,O)&*L(# +t'2l(# +�XB� +u&?* +f0N

+V6789)+~9}+<h`8=+:;+73Qer+:;+±91)*+"7(j+_7&?#O*+:;+g7&E%&xP+o �<3)7(j+ �<39F�O*+w=+{)#OA*

+<3&ih)*+�r5+{Fj+:&?73&')*+�C=7d,r+m7�#+o<3Q47`)*+,�OA*+�N7�#,�+:;+WL0)*+*�c+�#7CN

+<39F`()* +DA7&i8)* +ujH +{)@* +%j.- +«*,; +o:8�%)* +5,01)*# +">h1&?A* +<3&ihr +<3j7(1}A*

+~}O*+w=+"7&i8)*+�3(BN+{)@*#+o6789)#+7-5%&?+:;+w3j5*L=#+w3�>;#+ �"7(j+w=+o<39B&J)*+D7�QF)

V^Ta<3�*,h(-.)*+D7-,0)*#+">h1&?A*

+_79&�+Y+:;+g73(&?5+,v�+��)*+�t'2l(#+�XB�+u&?*+f0N+ :&?73&?+ �WL�+¼&Jd|O*+o7-5%&?+:;

+.�+{Fj+oWL0)*+*�c+ �u �v &?�O* +V:&'d,Q)*+">1�A*+.Br+7-5%&?+:;+ �. §} |#+ �WL�+"#O*+67M#+oTY�[

+lF�# +�&J=H +6.= +:; +G.}*%1()* +<-5%&')* +<38�%)* +�%h)* +.3�%N +:; +o��78=5OA* +l3Cd +"%�

+oTY]U+o:r*57Q)* +5*H+!D#,3r+oT_+o�TY�ZITYTU+:j7(1}A*+6789)+p-57N�+o,c7&¡+H%B&'=+!�}*5+�:d789F)* +lB&J)* +WL��+6O7&Jr+^TaVRTRI�YY+2x&E

]Y

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

+�FB}+��)*+,=OA*+¯7v1�>`d*+�8=+�,9e)*+<-5%&')*+G5%�)*+.3-O7N+{Fj+7vF(�#+o^Ta�7(�#+2x(�#

Vw33&'d,Q)*+~9�+w=+H7v`&¡A*#+<h�>(F)+ g<&¡,j

+,&')* +<d7=O* +u3e0)*+w&'�+{)%N#+o5.89v&J)* +w(�,)*+.9j+5%1M.)* +<&?74,r+WL0)*+bz)O7N

+�5%�)* +2?57;+!w-�579)* +�47&ijO* +w=+67M#+Vs#.8&x)* +<d7=O* +��%()* +,3�)* +%rO*# +o�3;+<=7B)*

+o57Q0)*+:Q`)+o.-$%()*+�-Ld+ob-,&J)*+67&'�@*+o�H#579)*+�,�;+o5.3�+.3B&?+o^2'34,)*+l47da

V^�amH,=+~3(}+o�Ly)*+��%;

!��./c£5#+>$&*(#+ �J �C2_c+;H-+iP7$2K(#+t'2l(#+�XB+} �B �D�+Po(#+,23)/2K(#+|0)OD*(#+)0?#

T+ IV7vN.�##+<-5%&?+">h1&?*+�3h0N+~}O*+w=+~(B)*

�+ IVH>9)*+5%1&?H+w&')+g*,�+g7r7�1d*+ ¥:&'3&?O7N+ �2'FC=+W7�1d*

R+ IV7&'d,;#+<-5%&?+w3r+D7�>B)*+ �2' |&?O*+�&iN+ �<-5%1&?H+ �<=%e�+m73�

U+ IV:j7(1}A*+«>&E@A*

[+ IV<38�%)*+<j78&x)*+�3C&JN

+<-,�MO* +6O* +A@* +o<-5%&')* +G5%�F) +�.3-O7N +l9&'r + g>-%� +,(B- +u) +WL0)* +*�c +6O* + ��30&E

+WL0)*+w=+ D z. �(�1&?*+:1)*+<-5%&')*+<38�%)*+<F1e)*+�%Q&E+:;+*%�,�d*+6O*+*%�9)+7=+�47&ijO*

+�=+7vM57B=+GH73�+:;+:&?73&')* +7vC=7d,r+D*LeN,=+�C=7d,r+w=#+o�H73h)* +7vM>=+�&'Qd

V:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*

1,:38$-@7XqNI()@7&,.I=(z@7&o\*@7+6O* +,3� +¯^TY�[ITY�Ua +:d789F)* +lB&J)* +WL0) + �5*,(1&?* +2?7&?OA* +:; +%c +WL0)* +*�c

+6,h)* +w= +D783�>�)* +�)7`= +{)@* +H%B- +o �.�*# + ¥:d789)I ¥�5%&? + �u3¤81r# + �G%hr +WL0)* +5%v�

+D*5731)* +,47&? +wj+g*L3(1=+g73&?73&?# + g7-,e; +g*573N +~e&J3) +�*�dn* +�5%v�+t7}+k30r+ow-,&JB)*

+w3�>;# + �"7(j +w= +o<39B&J)* +D7�Q)* +7-7&i� +{Fj +�N7�#,� +:; +WL0)* +L zM5 +.h; +V�,POA*

+:j%8)*+,33y1)*+K*.�@*+�dO7&�+w=+7vNH73�#+D7�Q)*+��c+u3¤8N+6O*+,91j*#+ouc*%&?#+ �±9N+:j5*L=#

VU[+2E+oTY]�+o.-.C)*+W71e)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o�_+o�t>C)*+{1�+">1�A*+w=+<-5%&?�+o��78=5OA*+l3Cd+^Ta+oT_+o�TY[[ITYS\+w3r +7c5%`N# +<3&?73&')* +W*L�OA* +t%&J8) +<3�-57N +<&?*5H +!<-5%&? +:; +<3rL0)* +G730)*� +oD*�,; +W,�+.(0=+^�a

VTS�ITST+2x&E+oTY[[+oH*#,)*+5*H+D*5%&J8=+!�&J=HVTS�+2E+o6Vm+^Ra

\S


I:j7(1}A*+�C=7d,r+wj+WL0)*+ �w�F j�O*+V<F�,()*+�FN+:;+:d789F)*I�5%&')*+�(1C()*+<38r+:;

!^Ta:NnA*+~e&J)*+{Fj+�H%8r+ucO*+Dt7}#+oTYRT+�%(N+]+:;+:&?73&')*

T+ IV<-5%&')*+G.�%)*#+m71)*+">h1&?A*

�+ I+w3-%FB)* +H>r# +6789)# +<-5%&?a +<-5%&')* +H>9)* +{Fj +<&¡#,Q()* +<4LC1)* +t7y)@*

V^�#5.)*+~9}#

R+ IVg7=7N+ g7&i;5+<-5%&')*+H>9)*+:;+<8FB()*+,3N7&?.)*+2i;5

U+ IV6789)#+7-5%&?+w=+">1�A*+2�%3}+�*,P@*

[+ IV:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+t7y)@*

Z+ IVlB&J)*+{Fj+<&¡#,Q()*+l4*,&i)*+t7y)@*

]+ IVuvN7eF1(=+G5H7&x=#+old7}OA*+w3Q�%()*+D*�731=*+t7y)@*

\+ IV7v&?5*.=+"7Q�@*#+o<398}OA*+<38-.)*+D7�B9F)+D>3v&'1)*+u-.hN+m.j

Y+ I+W*.1dA* +W5n7= +67hh0N +7(vd%M +o6789)# +7-5%&? +:; +w313F0()* +w31`F&')* +,33yN

V<-H7&x1�A*#+<3&?73&')*+�&¡*,�O*#

TS+IV:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+D7`F&?+�.-O7r+�<)n*�+w=+,�MO*+we-+u)+��)*+:d789F)*+W*%8)*+2'FC=+~�

+{)@*+7jH#+o:&?73&')*#+:j7(1}A*+w3)7&i8)*+w3r+�r5+WL0)*+6O*+�=7d,9)*+*�c+w=+� §&iz1-

+7-5%&? +,-,0N +{)@* +<3j7&')* +<38�%)* +�%h)* +,47&? +u&iN +:1)* +�,&�$(# +>)Ec5# +.a*s� +m73�

V<-57e1�A*+�F3=7&?5#+W*.1dA*+<8(3c+w=+6789)#

+{1� +6789)# +7-5%&? +:; +~(BN + g<3(3¤8N + gG.�# +:d789F)*I�5%&')* +:j%3&J)* +WL0)* + z,(1&?*

+<-*.r#+TYUR+"#OA*+6%d7M+<-7vda+^�aD#,3r+:;+:d7�)*+�,(N$%=+.hj+k3�+oTYUR+m7B)*+,P*#O*

+ g<(¤8= +w3&'(P +w= +*% |9 §�|1d* + g7r#.8= +TYS +�,&i� +��)* +,(N$%()* +�)q +V^TYUU +:d7�)* +6%d7M

+6*5*,�+,(N$%()*+*�c+wj+5.&E+V^Ra6789)#+7-5%&?+:;+ ¥:j%3&�+�An*+<B9&?+6%F ��(-#+o g<3j,;+ g<3rL�

+7(c.�O* +o g73(3¤8N +w3F&xQ8= +J//F$/2� +J/<XB +f)/I +!u ?5# +o<3(cOA* +w= + �<3)7j + �<}5H +{Fj

VU�RIU�S+2x&E+oTY]U+o:r*57Q)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o�TYRTITY�U+t*,(0)*+<d7-.8&')*+5#�}�+oW#,MH+.(0=+^Ta+<8&')* +o�<B3F`)*�+<FC=+!,¤dO* +o�<31&'&�7Q)* +<0;7e=+,(N$%=�+!�3Fj+g7hF`=+oTYRY+57-O* +Z+:;+D#,3r+:;+"#OA*+�,(N$%=+WL0)*+.hj + �a

VRYTIRYS+2x&E+oTYRY+57-O*+o2E7�)*+H.B)*+o[�+o<&'=7�)*V�+2E+oTYUU+:d7�)*+6%d7M+[+p-57N+Z\\+H.j+o�lB&J)*+D%&E� + Ra

\T

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

+!,O)[(# +5*,h)* +7=O* +V^Ta%F0)* +¢* +�,; +<&?74,r + :d789) +,PnA*# +o2�*.er +.)7P +<&?74,r + �5%&?

+~}O*+w=+o<38�%)*+D7�7`)*#+D7d7e=@A*+.&J�+�.vr+i�XEL(+,&�$(#+�)[/C(#+7#DI4)<+�L'S/-

+ ¥~e)+ ¥:�*,h(-H+ ¥�5%v(}+ �m7¤d+57�@*+:;+6789)#+7-5%&?+:;+:8�%)*+">h1&?A*+D*LeN,=+u3j.N

VGL3(1=#+ �<F=7e1=+ �<3d789)I �<-5%&?+ �D7�>j+57�@*+:;#+o7(v8=

1,.3`?r67&,+IB@7&qNI()@7&o\*@7+6%`dO* +%c + �.�*# + �2x�&� +,3eQN# +H%v} +{)@* +2?7&?OA* +:; +WL0)* +*�c +GO7&Jd +H%BN

+ �<�73&E+H7C-@A+~(j+6O*+k9)+7=+o57e;OA*+w=+ �<j%(C=+�1F �3�=+:;+ D �, �( �1P*+��)*+o^�aGH7B&?

+7v1(},N+{)%1-+��)*+:rL0)*+u3¤81)*+#O*+G*HOA*+7v)+¼�3v-+«*5+u�+o �GH z.0=+ �<-,¤d+,9j+7v)

V��*%)*+2¡5O*+{Fj

+<3rL0)*+w3(3)*+u&'�O*+k3�+¯TYR�+:d7�)*+w-,&JN+T�+:;+WL0F)+<3&'3&?O71)*+<&'FC)*+fd7M

+<3d7()OA* +<yF)*� +7v3; +2? �5 �. |- +GH7B&? +67M +:1)*# +oD#,3r +:; +<3M,3=OA* +<B=7C)* +<9F� +w= + �<1&?

V^Ra�,�+ �2?5.=+<Q&xr

+!w38�* +w-O*.9= +w3r +:).C)* +�r,)* +2?7&?O* +{Fj +o�NO7&Jd +�8= +oWL0)* +*�c+G,3&'= +f=7�

+ §,23)/23+,O)[(#+i)ac#o<+ p.CU)I+ ph;B# + p.:7$23+ p. �0?#+>$s +W)/s$($:;:?#+7 ©D*:+ §PDY-+ §P;U)HF+u ?5#

+")&*(+)a/-+)C<+ih;B#$(#+.:7$2K(#+.(`;(#+f)/H(+W#;/aCc+,2KODg(#+�#;SO5#+^)aO4#+](4#+$F;:

=)ac#d+.:7$2K(#+.0?5#+J0+W#^Xs+}g2N$<+")&*(+qQ

+�)q + g>�FB= +o73M,N +{)@* +� �(&¡# +<d#5.8e&?A* +t*%) +£7`1�* +<)O7&'= + �G z.&Jr +WL0)* +2¡57j

+WL0)*+_7&Jd+,&x1h-+u)#+o*�c+VÛaG.�*#+ �<-5%&?+ �< z=OA+<3=%h)*+2¡5OA*+w=+g*tL}+t*%F)*+5791j7r

+ ��&?*#+ g�.&E+�)+67M+~r+o6789)#+7-5%&?+:;+<3FP*.)*+<�7&')*+{Fj+W*.1d>)+2¡57B()*+:&?73&')*

V�57�)*+:;+w33d789F)*#+w3-5%&')*+w3r,1y()*+_7&?#O*+:;

V�IT+2x&E+oTYUU+:d7�)*+6%d7M+]+p-57N+Z\Y+H.B)*+o�lB&J)*+D%&E�+!:;+,(N$%()*+D*5,h=+�}*5 + Ta+{)@*+D#,3r+:;+:=7&')*+W#.8()*+�F&?5O*+��)*+2E7�)*+:&'d,Q)*+,-,h1)*+�}*5+:&?73&')*#+�,eQ)*+�5%`N+~�*,=#+GH7B&?+GO7&Jd+"%� + �a

!TYU�+67&'3d+,v&�+:;+2'-57r+:;+�13}57P+G5*�#M.A.E.F, E-levant, Syrie-Liban 1939-1945: «Le parti populaire syrien (P.P.S) Note d'information», v. 40, pp. 18-19.+VH* z.�+H*$%;# +H%(�+w-.)* +t7c�+os%0FN +�-H# +o7-*%&E+~3(}+o�3&'()* +.9j+�5%}+oGH7B&? +6%`dO* +!w=+WL0F) +{)#OA* +G*%8)* +f �Qz)O7N + Ra+oT_+o:j7(1}A*+:=%h)* +�5%&')* +WL0)* +:;+<j*q@A* +G.(j+D*5%&J8=+o��3&'()* +.9j+�5%}+D73=%-� +o�3&'()* +.9j+�5%}+!,¤dO*

VZ+2E+oTY\Z+oD#,3r+TS��+H.B)* +o^<3N#,39)*a+57v8)* +!:;+oTYR]+_79&�+U+:;+o6#5.8e&?A*+<)O7&'=+6O7&Jr +<-5%&')* +<=%e0)*+{)@* +WL0)*+G,M�=+,¤dO* + Ua

VR+2E+oTYR]+_79&�+U+p-57N

\�


1,+IB@7&{`S@7&P$(O.

+<3d789F)*I<3j7h9)*+�~-7d,��+G.Fr+:;+ �,(N$%=+H7hBd*+,�O*+{Fj+:=%h)*+~(B)*+<9&xj+D,v�

+�%�%F) +,(N$%()* +*�c +.hj +{)@* +:r,B)* +W79&J)* +w= + �H.j +�H78N +.h; +VTYRR +Wn* +�YI�U+w3r

+�)q+o<-57(B1&?A*+�=7`()* +l9&'r +6*%v)*# +<4LC1)* +w=+7vr7&EO* +7=#+<3r,B)* +<=OA* +"7�+{Fj

+ouvd7`F&')+g*.rO*+7vj7&iP@*#+7c57(B1&?*+,3�+�.v1&'-+A+<3r,B)*+H>9)*+:;+ld7}OA*+~P.N+6O*�

+f0N#+oD*.c7B()*#+uc7Q1)*+H%j%r+�d%9&'e-+��)*+f�%)*+"%BQ=+{Fj+�)q+:;+6#.(1B-+uvdO*#

V^Ta�w=L)*+�=+g78e(N+H*HL-#+ �G.&Jr+5%`1-+��)*+57(B1&?A*+<(FM+D7;H*,=+2iBr+571&?

!^�aw3-5%0=+w3;.vr+<9&xB)*+�*.cO*+,(N$%()*+H z.�

=")HLAC(#+ea(1HS23#`+�D'(#+h>)/23+iu ?5#

V.L0)2l(#+./<D'(#+h;B$(#+i,O)[(#

+<&'34,)* +6.()* +:; +�,PO* + �£#,; +G z.j +7v) +67M# +o7v) +g*,h= +�&J=H +w= +<9&xB)* +D ��zN*

+*%d7M# +o^Ra{)#OA* +<-�3Q81)* +7v18C) +{Fj +6%3d789F)*# +6%-5%&')* +,`3&? +.�# +o6789)# +7-5%&? +:;

+6789)#+<-5%&')*+H>9)*+w3r+2'3)+o<4LC1)*+<vr7C()+*%B;.d*+w-�)*+6.()*+:Q zh�=+w=+uv(¤B(r

V:&'d,Q)*#+�L3FedA*+6A>1�A*+7v(&?7hN+:1)*+<3r,B)*+H>9)*+,47&?+w3r+ g7&i-O*+~r+ol&'�#

+7)C'S235#+J/<+ «¥ �A�<�7+WhX©/CS0 + W./F$O+WhD{)�+q©Y2l/(+.LBDC(#+rLc+,-+.*28'(#+f)/I+^)s

+J/()2_&(# +J/< +@<Dc + W./<DF + W./0$I + W.a<)60 +,F;S2K: +Po(# +D0?5# +inLbS(#` +.UX6S(#`

+W)F$O + «¥ �23�7)0 +,S(# +h;/B$(# +./<D'(# +.QDE(#� +.*28'(# +¥O)Q +i)&{ +J0 +=,0$H(#` +,&�$(#

+J//()S(#+J:;H'(#+u1y+iW)/UXs+$(`+i ª,<DF+ WZ$S2K0+]LF+ pe �j&0+ pqC'<+¥0)I`+ie/j&S(#+J0

VÛa�PX/LYO5#`+,2KODg(#+u1SB1(

+Wn* +�YI�U+#+¦cTR[�+<8&?+"#OA*+�H7(}+\IR+p-571r+^6789)a+~-7d,�+:;+.hB8()*+:=%h)*+~(B)*+<9&xB)+:&'3&?O71)* +,(N$%()* +673r + Ta

VU+2E+oTYRR+o<-,&xB)*+<B9`()*+!�&J=H+oTYRR+<8&?

VY+2E+o6Vm + �a

+o^G7(�a +:d>3e)* +5%dO* +o^2x(�a +:&?7NOA* +:(F� +o^�&J=Ha +:;73)* +�.v)* +%rO* +!<9&xBF) +{)#OA* +<-�3Q81)* +<8CF)* +t7&ijO* +w= + Ra

+�5H7h)*+u�7d#+o^2'Fr*,�a+<3`j+w&'�+:=70()*#+w-.)*+,�;+5%1M.)*+o^D#,3ra+w-.)*+,&E7d+:Fj+o^<3M7`d*a+��%&?5OA*+:M�

+D*�,; +W,�+.(0=+:(&'- +w3�+:;+oY]+2E+oTY\S+oD#,3r +o�<8&? +[S+">P+<3Q0&E+D7-,Mq� +!�5%�)* +�-7; +!,¤dO* +V^£7h9)*a

+!,¤d* +V��%&?5OA* +:M�# +w-.)* +w-� +.-,; +o:F&'B)* +�,9&E +o�,-70()* +:(v; +!uc# +<9&xBF) +<-�3Q81)* +<8CF)* +t7&ijO* +w= +g*H.j

VTUT+2E+o2?Vm+o�<-5%&?+:;+<3rL0)*+G730)*�

+:; +g*�57r +g*5#H +lBFN +D�PO* +:1)*# +o�<3&?7(�)* +<M,&J)*� +u&?7r +">h1&?A* +.Br +�,B1&? +:1)* +<M,&J)* +:c +<M730)*# +�3&'8)* +<M,&� + Ua

V7-5%&?+:;+<3&?73&')*+G730)*

\R

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

1PHNI()@7&P=8fI@7&P-?h@7

+G5%�)*+.Br+7=+G,1;+:;+:&?73&')*+~(B)*+:;+G5*.&x)*+LM,=+ z~1�*+��)*+�,rOA*+_7&J8)*+67M

+<-5%&')* +��78()*+bF1�=+w=+ g<-%9�d+,&E78j+f z(&¡+:1)* +o<38�%)*+<F1e)7r+~z�(N+.�+<-5%&')*

+�9BF-+~�#+o:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+<F�,=+:;+g*�57r+g*5#H+ �l §B �)+ ¥:&?73&?+ ��(CN+,9MO*+fd7M#+o<3d789F)*#

+:&¡7()* +6,h)* +w= +D783Br5OA* +:; +6789)# +7-5%&? +:; +:8�%)* +">h1&?A* +<F�,= +.Br +7= +{)@*

V^w-,&JB)*+6,h)*a

+:&¡*5O>)+ �<e)7=+ �D7N%3r#+6.()*+57CN#+:Q zh��=+w=+ �<-%9�d+ |,&E78j+<F1e)*+t*%)+f0N+D�% �&id*

+fd7M+o73FB)*#+{`&?%)*+w31h9`)*+w=+<3j7(1}A*+�4*,&J)*+��c+6O*+�)q+¯<3j*5L)*+�7-5OA*+:;

+{Fj +<(47h)* +<3r*.1dA* +<&?73&')* +t*,} +w= +7vr +fh0) +:1)* +57`POA* +<�*.; +{)@* +f �v z9 �8N +.�

+2'3)+o<&?73&')*+��c+f �&i ;�O*+.h)+V<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*+��78()*+w3r+:&?73&')*+~&xQ)*#+<4LC1)*

+<e9&�+{Fj+6#,`3&'-+*%d7M+w-�)*+o6.()*+673jOA+�57C1)*+5#.)*+:;+ �2?%&'0=+ ��}*,N+{)@*+�h;

+"$#7&iN+{)@* +oucOA*+%c+*�c#+og7&i-O* +7(d@*#+o<3d7e&')*+D79&xh)*#+6.()*+s*%&?O* +w3r+DAH79()*

+<`F&')* +uF&? +:; +g*H%B&E + D �. §v �&� +6O* +7v) +�9&? + �G�57r + �D>47B) +:&?73&')*I:j7(1}A* +q%Q8)*

V<3d789)+#O*+ �<-5%&?+ �<3Q-5+ �<h`8=+#O*+ �<8-.=+,3�+:;+<3&?73&')*I<3j7(1}A*

+g*.3Q1&'=+o:)7(&?O*,)*+ §� §5%`N+ ��-,�+ |2' z(�F �1 �-+O*.r+6789)#+7-5%&?+:;+:8�%)*+"7(&?O*,)*+6@*

+:;+<3r,y)* +<3)7(&?O*,)* +w=+ �_7(dO* +">�@* +:;+:&'d,Q)* +W*.1dA*+DA#70=+w=+7=+ ¥.�+{)@*

+~(B-+7=+7v8=+oG.j+ �<38�#+ �D7M,&�+7-5%&?+:;+f �&' z&?O7N+.�+fd7M+TY�]+m7B)*+:Q;+Vw-.F9)*

+<M,&�� +f �&' z&?O7N +.h; +V<398}OA* +D7M,&J)* +<(c7&'= +{Fj +.(1B- +7= +7v8=# +o ¥:F0= + �"7(&?O*,r

+ �uv&? +b)O* +�U +{Fj +f �( �&' |�# +og79cq + �<3d7(�j + �G,3) +b)O* +T�S +"7(&?O*,r +�<38�%)* +f8(&?A*

+ �2'345+"#O* +�9&x3&?+��)*+o:FN%h)* +�,e&�+�O7 �&JdO*# +V.�*#+ �,v&�+wj+.-LN+A+ �G,1;+:;+f3` |�

+�)�M# +o�&J=H +:; +�*#,&'d%e)* +<M,&�� +o:8�%)* +">h1&?A* +.vj +:; +<-5%&')* +<-5%v(CF)

+k-.0N+<3F(j+� 1 �&' �e �j+ g7&?%(F=+g7�7Cd+*%h zh�+.�+^Ta�<M730)*#+�3&'8)*+<M,&��+W70&EO*+67M

+g7} �5.1=+g*%(d+.v&J-+O*.r+:8�%)*+"7(&?O*,)*+*�c+6O* + ��30&E+VH>9)*+:;+<3C3&'8)*+<j78&x)*

+{Fj+g*5H7�+we-+u)+"7(&?O*,)*+*�c+6O*+A@*+o:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+{Fj+"#OA*+.hB)*+t7&ihd*+.Br

+ §~(C=+{Fj+7v�1 �8(3c+ f �&¡ �, �;#+s%&')*+D �, �e �1�*+:1)*+<3&'d,Q)*+~3=7&?,)*+G%�+m7=O* +H%(&x)*

V:&?73&')*#+�H7&x1�A*+�&¡%)*

VTS�+2E+oTY][+o<B3F`)*+5*H+!D#,3r+oT_+o�TYRYITY�S+<-5%&?+:;+<38�%)*+<M,0)*+5%`N�+o_%�,�+67�#q+^Ta

\U


+<3&?73&')*# +<-H7&x1�A*# +<3j7(1}A* +�%h)* +bF1�= +�B= +D �, �B �&� +��)* +��*%)* +*�c +m7=O*

+wj + |k �09N +�%h)* +��c +f�*5 +o:&'d,Q)* +">1�A* +wj +¼&�78)* +5,&i)7r +o<3d789F)*# +<-5%&')*

+:;+7v0)7&x=+wj+£7;.)*+<M,B=+:;+7vN7d7e=@* +.�%N+6O* +7vB=+�3`1&'N+o7v83r+ �<3;>14*+ �<y3&E

+�4*,&J)*#+D7�Q)*+bF1�=+<0F&x=+wj+,39B1F)+l&?78()*+57�@A*+~e&J-+o �wz3B=+ ¥:&?73&?+ �~1eN+~�

V<4LC1)*+<3F(j+w=+G5 �,&i1()*+<3j7(1}A*

+u)+,&E78j+w=+fQ)O7N+:1)*+o�./&�$(#+.LSY(#�+5%v¤r+�&'Qd+wj+:&?73&')*+~1e1)*+*�c+, z9j

+u&?7h)*+<r7�(r+67M+ �H z.0=+ ¥:&?73&?+ ��=7d,r+{Fj+:h1FN+fd7M+7v8e)#+og73j7(1}*+ g<&'d7C1=+weN

V7vN7�#,`)+�,1&J()*

+l3)7&?OA* +"7(B1&?* +*#,�n* +�,&E78j +6O* +k30r +o:(F&')* +~(B)* +�r7�+~1e1)* +*�c+{Fj + �l�F ��

+oTY�] +,P*#O* +:; +:8FB)* +7v�7&Jd +,&E78B)* +��c +DO*.r +Vuv;*.cO* +{)@* +"%&E%)* +:; +<3&?73&')*

+m7B)*+w=+"#OA*+w-,&JN+TY+:;+.hj+��)*+D#,3r+,(N$%=+�=+D,v�+.�+7vN7M,0N+<-*.r+fd7M#

+"%P.F)+7cH*.B1&?*#+o:(F&')*+7vj#Ld+wj+<M57&J()*+D73&x�&J)*+�3;+f�r �, j�O*+��)*#+o5%M�()*

V:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+D7`F&?+�=+ �G,&�79=+ �D7&¡#7Q=+:;

+:=7&')*+2¡%Q()*+{)@*+� �B �; �5+ �«%1Q=+ �W71M+~e&�+{Fj+,(N$%()*+�5.&EO*+��)*+:=71�)*+6739)*+67M

+uedO*+�=+o �G �H z.v=+W*.1dA*+�)7&x=+6O*#+ouM$#*.jO*+78dO7r+78d%(v1N�+!"%h)7r+�%9�7P+q@*+o^%&'d%ra

+7vN7- �,�#+7v(FBr+7c78;,j+:1)*+7&'d,;+t*.jO* +78&')+78d@* +VV<8&'0)*+78N738r+,=OA7r+2?78)*+�5HO*

+:&¡7()*+673&'d#+<0;7&x()*#+<�*.&x)*+.-+ �.()+ .B1&'=+�5%&')*+lB&J)*+6@*+VVV7v1;7h�#+7v13d �. �=#

V^Ta�<3=%h)*+�NH73&')#+�3d7=OA+g7h3h0N+.}#+7(FM+u)$%()*

+w-,&JN+U+:;+2x(�+:;+�N �. �h �j+��)*+7c,(N$%=+:;+A@*+,v¤-+uF;+o<F1eF)+:(3¤81)*+57�@A*+7=O*

+D.}#O*# +V7v3Fj +,3&'N +:1)* +<=7B)* +²H79()* +�3&¡%N + gGH7= +UU +:; +7v) +uN +k3�+oTYR� +:d7�)*

V^�a<3j,Q)*+67CF)*#+m7B)*+,(N$%()*#+<F1e)*+2'FC=#+u4*.)*+l1e()*+u&iN+:1)*+7vN>3e&JN

+](`?5#+h>)C(#+¥ �28O+;I +i,23)/2K(#+)a60)OD<+T8CB+DCc�$0+,-+./&�$(#+.LSY(#+M�> �;B

+./O)C['(#+.(`;(#+JF+.L28g&C(#+.:7$2K(#+>1*(#+D:DEc�+!,c£5#+]LF+.0)'(#+¬>)*C(#+J0

+)a/2G#7?# +9Cs`+i.L0)Y(#+h>)/2K(#`+f)S(#+u1HS235#+](4# +)a()28:4#`+i p./*&s?# + p.AL23+qQ+J0

M.A.E.F, E-levant, Syrie-Liban 1918-1929, v. 225, p. 88.+^TaVTY�IT\U+2x&E+oT�+o2?Vm+o�VVV:8�%)*+78)7&id+:;#+:&'d,Q)*+W*.1dA*+:;+~�*,()*�+o:)73e)*+w(�,)*+.9j+^�a

\[

)(J& 8PK& .) .:

+JC2G+¨D/280+D:DHc+,-+�E(#+")&*L(+]H*:+"?#+]LF+i ph;B#`+ p.0$YB+M#d+ p.(`>+,-+h?# �X6C(#

V^Ta�.C:;H(#+¨>`;B

+ �<-5%&? + �D73&x�&� +w= +o<=7B)* +7v4H79= +w= +^TTa +GH7(F) + g7h;# +o<F1e)* +2'FC= +~ ze �&J �N

+2'ej+��)*+,=OA*+o<3j7(1}A*+7v1r78=+k3�+w=+ g<&'d7C1=+weN+u)+ �D73&x�&�+:c#+o^�a �<3d789)#

+<F=7B)*+,&E78B)*+�78v;+V�&?*%)*+�(C1)*+*�c+~P*H+ �<3&?73&?#+ �<-,e;+ �D7c7CN*#+ �D*573N+H%}#

+o�5%�)*+2?57;#+57 zQ0)*+:Q`)+~�=+o7veF;+:;+5#.N+:1)*+,&E78B)*+#O*+oG57C1)*#+<j78&x)*+:;

+7= +bh�()* +7v�78} +~e&� +.�# +V:&'d,Q)* +">1�A* +<v}*%= +:; + g<3)7e-H*5 +fd7M +<�Q)* +��c#

+�=+6#7B1)* +:;+<9�*,)* +<3)*,93F)* +<3j7`�@A* +,&E78B)* +�78c#+¯�.LSY(# +7)2K:�+�13(&'N +we(-

+�78c#+V�.LSY(#+J/C:�+<�Q)*+��c+f�F ze&�+.�#+o��*,9)*+l3Cd#+�,e9)*+l3&'d+~�=+oW*.1dA*

+K*.�@*+:;+<9�*,)*#+o �<v}+w=+<3j7`�@A*+D7�>B)7r+7v�79N5*+w3r+<0}5O71()*+73FB)*+D7�Q)*

+ �<v}+w=+<3)7(&?O*,)*+{)@*+W,�O*+D7�>B)*+w=+ �_7(dO*+">�@*#+o7v131QN#+D7�>B)*+��c+:;+ �p �&' �Q �N

+�,�;# +o:FN%h)* +�,e&�# +o%d78c +u3c*,r@*# +o:&?7NOA* +u&�7c +o"7�=O* +D7�Q)* +��c +w= +V�,PO*

+~�=+o ¥2E7P+ �~e&Jr+7v8=+<3&'d,Q)*+o<3r,y)*+<;7h�)7r+ �, ��O71=+%c+w=+<F1e)*+,&E78j+w=#+V�H#579)*

+.c7B()*+:C- �,P+w=+uv8=#+VmH,=+~3(}#+o�5%�)*+L47;#+o:&?.h)*+u�7d#+ob-,&J)*+67&'�@*

+¢*.B&?# +o7&�7r +u3c*,r@* +H*$%; +w&'� +5%1M.)*# +o:Fe&J3&J)* +�3;%N +5%1M.)* +"7�=O* +o<3d7(�B)*

+~�= +oD#,3r +:; +<3M,3=OA* +<B=7C)* +:C- �,P +w= +uv8= +2iB9)*# +Vm70F)* +.(�O*# +o�,r7C)*

V^Ra:)73e)*+w(�,)*+.9j+5%1M.)*

+<F1e)* +6@7; +o<-%F1e)* +,&E78BF) +:j7(1}A* +l3M,1)* +2'd7CN +m.j +w= +u�,)* +{Fj +owe)

+<F�,()* +<B39� +6O* +�)q +¯<3&?73&')* +�*%�# +�N7�; +~=7er +�5%&')* +lB&J)* +57¤dO* +�0= +fd7M

+f �&i ��+o:&'d,Q)*+">1�A*+ �~�+:;+<3d789F)*#+<-5%&')*+H>9)*+7c�71CN+fd7M+:1)*+<3�-571)*

+<3j7(1}A*+D7h9`)7r+f �B �; �H#+o:8�%)*#+:j7(1}A*+w3)7&i8)*+w3r+�%&iB)*+m�>1)*+G5#,&ir

+o<3&'d,Q)* +G,`3&')* +w= +5,01)* +�.vr +o<M,1&J()* +<38�%)* +7cH%v} +,3�O7N +%0d +<QF1�()*

+H>9F) +<3;*,yC)*# +<3&?73&')* +G.�%)* +2?7&?O* +{Fj +~h1&'()* +:8�%)* +ue0)* +u47jH +.33&JN#

V<B(1C=+<-5%&')*

VT\U+2E+o6Vm+^TaVT\]IT\Z+2x&E+o6Vm+!:;+<38�%)*+<F1e)*+2'FC=+*%d%M+w-�)*+t7&ijOA*+t7(&?O*+,¤dO*+^�a

+<3�>Q)*+D7M,0)*#+<3j*5L)*+<3&ih)*�+o78�+¢*.9j+!�}*5+<-5%&')*+<38�%)*+<F1eF)+:j7(1}A*+l3M,1)*+"%�+~3&E7Q1)*+w=+.-L(F)+^RaV<3&�7�+TYZ+#+TS\ITS]+2x&E+o2?Vm+o:d7�)*+u&'h)*+�6789)#+7-5%&?+:;

\Z


+H%hN+<38�%)*+<F1e)*+f�*5+oG.�%)*#+">h1&?A*#+5,01)*+:;+<38�%)*+�*.cOA*+G.j7�+{Fj

+:1)*+<3)7&i8)*+�57B()*+�,rO*+7=O*+VW*.1dA*+<v}*%=+:;+o:d789F)*#+�5%&')*+ow39B&J)*+DA7&id

!<3NnA*+fd7e;+7v1FC&?

I +VTY�\+�5%&')*+5%1&?.)*+<M,B=

I VTYRZ+<3&'d,Q)*+I+<3d789F)*+#+o<3&'d,Q)*+I+<-5%&')*+G.c7B()*+<M,B=

I VTYUR+6789)+#+7-5%&?+:;+:8�%)*+">h1&?A*+<M,B=

I VTYUZ+w-.F9)*+:&¡*5O*+wj+:&'d,Q)*+�,e&'B)*+t>C)*+<M,B=

\]

-"#$.#&' ="z& !"R'=&' !$8G%#&'T{:|' !&J0 *>

?9@5+ >9<6 .,.7 )A5B@=M)<$H'(#+"$O)I+h>)0+d)S23?#

+./O)&*L(#+.'0)6(#+")&*(+,-+./012345#+.'0)6(#

1D=A`C

+s%h0)*+m*,1�*+fFQM+.�+o�r+DH,Qd*+��)*+:�*,)*+7vrHO7r+o<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+fd7M+*q@*

+,3y) +D5,� +7(d@*# +o�)�r + §b1eN +u) +7vdO* +,3� +ow3(F&'= +,3�# +w3(F&'= +o�3(CF) +<3d7&'d@A*

+<d57h()*+f-,}|O*+*q@*+A@*+o�57&i0)*+7c*%1&'=+�*5H@*+we(-+A+ouvr+ g<&E7P+ �D*�731=@*+w3(F&'()*

+<3=>&?@A*+<)#.)*+~�+:;+uv�%h�#+ow-,&JB)*#+�H70)*+6,h)*+<(¤dO*+:;+ld7}OA*+s%h�+w3r

+<d57h()* +t*,}@* +wj +,¤8)* +78;,&E +.�# +V67=L)* +w= +g7d,� +,&Jj +<&'(P +�8= +f&?,eN +:1)*

+uvdO7M# +ld7}OA* +~=7BN +fd7M +o<(¤dOA* +��c+6OA +om>&?@>) +G,&E7B()*# +o<(-.h)* +<(¤dOA* +�=

!�)�)+<B39`)*+uvN.jO*+ �.39j#+o �m.P#+o �G,r*,r

!D*�9d+K>�+:;+£%&¡%()*+*�c+"#7818&?#

V<-,&xB)*+<(¤dOA*+:;+ld7}OA*+£7&¡#O*+IO*

Vm>&?@A*+<)#H+:;+ld7}OA*+<F=7B=+IW

VH%v3)*#+w3303&'()*+W71e)*+~cO*+D*�731=*+I�

1PH<(OS@7&P`L:567&,T&|:3r567&}3(pJ57&X57+:98}O>) +:d%d7h)* +LM,()* +6O* +{Fj+oG,&i01()* +"#.)* +:;+<3)70)* +<3d%d7h)* +u¤8)* +�Q1N

+s%h0)7r +�B1(N +m.j +k3� +w= +ow�*%()* +LM,= +w= +g7dO7&� +~�O* +6%e- +6O*# +.r +A +o<)#.)* +:;

\\

de'f( !.Q) *1 LFP-RP.( JFg. !FV(J.( !-&$hP.(

+6@7;+o<&E7�)*+s%h0)*+s7`d+:;+7=O*+V7v3;+u3h-+:1)*+<)#.)*+:;+<=7B)*+s%h0)7r+#O*+o<3&?73&')*

+<(�+6O*+{Fj+:)#.)*+6%d7h)*+t7(Fj+� §(C|-#+V<)#H+~M+:;+G.47&')*+u¤8)*+�>1P7r+bF1�-+,=OA*

V<)#.)*+:;+:98}OA*+�r+�1(1-+6O*+lC-+s%h0)*+w=+g*5.�

+ �G,&i01=+ �<)#H+~M+{Fj+lC-+��)*+�s%h0F)+{dHOA*+.0)*�+�3Fj+ |��F`|-+7=+%c+5.h)*+*�c#+

V^Ta7v(3F�@*+{Fj+w3(3h()*+ld7}O>)+�r+�,1BN+6O*#+o�=L1FN+6O*

!,c£5)<+q�[CSc+]O>?5#+;E(#+#o{+)a&C2_S:+,S(#+�$HE(#`

+�) +~QeN +:1)* +<3d%d7h)* +<3FcOA7r +�O* +o<3d%d7h)* +<3&x�&J)7r +:98}O>) +�*,1jA* +IT +

+s%h0)7r +:98}O>) +�*,1jA* +I� +V<-H,Q)* +G730F) +<=�>)* +<3d%d7h)* +"7(jOA* +�3(} +t*,}@*

+ ��-,`r +67M +7v) +�r7&'1M* +6O* +m*H +7= +o7vB-,&JN +m7e�OA +g7h;# +<)#.)* +u3F�@* +:; +7v9&'1M* +:1)*

+!<3d7&'d@A* +<3&x�&J)* +7v9F`1N +:1)* +<=�>)* +D7-,0)7r +:98}O>) +�*,1jA* +IR +V ¥:j,&�

+<-H,Q)* +<-,0)*# +oW*HnA*# +m7¤8)* +H#.� +:; +g78Fj +<d7-.)* +<&?57(= +<-,�# +oG.3hB)* +<-,0M

+o<3r,0)* +D*5#,&i)*# +o<=7B)* +<0&x)*# +o<=7B)* +W*HnA*# +om7B)* +m7¤8)*# +�)7&x()* +s7`d +:;

+G,&i01=+ �<)#H+ �~M+mL1FN+IU+V<hr7&')*+H%3h)*+H#.�+:;+~h81)*+<-,�#+owe&'()*+<=,�+�)�M#

+<-7(0r +�1(1)* +:; + ��0)* +ld7}O>) +I[ +V7v(M70= +m7=O* +:&¡7h1)* +�0r +:98}O>) +�*,1jA7r

V^�a7v(3F�@*+{Fj+w3(3h()*+<)#.)*

1c"(bj67&P@J0&,T&|:3r567&P-+3S+&Xo

V<-,&xB)*+<(¤dOA*+:;+w38�*%()*+,3�+s%h�+fd7M+�FN

+<(¤dOA*+��c+�9&?+.�+m>&?@A*+6O*+.C8;+om>&?@A*+<)#H+:;+w3(F&'()*+,3�+s%h�+wj+7=O*

+!{F�=+ g<F=7B=+uv)+~Qe-+ g7(3¤8N+�1)#H+:;+w3(3h()*+ld7}OA*+LM,=+u3¤8N+:;+ �G.-.j+ �6#,hr

+*�c#+V,PnA*+2iB9)*+:;+uv8j+ gGL3(1=+#O*+os%h0)*+2iBr+:;+w3(F&'()*+�=+ g<-#7&'1=+6%eN+.�

VG,&E7B()*+"#.)*+:;+�,3¤d+~�+I+g7h�A+�&i13&?+7(M+I+�57&i0)*+u3¤81)*

!:NnA7r+m>&?@A*+<)#H+:;+ld7}OA*+LM,=+u)7B=+{FC1N#

!M)-+�1z+](4#+f12345#+,-+tO)s?5#+e2KH:+!f12345#+,-+tO)s?5#+f$ag0+m�

+7(M +I +6%3= ��)*# +V6%r570=+I +<�)7�)*# +V6% |8 �= O7 �1&' |= +I<3d7�)*# +V6#.c7B=# +6%3=q +I{)#OA*

+uc+6%8 �= O7 �1 &' |()*# +V�r +6%(F&'()* +~=7B|- +7(M +*%F=7B|- +6O* +%c# +o��7�3=# +¢*+.vj+uv) +I +:NO73&?

V��[+2E+o<3r,B)*+<&iv8)*+5*H+!G,c7h)*+o<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+:;+:)#.)*+6%d7h)*+m7e�O*+o67`F&?+.=7�+^TaV��Z+I��[+2x&E+o6Vm+^�a

\Y

!F.$] JFP' .) .: *i$%.(

+uv)*%=O*# +uc$#7=H# +o :1�# + �.vj+uv)# +o7v3; +t*%`dA* +6#H +<3=>&?@A* +<)#.)* +:; +6%(3h- +w(=

+Vld7}OA*+°Q)+6nA*+uv3Fj+�F`|-+w-�)*+uc+6%8=O71&'()*#+6%3 �=�)*#+VucH%vBr+*%;#O*+*q@*+ �<d%&x=

+~B}+.�#+om>&?@A*+<)#H+:;+6%(3h-+A#+ouvB=+ �G.c7B=+.}%N+A+ �2E7�&�O*+uv;+o6%3r,0)*+7=O*#

V^Ta7v1-7j5+lCN+g7�%h�+I+g7h�A+:NO73&?+7(MIm>&?@A*+uv)

!tO)s?5)<+.2N)b(#+.[:;E(#+./(`;(#+�$HEL(+f12345#+.()gQ+m�

+�Fc$%N +:1)* +<3d%d7h)* +<3&x�&J)7r +uF&'()* +,3y) +m>&?@A* +�,1j* +b3M +g7hr7&? +t7} +.h)

+:; +7v9&'1M* +.� +6%e- +:1)* +s%h0)7r +�) +�,1j* +�dO* +7(M +o�N730) +<=�>)* +"7(jOA7r +m73hF)

+<9&'8)7r+"70)*+%c+7(M+o<1�$%()*+#O*+o<(4*.)*+<=7�@A*+H%hj+�-,�+wj+o<3=>&?@A*+<)#.)*+u3F�@*

+V:NO73&? +7(M +o7vN79F`1=# +G.3hB)* +<-,� +uv) +~QM +.�# +Vw3 §8 �= O7 �1 &' |()*# +<-#7(&')* +l1e)* +~cOA

+<`F&')* +f�7NO*# +V"L8()* +<=,� +{1�# +ow3(F&'()7r + gG%&?O* +<3d7&'d@A* +D7-,0)* +uv) +w(&¡#

+m7e�OA* +fd7M# +oGH7h)*# +<)#.)* +t7&?$#5 +{1�+o7v=7=O* +*%&¡7h- +6O7r +ow3(F&'()* +,3y) +<347&ih)*

+ld7}O>)+~QM+m>&?@A*+6*+b3M+�,8&?+og*,3PO*#+o6%(F&'()*+7v3)@*+£7&x8-#+ouv10F&x()+5.&xN

+#O* +o �5%}+�O* +.&¡+uv8j+£7;.)*# +o �t*.1j* +�O* +.&¡+uv) +<=�>)* +<-7(0)* +�&¡5O* +{Fj +w3(3h()*

+Vuv3Fj+�h-+ �uF�

10IA=@7J&'==*=()`@7&~]�o3?h@7&{^57&F7w3=?+7&X�

!R)/S0#`+ �")0?#`+ �;aF+. �0o(#+;HF+m�

+< z=�)* +.hj+6@7; +o�,PO* + �G579Br#+V�.r$%()*# +67=OA*� + g7�>`&E*#+o�.vB)*� + g<y) +< z=�)* +{8B=

+om>&?@A*+<)#H+:;+<(4*.)*+<=7�@A*+ z��+W71e)*+~cO*+w=+uF&'()*+ |,3�+�9}%(r+l&'1e-+��)*+%c

+ow3(F&'()*+2J3}+:;+<-,e&'B)*+<=.�)*+l}*#+w=+�47Qj@*#+o�)+<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+<-7(�+�=

+:; +<(c7&'()* +~39� +w= +:c# +olC- +7(j + �t7&i� +7vdOA +o<-LC)* +f3 �( |&? + �<9-,&¡ +~r7h= +�)q#

V^Ra�3Fj+<9}%1()*+l4*,&i)*+�;H+:;+uF&'()*+uc7&'-+7(M+o<)#.)*+<d�*%=+~-%(N

V]�+2E+o6Vm+^Ta+w&'� +p3&J)* +:1Q()* +!�)q +:; +�}*,- +VH%v3)*# +w3303&'()7M +<-#7(&')* +D7d7-.)* +£79NO* +w33r71e)* +#O* +W71e)* +~cO7r +H%&xh()* +6* +^�a+omTY\]+�;*%()*+¦cTUS]+m7B)+<&?H7&')*+<8&')*+o<=,e()*+<e(r+:=>&?@A*+u)7B)*+<`r*5+<F&'F&?+w=+o�w3(F&'()*+,3yr+�*#L)*�+o.)7P

V7v3F-+7=#+TTS+2E+o[\+H.B)*+VTS[ +# +TS�ITST +2x&E +oTY]� +ow3->(F) +uFB)* +5*H +!D#,3r +om>&?@A* +:; +<3)#.)* +D7�>B)*# +6%d7h)* +o:d7&x(0= +:09&E +^Ra+m7e�O* +o67`F&? +.=7� +!g7&i-O* +V[R\2E +oTYU\ +ow3->(F) +uFB)* +5*H +!D#,3r +ow-.&�*,)* +t7QF�)* +K*,N +o:d7&x(0= +:09&E#+D7�>B)*# +D79}*%)*# +s%h0)* +o67(�j +f;O*5 +.(0= +!g7&i-O* +V��UI��R +2x&E +o2?Vm +o<3=>&?A* +<B-,&J)* +:; +:)#.)* +6%d7h)*+o<3=>&?@A*+u¤8)*+:;+ �D*5�&�+o�.)7�)*+¢*+.9j+!g7&i-O*+VTR�ITRT+2x&E+oTY\�+oO*,�@*+5*H+!D#,3r+om>&?@A*+<)#H+:;+<3)#.)*

V[R+2E+oTY\]+oD#,3r

YS


+w=+ �¼3&� +�O* +7v3; +2'3) +o< z=�)* +.hj+#O* +o< z=�)* +~cO* +#O* +o< z=�)* +<(FM +6O* +�)q+w=+�&i1-#

+.vB)* +:8BN +:1)* +o< z=�)* +<(FM +6@7; +o2'eB)* +{Fj+~r +I +m7v-@A* +2iB9)* +"#70- +7(M+I+�-,C1)*

V<3�*,)*+D70F`&x()*+G#5q+:;+:c+o.r$%()*+67=OA*#

+��# +o67=OA* +uF&'()* +,3y) +5,h- +�dO* +o< z=�)* +.hj +w= +�&i1- +�d@7; +o�,PO* +<v} +w=#

+�=+o<)#.)*+��c+< z=q+:;+ �D7=*L1)*+f9N,N+ g7�%h�+�)+~Qe-#+om>&?@A*+<)#H+:;+<(4*.)*+<=7�@A*

+m.Br+�)+<d7&x0)*+5*,�@*#+ow3(F&'()*+2J3}+:;+<-,e&'B)*+<=.�)*+l}*#+w=+�47Qj@7r+�L33(N

V<38-.)*+�(M70=+m7=O*#+o�&?%h`)+g7h;#+A@*+o�1(M70=

+< z= ��)*+~cO7r+W71e)*+~cO*+<3(&'N+{Fj+g7d73�O*+�,}+.�+67M+*q@*+~=7B1)*+6O*+{)@*+o78c+57&J-#

+{Fj+7(d@*#+ow3(F&'()*+w=+~�O*+ �<}5H+:;+uvB&¡#+#O*+ouvQ38&xN+2?7&?O*+{Fj+2'3F;+ow3 �3= ��)7r+#O*

+{Fj+g7&?73�+�)q#+om>&?@A*+<)#H+< z=q+:;+uv)+ �m*L1)*#+o �.vj+H%}#+{Fj+.3MO71)*+~}OA+o2'eB)*

V2E7�&�OA*+u=q+:;+6%-.)*+lN,N

+o g<y)+oH%&xh()*+{8B()*+"%�+ ¥�&�+#O*+ �~v}+�OA+"7C=+{h9-+~c+o�3&¡%1)*+*�c+t%&¡+{Fj#

©< z= ��)*+~cO7r+o g>=7BN#+og7�>`&E*#

+GA%)*# +t7QF�)* +67cqO* +:; +g*H5*# +67M +��)* +%c +I +�780&¡#O* +��)* +I +�r7&')* +{8B()*#

+D*579j +I +W71e)* +~cOA +{`BN +:1)* +I +H%vB)* +:; +6#,M�- +g7(4*H +*%d7M +uvdO* +�)q +ow3(F&'()*

+I +H5# +.h; +Vw3(F&'()* +< z=q +:;+g7 �8 - �H +7c5791j7r +uvN7-,�#+ouv�%h�#+ouvd7=O* +°Q0r+.vB1)*

+m7B)* +:; +2?.h()* +f3r +:)7cO* +�= +W7`�)* +wr +,(j +<Q3F�)* +�.hj +��)* +.vB)* +:; +I + g>�=

+ot7QF�)*+< z=q#+o�)%&?5+< z=q#+o¢*+.vj+W71e)*+*�c+:;+7=+{Fj#�+!^mZRZa+�,Cv)*+2'=7�)*

V^Ta�w38=$%()*+< z=q#

+ «e w{ � + p;�:+ «J �F+ �.�: «X v6«(#+#$ wA «' w:+]�S �B®+!<-nA*+:;+GH5*%)*+G579B)7r+o2'eB)7r+"%hF)+o ��10|-+A#

+6,1h- +6O* +:8BN +7vdO7r +oG579B)* +��v) +w-,&'Q()* +,�MO* +�0}5 +��)* +,3&'Q1)* +6OA +^�a¯ �"` wD v�) �2N

V^RaA@*+2'3)+<B-,&J)*+m7e�OA+"7�1=A7r+uv8=+<-LC)*+<9-,&¡+�;H

+.9j +wr +,(j# +W7`�)* +wr +,(j +w31Q3F�)* +{)@* + g*5#� +l §&' |d +7(r + g7&i-O* + ��10|- +A +7(M#

+#O*+uvr73�+:;+w3(F&'()7r+�9&J1)*+�8(M+o< z= ��)*+~cO*+{Fj+f&¡ §, |;+ �D79}*##+ �D*.33hN+w=+L-LB)*

+".B)*+²H79=+�=+�)q+2i�78N+wj+ g>&i;+o7v9}%-+7=+<B-,&J)*+.j*%�+:;+2'3)+�dOA+ouc,v¤=

VT�ZIT�[+2x&E+oTY]Y+ow3->(F)+uFB)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o67&'d@A*+s%h�+67M5O*+o:d7&x(0=+:09&E+^TaV�Y+<-nA*+o<r%1)*+G5%&?+^�a

+uFB)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o< z=�)*+~cO*+m7e�O*+ou3h)*+wr*+! g7&i-O*+VTR\+2E+oTY\[+o<3(FB)*+l1e)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o<3d7`F&')*+m7e�OA*+o�H5#7()*+^RaV�U+2E+oTY\R+oT+�+ow3->(F)

YT

!F.$] JFP' .) .: *i$%.(

+t7QF�)*+D7hr7&?#+<-%98)* +< z8 �&')* +:;+67M+.�#+Vm>&?@A*+7v3Fj+m%h-+:1)* +s>POA*#+G*#7&'()*#

+:c+m>&?@A*+:;+W71e)*+~cO*+<-7(�+6OA+oujL)*+*�c+:Q8-+7=+I+6* �, �( |B)*+uv8=#+I+w-.&�*,)*

V^Taw3(F&'()*+m*,1�*#+<-7(0r+ gG%&?@*+o �l}*#+<3d7&'d@A*+uv1=*,M+m*,1�*#+o �<F=7M

+ �s*5 + �"%).=+%c+o�>jO* +w39N +7(M#+o«>`&EA*+:;+w33 �=�)* +#O* +< z= ��)* +~cO* +"%).=+%c+*�c

Vg7j,&�#+og7�>`&E*#+o g<y)

+<B-,&J)* +²H79(r + g>v} +o�)q +:; +�e&J- +"*� +7= +w3(F&'()* +,3� +w= +2iB9)* +67M +*q@*#

+f�%)* +:; +�)*.91&?*# +ou-.h)* +�F`&x()* +*�c+wj+t78y1&?A* +67e=@A7r +�d@7; +o7v3Fj + gt*,1;* +#O*

+w33 �= ��)*# +w3(F&'()* +w3r + g7(47� +67M +��)* +o�-,Q1)* +6O*# + g7&E%&xP+ow�*%()* +<(Fer +,&E7B()*

V<�-.0)*+<3=>&?@A*+<)#.)*+:;+,&E7B()*+f�%)*+:;+�1(e�+f)*�+.�+ow38=O7&'1 |()*#

+�r +�1(1- +7= +<;7er +6%B1(1- +6%3= ��)* +67M# +og7B= + g<3&'8}# +g78-H +g7(-.� +m>&?@A* +67M +.h)

+�)q# +o<-LC)* +<9-,&¡ +�;H +uv3Fj +67M +we)# +Vs%h� +w= +<3=>&?@A* +<)#.)* +:; +6%(F&'()*

Vuc.�#+w3(F&'()*+w=+6%e1-+67M+��)*+<3=>&?@A*+<)#.)*+2J3}+:;+uv�*,�d*+m.j+~r7h=

+#O* +m.)*+��+2?7&?O* +{Fj+m%hN#+ow-.)*+wj+ g<F&xQ8=+D57&E+<)#.)*+<3&'8}+6@7;+o6nA*+7=O*

+V�*#L)7r + |l �&'1e|N +#O* +o2'�8C1)* +2?7&?O* +{Fj + |� �8(|N +7vd@* +#O* +o g7B= +w3&?7&?OA* +{Fj +#O* +ou3F�@A* +��

+wj+,¤8)*+ �2iyr+o<)#.)*+:8�*%=+�3(}+w=+g7r%F`=+g79}*#+<)#.)*+2J3}+:;+_*,�dA*+{0&¡O*#

V^�a,Pn*+ �w�*%=#+ �w�*%=+w3r+<3(&'1)*+:;+ ��-,QN+�O*+�B=+:Q18-+��)*+,=OA*+o<38-.)*+uvN.3hj

+6O*+lC-+<�-.0)*+<3=>&?@A*+<)#.)*+:;+w�*%()*+<(FM+6O7r+"%h)*+we(-+o�)q+t%&¡+{Fj#

+"#.)*+<39)7�+g73)7�+�r+�PO7N+7=+*�c#+o�1d7-H+fd7M+g7-O*+7v13&'8}+~(0-+w=+�3(}+{)@*+�,&x8N

V<3=>&?@A*

!eac;/HF+]LF+^)H*(#+,-+eaS:DB+m�

+�FhBr +67&'d@A7; +V7vd%&iN,- +A + �G.3hj +:; +"%P.)* +{Fj +2?78)* + �� §,e|- +6O* +m>&?@A* +2i;,-

+{Fj#+o<-*.v)*+m.j#+<-*.v)*+:h-,�+w=+�eF&'-+ ��-,�+ z�O*+,¤8-+6O*+�3Fj+o�7-@*+¢*+�9c#+��)*

+{Fj+*%h9- +#O* +m>&?@A* +*#571�-+6O* +7=@7; +ouc*.j+w=+{)@* +m>&?@A* +<)7&?5+*%yF9- +6O* +w3(F&'()*

+w3(F&'()* +,3�+579}@* +m.j+:;+ �<0-,&E+m>&?@A* + |2E%&x8;+V�)q+:;+uv3Fj+ ��*,M@* +6#H+�,3�

V^Ra¯ vJ: ©;(#+, v-+� # �D «Qv4#+ �5®+!{)7BN+¢*+"%h-+o�r+6%8=$%-+A+7(3;+"%P.)*+{Fj

V[US+2E+o2?Vm+ow-.&�*,)*+t7QF�)*+K*,N+o:d7&x(0=+:09&E+^TaVTU�ITUT+2x&E+o2?Vm+o<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+:;+:)#.)*+6%d7h)*+m7e�O*+o67`F&?+.=7�+^�a

V�[Z+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+^Ra

Y�


V^Ta¯ «D wg «Y�/«L �-+ � ) �2�+ «J �0 � + «J v0«�$ w/«L �-+ � ) �2�+ «J �C �-+ «e wY©< �7+ «J v0+ �� E«(#+ vq wI � ®+! g7&i-O*+"%h-#

+57&xdOA*+w=+ g>}5+6@*+� vJ: ©;(#+, v-+� # �D «Q v4#+ �5�+!<-nA*+"#Ld+l9&?+:;+w-,&'Q()*+2iBr+"%h-#

+ g>}5 +67e; +%c +7=O* +om7&J)* +w= +*%=.� + �57CN +�.-O* +{Fj +*, ¨&x8N +.� +673d*,&xd +678r* +�) +67M

+{Fj+7(vc,e1&'- +6O* +7(c%rO* +H*5O* +o57C1)* +tA$%c +�= +79c�- +6O* +{Fj +678rA* +mLj+7(F; +og7(F&'=

+:; +kB9- +6O* +^2Ea"%&?,)* +w= +uF&'()* +.)*%)* +lF�# +om>&?@A* +:; +"%P.)*# +<3d*,&x8)* +�,N

V^�aw-.)*+:;+�*,M@*+A+6O*+w391)+<-nA*+f)L8;+o7(cH,1&'-#+7(c57�n*

+�,M +w=� +!�3; +t7} +.�# +ow(3)* +~cO* +{)@* +^2Ea:98)* +W71er +D7-,0)* +��c +D.-O7N +.�#

V^Ra�<-LC)*+�3Fj#+�8-H+wj+"%0-+A+�d@7;+ ¥:d*,&xd+#O*+ ¥�H%v-+w=+m>&?@A*

+W7`�)* +wr +,(j +<Q3F�)* +wj +�# |5 +.h; +Vm.�F) +{1� +<-,0)* +��c +m>&?@A* +~QM +.�#

+,(j+�7`jO7; +o{rO7; +o<)#.)* +5%=O* +{Fj +�r +w3B1&'3) + �u§F&' |- +6O* +:d*,&x8)* +�=H7P+{)@* +lF�+�dO*

+7v1-O* +:(F&?O*� +! �<3d*,&xd + ��%CB) +�)%� +Ûag7&i-O* +�8j + ��# |5# +Vt7&J- +k3� +W7c�)* +:; +<-,0)*

+"7h;+Vl-,�+:)@*+D%()*#+ �G,39M+ ��%Cj+7dO*+!f)7�+V��0)7r+g*.(0=+kBr+¢*+6@*+o:(F&'N+�%CB)*

+V¯ vJ: ©;(#+, v-+� # �D «Qv4#+ �5®+!{)7BN+�)%�+>N#+o.v&�*+uvF)*+!,(j

!.2N)b(#+eac)/B+,-+eaS:DB+m�

+7v3; +w3B91= +o<&E7�)* +uvN73� +*%&J3B- +6O* +:; +�0)* +w3(F&'()* +,3y) +m>&?@A* +�,N +.h)

+ �">�+%c +,-L8�)* +u0) +~MO*# +o,(�)* +W,&� +6O* +6#.h1B- +w3303&'()* +6@* + g>�(; +Vuv8-H +5%=O*

+ �<=,0=+5%=OA*+��c+6O*+w=+u�,)*+{Fj+o�3;+uv3Fj+<&¡7&i�+A#+o�)q+{Fj+6#,h|3;+ouv8-H+:;

Vm>&?@A*+<B-,&�+:;

+6#H +uv8-H +{Fj +t7h9)* +:; +573�)* +uv) +�,1- +m>&?@A* +6O* +o�)q +:; +uv) +<�7r@A* +l9&?#

Vm>&?@A*+,3�+{Fj+t7h9)*+w=+ �bPO*+%c+7=+{Fj+*#,h|-+6O*+{)#O*+ �W7r+w=+6%e3;+ouv)+2¡,B1)*

+o,(�)* +W,&Jr +W71e)* +~cOA +t7QF�)* +w=+�,3�# +L-LB)* +.9j+wr +,(j+<Q3F�)* +�(&? +.�#

V^[ag78Fj+�)q+57v�@*+#O*+7vr+57CNA*#+7vF(�+w=+uc%B8=+we)+o�)q+{Fj+*%0)%&E+uvdOA

V�Y+<-nA*+obve)*+G5%&?+^Ta+s%h0)*+o67(�j+f;O*5+.(0=+!g7&i-O*+VRTTIRTS+2x&E+oT�+oTYZY+o<;,B()*+5*H+!D#,3r+ou-,e)*+6n*,h)*+,3&'QN+o,3�M+wr*+m7=@A*+^�a

VTRUITRR+2x&E+o2?Vm+om>&?A*+<)#H+:;+<3)#.)*+D7�>B)*#+D79}*%)*#VTR[+2E+o6Vm+^Ra

VRY+2E+oTY\U+o,&J8F)+<=7B)*+GO7&J8()*+!7393)+oom>&?@A*+:;+<3)#.)*+D7�>B)*+"%&EO*+o:d7},Q)*+,(j+ÛaV[RY+2E+o2?Vm+ot7QF�)*+K*,N+o:d7&x(0=+:09&E+!g7&i-O*+VTUR+2E+o2?Vm+oD79}*%)*#+s%h0)*+o67(�j+f;O*5+.(0=+^[a

YR

!F.$] JFP' .) .: *i$%.(

+D%3r +*%FP.N +6O* +ue) +~0|- +u) +{)7BN +¢* +6@*� +!^2Ea:98)* +"%� +uv)�78= +<=,�+wj+�#,|-#

V^Ta�uv3Fj+��)*+*%`j�O*+*q@*+uc57(�+~MO*+A#+ouv47&'d+W,&¡+A#+o �6q@7r+A@*+W71e)*+~cO*

!eac>)*F+JQ)0?#+f#DSB#+m�

+ g7h;# +ouv) +GH79B)* +wM7=O* +m*,1�* +uvN.3hj +{Fj +w3(F&'()* +,3� +t7hr +<-,� +�911&'N#

+ �M# �$�L �2N� + �9�/ v< � + w9 v0# �$ �2N + «¥ �0 ©; wa�( + pT_ «'�* v< + «e wa �2_ «'�< + �T3)�&(# + v¤# + w9 «-�> + �5 «$�( � ® v+!<(-,e)* +<-n>)

+w3(F&'(F) +7= +uv)� +!�%98)* +k-.0)7r + g>(j# +o^�a¯# WD/ v[ �Q + v¤# + we «23# +) �a/ v- + wD �Q «o w: + w; vs) �2K �0 �

V�w3(F&'()*+{Fj+7=+uv3Fj#

+ow3(F&'()*+,3y)+GH79B)*+wM7=OA+w3(F&'()*+m*,1�*+wj+�%;#H57M�+:&'d,Q)*+³5$%()*+:e0-#

+wr +,(j +<Q3F�)* +.vj +:; +7v=>&'1&?*# +�t73F-@*� +2?.h)* +57&x� +wj +��-.� +s73&? +:; +�)q#

+mLB;+o<3=>&?@A*+2�%3C)*+~9�+w=+2?.h)*+57&x�+{Fj+ �,v&�O*+<Br5O*+:&i(N�+!"%h3;+oW7`�)*

+ �2?.h)* +uF&'1- +6O* +_,1&�7; +ou3F&'1)* +{Fj +2?%3d#,Q&E +�,-,`9)* +<&?.h()* +<8-.()* +:=7�

+�B= +�PO7- +u)# +o �mH7P +,3� +�90&x- +u)# +�,h= +,(j +5H7y; +o�&'Qd +W7`�)* +wr +,(j + |<Q3F�)*

+~P.-+A#+o2?.h)*+{)@* +~&x3;+o57vd+~3)+,3&'-#+o �,(N#+ �,3B&�+W*,}#+ �t7=+<r,�+,3�+H*L)*+w=

+wFB|3; +6%FcOA*# +�,-,`9)* +�F9h1&'-# +oW70&EOA* +w= +~3F� +�= +A@* +<&?.h()* +<8-.()* +��c

+6O*# +o g<d%(&i= +6%eN +uv)*%=O*# +67e&')* +�3(} +G73� +6O*# +o �<-7j,r +~=7B|N +2?.h)* +6O*# +ouvd7=O*

+5#L- +67M +<Q3F�)* +6O* +�#,|-# +Vm*,1�* +�&¡%= +6%eN +<&?.h()* +wM7=OA*# +679F&x)*# +2'478e)*

+G>&x)* +f�# +67M +<=73h)* +<&'38M +±Fr +7(F; +o7v�-57N +wj +g7(FB1&'= +<&?.h()* +<8-.()* +67e&?

+7v3; +:F&x|- +:1)* +<&'38e)* +6@* +!�) +"7h; +o<&'38e)* +:; +G>&x)* +{)@* +�,-,`9)* +�7j.;+o~�+.�

+G,�&x)*+bFP+{F&E#+m7�+u�+o^Ra6%eF(-+7(=+�57&x8)*+.-+£Ld+.-,|-+A+%c#+o g<3=>&?@*+,3&xN

V<&'38e)*+W,�+<847e)*

+:; +L-LB)* +.9j +wr +,(j +<Q3F�)* +{)@* +�&J=H +~cO* +*%(&E7P +�57&x8)* +6O* + g7&i-O* +�#,|-#

VÛauv3)@*+7cH7jO7;+ouv)+ �<&'38M

+<=7�@* +:; +g*5*,�O* +w3(F&'()* +,3� +�,N +GH79B)* +wM7=O* +m*,1�* +D7=LF1&'= +w= +6@*# +o*�c

V7v&?*,}O*+£,�#+uv&'478M+:;+uv8-H+,47B&�

VURR+2E+oTY\[+o2'47Q8)*+5*H+!D#,3r+om>&?@A*+<-,h9j+o:d>CB)*+,38=+5%1M.)*+.8j+H5##+oH##*H+%rO*+�},PO*+k-.�+^TaVUS+<-nA*+o�0)*+G5%&?+^�a

+o:d7},Q)* +,(j+wj+ g>hd +o^<3&'d,Q)* +<yF)7r +D*5%&J8=a+TY�T+o~3&J3= +679)O* +5*H +!2'-57r +oH.C)* +m>&?@A* +#,eQ=+ow-L8r +.3&�5 +^RaVTSR+2E+o2?Vm+ow-.&�*,)*+t7QF�)*+K*,N+o:d7&x(0=+:09&E+!657�+V[\I[]+2x&E+o2?Vm+o<3)#.)*+D7�>B)*+"%&EO*

V[R\+2E+o6Vm+Ûa

YU


+w3(F&'()*+t7QF�)*+2iBr+6O*+�<3=>&?@A*+G57&i0)*�+W71M+:;+�L1=+mHn*�+s,&J1&'()*+l1M+.�#

+o,`()*+£7`hd*+"7�+:;+�dO*#+o7v19M*%(r+6#,=O7-#+ucH73jO*#+�57&x8)*+lM*%=+6#,&i0-+*%d7M

+uvB=#+H%v3)*#+obh&?OA*+uv&?O*5+{Fj#+�57&x8)*+7v3;+,3&'-�+!lM*%=+~(Br+,=O7N+<`F&')*+fd7M

V^TaD,�7eN#+�)�M+D,cH�*+G,-HOA*+6O*#+o�s*%rOA*+:;+6%�;78)*

!eaCQ)E0`+./28b2l(#+ea(#$B?#+f#DSB#+m�

+�&i�- +:1)* +7vN*q +<347&ih)*# +<3d%d7h)* +.j*%hF) +w3(F&'()* +,3� +w= +W71e)* +~cO* +�&i�-

+w= +*%`j|O* +7(r +GH7;@A*# +oG*#7&'()* +��c +wj+*%)�781- +6O* +uv) +6O* +,3� +Vm7j + ��}%r +uF&'()* +7v)

V<3&x�&J)*+uv)*%�O*#+uv(M70(r+®7Q1�A*+uv)+L3C|-+ ��731=*

+6%M +w=# +o<38-.)* +<-,0)* +D7=LF1&'= +w= +%c +uM70()* +w3r +,33�1)7r +�731=A* +*�c#

+2E7&x1P*+:;+~P.N+<F47B)*+5%=O*+,47&?#+o �G z% |8 |r#+o �l&'d#+o ��*#�+w=+o<3&x�&J)*+"*%�OA*+~47&'=

+V:&'8e)*+6%d7hF)+ g7h;#+<&'38e)*

+ «"v4) �-®+!7(c#+w313dn*,h)*+w31-nA*+{)@*+:47&ih)*#+:B-,&J1)*+573�)*+#O*+o�731=A*+*�c+.81&'-#

+ �¥ «C�Y �B + «"v4# � +)W «/ �2� + �¡` �D w2_�: + «J�L �- + «e wa «& �F + «TG vD «'wc + «"v4# � + «e wa «& �F + «TG vD «F�?# + « �?# + «e wa�& «/�< + «e wY «B) �- + �¡` w ) �s

V^�a¯ «e w{� # �$ «{�?#+ «9 v*�S�c+ �5 � +w¤#+ �u �X «O�?#+) �C v<+ «e wa�& «/�<+ «e wY «B#+ v" �?# � ®+i¯ v@ «2K vH «() v<+ «e wa�& «/�<+ «e wY «B) �-

+ g7h;#+�)q+uvF;+o<3&'8e)*+uv83d*%�#+uv(M70=+{)@*+£%},)*+W71e)*+~cO*+571P*+*q@*+o6q@7;

V<3&x�&J)*+"*%�OA*+~47&'=+:;+:&x�&J)*+6%d7h)*+�39`N+O*.9=#+oG.3hB)*+<-,�+G.j7h)

+uv8= + 2E7P + �2¡7� +2').dOA* +:; +m>&?@A7r +6%8-.- +A +w(= +ld7}O>) +67M +�dO7r +~3� +.h)#

V^Ra<&E7�)*+uv83d*%�+uv3Fj+�9`|-+o^2'=%h)*a+{(&' |-

+ g7h;# +�)�M +67M +*q@* + g7030&E +,91B |- +uv83r +< z= ��)* +~cO* +�*#� +6@7; +o2?7&?OA* +*�c +{Fj#

Vuvr+<&E7�)*+m7e�OA*+��c+t%&¡+{Fj+5,h1-+uc.8j+s>`)*+6O*+7(M+ouv=7e�O*#+uv9c�()

+lc�()* +{1;O* +.�# +Vuc7-7&E# +{Fj +<38-.)* +< z= ��)* +~cO* +m7e�O* +�39`N +w3B1- +�)�M#

+g7=,0=+~(B)*+*�c+67M+%)#+ouv1d7-H+l&'�+g7j#,&J=+ g>(j+<8(&i1()*+<3&E%)*+<0&xr+:Q80)*

+*�c+67M+%)#+oucH7h1j*+l&'�+ g<3&xB=+<8(&i1()*+<3&E%)*+6>`9r+{1;O*+7(M+ow3(F&'()*+.8j

+V<F�7r +�13&E%;+og*.C&'=+�5*H +~BC-+6O7r + : �=q+{&E#O* +%) +o g>�(;+Vw3(F&'()* +.8j+g7r,hN +~(B)*

VÛa<030&E+<3&E%)7;+o,-�78�)*+�r�)+ g7�F&'=+#O*+ g<&'38M+�5*H+~BC-+6O7r+{&E#O*+%)+7=O*

VUR[+2E+o2?Vm+oue0)*+"%&EO*+:;+m>&?@A*+<-,h9j+o:d>CB)*+,38= + TaVUY+#+U�+!671-nA*+oG.47()*+G5%&? + �a

VT\\+2E+oTY]T+o�1Q)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o:=>&?@A*+�hQ)*#+<3d%d7h)*+m%FBF)+~P.()*+o5%&x8=+:Fj+:Fj + RaVTT\ITTZ+2x&E+o2?Vm+om>&?@A*+:;+<3)#.)*+D7�>B)*#+6%d7h)*+o:d7&x(0=+:09&E + Ua

Y[

!F.$] JFP' .) .: *i$%.(

+ue0-+6O*+t7&ih)*+*�c+{Fj+w3B13;+o:=>&?@A*+t7&ihF)+£%&i�)*+< z= ��)*+~cO*+571P*+*q@*+7=O*#

VG*#7&'()*#+".B)*+²H79=#+£,&J)*+.j*%�+{)@*+ g*H781&?*+uv83r

+uv83d*%�#+uv(M70=+{)@* +£%},)*+<vC)+oW71e)*+~cO* +�=+�,eQ)*#+:8-.)*+�=7&'1)*+*�c#

+:; +b4*%`)* +H.BN +G5%&E +:; +<3=>&?@A* +"#.)* +:; +g73(&?5 +�r +�*,1jA* +uN +.� +o<39c�()*

V^Ta7vN.3hj+�v8=+�;#+7c,47B&�+<&?57(=+:;+ ��0)*+ �<Q47�+ �~e)+6%e-+k30r+o.�*%)*+�(1C()*

+ot7&ih)*# +�-,&J1)* +5731P* +<-,�+k3�+w=+< z= ��)* +~cOA +«%8(()* +o�731=A* +*�c+f9�N +.�#

V<3=>&?@A*#+<3r,B)*+"#.)*+2iBr+:;+<3Q47`)*+uM70()*+m7¤d+2'-,e1r+{v1d*#+ow=L)*+�=

+GH.B1()* +o<39c�()*# +<3j,&J)* +uM70()* +w=+ �<(e0=+ z~M+6O* +m%3)* +.Cd+o g>�=+6789) +:Q;

+7v83d*%�+�39`1r+~h1&'N#+o7vr+2E7�)*+<3&x�&J)*+"*%�OA*+m7¤d+�91N+ob4*%`)*#+67-HOA*+H.B1r

V^�a<3&x�&J)*+"*%�OA*+~47&'=+:;+<39c�()*#+<3j,&J)*

+.-.01r+2E7�)*+TY[T+67&'3d+�+6%d7�+!<3Q47`)*+uM70()*+��c+:;+<h9`()*+w3d*%h)*+w=#

+2E7�)*+TYZ�+�%(N+TZ+6%d7�#+o<-H%v3)*#+<303&'()*+b4*%`F)+<39c�()*+�}*,()*+D73�>&E

+2E7�)* +TYZS +5*qn* +[ +:; +5H7&x)* +m%&?,()*# +o<3B3&J)*# +<38&')* +<3j,&J)* +uM70()* +u3¤81r

V^Ra��5.)*+:9c�()*+t7&ih)*+u3¤81r

!^#;SF#+ ©P?#+J0+eaS:)CB+m�

+{Fj +�h- + �t*.1j* + ��O* +w= + g<F=7M + g<-7(� +w3()7&'()* +W71e)* +~cOA +g7&i-O* +m>&?@A* +~QM +.h)

+ g783(`N +,�MO* +we- +u) +6@* +ow3(F&'()* +�= +G*#7&'()* +m.� +{Fj +os%h0)* +,47&?# +"7()*# +2'Q8)*

Vuv)+ g<�*5@*#

+7vFPH# +<e= +�3Fj +¢* +�1; +7=.8j +o{FjOA* +~�()*# +G#.h)* +u-,e)* +"%&?,)* +{`jO* +.�#

+w=#+o �w=n*+%v;+<9Be)*+~PH+w=�+! g>47�+67=OA7r+�H7d+q@*+og*,}7v=+7v8=+�,P+6O*+.Br+g*,&x18=

+g*.vj +6*,Cd +�57&xd +{`jO* +7(M +V� �w=n* +%v; +673Q&? +:rO* +5*H +~PH +w=# +o �w=n* +%v; +�5*H +~PH

+,3y |- +A +o�)%&?5 +< z=q# +¢* +5*%} +:; +uvdO*# +ouv1F=# +uv&¡5O*# +uv)*%=O*# +uv&'QdO* +{Fj +67=OA7r

VÛa�1d7vM+w=+ �wc7M+A#+o�13d79c5+w=+ �lc*5+A#+o�13Qh&?O*+w=+ �bh&?O*

V�Z+2E+o2?Vm+o<3=>&?A*+u¤8)*+w=+D*5�&�+o�.)7�)*+¢*+.9j + Ta+om>&?@A*+:;+<3)#.)*+D7�>B)*#+6%d7h)*+o:d7&x(0=+:09&E+#+VT�]IT�Z+2x&E+o2?Vm+o67&'d@A*+s%h�+67M5O*+o:d7&x(0=+:09&E + �a

VT�TIT�S+2x&E+o2?Vm+m7&'1r*# +:d7&x(0=+,c7= +!�)�M# +o^<3&x�&� +"*%�O* +<(FMa +O* +�,�+oT�+o<3d789F)* +w3d*%h)* +<j%(C=+!w3d*%h)* +��c+:; +�}*,- + Ra

VTY]S+owFQc+�47�#+D*5%&J8=+!D#,3r+o<3&x�&J)*+"*%�OA*+oG,&'=VRTT+2E+oTY\S+o<3B=7C)*+5*.)*+!D#,3r+oom>&?@A*+:;+<)#.)*+<-,¤d+o¢*+.9j+:8y)*+.9j + Ua

YZ


+m>&')* +~B} +{)7BN +¢* +6@*� +!�%98)* +k-.0)* +:; +uv) +~=7e)* +67=OA* +*�c +HH,N +.�#

+w=� +!�)%hr +O*.9()* +*�c +b)7P +w(=+^2Ea:98)* +O*,9N +.�# +V�781=q +~cOA +g7d7=O*# +o781=OA + g<30N

+m%-+�1(&xP+�(&xP+f8M+w=#+o�(&xP+7dO7; + g73=q+�qn* +w=�+!�)%�#+�78=+2'3F;+g73=q+�qn*

V^Ta�<=73h)*

+wr+.-L-+£H% |-+,er+7rO*+<Q3F�)*+6O*+.C8;+o�N*q+�%98)*+WHOA*+{Fj+6#.&�*,)*+t7QF�)*+57&?#

+o¢+uv&'QdO*+*%&'9�+g7=%�+.C1&?+�d@*�+!�)+"%h-#+om7&J)*+{)@*+�F&?5O*+7=.8j+ g>}*5+673Q&?+:rO*

V��)+uv&'QdO*+*%&'9�+7=#+uc5�;

+uv)*%=O*# +uv&'QdO* +{Fj +^2?.h)*a +t73F-@* +~cOA +g7d7=O* +W7`�)* +wr +,(j +<Q3F�)* +{`jO*#

+uv) +:;%|- +6O* +og*,3P +< z= ��)* +~cO7r +�.Br +w= +<Q3F�)* +�)�M +{&E#O* +.�# +Vuvd79F&E# +uv&'478M#

V^�auv1�7�+s%;+*%QFe |-+A+6O*#+ouv4*5#+w=+~N7h|-+6O*#+ouc.vBr

+uc$#7=H +6%e1) +<-LC)* +*%)�r +7(d@*� +!�)%hr + :Fj +m7=@A* + g7&i-O* +<-7j,)* +��c +{Fj +.MO* +.�#

©�78)*%=O7M+uv)*%=O*#+o7847=.M

+6O* +w= +w-,&'8� +:; +W71e)* +~cO* +�3)@* +7e&� +oL-LB)* +.9j +wr +,(j +<Q3F�)* +m7-O* +:;#

+w= +,¤d* +6O*� +!:`3B()* +m7&Jc +wr +.3)%)* +�3)*# +{)@* +l1e; +Vuv)�78= +:; +*%)Ld +.� +w3(F&'()*

+uv)�78= +:; +67M +w= +�,PO7; +o*%0)%&E +w3� +7vFcO* +w= +*%d7M +w-�)* +��)#O* +"�78= +:; +67M

V<Q3F�)*+,=O*+:)*%)*+� zQ8;+V�uv8j

+�.47�+�3)@*+l1M+.h;+V�0)*#+".B)7r+w-.c7B()*+<F=7B=+W%}#+{Fj+<Q3F�)*+*�c+,&EO*+.�#

VVV<81Q)* +uvN,`rO* +.� +g7=%� +D.}%; +o67&?*,P +f=.� +:d@*� +!:(e0)* +¢* +.9j +wr +«*,C)*

+fc,M#+o_%&')*#+b3&')*+A@*+uvQe-+2'3F;+Vuv3Fj+¢*+��+*%B8(3)+H%BN+6O*+uv3)@*+5%=OA*+ �l�O*

+Vuv8= +<81Q)* +{Fj +2E,�O* +fdO* +o«*,C)* +mO* +wr* +7-� +!�r7}O7; +V��dq@7r +A@* +�)q +{Fj +m*.�@A*

V^Ra��+:;+A@*+ g7�%&?+g*.c7B=+A#+g78=$%=+ zwr,&iN+A

+wr +#,(j +{`jO* +7= +*�c� +!:NnA* +w(&iN +.� +,&x= +~cOA +2E7B)* +wr +#,(j +�F&E +6O* +7(M

+~P.-+A+uc,0r#+uc,r#+uv9F&E#+uv&'478M#+uv)*%=O*#+uv1F=#+67=OA*+w=+,&x=+~cO*+2E7B)*

VÛa�2xh18-+A#+�)q+w=+t:&�+uv3Fj

VTTU+2E+o2?Vm+om>&?@A*+:;+<3)#.)*+D7�>B)*#+6%d7h)*+o:d7&x(0=+:09&E + TaVTUU+2E+o2?Vm+oD79}*%)*#+s%h0)*+o67(�j+f;O*5+.(0= + �a

V[RYI[R\+2x&E+o2?Vm+ow-.&�*,)*+t7QF�)*+K*,N+o:d7&x(0=+:09&E + RaVRTT+2E+o2?Vm+o<)#.)*+<-,¤d+o¢*+.9j+:8y)*+.9j + Ua

Y]

!F.$] JFP' .) .: *i$%.(

+ouv)*%=O*# +uv&'QdO* +:; +uv8j +�qOA* +�;H# +oW71e)* +~cOA +<F=7e)* +<-7(0)* +w3=O7N +lC- +o*�)#

+w3Br5O*+G,3&'=+w=+.}%-+7v0-5+6@*#+o<8C)*+<04*5+«,-+u)+g*.c7B=+g7&'Qd+~1�+w=�+!^2Ea:98)*+"%h)

+*#,�|O* +:1)* +uv)*%=O* +#O* +ouv&¡*,jO* +#O* +ouv)*%=O* +{Fj +t*.1jA* +£%�# +�8= +w3B1- +�)�M# +V� g7=7j

+ow3(F&'()* +.8j+ �"7(r+2'3) +�)q+~�=+6O* +w=+u�,)*+{Fj+�dOA+o,-L8�)*#+,(�)*+G�73�+w=+7v3Fj

+uF&'(F)+2'3F;+ouF&'()*+,3�+G�%�+:;+67M+*q@*+*�c+6O*+A@*+ouF&'=+�eF(-+67M+*q@*+ g7-.BN+2'3)+�;>N@*#

+.�O* +�.1j* +6O* +K.� +*q@*# +V,-L8�)* +u0) +~MO*# +,(�)* +W,&� +,v¤|- +u) +m*H +7= +�3Fj +�.B1- +6O*

V^Ta"7()*+<�,&?+W7hj#+o2'Q8)*+~1�+W7hj+�3FB;+o�)7=+#O*+�N73�+:;+ ¥:r71M+{Fj+w3(F&'()*

!��J//E/2KC(#+JF+,F#R`?5#+f)045#+�)->+m�

+oG.3hB)* +<-,0r +w-H78()* +w3(F&'()* +t7vhQ)* +H*#5 +w= +5%v&J()* +^Ra:j*�#OA* +m7=@A* +67M

+:;+ �w - �H+uv1-7(�+6OA+o �b �&'BN+#O*+ �uF�+uvr7&EO*+7=+*q@*+W71e)*+~cO*+wj+£7;.)*+l}*%r+m73h)*#

Vw3(F&'()*+< z=q

+:Fj+wr+�)7&E+<-A#+t78�O*+�)q+67M#+o�57&x8)*+6789)+~9}+:)7cO*+wj+�j7;H+�8j+�# |5+.h;

V^m+][Ra+¦c+TRZ+<8&?+�)q#+o6789)+~9}+7v8=#+om7&J)*+H>r+{Fj+g7(M7�+w�3 |j+��)*+:&?79B)*

+6O*+A@*+uv8=+67M+7(;+o6789)+~9}+67e&?+{Fj+l4*,&i)*+2¡,;+:;+uM70)*+H.&JN+6O*+K.�#

+LM,=+k3�+�9FBr+w=+*%r,1�*#+o£7h9)*+{1�+uvN5%�+D.1=*#+o^m][Ya¦cTU�+<8&?+�3Fj+*#57�

+wj+uc>}O*#+o�,h)*+~cO*+H,&�+u�+ouc*,�+{)@*+ucH5#+ouvr57�+w=+~&?5O7;+V:&?79B)*+uM70)*

+~&?5O* +{1�+ouv180(r+:j*�#OA* +uFj+6@* +7=#+VG5%�)* +:;+g7B3(}+uvM*,1&�* +m.j+u�5+ouc*,�

+~cO* +t>}@* +w= +67M +.�#� +!7v3; +t7}# +o�r +m7� +7= +{Fj +7v3; + ��10- + g<F-%� + g<)7&?5 +uM70)* +{)@*

+ �W%d�r+ �<=7j+�P$% |N+b3e;VVV�}#,P+{Fj+�,P+w()+g7�)7(=+we-+u)+w(=+6789)+~9}+w=+< z= ��)*

Vuv)*%=O*#+uc57-H+w=+*%},�|-+{1�+o �<&E7P

+o�r+ �� §.|1�*#+�.8j+ �b §� |#+7=+ ��O*+%c#+VÛa¯Z�D «yw?#+ �7 «R v + �h �7 vR# � + w7 vX�c+ �5�?#®+!6O*+{)7BN+¢*+ue�#

+s%;+�QFM#+g*.c7B=+uF�+w=�+!"7�+�d@7;+^2Ea¢*+"%&?5+<3&E#+{j,|N#+°Q0|N+6O*+7-7&E%)*+ ��O*#

V^[a��C3C�+7dO7;+�1�7�

VTR]ITRZ+2x&E+o2?Vm+oD79}*%)*#+s%h0)*+o67(�j+f;O*5+.(0= + Ta+uFB)* +5*H +!D#,3r +o<3d%d7h)*# +<3d7&'d@A* +�(3)7BN# +:j*�#OA* +o:d7&x(0= +:09&E +5%1M.)* +W71M +:; +H5# +7= +{Fj +�)q +:; +7d.(1j* + �a

V]RI]S+2x&E+oTY]\+ow3->(F)+:09&E+!�}*5+V7v3;+w;H#+D7=#+o�=7-O*+,Pn*+:;+7(3&?+A+D#,3r+:;+g79)7�+m7�O*#+o^m]S]a¦c+\\+<8&?+�9FBr+:;+:j*�#OA*+m7=@A*+.)# + Ra

V��#+T\+2x&E+o2?Vm+o:j*�#OA*+o:d7&x(0=VT\+<-nA*+o,�7;+G5%&? + Ua

VTZ]+ITZZ+2x&E+oTY\R+o<3(FB)*+l1e)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o6*.F9)*+«%1;+o�5 |q>9)*+m7=@A* + [a

Y\


+o.39Br +*%&'3) +uvd@7; +V7vF�= +�3Fj +".B)*# +o�)7= +:; +�F; +�=H +w= + �<=,� +�) +fd7M +w=#�

�VV< z=q+~cO*+ �5*,�O*+uv8e)#+o �<B&?+:;+.Fr+{)@*+.Fr+w=+uvF-%0N+w=+*%d%e1;

+�8=+lF`-+<Q3F�)* +{)@* + g<)7&?5+l1M+6O* +ouvr+:j*�#OA* +m7=@A* +m7(1c*+G.&�+w=+±Fr#

+w= +67M +w= +uv8= +6O*# +o5%y�)* +6%(0- +uvdO7r +�%d +.�# +om7&J)* +~�7&? +~cO* +s*�5O* +GH7-�

V^Ta< z= ��)*+~cO*

!ea'0+Tl/'(#+;F#$I`+eaSL0)'0+")2KB4#+m�

+*%&¡,B1-+u)+*%=*H+7=+ow3(F&'()*+H*,;O*+~M+{Fj+ �l}*#+W71e)*+~cO*+<F=7B=+:;+67&'�@A*#

+,3�+GA*%=+m.j+<3dn*,h)* +D7-nA* +2iBr+:;+uF&'()* +w=+g7r%F`=+67M+*q@7;� +V�qOA7r +w3(F&'(F)

+:;+�H%v3)*+#O* +:03&'()*+w&?70|-+AO* +�8=+ �W%F`=+�dO* +7v8=+uvQ|-+6O* +�%C-+A+�d@7;+ow3(F&'()*

+:; +uv3)@* +t:&'|- +6O*# +o2'Q8)* +<r7�5# +,9)*# +<�7(&')* +7(v)H79- +AO*# +o<3&x�&J)* +D>=7B()*

VVV<h-7&i()*# +�7j�@A*# +�qOA7r +uv) +�.&x1- +6O*# +ouvNH79j +LM*,=# +uv0)7&x=# +uvN7eF1(=

+I+uF&'()*+,3�+I+<Q)70=+�)+�%C-+A+�dO* +{)@* + �uF&'=+ �~M+�3}%NVVD7-nA*+��c+w=+VVH*,()*+6O*#

+57�@* +:; +5#.N + �D7�>j# + �D>=7B= +^�B=a +¼&J8 |- +6O7r +�) + �«79= +�)q +�= +%c# +ouF&'= +�}# +:;

+�d7(-@* +w= +<Br7d +67&'�@A*# +,9)7r +tA$%v) +uF&'()* +<F=7B= +{h9N# +VV67&'�@A*# +,9)*# +<�7(&')*

V^�a��&xP5#+�r5+,=*#O7r+:8-.)*+�=*L1)*#+�N.3hj#

+uF&?O*+.�+ �wr*+w3(F&'()*+w=+ �.�*%)+67M#+2¡, |;+%)+�dO*+!uF&'()*+{Fj+l}*%)*+*�c+�}#O*+w=#

+oG.3hB)* +2xP +7(3; +A@* +7(vB3`|- +6O*# +o7(c,9- +6O* +wrA* +{Fj +l}*%)* +6@7; +o�=O* +#O* +�3rO* +6#H

+ v" �?#+ vJ «/ �0) �F+, v-+ w} w() �28 v- � + pJ «{ � +]�L �F+)W& «{ � + w} �0w?#+ w} «S�L �C �B+ v} «: �; v(# �$ v<+ �") �2K «Ov4 «5#+)�& «/ �2N� � ®+!{)7BN+�)%h)

+ �1 �-+ �e«L vF+ v} v<+ �r�(+ �TK «/�(+) �0+,v<+ �¡ vD «2lwc+ «"�?#+]L �F+ �¡# �; �{) �s+ «"v4# � + wD/ v28 �C «(#+ �,�(v4# + �r«: �; v(# �$ v( � +, v(+ «D wY «2�#

V^Ra¯) W-` wD «' �0+)�/ «O �;(#+, v-+) �C wa «* vB) �2N� +) �C wa «' vAwc

+ow31d7-.F)+<M,1&J()*+2'&?OA*+{Fj+t7h1)>)+W71e)*+~cO*+{)@*+G%j.)*+6%eN+6O*+o�)�M+7v8=#

+ �5 � +�¤# + �5 v4# + �;w* «'�O + �5�?# + «e wY�& «/�< � +)�&�& «/�< + p # �$ �23 + p. �CvL �Q +]�(v4# +# «$�() �'�c + v�)�S vY «(# + �q «{�?# +)�: + «q wI® +!{)7BN +�)%h)

+)�O�?) v< +#` w; �a «2�# +#$w($ wH �- +# «$�( �$�c + «" v4) �- + v¤# + v"`w> + «J v0 +)W<)�< «7�?# +) W2_ «'�< +)�& w2_ «'�< + �o vb�S�: + �5 � +)W «/ �2� + v} v< + �¡ vD «2lwO

VÛa¯ �"$ wCvL «2K w0

V]�+2E+o2?Vm+o:j*�#OA*+o:d7&x(0=+:09&E+^TaV][I]U2x&E+o[\+H.B)*+oZ+<8&')*+o<e(r+:=>&?A*+u)7B)*+<`r*5+ow3(F&'()*+,3yr+�*#L)*+o.)7P+w&'�+p3&J)*+:1Q()*+^�a

V6V2E+o6Vm+^RaVZU+<-nA*+o6*,(j+"n*+G5%&?+Ûa

YY

!F.$] JFP' .) .: *i$%.(

+b`F)7r+ �<d#,h=+:c#+A@*+ �G%jH+uv3)@*+�}%|N+>;+ow&'�O*+:c+:1)7r+uv1)H7C=+G5#,&¡+g7&i-O*#

+ v.�& �2K �E«(#+ v. �j vF «$ �C «(# � + v. �C «Y vE«() v<+ �r©<�7+ vq/ v* �23+]�(v4#+ w� «>#®+!�398)+{)7BN+�)%�+:;+t7}+7(M+o67&'�@A*#

V^Ta¯ wJ �2K «B�?#+ �, v{+,vS�() v<+ «e wa «( v>) �s�

+!{)7BN+¢*+"%h)+o<=,0()*+,3�+uv047rq+w=+~MO7-+6O*+uF&'(F)+�%C-+�dO*+o�)q+~39�+w=#

V^�a¯ «e wa�(+ §q vB+ «e wY w0) �' �� + «e wY�(+ §q vB+ ��)�S vY «(#+#$wc`w?#+ �J: vo�(#+ wf) �' �� + wM)�*©/ �A(#+ we wY�(+ �q vBw?#+ �f «$�/ «(#®

+6O* +�# |5 +.h; +o*%&¡,= +*q@* +uvNH73j# +uvN57-� +�*%} +!g7&i-O* +uvB= +2J3B)* +.j*%� +w=#

+o�uF&?O*� +!�) +"7�# +�&?O*5 +.8j +.Bh; +o�H%B- +og7&i-,= +67M# +oH%v3)* +w= +g7=>� +{NO* +^2Ea:98)*

+!"%h- +^2Ea:98)* +m7�# +Vm>y)* +uF&?O7; +ou&?7h)* +7rO* +� §�O* +o�%rO* +�) +"7h;+o�3rO* +{)@* +m>y)* +,¤8;

V^Ra�578)*+w=+:r+��hdO*+��)*+¢+.(0)*�

!��.:>$a/(#`+./E/2KC(#+J0+k#`X()<+eL2KCL(+¢)C2K(#+m�

+o �#7(&? + �W71M +uv8-H +:; +7v=%h) +:1)* +�O* +oD73r71e)7r +<&E7�)* +D*�731=A* +�=>= +w=#

Vwv8=+�#L1-+6O*+uF&'(F)+�%C-+�dO*+o�57&x8)*#+H%v3)*+uc#

+�8(N+I+u-,e)*+6n*,h)*+D7-n*+w=+" �L|d+7=+,Pn*+w=+�,j+7(M+:c#+I+G.47()*+<-n*+Dt7}+.h;

+~cO* +m7B� +f�7rO* +q@* +o g7=%(j +D*,;7e)* +{Fj# +og7&E%&xP +D7M,&J()* +{Fj +g*�731=* +D73r71e)*

+ we wY�( + �q vBw?# + �f «$�/ «(#® +!{)7BN +�)%�+:;+�)q#+o^[auv47&'d +w=+w3(F&'()* +�*#�#+ow3(F&'(F) +W71e)*

V^Za¯ «e wa�(+ §q vB+ «e wY w0) �' �� + «e wY�(+ §q vB+ ��)�S vY «(#+#$wc`w?#+ �J: vo�(#+ wf) �' �� + wM)�*©/ �A(#

+o�*#L)* +.Br +7v8-H +{Fj +t7h9)* +:; +<-,0)* +<3r71e)* +<}#LF) +:=>&?@A* +£,&J)* +�,N +.�#

V^]a7vNH79j+2¡#,Qr+m73hF)+<&'38e)*+{)@*+W7c�)7r+ g7&i-O*+7v)+�(&?#

+ �<&E7P+ ��#,¤)+o�*#L)*+*�c+~�=+{Fj+m.h|-+w=+:;+w&'0-+�dO*+t7vhQ)*+w=+2iB9)*+�,-#

V^\a7c,47B&�#+7v=7e�OA+g7&?57(=+o<B-,&J)*+m7e�O7r+ g7(F&' |=+oG.3hB)*+w31=+6%e-+6O*+o�r

VT�[+<-nA*+o~08)*+G5%&?+^TaV[+<-nA*+oG.47()*+G5%&?+^�a

VTU�+#+TR]+2x&E+o2?Vm+oD79}*%)*#+s%h0)*+o67(�j+f;O*5+.(0=+^Ra+VTU�ITR]+2x&E+o6Vm+ÛaVTS\ITS]+2x&E+o6Vm+^[aV[+<-nA*+oG.47()*+G5%&?+^Za

+:;+<3)#.)*+D7�>B)*+"%&EO*+o:d7},Q)*+,(j+!g7&i-O*+VTT[+2E+o2?Vm+om>&?@A*+:;+<3)#.)*+D7�>B)*#+6%d7h)*+o:d7&x(0=+:09&E+^]aV[]+2E+o2?Vm+om>&?A*

VTZRITZT+#+T�TIT�S+2x&E+o2?Vm+o�w3(F&'()*+,3yr+�*#L)*�+o.)7P+w&'�+p3&J)*+:1Q()*+^\a

TSS


+uF&'()* +�*#� +<�7r@* +{Fj +�h; + g<�*,&E +f ¨&xd +7vdO* +o<hr7&')* +G.47()* +<-n* +:; +°�>|-#

+�Q1()* +,=OA* +o:r71e)* +w= +<(F&'()* +�*#Lr +�FB1- +7(3; +�)q +�*%} +{Fj +2x8N +u)# +o<3r71e)7r

V^Tag7vh;+�(-,0N+{Fj

+og7d,� +,&Jj +<&'(P+�8= +<3r71e)* +w= +uF&'()* +�*#Lr +�FB1- +7(3; +m>&?@A* +�=7&'N +%c +*�c

+D5.&EO*+7&'d,;+6O*+o�<3&'d,Q)*+s%h0)*+p-57N+,&x1�=�+!�r71M+:;+^%8-5a+q71&?A*+,M�-+7(83r

+w= +7v47&?$#5 +:Qd# +o7v&'478M +m.c# +o<31d71&'N#,9)* +<d7-.)* +u-,01r +g*,=O* +^mTZ\[a +m7j

+ ��*#� +<3e3)%�7e)* +<h-,`)* +{Fj +.hB|- +A + ��*#� +~M +6O* +^m +T]T[a +m7j +:; +D,91j*# +VH>9)*

+�P$% |-+6O7r+D,=O*#+ob47�%)*+:)%N+w=+fd71&'N#,9)*+f=,�+^mT]�Ua+m7j+:;#+o£#,&J=+,3�

V^�a<3e3)%�7M+ g<3r,N+*%r, |-#+fd71&'N#,9)*+"7Q�O*

VTR�IT�U+2x&E+o6Vm+^TaVURU+2E+o2?Vm+om>&?@A*+<-,h9j+o:d>CB)*+W71M+:;+H5#+7(j+ g>hd+^�a

TST

:}*S^4&' ~=3_&' �;X&' �=Q> 9&D �=QN&' �;R -8

VG"6'4_&'J 0G%An'J oG+:�& �!"$"$7i �!AbGX8!"#$ %&'( )*+ .,�.'0)6(#+M$2N�+.L60+D:DEc+TK/U7`+.g2KLg(#+d)S23?#

")&*(+,-+./012345#+.'0)6(#

1nHDBC+ �<3j%&¡%=# + �<c*L8r# +o |� |(jLd + �.-70= + �b�%= +w= + �:8-.)* +� �,`1)* +£%&¡%= +:; + �k09d +6O*

+ �~3F� +{Fj +�%`8N + g<r57h= +�,C|d +78dO* +:8B- +o |�|F z&?%1d +o� m57&E +we)# +o �t�H7c + �~hBr# +o7(v3j z.d

+7d57&'ed* +{Fj +,&x18d +6O* +"#70d +78d%eF; +o |<;�7C()* +7=O* +ot7j �HA* +w= + �,3�M# +<;�7C()* +w=

+om7-OA* +��c +:; +7c.v&Jd +:1)* + �:8-.)* +W7`�)* +<3d>hjA +w= +m.10()* +67M,9)* +*�c +m7=O*

+7= +78d%eF; +o |t7j �HA* +7=O*# +om7v �NA* +w= + ��%P# + �<3&?7&'� +w= +<r57h()* +��c +5%1B- +7(j + g>&i;

+��c+�,&J8N+��)*+~3F&i1)*+w=+b3�e)*+W79&i)*+*�c+s*,1P*+{Fj+<3d>hB)*+G5.hr+w=$%d+78)�

+�;# +olc*�()*# +o~F()*# +oD7j7(C)*# +o2?78)* +b38&xN +�9&EO* +.�# +g7&E%&xP +o<3d>hj>)*

+<Fv&')* +5%=OA* +w= +oH70)@A*# +w�-.1)*# +o~�79)*# +�0)*# +o,Qe)*# +67(-@>) + �<3r7&'81&?* +,3-7B=

+�9&EO*+o� �,`z1)*#+l �&xBz1)*+u3&Jc+:;+b8B)*+57d+D,&J1&?*+6O*+.B9;+Vw-,3�e)*+�.)+GH71B()*#

+�%&?+57e;OA*#+b�*%()*+w3r+w=#+oH%&?OA*#+2i3rOA*+�%&?+7vFM+6*%)OA*+w3r+w=+�,-+A+2iB9)*

+�)q +#O* +ld7C)* +*�c +:; + gGL �301= +f09&EO* +o<h3h0)* +~M +o<h3h0)* +6O7M# +V,3�A +�h;*%- +7=

V".B)*#+o ��0)*#+o<h3h0F)+ ��7C=#+ �,-7y=+o�,(B�)+o*�c#+old7C)*

+w=+ ~M+o<hF`()*+u�3 §h)*#+t�H79()*+�=+{c7(1d+6O*+"#70d+o �:=%3)*+78N73�+57&'=+:;+w08;

+781Q&xr +ol3&xd +.�# +ot{`�d +.�# +o<-,eQ)*# +o<3&?73&')*# +o<3j7(1}A*# +o<3;7h�)* +�N73�3�

�

TS�

j0%.( jJk1 @.A jJk>.( j0V L& : l*+78.( m lJ2U.( n$F](8U.(Q )$h9H(Q I$,'o. p!F-F-K? p!9#$%&

+<)*.B)* +�=# +o�F`()7r +<h3h0)* +�= +:c7(1)* +<39&'d +7883r +D#7Q11; +ow3=%&xB= +,3� +g*,&Jr

+ �:j## + ��*5H@* +wj +o6%F(B- +w-�)* +��)#O* +7838�1&?* +*q@* +*�c +o�F`()7r + ��0)* +�=# +o�F`()7r

+w3r +~&E*%1)*# +5*%0)* +<-%)#O* +:NO7N +o78c +w= +VuF¤)*# +:y9)*# +H7&'Q)* +<j7&�@* +{Fj +o �u3(&xN#

+H7C-@A +o�47(1d*# +�B�%= +w= + ~M +o<h3h0)* +6#.&J8- +w-�)*# +o<;7h�)*# +,eQ)* +:; +w3QF1�()*

+o<39&'8)* +<3(FB)*# +o<3;,B()*# +o<-,eQ)* +D7;7&¡@A* +,;7&i1N# +o7v3Fj +~=7e1N + �<M,1&J= + �<�7&'=

+V6%e)*+57(j@*#+G57&i0)*#+67&'d@A*+t78r+G,3&'=+� ��y|1 §)

+oG730)* +£7&¡#O7r +<hFB1()* +.3)7h1)* +{)@* +2iB9)* +O7CF- +w3� +o"73}OA* +£*,&E +{FC1- +.�#

+2iB9)* +6O* +w3�+:;+ok-.�+#O* +.-.}+%c+7=+~M+{Fj+s78�)* +�33&iN+gA#70=#+o7vr + g7e �&'(1=

+ �<`r*5 +%0d +o<1r7�)* +<3d7e()* +<`r*,)* +: � �N +"#703; +oW79&J)* +~3} +w= +g7&E%&xP +o,PnA*

+_%3�)* +G5*H@A +o �:d>hB)* +5*%0)* +5#H +78c +:NO7-# +VD79�)* +{Fj + �< z3&xj + �<M �,01= + �<3d7=�

+*�c +V~&i;O* + �.� +t789) +o"73}OA* +w3r +<�>B)* +,-%`N# +o£*, ¨&x)* +*�v) +<er7&J1()* +_%`�)*#

+�&¡,QN + �5*,� +.3)# +2'3) +o ¥:r7C-@* + �W%F&?O*# + ��v8M +o z:d>hB)* +5*%0)* +6O* +{Fj +.3MO71)* +�=

+o<3=>&?@A* +<3r,1)*# +<;7h�)* +�&¡,QN + �mLF= +�O*.¦¦9= +%¦c +7(d@*# +o�h; +G z.C1&'()* +�#,¤)*

+o7v}q7(d +bF1�(r +oG,&E7B()*# +<�-.0)* +<3�*,h(-.)* +<&?57(= +D*#HO* +w= + �G*HO* +�dO* +7(M

+{8B= +7= +A@*# +o<-,eQ)*# +o<-H7&x1�A*# +o<3j7(1}A*# +o<3&?73&')* +7vN73�FCN# +o7vN*t*,}@*#

+o �<38;# +o �<3j7(1}*# +�o<-H7&x1�*# +o �<3&?73&? + �u �3 §�# +o �< z3B&¡# + �<-5%1&?H + �±3&E +,z3y1N +#O* +5 z%`1N +6O*

+o �:j7(1}A*#+o ��H7()*+��*%)*+s73&?+:;+�&'Qd+wj+wFB-+o" �%01()*+� �,01()*+67=L)7;+ª �<3rHO*#

+{h9N +7(3; +o<3=%3)* +G730)* +~3&E7QN +:; +�O* +o �:(3FB1)*# +o ��H7&x1�A*# +o �:(FB)*# +o �:&?73&')*#

+67=L)*+�73&?+ g<�,1�=+o"�%01)*+#O*+t7y)@A*+{Fj+ g<3&xj+<hF`()*+u3c7Q()*#+o,3-7B()*#+ou�3 §h)*

+7v8e)#+o g<hF`=+ g<3d7&'d@*+ g<(3�+7v1Q&xr+o7v1-,c%}+{Fj+ g<¤;70=+f)*�+7=+<-,0)7;+V67e()*#

+ �<M �,01= + �"7e&�O7r +o� �,01()* +w=L)* +s73&? +:; +�O* +o<3=%3)* +78N73� +~3&E7QN +:; +,v¤(1N

+7c,3�#+ow=OA*#+om>&')*#+ouF¤)*+<v}*%=#+o�0)*+s7h�@*#+o<)*.B)*+:;+ ~ |�+�)�M#+V �<QF1�=

+�,9e)* +�47h0)* +w= +:c +:1)*# +o<-,c%C)* +<-,`Q)* +<38-%e1)* +<B39`)* +D*q +u3c7Q()* +w=

+<3F3&xQ1)* +u �3 §h)*#+o7vN,3&'=+:;+G730)*+7v&?7&?O* +{Fj+u¤18N+:1)* +�,9e)* +w8&'F) +<B=7C)*�

+o7c,3�# +<3&?73&')*# +<3j7(1}A* +G730)* +:; +w8&')* +�F1) + �D73FCN +7v1h3h� +:; +,91B|N +:1)*

+7-78� +:; +#O* +o �G,&�79= +G5%&xr +7=@* +ow-.)* +7v3Fj + zk� +:1)* +D*H7&�5@A*# +7-7&E%)* +£%(C=#

+V^Ta�VVVG, ��$% |=+ �<3�-57N+b�*%=#+ �K*.�O*

VRT2E+oTYYY+oK70rOA*#+D7&?*5.F)+<(Fe)*+�.18=+!D#,3r+oT_+o�(1C()*#+w-.)*+7-7&i�#+bh�()*+o:=*%B)*+~&x3;+^Ta

TSR

/e,V LRK& *-] .)

+�Q8-+6O*+ g*.c7}+"#703;+o:d7&'d@A*+~hB)*+m7=O*+£ z%81N+7vF47&'=#+G730)*+D7z3(B=+6O*+��*%)*#

+ z.}+7(FM+o67&'d@A*+~hj+7(d+7(FM#+V7c�7y)O* +b&JM#+7v(v;+"#70-+o<B39`)*#+6%e)*+5*,&?O* +{)@*

+<3c781()*+t73&�OA*#+<j �%81()*+,c*%¤)*+:;+ �k �0�r#+o~ �=O71)*+�-,�+wj+�,9e)*+�47h0)*+lF�+:;

+�Fhj +67&'d@A* +~(B1&?* +o<r,C1)*# +~ �=O71)* +:8jO* +ow3)70)* +:;# +o5791PA*# +<r,C1)* +�-,� +wj

+�>1P7r +D7r7}@A* +fQF1P*# +o gG,3�M + g<F�&?O* + �« �,�# +o�,=OA +:)71)7r +�j7&iP@*# +ou)7B)* +uv; +:;

+ �D7j%&¡%=+2iv81;+og7j7&' �N*+:d7&'d@A*+~hB)*+G,4*H+.-LN+ �w3�+{)@* + �w3�+w=�+q@* +o,&xB)*+«#5

+obF z&')*+7v�F0)+ §.1v-+u)+ �G.3Q=+~47&'()+ ½>�+ |bF�)*+b&Je1&'-#+o �G.-.}+7-7&i�+5 z,h|N#+o �G.-.}

+ g<30`&?+ gG,¤d+6O*#+V�,3�+�3;+�M57&J-+A+ ¥2E7P+ ��r7�+w=+p-571)*+5%&xj+w=+ �,&xj+~e)+7=+�=

+l-�v1)*# +<3d.()* +f= z.hN +7(FM +og*.3hBN# + g79 �M,N +H*HLN +7-7&ih)* +6O7r +t�57h)* +£78�@* +:; +:Qe1�)

+V^Ta��,&J9)*+~hB)*+m �.h1r

+o,eQ)*+5*,1}*+wj+bz�%1-+6O*+:=>&?@A*+~hB)*+£7`1&?*+~c+!"O7&'8)+u-.h1)*+*�c+w=+�F`8d

+��v)+g*,&E7B=+ g>-.r+5%Fr+~c#+©:&¡7()*+D>e&J=#+7-7&i�+"%�+5#.N+:1)*+7c7z-@*+<F�&?OA*+«,�#

+b8B)* +G,c7� +£%3&� +*q7()# +©67e()*# +67=L)* +D7z39&'d +{)@* +D7hF |()* +w= +g7hF`8= +o7-7&ih)*

©g*H.C=+o�,eQ)*+b8B)*+wj+.�)%1()*+o�zF&'()*

+og73F3F0N+g73�-57N+ g7Cv8=+w-.(1B=+ok09)*+*�c+:;+<r7}@A*+"#70d+�%&?+<F�&?OA*+��c+wj

+7dL3M,N+5*.=+6O*+{Fj+V~9h1&'()*+s7;n*+�*,&J1&?*#+,&¡70)*+7-7&ihr+m7(1cA*+:;+uc7&'d+78zFj

+.v&�+:=>&?@A*+p-571)7;+V �<�-.�+ �<(-.�+ �G,c7�+:c#+o:8-.)*+� �,`1)*+G,c7�+{Fj+ �l&x83&?

+o�5*%�)* +uc +uv8= +{)#OA* +<Q47`)* + z~B)� +ow3; �,`1()* +w= + �b4*%�# +o g<; �,`1= + g<38-H + �D7M,�

+uv}#,P +�)�r +w-5 �,9= +ol)7� +:rO* +wr + ¥:Fj +�}# +:; +�¢ +A@* + �u e |� +A� +57B&� +*%B;5 +w-�)*

+m>e)*+b ��%-+!�dO7&�+*�c+��,`1)*#+V�~�7r+7vr+.-5|O* + ¥��+<(FM�+!G5%v&J()*+�1)%�+"7h;+o�3Fj

+A +m>&?@A* +6@7; +o �<1 z39 |= + �<� �3&? + �< z38r +#O* +o �< z3d +w&'0r +�)q +67M +t*%&?# +V�B&¡%= +,3� +:; + z�0)*

+��c+6O* +,3�+V^�a��) +� §&¡ |# +��)* + ��0)* +,3�+:;+ z�0)* +m>e)* +~(B1&'- +w=+5�#+~(0-+6O* +we(-

+o �<3&?73&?#+o �<38-H+ |~=*%j+7v3 �&JQN+{Fj+D.j7&?+o �s%9&'=+,3�+g* z.�+m7-OA*+��c+:;+fyFr+G,c7¤)*

+f09&EO*#+o<3Q47`)*+w1Q)*+fC z}O*#+o~hB)*+573B=+wj+f;,0d7;+o �<3&'Qd#+o �<-,e;#+�o<3j7(1}*#

+ª781=O*#+78r%B&�+m�*%)+w=+7vdO7M#

V\Y2E+oTYZY+o:r,B)*+W71e)*+5*H+!D#,3r+ow3=O*+.(�O*+!,N+o<Q&'FQ)*+t�H79=+oK,-%r*5+V2?+VO*+^TaVTRY –TR\2x&E+oTYYY+o<3r,B)*+G.�%)*+D7&?*5H+LM,=+!D#,3r+o�_+o:r,B)*+w�%)*+:;+<3;7h�)*+<)O7&'()*+o�,r7C)*+.r7j+.(0=+^�a

TSU


1�3+IA9+J& �P>@&1K a<WG?@7&XY+o �<3�-57N+ �<38-H+ �D7M,�#+,c*%�#+o �G,&E7B=+ �<38-H+ �D7M,�#+,c*%�+w3r+ �%38r+ ��r7&JN+�78c

+D70F`&x()*# +u3c7Q()* +6O* +w= +u�,)* +{Fj +o<F(B1&'()* +D70F`&x()*# +u3c7Q()* +k3�+w=

+ ��.47hB)* + §.B9)* + |D*q + |D7M,0)*# +V7vC18N +:1)* +< z&E7�)* +�#,¤)* +s73&') + �<B&¡7P +,c*%¤)*#

+*�vr +f9cq+7v8e) +o �wz3B |= + �,e; +{)@* +7vM%F&? +:; +D.81&?* +7(d@* +o �:j7(1}A* + �:&?73&')*# +o �:8-.)*

+V7v3)@* +{B&'-# +7c7 zP%1- +:1)* +�*.cO>)# +o�9�7&E +,3eQN# +<9�,) + �G,-7y= + �D*57&'= +%0d +,eQ)*

+b8B)*#+og* z%F |�+�1Q&xr+� �,`1)*+oW7c5@A*#+b8B)*#+� �,`1)*+w3r+�F�)*+ zuN+7=+g*,3�M+o78c+w=#

+ z.� +�#7}� +o g<y) +o �� z,`1; +VG%h)7r +.h1B()* +2¡,;# +o�*.cOA* +�3h01) +w31F3&?%M +W7c5@A*#

+"*.1jA* +G�#7C=+%c+:8-.)* +� �,`1)*�# +V^Ta�� ,`1= +%v; +o�4*5n* +:; +� z,`N +�8=# +o"*.1jA*

+ow-.)* +uv; +:; +bF&')* +�F&'= +wj +�#,�)* +�d@* +! ~h8) +#O* +o g>(j# +g*,e; +o:8-.)* +�%F&')* +:;

+5*%0F) +2i;*,)* +�Fy8()* +l�F&x1()* +,eQ)* +">P +w= +�&'Qd +wj +, �9B |- +%c# +o^�a��r +~(B)* +:;#

+w�-.1)*+w3r+<-H7v)*+w-.)*+G,eQ)+ �£73&¡+o,Pn*+ g{8B(r+o%c+:8-.)*+� �,`1)*#+V,PnA*+,e;+"%9�#

+D*H7B)7r +w3e �&'(1()* +ow-H �,(1()* +:d7QN# +5�%vN# +ow-.)* +"7}5 +2iBr +<&?7(�# +o2�%&Jy()*

+b-�#+o<39F&')*+<3QF&')*+u3c7Q()*#+o,eQ)*+5%&x�#+o<;,B()*+<)70&¡+w3r#+o �<v}+w=+.3)7h1)*#

+w=+o<38-.)*+u�3 §h)*#+uFB)*+w3r+�3;%1F)+~hB)*+"7(B1&?*#+K7B9dA*+{Fj+G5.h)*+m.j#+oW7`�)*

V�,PO*+ �<v}

+~&x-+w3�#+V^Ra�G#7&'h)*#+G z.&J)*+o�;,)*+.&¡�+o�%yF)*+m%vQ()*+k3�+w=+o%v;+b8B)*+7=O*

+b8B)7r +�&'Qd +wj +, �9B |- +^��,`1)* +�O*a +�d@7; +o�%F&')* +6*.3= +{)@* +� �,`1)* +"�%0N +{)@* +,=OA*

+7=� +*q@*# +o<3M%F&')*# +<-,eQ)* +�1-5�C)# +o�) +*%8j�- +u) +*q@* +w-,PnA* +{Fj +� �.B1)*# +o �:F(B)*

+5*%0)* +�9&x-# +oW7c5@A* +<&?57(= +.� +,=OA* +±Fr +oG%h)7r +.h1B()* +2¡,; +:; +67&'d@A* +{)7�

+�9`8- +b3&E%1)* +*�c# +VÛa�D7= z,0()*# +�4*,&J)*# +w8&')* +s,�) +�,PnA*� +w= + �<9�5 + �H z,C=

+#O* +o ¥:8-H + �lc�= +#O* +o �w-H +{)@* +�19&'d +#O* +o�13(&'N +wj + �"LB(r +o ¥:47&x�@* + ¥:47y)@* + �,e; + �~M +{Fj

+:1)*+o<3j7(1}A*#+<3F3F01)*+�&?5*.=#+o2'Q8)*+uFj+D7-,¤d+wj+ �"LB(r#+o ¥�H70)@*+#O*+o ¥:d7(Fj

+#O* +o2'Q8)* +:; + �<8=7M + �< z38-%eN + �D7(&? +{)@* +7=@* +o �G.47j + �<3&'Qd + �D7r*,`&¡* +{)@* +� �,`1)* +.3BN

+wj+ �<CN7d +~=*%j# + �D7(&? +{)@* +#O* +o<3&?5.()* +#O* +<3F47B)* +<�39)* +w= + �<9&'1e= + �<3�3r + �D7(&? +{)@*

+VUZU+2E+oTYYTos,&J()*+5*H+!D#,3r+oRT_+om>jOA*#+<yF)*+:;+.C8()*+^Ta+V[�+2E+om+TY\�+^:d7�)*+6%d7Ma+,-78-+/+¦c+TUS�+"#OA*+�3r5+o�]\+H.B)*+o:r,B)*+<FC=+o�,`1F)+<Br5O*+W79&?O*+o.)7P+.(0=+.)7P+^�a

V[RR+2E+o2?+Vm+om>jOA*#+<yF)*+:;+.C8()*+^Ra+VZU+2E+om+�SS[+o57v8)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o:=>&?@A*+:r,B)*+,eQ)*+:;+�=7&'1)*+�h;+o679B&�+w3&'0)*+.9j+Ûa

TS[

/e,V LRK& *-] .)

+o_79�@A7r+ �~h�=+ �5%B&�+*q+7c,3�O7N+f0N+�h-+w=+~BCN+o �<(3F&?+,3�+ �<3;7h�#+ �<3j7(1}*+ ��#,�

+V<3=7h1d*+ �<3Q8j+ �<3d*#.j+l3)7&?O*+£79 �N*+{)@*+O7CF3;+o�% z&')*+,39B1)*+{Fj+G5.h)*+m.j#+o�(h)*#

+ �<8 z3B=+ �<}5H+{)@*�+~&E#+*q@*+�9 �&xBN+we)+og73&'Qd+ g7&i-,=+6%e-+6O*+G5#,&i)7r+2'3)+o� �,`1()*#

+6*L3=+:;+ �W*,`&¡*+wj+ �u8-#+o�(1C()*+G.�#+2i-%hN+~=*%j+w=+ g>=7j+�9&x-+oG z.0)*+w=

V^Ta��d73M+H �.v-#+�(1C()*+.&'Q-+7(=+o<3j7(1}A*+<3&'Q8)*+<0&x)*

1,:3+\@7&�%7I@7&Pv<yJ&F3$ [�@7&P=(bD%&'=;&'^7<@7&38S%7J&X]+<B=7C)* +7v1-$#5 +:; + g<1r7� +o<3dn*,h)* +.-.01)7r# +oD70F`&x()*# +u3c7Q()* +fd7M +*q@*

+o �:(FB)*# +o �:j7(1}A*# +o �:&?73&')* +o �:=%3)* +78 �(c +,&E78j +D79� +:8B- +A +�)q +6@7; +oG. ��%()*

+w=#+o �,&xj+{)@* + �,&xj+w=+7v|Fe&� +,z3y �N +o �G5 �%`1=+ �G, �3y1= + �<M �,01=+,&E78B)* +��v;+o �:;7h�)*#

+~B; +w3r +o67=�OA*# +t73&�OA* +w3r +t:`9)* +�;*%1)*� +�)q +wj + �,39B1M +o ��(1C= +{)@* + ��(1C=

+o«7C8)*+w=+ �~3F�+:;+2iB9)*+��#+.�#+V^�a�67e()*+{Fj+67=L)*+~B;+ �H5#+o67=L)*+:;+67e()*

+�F�O7; +o�F`()* +fr7�)* +G,4*H +:; +,&E78B)* +��c +�&i- +6O* +"#7� +7=.8j +o~&JQ)* +w= + �,3�M#

+o�,9e)*+7vh47h�#+7vF47&'=#+o7c�7y)O*#+G730)*+D7z3(B=+:;+k09)*+ �~ |9 |&?+ �:d7&'d@A*+~hB)*+m7=O*

+ ��FN +o{h91&?# +f)*� +7=# +fd7M +o<F�&?OA* +6O* +�= +o7vr +781�>j#+<3c781()* +7v473&�O*# +7c,c*%�#

+�57P�+�d@*+q@*+o,&xB)*+«#5+�;#+7v8j+<r7}@A*#+o7v3;+k09)*+{Fj+��0N#+o �:d7&'d@A*+~hB)*+{Fj

+{Fj +<3B-,&J1)* +2E%&x8)* +Gt*,� +w= +.r +A +o£,&J)* +:; +<3&?7&?OA* +m7e�OA*# +D*H79B)* +m7¤d

+7= +,�3yN# +o�(1C()* +,�3yN +6O7r +�,1Bd +6O* +.r +A +V ¥:�>�@* + �2?7&?O* +{Fj +2'3)# +o ¥:9&'d + �2?7&?O*

+2iB9)+ gG.-.}+w3=7&i=+673`B-#+o �:(3¤81)*+ld7C)*+:;+,¤8)*+GH7j@*+67&¡,Q-+o67=L)*+:;

+V^Ra�D7B-,&J1)*

+o<3�%h0)*+<3vhQ)*+D7h39`1)*+:;+H7v1}A*+ �u1-+o<3�Fe)*+<3�>POA*+<B-,&J)*+t�H79=+w(;

+m7=@A*+6@7;+os73&')*+*�c+:;#+o<&E7�)*+�#,¤)*#+ �:�-571)*+�&¡%)*+�=+mt>1N+6O*+:y98-+:1)*#

+ g7Q)7�=+o,&x=+:;+o:vhQ)* +�(3FBN +6%M+w=+6%&Jc.8- +*%d7M +w-�)* +��)#O* +{Fj+ zH5� +:B;7&J)*

+VÛa�<QF1�=+78c+�#,¤)*+we)#+o�N*q+u3FB1)*+�d@*�+!2?57;+H>r+:;+�3Fj+67M+7()

+67&i=5+oW*HnA*#+6%8Q)*#+<;7h�F)+:8�%)*+2'FC()*+!f-%e)*+oTR]+H.B)*+o<;,B()*+u)7j+o<39&xB1)*+D7c7CNA*+o¢*.9j+.3&?+L1B=+^Ta+oR] +2x&E +oTY[� +o2'Q8)* +uFj +<FC= +ol&xB1)* +<3}%)%e3&? +o5%-� +{Q`&x= +!g7&i-O* +�}*5 +VT[ +2E +om +TY\Y +57-O* +/ +¦c +TUSY

VRSS –+�\[V\+2E+oD+A+o<3B=7C)*+D7j%9`()*+6*%-H+!,4*LC)*+o~3FP+.(�O*+~3FP+!,N+ow=L)*+<3).}+o5>&�7r+6%1&?7�+^�a

+oTYYY+o,&J8)*#+D7&?*5.F)+<3)#.)*+<&'&?$%()* +!D#,3r+o:=>&?@A*+�hQ)*+:;+.-.C1)*#+H7v1}A*+ow-.)*+2'(&�+�.v=+.(0=+p3&J)* +^Ra+VTYY –+TY\+2x&E

VY�+2E+oTYY�+ow3Q)O*+m7j+5*H+!2'-57r+o~3FP+.(�O*+~3FP+!,N+o7c,c7¤=#+7vr79&?O*+oG,&E7B()*+D73)%&EOA*+o�H#57�+�3}#5+Ûa

TSZ


+W7r+�1Qd*+o<3&?73&')*+�-57&J()*#+<38-.)*+"%&EOA*+w3r+ ��FP+w=+m%3)*+ �u47�+%c+7=+~�+:;#

+D.&';#+ow- �.)*+�-%&JN+ zuN+o:)71)7r#+o�3j*,&x=+{Fj+D7-,0)*+f 9 �M#+5*%0)*+m*.Bd*#+,3Qe1)*

+ �<38-H + �<3&?73&? + |b�*%= +f�3 �8 |9 |N# +o,`�)* +G,4*H +:; +<hF`()* +<38-.)* +u�3 §h)* +fB §&¡ |## +o<&?73&')*

+7=#+o<38-.)*+D70F`&x()*#+u3c7Q()*+"7(B1&?*+w3r+ ��r5+6#H+obF&')*+H7h1j*+{)@* +H781&?A7r

+{1�# +o �<3&?73&?# +o �<3j7(1}*# +o �<3;7h�# + �o<3;,B= + �D7(M*,N# +o �D*5�%`N# +o �D*,�3yN +w= + z.C1&?*

+<3�#,)* +"%&EOA* +w= +g7�>`d* +:hN,N# +%(&'N +6O* +".r +of9zF&xN + �u �3 §h)* +6@7; +*�) +oVVV �<3&'Qd

+:Q; +o<3vhQ)* +D*H7v1}>) +g7(�7d +~ �e&J|N +:1)* +D73�Fe)* +w=# +o �:)%(&J)* + �:d7&'d@A* +7vBr7`r

+D7}70)* +.(1BN +:1)* +ow3d*%h)*# +u¤8)* +w= + g<j%(C= +<B-,&J)* +,91B|N +<3=>&?@A* +<-,¤8)*�

+<-A%)* +�7v}+wj+�98N +o�,PO* + �<3=7¤d + �D*5 z,h= +^�78c#a +oVVV67&'d@A* +:; +<38-%e1)*# +<3) z#OA*

+�)7&x()*# +o�#,¤)*# +o�30()*# +o<�39)* +�>1P7r +,�O71N# +o:=>&?@A* +�(1C()* +:; +<`F&')*#

+V^Ta�"70r+7c�#7C1N+6O*+6#.r+o<B-,&J)*+�F;+:;+o�N*q+f�%)*+:;+o5#.N#+o<3j7(1}A*

+ou)7B)*+:;+ �G.-.j+ �D7B(1C=+7vN.v&�+,c*%�+:c+oH �.&J1)*#+l �&xB1)*#+� �,`1)*+6O*+��*%)*#

+<3e3)%�7e)* +w3r + g7j*,&E +D.v&� +7r#5#O7; +V<3=>&?@A*# +<3r,B)* +78N7B(1C= +{Fj +,&x1hN +u)#

+uM70=+�3)%�7e)*+O7&JdO*+w3�+o<13h()*+<B&J9)*+�N5%&xr+o£*, �&x)*+*�c+,v�+.�#+o<31d71&'N#,9)*#

+GH57`=+f z(N#+o^�a+TUY�+m7B)*+:;+7v8=+ �:=>&?@A*+ue0)*+�#,P+,�O*+{Fj+o73d79&?O*+:;+2J31Q1)*

+ g7&E%&xP+o��c+£*, �&x)*+2¡5O*+{ z �N+W,y)*+6O*+,3�+V:e3)%�7e)*+lc�(F)+w3Q)7�()*+<9�7B=#

+ |k09)*+ �,-+u)+k3�+o g<3)$#7QN+ gG,1;+fd7M+:1)*+o,&Jj+�&?71)*#+,&Jj+w=7�)*+w3d,h)*+<3)A.1&?*+�=

+67e=@A7r+�dO*+,&xB)*+�)q+<Q&?>;+,91j*+:1)*+o<3d7&'d@A*+<B39`)*+:;+ �w=7M+O7`�)*+6O*+ �:FhB)*

+�9d +{Fj +�N5.hr# +o~hB)7r +*%8=n*# +o"73�)* +".r +<h3h0)7r +*% |e z&'(1; +o"7(e)* +{)@* +7vr +"%&E%)*

+2'&?O* + |.;5 +w §e(|- +o~hB)* +G5.� +{)@* + g*H781&?*# +o�dO* +*#,91j*# +o.3)7h1)*# +D*H7B)*# +D7;*,�)*

+.Br+og73�>PO*+W,y)*+<(-Lc+w=+u�,)*+{Fj+o*�c+"%hd+V�&?781)*#+m7¤8)7r+<3j7(1}A*+G730)*

+o^Ra�,&J9)* +{Fj# +<B39`)* +{Fj +<38h1)*# +uFB)7r + �<8(3v()* + �<`F&')* +o |.3�%)* + |� |573B=� +�9&EO* +6O*

+D*57&i0)* +~M +u3`0N +#O* +57ed@* +{)@*� +2'3) +o�< z-%(FB)*� +�|1 z3)%&EO* +#O* +o��|1�*.�� +D zHO* +6O* +.Br#

+�(1C()* + �. B |r +fM,N+w3�+o7vN*q+<3r,y)* +G57&i0)* +57h;@* +{)@* + g7&i-O* +D zHO* +~r +ol&'�#+�,POA*

+VÛa�7v13B&¡# +u&?7r +,(&i- +:)7B1()* +67&'d@A* + �. B |r +fM,N# +o7v1 z-H,; +u&?7r +5%(&i)7r +W7&x|-

+5*.)* +!D#,3r +o:Q&EnA* +�.v= +.(0= +u-.hN# +<(},N +om>&?@A* +:; +ue0)*# +<&?73&')* +<-,¤d +o:479�79`)* +w3&'� +.(0= +.3&')* + TaVUR+2E+om+TY\�+/+¦c+TUS�+o�-�%1)*#+,&J8)*#+<j79`F)+<3=>&?@A*

+V]\2E+o2?+Vm+o:=>&?@A*+:r,B)*+,eQ)*+:;+�=7&'1)*+�h;+o679B&�+w3&'0)*+.9j + �aV��+2E+o2?+Vm+o7c,c7¤=#+7vr79&?O*+oG,&E7B()*+D73)%&EOA*+o�H#57�+�3}#5 + Ra

V�R2E+o6+Vm + Ua

TS]

/e,V LRK& *-] .)

+<3r,� + �<)#H +w= +,�MO* +:; + �<-,&x8j + �<383(- + �D*%&EO*# + �D7M,� + ��#,r +og7&i-O* +{&'8d +A +6O* +lC-#

+"%F-O*+TT+K*.�O*+�N�,;O*+7=+�)�M#+o^"7�()*+~39&?+{Fj+w-,&JB)*+6,h)*+:;+<3&�7Q)*#+<-�78)*a

+ �<jLd +:; +om7j + �~e&Jr +ld7}OA*# +w3(F&'()*# +W,B)* +.&¡# +o�7=.dA* +.&¡� + �57e;O*# +b�*%= +w=

+o*�c +V^Ta�^m>&?@A* +w= +W7c �,)*a +73r%;%=>&?@A* +#O* +o^ld7}OA* +<3c*,Ma +73r%;%8-Le)* +w=

+6%3(-H7MOA*+t*,9�)*+��zN*+��)*#+o:=>&?@A*+w-.)*+w=+ z:9F&')*+b�%()*+6O*+{Fj+7d.3MO7N+�=

+:; +o*%)#78N� +uc +7(d@*# +og70=7&'1=# +g7v-Ld# + g73j%&¡%= +we- +u) +om>&?@A* +:; +6%&x �&x�1()*

+ �57�@*+%c+#O*+o�%B8`&E*+ ¥:}%)%-.-O*+ �57�@*+w(&¡+o<j%81()*+�N57&i�#+w-.)*+*�c+oujOA*+l)7y)*

+�*L�(&�A7r +~r +o:j7;.)* +L�301)*# +<3Q�7B)* +DA7BQdA7r + �uBQ= + �57�@* +o g7-57&i� + �H.0 |=# + �5 z,h |=

V^�a�"78()*+,3&'j+g*,=O*+m>&?@A*+ �uv;+I+57�@A*+*�c+#O*+I+<3QF�)*+��c+fFB}+.�#+Vg7d73�O*

1�@3*9?(b7J&,8HD@7&K<W?@7&2I(z:&{+7I.&X&d+7vN7M,�# +o^Ra<�-.0)* +<3QF&')* +t%&Jd +:; + ¥:;,B=# + ¥:�-57N + �~=7j +w= + |,�MO* +uc7&? +.h)

+W79&?O* +,&x03;+ogO*L1C=+6%e-+A+6O* +lC-+o�,`1)*# +W7c5@A* +G,c7¤)+7d,3&'Q1;+V<; �,`1()*

+�,0()* +%c +,hQ)* +67M +%F; +V g>�= +,hQ)* +<Fe&J(M +o�83Br + �H.0= + �l9&'r +G,c7¤)* +��c +t%&Jd

+G5%&'3()* +D7h9`)* +t78rO* +w= +.-.B)* +s701)* +,&'Qd +b3e; +oG,c7¤)* +��c +D73M%F&') +.3�%)*

+q@* +o7vr%B&� +"73� +<z3B(h)* +<3&?73&')* +D7`F&')* +D7&?57((r +7c,&x� +we(- +A# +V7vr +l�8)*#

+5%`N#+<-7(�+D7=LF1&'=+w3=O7N+{Fj+,v&'N#+o67&'d@A*+s%h�+m,10N+:1)*+"#.)*+:;+{1�+o�d@*

+o<-,0)*#+<3�*,h(-.)*+<9�+f0N+oDO7&Jd#+o7v3;+f(N+b8B)*#+W7c5@A*+G,c7�+6@7;+o7vN7B(1C=

+±3&E +��)* +u-.h)* +�,&x8B)* +W7`�)*� +{Fj +�,&x8B)* +7vr7`P+:; +O7M%1N + �<-,&x8j+ �D7M,�

+VÛa�k)7�)*+u)7B)*+"#.)+:r,y)*+57(B1&?A*+<3j,&�+5,9-+:e)+o,&Jj+�&?71)*+6,h)*+:;

V\T2E+o6+Vm + Ta+67B8M+5*H+!�&J=H+oT_+o�*5H+~&x3;+u-.hN+o:N%�,9)*+.3B&?+,-,0N+oG571�=+D7&?*5H#+DA7h=+oW,y)*#+m>&?@A*+o.3B&?+H5*#H* + �a

V�[ –+�U2x&E+om+�STU+o<3=>j@A*+D7=.�)*#+,&J8)*#+D7&?*5.F)+<3QF&')* +�F`&x=+ z,=+.�#+VgA#*.1=+^bF&')* +#O* +bF&?a+�F`&x=+67M+�F9� +q@* +o�H>3()* +,&�7B)* +6,h)* +:;+<3QF&')* +�F`&x=+,v� + Ra+:}%)%-.-O*# +�H7h1j* +s73&? +:d7�)* +V^2E%&x8)*# +<-*#,)* +<C�+:;+k09)*a+:;,B=+s73&? +"#OA* +oD7�73&? +<�>�+#O* +o~�*,=+K>�r+T�Y�/¦c +ZYTa +<-�%C)* +u3� +wr* +��3(FN# +^mTR�\ +/¦c]�\ – +mT�ZR +/¦c +ZZTa +<3(3N +wr* +�= +O*.r +o:�>PO* +:}%)%`dO* + �.B9r+2E%&x8)7r+�&'(1)7r+<-�%C)*+wr*+"7�#+o�)7&x)*+bF&'F)+ �~-.9M+<3QF&')*+�F`&x=+<3(3N+wr*+~(B1&?*+.h;+o^m+TRUY/¦c+][T+I+m+b�*%= +<�-.0)* +<3QF&')* +{891N +k3� +o<8c*,)* +<F�,()* +:; +u47� +%c +7= +*�c# +^:&?73&? +:8-H +H7h1j*a +:&?73&? +k)7�)* +V<3)#OA*+<3QF&')*# +V:j7(1}A* +:;7h�)* +,3y1)*# +D70F`&x()* +"7(B1&?* +w3r +�r,N +6O* +6#H +obF&')* +H7h1j* +{)@* +H781&?A7r +<38-H +<3&?73&?+.9j+wr*+we)+o<3(3N+wr*+lc�=+f89N+<3r7c%)*#+o:F980)*+lc�()*#+<3(3N+wr*+w=+f(vF1&?*#+o<3d7(�B)*+<9h0)*+:;+DO7&Jd+<�-.0)*

V~-#O71)7r+�(&'-+u)#+oH7v1}A*#+2?73h)*#+~hB)*+{Fj+" �%B |-+u)#+�,e;+wj+�,0d*+W7c%)*+!<3C3N*,1&?*+D7&?*,M+oI+:;7h�+~3F0N –+:}%)%-.-A*+�,`1)*#+:r7c5A*+~hB)*+ow3&'-+.3&')* + Ua

Http://digital.ahram.org.eg/articles.aspx?serial=716872&eid=448

TS\


+£#,&J=+{Fj+67c,)*+~&J;+.Br#+o�dO* +o �:8-.)*+� �,`1)*+G,c7�+t%&Jd+~=*%j#+W79&?O* +w=#

+.Br+g7&E%&xP+o^Ta�,1&J()*+u&?7h)*+~e&J3)+m>&?@A*+H7j+ow-,&JB)*+6,h)*+:;+<3r,B)*+<3=%h)*

+:; +o7v8e) +o7v&iBr +#O* +<3�*.0)* +u�3 §h)* +<=%¤8=+:89N +fjH* +:1)* +o<3r,B)* +"#.)* +<(¤dO* +~&J;

+o<3j7(1}A*+<)*.B)*#+o<3�*,h(-.)*+D7-,0F)+7c §, �e8N#+o<z3Q8B)*+7v1-%`F&'r+7v1h8P+o<h3h0)*

+uc7&? +��)* +,=OA* +o �<3;7h�# + �<-H7&x1�*# + �<3&?73&? +o �<3}57P + �_%y&i) +7vj%&iP# +7v13B9N#

+<3=>&?@A* +D7M,0)* +~9� +w= +� �,`1)*# +b8B)* +<}%= +�-,01) +<3N*$%()* +�#,¤)* +<�3vN +:;

+,P*#O* +:;a +<3=>&?@A* +<;>�)* +_%h&?# +">0d* +.Br +o7v-.) +p-571)* +b�%N +:1)* +o<3)%&EOA*

+<-5%�*,9=OA*+:;+~�(N+��)*+2i-,()*+~},)*+�%c+6O*+.Br#+o^:&¡7()*+6,h)*+w=+D78-,&JB)*

+GH7B1&?* +~39&? +:; +:&?73&')* +m>&?@A* +57&xdO* +H%v} +�`h8N +u) +op-571)* +�)q +w= +V<3d7(�B)*

+V^�aH%hQ()*+2?#H,Q)*+uv)+<9&'8)7r+:c+:1)*#+o<;>�)*

+o �<-H7&x1�*# +o �<3&?73&? +�471d +w= +:()7B)* +m7¤8)* +�3)@* +{&i;O* +7= +o{&'8d +A +6O* +lC- +7(M

+o<3=>&?@A*# +<3r,B)* +W%B&J)* + g7&E%&xP +oW%B&J)* +w= +.-.BF) + �<3&J3(vN# + �<347&x�@* + �<3;7h�#

+:;�+�d@*+k3�+oW%B&J)*+��c+_7&?#O*+:;+<; �,`1()*+<38-.)*+D7z3)%&EOA*+GO7&Jd+��+��)*+,=OA*

+D��N*+:1)*#+oGH.&J1()*+<3=>&?@A*+< z3)%&EOA*+D�,r+o�<3()%B)*�+�<3e-,=OA*+<3)%&EOA*+<v}*%=

+V^Ra�wc*,)*+ �:()7B)*+m7¤8F)+7v&i;5+wj+,39B1F)+ g<F3&?#+W7c5@A*

+~34*,&?*+57&xdO*+<�9BN+:;+:d%3v&x)*+673e)*+:;+<38-.)*+<z3)%&EOA*+«7Cd+o�)q+{)@*+b&¡O*

+<3=>&?@A*+D7M,0)*+t%&Jd+:;+o~34*,&?@*+<)#.)+<3�-571)*#+<38-.)*+<3j,&J)*+t7Q&¡@*#+o�,9e)*

+~34*,&?@*+<)#H+">�@A+H%v3)*+w33=7P70)*+2iBr+<&¡57B=+w=+u�,)*+{Fj#+q@*+VÛa<;,`1()*

+ �<3eF() + �6*%8BM +G*5%1)* +6%B;,- +q@* +ow33)%&EOA* +w33=7P70)*� +6O* +A@* +o~34*,&?@* +�)@* + z~0=

+w33F&EOA* +w38�*%()* +~1�# +H,`) +<3}%)%-.-OA* +<B-5�)* +6%= �.h|- +7(d@* +o�¢* +w=� + �<B�% |=

+>r+�,&J1&'-#+,&J18-+6O*+*�c+<)#.)*+W7c5@A+we(-#+Vw3303&'=#+w3(F&'=+w=+ow3383`&'FQ)*

+W,y)* +$%�*%1) +VVV_#,&J()* +,3� + �:)7()*# + �:&?73&')* +G.01()* +D7-A%)* +uj.) +g*,¤d +oW7hj

+V^[a�~34*,&?@*+�=+�1=,r

Jean La Couture, Ghassan Tuéni, Gérard D.Khoury, Un Siècle pour rien, Beyrouth : Éditions Dar Anna- Tahar, 2004, p.304.

V2?Vm+o<303N*,1&?*+D7&?*,M+oI:;7h�+~3F0N –+:}%)%-.-A*+�,`1)*#+:r7c5A*+~hB)*+ow3&'-+.3&')* + �aV6Vm + Ra

Jean La Couture, Ghassan Tuéni, Gérard D.Khoury, Un Siècle pour rien, op.cit, p.299. UaV]T+2E+o2?+Vm+o7c,c7¤=#+7vr79&?O*+oG,&E7B)*+D73)%&EOA*+o�H#57�+�3}#5 + [a

TSY

/e,V LRK& *-] .)

+:; +<&'34,)* +W79&?OA* +w= +g799&? +~e&J3) +o ��.3Fh1)* +w3;,`1()* +w33=>&?A* + |~hj +:NO7-#

+o<3&?73&')*+7v3�78(r+o<�*.0)*+�F`()7r+2i;,-+��)*+oH.&J1()*+ �:8-.)*+ �:)%&EOA*+uc,e;+G5%Fr

+ �< zh�+ �<9�5#+o �<0)7&E+ �D7z3d+uv)+ �2?7d+w3; �,`1()*+tA$%c+w=#�+o<3(FB)*#+o<3;7h�)*#+o<3j7(1}A*#

+%)#+o�hQ)*+5%&x�#+o<;,B()*+<)70&¡+I+.hB)*#+~FB)*+w=+*%FP+6@*+I+uv93j#+o¢*+G7&¡,=+:;

+2i;*,)* +b�%()* +s73&? +:;#+V^Ta�uv3d7QN# +uv&?7(�+w=+m>&?@A* +H7Q1&?A+ouvM5*.=+fB&'zN*

+wj + �<3j7;H + �<3)*#@7M +o673�OA* +lF�O* +:; + ��%&J= + �57�@7r + 6@*# +o.3)7h1)7r +�&'(1)* +:NO7- +o<�*.0F)

+�,91B- +7= +{)@* +"#OA* +O7CF; +Vl§F1&'()* +2?,`y1()* +,PnA* +"73� +< �9�F �1&'()*# +o<Q �B&i1&' |()* +D*�)*

+2?%h� +:d7�)* +".91&?* +7(3; +o2¡5OA* +{Fj +¢* +<B-,&� +�&'r# +o ��0F) +g*57&x1d*# +o g<3v)@* + g<-78j

+V�,&J9)*+~hB)*+G5.hr+�F`()*+67(-@A*#+o §<;,B()*+GH79j+2?%h`r+¢*+GH79j

+o78N7B(1C= +:; +� �,`1)* +G,c7� +: �&JQN +:; +o789d7} +w= +ow3(F&'()* +w0d +o78(c7&? +.�#

+wj+fr7�+.h;+Vw-,PnA*+�-57&J=#+D7` z �=+<v}*%=+:;+7(M+o78&'QdO*+<v}*%=+:;+78hQPO*+w3�

+<)#.)* +t78r# +o<3�*,h(-.)* +u3c7Q=+�39`N+wj+7d.B1r*# +o<3h3h0)* +,33yz1)* +�-57&J=+78N7�7&?

+o<`F&')7r +57��1&?A* +«#5 +w-,3�e)* +{Fj +fy�# +o<-57(B1&?A* +D7- �.01)* +<v}*%=# +o<38�%)*

+,`3&'; +o |<&i�781()*# + |<QF1�()* + |<38-.)*# + |<3&?73&')*# + |<3}%)%-.-OA* + |D73 z891 |()* +uc57e;O* +{Fj#

+o�|1 z=|O* +7vr + �,(N# +D z,= +:1)* + §�#,¤)*# +o:�-571)* +s73&'F) + �"7(c@*# + ��*,0d* +2iB9)* +,e; +{Fj

+*#57B1&?*+w-�)*+��)#O*�+6@7;+o*�)+V�Cc78=#+H �5%1&' |()*+,eQ)*+�=+ ��7(N+,PnA*+2iB9)*+,e;+{Fj#

+,&¡70)* +<B39� +"7(c@* + �p; +:; +*%`h&? +o��*%F) +7v&?79)@* +w3)#70= +o:c +7(M +bF z&')* +�c78=

+ ��71d�+%c+�v8()*+6O*+uv8j+W7�+.h;+o<�-.0)*+�c78()*+*%=.�1&?*+w-�)*+7=O*+o^�a��N7j%&¡%=#

+2'3)+og*H5%1&'=+�*,d+��)*+�v8()7;+om%FB)*+��c+�3;+m.�1&'|N+��)*+�(1C()7r+ 2E7P�+:j7(1}*

+�FN +{1�+o�c78= +w= +78-.) +7= +�3(}+7(d@*# +o�h; +:Q3�%)* +�v8()* +#O* +:).C)* +�v8()* +�)q

+ g{8B=+^GH5%1&'=a+<(Fe)+67M+%)#+o �GH5%1&'=+,&¡70)*+{)@*+<9&'8)7r+:c+o78�-57N+:;+7c*,d+:1)*

+ �:&?57(()* + |5 �,9()*#+o£%&¡%()*#+�v8()* +w3r+ �u01F()* + ��r,)* +:&i1h-+ ��,¤8)* + |5 �,9()7;+V 2E7P

+s z,Q|-+6O*+2¡,Qd+A#+V^g73=>&?@*a+A@*+6%e-+6O*+we(-+A+ ¥:j7(1}*+ ��718M+�v8()*+{)*+G,¤8)*+%c

+w=+7=O*+o�;O>)+78(v;+~39�+w=+A@*+o6%(&i()*#+�%0Q)*+#O*+o:h39`1)*#+�,¤8)*+/w38�A*+w3r

V^Ra�{`B |()*+��*%)*+:;+O*LC1N+A+ �G.�#+7 �( |v �;+o��*%)*+~39�

VUU2E+oTY\�,-78-+o�]\+H.B)*+o:r,B)*+<FC=+o2�%&Jy()*+w-.1)*+w=+5*��+o:)*Ly)*+.(0= + TaV�U2E+oTYYR+o:r,B)*+:;7h�)*+LM,()*+!D#,3r+oT_+o:8-.)*+2x8)*+b3�%N+:;+Gt*,�+o2x8)*+<`F&?+ow(�,)*+.9j+�H7v)*+.9j + �a

VTUS2E+om+TYYS+/+T+o:r,B)*+~9h1&'()*+<FC=+o78c+ud7�+�=+5*%�+!g7&i-O*+V6V2E+o6+Vm + Ra

TTS


+D7j*, �&xF) +78N7B(1C= +W*%rO* +78j z,&� +o<)7&EOA*# +<-%v)* +{Fj +®7Q0)* +57B&� +f0N#

+:1)*+bF&')*+ |GH79j�+7c,9MO*+w=+:1)*#+o~hB)*+�-,�+:;+�d*%()*+78B&¡##+o<39c�()*#+<38-.)*

+W70&EOA +w3v()* +�%�)*# +o<38-.)* +<`F&')* +W70&EO7r +{(jOA* +t*.1�A*# +o §� , |B)7r +{ z(&'|N

+£*.r@A*# +m �.h1)*# +5�%`z1)* +G,3&'= +wj +78)%hj +l33yN +:; +78(c7&?# +o^Ta�<-%3d.)* +<`F&')*

+�( z&')* +m>&?@A* +<�7&? +{Fj +f�1&Jz1)*# +<�,Q)* + |u3c7Q=# + |D70F`&x= +78�,y1&'N +o �:(FB)*

+,&E78j +{)@* +.81&'- + ¥�57&i� + �kBr +�FP +<3F(j +:; +<3N*�)* +78�-5*%= +,(�1&'d +uF; +V. ��%()*

+o �:8h1)*#+o �:(FB)*+m �.h1)*+:;+ �G.4*5+ �D*%`P+�*,�@*+%0d+:B&')*+:;#+o781 z3&E%&xP+w=+G%h)*

+G5.�+~3`BN+,9j+�&'-,eN+:;+78(c7&?+o �5L=+ ��*%)+78(F&'1&?*+~r+o �:j7(1}A*#+o ��H7&x1�A*#

+{Fj + �:vhQ)* +ld7C)* +:; + �� (BN +�78c +2'3)� +m%3)* +7d.8B; +o �G.-.} + �s7;n* +�1; +{Fj +78)%hj

+o<3d7&'d@A*+GH*5@A*#+<-,0)*#+,eQ)7r+ �<-78j+�78c+2'3)#+o^�a�"*%�OA*#+67=L)*+D*, �3y1=+t%&¡

+78B&¡O*# +oK#5%()* +,eQ)*# +o.;*%)* +,eQ)* +w3r +m7&'hdA* +<3478� +:; +78&'QdO* +78B&¡# +w0d +~r

+#O* + �,&¡7�+{Fj+ �H#H,=+6#H +78)73}O* +<-%3�+7;L81&?* +o ¥�%=H + �£*,&E# +o ¥�,¤d + �2�7hd +:; +781�#

+:&¡7()* +Gt*,� +:; +�`3&'9N# +o~hB)* +DA7BQd* +~� +:; +�,C-# +�,} +o��FM +�)q# +V~9h1&'=

+<yF)* +Gn*,= +{Fj +DA7BQdA* +��c +f&'eBd7; +o7v()7B=# +m>&?@A* +<3&i� +�-%&JN# +oK*,1)*#

+t7y)@A* +w= +g7Cvd +o��*%)* +2¡5O* +:;# +o��*%)7r +7v) +<�>j +A + g<F301&'= +g7=7c#O* +o<F(B1&'()*

+ouv8= +w3`90 |()* + g7&E%&xP +ow3(F&'()* +w3->= +D7�= +�9&EO* +{1� +ow33Q8B)* +t7&x�@A*#

+w-.)* +� z%&J;+o�3j*,&x=+{Fj+,3Qe1)* +W7r+�1;+ ¥�,e;+ �b8j+wj+ �. �)%1=+o ��zF&'=+ �b8j+<30&¡

+ zuN +k30r +o:&?73&')* +£#,&J()*# +<38-.)* +"%&EOA* +w3r +�F�)* +uN +6O* +.Br +o<&?73&')* +.&';O*#

+w-.)* +<`F&? +weN +u)� +<`F&')* +6O* +�= +o<&E7�)* +<3&?73&')* +�-57&J()* +{Fj +w-.)* +_7h&?@*

+w3(M70)*+<`F&?+fd7M+7=+5*.h(r+o �<F-%�+ �"73}O* +�.=+{Fj+ �:03&'()*+w-.)*+A#+o �:=>&?@A*

+o<Cd,Q)*+W#,�+#O*+o<393F&x)*+W#,0)*+fd7e;+oVVV<303&'()*+#O*+m>&?@A*+u&?7r+%)#+ouv&'QdO*

+V^Ra�VVV7v)+ g< z3`=+w-.)*+D�PO*+ g<-57(B1&?*+ g7r#,�

+, �9BN+< z3)%&EOA*+f09&EO*#+oD7-,0)*+f1 §9 |M#+o5*%0)*+m.Bd*+o�zF&' |()*+b8B)*+m*.�1&?*+�=#

+o7vr7`h1&?*# +<39B&J)* +D7�79�@A* +G5$%r� +{Fj +6#L �M,- +6%�3)%&EOA* +«*5# +o^ �G.-.}+ �< z3F �9�a +wj

+VÛa��d%�,1h-+ g7�3&�+6%eF(-+A+uv8e)

VT\+2E+oD+A+o">v)*+5*H+!G,c7h)*+o<3=>&?@*+ �<&i-,;+,3eQ1)*+oH7hB)*+H%(0=+2?79j+^TaVTY]2E+o2?+Vm+o:=>&?@A*+�hQ)*+:;+.-.C1)*#+H7v1}A*+ow-.)*+2'(&�+�.v=+.(0=+p3&J)*+^�a

V�[2E+o�STR+oTUUH.B)*+o�&?#OA*+6#$%&�+<FC=+o:r,B)*+�3r,)*+t%&¡+:;+<303&'()*+<3=>&?@A*+<M*,&J)*+o,`=+2')%r+6*,`()*+^RaVT�Z2E+o�SSU+o<B3F`)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o�_+o<3=>&?@A*+<;7h�)*+<=�O*+o�3B}+m7&Jc+Ûa

TTT

/e,V LRK& *-] .)

+78&iBr +2'(yd* +7(3; +o �<;,`1= + �< z3Q8j + �D7z3 §)*#@7r +7v8j +�;*.- +o�N*q +{Fj +78&iBr +O7Qed* +.h)

+D,`3&? +.�# +g7&E%&xP +o �<-#5 +#O* + �, ¨&x9N +6#H +o<3;7h�)*# +<3(FB)* +l-,yz1)* +<=%¤8= +:; +,PnA*

+o<z3r,y)* +± �3 �&x)* +�79&� +:; +6#,3�e)* +{(N5*# +oW79)OA*# +"%hB)* +{Fj +<- �H7()* +W,y)* +~47&?#

+ g7&'-,eN +o<38-.)*# +<3=%h)*# +<38�%)* +7813&x�&� + §%0=+{Fj+ gG.c7}+~(BN +f)*� +7=# +fd7M +:1)*

+wj +be81&'d +6O* +:8B- +A +o± �3 �&x)* +��c +w= +5�0)* +6O* +{Fj +V78N*,3P# +78N*#,� +{Fj +G,`3&'F)

+D7;>1PA*#+o �.�*#+uFB)7;+o78FM7&J=#+78N7=�O* +�#7CN+{Fj+7d.j7&'-+7=+~er+W,y)*+w=+�POA*

+o�PO7d +b3M# +o{1=# +o*q7=+�,Bd +6O* +_,&� +o ¥m7j+ �~e&Jr +<Q&'FQ)* +:;# +o�1Q&'F; +:;+6%eN +7(d@*

+G,¤d� +oH. z&x)* +*�c +:; +78-.) +w3N.47&')* +w3N,¤8)* +w3 � �1 |= +o7813&E%&xP+{Fj +w3¤;70=

+o7v3; + �l�F �1&' |= +%v; +:)71)7r# +o7c57¤8(r +A@* +7c*,- +A +%v; +o<3r#5#OA* +<;7h�)* +:; +��=.8()*�

+bh3;+o<;7h�)*+��c+~vC-+ �u&xP+l)7y)*+:;+%c#+o7v1;7h�#+7r#5#OA+��.3Fh1)*+u&x�)*�+G,¤d#

+7d,e; +~(B1&'d +u) +6@7; +V^Ta�~vC- +7= +�#.j +67&'d@A* +!~47h)* + |~�()* +�H �.0|- +��)* +b�%()* +7v8=

+£*,&x)*+6@7;+o �:N*�)*+78)>h1&?*+{Fj+®7Q0)*+�=+o<-H%}%)*+78NA7e&�@*+ z~08)+�1Q8()*+~3&EOA*

+7v13&x�&� +w= +78r%B&� +lF1&?* + �.;*## +o |� |( �3 §� +fc �% |&�# + |� |(v; + �t:&?|O* + �K#5%= +w3r + g7(47� +~¤3&?

+:1)* +<3d7&'d@A* +7v�%h� +w= +{dHOA* + �.0)* +{)@* +7c57h1;*# +o2'479)* +7vB�*# + ½>y1&'= +o7v1;7h�#

+:;+7c.(1j*#+o�N7B(1C=+:;+7vh9�+o g<�*,r+ �D*57B&�+ |W,y)*+7v �B �; �5#+o<-#7(&')*+67-HOA*+7v1j,&�

+ �:d7(FB)*+o7v3v}%r+o �<&¡57B=+ �<3&?73&?+ �D7M,�+.3)%N#+o,�781)*#+ §<�,Q)*+k9)+ g7�>&?+78N7B(1C=

+o�}#OA*# +o"%&EOA* +GH.B1()* +<3d7e&')* +<93M,1)* +g*,(�1&'= +o�,`1()* + �:8-.)*# +oW �,y1()*

+<;7h�)*+��c+om>&?@A*+<;7h�+7v83r+fB(}+:1)*#+ob4*%`)*#+olc*�()*#+oD738NA*#+oD7CvF)*#

+{Fj+2i0N#+o,39B1)*#+.h1B()*+<-,�+{Fj#+o,PnA7r+�*,1jA*+{Fj#+o2J-7B1)*+{Fj+m%hN+:1)*

+~hB)*+<3B},=+{Fj#+o<-H7&x1�A*#+<3j7(1}A*+<)*.B)*+{Fj#+o<;,B()*#+uFB)*+«>&?+s7&J1=*

V6%e)*+57(j@*#+<&?73&')*+,3r.N+:;

+o �<QF1�=+ �W%B&�+w3r+ �t7h1)*#+ �.3�%N+<`hd#+o �G57&i�#+ �,eQM+om>&?@A*+t78r+~�F�1-+{1�#

+o�3Fj+t7&ih)* +gA#70=+o�=7C)* +�5#H+g7;.v1&'=+o�,1&J()* +u&?7h)* +�)q+{Fj+LM5 +W,y)* +6@7;

+<;,B()*+�;78=+ �.&?+">P+w=+o �£57&xN#+ ��r78N+~=7j+{)@*+�F-%0N#+o�5#H+2x3FhN+~�OA*+{Fj+#O*

+ �<�Qr +7c.3&'CN+,9j+�30&x)* +67(-@A* +G5%&E+u&?5+<3F(j+�3C&JN# +o. ��%()* +.�*%)* +m>&?A7r

+78dO*+�5.8)+o78�7;n*+�&'1N+6O*+:&i1h-+2J-7B1)7;+V~hd+#O*+ �~hj+�,h-+A+7=+*�c#+o7v83Br+ �<Q47�+#O*

+,3� +w=# +olc*�()*# +t*5nA* +H.B1N +6O* + �:B39`)* +w=# +V2i-,B)* +u)7B)* +*�c +:; +7d.�# +78&')

V<3=%3)*+G730)*+D7j*,&E+{)@*+<-.hB)*#+<39c�()*+D7;>1PA7r+:NO7d+6O*+ �:B39`)*

V�ZU2E+o2?+Vm+o:r,B)*+w�%)*+:;+<3;7h�)*+<)O7&'()*+o�,r7C)*+.r7j+.(0=+^Ta

TT�


1K a<W?@7& U_$8HJ&03Ax@7& a<BH&c"(bj67&Xl+k3� +w= +o g<F39d +fd7M +6@* +<-7y)*# +o �<F39d + �<-7� +�3h01) + g<F3&?# +H7vC)* +,91B- +m>&?@A*

+o7v&'Qd+t�H79()*#+u�3 §h)7r+b&xz1N+6O*+lC-+<F3&?%)*+6@7;+o<3=7&')*+t�H79()*#+u�3h)7r+7v;7&x�N*

+�=7e�O*#+m>&?@A*+t�H79=#+V<-L4*,y)*+~BQ)*+D*H5#+om7h1dA*+G%v&�#+o.h0)*+{Fj+{)7B1N+:1)*

+~r+o�3)@*+<F&E%()*+<h-,`)*+#O*+oW%F&?OA*+wj+ �"LB(r+�.v)*+{)@*+"%&E%)*+<-%)#O7r+ �,hN+A+�83d*%�#

+7vj z,&�+:1)*+7v&'Qd+t�H79()*#+<3(�3 §h)*+,3-7B()*+7(v(e0N+6O*+:y98-+o<F3&?%)*#+�.v)*+�O*+o7(c

+o<3d7&'d@A* +G57&i0)* +<3(8N# +o ��0)* +s7h�@*# +o<)*.BF) +G%j.)* +7v8= +fhF`d*# +o�d709&? +¢*

+ow-.c7C()*#+2�%3C)*+GH7h)+^2Eam,MOA*+"%&?,)*+7-7&E#+fd7M+os73&')*+*�c+:;#+V6%e)*+57(j@*#

+A#+o*#5.yN+A#+o*%F ��(|N+A#+o*%F y �N +A+o¢*+"%&?5+<zF=+{Fj#+o¢*+~39&?+:;#+o¢*+u&?7r+*#,3&?�

+o~}5+7(-O*#+o7v3)@*+*#,`&iN+6O*+A@*+ g*,C&�+*%B`hN+A#+o gGO*,=*+A#+og739&E+A#+og73d7;+ g7�3&�+*%F1hN

+o¢*+m>M+�(&'-+{1�+o �57}+%v;+ow3M,&J()*+.�O*+{)@* +,¤d+ouvF&i;O* +#O* +ow3(F&'()*+{dHO* +w=

+o �<F39d+ �<3�>PO*+wj+ gG5H7&E+7vd%M+wj+ g>&i;+o7-7&E%)*+��v;+V^Ta�w-.)*+:;+uM%PO7;+ueB9N+6@7;

+2?%Qd+:;+<83dO7(`)*+<j7&�@*+%c#+AO*+o �~39d+ ��.c+�3h0N+{)@*+<;H7v)*+<F398)*+~47&?%)*+w=+fd7M

+G%h)*+{)@*+t%CF)7;+Vm>&')*#+w=OA*+w-H+om>&?@A*+:;+6%FP.-#+uv �3�+wj+6#H%B3;+om%&x�)*

+~47&?%)*+<;7M+�*L81&?*+.Br#+o2'Q8)*+wj+£7;.)*+"7�+:;+A@*+7(vr+~(B|-+A+ob8B)*+"7(B1&?*#

+£7;.)* +� z.B1- +A +6O* +{Fj +ow&'�O* +:c +:1)7r +"*.C)*# +o<9 �3`)* +<(Fe)7r +G%j.)* +w= +o�,POA*

+Vm>&?@A*+:;+"%P.F)+G%j.)*+7v3)@* +�.vN+:1)*+ �<3�*,)*+ �<3d7&'d@A*+ �u �3 §h)*#+ �,3-7B()*+2'Q8)*+wj

+o�19`P +:; +t7} +7(=# +ouv3; +l`P +ow3r%Fy()* +7vFcO* +�(} +o<e= +�)%PH +.Br# +o^2Ea +:98)7;

+*%9cq*+!"7�+o �u-,M+ �³O*+ |wr*#+ �u-,M+ �³O*+og*,3P+*%)7�+©uer+ �~j7;+:dO*+6#,N+7=+o2J-,�+,&JB=+7-�

+w¤#+ �q �' �s+) �C �-+ �e�L �2K(#+ we wY «/�(v4#+# «$ �H «( �?# � + «e wQ$wL vc) �H w:+ «e�L �-+ «e wQ$w( �X�S «F#+ v"v4) �-®+{)7BN+"%h-+o�t7h�F � )*+ |u1dO7;

+o�=7&'1)*#+olFh)*+<B&?#+o<(�,)*#+o�|F |�)*+ �%(&?+wj+ �u8-+7=+�)q+:;#+V^�a¯ W1/ v* �23+ «e va «/�L �F+ «e wY�(

+6O* +*%&'() +uvdO*# + g7&E%&xP +og7}*%;O* +¢* +w-H +:; +*%FP.3) +uvr +5 z,y |()* +m7=O* +W79)* +�1Q- +7=#

+<)#70=#+ob8B)*#+l&xB1)* +2i3hda+%c+��)*+�=7&'1)* +G,e;+w=+�F`8N+m>&?@A* +{)@* +G%j.)*

V^Ra^G%h)7r+%)#+�O*,)*+2¡,;

+2¡,;+wj+g*.3Br+o,y&EOA*#+,9MOA*+ow3F=7e1()*+�-.Br+:;+H7vC)*+G,e;+m>&?@A*+5%Fr+*�ec#

+ w}�($ w23�7 + �q �23 «7�?# +P vo�(# + �$ w{® +o�3)@* +G%j.)*+m7(N@7r +�$#78�+ z~}+¢*+.j#+s73&?+:;#+oG%h)7r+.h1B()*

VU�2E+oT�+o�_+o<B3&J)*+~47&?#+o:F=7B)*+,0)*+^TaVYS+<-nA*+ot7&'8)*+G5%&?+^�a

VZR2E+o2?+Vm+o�=7&'1)*+�h;+o679B&�+w3&'0)*+.9j+^Ra

TTR

/e,V LRK& *-] .)

+m>&?@A* +6�*# +.�# +V^Ta¯# W;/ va �2� + v¤)v< +] �g �Q � + v}©L wQ + vJ: ©;(# +]�L �F + w �D va «jw/ v( + ©� �E«(# + vJ: v> � +Z �; wa «() v<

+�0)* +<)#H + |<=7�@*# +ow-.)* +2?7&?O* + |° Q0;� +o7(v3Fj +<9N,1()* +�4718)*# +o<&?57(()*# +~BQ)* +w3r

+<8&'0)*+w8&')*+ |6781&?*#+o:=>&?@A*+w�%F)+<3;*,yC)*#+<3;7h�)*+H#.0)*+wj+ |£7;.)*#+o".B)*#

+"7(jOA* +�)�M# +V7v3Fj +<9N,1()* +G, �3�)* +57�nA* +w= +7v1(3� +l&'1eN +o"7(jOA* +w= +�)q +,3�#

+.47hj+l-,�N#+ow-.)*+:;+£*.1rA7M+o7v8j+<(}78)*+<�3 z&')*+57�nA*+w=+7v �0 9 |�+ �.(1&'N+o<�3 z&')*

+<�3&')*+w8&')*+£*,1&�*#+o".B)*#+�0)*+<)#H+67M5O*+<jLj�#+o<;,08()*+57e;OA*+�-#,N#+o2?78)*

V^�a��)q+,3�#

+:y98- +o�(jO* + g7(v; +o��c+78=7-O* +:; +7c.v&Jd +:1)* +o �:8-.)* +� �,`1)* +G,c7�+uvQd +:e)#

+{Fj+<9N,1()* +�4718)*# +57�nA* +w3r +L33(1)* +w=+g7�>`d* +oH7vC)* +w3r# +7v83r +s,Q)* +�5.d +6O*

+:;+<-,&J9)*+G730)*+�-,0N+{Fj+~(B-+oG%h)*+"7(B1&?*#+H7vC)7r+6q@A*+67M+.h;+V7(v8=+ ¥~M

+:y9)*+�%�+,�H#+o�(1C()*+:;+:r7C-@A*+,33y1)* +K*.�@A+o�d709&?+¢*+7cH*5O* +:1)* +<v}%)*

+ w9 v0# �$ �2N + «¥ �0 ©; wa�( + pT_ «'�* v< + «e wa �2_ «'�< + �T3)�&(# + v¤# + w9 «-�> + �5 «$�( � ® +o,33y1)* +*�v) +<F�,B()* +">&i)*#

+ §P v$ �H�(+�¤#+ �"v4#+ w wD w28«&�:+ «J �0+w¤#+ �" �D w28«&�/�( � +# WD/ v[ �Q+ v¤#+ we «23#+) �a/ v-+ wD �Q «o w:+ w; vs) �2K �0 � + �M# �$�L �2N� + �9�/ v< �

+# «$ �a�O � + v~` wD «' �C «() v<+#` wD �0�?# � +�h) �Q �X(#+# w$�c�£# � +�h �1 �28(#+#$ w0) �I�?#+ vTG «7�? «5#+, v-+ «e w{)�& �Y �0+ «"v4#+ �J: vo�(#+*+ �X: vX �F+~(B- +om%3)* +: �&JQ1()* + z:8-.)* +� �,`1)* +6@7; +o~r7h()7r +V

^Ra¯v7$ w0w? «5# + w.�* vI) �F + v � v¤� + vD �Y «& wC «(# + vJ �F

+o g73c7(1=+oG%h)* +"7(B1&?* +t:&'-# +oH79B)*# +H>9)7r +57=.)*# +t7h&J)* +�0F|-# +ow1Q)* +G57�@* +{Fj

+o:;7h�)* +7vd73e) + �u3`0N +w= +7dH>r# +78r%B&J) +u&?,|- +7= +�= +o,-.hN +t%&? +#O* + �.(j +wj +t*%&?

+~47&?#+ §m�>N+ §t�H79=#+ §u �3 §�+wj+6#,3�e)*+�#7CN#+V7vN57&i0)+ �m.c#+o7vN*#,�#+7vN*,3�)+ �lvd#

+6O* +<)%h= +om%jL()* +ucH7v} +:; +o*#.(1j* +~r +A +oG7CN,()* +<3=7&')* +�*.cOA* +�= +H7vC)*

+o*�c +uvCv8r +uvdO* +*%&'d# +V<&E7�)* +�)7&x(F) +A@* + g7d�# +u3hN +A +:1)*# +o<F3&?%)* +5 �,9N +<-7y)*

+:;+t7}+.h;+o7v3d7B=+�d709&? +¢*+D7(FM# +o7v1)7&EO* +<Q-,&J)* +<-%98)* +G,3&')* +6#. §hQ|- +7(d@*

+]�S �B+ �T3)�&(# + w vD «Y wc + �¥«O �?) �-�?# +) W'/ vC �s+ «e wa�L wQ + vTG «7�? «5# + v°+ «J �0+ �J �0 �£ �5+ �r�<�7 + � ) �2� + «$�( � ® +u-,e)* +6n*,h)*

+u) +6@* +G730)* +m7¤d +5*,�@A + g<F3&?## + gG*HO* + �H7vC)* + |m>&?@A* +~B} +.h) +VÛa¯�±v& v0«�$ w0 +#$wO$ wY�:

+~1hF) + �G*HO* +{)@* +H7vC)* +" z%01- +A +6O* +{Fj +o�,eQ)* +£781�A*# +5*%0)* +W%F&?O* +�)q +:; +�C8-

+ ��-%(N+{Fj+�%`8-+ �~(j�+%c+om>&?@A7r+� �,`1F)+ ��r5+w=+m%3)*+�.v&Jd+7=#+V57=.)*#+6*#.B)*#

V�\+<-nA*+o�1Q)*+G5%&?+^Ta+m,MOA*+"%&?,)*+.vB=+!D#,3r+o��*5�+w&'�+.(0=+!,N+o<3�>POA*+lc*�()*+w3r+<d57h=+<&?*5H+os>POA*+<Q&'F;+o«79&x=+{91C=+^�a

VTU[+2E+om+�SS�+/¦c+TU�R+o<3=>&?@A*+D7&?*5.)*#+<B-,&JF)+:)7B)*VUT+oUS+671-nA*+o�0)*+G5%&?+^Ra

VYY+<-nA*+o2'd%-+G5%&?+Ûa

TTU


+o�m>&?@A*� +57B&� +f0N +� �,`1)* +6%&?57(- +w-�)* +��)#O* +ld7} +w= +t*%&? +o �³57&E + ¥:}%)%-.-O*

+m>&?@A*+{)@*+7vd%9&'8-#+o �D7&?57(=+w=+��,`1)*+�)q+wj+5.&x-+7=+6%r570-+w-�)*+��)#O*+#O*

+V^Ta�5%&x)*+w=+ �G5%&xr

1c"(bj67&,T&{BS@7&P`=%&X�+D*q +<;,B()* +<eF(= +%c# +o67&'d@>) +¢* +7v9c# +:1)* +D7eF()* +{�5O*# +{(&?O* +%c +~hB)* +

+o,eQ)*#+~(B)*+<-,�+w=+�r+ z2x |P+7(r+m%h-+7v47&i;+:;#+o7c57�@*+:;+:1)*#+o<B&?*%)*+H#.0)*

+o�r + g<;,B= +,�MO* +�FBCN# +o¢* +w= +67&'d@A* +W �,hN + �D7-n*# +,c7¤= +w= +6%e)* +:; +7= +W7B31&?7r

+<3;7h�)* +D*57&'()* +:; +£*.r@A*# +oD*57&i0)* +t7&Jd@*# +o2¡5OA* +57(j@* +G,3&'= +:; +:&i(3;

+ z:8-.)*+,eQ)*�+6O*+o<3(FB)*+<c*L8)*#+o<3j%&¡%()7r+w z&x0()*+k�79)*+{Fj+{Q�-+A#+V<-,eQ)*#

+7(M+o<3F(B)*+�N7h39`N+:;+A#+o<-,¤8)*+��7;n*+:;+A+og7hFy8=+2'3)#+o ��1Q8=#+ ��1Q1=+m>&?@A*+:;

+,;%1N+w=+:8jO*+oH7v1}A*+{Fj+G5.h)*+�&'Qd+w=+2'dO7-+w=+~M+�}#+:;+H7v1}A*+W7r+�1Q-+�dO*

+{)@*+~ �&E%1)*+:;+<3Q&'FQ)*+D7Q-,B1)*+DH z.BN#+fQF1P*+6@*#+V^�a�<r%F`()*+<3(FB)*+_#,&J)*+�3;

+ �LM,=#+o �.-,CN+ �<�7�#+o �<;,B=+ �~=7�+~hB)*+5791j*�+:;+fh1)*+7vdO*+A@*+o~hBF)+ ¥m7N+ ¥:83h-+ �b-,BN

+V^Ra� g7-,e;+g7847M+�Q&E%r+67&'d@>)+ z:j%8)*+ �s�%Q1)*+fF ze&�+ g<3)7B1=+ g<eF=#+om7e�OA*#+,3eQ1)*

+s7;n* +�78e1&?* +:; +�3Fj +" �%B-# +o �G,3�M + �D7-n* +:; +~hB)* +<(3� +w= +:FB|- +u-,e)* +6n*,h)*#

+ �±v& ©2K(# +�> �; �F +#$ wC�L «'�S v( + �u vR)�& �0 + w �7 �; �I � +# W7$wO + �D �C �H «(# � + W )�/ v2G + �TK «C �2l(# + �q �' �s +P vo�(# + �$ w{® +ouFB)*

+{)7BN +"%h-# +VÛa¯ �"$ wC�L «'�: + pf «$ �H v( + vM)�:�£ «5# + wq ©28 �g w: + ©� � «²)v< + �5v4# + �r v(�d +w¤# + ��L �y +) �0 + ��) �2K v «²#�+ p «, �2�+ «J v0+ «ewS/ vc w?#+) �0 � ®+{)7BN+�)%�#+V

^[a¯ �"$wL vH «'�c+ �1 �-�?#+ v¤#+ v"`w>+ «J v0+ �"` w;w* «'�c+)� v³ � + «e wY�(+ ª~w?#®

+u-,e)*+6n*,h)7;+V^Za¯ �"$wL vH «'�c+ �1 �-�?#+] �H«<�?# � + � «¦ �y+v¤#+ �;«& vF+) �0 � +) �awS�&: vR � +)�/ «O �;(#+ vh)�/ � «²#+ w�)�S �C �-

+,¤8)* +{)@* +67&'d@A* +%j.-# +oG730)*# +6%e)7r + g<hFB1= +�,PO*# +o g<-.3�%N + g<3d7(-@* +7-7&i� +5 �,h-

+o6%e)*+*�c+:;+ �D7-n*+w=+¢*+�FP+7=+:;#+ot73&�OA*+�47h�+:;#+o�&'Qd+:;+~ �=O71)*#+o �:FhB)*

+{Fj+u47h)*+"A.1&?A*+w=+ �W#,&¡+:;+�)q#+o�)7�)*+{Fj+6 zA.-+ �,3r.N#+ �67hN@*+w=+7v3;+7=#

+ z:d7&'d@A* +�t78r +:89- +6O* +67&'d@A* +5.h- +o�)q +{Fj + gt78r# +o, ��$%()* +{Fj +,�OA* +<)AH# +o~FB)*

+V z�57&i0)*#+ z:(FB)*#

VTT[ –+TTR+2x&E+o2?+Vm+o:r,B)*+w�%)*+:;+<3;7h�)*+<)O7&'()*+o�,r7C)*+.r7j+.(0=+^TaV�ZS2E+o6+Vm+^�a

V[YZ+2E+oTY\Z+oT+�=+o:r,B)*+t7(d@A*+.vB=+!D#,3r+oT_+o<3r,B)*+<3Q&'FQ)*+<j%&?%()*+^RaV[+<-nA*+o2'd%-+G5%&?+Ûa

VZ]+<-nA*+ot739dOA*+G5%&?+^[aVZS+<-nA*+o2x&xh)*+G5%&?+^Za

TT[

/e,V LRK& *-] .)

+6*%8j+f0N+D,}+ �<-,e;+ �D*H7v1}*#+ �DA#70(r+ �~;7�+og7�-.�#+g7(-.�+o:=>&?@A*+p-571)*#

+H%}%)* +~47&'= +:; +f&¡7P# +o:=>&?@A* +,eQ)* +fv}*# + �<F�&?O* +wj +<r7}@A*# +o<;,B()* +�71d@*

+{j zH*#+o7c,&xj+�#,¤)+ g<C31d+D7;7&¡@A*+��c+fNO*#+oGH �.C1()*+:d7&'d@A*+£7(1}A*#+,eQ)*#

+<;,B()* +:; + �D7-,¤d +�7Cd@* +:; + �G,e19= + �G5%&xr +:FhB)* +�v8()* +*%F(B1&?* +uvdO* +7vr70&EO*

+2x8)* +w3r# +7v83r +*%`r5 +uvdO*# +o<-H7&x1�A*# +<3&?73&')*# +<-,eQ)* +7vF47&'=# +o<3=>&?@A*

+~39&? +{Fj+o78c+,M�d# +V<�#5%()* +G.=7C)* +<;,B()* +{ z �1- +g*H �.C1=+g7 z&xd +�5791j7r +o z:dn*,h)*

+�-,`)* +%c +~hB)*� +6O* +{)@* +�67¤h- +wr +:�� +<&x� +:; +783&? +wr* +�7CN* +o,&x0)* +A +"7�()*

+o~hB)* +ue0) +7vB&i�-# +�N*%v&� +{Fj +<9Fy)* +�3`1&'- +w= +6@7; +o{FjOA* +D%eF()* +{)@* +~&E%()*

+7vr +m7� +:1)* +<�-,C)* +<-,eQ)* +DA#70()* +�)�M +V^Ta�D7}5.)* +{FjO* +{)@* +:hN,- +6O* +£7`1&?*

+o^7(c,3�#+:d7y;OA* +w-.)* +"7(}+.3&')*# +�.9j+.(0=+p3&J)*a+w33=>&?@A* +w-, �eQ()* +2iBr

+"%� +<FB1Q()* +57e;OA*# +u3c7Q()* +2i�H# +o<3=>&?@A* +G.�%)* +2'-,eN +{)@* +f;.c +:1)*#

+wj +,PnA* +2iB9)* +7v3; +uc.zF�# +o2iB9)* +m7e�O* +7v3Fj +f38|r +:1)* +�FN + g7&E%&xP +om>&?@A*

+ouF&'()* +~hj +:; +w-.)* +�&¡# +:; + �W>hd* +{)@* +D zHO* + g<; z,0= + �D7}7181&?* +m z.h; +o �,¤d +,&x�

+7=O*+o�3;+<h�)*+��c+A@*+w-.)*+w=+uF&'(F)+ ��9-+u)+ªª7Q&?O**#�+�.9j+.(0=+p3&J)*+"%h-+*�c+:;#

+�(v;+:;+f) z.9N#+o� |B9�+�M5*.=+:;+,z3yN#+o� |B&¡#+uF&'()*+~hj+:;+lFhd*+.h;+o�&'Qd+w-.)*

+.�+m%h)*+tA$%c+6@*�+�v}#+¢*+m z,M+ ¥:Fj+"%�+�3;+ z��#+o�|1h-,�+�,¤d+:;+f&'(`d*#+o�|1h3h�

+.(0=+.3&')* +7vr+{NO* +:1)* + |<-,eQ)* + |<;7&¡@A* +og7&i-O* +V^�a� g7r%Fh=+#,Q)* +2'9F |- +7(M+w-.)* +*%&'9)

+V�m>&?@A*+:;+�%r5+>)*+�89)*�#+o�7dH7&x1�*�#+o�781Q&'F;�+!�91M+:;+5.&x)*+,�7r

+7vdO* +{)@* +G57&�@A* +.-,d +7(d@*# +o7c.hd +#O* +DA#70()* +��c +{Fj +�3FB1)* +H.&xr +78c +78&')#

+G.3hB)*# +w-.F) +,e81N +6O* +6#H +o,&xB)* +«#5 +wj +<&E7�)* +7v)7e&�O7r +, �9BN +o �<3d7&'d@* + �D*,c7�

+<3(FB)*#+<-,eQ)*+<M,0)*+s73&?+:;+o673�OA*+lF�O*+:;+ofNO*#+o,3y1-A+g71r7�+g*,&x8j+7(v1Q&xr

+o �:d7&'d@A*+ �:;,B()*+K*,1)*+{Fj+ ��,eQ)*+«71QdA*#+o �:=>&?@A*+�(1C()*+7c.v&�+:1)*+<3=781()*

+6%&¡%�-#+o<;,B(F)+<F3&?#+w&'�O*+�5791j7r+~hB)*+6%�.1(-+ot7vhQ)*#+w-, �eQ()*+u¤B=+«*5#

+oD7v �}%1)*#+t*5nA*+o:)71)7r+ofQF1P*#+f8-79N#+o<3(FB)*#+<3Q&'FQ)*+�57B()*#+ow-.)*+m%Fj+:;

+oH#H �,)*#+D7r7}@A*+f(&'hd*#+o7v3Fj+H,)*# +t*5nA* +.38QN#+o<C}70()*#+o".C)*+w=+%}+H7&?#

+o g<0F&'=+ g<3Q8j+ �D7j*,&E+om%(B)*+{Fj+o�18N+u)+7v8e)#+o �<;,`1=+�,PO*#+o �<).1B=+ �<3Fhj+w3r

+7v4*5n* +2¡,Q) +o�zF&'()* +b8B)*# +G%h)* +fF z&?%N +:1)* +<&¡57B()* +D7M,0)* +2iBr +t78�1&?7r

+VRR+2E+o2?+Vm+o<3=>&?@*+<&i-,;+,3eQ1)*+oH7hB)*+H%(0=+2?79j+^TaVZ�+2E+o�SS�+o,&J8)*#+<;7h�F)+�.()*+5*H+!:rH+o<3d.()*#+uFB)*+w3r+m>&?@A*+o�.9j+.(0=+m7=@A*+^�a

TTZ


+ �b8j+w=+<(M70)*+D7`F&')*+�1&?57=+7=#+o �<0&¡*#+ �GA7y(r+w-.)*+2?%9)+7v1&'9)O*+:1)*+<3&?73&')*

+o �<=* z.c+ �<;,08=+ �<&¡57B=#+o �Gt78r+ �<&¡57B=+w3r+ �L33(N+6#H+ow3&¡57B()*+7v=%&xP+"73�+ ��F&'=

+V�w3�>&')*+t7vh;�+¦ §r+ g73�-57N+*%; §, |j+w-�)*+t7vhQ)*+2iBr+D*H7v1}*#+�#71;+{)@*+ gG.81&'=

+o:FP*H+ �s �L(N+w=+<3=>&?@A*+D7B(1C()*+m%3)* +�3d7BN+7=+~�+:;+o�3Fj+.3MO71)* + �H%d+7=#+

+w= +s>`dA*# +o:d>hB)* +5*%0)* +<y) +"7(B1&?* +{)@* +H%Bd +6O* +o �<3}57P# + �<3FP*H + �D*,=*$%=#

+D7;>1PA* +�9&i) +o�)%&?5# +�.9j+^2Eag* g.(0= +6O7r# +o z~}# + zLj +¢+<3d*.�%)7r +�3(C)* +GH7v&�

+{Fj+��71Qd*#+o�3(CF)+�d7&i1�*+m>&?@>)+°Q0-+7(r+o<(47h)*+<-H7v1}A*#+<-,eQ)*+D78-791)*#

+H7(1jA*#+o�8-.r+uF&'()*+67&'d@A*+<h�+°Q0-+7(r#+oG57&i0)*#+m.h1)*#+5%`1)*+G,3&'=+<-7j5

+2'-,eN+:;+67&'d@A*+<-*.c#+.3&�,N+:;+7v13r*%&E#+7v�%&¡##+57e;OA*+G%�#+o~hB)*+�`8=+{Fj

+V2¡5OA*+{Fj+{)7BN+¢+�1;>P

1P`C3R&X�+� �,`1)*# +o ¥m7j + �~e&Jr +� �,`1)* +G,c7¤) +om7-OA* +��c+:; +o<3F(B)*# +<-,eQ)* +D73FC1)* +6@*

+.�# +g7&E%&xP +o,&E7B()*# +k-.0)* +~hB)* +<=�O* +wj +g*,39BN +~e&JN +7(d@* +o ¥2E7P + �~e&Jr +:8-.)*

+~hB)* +W7&'� +{Fj +o<-H7&x1�A* +�)7&x()*# +oD*#L8)*# +ot*%cOA*# +o<(&�7y)* +G%h)* +f( ze0N

+o�) +<�%8(()* +<h�)* +o�#,¤)* +l&'0r +G, �3y1()* +�NAA.r +o~hB)* +.h;O* +��)* +,=OA* +V67(-@A*#

+V~hB)*+u3j.N+{Fj+G5.h)*+o<1r7�)*+�NAA.r+o67(-@A*+.h;O*#

+~M +{)@* + �G%jH +s>�@* +o �:8-.)* + §� �,`1)* +G,c7� +:; +k09)* +t*5# +w= +o78;.v1&?* +w0d#

+o �< ¨&E7�r+G,c7¤)*+��c+*%r57h3) +ow-H+"7}5#+t7vh;+ow33=>&?@* +w3��7r+ow-, �eQ=+ow3(1v()*

+w3=7&i()+<3�-571)*+<3M,0)7r+u3F&'1)*+w=+g7�>`d*+o �<=7Br+67&'d@A*#+�(1C()*+7-7&i�#+,c*%�#

+m7¤8F) +.h8)* +�&i9= +"7(B1&?* +{Fj +<=*.1&?A* +s73&? +:;# +o<z3F |e)* +u �3 §h)*# +t�H79()* +D73�FCN#

+O*.9()*+:c+:1)*+7vN73�>PO*+wj+�#7CN#+o<3�F |e)*+t�H79()*+«#5+wj+�,P+7()7`)+��)*+o ��,&J9)*

+7v&'Qd+. �&'C|N#+o~(B)*+{)@*+ g<B;*H+ gG%�+w=L)*+ �,=+{Fj+{h9N+o<hF`()*+ |u �3 §h)7;+V<3d>hBF)+2?7&?OA*

+7v1 z3=%(j+<j#5+.hQN+.�+�)�r+7vdO*+2iB9F)+� z.9N+6@*#+o �wz3B |=+ �,&xj+�#,¤r+ ¥2E7P+ �,39BN+:;

+7vdOA+o �< z&E7P+ ��#,�+:;+< z&E7�)*+7vN7h39`N+k3�+w=+ gG%�+.-LN+<h3h0)*+:;+7v8e)#+o7v�>�@*#

+7v�>�@7r +7vd@* +V ¥:F(j+ �~e&Jr +7v8j+,39B1)* +:;+7d,z�BN +6@*# +{1�+o7vr +5%B&J)* +{Fj+78��0N +�)�r

+oG,470)* +<hFh)* +67&'d@A* +«#5 + �k0N +o�&'Qd +f�%)* +:; +o7v8e)# +o �� h01= +,3� + �u)7j +wj +, �9BN

+"�%01)*+DA7�+:;#+o�,PO*+ �<3j7(1}*+ �<)7�+{)@*+ �<3j7(1}*+ �<)7�+w=+"�%01)*+G,3&'=+:;+ �:&i(F)

+57e;OA* +��c+:NO7N +o �G,3�= + ��F�# + �lj5+ |,c7¤=# +o �<3j*#A+ g�%� +5%v�+ gGH7j +7vh;*,- +:1)*# +o��c

+Vm7=OA*+{)@*+7vN,3&'=+:;+<3d7&'d@A*+G730F)+�; z.)*+, �;%N#+o<83dO7(`)*+ �.3B1)+<3)7B1()*+ |u �3 §h)*#

TT]

/e,V LRK& *-] .)

+G%h)* +,-.hN +:; +fhQPO* +o.-.01)7r +<3M,3=OA*# +o<3r,y)* +<3�09)* +DA#70()* +u¤B= +6@*

+<C31d+A@*+fd7M+7=+oD7�7QP@A*+��c+6OA+A@*+o�)q+7=#+o<38-.)*+,j7&J(F)+G,&E7B()*+<3&?73&')*

+%c +7(= +*%hF`8- +6O* +om>&?@A* +6*.3= +:; +w3��79)* +{Fj +W,y)* +:; +<&?73&')* +:Bd7&E +2¡,;

+w= + g>B; +5#.- +67M +7(= +�F`8N +A + g�$#5# + �57e;O* +�;# +og*.=7}# +g*,h1&'=# +g78=n* +�1Q&xr + �u47�

+w-�)* +ow3��79)* +w= +6O7&J)* +W70&EO* +wj + �G5H7&E +,3� +.3)7hN# +2'3-7h() + g7h9�# +oK*.�O*

+gA7B;+6%e-+w)+o �K*,N+ ��OA+�(jOA*�+uvQ)7;+oucH>r#+uvN7B(1C=+wj+,3�e)*+5.h)*+6%;,B-

+ �uv; + ��O* +7vB911&'- +:1)* +,33y1)* +<3)#$%&'= +ue0r# +o�) +uv1&J-7B= +ue0r +o�478rO* +"%hBr +A@*

+<8=L()* +<3Q47`)* +~M7&J()*# +o<-H7&x1�A*# +<3j7(1}A*# +<3&?73&')* +£7&¡#OA*# +V^Ta��) + �.-.}

+<B}78)*+"%F0)*+H7C-@*+we(-+A+o7vFM+��c+o<3§F �9 �h)*#+<38-.)*#+<38N@A*+D739&xB)*#+o<(�7Q1()*#

+D,v�+.�#+o5*,h1&?A*+{Fj+<¤;70()*+%c+o �.�*#+ �,=O7r +"%F0)*+��c+"*L1P*+�-,�+wj+7v)

+67M+o6789)+:Q;�+o<3d789F)*+<�7&')*+{Fj+o �u�7Q1=#+ ��&¡*#+ �~e&Jr+o,=OA*+*�v)+<3�57e)*+�4718)*

+7v�0r#+7v1&?*5H+t*,9�)*+~Q�O*+:1)*+7v&'Qd+�%h)*+:c#+o �G z.&Jr+<M,01()*+�%h)*+�FN+6O7&�+w=

+o<3;*,y(-.)*+D*,3y1)*#+o:j7(1}A*+£>1�A*+I+ �H*, ��7r+7c,-.hN+*#$#7&?O*+uc+#O*+o g7=7N+gA7Q�@*

+w=#+V^�a�2?,&�+ ��-L(N+ z,&�+H>9)*+s �L(|N +6O* +I+<3}%)%-.-OA*+D*5731)*#+o<3Q47`)*+D*tA%)*#

+78)7&J1d*+%c+o78d#$%&�+:;+<3}57�)*+D>P.1F)+2'34,)*+�.v)*+6O7r+u3F&'1)*+m.j+:y98-+o78c

+«>&E@A7;� +o:�*,h(-.)* +«>&E@A* +t�H79= +2'-,eN# +oH*.91&?A*# +bF�1)* +w�*,r +w=

+5.hr+o �<3}57P+ �<3�>&E@*+�-57&J(r+�9N,-+6O*+:y98-+A+o<h`8()*+:;+ �:h3h0)*+ �:�*,h(-.)*

+<3j7(1}A*+"*%�OA* +w3&'0N#+o �:r,B)* +£57&J)* +2i9d+{)@* +D7&xd@A* +{Fj+LeN,-+6O* +:y98- +7=

+� �h0N +A + �<3}57P+ �D*.8}O*# + �D*t>=@* +~M +wj+g*.3Br +o6*.F9)* +��vr +<3&?73&')*# +<-H7&x1�A*#

+W#,0)* +57CN# +D73;7()*� +uv3Fj +�F`|- +^w z(=a +o7v8= +w-.3Q1&'()*# +7v3} �#, |= +�)7&x= +A@*

+V^Ra�67�#OA*+57CN#

+78N7B(1C= +:; + �<-%38r + �D7j �.&xN +w= + �u47� +%c +7= +:; +w&'�OA*# +~&i;OA* +{)@* +,33y1)* +6@*

+<8-791()* +<3}%)%-.-OA* +D73891()*# +<-,eQ)* +D7v}%1)* +:; +{FC1N +:1)*# +o<3=>&?@A*# +<3r,B)*

+K*,1)* +~P*H+,PnA* +2iB9)* +t7Qed*# +<3r,y)* +<�*.0)* +:;+2iB9)* +s*,y1&?* +:;+#O* +o<QF1�()*#

+<3&?73&')* +<(¤dOA* +, �e8N +:; +#O* +o �:8-.)*# + �:Q47`)*# + �:8N@A* +2'd7C1)* +m.j +:; +#O* +o�.3Fh1)*

+o~M7&J()* +w= +�)q +,3� +{)@* +o �:(3FB1)*# +o �:j7(1}A*# +o ��H7&x1�A*# +o:&?73&')* +«>&E@>)

VT[+2E+o2?+Vm+o2x8)*+<`F&?+ow(�,)*+.9j+�H7v)*+.9j+^TaVUR+2E+o6+Vm+^�a

VRU –+RR+2x&E+om+�STT+oTRY+H.B)*+o�&?#OA*+6#$%&�+o,33y1)*+D7�7h01&?*#+<3r,B)*+D*5%�)*+o�#*LB)*+"7&E#+^Ra

TT\


+f3hr +7()7� +q@* +o7vC471d +2'3)# +o78FM7&J=# +78N7=�O* +W79&?O* +<C)7B= +lF`1- +�FM +�)q +6@*

+o�9&'N +6O* +:y98- +o �:8-.)* +� �,`1)* +G,c7� +W79&?O* +<C)7B(; +V7v8j +DA%FB()* +D.z)%N +o~FB)*

+2'3) +,=OA* +*�c +6O* +�5.d +w0d# +V7v)7&x�1&?*# +G,c7¤)* +��c +<C)7B= +�;*,N +o~�OA* +{Fj +#O*

+o:�>POA* +m*L1)A*# +o57�-@A*# +o<30&i1)*# +oG,0)* +GH*5@A*# +omLB)* +w=+,3�e)* +lF`1-# +o g>v&?

+.B198)# +op-571F) +p-571)* +H7h�O* +£.8)# +o �<B&¡*%1= + �D*%`�r +6@*# +oO*.98F; +V<3 �dO71 |()* +D*%`�)*#

+78&'QdO* +�&¡## +of3h()* +l ¨&xB1)*# +<; �,`1()* +57e;OA* +H*,31&?* +#O* +o.3)%N# +ow-,PnA* +.3FhN +wj

+�`&')* +w= +�Q88)# +V78)73}O* +~9h1&'= +t78r# +7d,&¡7� +D73)#$%&'() +l3C1&'N +A + �D*573P +m7=O*

+o g73(Fj +g7(v; +K#5%()* +78B�*# + �uvQd# +o,¤8)* +<v}# + �,3y1N +{1� +ot:9�)* +w�79)* +{)@* +,c7¤)*

+:�#+�=+<hd7B1()*+o<01Q8()*+o<;57B)*+o<M5.()*+o<8=$%()*+78)%hj+�B8&xN+ �.-.}+ ��*%)+�,3y8;

+u01h3)+oD7�%F�()*+w=+�,3�+6#H+67&'dA*+{Fj+7vr+uBdO*+¢*+w=+ �<(Bd+�,&J9)*+~hB)7;+V¢*

+o6*,(B)*# +<3d.()* +G,3&'= +:; +uc7&'N + g<3(Fj + �D7;7&J1M*# + �D7�%1; +LC8-# +o7vzFM +D7hFy()* +�r

Vt7B(}+<3d7&'d>)+<BQ8()*#+,3�)*+�7CN7r+7v)7(B1&?*+W �% |&E+7=+*q@*+

+

+

+

TTY

oGCb|' T;)N8?;FGX&'J !%^=,&'J !z$&' -"A

C=,56 3<;7 396 .,e()'(#+M)23#7>+./LQ+,-+D2G)E0+d)S23?#

"#D:4#V"#Da�+.'0)s

1D=A`C

+V��0r +H*,()* +£%&¡%()* +.-.0N +:; +�%&x� + g<3(cO* +�F`&x(F) +6O* +{Fj +6%��79)* +� §(C|-

+t7j%)* +*�c +67M +*q@7; +o57e;O>) +~=70)* +t7j%)* +7vd%M +w= +7v13(cO* +D70F`&x()* +l&'1eN#

+�,eQ)* +t789)* +~1�- +:)71)7r# +o<-,39B1)* +DAA.)* +:; + �~FP +{)@* + g7(1� +H%h- +�d@7; + g7r,`&i=

+D7�>`&EA* +�9&¡ +6@7; +o�3Fj + gt78r# +V�h47h� +:Q1�N +.�# +owc�)* +{; +�(3� +L1vN# +o�&'Qd

+o6%(&i()*# +{8B()* + zl) +"7`N+ �<3F(j+%c+7(d@* +o g>B1Q=+ g>(j+#O* + g73Fe&� + gt*,}@* +2'3) +u3c7Q()*#

+:d7B()*+£7(1}*+:(Fj+wj+k09)*+{Fj+ �k0N+<)O7&'()*+��c#+V,eQ)*#+�v8()*+{)@*+7vC471d+~&xN#

Vu3c7Q()*#+D70F`&x(F)+:)A.)*+5%`1)*#

+o7v3d7B=# +o7vNAAH +{Fj +bF1�()* +D70F`&x()* +57�@* +:; +�W7c5@A*� +�F`&x=+�5.8-#

+{1� + �H%}%= +.�*%)* +�F`&x()* +m%vQ= +6O7&Jr +�>�)7; +o<3d7&'d@A* +m%FB)* +:; +7vN7Q-,BN#

+D57�O* +�W7c5@A*�+<3&i�+6O* + ��30&E+VG.�*%)* +<&?5.()* +t7(Fj+w3r#+o.�*%)* +�(1C()*+~P*H

+k-.0)*+we)#+o<3()7B)*+D7-.18()*+,�MO*+�.)+g7j%&¡%=+fN7r#+o73d.)*+t7}5O*+~M+:;+g7C3C&¡

+ ��=7}+ �.�*#+ �b-,BN+<(�+2'3F;+o�78B=+{Fj+�3(C)*+w=+g7�7QN*+�78c+6O*+:8B-+A+W7c5@A*+wj

+{Fj+s7QNA*+m.j#+o�H.0N+m.j#+o�F`&x()*+<39&'8r+ �,h-+ �b-,BN+~M#+oW7c5@A*+m%vQ()+ ��d7=

+D7Q-,B1)* +~M +"7�+�)q+:;+�)7�+o g<Fv&? + g<3F(j+2'3) +W7c5@A* +b-,BN +6O* +<h3h0)*# +V�78B=

+G,1Q)* +l9&'r + g73d7�# +o�3; +5%=OA* +D*,-.hN +~P*.N +l9&'r +gA#O* +o:d7&'d@A* +~BQ)7r +<&x1�()*

T�S

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+o7vF�+:;+G.47&')* +<3&?73&')* +<;7h�)* +l9&'r+og*,3PO* +2'3)#+ g7�)7�#+o7v3;+K.0N+:1)*+<38=L)*

+ �D7�57Q= +K §.0|N +:c# +o ��,0= + �,=O* +"7B;OA* +b33eN# +D70F`&x()* +b-,BN +:; +<39&'8)7;

+�}*%N+:1)*+�4*%B)*+,9MO*+w=+:v;+�)q+{)@*#+oVV<()$%=+s�n7=+:;+,&J9)*+��%N+.�#+~r+o g<93Cj

+~(&JN+7vdOA+oW%B&J)*+w3r+<3;7h�)*+D7;>�F)+gA7(j@*+7c,�MO*#+o:;7h�)*#+�57&i0)*+2'd7C1)*

+6O* +we(- +7= +~M# +oD70F`&x()*# +u3c7Q()*# +D*H7B)*# +u3h)*# +"7B;OA*# +"*%�OA*# +,3eQ1)*

+7v3)@* +.81&'N +:1)* +�F1M +o �<1r7� +,3-7B= +{)@* +H781&?A* +6#H +O7`�)* +#O* +W*%&x)7r +�3Fj +ue0|-

V^Ta<3B39`)*+m%FB)*

1 �P>@&o3^Nj67&X+{Fj+".N+q@*+oG.�*%)*+<yF)*+~P*H+{1�#+o�,PO*+{)@*+ �<y)+w=+�W7c5@A*�+<(FM+DAAH+H.B1N

+{8B=+ ��7C-7r+"#7818&?+:NO73&?+7(3;#+V�19&?78=#+7v=*.�1&?*+67e()+ g7B9N+o�*q+#O* +{8B()*+*�c

V<3&?57Q)*#+o<3&'d,Q)*#+o<-L3FCd@A*#+o<3r,B)*+oD7yF)*+:;+W7c5@A*

!./<D'(#+.\L(#+,-

+�1&JN +q@* +o.-.v1)*# +lj,)*# +£LQ)*# +�%�)* +"%� +<3r,B)* +<yF)* +:; +W7c5@A* +{8B= +5#.-

+{8B()*+%c#+o�j zL;#+�; z%P+�O*+o7d>;+lc5O*+!"7h-#+¯^lc5O*a+.-L()*+~BQ)*�+w=+W7c5@*+<(FM

+7v&'Qd +GH7()* +w= +H,C()* +~BQ)* +6O* +7(M +V^�a�^ �lc �5a +b zB&i()* +~BQ)* +�3Fj +".- +��)* +�&'Qd

+ �t:&J)*+ �l §c �5#+V ��7P+��O* +o�-,01)7r+og79 �c �5#+ou&i)7r+og79 c |5#+ g< �9 c �5+ |l �c , �- +o,&'e)7r+o �l §c �5�+%c

+V �D% |9 �c �5+ �~} �5#+¯{N% |9 �c z,)*#+o |D%9 �c z,)*#+o{9 c �,)*#+o |l c �,)*+!u&?A*#+V� �;7P+! g<9 c �5#+ g79 �c �5#+ g79 c �5

+VV¯� �. zj �% �N+*q@*+� �,3�+ �l zc �, �N#+V �u �� ,|N+ 6�O*+w=+ �,3 �P+ �l �c , |N+6�OA+��O*+o �D% |( �� 5+ w §=+ �,3 �P+ �D% |9 �c �5+!"7h-

+ g<9 � �5+! §t7j �.)*+k-.�+:;#+V�3)§@*+ |t79 � z,)*#+o §¢*+w=+ |t79 c z,)*+!"%hN+o §l �c z,)*+w=+ �u&?*+ |t79 c z,)*#

+o7c.�# + �<9 � z,)* +~(j�O* +u� +o §<9 c z,)*# + §<9 � z,)* +w3r +�(} +o |£ �L �Q)*# + |� % ��)* +! |<9 c z,)* +V�3)§@* + g<9 c �5#

+wr* +"7� +¯��1 �9 c �5 +7vr + |K �. ��|O* +A + g<¦ �8&? + |f3¦ §h �9; +!,39e)* + §£7&¡ �5 +k-.�+:;#+V §<9 � z,)* +:;+m z.h �N +7(M

+� �9 zc �5#+� �9 �c 5O*#+V�)+"%BQ()*+{Fj+ �W%&x8=+%c#+o� §1 �9 c �5+~}O*+w=+��O*+o �<-*#5+:;+ �t7}+*�ec+!,3��OA*

+�)%� + �, �&' |; +�)�r# +¯ |2?78)* +� �9¦ §c �5 +{1� +��1 �9 c �5 +{ �j .�1 &?* +!� �9 �c , �1 &?*# +V�j zL �;# +� �;7P�O* +!� �9 �c , �1&?*#

V^Ra�uc%|9 �c 5�O*+� �O*+¯ �u3¤j+ �, 0&'r+*#|$#7}#+u |c% |9 �c ,1 &?*#+!~}#+Lj

+oTT�U+H.B)*+o<-H%B&')*+G,-LC)*+<Q30&E+o^�/Ta+,3-7B()*+<3}*#H�*#+b-,B1)*+<=*#H+VVW7c5@A*+o«*%&i=+"n*+.(0=+wr+«*%&i=+^TaVTU�U+o{)#OA*+�H7(}TS+2'3(�)*

VTU2E+o�SS[+,r%1M*+o{=>&?@A*+u)7B)*+<`r*5+o�SY+H.B)*+o�0)*+G%jH+<F&'F&?+oW7c5@A*+<(vN#+m>&?@A*+o��#Lj+w&'�+^�aV�RYI�RU+2x&E+omTY[[+o5H7&E+5*H+!D#,3r+oT+�=+oW,B)*+67&')+om,e=+wr+.(0=+w-.)*+"7(}+~&iQ)*+%rO*+o5%¤8=+wr*+^Ra

T�T

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+olc5# +VV£L;# +o~},)* +�7P�+!:}�73)* +u3c*,r@* +"%h- +o��%�)*# +w=OA*� +~&x;+:;

+,=OA* +�j*5 +.�# +ot:&� +{dHO* +�jLQ|- +�O* + �£A + �~},) +�d@*# +VV,j�d*# +olBN5*# +o£7N5*#

V^Ta�VV�9c5O*#

+o §�-,01)7r# + §�1Q)7r# +u&i)7r +og79 c |5# + g< �9 c �5 +o �u§F �B �M +o �l §c �5� +!��30()* +2?%=7h)*� +:;#

+o� �D% |( �� 5+ w=+ �,3P+ �D% |9 �c �5�#+o{�N% |9 �c z,)*#+o{ �9 c z,)*+! |u &?A*#+o ��7P+! |� z, �0|-#+ou&i)7r+og7d79 c |5#

V^�a� |� �. zj �% �N+! |� �9 zc �, �N#+V |� �;7PO*+! |� �9 �c , �1 &?*#+ |� �9 �c 5O*#+V �u �� ,|N+6O*+ w=+ �, 3 �P+ �l �c , |N+ 6�OA+!�O*

+ue0)*# +o�1`F&? +<=7�@A +W7c5@A* +{)@* +O7CF- +w=� +!%c +�:r7c5@A*� +6@7; +o�.C8()*� +:;#

+ �D7j7(} +#O* + �D7=%e� +�3)@* +.(BN +b8B)*# +W7c5@A* +{Fj +m%h- +ue0)* +w= + �£%d +%c +:r7c5@A*

V^Ra�<-5%�

+b8B)* +~39&? +6%eF&'- +w-�)* +{Fj +�F`|- + �b&E#� +!��3&?%)* +uCB()*� +:; +�6%3r7c5@A*�#

VÛa�<3&?73&')*+uv;*.cO*+�3h01)+W7c5@A*#

+#O* +D*,CQ1()* +t7h)@*# +~1h)7M +o �b8j +"7(jO* +�� §.0|N + �lj5� +!%c +�.4*,)*� +:; +�W7c5@A*�#

+l-,�1)* +#O* +oD*,CQ1()* +t7h)@* +#O* +o~1h)7r +W7c5@A* +{)@* +O7CF- + w �= +%c +:r7c5@A*# +ol-,�1)*

+m%h- +�H*.91&?A* +ue0)* +w= + �£%d +%c +:r7c5@A* +ue0)*# +o�,PO* +2i-%hN +#O* +o �<`F&? +<=7�@A

+<-5,01)* +D7M,0)*# +D7jL8)* +{Fj +t7&ih)* +<3yr +ob8B)*# +G.&J)7r +lB&J)* +<&?73&? +{Fj

V^[a�<3)>h1&?A*#

+o ��%P+{Fj+".-+7(c.�O*+!6>&EO*+t79)*#+t7v)*#+t*,)*+lc5�+!2?57;+wrA+�uCB()*�+:;#

+W79)* +w=# +o g< �9 c �5# +o7 g9c |5 +t:&J)* +f9c5 +!"%hN +o<9c,)* +"#OA7; +o �<QP# + �<�H +{Fj +".- +,PnA*#

V^Za�<)#Lv()*+<�78)*+o |l �c z,)*+,PnA*+~&EOA*#+o7 �c |H7 �-q#+o2¡%0)*+w=+~r@A*+ |£ . ��+%c#+oW7c5@A*

+�W7c5@A*� +:1(FM +w= +fFP +.� +<(-.h)* +<3r,B)* +D7(CB()*� +6O* +{)@* +G57&�@A* +5.CN

+V^]a�<(-.h)*+<8=�OA*+7(v;,BN+u)#+o"7(B1&?A*+<�-.�+D7(Fe)*+w=+7(vdOA+o�:r7c5@A*�#

.www.alfaseeh.com/vb/showthread.php%3F !,¤d*+V]]2E+o.4*,)*+<BCd+o:}�73)*+ou3c*,r*+^TaVT\\+2E+omTY\]+/+¦c+TUS]+o<)7&?,)*+<&'&?$%=+!D#,3r+o�+_+o�30()*+2?%=7h)*+o^W%hB-+wr+.(0=+w-.)*+.C=a+�H7rn*+�#,3Q)*+^�a

V�\�+2E+omTY\Z+os,&J()*+5*H+!D#,3r+o�Y+_+o<yF)*+:;+.C8()*+^RaVR]Z+2E+o�SSU+o<3)#.)*+s#,&J)*+<91e=+!G,c7h)*+oU+_+o^b3&¡+:�%&�VH+!�*,&�*a+�3&?%)*+uCB()*+o<3r,B)*+<yF)*+�(C=+Ûa

V\\+2E+omTYZ]+ow3->(F)+uFB)*+5*H+!D#,3r+oT+_+o.4*,)*+oH%B&'=+o6*,9}+^[aVUST2E+omTYYU+o�+�+o,eQ)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o<yF)*+:;+2'3-7h()*+uCB=+o7-,M�+wr+2?57;+wr+.(�O*+w3&'0)*+%rO*+o2?57;+wr*+^Za

+o,&J8)*# +<j79`)*#+<;70&xF)+<-,0)*+5*H+!G,c7h)* +oTS+H.B)* +o<-,0)*+W71M+o:&?73&')* +b8B)*#+W7c5@A* +ow-.)* +Lj+">}+.(�O* +^]aV�S+2E+oTY\Z+2?57=+/+¦c+TUSZ+l}5

T��

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+ g70F`&x=+7c5791j7r+o�W7c5@A*�+<(FM+m*.�1&?*+G,c7h)*+:;+<3r,B)*+<yF)*+�(C=+,�O*+.�#

+w33r7c5@A* +6O*� +!�(C()* +�&¡#O*# +o�7P+{8B(r +<3r,B)* +<yF)* +:; +GH5*%)* +^lc5a+w=+g7h1&J=

V^Ta�<3&?73&')*+uv;*.cO*+�3h01)+b8B)*+~39&?+6%eF&'-+w-�)*+{Fj+�F`|-+ �b&E#

+lj,)*# +£LQ)*# +�%�)* +!:d7B= +"%� +5#.- +<3r,B)* +<yF)* +:; +W7c5@A* +6O* +.Cd +*�ec#

+V.-.v1)*#

+�.B1-+~r+o<-H7()*+ld*%C)*+{Fj+ �,&x1h=+,3�+W7c5@A*+�F`&x=+6O*+{)@*+G57&�@A*+�=+�)q#

Vg7&i-O*+<-%8B()*+ld*%C)*+{)@*+�)q

!.:X/L6O45#+.\L(#+,-

+6O*�+{Fj+7vB}*,=+�Q1N#+o.-.&J)*+�%�)*#+lj,)7r+W7c5@A*+{8B=+<-L3FCd@A*+<yF)*+fd,�

+�8= +D.(1&?* +��)* +Ters +{83N>)* +~BQ)* +%c +<-L3FCd@A* +<yF)* +{; +Terrorism +<(FM +5.&x=

V^�a�.-.&J)*+�%�)*+#O*+lj,)*+�O*+oTerror+<(FM

+lj,)* +��%- +7=+~M+o"%c+o,j |q +olj5�+!{8B(r+terror +<(FM+�H5%()*� +2?%=7�+�5HO* +.�#

+wj + �¼&�7d + �,jq +oW7c5@* +!:8B- +terrorism +u&?@A*# +oW7c5@* +.vj +oW7c5@* +o2?%Q8)* +:;

+{Fja+�c,e|- +o£ �#,|- +olc,|- +!:8B-+terrorize +~BQ)*#+o:r7c5@A* +!:8BN+terrorist +# +oW7c5@A*

V^Ra�W7c5@A7r+^ �,=O*

+2x�&J)*�+%c+Terrorist +:r7c5@A* +6@* +Oxford Dictionary +�H5%Q&'M#O* +2?%=7��+:;#

+oW7c5@A* +{8B(r +Terrorism +u&?@A*# +o �<3&?73&? + �<-7vd +67(&i) +u¤8()* +b8B)* +~(B1&'- +��)*

+VÛa�<3&?73&?+ �2¡*,�O*+:;+ �<&E7�r#+oW7j5@A*+#O*+b-%�1)*#+b8B)*+m*.�1&?*+�r+.&xh|-

!./2KODg(#+.\L(#+,-

+m*.�1&?A*�+�dO7r+W7c5@A*+Le Petit Robert+<3&'d,Q)*+<yF)*+:;+k-.0)*+2?%=7h)*+�,B-

+7= + �.Fr +{Fj +,3�O71F) + �<3&?73&? + �<(¤8= +��Q8N +o ¥:&?73&? + ��.c +�3h0N +~}O* +w= +b8BF) +�v8(()*

+V^[a�ue0F)+ g<F3&?#+6%e-+.�+W7c5@A*#+o^,Pn*+.Fr+#O*+mOA*+7c.Fr+t*%&?a

VRYS+2E+o2?Vm+o�3&?%)*+uCB()*+o<3r,B)*+<yF)*+�(C=+^TaV��+2E+o2?Vm+o:&?73&')*+b8B)*#+W7c5@A*+ow-.)*+Lj+o">}+.(�O*+^�a

VmTYY]+ow3->(F)+uFB)*+5*H+!D#,3r+oRT+_+o:r,j+�L3Fed@*+2?%=7�+oH5%()*+o:e9FB9)*+,38=+^RaOxford Universal Dictionary, Compiled by Joyce M. Hawkins, Oxford, University Press, 1981, p. 736V+Ûa

Dictionnaire Le Petit Robert, 2011, p. 2539.+^[a

T�R

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+!./237)g(#+.\L(#+,-

+{)@*+7v8=+ �q%PO7=+%c#+o<3&?57Q)*+<yF)*+{)@*+H%B-+W7c5@A*+�F`&x=+~&EO*+6O*+�,-+w=+�78c

+V^Ta� �~-%� + �w=� +�8= +�%=.�1&?* +2?,Q)7; +oW7c5@A* +:8B- +Terroris +6@* +q@*� +o�,POA* +D7yF)*

+o^�a�^lj5+�FP+/b-%�Na+:8B-+��)*+^6. d7&?,Na+�F`&x=+<�-.0)*+<3&?57Q)*�+�8=+fh1&�*#

+VT\]S+m7B)*+H#.0r+:r#5#OA*+"#*.1)*+<�7&?+{)@*+~h1d*#

+6O*+w39N+o<3&?57Q)*+2'3=*%h)*+:;+�8j+k09)*+.B9;+o�O*,)*+*�v)+ ��}#+ z�O*+.Cd+u)+78dO*+,3�

+VW7c5@A*+:8B-+A#+b-%�1)*+:8B-+^6. d7&?,Na+�F`&x=

+I5#,Na +D7(FM +w= +fFP +.� +<(-.h)* +<3&?57Q)* +u}7B()* +6O* +{)@* +G57&�@A* +5.CN#

+,3&JN+<�-.0)*+u}7B()*#+o"7(B1&?A*+<�-.�+D7(Fe)*+w=+7vdOA+oÛa^f&'-5#,Na#+^Raû&'-5#,N

+Terrer+<(Fe)*+5�}+6O*+�,-+w=+�78c#+V^[a<3&'d,Q)*+<yF)*+w=+ �q%PO7=+�F`&x()*+~&EO*+6O*+{)@*

V^Za,j�)*#+"%v)*#+lj,)*+:8B-+�dO*#+o :d7d%-

+ �~e&Jr + �<r57h1= +<�#,`()* +W7c5@A* +u3c7Q= +6@* +o g7hr7&? +78) +w39N +7(M# +o"%h)* +<&E>P

+V7v83r+7=+:;+ g<`3&'r+ �D7;>1P*+<(�+6O*+,3�+o �,39M

+w3� +:; +o7v3Fj +��*%)* +#O* +oW7c5@>) +<&?57(()* +<vC)* +H.0- +u) +o g>�= +o�W,B)* +67&')�

+!~}# +Lj +"%h- +q@* +o7c.&¡ +W7c5@A* +<&?57(= +lC- +:1)* +<vC)* +�FN +H.� +u-,e)* +6n*,h)* +6O*

+V^\a�lj,)7r+ |D, §&x|d�+!<Q-,&J)*+<-%98)*+<8&')*+:;#+o^]a¯ «e wQ � w; �F � + v¤#+ � w; �F+ v} v<+ �"$w* v{ «Dwc®

+A# +o<&?57(()* +<vC)* +H.0- +u) +<3r,B)* +<yF)* +:; +^lc5a +<(Fe) +m7B)* +b-,B1)*� +6@*

+W%F�+:;+£LQ)*# +lj,)* +"7PH@* +6O* +,Mq+.h;+ou-,e)* +6n*,h)* +7=O* +VW7c5@A* +7c.&¡+2?57(()*

+ |D, §&x|d�+ � 2Ea"%&?,)*+"%�+�)�M#+o�M,1r+u�O7-#+�3Fj+uF&'()*+W7� |-+ �l}*#+o �H%(0=+ �,=O*+t*.jOA*

+:; +*#,eQ- +A +:M+uvr%F� +:; +�%�)*# +lj,)* +"7PH@7r +t*.jOA* +{Fj+¢*+�,&xd +�O* +o�lj,)7r

V]U2E+o�SSS+o:�7&')*+5*H+!D#,3r+o:(3B8)*+�)@A*+.9j+<(},N+oT_+o�&?#OA*+s,&J)*+:;+w-.)*#+<=OA*+o�*.3)7c+.-,;+^Ta+VT\Z2E+oTYZY+ow3->(F)+uFB)*+5*H+!D#,3r+oT_+o:9c�)*+uCB()*+o:Cd%1)*+.(0=+^�a

VW7c5@A*+¾u&'-5#,N+I5#,N+^RaV:r7c5@A*¾+f&'-5#,N+Ûa

!,¤d*+o^�=781y)a+2?%=7�+o*.�cH+^[ahttp://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-b4f99bb6998342f1a0d232cca734249d-fa.html

VU2E+o�SSZ/R/TT+o]\U+H.j+o<3C3N*,1&?*+s7;n*+<FC=+og73vh;+g73d%d7�+W7c5@A*+<(-,}+oW,�+s57�+^ZaVZS+<-nA*+o"7QdOA*+G5%&?+ou-,e)*+6n*,h)*+^]aVUR\+k-.0)*+u�5+o�57�9)*+�30&E+^\a

T�U

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+2?57(()* +<vC)* +DH.�+.� +<-%98)* +<8&')7; +6q@* +Vm%3)* +~&x0- +7(M +ow3(F&'()* +{Fj +G57�@A*

V^Ta�W7c5@A*+7c.&¡

+2?57(()* +<vC)* +�)�M# +oW7c5@>) +<&?57(()* +<vC)* +H.0; +o�H5%Q&'M#O*� +2?%=7� +7=O*

+ g<r7&xj+b)$%N + �<(¤8= + �<j%(C= +#O* +o �H,; +~9� +w= +2?57(- +.� +W7c5@A* +6O* +{)@* +57&�O7; +o7c.&¡

+ue0)*+!%c+W7c5@>)+,Pn*+ �b-,BN+�N*q+2?%=7h)*+:;#+Vw38�*%()*+#O*+<=%e0)*+�.v1&'N+ g<0F&'=

+T]YUIT]\Y +D*%8&')* +:; +7&'d,; +:; +uM70)* +WL0)* +�FB; +7= +5*,� +{Fj +o.-.v1)* +<`&?*%r

+<&?57(()* +<vC)* +{Fj+,&x1�* +�dO* +�,|-� +ob-,B1)* +2x30(N+.8j#+V<3&'d,Q)* +G5%�)* +,(j+w=

+6*%Q8B) +g*,¤d +o�*�dn* +7&'d,; +<=%e�+�r +:8B-# +ouM70)* +WL0)* +#O* +<=%e0)* +:c# +oW7c5@>)

+o�(h)*+7v;*,1�A#+o �<hF`=+ �<3eF=+7cH%&'N+7r#5#O* +:;+ g<(31-+79-,hN+fd7M+:1)*+<3&'d,Q)*+G5%�)*

+<vC)* +{Fj +,&x1�7; +o<)70)* +��vr +b-,B1)* +,�O7N +.h) +Vw33d.()* +~1�# +ow3&¡57B()* +<3Q&xN#

+2?57(()*+<vC)*+,M�-+u)+�dO*+7(M+o�)q+{Fj+kj79)*+#O*+�;*.)*+w39-+u)#+oW7c5@>)+<&?57(()*

+,Mq#+o5%&xh)*+*�c+�5*.N+oVVV��>)*+b-,B1)*+6O*+,3�+Vb-,B1)*+*�v)+ g7h9�+W7c5@A*+7c.&¡

+<vC)*+w39-#+o7c,3�+#O*+7&'d,;+{Fj+�9`8-+�)�r+%v;+o:)70)*+b-,B1)*+:;+7c,M�-+u)+t73&�O*

+2?57(()*+<vC)*+,Mq+7(M+oD7(¤8()*+#O*+H*,;OA*+#O*+<=%e0)*+fd7M+t*%&?+oW7c5@>)+<&?57(()*

+LM5 +�r7&')* +H5%Q&'M#O* +b-,BN +6O* +{)@* +�3981)* +:y98-# +V^"7Q�OA*/H*,;OA*a +W7c5@A* +7c.&¡

+#O* +W*L�OA*+.&¡+<=%e0)*+W7c5@* +{Fj+LM,-+u)#+oD7(¤8()*#+W*L�OA*#+H*,;OA*+W7c5@* +{Fj

V^�a�<3r,y)*+<=%¤8()*+�F`&x()+g7h9�+w33d.()*

+"7(jOA* +{Fj+W7c5@>)+�Q-,BN +:;+,&x1h-+uF;+o"#*.1()* +:&'d,Q)* +�%yF)* +2?%=7h)* +7=O*

+m%hN+:1)*+<Q38B)*+"7(jOA*+�&¡#+~r+ol&'0;+D7j%(C()*#+D7(¤8()*#+H*,;OA*+7vr+m%h-+:1)*

+�,eQ)*+f9e)*+5791j*+{)@*+b-,B1)*+~&E##+oW7c5@A*+<(47�+w(&¡+7v9B&�+t78rO*+.&¡+<)#.)*+7vr

+2iyr+:r7c5@A*+~(B)*+�7&E#O*+H.�+�dO*+:&'d,Q)*+b-,B1)*+L �3(-+7=#+VW7c5@A*+£*%dO* +w=+g7j%d

+7v(&?##+67&'d@A*+s%h0r+ �<zF� |=+ �<&?57(=+<-O*+"7PH@A+"7C()*+�&'Q-+7=+%c#+o�r+u47h)*+wj+,¤8)*

V<38B()*+:c+<)#.)*+fd7M+%)#+oW7c5@A7r

+w= + �<j%(C= +, �;%N +:&i1h- +W7c5@>) + ¥:j%&¡%= + �b-,BN + ��&¡# +6O* +w-,eQ()* +2iBr +.h1B-

!7v(cO*+o_#,&J)*

http://www.e-cfr.org/ar/bo/26.doc+!,¤d*+o:d7&'d@A*,eQ)*+:;+W7c5@A*+m%vQ=+o�.v=+o,c7�+^TaV6Vm+^�a

T�[

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+�H5%Q&'M#O*� +2?%=7� +b-,BN +,&x� +7(F�= +o"#.)* +w= + �<)#H +{Fj +b-,B1)* +,&x� +m.j +IO*

+o<3B(h)*+G5%&xF)+ ��q%(dO7M+T]YU+IT]\Y+D*%8&')*+:;+<3&'d,Q)*+G5%�)*+<=%e�+{Fj+W7c5@A*

V:�-571)*+�,¤)*+,�3yN#+�&?*%)*+:8=L)*+6%9)*+u�5

+2?%=7�+b-,BN+:;+°�>d+7(M+oD7(¤8()*#+H*,;OA*+.&¡+<=%e0)*+W7c5@*+"7Q�@*+m.j+IW

V,M�)*+�r7&?+�H5%Q&'M#O*�

+W7c5@A*+{8B(r+o<=%e0)*+.&¡+H*,;OA*+#O*+D7(¤8()*+W7c5@*+{Fj+kj79)*+"7Q�@*+m.j+I�

V:N*q+ ¥:)>h1&?*+#O*+o ¥:j7(1}*+ �uF�+<C31d+#O*+o ¥�H7&x1�*+#O*+o ¥:&?73&?+#O*+o ¥:8-H+ �2¡,yr

V g<-H7&x1�*+mO*+ g<3j7(1}*+mO*+fd7M+ g<3&?73&?+o �<83B=+ ��#,�+.3)#+b-,B1)*+6%e-+A+6O*+IH

+{Fj+,&J9)*+:89)+<=7B)*+s%h0)*+5791jA*+w3Br+g*�Pn*+o g7Bd7=+g7B=7}+b-,B1)*+6%e-+6O*+I¦c

V^Ta�,e&'B)*+�&¡%)*+#O*+o2'8C)*+os,B)*+ow-.)*+2?7&?O*+{Fj+2'3)#+oG*#7&'()*+w=+ �2?7&?O*

1c"(bj67&MT&o3^Nj67&cIA9+&X]+ �~e&Jr+7c,3&'QN#+7v(v;+6@7;+�)�)+o �<83B=+ �<v}+w=+ �GH.0=+ �67B=+{Fj+D70F`&x()*+".N

+*%9&'8-+6O*+w-,Pn>)+we(-+>;+o�8j+D5.&E+w=+<-7�#+�.c+<;,B=+{)@*+GH%B)*+673&i1h-+o �u3F&?

+5H7&x()* +{)@* +7d.j +o�)q +w= +g7�>`d* +V�F`&x()* +*�c +l�7&E +7c.&xh- +u) +:d7B= +7v3)@*

+<;,B()+^:=>&?@A*+�hQ)*#+o<Q-,&J)*+<-%98)*+k-H7�OA*#+ou-,e)*+6n*,h)*a+m>&?@>)+<3&?7&?OA*

V�W7c5@A*�+�F`&x(r+H%&xh()*

!e:DY(#+"£#DH(#+,-+�){745#+f$ag0+m?#

+ v�)�< v7 + «J v0 � + ph �$ wI + «J v0 + «ewS «' �A�S «23# +) �0 + «e wa�( +#` �; vF�?# � ® +!�r71M +ue0= +:; +{)7BN# +�579N +"%h-

+V^�a¯ «e wa wC�L «'�: +w¤# + we wa�O$ wC�L «'�c + �5 + «e va vO` w> + «J v0 + �J: vD �y�£# � + «e wQ � w; �F � + v¤# + � w; �F + v} v< + �"$w* v{ «Dwc + vq «/ �b«(#

+Lj +"%h- +o6%j,; +G,0&? +wj# +V^Ra¯v¤# + �J v0 + «e v{ v7` w; w2N +, v- + W.�* «{�7 + �; �2� �?# + «ewS «O�? �5® +! g7&i-O* +"%h-#

+VÛa¯ pe/ vj �F+ pD «E v2K v<+#` w ) �s� + «e w{$w* �{ «D�S «23# � + vT3)�&(#+ �Jw/ «F�?#+#` wD �E �23+# «$ �H «(�?#+) �C�L �-+#$ wH «(�?#+ �u) �I®+!~}#

+ �D7(FM +m*.�1&?* +uN +7(d@*# +ou-,e)* +6n*,h)* +:; +H,N +u) +�W7c5@A*� +<(FM +6@7; +o��*%)* +:;#

+{Fj+".-+,PnA*+2iB9)*#+o£LQ)*#+�%�)*+{Fj+".-+7v&iBr+o7v&'Qd+<-%yF)* +GH7()*+w=+ �<h1&J=

+V.9B1)*#+<89c,)*

V6Vm+^TaVZS<-nA*+o"7QdOA*+G5%&?+^�aVTR+<-nA*+o,&J0)*+G5%&?+^Ra

VTTZ+<-nA*+o�*,jOA*+G5%&?+Ûa

T�Z

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+o5.&x()*# +o~BQ)* +<y3&xr + gG,= +G,&Jj +:18�* +u-,e)* +6n*,h)* +:; +^l �c �5a +GH7= +DH5##

+V~j7Q)*+u&?*#

+!,{+92G#$0+.2KCy+,-+DQ wo-+iq'g(#+) �0?)-

+ v~`w?#+P v; «a �' v<+#$ w- « �?# � + «e wY «/�L �F+ w¥ «C �' «O�?# +, vS�(#+ �, vS �C «' vO+#` wD wQ «d#+ �q/ vU# �D «23v4# +, v&�<+)�:®+!"#OA*+�&¡%()*

+V^Ta¯ v"$w* �{ «7) �-+ �P)�:v4# � + «e wQ v; «a �' v<

+#$ wH «(�?# + �u) �I + �J/ vH«L wC «(# + wJ «E�O + �"$ wY�O + «" �?# +) �0v4# � + �, vH«L wc + «"�?# +) �0v4# +] �23$ w0 +)�: +#$w() �I® +!:d7�)* +�&¡%()*

+V^�a¯ pe/ vj �F+ pD «E v2K v<+#` w ) �s� + «e w{$w* �{ «D�S «23# � + vT3)�&(#+ �Jw/ «F�?#+#` wD �E �23+# «$ �H «(�?#+) �C�L �-

+ WZ; w{ +) �a vS �b «2KwO +, v- � + �¢# �$ «(�? «5# + �o �y�?# + wt �2_�\ «(# +] �23$ w0 + «J �F + �¥�Y �23 +) �C�( � ® +!k)7�)* +�&¡%()*

+V^Ra¯ �"$w* �{ «D�:+ «e va©< �D v(+ «e w{+ �J: vo�L v(+ �. �C «B�7 �

+ � w; �F+ v} v<+ �"$w* v{ «Dwc+ vq «/ �b«(#+ v�)�< v7+ «J v0 � + ph �$ wI+ «J v0+ «ewS «' �A�S «23#+) �0+ «e wa�(+#` �; vF �?# � ®+!�r*,)*+�&¡%()*

+VÛa¯ «e wa wC�L «'�:+w¤#+ we wa�O$ wC�L «'�c+ �5+ «e va vO` w>+ «J v0+ �J: vD �y£# � + «e wQ � w; �F � + v¤#

+ �P)�:v4) �- + �; vB# � + �}�(v4# + �$ w{ +) �C�Ov4# + vJ «/�& «z# + vJ«/ �a�(v4# +#` wo vb�S�c + �5 +w¤# + �u) �I � ® +!2'=7�)* +�&¡%()*

+V^[a¯ v"$w* �{ «7) �-

+!92G#$0+.'<7?#+,-+D vQ wo-+i7;28C(#+) �0?#`

+)�&�( +#$wO) �Q � +) W* �{�7 � +) W* ��7 +)�&�O$ wF «;�: � + vM# �D «/ �b«(# +, v- + �"$ wF v7) �2K w: +#$wO) �Q + «e wa�Ov4#® +!"#OA* +�&¡%()*

+V^Za¯ �J/ v' v2�) �y

+ �r«/�(v4# + «e wC «2G# � + p $ w23 + vD «/ �� + «J v0 + � ) �2_«/�< + «k wD «b�c + �r v* «/ �s +, v- + �¡ �;�: + «rwL «23#® +!:d7�)* +�&¡%()*

+) W0 «$ �I +#$wO) �Q + «e wa�Ov4# + v} v�L �0 � + �" «$ �F «D v- +](4# + �r©<�7 + «J v0 + v")�O) �{ «Dw< + �rvO# �o �- + vt «{ �D(# + �J v0 + �r �B)�& �s

V^]a¯ �J/ vH v23) �-

+ w )�& «/�c£# � + �e�: «D �0 + vJ«<# +] �2K/ v' v< +)�& «/ �g �I � +)�& vL w23 wD v< + «e v{ v7) �z£# +]�L �F +)�& «/ �g �I + �e wz® +!k)7�)* +�&¡%()*

+ «e va «/�L �F+) �{)�& «*�S �Q+) �0+) �{$ wF �;�S «<#+ W.�/ vO)�* «{�7 � + W. �C «B�7 � + W. �-«?# �7+ w $ w'�*�c#+ �J: vo�(#+ v�$wL wI+, v-+)�&«L �' �s� + �q/ v6«Ov4 «5#

VUS+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+^TaVTTZ+oTT[+671-nA*+o�*,jOA*+G5%&?+^�a

VT[U+<-nA*+o�*,jOA*+G5%&?+^RaVZS+<-nA*+o"7QdOA*+G5%&?+ÛaV[T+<-nA*+o~08)*+G5%&?+^[aVYS+<-nA*+ot739dOA*+G5%&?+^Za

VR�+<-nA*+o2x&xh)*+G5%&?+^]a

T�]

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+ «e wa «& v0+ �D/ v[ �Q � + «e w{ �D «s�?#+ «e wa «& v0+#$w& �0£#+ �J: vo�(#+)�& «/�c£) �-+) �a vS�:) �F v7+ �� B+) �{ «$ �F�7+) �C �-+ v¤#+ v"# �$ «2G v7+ � ) �\ vS «<#+ �5v4#

+V^Ta¯ �"$ wH v23) �-

+V^�a¯ �"$ wa �H «g�:+ �5+ �f «$ �I+ «e wa�O �?) v<+ �r v(�d+ v¤#+ �J v0+ «e v{ v7` w; w2N+, v-+ W.�* «{�7+ �; �2��?#+ «ewS «O �? �5®+!�r*,)*+�&¡%()*

+!92G#$0+.z1z+,-+D vQ wd+;H-+iqF)g(#+e23)<+�L'S:+)0+,-`

+ �" �; v6�S�( � +#$ wQ �D «2��?#+ �J: vo�(# � + �>$ wa�/ «(#+#$w& �0£#+ �J: vo�L v(+Wh � # �; �F+ vT3)�&(#+ �; �2��?#+ �" �; v6�S�(®+!"#OA*+�&¡%()*

+ «e wa�O �?# � +)WO)�* «{ w7 � + �J/ v2K/ ©2K vI+ «e wa «& v0+ �"�?) v<+ �r v(�d+Z�7) �28�O+)�Ov4#+#$w() �I+ �J: vo�(#+#$w& �0£#+ �J: vo�L v(+Wh �> �$ �0+ «e wa�< �D «I�?#

+V^Ra¯ �"` wD v* «Y�S «2K�:+ �5

+ �e�: «D �0 + �J«<# + ��/ v2K �C «(# � + v¤# + v"`w> + «J v0 +)W<)�< «7�?# + «e wa�O)�* «{ w7 � + «e w{�7)�* «B�?# +#` wo �b�c#® +!:d7�)* +�&¡%()*

+VÛa¯ �"$ wQ vD «2l w:+) �C �F+ w}�O) �E«* w23+ �$ w{+ �5v4#+ �}�(v4#+ �5+# W; vB# � +) Wa�(v4#+#` w;w* «'�/ v(+ �5v4#+#` wD v0w?#+) �0 �

+ �u# �$ «0�?# + �"$wL wQ«?)�/�( + v")�* «{ �D(# � + v7)�* «B �? «5# + �J v0 +# WD/ v[ �Q + �"v4# +#$w& �0£# + �J: vo�(# +) �a �:�?# +)�:® +!k)7�)* +�&¡%()*

+V^[a¯v¤#+ vq/ v* �23+ «J �F+ �"` �; w28�: � + vq v�)�* «() v<+ vT3)�&(#

+!,{+ie:DY(#+"£#DH(#+,-+M>7`+92G#$0+.z1z+ixE*(#+#o{+,-+i)&{+)&/&':+)0

+#` wD �E �23+# «$ �H «( �?#+) �C�L �-+#$ wH «(�?#+ �u) �I®+!�N,0&?#+6%j,;+~9�+w=+,0&')7r+W7c5@A*+!"#OA*+�&¡%()*

+V^Za¯ pe/ vj �F+ pD «E v2K v<+#` w ) �s� + «e w{$w* �{ «D�S «23# � + vT3)�&(#+ �Jw/ «F�?#

+) �0+ «e wa�(+#` �; vF�?# � ®+!{)7BN#+�d709&?+¢*+"7�+k3�+oH*.j@A*#+H7vC)7r+�FB1-+:d7�)*+�&¡%()*

+ �5+ «e va vO` w> + «J v0+ �J: vD �y£# � + «e wQ � w; �F � + v¤#+ � w; �F+ v} v< + �"$w* v{ «Dwc + vq «/ �b«(# + v�)�< v7 + «J v0 � + ph �$ wI+ «J v0+ «ewS «' �A�S «23#

+V^]a¯ «e wa wC�L «'�:+w¤#+ we wa�O$ wC�L «'�c

+ W.�* «{�7+ �; �2��?# + «ewS «O �? �5® +!~}#+Lj+�579)*+"%h-+k3�+ouv;%P#+H%v3)*+:;+%c+!k)7�)*+�&¡%()*

+V^\a¯ �"$ wa �H «g�:+ �5+ �f «$ �I+ «e wa�O�?) v<+ �r v(�d+ v¤#+ �J v0+ «e v{ v7` w; w2N+, v-

+:;+,M |�;+o6%j,;+7=O7;+o~34*,&?@*+%8r#+6%j,;+ow39()*+6n*,h)*+:;+W7c5@A7r+ �b §&E |#+w(=#

+.h; +o�N7Q&E# +�)7B;O*# +�)*%�O* +{)@* +7v3; +,3&�O* +o gG,= +w3B9&?# +g7Br5O* +�r +� z,B()* +�(&?7r +6n*,h)*

V�]+<-nA*+o.-.0)*+G5%&?+^TaVTR+<-nA*+o,&J0)*+G5%&?+^�aV\�+<-nA*+oG.47()*+G5%&?+^RaVRT+<-nA*+o<r%1)*+G5%&?+ÛaVRU+<-nA*+o<r%1)*+G5%&?+^[a

VTTZ+<-nA*+o�*,jOA*+G5%&?+^ZaVZS+<-nA*+o"7QdOA*+G5%&?+^]aVTR+<-nA*+o,&J0)*+G5%&?+^\a

T�\

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+{&?%= +o�d7=� +:; +¢* +�FP +,3P+, zQM# +ou3¤B)* +¢7r +,QM# +o�F&'()*# +�,eQ)* +W7c5@A7r +m7�

+W z�j#+~1�#+o,0 �&')7r+2?78)*+lc5O7;+ �G �, �0 �&')*+��N*#+o<3r%r,)*+{jH*#+om>&')*#+G>&x)*+�3Fj

+�y&¡# +o2?78)* +{v)O*# +ow30F&x()* +uvN*# +oH7&�,)*# +«>&E@A* +{j zH*# +.&';O*# +uF�# +o�rq#

+�r5O* +u-,e)* +6n*,h)* +:; +u&?A* +*�vr +*#,M |q +.h; +o~34*,&?@* +%8r +7=O*# +V g73=>j@* +uv3Fj +,C�#

+u |v �(e |�#+ouv8=+ �,3�M+ �,Q |M+I+�d709&?+I+¢*+,Mq+.�#+¯ �D*,=+�&'N+H%v3)*+u&?7r#+o gG,=+G,&Jj

+V2¡5OA*+:;+ucH7&';@*+{)@*+ g<;7&¡@*+o�)q+%0d#+~1h)7r+~&?,)*#+t739dOA*+{Fj

+�8= +ou-,e)* +6n*,h)* +:; +l3c,1)*# +W7c5@A* +m%vQ= +6O*� +2¡,B)* +*�c +">P +w= +w391-#

+ g73r7C-@*+ g*,�O*+K §.0|-+�d%M+{)@*+�.(�+H,=#+o^Ta�H%(0()*+�8=#+oI+,�MOA*#+lF�OA*+%c#+I+m%=�()*

+o6*#.B)*#+u�@A*+W7eN57r+�&'Qd+��.0N+w=+£*.N5*+.Br+w=OA*+W7911&?*+">P+w=+o�(1C()*+:;

+H%(0()*+:r7C-@A*+£%8)*+*�c#+V�%�)7r+5%B&J)*+�r7183;+o �<9c,=+ �G%�+2xr,1r+�&?7&'�@*+<C31d

+s73&')* +*�c+:;#+V�(1C()* +:;+<(-,C)* +�8() +7 g(jH+o7 gj,&�+�) +H*.j@A7r + �5%=O7=+oW7c5@A* +w=

+ � w; �F+ v} v<+ �"$w* v{ «Dwc+ vq «/ �b«(#+ v�)�< v7+ «J v0 � + ph �$ wI+ «J v0+ «ewS «' �A�S «23#+) �0+ «e wa�(+#` �; vF �?# � ®+!<(-,e)*+<-nA*+:NO7N

+<(-,e)*+<-nA*+{8B=+�&i1-#+V^�a¯ «e wa wC�L «'�:+w¤#+ we wa�O$ wC�L «'�c+ �5+ «e va vO` w>+ «J v0+ �J: vD �y£# � + «e wQ � w; �F � + v¤#

+l9&'r +w-.c7B()* +<d73P +w= +�%�)* +7v3; +, §M |q# +o7v1h9&? +:1)* +<-nA* +{)@* +7d,¤d +7= +*q@* +,�MO*

+ �" v4# + p # �$ �23+]�L �F+ «e va «/�(v4# + «o v* «O) �-+ W.�O)�/ vy+ pf «$ �I+ «J v0+ �J �-) �b�c+) �0 v4# � ®+!{)7BN+"%h-+k3�+oH%vB)*+uv&ihd

+m7(N+{)@*+Gt*,h)*+<F&E*%=+.8j+g*.3MO7N#+ g7�%&¡#+{8B()*+H*HL-+7(M+V^Ra¯ �J/v& vU) �b«(#+ �t vEw:+ �5+�¤#

+{8B=+{FC1-�+k3�+oVVVÛa¯) �a�(+ «��& «s) �-+ ve«L �2KL v(+#$ wE�& �s+ «"v4# � ®+!{)7BN+�)%�+:c#+o7v3FN+:1)*+<-nA*

+m>&?@A* +<=O* +<-7(�# +ouF¤)*# +6*#.B)* +�8= +~}O* +w= +�dO7r +¯ «e wQ � w; �F � + v¤# + � w; �F + v} v< + �"$w* v{ «Dwc®

+6OA#+o<;7M+2?78)*+t*�@*+7(v139�1)+G%h)*+~3&x01r+D,=|O*+7(M+o".B)*#+�0)*+m*L1)7r+D,=|O*+:1)*

+o7vj%�# +67B8(-# +W,0)* +67B;.- +ot7&i1�A* +.8j +H7vCF) +<-Lc7C)*# +,(1&'()* +H*.B1&?A*

+�r7c5@7; +o5.y)*# +<d73�)* +,(&i-# +ot*.1jA* +f39-# +oH%vB)* +2ihd +mL1B- +w= +�%P +l9&'r

+G%�+G.&Jr+uFj+{1=+A@*+oG,}*L)*+<9c,)*#+�%�)*+�)+~&x0-#+o�)q+�h01-+A#+o �£#,&J=+ �W7c5@*

+o7vN7=%h=#+7vr79&?O*+,3;%N#+oG%h)*+~3&x0N+W%}%r+w3(F&'()*+,=O7N+:1)*+<-nA*+7=#+Vw3(F&'()*

+uv11�79= +�&'Qd +�) +" �%&' |N +w= +~M +l §c,|- +g*,}*�# +g7jH*5 +6%e1) +A@* +o,&xj+~M +�= +l&?781- +7(r

!,¤d*+VW71e)*+D7-n*+t%&¡+:;+H7&';@A*#+:y9)*+w=+�N7;H*,=#+W7c5@A*+o2E7&x�+w(�,)*+.9j+wr+~3(}+wr+w(�,)*+.9j+^Ta http://www.assakina.com/book/book42/3699.html

VZS+<-nA*+o"7QdOA*+G5%&?+^�aV[\+<-nA*+o"7QdOA*+G5%&?+^RaVZT+<-nA*+o"7QdOA*+G5%&?+Ûa

T�Y

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+,=O7-#+om>&')*+�3h0N+{)@*+{B&'-+��)*+m>&?@A*+<)7&?5+~`B1N#+o6%(F&'()*+5,&i13;+oW,0)7r

+.&?7Q()* +W*%rOA +g*.&? +oG%h)* +~3&x0N+:;+�N7-7�#+m>&?@A* +.&E7h=+w3r +w=+6OA +o�) +«%8C)7r

+.B&'-#+ow1Q)*+t7hN7r+�3(C)*+O78v3;+oH79B)*+�;78=#+�)7&x()+g79F}#+ow=O>)+g7¤Q�#+oW#,0)*#

+*�c +:;# +o^Ta�2¡5OA* +:; +6*,(B)* +,cHL-# +oGH%()* +�r*#5 +%(8N# +o6#7B1)* +W*%rO* +«71Qd7r

+ «J v0+ «e wQ$ ws vD «bw:+ «e�( � + vJ: ©;(#+, v-+ «e wQ$wL vc) �H w:+ «e�(+ �J: vo�(#+ vJ �F+w¤#+ we wQ) �a «&�:+ �5®+!{)7BN+"%h-+"7C()*

+V^�a¯ �J/ vA v2K «H wC «(#+ �t vEw:+�¤#+ �" v4#+ «e va «/�(v4#+#$ wA v2K «Hwc � + «e w{` �D�*�c+ «"�?#+ «e wQ v7)�: v>

+t*%&?+ow38=nA*+{Fj+t*.1jA*+�&'Qd+�)+"%&' |N+w=+�8(N+:c#+o �<3jH5+78c+W7c5@A*+<Q3�#+6@*

+,&?7C1)* +wj+t*.jOA* +�8(N +G%h)* +<9c5+6@7; +:)71)7r# +og73}57P+g*#.j+#O* + g73FP*H +�.1B()* +67MO*

+ �u �X «O�?# � ® +!{)7BN +�)%� +:;+7(M+oW7&'�+6#H+w=+,(N +w) +7vdOA +o �<3=*,}@* + �D7�7(�+W7eN5* +{Fj

+ �"$wLwS «H�c+W)H: vD �-+ �t «F �D(#+ we va v<$wL wI+, v-+ �~ �o �I � + «e va/ v2N)�/ �2N+ «J v0+ v�)�S vY «(#+ vq «{�?# + «J v0+ «e w{` wD �{) ��+ �J: vo�(#

+6O* +�)q+o �<M,B=+<-O* +:;+<3&?7&?OA* +<0F&?OA* +w=+7(c+lj,)*# +�%�)7;+V^Ra W)H: vD �- + �"` wD v23«?)�c �

+o �<0F&?O* +w= +�F1=* +7(v= +�57&x1dA +"7C= +A +o �<&iQ�8= + �D7-%8B(r +<M,B()* +{)@* +lc�- +w=

+!~}# +Lj +"%h- +57�@A* +*�c +:;# +Vw3FN7h()* +{)@* +<9&'8)7r +<3(cOA* +.-.&� +:&'Q8)* +~=7B)7;

+, v( w?# +)�: +#` wD v*�S «F) �- + �J/ v& v0 «�$ wC «(# +P v; «:�?# � + «e va: v; «:�?) v< + «e wa�c$w/w< + �"$w< vD «bw: + �t «F �D(# + we va v<$wL wI +, v-+ �~ �o �I � ®

+ «e�( + «e va vj«/ �\ v< +#` wD �g �Q + �J: vo�(# +w¤# + �>�7 � ® +!�,PO* + �<-n* +:; +{)7BN# +�d709&? +"%h-# +VÛa¯v7) �28«<�? «5#

V^[a W#X: vX �F+W) �: v$ �I+w¤#+ �") �Q � + �u)�S vH «(#+ �J/ v& v0«�$ wC «(#+w¤#+] �g �Q � +W#D «/ �y+#$w()�&�:

+ ��9N,= + 2E7P +%c +ou-,e)* +6n*,h)* +:; +H5# +��)* +W7c5@A* +6O* +�>jO* +H5# +7(= +�181&'d

+o{8B()* +*�vr#+ow38=nA* +w3(F&'()* +�7CN+ �<3d*#.j+ �"7(jO* +<&?57(=+wj+uvB8=#+ot*.jOA* +£H,r

V,&E7B()*+{8B()7r+ g73d*#.j+g7r7c5@*+f&'3)#+o �<3j7;H+ �<3jH5+:c+78c+<Q3�%)7;

+"#.)* +u¤B= +�&?57= +o<)#.)* +<93c +t78r +{)@* +�H7v)* +W7c5@A* +w= +£#,&J()* +£%8)* +*�c#

+W7c5@A+<-,e&'B)* +D*5#78()* +�,C|N#+o2�%3C)*+L3vC1r+"#.)*+m%hN+�F}O* +w=#+og7�-.�#+g7(-.�

+{Fj+s79&')* +D7-7�+w=+6@7;+�)�M+V7v3Fj+t*.1jA*+{Fj+$#,C1)*+<9y=+w=+uv1;7P@*#+o7v4*.jO*

+w3&¡,1Q()* +t*.jOA* +W7c5@* +<d7P +:; + zl&x- +6O* +o<3r,0)* +D738h1)* +,Pn7r +H�#L1)*# +�F&'1)*

!,¤d*+o<8&')*#+6n*,h)*+t%¦&¡+:;+�,`1)*#+b8B)*#+W7c5@A*+ob3&E#OA*+:d>3e)*+wr+¢*+.9j+^Ta http://www.murajaat.com/researches_les/178.doc

V\+<-nA*+o<801(()*+G5%&?+^�aV�Z+<-nA*+oW*L�OA*+G5%&?+^RaV�+<-nA*+o,&J0)*+G5%&?+Ûa

V�[+<-nA*+oW*L�OA*+G5%&?+^[a

TRS

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+*�c+2?57(N+"#.)*+<39)7�+6@* +"%h)*+we(-#+Vuv3Fj+_#,&J)*+2¡,Q)+#O* +ot*.1jA*+wj+uvjH,)

+<9c,)*+w=+g7j%d+�18-+�dO*+u�5+oW7c5@A7r+�1Bd+2i;,N+�83j+f�%)*+:;+7v8e)+oW7c5@A*+w=+£%8)*

+�%�)*+K*.�@A+ �<3;7M+ �<3j%d+D*q#+ gG,39M+G%h)*+fd7M+7=+*q@*+ g7&E%&xP+ot*.jOA*+.8j+�%�)*#

+*�c+{Fj+.c*%&J)*#+5%&x)*#+V<M71Q)*+<0F&?OA*+w=+7c,3�#+<-#%8)*+2?#$#,)7r+�F&'1)7M+o<9c,)*#

+,91B- +%v; +o<QF�1()* +#O* +<=.h1()* +"#.)* +{)@* +<9&'8)7r +6@* +o �G,3�M +.3(0)* +W7c5@A* +w= +£%8)*

+V�5%`N+w=+.0)*#+�1r570=+lC-+��)*+m%=�()*+W7c5@A*+{(&'=+f0N+�5.8-+A#+og7j#,&J=

+#O*+ g<-78}+leN,-+w=+{Fj+<9}*%)*+D7r%hB)7r+2x1�N+ g<34*L}+w3d*%�+ �<)#H+ �~e)+6@7;+o�)�M

+t*.1jA*+�&'Qd+�)+"%&'N+w=+£H5+ow3d*%h)*+�FN+7v-H$%N+:1)*+b47�%)*+<F(}+w=#+og783B=+g7=,}

VuvN7=,�#+2?78)*+w=O*+{Fj

!.:$*&(#+.&2K(#+,-+�){745#+f$ag0

+^lc5a+GH7=+D7h1&J=+H7eN +�)�M+ob-,&J)* +�%98)* +k-.0)* +:;+�W7c5@*� +<(FM +H,N +u)

+:;+�-#,-+��)*+W�7j+wr+t*,9)*+k-.�+:;+^<9c5a+<(FM+%c+H5#+7=+,v&�O*#+o g<=#.B=+6%eN+6O*

+V^Ta��3)@*+<9c5#+<9�5+o�3)@*+�,v�+DO7C)O*#�+!t7j.)*

+�9&i�+w= +g7;%P +�O* +^ g<9c5#a +o�r*%�# +�.;5 +:; + g<9�5 +�O*�! +��1Q)*� +:; +°;70)* +"7�+V^�a��r7hj#

+^W7j5@A*a#+o^W7c5@A*a+:1(FM+w3r+�3�.)*+s57Q)*+�)q+G7j*,=+�5#,&i)*+w=�+o*�c+.Br#

V^Ra�~&EOA*+<383N>)*+^terrorisma+<(Fe)+<9&?78()*

+!,012345#+}Hg(#+,-+�){745#+f$ag0+mk

+o�&'Qd+6%(&i()*+{Fj+".N+ �<QF1�=+ �D73(&'(r+W7c5@A*+<)O7&'=+<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+f)#78N

+D �H z.j#+o7c57`PO*+DH.0;+o:y9)*#+o<r*,0)*+u4*,}+7(c+u4*,C)*+w=+w3j%d+,9j+�1C)7j+.�#

+<3=>&?@A* +<B-,&J)* +6O* +t7j �H* +we(- +A +�dO* +,3� +o7v39eN,= +.&¡ +7cH7(1j* +l}*%)* +D7r%hB)*

+7vd%M +o:y9)*# +<r*,0)* +u4*,} +{)@* +s,`18&? +o�3Fj + gt78r# +VW7c5@>) +g*H.0= +g7Q-,BN +fB&¡#

+!<3r7c5@A*+u4*,C)*+wj+,9BN

+W71M +o�57�9)* +�30&E +VRR +2E +omTY\T +/ +¦c +TUST +oT] +� +o,&J8)*# +<j79`F) +,eQ)* +5*H +oY +�= +o�#%8)* +«,&Jr +ouF&'= +�30&E +^TaVZRTT!u�5+k-.�+o* g,c7�+D7r+*q@*+!W7r+oD*%j.)*

+oTT� +o<r70&x)* +5*H +<91e= +!�&J=H +o:�79)* +.9j +H*$%; +.(0= +u3�,N +o�57�9)* +�30&E +«,&� +o�579)* +�1; +o:d>h&'B)* +,C�+wr* +^�aVTTT2E

V�R2E+o¦cTU�R+o:=>&?@A*+u)7B)*+<`r*5+oD7h3FBN#+m>&?@A*+"%�+DA$#7&'N+o~3j7(&?@*+.3B&?+^Ra

TRT

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

!.<#DE(#+eU#Ds+!W5 ?#

+t7vhQ)* +2iBr +_,1&J-# +o6.()* +{)@* +<-H$%()* +s,`)* +�`�# +«>&')* +57v&�@* +:c +<r*,0)*

+{)@*+<Q38�+%rO*+lc�-+o"7C()*+*�c+:;#+V6*,(B)*+wj+.B9)*#+o<M%&J)*+#O*+<9)7y()*+G%�+m*.�1&?*

+G57()*+{Fj+�F&'()*+�#,�)*�+:8BN+<r*,0)7;+V^Ta�,&x()*+�57P+A@*+6%eN+A+<r*,0)*�+6O7r+"%h)*

+�)q#+o�)+w3e)7&')*+�-#,N#+�-,`)*+�`�+{)@*+�H$%-+ ��}#+{Fj#+o<9)7y()*+~39&?+{Fj+"7()*+�POA

+7=O* +V^�a��}57P+#O* +,&x()* +~P*H +:; +6%eN +.�# +oH*,;OA* +w= �+<j%(C=+#O* + �.�*# + �H,; +<�7&?%r

+!�)%hr +{)7BN# +�579N +7cH.03; +o<(-,C)* +��c +leN,- +w= +{Fj +<&¡#,Q()* +<3j,&J)* +H#.0)*

+#$w*�L �28w: + « �?# +#$wL�S �H w: + «"�?# +# W>) �2K �- + vTG «7�? «5# +, v- + �" «$ �' «2K�: � + w}�($ w23�7 � +��¤# + �"$w< v7) �Ew: + �J: vo�(# + w # �X �s+) �C�Ov4#®

+ «e wa�( � +)�/ «O �;(#+, v-+ �P «X vy+ «e wa�(+ �r v(�d+ vTG «7�? «5#+ �J v0+# «$ �g «& w:+ « �?#+ p~ �1 vy+ «J v0+ «e wawL ws «7 �?# � + «e va: v; «:�?#+ �9 �A �Hwc+ « �?#

+V^Ra¯ �e/ vj �F+ ��# �o �F+ vh �D vy�£ «5#+, v-

+{)@* + �<M%&� +�q + �H,; +#O* + �<j7(} +�#,P� +7vdO7r +<r*,0)* +b-,BN +{Fj +t7vhQ)* +�F`&x-#

+VÛa�uv�*#5O*+{Fj+t*.1jA*+#O*+w-,;7&'()*+"*%=O*+<�,&?+#O*+w-,;7&'()*+�8=+<3yr+m7B)*+�-,`)*

+{Fj+G57()* +{Fj+�#,�)*� +!7vdO* +^67(B8)* +<Q38�+:rO* +lc�=+6%B91- +w-�)*a+�78�OA* +�,-#

+<3B;7&J)* +t7vh; +7=O* +V^[a��-,`)* +�`h8-# +5#,()* +w= +G57()* +�8(- + ��}# +{Fj +<9)7y()* +~39&?

+o"7()* +�POA+�#,9)*� +7vdO7r +7c%;,B;+^:B;7&J)* +2'-5H@* +wr+.(0=+lc�=+6%B91- +w-�)* +�O*a

+.B9)*+�=+<M%&J)*+{Fj+g*H7(1j*+#O*+o gG,r7e=+�)q+6%e-+6O*+uv&iBr+b3&i-#+o �W7c5@*+#O*+o �~1�+#O*

+V^Za�K%y)*+wj

+og*57vd# + g>3) +og*,0r# +g*,r +«>&')* +.-,CN� +:c +<r570()* +6O* +6%3=7=@A* +<B3&J)* +�,-#

+�= +<�,&')* +<(-,} +�,1�* +*q@* + g7r570= +s57&')* +.j# +o�,3�# +,&x()* +:; +2?78)* +<;7P@A

V^]a�«>&')*+"7(B1&?*

+ §< z8 |&?# +o¢*+m>M+%c+��)* +6n*,h)7r +�&'(1)7r +�H78N + �<3vh;+ �<&?5.=a+<-,c7¤)* +£79NO* +7=O*

+2?73h)*# +�O*,)7M +o<38¤)* +5%=OA* +w= +�)q +*.j +7= +~M +«,�# +o<r70&x)* +£7(}@*# +o"%&?,)*

VU[[+2E+oTY\T+o�+�+o:9F0)*+:r79)*+{Q`&x=+<91e=+oG,c7h)*+o[+_+o.&x1h()*+<-7vd#+.v1C()*+<-*.r+o:9�,h)*+.(0=+^TaVT[]2E+oTYZR+o<3r,B)*+D7&?*5.)*+.vB=+!G,c7h)*+o:=>&?@A*+�hQ)*+:;+<r%hB)*+<Q&'F;+oG,c�+%rO*+o.(0=+^�a

VRR+<-nA*+oG.47()*+G5%&?+^RaVTRY2E+oTY\Y+o<(e0)*+f3r+!H*.yr+o:=>&?@A*+:478C)*+�hQ)*+:;+,&x1�()*+ol39�+">&�+.(0=#+o:&'39e)*+.(�O*+Ûa

VRZZ2E+oTY\Z+o:r,B)*+m>j>)+t*,cL)*+!G,c7h)*+o<3478C)*+<3)#$%&'()*+:;+�,�O*#+kj79)*+o¢*+.9j+w&'�+:Fj+^[aV6V2E+o6Vm+^Za

VTUT2E+o2?Vm+o:=>&?@A*+:478C)*+�hQ)*+:;+,&x1�()*+ol39�+">&�+.(0=#+o:&'39e)*+.(�O*+^]a

TR�

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+~M� +~(&J3) +<r*,0)* +{8B= +*%B&?# +.h; +o^VVV�4*5�)* + �.&?# +o<F&?,()* +�)7&x()*# +67&'01&?A*#

+og7r570=+2¡5OA*+:;+ �.&'Q |=+ z~M+fFB}+w3r570()*+<-n*+6O*+�)q+:;+uv1C�#+o2¡5OA*+:;+ �.&'Q |=

+V^Ta��. �3h |-+ �ue�+H,-+u)+7=+<�>�@*+{Fj+�,C-+ ��F`=+ |ue0)*#

+:;+uv1;7P@A+2?78)* +{Fj+g7}#,P+<r*,0)*+:;+6#,-+w3(F&'()* +t7vh;+6@* +o"%h)* +<&E>P

+�FN+6O*+78c+°�>-#+Vuv�,}+#O*+ouvF1�+#O*+o«>&')*+.-.vN+f0N+uv)*%=O*+uv9F&')+#O*+o�-,`)*

+<3r7c5@A*+u4*,C)*+�=+7vd%(&i=+:;+�Q1N+o<r*,0)*+6*%8j+f0N+<j%&¡%()*+<3=*,}@A*+"7B;OA*

+lj,)* +,&Jd# +o«>&')* +!~�= +o �<M,1&J= +,&E78j +,;*%N +{Fj +�Q1N +7vd@* +q@* +owc*,)* +,&xB)* +:;

+�F`&x= +�;# +<r*,0)* +#O* +W7c5@A* +w= +£%8)* +*�v) +<&¡ z,B |()* +<-,&J9)* +2'Q8)* +:; +�%�)*#

+<3r7c5@A* +D73F(B)* +{Fj +�9`8N +o<9)7y()* +{Fj +H7(1jA*# +«>&')* +.-,CN +<3F(B; +ot7vhQ)*

+<(-,}+G5%&E+6@7;+o�3Fj+ gt78r#+VD*,47`)*+b`P#+wQ&')*+<8&E,�+!~�=+ok-.0)*+,&xB)*+:;

+<;%&E%()* +<3r7c5@A* +<(-,C)* +G5%&E+�=+�r7`1N +o<3=>&?@A* +<B-,&J)* +:;+<;%&E%()* +<r*,0)*

+��c+5791j7r+o�(1C()*+5*,h1&?*#+w=O*+67(&¡+{Fj+m>&?@A*+2E,��+.�#+o:B&¡%)*+�-,&J1)*+:;

+uvr7c5@*#+2?78)*+~1�#+�-,`)*+�`�+:;+7()+oD7r%hB)*+ z.&�O* +7v)+.&E5#+o,479e)*+w=+<(-,C)*

V^�a�m7B)*+m7¤8F)+ �,3`P+ �">P@*#+olj,)*#+{&¡%QF)+ �<j7&�@*+w=

+<3yr+ow38=n* +w33d.=+W7j5@*# +�-#,1)+ �<83B=+ �D*#HO* +m*.�1&?7r+o �<j%(C=+#O* +o �H,;+m73�+6@*

+D7�,`)* +{Fj +#O* +�,h)* +#O* +6.()* +~P*H +�)q +67MO* +t*%&? +o �67e= + ��O* +:; +uv9F&? +#O* +uvF1�

+ �<r*,�+o<3=>&?@A* +<B-,&J)* +b-,BN +:; +o%c +7(d@* +VVV<-%C)* +#O* +<-,09)* +_%`�)*# +�)7&'()*#

+G5%&? +:; +GH.0()* +<3j,&J)* +D7r%hB)* +w= + g<j%(C= +�)�) +D.jO* +.�# +o2¡5OA* +:; + �H7&';@*#

+t7vhQ)* +7v)#78N +:1)* +<r*,0)* +DA7�+6@* +"%h)* +we(-# +V^Raw3�>�)*# +<�)7�)* +<-nA* +:; +G.47()*

+<3r7c5@A* +<3=*,}@A* +"7(jOA* +w= +.-.B)* +�= +{�>1N +o<C)7B()*# +b-,B1)* +:; +6%(F&'()*

+V<3&?73&?+ ��*.cO*+7v)+gA7(jO*+"#781N+A+<r*,0)*+6O*+{)@*+G57&�@A*+�=+owc*,)*+f�%)*+:;+<;#,B()*

!,\*(#+eU#Ds+!W)/O)z

+:y9)* +~cO* +6@*� +"7� +w= +uv8(; +o:y9F) + �.�*# + �b-,BN +{Fj +6%(F&'()* +t7vhQ)* +�Q1- +u)

+,QM +*%8¤- +6O7M +o �"%hB= + �±47&? + �~-#O71r +m7=@A* +{Fj +�,�N +oG%h)*# +<M%&J)* +D*q +<j7(C)* +uc

V6V2E+o6Vm+^TaV�T\2E+o�SSU+o<3B=7C)*+D7j%9`()*+5*H+!G,c7h)*+o<(-,CF)+:d%d7h)*+67389)*+W7c5@A*+o¢*+7`j+w38&?7�+m7=*+^�a

+ u §v- §. -�O*+ �� z �h |N+ #�O*+*% |9zF �&x|-+ #�O*+*%|F z1 �h |-+ 6�O*+* gH7 �&' �;+ §2¡ 5�O A*+: §;+ �6 % �B &' �- �#+ |� �)% |&? �5 �#+ �¢*+ �6% |r §57 �0|-+ �w- §�z)*+ |t* �L �}+7 �( zd§@*®+u3�,)*+w(�,)*+¢*+u&'r+^RaV¯ �u3 §¤ �j+ �W* �� j+ §G �, §P �n A*+: §;+ u |v �) �#+7 �3 d �.)*+: §;+ �� L §P+ u |v �)+ �� §) �q+ §2¡ 5 �O A*+ �w §=+* % �Q 8 |-+ #�O*+ �� > §P+ w §=+ u |v|F |} 5�O* �#

TRR

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+�9N,-+:y9)*+6O*+#.9-#+V^Ta��3Fj+*%},�-#+�1j7�+*%&i;,-#+*%9&xB13;+o�(F�#+�Q3�+#O*+om7=@A*

+�y&i)*+w=+g7j%d+7vQ&E%r+:y9)*+<&?57(=+{)@*+,¤8|-+q@*+o<)#.)*+:;+:&?73&')*+�&¡%)7r+ gG,&�79=

+<)#.)* +2'345 +<v}*%= +:; +t*%&? +o7c.&xh= +�3h01) +G%h)* +~&?%1N + �<Q38j +~47&?%r +:&?73&')*

+<3=>&?@A*+<)#.)*+~P*H+ �<83B=+ �<3&?73&?+ �<�;+~9�+w=+#O* +o<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)7r+mL1F()*+uF&'()*

+°�>()*# +V�,PO* + �<3=>&?@* + �<)#H +~r7h= + �<3=>&?@* + �<)#H +~9� +w= +#O* +o�,PO* + �<3&?73&? + �<�; +.&¡

+Vg7Qdn* +7v8j +78�.0N + ��*.cO* +7v) +:1)* +<r*,0)* +2'ej +{Fj +:&?73&')* +�.v)7r +6,1h- +:y9)* +6O*

+�3`1&'d# +V<3&?73&? + ��*.cO* +�3h0N +:y19- +��)* +W7c5@A* +w= +7c5#.r +W,1hN +:y9)* +<(-,}#

+.(1B()*+{8B()*+78 z( �&i�N+o:�>`&EA*#+:j,&J)*+7(vF&EO*+:;+<r*,0)*#+:y9)*+w=+ g>M+6@*+"%h)*

+:y9)*+6@7;+o7v;*.cO*+�3h01)+2?78)*+<=7j+W7c5@*+�.v1&'N+<r*,0)*+fd7M+6@7;+oW7c5@>)+g73)7�

+ ��*.cO* +�3h0N +<3yr +o<)#.)* +.-.vN# +m7B)* +w=OA*# +:&?73&')* +m7¤8)* +<jLj� +�.v1&'- +�5#.r

+ �<3&?73&? + �D7� �%&'=# + �D*5,9= +�;# +oW7c5@A* +w= +£%8)* +*�c +uj.N# +{j,N +:1)* +<�QF) + �<3&?73&?

+.�+<r*,0)*+u4*,}+6O*+{)@*+G57&�@A*+w=+.r+A+o78c#+V:y9)*+u4*,Cr+<(47h)*+D7j7(C)7r+ �<&E7P

+ �D7j%(C=+�8&E+w=+ gGH7j+:c+:y9)*+u4*,}+6O*+A@*+ow3( z¤8=+,3�+#O*+6%( z¤8=+o �H*,;O*+7vr+m%h-

+V<3(3¤81)*+7v13Fe3c+7v)+ �<( z¤8=

1o3^Nj67&'+&n(b3*@7&c"(bj67&V%I+&Xd+:; +H5# +7= +{Fj +�F`- + �2x�&� + ��O*# +oW7c5@A* +G,c7� +w= +g7(&?7� +g7Q�%= +m>&?@A* +��1-

+m>&')* +{)@* +<3j*.)* +t70(&')* +�(3)7BN +g*5%; +�5.|- +o<Q-,&J)* +<-%98)* +<8&')*# +u-,e)* +6n*,h)*

+«#$wL wy «>#+«#$w& �0£#+ �J: vo�(#+) �a �:�?#+)�:®+!~}#+Lj+"%h-+Vm>&')*+%c+m>&?@A7;+o,&J9F)+<(�,)*#+<90()*#

V^�a¯ �J/ v* �0+ § w; �F+ «e wY�(+ w}�Ov4#+ v") �A«/ �2l(#+ vM# �$ wA wy+«#$ w' v*�S�c+�5 � + W. �-£) �Q+ ve«L ©2K(#+, v-

+wj+bF1�N+ �DAAH#+ �±3&xr+t7}+u-,e)*+6n*,h)*+:;+W7c5@A*+�F`&x=+6O*+{)@*+ g7hr7&?+7d,&�O*#

+ v�)�< ©7 +J v0� + ph �$ wI +J ©0+ewS «' �A�S «23# +) �0+e wa�( +«#` �; vF�?# � ® +{)7BN +¢*+"%h-+VW7c5@>)+:r,y)* +m%vQ()*

+) �0 � + «e wa wC�L «'�: +w¤# + we wa�O$ wC�L «'�c +�5 + «e va vO` w> +J v0 + �J: vD �y£# � + «e wQ � w; �F � + v¤# + � «; �F + v} v< + �"$w* v{ «Dwc + vq «/ �b«(#

+�6%9c,N�+w=+H%&xh()*#+V^Ra¯ �"$ wC�L «jwc+�5+ «ewSO�?# � + «e wY «/�(v4#+ �~�$ w:+ v¤#+ vq/ v* �23+, v-+ p «, �2�+J v0+«#$ wH vg&wc

+w= +�7�- +�FBC- +6O* +{)@* +W,�O* +%c# +ot*.1jA* +wj +t*.jOA* +£H5 +%c +o<M579()* +<-nA* +��c +:;

Vb8B)*+<&?57(=+wj+�}*,13;+W,0)*

VU\Z+2E+o¦cTUSZ+o<3QF&')*+l1e)*+5*H+!G,c7h)*+o\+_+ouF&'()*+�7v8=+o�,4*LC)*+,er+%rO*+^Ta+V�S\+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+^�a+VZS+<-nA*+o"7QdOA*+G5%&?+^Ra

TRU

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

!f12K(#`+f12345#+m?#

+m>&')*� +:c +w3(F&'()* +.8j +<301)7; +o2?78)* +w3r +m>&'F) +%j.- +:=>&?@A* +w-.)* +6@*

+m>&')*+6O*+7(M+o2?78)*+w3r+m>&')*+<j7&�@A+678�(�A*#+67=OA*+:d7B=+~M+~(0N+:c#+o�ue3Fj

+�8}+*q@*+�3)@* +«%8C)*#+m>&')*+wj+k09)7r�+~}#+Lj+,=O7-+k3�+o67B(1C-+A+6* z.&¡+b8B)*#

+ ve«L �2KL v( +«#$ wE�& �s +"v4# � ® +!{)7BN +"7�+V^Ta�<8FB()* +W,0)* +"7� +:; +�)q# +o�3; +l�5# +�3)@* +#.B)*

+w=+ g<(Bd+w=OA*+:;+�,-+�d@7;+o�)�M+o^�a¯ we/vL �' «(#+ w9/ vC �2K(#+ �$ w{+ w}�Ov4#+ v¤#+]�L �F+ «q �Q �$�c � +) �a�(+ «��& «s) �-

+e wa �C �' «��?#+P vo�(#+i v¥«/�* «(#+# �o �{+ ��7+#` w;w* «'�/«L �-®+!~}#+Lj+"7h;+o�H79j+{Fj+{)7BN#+�579N+¢*+uBd

+V^Ra¯ p~ «$ �y+ «J ©0+e wa�& �0£# � + p�$ ws+J ©0

!>)*'(#+J/<+eB#DS(#`+f12345#+m�

+<)7&?,)*+o6q@*+VÛa¯ �J/ vC�() �'«L ©(+ W. �C «B�7+ �5 v4#+ �¡)�&«L �23 «7�?#+) �0 � ®+!m,MOA*+:98F)+{)7BN#+�579N+"%h-

+V.3�%1)*+.Br+ g<&'345+ g<-7�+<(�,)*+~}#+Lj+{)%()*+~B}+.h;+o671=�>1=+<(�,)*#+<3=>&?@A*

+w= +:c# +ob8B)*# +G%&'h)* +�= + �<&i�781= +:c# +o¢* +"73j +uvdOA +H79B)* +~e) + �< z=7j + |<(�,)*#

+7c,&x�+u1- +u)# +o<3d7&'d@A* +G,`Q)* +"7(M +w=+7vdO* +7(M +o,&J9)* +:8r +.8j +<-,`Q)* +D7Q&x)*

+5#.&E +:; +7() + gt7Q&�# +o g<(�5 +7vFM +<3v)A* +u3)7B1)* +Dt7} +.�# +V�F�)* +w= + �GH z.0= + �<�; +:;

+ v7` w; �28(# +, v- +) �C( + � ) �g v2� � + «e wY©< �7 +J ©0 + �. �j vF «$ �0 +e wY «c^) �s + «; �I + wT3)�&(# +) �a �:�?# +)�:® +!{)7BN +"7� +V2?78)*

+V^[a¯ �J/v& v0«�$ wC«L ©(+ �. �C «B�7 � +Z W; w{ �

+ � /vL ��+)j �-+ �¥& wQ+ «$�( � + «e wa�( + �¥& v( + v¤#+ �J ©0+ p. �C «B�7+) �C v* �-® +!^2Ea:98)*+ g79�7�=+~}#+Lj+"%h-

+ �¥ «0 �X �F +#�d v4) �- +D0?5# +, v- + «e w{ «7 v ) �2� � + «e wa�( + «D vg «\�S «23# � + «e wa «& �F + wn «F) �- + �r v( «$ �B + «J v0 +«#$ �2_ �gO�5 + vt«L �H «(#

+6O* +.M$%- +u-,e)* +6n*,h)* +6@7; + ��&¡*# +%c +7(M# +o^Za¯ �J/vL ©Q �$�S wC «(# + �t vEw: +�¤# + �"v4# + v¤# +]�L �F + «q �Q �$�S �-

+w(= +,Q8N +2?78)* +W%F� +~BCN# + �<=%=�= +o<(�,)* +2i47hd +w= +:c# +ob8B)*# +<¤Fy)*# +G.&J)*

+V2?78)*+w=+w-,PnA*+�=+:�7B1)*+:;+ �W%F&?O7M+7vr+�&'(1-

+K%09F)+~&x3;+�F()*+LM,=+!2¡7-,)*+om>&?@A*+:;+�8=+b�%()*#+W7c5@A*+m%vQ=+:;+G,¤d+o67(3F&?+wr+w(�,)*+.9j+o�H#,`()*+^Ta

VRY+2E+o�SSU+o<3=>&?A*+D7&?*5.)*#

+VZT+<-nA*+o"7QdOA*+G5%&?+^�a

+VRoU+671-nA*+o2J-,�+G5%&?+^Ra

+VTS]+<-nA*+ot739dOA*+G5%&?+Ûa

+V[]+<-nA*+o2'd%-+G5%&?+^[a

+VT[Y+<-nA*+o6*,(j+"n*+G5%&?+^Za

TR[

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

!Dy£5#+](4#+f12345#+hDjO+mk

+�3(}+¢*+,9�-#+o2?78)*+~e)+m>&?@A*+m*,1�*+.M$%N+:1)*+<(-,e)*+<3dn*,h)*+D7-nA*+:c+�G,3�M

+)�Ov4# + wT3)�&(# +) �a �:�?# +)�:® +!~}# +Lj +"%h- +VW*,N +w= +mHn*# +omHn* +{)@* +uvF&EO* +:; +6#H%B- +uvdO* +�F�)*

+ �"v4# + «e wQ) �H «c�?# + v¤#+ �;& vF+ «e wY �0 �D «Q�?# + �"v4# +#$ w-�7) �'�S v( + �q vU)�* �I � +)W<$ w' w2� + «e wQ)�&«L �' �s� +]�[Ow?# � + pD �Q�d +J ©0+e wQ)�& «H�L �y

+DL3=+:1)*+5%=OA*+ucO*+w=+~B)#+o�F�)*+:;+�,3¤d+#O*+w-.)*+:;+ �³O*+7=@*+67&'d@A7;+V^Ta¯ �D/ v* �y+ �e/vL �F+�¤#

+2i3rOA*+ot*%�#+mHn*+w=+uvFM+2?78)7;+o<yF)*#+w-.)*#+G.3hB)*+:;+,-7y()*+,PnA7r+�;*,1j*+om>&?@A*

+w=$%()* +o�3&¡%)*# +b-,&J)* +o,3hQ)*# +:8y)* +o:(CjOA*# +:r,B)* +o,(�OA*# +,Q&EOA* +oH%&?OA*#

V�%h1)*+,3-7B=+�;#+�d*L3=+�&¡#+m>&?@A*+6O*+7(M+V,;7e)*#

+uv8=O*# +uv&¡*,jO*# +uv)*%=O* +:;+w3(F&'()* +,3�+s%h�+<3=>&?@A* +<B-,&J)* +f=,1�*+.�#

+�Qz1 |-+.j*%�+�;#+6#7B1)*#+�57B1)*+{)@*+u-,e)*+6n*,h)*+uc7jH#+o<38-.)*+uc.47hj#+uv1=>&?#

+�¤#++�5 v4#+ �;w* «'�O+�5�?#+ «e wY�& «/�< � +)�&�& «/�<+^# �$ �23+ p. �C�L �Q+](4#+«# «$�() �'�c+ v�)�S vY «(#+ �q «{�?#+)�:+ «q wI®+!w3;,`)*+w3r+7v3Fj

+«#` w; �a «2�# +«#$w($ wH �- +«# «$�( �$�c +"4)- + v¤# + v"`w> +J ©0 +)W<)�< «7�?# +W)2_ «'�< +)�& w2_ «'�< + �o vb�S�: +�5 � +)W «/ �2� + v} v< + �¡ vD «2lwO +�5 �

+V^�a¯ �"$ wCvL «2K w0+)�O�?) v<

+o �".j# + �<(�,r +w3(F&'()* +,3� +�= +:�7B1)* +G5#,&ir +w3(F&'()* +u-,e)* +6n*,h)* +mL)O*#

+ «e w{` �D�*�c+"�?# + «e wQ v7)�: v>+J ©0+e wQ$ ws vD «bw:+ «e�( � + vJ: ©;(#+, v-+ «e wQ$wL vc) �H w:+ «e�(+ �J: vo�(#+ vJ �F+w v¤#+ we wQ) �a «&�:+ �5®

+,3y) +G57C1&?A* +�� +�8= +{)@* +7jH +7(M +o^Ra¯ �J/ vA v2K «H wC «(# + �t vEw: +�¤# + �" v4# + «e va «/�(v4# +#$ wA v2K «Hwc �

+ w} «\vL «<�?# + �e wz + v¤# + �f �1�Q + �9 �C «2K�: +]�S �B + w «D vs �?) �- + �¡�7) �6�S «23# + �J/ vQ vD «2l wC «(# + �J ©0 + �; �B �?# + «" v4# � ® +ow3(F&'()*

+VÛa¯ �"$ wC�L «'�:+�5+ �f «$ �I+ «e wa�O �?) v<+ �r v(�d+ w}�& �0«?) �0

!TKg&(#+.0DB`+f12345#+m>+

+W%d�)*+w=+,479e)*+w3r+w=+~1h)*+"7(jO*+bz8&E#+o�0)*+,3yr+t7=.)*+�Q&?+m>&?@A*+m z,�#

+) W0$wL «j �0 + �q vS wI +J �0� + ©� �E() v< +�5v4# +w¤# + �f �D �B +,vS�(# + �TK «g�&(# +«#$wLwS «H�c +�5 � ® +!~}# +Lj +"7� +V7v(¤jO*#

+<(-,} +6O* +.MO*# +o^[a¯#W7$ w28«& �0 + �") �Q + w}�Ov4# + vq«S �H «(# +, ©- +~ vD «2K w: + �1 �- +)WO) �A«L w23 + v}©/ v( �$ v( +)�&«L �' �s + «; �H �-

+o:)71)7r# +og7B3(} +2?78)* +~1� +�dO7M + gG.�*# +g7&'Qd +~1h- +w(; +o7v(C� +67M +7(v= + �<d*.= +~1h)*

+VTR+<-nA*+oD*,C0)*+G5%&?+^Ta+VZU+<-nA*+o6*,(j+"n*+G5%&?+^�a+V\+<-nA*+o<801(()*+G5%&?+^Ra+VZ+<-nA*+o<r%1)*+G5%&?+Ûa

+VRR+<-nA*+ot*,&?@A*+G5%&?+^[a

TRZ

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+J �0 + w}�O�?# + �q/ vU# �D «23v4# +, v&�< +]�L �F +)�& «*�S �Q + �r v(�d +qs?# + «J v0® +!~}# +Lj +"%h- +V,Q1yN +A +�1(-,} +6@7;

+) �C�O�?) �Y �- +) �{)�/ «B�?# + «J �0 � +) W'/ vC �s + �T3)�&(# + �q�S �I +) �C�O�?) �Y �- + vTG «7�?5# +, v- + p>) �2K �- +`?# + pTK «g�O + vD «/ �\ v< +) W2K «g�O + �q�S �I

+ vTG «7�?5#+, v-+ �r v(�d + �; «'�< +e wa«& ©0+# WD/ v[ �Q+ �"v4# + �e wz+ vM)�&©/�*() v< +)�&wL w23 w7 + «e wa «c +^) �s+ «; �H�( � +) W'/ vC �s+ �T3)�&(#+)�/ «B�?#

+ w w�`£# �X �6 �- +# W; ©C �'�S �0 +)W& v0 «�$ w0 + «qwS «H�: +J �0� ® +!<F1hF) + gt*L} +u8v}+:; +H%F�)* +~B}# +o^Ta¯ �"$ w- vD «2K wC�(

+V^�a¯) WC/ vj �F+)W<# �o �F+ w}�(+ �; �F�?# � + w}�& �'�( � + v} «/�L �F+w¤#+ �t v2_ �� +) �a/ v-+# W; v() �y+ we�& �a �s

!T3)&(#+J0?#`+f12345#+m+%{

+<B9&? +%0d +:; +�)q# +o�w=OA*� +<¤QF) + �GH.B1= + �D7�7h1&�* +u-,e)* +6n*,h)* +:; +DH5#

+ «dv4# � ® +!{)7BN +�)%� +7v8= +o<Br5O* +�&¡*%= +:; +5.&x()* +<y3&xr +fd7e; +og7B&¡%= +w-,&Jj#

+�)%� +7v8= +o�&¡*%= +<&'(P +:; +~j7; +u&?7M +DH5## +o^Ra W)& «0�?# � + vT3)�&L©( + W.�<)�[ �0 + �¥«/�* «(# +)�&«L �' �s

+!{)7BN +�)%� +7v8= +oD*,= +�r5O* +:; +g7(&?* +Dt7}# +oÛa¯)W& v0£# +# W;�L�< +#o{ + «q �' «s# + ©��7® +!~}# +Lj

+!{)7BN +�)%� +7v8= +og7B&¡%=+,&Jj+<Br5O* +:; + g>B; +fd7M# +o^[a¯ vJ «0�?5# + �J ©0 + �D «0�?# + «e w{^) �s +#�dv4# � ®

+V^Za¯ «ewS& v0�?#+# �dv4) �-®

+2i3hd +%c# +<d7=OA* +{8B(r +7v)#O* +!u-,e)* +6n*,h)* +:; + �67B= +<�>� +�w=OA*� +<(FM +fF(�#

+V^]a¯w}�S�O) �0�?# + �J vCwc «�`# +P vo�(# + ©> ��$ w/«L �- +) W2_ «'�< +e wY w2_ «'�< + �J v0 �?# + «" v4) �-® +!�d709&? +�)%� +7v8=# +o<d73�)*

+e wa�O) �C:v4#+«#$ w2K v*«L�:+ «e�( � +«#$w& �0£#+ �J: vo�(#®+!{)7BN+�)%�+�8=#+o�%�)*+~r7h=+:;+w=OA*+{8B(r+7v3d7�

+ W.�& �0�?# + ©e �\ «(# + v; «'�< +J ©0 +e wY «/�L �F + �u �XO�?# + �e wz® +!{)7BN +�)%� +�)q +%0d# +^\a¯ wJ «0�?5# + we wa�( + �rv�( « w?# + pe«L wjv<

+�8=# +ow=nA* +67e()* +{8B(r +7v�)7� +V.�*# + g{8B(r +< �8 �=�OA*# +w=OA*# +og78=O* +!:8B- +o^Ya¯) W23) �'wO

+ w} «\vL «<�?# + �e wz + v¤# + �f �1�Q + �9 �C «2K�: +]�S �B + w «D vs�?) �- + �¡�7) �6�S «23# + �J/ vQ vD «2l wC «(# + �J ©0 + �; �B�?# + «"v4# � ® +!{)7BN +�)%�

+�)%�+�)q+%0d#+V�57-H+#O*+�8�#+67M+6@*+o67=OA7r+�3;+,B&J-+��)*+67e()*+�yFrO*+�O*+o^TSa¯w}�& �0«?) �0

V2?78F)+ g78=n*+ g7d7e=+�O*+^TTa W)& «0�?# � + vT3)�&L©(+ W.�<)�[ �0+ �¥«/�* «(#+)�&«L �' �s+ «dv4# � ®+!{)7BN

+VR�+<-nA*+oG.47()*+G5%&?+^Ta+VYR+<-nA*+ot7&'8)*+G5%&?+^�aVT�[+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+^RaVT�Z+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+ÛaV\R+<-nA*+ot7&'8)*+G5%&?+^[aVTYZ+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+^ZaV�\R+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+^]aV\�+<-nA*+om7BdA*+G5%&?+^\a

VT[U+<-nA*+o6*,(j+"n*+G5%&?+^YaVZ+<-nA*+o<r%1)*+G5%&?+^TSa

VT�[+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+^TTa

TR]

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+ �<h3�#+ �<F&E+{Fj+:c+o�w=OA*�+<(Fe)+D7�7h1&�A*+��c+7v3;+Dt7}+:1)*+<(-,e)*+D7-nA*+6@*

+H%h-+67(-@A7;+o7=+ �%08r+�,PnA*+<¤QF)*+{8B=+w(&i1N+7v8=+ �<¤Q)+~e;+o7v83r+7=+:;+{8B()*+:;

+oW7c5@A*#+�-#,1)*#+�%�)*+2i3hd#+o67=OA*+w-,�+m>&?@A*#+¯67=OA*#+<83e&')*#+<83dO7(`)*+{)@*

+6O7r +.3Q- +w=OA*# +o�) +678�(�A*#+ot:&�+{Fj+�8=O7N +w=+�-.&x1r +.3QN# +o67(-A* +w=+<d7=OA*#

+ �<3j,&�+ �m7e�O*+ g7&i-O* +�78c#+V�F(N+7=+~M+:;+�8=O7N#+o�FcO*#+�&'Qd+{Fj+�8 �=$%-+w=+s �.&xN

Vw=OA7r+5%B&J)*#+<83dO7(`)*+uv9F&?#+o2?78)*+W7c5@*+m �,0|N

&o3^Nj67&�-W(O+&VH<SC&Xl1P=+"(bj67&F3+Ih*@7J&F3()(b�I`@7&�4S;&�D@

+ g7Q-,BN +�d%M +w=+ �,¤d +<v}#+{)@* +W,�O* +D7r +W7c5@A* +m%vQ=+b-,BN +6O* +�&i1- +m.hN +7(=

+ �D7v}+7v1B&¡#+:1)* +D7Q-,B1)* +w=+ �~3F� +,3�+ �H.j+H%}#+�)q+.M$%- +V~-#O71)* +~(10-+A+g73(Fj

+m7(1c* +�.=+{Fj+".- +D7Q-,B1)* +�FN +~3&? +6O* +{)@* +G57&�@A* +�= +o^ �D7(¤8=# + �<3)#Ha+ �<QF1�=

+Vk-.0)*+,&xB)*+:;+G,c7¤)*+��vr+<-,&J9)*+D7B(1C()*

+,3�- +��)* +lj,)* +kr� +!�dO7r +W7c5@A* +�,B- +�<3j7(1}A*+m%FB)* +D70F`&x=+uCB=�+6@*

+�h0- +6O* + �WL�+#O* +o �<(¤8= + �<j7(}+7vr +"#70N +:1)* +<h-,`)* +�O* +o~hB)*# +u&'C)* +:; +lj,)*

V^Ta�b8B)*+m*.�1&?*+�-,�+wj+�;*.cO*

+o�F`&x()*+*�c�+!p3&J)*+"n*+L-LB)*+.9j+p3&J)*+<-H%B&')*+<3r,B)*+<eF(()*+:1Q=+l&'0r#

+%c +7() +u)7B()* +�&¡*# + �.-.0N +6#.r +�.&¡ +<F(0)* + �w&J|N +~r +o�=%vQ= +H.01- +u) +o6nA* +{)@*#

+o<j7(C)*+�FN+#O*+o2x�&J)*+*�c+6%e-+b3M#+©73r7c5@*+6%e-+{1=#+©:r7c5@A*+%c+w=#+W7c5@A*

+o ��F`&x= +<r570= +6@7; +o �"7� +~er# +Vg73)#H +H.01- +u) +*�c +~M +V© g<3r7c5@* +"#.)* +#O* +o<)#.)* +#O*

+m.j +�= +�3Fj +o<3)#.)*# +<38=OA*# +<3=>j@A* +D7-%1&'()* +{FjO* +{Fj +o<Br711()* +D>(0)* + zw&�#

+!7v8=+o �G,3�M+ �DA7e&�@* +:;+78B�%- +6O* +�dO7&� +w=+*�c#+o �"%vC=+{Fj+g7r,�+ �.B|N +o�H#.�+<;,B=

+~}OA+m#7h-#+W570-+w(3;+ �,c7�+*�c#+o�)�M+*%&'3)#+6%3r7c5@* +uvdO* +{Fj+g7;*,�O* +�H7Bd+6O*

+ g7Q8j + �.&�O* +uc + ��*,�O* + �� ,1 |- +6O* +DA7e&�@A* +w= +og7&i-O*# +V g>�= +~10()* +w= +�H>r +2xF�- +6O*

+67M+6@*#+ouv3Fj+ ��F`|-+u)+�F`&x()*+*�c+6OA+uvFB;+ |, �e8 |-+A#+o6% |= �#7h |-+>;+og*H7&';@*#+ gG#*.j#

V^�a�uv3Fj+g7h9`8=

VR\�\2E+oTUT\o<3j7(1}A*+m%FB)*+D70F`&x=+uCB=+wj+o<F3&?%)*+5*H+oT+_+ow3&x1�()*+w=+<j%(C=+ou3B8)*+G,&id+<j%&?%=+^TaVT�Y\[+H.B)*+oTU�U+G.Bh)*+#q+T]+<B(C)*+o2¡7-,)*+G.-,}+^�a

TR\

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+#O* +H*,;OA* +w= + �<j%(C= +#O* + �H,; +<)#70=�+!<F-%`)* +571&')* +.9j +b-,BN +:; +W7c5@A*#

+o7-7&ih)* +w= + �<3&i� +w= + �w3B= + �b�%= +#O* + �w-H +#O* + �lc�= +#O* + �,e; +#O* + ��O*5 +2¡,; +oD7j7(C)*

+~47&?%)*#+5*%0)*+{)@*+t%CF)*+w=+A.r+o �"#H+#O*+ �W%B&�+#O*+ �2?7dO*+{Fj+o<Q38B)*+l3)7&?OA*#+G%h)7r

+7vdOA +oG%h)7r +57e;OA* +��c +2¡,; +"#70N +H*,;OA* +#O* +D7j7(C)* +��c# +o<-57&i0)* +<j#,&J()*

+�&¡# +7v&'Qd +:`BN# +o �">&¡ +{Fj +o7v19&'d +fd7M +7(v= +o<39F�OA*# +o �W*%&E +{Fj +7v&'Qd +,91BN

V^Ta�5,9=+�O*+f0N+7v3Fj+<-7&E%)*

+�3Q8N +2¡,yr + |� zQ �8 |- + �~(j +W7c5@A*� +!�,3�&'N +:Fj +.(0= +p3&J)* +¢* +<-n* +{)@* +<9&'8)7r#

+7c,h-+:1)*+s%h0)*+�7v1d*#+o�j*%dO*+~er+w=OA*+.-.vN+~(&JN#+o �G.&?7;#+ �<3d7&'d@*+,3�+ ��*.cO*

+V^�a�67&'d@A*#+w-.)*

!./c£5#+M5)E(#+]LF+�*A&:+5+#o{+}0$ag0+"?#+]LF+PD/b2Kc+>;2l:`

+ IT+V<-.1B()*#+<-57(B1&?A*#+<F10()*+D*%h)*+.&¡+<38�%)*+<=#7h()*+"7(jO*�

�+ IV«>&')*+G%hr+�3Fj+ |2¡ �,Q|N+:1)*+D7j%(C()*+.&¡+lB&J)*+<=#7h=

R+ IV7vN7&'&?$%()+<=#7h()*+H%vC)*#+o673y`)*+w=+�,POA*+"7e&�OA*#+D7-5%N71M.)*+2i;5

U+ IV<-,&x8B)*+<�,Q1)*+.&¡+<=#7h()*

[+ IV�)�)+ �~-.r+�78c+we-+u)+*q@*+6*#.B)*+.&¡+5O7�)*

!./c£5#+M5)E(#+]LF+�*A&:+�){741(+PD/b2Kc+f$ag0+"?#+D/�

T+ IVt7()*#+t*%v)*#+:&¡*5OA*+{Fj+t>31&?A*+"7(jO*

�+ IV<-,e&'B)*+D73F(B)*#+W#,0)*+~(&JN#+o57(B1&?A*+D73F(j+~M

R+ I+<-5%N71M.)* +u¤8)* +<-7(� +"7e&�O* +~M# +oW%B&J)* +.&¡ +<-5%N71M.)* +D7&?57(()* +~M

Vu=OA*+{Fj+7v&¡,;#

U+ I+��78()* +b&x�# +o<3473(3e)* +<0F&?OA* +m*.�1&?* +7v8= +o<-,e&'B)* +"7(jOA* +~M

Vw33d.()*+~hd#+o"�78()*+b&'d#+o<3d.()*

[+ I+w=+g*.�*#+ �.B |- +:;7h�)* +W7c5@A7;+o:;,B()*# +:;7h�)*# +:;*,yC)* +K%F1)* +"7(jO* +~M

VW7c5@A*+£*%dO*+,`PO*

V�[+2E+om+TYYR+om%3)*+579PO*+5*H+!G,c7h)*+oRU�+H.B)*+oW7c5@A*+t*,=O*+o<F-%`)*+571&')*+.9j + Ta+lc*�()* +w3r +l-,h1F) +:()7B)* +�(C(F) +m7B)* +w3=OA*# +<3;7h�)* +6#$%&JF) +:d*,-@A* +2'34,)* +57&J1&'= +�,3�&'1)* +:Fj +.(0= +p3&J)* + �a

V6*,v`r+<3=>&?@A*

TRY

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

Z+ I+{Fj +,�$%N +.�# +o:)#.)*# +:8�%)* +H7&x1�A* +6O7&� +w= +~FhN +.� +:1)* +D7M,01)* +~M

+w= +u�&iN# +o<-H7&x1�A*# +<3j7(1}A* +D*%CQ)* +�(BN# +ow3=#,0()*# +t*,hQ)* +£7&¡#O*

V<3)7()*+6%-.)*

]+ I+o">h1&?A*#+5,01)*+%0d+"#.)*+�7CN*+{Fj+,3�O71)*+{)@*+�.vN+:1)*+,r7�1)*+"7(jO*+~M

V^Ta�7v3Fj+<Q0C=+D*.c7B=+2¡,;#

+oI:d%d7h)* +,3� +I +b8B)* +m*.�1&?*� +!%c +W7c5@A* +6@7; +o�<3&?73&')* +<j%&?%()*� +:;#

+b&'8)*# +ol-,�1)*# +ol-�B1)*# +o�-%&J1)*# +o"731�A7¦M +¯<QF1�()* +�)7e&�O7r +#O* +�r +.-.v1)* +#O*

+ ��,� +£7&iP@A +�*,M@A* +m*.�1&?* + ¥m7j + �~e&Jr# +VVV �wz3B |= + ¥:&?73&? + ��.c +�3h0N +<3yr +o�,3�#

+V^�a�<3r7c5@A*+<vC)*+<�3&J()+ �²#78=

+ ��,�+#O*+o �<(¤8=+ �<j%(C=+�)>P+w=+"#70N+o �m7¤d+#O*+ ��v8=�+!�dO*+b-,&J)*+w3&'�+�,-#

+o7v;*.cO7r+ gt7;#+ �DA�78N+u-.hN+{Fj+,PnA*+�,`)*+,9CN+#O*+o7v;*.cO*+{)@*+�791dA*+W�}+o �w3B=

+ �W5.= + �,&x8j +%v; +o:`(8)* +:r7c5@A* +7=O* +Vb8BF) +H%&xh()*# +u¤8()* +m*.�1&?A* +<`&?*%r

+A+o�3Fj+2i9h)*+t7h)@*+.8j+%c#+o�3)*+:(18()*+u3¤81)*+:;+�NH73�+7vN5,�+ �b8j+D73F(Br+m73hF)

+o7c,&Jd#+<3&?73&')*+�57e;O*+«,&J)+�3B&?+5.hr+o�3)@*+<v}%()*+D7=7vNA*+w=+�&'Qd+<4,91)+{B&'-

+V^Ra��;*.cO*+w=+g7;.c+�)q+.B-#

+ �<F�,= +{)@* +�,`1)* +<F�,= +�#7CN� +!%c +W7c5@A7; +o¢* +bFP +�� +.(�O* +{)@* +<9&'8)7r#

+�,`1)*+67¦M+*q@*+�d@7¦;+o,Pn*+ g{8B(r+#O*+oG%h)7r+D*.h1B()*+#O*+�O*,)*+2¡,;+{Fj+�%`8N+�,PO*

+D7j7(}+,¤d+<v}#+w=#+o�H7()*+b8B)*+{Fj+.(1B-+W7c5@A*+6@7;+o�,eQ)*+b8B)*+{Fj+m%h-

+G%hr+A@* +,33y1)* +*�v)+~39&?+A+�dO*# +o�,33yN +lC-#+ �~�7r+�(1C()* +:;+ �t:&�+~M+6@7; +oW7c5@A*

VÛa+��(1C()*+:;+W7c5@A*+<&?57(=#+«>&')*

!D28E(#+5+u)%[C(#+q/*23+]LF+)a&0+i�){741(+ZDy?#+ �hD/%[Q+ �M)g:D%'c+.%Cz

+ ��*.cO* +�3h0N +.&xhr +o �~&x1=# + �u z¤8= + �b¦8j� +!w-.)* +Lj +">¦} +.(�O* +b-,¦BN +I

+V^[a�<3&?73&?

+VTY\]+6*,v�+oT+u�5+H.j+o<&'=7�)*+<j%(C()*+o<3d*,-@A*+.3�%1)*+<FC= + Ta+VT[R2E+oTY\[+oT�+o,&J8)*#+D7&?*5.F)+<3r,B)*+<&'&?$%()*+!D#,3r+o<&?73&')*+<j%&?%=+o^6#,Pn*#a+:)73e)*+W7c%)*+.9j + �a

+oT�+oW71eF)+<=7B)*+<-,&x()*+<�3v)*+!G,c7h)*+o7d,�+w3Br5O*+">P+�&?#OA*+s,&J)*+{Fj+�N7&?7eBd*#+:)#.)*+W7c5@A*+ob-,&�+w3&'� + RaV�]+2E+oTYY]

+VTU+2E+oTYY[+om>&')*+<B9`=+!G,c7h)*+o�}>j#+o�57`PO*#+o�r79&?O*+!W7c5@A*+o¢*+bFP+��+.¦(�O* + Ua+VUY+2E+oTY\Z+o,&J8)*#+<j79`)*#+<;70&xF)+<-,0)*+5*H+!H*.yr+o:&?73&')*+b8B)*#+W7c5@A*+ow-.)*+Lj+">}+.(�O* + [a

TUS

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+�.&'C)*+b38B1)7r+.-.v1)*#+�¦-#,1)*+">P+w=+ow-,PnA*+579}@*�+!�#78Q0)*+.(0=+b-,BN+I

+w-,PnA* +,e; +m7=O* +�3yF-# +:d7&'d@A* +�0)* +:;7C- + ¥:r7C-@* + �b�%= +q7�NA +o�,eQ)* +,vh)* +#O*

+V^Ta+�uv�%h�+G5H7&x=#+ow-,¦PnA*+GH*5@*+t7¦y)@*#+oG.-.&J)*+GA7y()*+�r%F&?O*#+ouvN*.h1B=#

+ow-,Pn>)+,vh)*+w=+g7j%d+�%0N+:1)*+<-%8B()*+#O*+<-H7()*+D73F(B)*�+!m,MO*+�)7&E+b-,BN+I

+V^�a�<83B=+ �<-7�+�3h0N+<3yr

+V^Ra�l-,�1)*#+~1h)7M+o �H,;+#O*+ �<j%(C=+�3)@*+O7CF-+��)*+lj,)*�+!,c7�+:M,N+b-,BN+I

1,;<>@7&<h9@7&,T&o3^Nj67&cIA9+&X�

+D*,1; +t78�O* + g7&E%&xP +oW7c5@A* +G,c7� +w= +p-571)* +�.= +{Fj +u=OA* +w= + �<=O* + |~�N +u)

+{Fj +,&x1h- +u) +o �<3=*,}* + �G,c7¤M +oW7c5@A* +6O7r +"%h)* +67e=@A7r# +o:&?73&')* +W*,`&¡A*

+D7B(1C()* +~M +71r7&EO* + �<;n*# + �G,c7� +%c +7(d@* +o,Pn* +6#H + �w-H +£79NO* +.8j +#O* +o,Pn* +6#H + �lB&�

+�99&?+2'Q8)*+:;+ �lj5�+{8B(r+o<3&'d,Q)*+<yF)* +:;+o�W7c5@*� +<¤Q)+,3&'QN+O*.r+.�#+V<-,&J9)*

+A# +olj,)* +7v=.�1&'- +:1)* +<F3&?%)* +6O7&Jr +.3Q- +7= +<¤QF)* +:; +2'3)# +oterreur + �,- �,&� + �~(j

+<yF)* +:; +^W7c5@*a +terrorisme +<¤Q) +H,N +u)# +V:j7(1}A*# +:&?73&')* +�.vF) +<9&'8)7r

+{)@*+:(18N+terrorisme+6O*+�30&E+V.-.C)*+7c78B(r+,&Jj+w=7�)*+6,h)*+,P*#O*+A@*+<3&'d,Q)*

+<3d7�)*# +oH,C= + �W7j5@* +7v3; +{)#OA7; +V�&'Qd +{8B()7r +2'3) +we)# +os7h1&�A* +ue0r +terreur

+~�*,()7r+<3&'d,Q)*+G579B)*+D,=+.�#+V<&?73&')*+�,c%}#+o�.v)*#+<F3&?%)*+:8B-+ �W7j5@*+7v3;

!g70&¡*#+ g73&?73&?+ gt7`�+�3;+l&'1M*+��)*+�,eQ)*+5%`1F)+ g<h;*,=+<3)71)*

T+ IV{)#OA*+<F�,()*+:;+ :&?73&?+ �6%(&i=+7v)+we-+u)

�+ IV<h�A+<F�,=+:;+ ��,},1=+ :&?73&?+6%(&i=+7v)+�9&EO*

R+ I+:; +5%`1)* +<C31d +fC)HO7N +{1� + �:&?73&')* +6%(&i()*# +{8B()* +7v3; +�9&EO* +og*,3PO*#

VÛa�:&?73&')*#+:j7(1}A*+,eQ)*

+/TY+t*5n*#+7-7&i�+om*,cOA*+oYT+u�5+"7h=+ow3Qh�()*+,e;+:;+�,`1)*#+W7c5@A*+<F&'F&?+oW79&J)*#+W7c5@A*+o�#78Q0)*+w&'�+.(0= + Ta+V\+2E+omTYY�+/+TT

+2'd%N+:;+.hj+��)*+W,B)*+<3FP*.)*+t*5�#+,(N$%=+{)@*+m.h=+k0r+oW7c5@A*+<0;7e()+W79&?OA*#+~47&?%)*+~&i;O*+.-.0N+om,MO*+�)7&E + �a+Vm+TY\Z+m7j

+VTT+oTS+2x&E+om+TYYT+om7&'�+5*H+!D#,3r+o:()7B)*+W7c5@A*+o,c7�+:M,N + Ra!,¤dO*+o:d#,1e)A*+W71e)*+ou)7B)*+{Fj+,`3&'-+W7c5@A*+oD*.39j+.)7P + Ua

www.alerhab.net\look\book\1.htm

TUT

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+:; +7(vdO7r + g7(Fj +o �G.�*# +terrorisme" +terreur +:1(FM +w= + ¥~e) +<3r,B)* +<(},1)* +6@*+.�# +V<&E7�)* +7vN7Q&E +7(v8= + ¥~e)# +o{8B()* +k3� +w= +671QF1�= +671(FM +:&'d,Q)* +7(vF&EO*

+«7&iN*# +o<3j%&¡%()* +u)7B()* +"7(1M* +.Br +,&Jj +�&?71)* +6,h)* +<-7vd +:; +{8B()* +,h1&?*�

+o<3&'d,Q)* +G5%�)* +�%}+:;+ �G,3&'j+ �D7&¡7�(r +<¤QF)* +D,=# +V:&?73&')* +:j7(1}A* +{8B()*

+7c,&E78j+D5%F9N+6O*+{)@*+o<3=.B)*+<M,0)*+�%}+:;+�)�M#+o<-%&¡%Q)*+<M,0)*+�%}+:;#

+w=+,3�e)* +�%yN +f)*� +7= +7v8e) +o ¥:&?73&? + ��.v) + �<Q38j+ �<F3&?%M +<1r7�)* +7vN79M,=# +<3&?73&')*

+<9c,)* +b&E# +{Fj +,&x1hN +u) +oW7c5@A7r +<3&'d,Q)* +G5%�)* +<�>j +6@* +V"#.)*# +D7(3¤81)*

+o �,`P+#O*+ ,&�+�99&'-+gA7BQd*+#O*+o g<3&'Qd+ g<)7�+7c5791j7r+<3&?7&?OA*+7c,&E78j+k3�+w=+terreur+fFy1&?*#+DH7Q1&?*+oT]\Y+<8&?+<3&'d,Q)*+G5%�)7;+o7vd%(&i=+�39`N#+g73F(j+7v1&?57(=+{Fj+~r

+.h) +V�3Fj +<¤;70()*# +ue0F) + g<F3&?# +7vd%M +�%1&'= +{)@* +7vdO7&� +fB;5# +o<9c,)* +2x47&xP

+,=OA* +o g<3&?73&? + g<(v= +7v3)@* +f;7&¡O*# +o<9c,)* +�F(0N +��)* +:j7(1}A* +.B9)* +G5%�)* +D�,rO*

V^Ta�terreur+G579j+.3)%N+{)@*+{v1d*+��)*

+w= +"#OA* +W7c5@A* +!W7c5@A* +7(v3; + �m §.�|1&?* +w3N,1; +<3&'d,Q)* +G5%�)* +D.v&� +.h)

+w&? + zu1; +o7&'d,; +«731}7r +73&?#,r +D*.-.vN +l9&'r +67M# +oT]Y�/Y/�S +{)@* +T]Y�/\/TS

+�F()*+{Fj+2i9h)*+:h)O*#+o,9(19&?+/"%F-O* +�r*�=+DO*.r#+o �<B-,&?+ �D7(M70=+~}O* +w=+w3d*%�

+t7&ih)* +{FN +.�# +oT]YU/]/�\ +{)@* +T]YR/Y/[ +w= +:d7�)* +W7c5@A* +V,&Jj +2?H7&')* +2'-%)

+wj+£7;.)* +67(&¡+~}O* +w=+�)q#+oI+w33F9C)* +�O* +I +H57381d%()* +~9�+w=+w3-.d#,3C)* +{Fj

+ �6%3F= +b&xd + |"7h1j* +G,1Q)* +�FN +:; +uN# +V:}57�)* +#.B)* +.&¡# +:FP*.)* +#.B)* +.&¡ +7&'d,;

+T]YU/Z/TS+:;+,39e)*+W7c5@A*+��##+V<F&xh()7r+ g7Q)O*+w3Br5O*+2?#$#5+ |�`�#+ow3c%9&J()*+w=

V^�aW7c5@A*+ue�+H7�+��)*+,339&'r#5+2?O*5+�`hr

+#O* +<39B&J)* +GH*5@>) + �<F�((Ma +7vN%� +<3&?73&')* +D7`F&')* +fFy1&?* +o"#.)* +2iBr +:;#

+V7v3&¡57B= +.&¡ +u¤8()* +7vr7c5@* +<&?57(() + g<3j,&� +7v08(N +w3d*%� +f8&'; +o^�)�) +<3j.=

+G5%�)*+<r,CN+5*,e1r+oTYT]+<8&?+,r%1MO*+G5%�+t78�O*+o2?#,)*+<Q&�>9)*+m7�+o"7�()*+~39&?+{Fj

+g7-,&? + g738=O* + g*�7v} +*%Fe&J; +o.479)* +m7¤8)* +57&xdO* +.&¡ +<)#.)* +W7c5@* +<&?57(= +:; +<3&'d,Q)*

+7v4A%r +�%e&J()* +,&E78B)* +<h�>=# +"7h1jA + g<B&?*# + �D73�>&E +�08= +uN +o�7e3&J1)*� +�%(&?O*

+o<Q&�>9)*+GH7�+w=+%c#+o:e&?5*H%)%;+~1h=+.Br+�7vC)*+*�c+_7&Jd+~0Q1&?*+.�#+V<Q&�>9F)

V6Vm + TaVV6Vm + �a

TU�

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+GH73�+f&¡,�#+oG5%�)*+t*.jO*+.&¡+lB&J)*+W7c5@*+H*��+:e&'N#,N#+w383)+"731�*+<)#70=+.Br#

+{Fj+7v03F&'N# +,3c7(C)* +G,e&'j+�&¡#+{)@* +w383) +7jH#+oG5%�)* +t*.jO* +.&¡+,3c7(C)* +G5%�)*

+�,3c7(C)*+W7c5@A*#+�,3c7(C)*+£7;.dA*+�3C&JNa+~}O*+w=+<-5%�)*+<=%e0)*+"7(jO* +"#.}

V^Ta�^G5%�)*+t*.jO*+.&¡

+<)#70= +W7hjO* +:Q; +o:h9`)* +L33(1)* +2?7&?O* +{Fj +m7� +<3&?#,)* +G5%�)* +W7c5@* +6O* +,M�|-

+7v8(� +�;.- +6O* +lC-+w383) +w=+ �mH+<`hd+~M�+!<3Q&JF9)* +b0&x)* +�.�@* +f91M+w383) +"731�*

+<h9`F) +<-.&'C)* +GH7r@A* +2¡,QN +G5%�)* +�)7&x= +6@* +VVV{F1h)* +D7�= +2i39)*# +6%-�*%}5%9)*

V^�a�<(�5+>r+we8F;+o �<(�5+>r+uvd@*+VVV<-�*%},9)*

+">P+w=#+o ��731=7r + g73&?73&? + g7r7c5@* +<3&?#,)*# +<3&'d,Q)* +w3N5%�)* +>M+f&?57=+.h) +o6q@*

!W7c5@A*+w=+£%8)*+*�c+w3=7&i=+�7181&?*+we(-+w31r,C1)*+w3N7c

+#O* +oGH*5@A*+W7c5@* +VVVt7-%�OA*+W7c5@* +%v;+o6%d7h)*+{Fj+G.(1B()*+<`F&')*+W7c5@* +�d@*�+I

V<3F�OA*+.&¡+<39F�OA*+W7c5@*+o,Pn*+,39B1r

+<=%e0)* +<&?57(= +wj +~&xQ8- +A +ue0)* +:; + ��&'d +%v; +o �w z8 �h=# + �u¤8= + �W7c5@* +�d@* +I

V�(1C()7r+:(F&')*+ue01F)+~r7h()*+�}%)*+o,Pn*+{8B(r+o%c+#O*+o�,POA*+7vN7&?73&')

+.&¡+ �<h9�+W7c5@* +�r7�+�PO7- +.�#+o ¥:FP*H+ �H �,(N +#O* +o ¥:}57P+ �.-.vN +{Fj+g*H5 +:NO7- +�d@* +I

Vb8B)*+w=+.-L()*+�8()+ �5#,&¡+ �b8j+%v;+o�,PO*

V^Ra��,PO*+ �"#H+{)@*+ ��}%=+,3�#+o<)#.)*+~P*H+ �5%&x0=+�F(j+s7`d+I

+o,&Jj+�&?71)*+6,h)*+~4*#O*+{1�+ ��&?*#+ �s7`d+{Fj+ g<=.�1&'=+weN+u)+�W7c5@A*�+<3(&'N+6@*

+�)q+.Br#+o<=%e0)*+�=+uvj*,&E+{Fj+b&E%)*+*�c+s>�@7r+2?#,)*+5*%�)* +2iBr+m7�+7=.8j

VD7=%e0)*+.&¡+<v}%()*+"7(jOA*+{Fj+�F`N+<3(&'1)*+��c+fN7r

+H70NA* +573vd* +.Br +of�0r +G.01()* +D7-A%)* +6O7r +"%h)* +{)@* +w3��79)* +2iBr +lc�-

+7vF(j+57�@* +:;+^7vr+ �<&E7P+ �<3j%&¡%=+ ��#,¤)+ g<39FNa+�1r570()+ �.-.}+ ¥#.j+wj+o:N73;%&')*

+*�c+67M+7()#+Vt*.jOA*+<d7P+:;+w3(F&'()*#+m>&?@A*+fB&¡%;+ou)7B)*+{Fj+G,`3&'F)+W#$#.)*

+bB&iF) +g*,¤d+G.01()* +D7-A%)* +�.)+G,;*%1()* +<-H7()* +D7d7e=@A* +�F1(-+A+2¡,1Q()* +#.B)*

+7=+,-,91) +W7c5@A*#+m>&?@A* +w3r+�r,N+DO*.r+�)�)+o<3=>&?@A* +6*.F9)* +,�MO* +{Fj+,`3&'()*

V[\+2E+oTY\R+o<B3F`)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o:&?73&')*+W7c5@A*+o�,ej+2'3d#H* + TaV6V2E+o6Vm+^�a

!,¤dO*+oGL�I,c�OA*+<B=7}+o�1r570=+:;+A+�Q-,BN+:;+�13)7e&�@*+!W7c5@A*+o2�*,rO*+u3c*,r@*+^Ra http://www.palnation.org/vb/showthread.php?t=173

TUR

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+:; + g<30&iN +�t78; +u)7B)* +.B- +{1� +#.B)* +*�c +G5%&E +�-%&JN +w= +.r +A +67e;� +�r +m73h)* +H%N

+2?7&'()*+"#70-+w=+~M+6O*+DO*5+�)q+{Fj#+o<3r,y)*+G57&i0)*+2�7B1d*#+:�,)*#+m.h1)*+~39&?

+<-7(0)* +#O* +oG%h)* +~47&?# +�>1=* +#O* +2'Q8)* +wj+£#,&J()* +£7;.)7r +t*%&? +o<3r,y)* +�)7&x()7r

V^Ta�:r7c5@*+%c+o<B-,&J)*+�39`N#+G.3hB)*#+w-.)7r+�&'(1)*+#O*+o<3;7h�)*#+<-,eQ)*

+7(v(3c7Q=+fd7M#+oW7c5@A7r+<&E7�)*+7(v&'3-7h=+~34*,&?@*#+G.01()*+D7-A%)*+fB&¡#+.h)

+wj+£7;.)7r+�FB1-+7=+g7&E%&xP+ou)7B)*+"#H+<-,�MO*+�=+ �.3Br+ ¥.�+{)@*+ g<&i�781=+£%&¡%()*+"%�

V">1�A*+w=+lB&J)*#+2¡5OA*+,-,0N#+ow�%)*

&o3^Nj67&�-W(O+&VH<SC&X�1P=;<>@7&F3+Ih*@7J&F3()(b�I`@7J&F3=(O�(z@7&�4S;&�D@

+{Fj+o7v8=+oW7c5@A7r+<&E7�)*+7vN7Q-,BN+ �<3r,�+ �D7=%e�#+ �D7&'&?$%=#+ �D73&x�&�+fhF�O*

+!"7�()*+~39&?

+ �,`P+K*.�@*+{Fj+G5H7h)*+~47&?%F)+ ��.(B)*+"7(B1&?A*�++!Ginsburg+¬,3rL83�+b-,BN+I+V^�a�<=7B)*+"*%=OA*+#O*+o<30&x)*+#O*+o<-.&'C)*+<=>&')*+#O*+oG730)*+H.v-+ ¥m7j

+#O* +ob8B)* +#O* +olj,)* +�-,� +wj +�,1h()* +:=*,}@A* +~(B)*� +!Sottil +~3N%&? +b-,BN +IV^Ra+� �H z.0 |=+ ��.c+�3h0N+~}O*+w=+.-.&J)*+£LQ)*

+<&¡57B(F)+ �b38j+ �W%F&?O* +#O* +o �<Q38j+ �<¦h-,��+!Noemi Gal-or +5#O* +"7¦�+:=%d+b-,BN+I+ ��*.cO*+.&¡+#O*+ot7-,rO*+.&¡+W7c5@A*+2?57(-+.�#+o.-.v1)*#+b8B)*+w=+6%e1-+%c#+o<3&?73&')*

+VÛa+�:r7c5@A*+7vF}O*+w=+~(B-+:1)*+<3&ih)7r+ �,&�79=+ �_79N5*+7v)

+�.v-+��)*#+ob8BF)+<-H,Q)*+"7(jOA*+#O*+ob8B)7r+.-.v1)*�+!Jenkins+L83e8}+b-,BN+I+V^[a�lj,)*#+�%�)*+<j7&�@*+{)@*+ gA#O*

+ ¥:&?73&?+ �,3�O7N+K*.�@A+u1-+ �L=5+ �~B;�+!Thomas Thornton+6%1d5%�+2?7=%N+b-,BN+I+V^Za��r+.-.v1)*+#O*+b8B)*+"7(B1&?*+ g7=LF1&'=+o �H71B=+,3�

+ot7;%)* +5*H +!G5%&x8()* +oT_ +oG,&E7B()* +D7&?73&')*# +m>&?@A*# +<303&'()*# +<-H%v3)* +:; +W7c5@A* +o<&i� +%rO* +.3&')* +:Fj +:M� +^TaV�T2E+o¦cTU�R

+V�U+2E+om+TY\Z+o<3r,B)*+<&iv8)*+5*H+!G,c7h)*+o:)#.)*+W7c5@A*+o�H7v)*+.9j+,(3�=+L-LB)*+.9j+^�a+V�R+2E+om+TYYS+oG,c7h)*+o:)#.)*+W7c5@A*+G,c7�+uv;+:;+<(c7&'=+o:83&'0)*+w-.)*+�7N+.(0=+^Ra

Or, Noemi Gal, International Cooperation to Suppress Terrorism, New York: St. Martin Press, 1985, p.2.+ÛaB.Jenkins, A new mode of conict: international terrorism, Los Angeles: Crescent, 1985, p.2.+^[a

Thomas Perry Thornton, Terror as a weapon of political agitation, New York: Free Press of Glencoe, ed.+^ZaHary Eckstein, 1970, p.73.

TUU

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+<9eN,()*+b8B)*+"7(jO*+�N73�+:;+�(C-+ ��%F&?�+!Jean Servier+�33;,&?+67}+b-,BN+I

+ �G%�+.3MO7N+�.vr+og734*%&Jj+uc5731P*+u1-+7-70&¡+.&¡+oH*,;OA*+w=+ �<j%(C=+#O* + �H,;+~9�+w=

+�*#.j+l3&xN#+o �<j,&'r+,&J18-+6O*+k9F-+7=+��)*+lj,)*#+ob-%�1)*+7v�9r+ �<3QP+ �GH*5@*#+o �<83B=

+V^Ta�D7B(1C()*+�78&EO*+<;7M

+!m�SST+<8&?+"#OA*+w-,&JN+/,r%1MO*+:;+<3M,3=OA*+<3}57�)*+G5*�#+wj+5H7&x)*+,-,h1)*+I

+,3�O71)*+<3yr+ gGH7j#+ow3FN7h()*+,3�+.&¡+leN,-+��)*#+o<3&?73&')*+�;*#.)*+#q+.(B1()*+b8B)*�

+ow30F&'()*+,3�+w3-,e&'B)*+ld7}+{)@*+o6%3d.()*+uc+w3FN7h()*+,3�+6@*+k3�+o5%v(C)*+{Fj

+.}%N+A+:1)*+D7�#OA*+:;+#O*+o<3r7c5@A*+<�H70F)+uv&¡,BN+f�#+uvN7(v=+,3�+:;+uc+w-�)*+#O*

+{Fj+u1- +#O* +o6%8�*%=+�3; +�,1&J- +��)* +%v; +:)#.)* +W7c5@A* +7=O* +Vt*.j+#O* + �W,�+<)7�+7v3;

+V^�a+�G.�*#+ �<)#H+w=+,�MO*+2¡5O*

+%c+W7c5@A*�+!mTY\S+m7B)*+:;+5H7&x)*+C. I. A+<-LM,()*+D*579�1&?@A*+<)7M#+b-,BN+I+o �D7j7(}+#O* + �H*,;O* +~9� +w=+ �<3&?73&? + �2¡*,�OA +b8B)* +"7(B1&?* +#O* +ob8B)* +"7(B1&?7r +.-.v1)*

+w= +.&xh)* +6%e- +7=.8j# +o7c.&¡ +~(BN +#O* + �<(47� + �<3=%e� + �<`F&? +�)7&x) +~(BN +fd7M +t*%&?

+:1)*# +o< �; �.v�1 &' |()* +<j%(C()* +�.) + �l j |5 +#O* +o �"%cq +#O* +o �£L; +#O* +o �<=.&E +K*.�@* +"7(jOA* +�FN

+ �D7j7(}+W7c5@A*+~(&�+.�#+V:r7c5@A*+~(BF)+w-,&�79()*+7-70&i)*+G,4*H+w=+�&?#O*+GH7j+6%eN

+mO* + g<3=%�+u)7¤=+fd7M+t*%&?+o �GH �.0=+u)7¤=+�30&xN#+o �GH z.0=+ �ue�+<(¤dO* +lF�+{)@* +{B&'N

V^Ra�7vN*�)+ �GH%&xh=+ �<-7yM+ ¥:)#H+ �m7¤d+,3=.N+�.vr+#O*+o �<83B=+ �D7j7(C)

+W7c5@A*�+!TY\R+m7B)*+:;+5H7&x)*+F.B.I+:M,3=OA*+:)*5.3Q)*+D7h3h01)*+l1e=+b-,BN+I+<3478C)*+w3d*%h)*+<=,�+�v18-#+o<3d7&'d@A*+G730)*+{Fj+g*,`P+~e&J-+ �~(j+#O*+o �b38j+ �~(j+%c

+VÛa�<)#H+�O*+:;

+�,} +b-,BN +%c#a +TY\R +m7B)* +:; +5H7&x)* +W7c5@>) +:M,3=OA* +2J3C)* +b-,BN +I

+o<-.8e)*# +o<3d7`-,9)*# +o<3)*,1&?OA*# +o<-%C)* +D*%h)*# +o:M,3=OA* +2J3C)* +~9� +w= +�)7(B1&?*

+~9� +w= +b8B)* +#O* +G%hF) +£#,&J()* +,3� +o"7(B1&?A7r +.-.v1)* +#O* +o"7(B1&?A*� +!^<-.8)�%38)*#

V^[a�<-5%�+ �<(¤8=

V+m+TYY\+/U+/TR++o6739)*+G.-,}+o�r79&?O*#+�=%vQ=+W7c5@A*+o573h)*+"H7j+^Ta+VRZ+2E+o<B(C)*+�0F=+om+�SS�+/�+/�\+om*,cOA*+G.-,}+oW7c5@>)+:M,3=OA*+b-,B1)*+<�3`P+o��+��+u3FB)*+.9j+^�a

VU[2E+oTYYT+ow3->(F)+uFB)*+5*H+!D#,3r+oT_+o:)#.)*+W7c5@A*+o�,e&�+L-Lj+.(0=+^RaV6V2E+o6Vm+ÛaV6V2E+o6Vm+^[a

TU[

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+.&xh-+o �b38j+ :478}+ �W%F&?O*�+!TY\U+m7B)*+:;+5H7&x)*+<3M,3=OA*+".B)*+G5*�#+b-,BN+I

V^Ta�b`�)*+#O*+"731�A*+�-,�+wj+7=+ �<=%e�+{Fj+ |,3�O71)*+ �«%&¡%r+�r

+.-.v1)* +#O* +o"7(B1&?A*� +!TY\Z +m7B)* +:; +5H7&x)* +<3M,3=OA* +£7;.)* +G5*�# +b-,BN +I

+#O* + �<38-H +#O* + �<3&?73&? + ��*.cO* +�3h01) + g79)7� +o"*%=OA* +#O* +2E7�&�OA* +.&¡ +G%hF) +£#,&J()* +,3�

V^�a�<-.47hj

+o ¥:&?73&?+ �kj7r+#q+ �b8j�+!TY\\+m7B)*+:;+5H7&x)*+<3M,3=OA*+<3}57�)*+G5*�#+b-,BN+I

+o �<3j,;+ �<38�#+ �D7j%(C=+~9�+w=+o �<3r,�+,3�+ ��*.cO*+.&¡+ �u3(&xN#+ �5%&xN+�r7&?+wj+leN,-

V^Ra�7=+5%v(}+{Fj+,3�O71)*+GH7j+�r+.&xh-#+ow3-,&?+ �<)#H+t>(j+#O*

+:;+5H7&x)*+o:M,3=OA*+2'34,)*+l478)+�r71)*+W7c5@>)+<&E7�)*+D7(v()*+�-,;+b-,BN+I

+uv;*.cO* +6%3r7c5@A* +��1- +o<3�*,h(-.)*# +<-,0)* +{Fj +t7&ihF) +uv3B&? +:;� +!TY\\ +m7B)*

+6%c%&J-# +6%F1h- +uv; +o<&E7�)* +<3N*�)* +uv&¡*,�O* +�3h01) +o �.(j +wj +ow3r570()* +,3� +w=

+ob0&x)* +:F&?*,=# +oG7&ih)* +~1� +{Fj+g*.(j+6%=.h- +7(M +o"LB)* +"7Q�OA*# +t7&'8)*# +"7},)*

+uc,3�#+<�,&J)* +"7}5#+ow33r7h8)* +GH7h)*# +ow33=%e0)*+w3-5*H@A*#+ow39�18()* +w33(&?,)*#

VÛa��(1C()*+u3�+wj+�;*.-+w(=

+!TY\[ +m7B)* +:; +5H7&x)* +5%1&?.)* +<-7(0) +<-H70NA* +73d7()O* +<-5%v(} +l1e= +b-,BN +I

+«*#5O* +{Fj+m%Cv)*+<`&?*%r+7vh3h0N+.&xh-+o �<3&?73&?+ ��*.cO* +%0d+ �� z} �% |=+ �«7QM+%c+W7c5@A*�

V^[a�<3&?7�+u4*,}+<`&?*%r+ g7&E%&xP#+ow-,Pn*+ �2E7�&�O*+D7eF1(=#

+67M+q@*+oW7c5@>)+ ��d7=+ ��=7}+ �.�*#+ �b-,BN+{Fj+*%hQ1-+u)+w3��79)*+6O*+o�9&?+7(=+w391-

+:;+ �2J-%&JN#+ �W*,`&¡*+<(�+67M+�)�)+o �<83B=+ �<3&?73&?+�)7&x=+<=.P+{)@* +�.v-+b-,BN+~M

+<8-791()* +2'3-7h()* +l9&'r +o"7C()* +*�c +:; + ��&¡*# + �5%&x� +5%v� +{)@* +�HO* +7= +oD7Q-,B1)*

V.Br+u&'0N+u)+:1)*+<Fr7h1()*#

1,@JD@7&�`?x`@7J&o3^Nj67&X�+oW7c5@A*+G,c7¤r+g7&E7P+g7=7(1c*+t*%&?+ ¥.�+{Fj+:478C)*#+:)#.)*+6%d7h)* +t7vh;+�.rO*

+£73&¡# +ow=OA* +6*.hQ; +V�,&J9)* +�(1C()* +{Fj +7vFe&JN +:1)* +<(3&'C)* +57`PO>) +g*,¤d

VUZ2E+o6Vm+^TaV6V2E+o6Vm+^�aV6V2E+o6Vm+^RaV6V2E+o6Vm+ÛaV6V2E+o6Vm+^[a

TUZ

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+w33d.()* +b`P# +ow38=nA* +�-#,N# +oD7&?.h()* +2'3d.N# +oD7=,0)* +�7v1d*# +oD7eF1(()*

+7vFM +VVV �p3&�# + �GO*,=*# + �~Q� +w3r + �L33(N +6#H +w-,Pn* +~1� +{)@* + g<;7&¡@* +ouv&iBr +G73� +.-.vN#

+D7B-,&J1)* +�&¡%) +uv&iBr +�,9d7; +ot*,9�)* +tA$%c +k0r +<)#7� +{Fj +7v&'Qd +f&¡,; + �5%=O*

+�r +f=7�+7=+*�c#+o �<F301&'=+�9&�+7vd%M+�Q-,BN+<)O7&'=+*#�#7CN+6O* +.Br+�10;7e()+<9&?78()*

+w= +W7c5@A* +"7e&�O* +�3(} +fd*H +w3� +oTY\[/T�/�Y +:; +G.01()* +u=O>) +<=7B)* +<3B(C)*

+G5#,&¡�¦r+<9)7`()*+{)@*+lcq+t7vhQ)*+w=+,Pn*+ g7h-,;+<(�+6O*+,3�+o�Q-,BN+{)@*+s,`1)*+6#H

+"7B;O>)+g*.-.0N+lF`N+:1)*+<3478C)*+<3j,&J)7r+�FB1-+,=OA*+*�c+6OA+oW7c5@A*+G,c7�+b-,BN

V^Ta�u-,C1)*+£%&¡%=

+¯ �<j%81=#+ �GH.B1=+ �W79&?OA+~&JQ)7r+Dt7r+ �. z�% |=+ ¥:)#H+ �b-,BN+.-.01)+<)#�9()*+H%vC)*+6@*

+#O* +"#.)*+A#+o:)#.)*+�hQ)*+�`1&'-+u)�+!"7h;+78v()*+.(0=+5%1M.)*+<)O7&'()*+��c+"#78N+.�#

+<&?*5H +{Fj +fQej +:1)* +<3(3F�@A* +#O* +<3)#.)* +D7(¤8()* +#O* +o<3)#.)* +D*#.8)* +#O* +D*,(N$%()*

+s7QNA*+*.r+{1�+o~&JQ)7r+DA#70()*+~M+Dt7r+k3�+o�1B39�+b&JM+:;+�C8N+6O*+VVVW7c5@A*

+2iBr+HLN+u)#+o g>301&'=+g*,=O*+<8c*,)*+<3)#.)*+�#,¤)*+:;+W7c5@>)+ ¥m7j+ �.�% |=+ �b-,BN+{Fj

+<3}%)%-.-OA* +�)7&x()* +fQ�# +7(M +og7&¡%(� +A@* +<Fe&J()* +�78c +#O* +78c +<�,Q1()* +u3c7Q()*

V^�a�b-,B1)*+*�c+{)@*+"%&E%)*+6#H+g7h47j+<&¡57B1()*

+7vN7&?73&?+�=+g7=7C&'d*+W7c5@A7r+2E7�)*+7vQ-,BN+fB&¡#+ �<)#H+~M+6@7;+og7hr7&?+7d,Mq+7(M#

+oD*%&EOA*+H.B1=+g7�%r+:)#.)*+�(1C()*+~B}+7=+o<&E7�)*+7v&'3-7h=#+<3C3N*,1&?A*+7v0)7&x=#

+<3d7&'d@A* +D*5791jA* +w= +.-.B)* +�h&?# +o<3&?73&')*# +<3d%d7h)* +.j*%h)* +�N7cH5 +:; +fc71;

+o�N7v}%N +:; +~FP +A# +o�3; +2'9) +A +g7Bd7= +g7B=7} +g7Q-,BN +�18N +6O* +2¡,1Q- +67M +:1)* +<B=7C)*

+H7BrO>) + g<B&¡7P +fF� +:1)*# +ot7�,;OA* +73}%)%-.-O*# +�)7&x() +g7B9N + g7-,&J1&'= +�>�)* +:h9;

+D7Q-,B1)*+w-79N+.�+{)@*+,=OA*+~&E##+oG.�+{Fj+ �<)#H+~M+:8BN+:1)*+<38=OA*#+<3&?73&')*+s7;nA*#

+o7hr7&?+o78&¡,B1&?*+:1)*+<3M,3=OA*+G.01()*+D7-A%)*+"70M+oG.�*%)*+<)#.)*+D7&'&?$%=+~P*H

+GLv}OA*# +D7&'&?$%()* +�FN +~P*H +:; +,v¤; +VW7c5@A* +�F`&x() +7vN7&'&?$%= +2iBr +D7Q-,BN

+VH7v1}*#+ ��O*5+w=+,�MO*+<3(&?,)*

!,¤dO*+V:)#.)*+6%d7h)*#+<=#7h()*#+W7c5@A*+o673)+"7&J3=+^Tawww.moqawama.org/arabic/rt_resis/doc2002/qanoun.htm

+<B=7}#+<3=>&?@A*+D7B=7C)*+<`r*5+w3r+<M,1&J()*+G#.8)*+:;+G,&¡70=+o,&E7B()*+:)#.)*+6%d7h)*+<=�O*#+W7c5@A*+o78v()*+.(0=+^�a+V[[2E+o¦c+TU��/\/�ToG,c7h)*+:;+,c�OA*

TU]

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+W7c5@A*+m%vQ=+w3r+�r,)*+DA#70=+{)@*+D7;>1PA*+�FN+57(j+:8y)*+.9j+5%1M.)*+#LB-

+o73}%)%-.-O* +{)@* +W7c5@A* +<0;7e=+57B&� +"%01- +w3��+!"%h3; +o�r +�9N,N +:1)* +73}%)%-.-OA*#

+<3&?73&')*+�%h)*+D7d�*%1)+ g7&?7eBd*+�N*q+.0r+�9&x-+~r+o g<3�9j+ g<)#70=+W7c5@A*+b-,BN+�9&x-

+:&?73&')*+b8BF)+G.)%()*+,&E78BF)+ �<4H7c+ �Gt*,h)+ g<3F3F0N+ g<F&x0=+2'3)#+o:()7B)*+«,&'()*+{Fj

+.r +>;+o73}%)%-.-O* +{)@* +W7c5@A* +<0;7e=+57B&� +"%01- +7=.8j# +Vm7j+ �~e&Jr +H7&i()* +b8B)*#

+5%0= +uc +m%3)* +#.j# +o�.&¡ �+<�%1Q= + �W,� +7vN*q +<¤0F)* +:; +O*.9N# +o �2¡,1Q= +%)# + ¥#.j +w=

+<0;7e= +57B&� +"%01- +w3�# +V6%(F&'=# + �W,j +uv8=# +o<3M,3=OA* +G5*H@A* +,39BN +l&'� +,&J)*

+"%01N#+oH>C)*+�`8=+H%&'-#+ob3B&i)*+{Fj+�1&?73&?+�%h)*+2¡,Q-+o73}%)%-.-O*+{)@*+W7c5@A*

+ |lB&J)*# +om>&'F) + g790= + g>}5 +6#57&� +�9&x- +�)�) +¯�8= +2xF�1)* +:y98- + �tlj +{)@* +<30&i)*

+{Fj +2i0N + g<;7h� +m>&?@A* +�9&x-# +o67`31&?A*# +">1�A* +m#7h- +�dOA +og73r7c5@* + �:83`&'FQ)*

+�,(B)+*�c+!"%�O*#+V6*#.B)*#+uF¤)*+<v}*%=+:;+H7vC)*#+<=#7h()*+{Fj+2i0-+�dOA+oW7c5@A*

+L33(1)* +�h&'- +o73}%)%-.-O* +{)@* +W7c5@A* +<0;7e=+57B&�+"%01-+w30;+ou3c7Q()* +:;+ �W>hd*

+s>POA*+:)71)7r+�h&'N#+oW7c5@A*+�=+#O*+78B=+7=@*+!<&?73&')*+�9&xN#+o<=#7h()*#+W7c5@A*+w3r

V^Ta�<&¡57B()*#+�>1PA*+�0r+<-H78()*+<3�*,h(-.)*

+w3��79)* +w=+.-.B)* +fB;H +oW7c5@A* +�F`&x=+b-,BN +<)O7&'() +<h;*,()* +D73)7e&�@A* +6@*

+ �b-,BN+<47=+w=+,�MO*+H*.BN+.Br+g7&E%&xP+o^�a��Q-,BN+w=+~v&?O*+W7c5@A*+<r570=�+!"%h)*+{)@*

VTY\T#+TYRZ+:=7j+w3r+7=+D,v�

o3^Nj67&�-W(O+&VH<SC&X�1P=`=-%j67J&P=`@3S@7&F3`L8`@7&�4S;&�D@

+7(3; +6#7B1)* +{)@* + g<;7M +u)7B)* +"#H +:()7B)* +.3B&x)* +{Fj +<3r7c5@A* +"7(jOA* +57&J1d* +�;H

+o6O7&J)*+*�c+:;+D73�7QNA*+w=+ �~3&?+�78c+67M+o�)�)#+o�10;7e=#+W7c5@>)+�.&x1F)+7v83r

+VW7c5@A*+�F`&x()+7vN7Q-,BN+f=.h;+o<3)#.)*+#O*+<3(3F�@A*+t*%&?

+W7c5@>)+ �b-,BN+u-.h1)+<3()7B)*+DA#70()*+{)#O*+6@*+!�){745#+n:D'c`+e0?5#+.*28F+m?#

ITTITZ +:; + �b-,BN +u-.h1) +<3)#.)* +<(¤8()* +�FN +D.v1}* +q@* +ou=OA* +<9&xj +�= +DO*.r

+5.8&'e)O* +73;>&'�%- +�F= +"731�* +W7hjO* +:; +b38}+:; +.hj+��)* +£7(1}A* +">P+oTYR]

+V�]+2E+o�SSR+o2'47Q8)*+5*H+!D#,3r+oT_+oW7c5@A*+<j78&E+oH7(j+:8y)*+.9j+^TaVTZ2E+o¦c+TU�U+o67e39B)*+<91e=+!2¡7-,)*+oT_+oW7c5@A*+5H7&x=+o:d*,cL)*+,&E7d+^�a

TU\

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+�dO7r+W7c5@A*+u=OA*+<9&xj+f;,j+k3�+o73F3&?,=+:;+:&'d,Q)*+<)#.)*+2'FC=+2'345#+o"#OA*

+7v1B39�+ue0r +o7vdO7&� +w= +:1)*# +o"#.)* +w= + �<)#H +.&¡ +<v}%()* +<3=*,}@A* +"7B;OA*� +<F(}

+:; +#O* +2E7�&�OA* +w= + �D7j7(} +#O* +o �<83B= + �D73&x�&� +2?%Qd +:; +lj,)* +G57�@* +o7v;.c +#O*

+t7&?$#5+<-7(�+<d7P+:;+l&x-+67M+b-,B1)*+*�c+6O*+o ��&¡*#+ �~e&Jr+o#.9-#+V^Ta�<=7B)*+2?%Qd

+uv) +.- +A + �H#.� +:; +*%B §&¡ |# +.� +*%d7M� +�B&¡# +{Fj +6%(47h)7; +o<=7v)* +D73&x�&J)*# +"#.)*

+G73�#+<-,�+{Fj+ ¥:r7c5@*+ �t*.1j*+�O*+�3Q8N+w=+.0)*+:;+<(c7&'(F)+�)q#+o7v8j+�#,�)*+:;

+7v�7`d +:; +~P.- +:1)* +"7(jOA* +<v}*%() +{B&? +�dO* +7(M +V^�a�<=7B)* +<398}OA* +D73&x�&J)*

V�h;+ :)#H+ �,&x8j

+oW7c5@A*+�3;+DH.�+g*5*,�+G.01()*+u=OA*+D��N*+TYYY+m7B)*+:;+!h;ESC(#+e0?5#+m�

+�01&'-+%v;+~j7Q)*+67M+7(v=#+�FB;+uN+7(�3�+o ��3}#+ �l9&?+6#H+ ¥:=*,}@*+ �~(j+~M�+�dO7r+f)7h;

V^Ra�lC&J)*

+f)7h; +oW7c5@A7r +2E7�)* +7vQ-,BN +�730dA* +m.j +"#H +f=.� +!R)/EO5# +f;F +.QDB+mk

+!<3NnA*+,&E78B)*+w=+b)O71-+�d@*

+2?57(N +:1)* +�,POA* +�(h)* +"7(jO*# +b8B)* +"7(jO* +�3(} +�r +.&xh- +o:)#.)* +W7c5@A*� +I

+5,01)* +~}O* +w= +~&¡78N +:1)* +W%B&J)* +.&¡ +o<-,&x8B)* +<398}OA*# +o<-57(B1&?A* +<(¤dOA* +w=

+67&'d@A* +s%h� +~}O* +w=# +o">h1&?A*# +,3&x()* +,-,hN +:; +£#,&J()* +7vh� +{Fj +"%&x0)*#

+V�,POA*+<3&?7&?OA*+�N7-,�#

+VGH73&?+D*q+�,PO*+ �"#H+.&¡+ �<3r7c5@*+ �"7(jO7r+"#.)*+m73�+I

+G73�+,`�F)+2¡,BN+:1)*#+oH*,;OA*+w=+ �D7j%(C=+#O*+ �H*,;O*+7v9eN,-+:1)*+b8B)*+"7(jO*+I

+<Fr7h)* +,3� +s%h0)7r +~�- +AO* +:y98- +b-,B1)* +*�c# +V<3&?7&?OA* +D7-,0)* +�v18N +#O* +ot7-,rOA*

+G,`3&') +<B&¡7�)* +W%B&J)* +~e)+">h1&?A*#+,3&x()* +,-,hN+��+:;+^�,&x1F) +�O*a+"�781F)

+:; +£#,&J()* +7vh0) +#O* +o<398}OA* +G,`3&')* +w= +�,PO* + �"7e&�O* +�OA +#O* +o<-57(B1&?A* +<(¤dOA*

+s7�3= +²H79=# +�*.cOA +7h9� +:8�%)* +5,01)* +D7M,� +«7QM +2E%&x�)* +�}# +{Fj# +o«7Qe)*

+V7v8j+G5H7&x)*+D*5*,h)*#+G.01()*+u=OA*

V2?Vm+o:)#.)*+6%d7h)*#+<=#7h()*#+W7c5@A*+o673)+"7&J3=+^Ta!,¤d*+V�]2E+oTYYT+ow3->(F)+uFB)*+5*H+!D#,3r+oT_+o:)#.)*+W7c5@A*+o�,e&�+L-Lj+.(0=+^�a

http://www.undcp.org/terrorism–denitions.html+^Ra

TUY

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+A +:1)*# +o ¥:&x�&� + �l&'M +�3h01) + �D7j%(C= +#O* +H*,;OA* +7v9eN,- +:1)* +b8B)* +"7(jO* +I

+V^Ta�G.�*#+ �<)#H+s7`d+:;+7c57�n*+,&x08N

+<(¤8= +D.hj +!,(`;(# +�){745# +.E-)YC( +,012345# +DCc�$C(# +.Cj&0 +h;{)'0 +m>

+ �~B; + �~M� +�dO7r +{)#OA* +7vNH7= +:; +�1; z,j +��)* +oW7c5@A* +<0;7e() + gG.c7B= +:=>&?@A* +,(N$%()*

+ ¥:=*,}@* + �£#,&J() +g*�3Q8N +�h- +o�&¡*,�O* +#O* +��j*%r +fd7M +g7-O* +�r +.-.v1)* +#O* +ob8B)* +"7B;O* +w=

+2i-,BN +#O* +ouv4*�-@7r +uvB-#,N +#O* +o2?78)* +w3r +lj,)* +t7h)@* +{)@* +�.v-# +o ¥:j7(} +#O* + ¥�H,;

+o<�39)7r+5,&i)*+s70)@* +#O* +o,`�F)+uv�%h�+#O* +ouv8=O* +#O* +ouv1-,�+#O* +ouv&¡*,jO* +#O* +ouvN73�

+2i-,BN+#O*+o7v3Fj+t>31&?A*+#O*+o7v)>1�*+#O*+o<&E7�)*+#O*+<=7B)*+�>=OA*+#O*+�;*,()*+.�O7r+#O*

+o<3(3F�@A*+<=>&')*+#O*+o5*,h1&?A*+.-.vN+#O*+o,`�F)+<3)#.)*+�;*,()*+#O*+<38�%)*+H5*%()*+.�O*

+V<Fh1&'()*+"#.)*+GH73&?+#O*+o<3&?73&')*+G.�%)*+#O*

+ �2¡,y) +g*�3Q8N +leN,N +o7v3; + ��*,1&�* +#O* + �£#,&� +#O* + �<(-,} + ��O* +:c +<3r7c5@A* +<(-,C)*#

+�;*,()*+#O*+o7v0)7&x=+#O*+o7vN7eF1(=+#O*+o7c7-7j5+.&¡+#O*+o�*,�OA*+"#.)*+w=+ ¥�O*+:;+ ¥:r7c5@*

+V^�a�:FP*.)*+7vd%d7�+�3Fj+l�7B-+7(=+o7v(3F�@*+:;+w-H%}%()*+ld7}OA*+7-7j,)*#

+t*,9�)*+w=+ g<8C)+<3r,B)*+"#.)*+<B=7}+fQFM+!�){741(+�D'(#+^#D*y+.&6(+n:D'c+m%{

+w3r# +7(v83r +L33(1)*# +o:)#.)* +W7c5@A*# +W7c5@A* +m%vQ() + ��,1&J=+ ¥:r,j+ �5%&xN+�&¡#+W,B)*

+2'`&'�O*+/Wn*+�U+{)@*+��+w=+o2'd%N+:;+<8CF)*+fB(1}7;+o5,01F)+<3j7&')*+W%B&J)*+DA7&id

+.-.v1)* +#O* +b8B)* +"7B;O* +w=+ �u¤8=+ �~B;+%c�+W7c5@A* +6O* +{Fj+ z2xd+7 gQ-,BN +fB&¡##+omTY\Y

+�7`1P*+#O* +ow47c,)*+LC�+#O*+o"731�A*+#O* +o~1h)*+"7(jO*+">P+w=+g79j5+#O* + g7jL;+l9&'-+o�r

+oW*,`&¡A*#+{&¡%Q)*#+lj,)*+w=+ g<)7�+�F�-+7(=+o7c,3�#+D7B�,Q()*+,3CQN+#O*+oD*,47`)*

+.&¡ +H*,;OA* +w= + �<j%(C= +#O* + �<)#H +�r +f=7� +t*%&? +o �<3&?73&? + ��*.cO* +�3h0N +�.v1&'- +��)*#

+:8�%)* +�F&'()* +«7Qe)* +DA7� +,3� +:; +�)q# +oH*,;OA* +w= +�,PO* + �<j%(C= +#O* +�,PO* + �<)#H

+"7e&�O* +�3(} +<v}*%= +:; +,3&x()* +,-,hN +�� +{)@* +"%&E%)*# +o,-,01)* +~}O* +w= +£#,&J()*

+,-,01)*+D7M,�+ �< z&E7P+ �<Q&xr#+o7c,3�+#O*+ �<-,&x8j+#O*+ �<F10=+#O*+ �<-57(B1&?*+ �D*%�+#O*+o<8(3v)*

+�F()* +<3Fe) +<=7B)* +<-,-.()* +I:)#.)* +6%d7h)* +m7e�O* +t%&¡ +:; +<38�%)* +w=OA* +D7`F&? +D7&E7&x1P* +o:0F3&x= +w3&'0)* +.(0= +^Ta+[�2E+omTYY� +,9(;%d +/¦cTUTR +o{)#OA* +�H7(}+I +2¡7-,)* +I +_79&iF) +<&?H7&')* +<-5*H@A* +GH73h)* +G5#H +I.c7B()*# +<38=OA* +.v;

+V7c.Br+7=#+:;+.hB8()* +<(¤8()* +"#H +<3}57P+t*5�# +,(N$%= +~9� +w=+D.(1j* +o:)#.)* +W7c5@A* +<0;7e() +:=>&?@A* +,(N$%()* +<(¤8=+G.c7B=+^�a

+!,¤d*+oTYYY+%3)%-+/�%(N+T+{)@*+%3d%-+6*,-L�+�\+w=+G,1Q)*+">P+.hB8()*+%�#H7�*#O* www.oic-oci.org/arabic/conventions/terrorism.htm

T[S

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+,&x08N+k30r+o<3(3F�@A*+D7(¤8()*#+:)#.)*+�(1C()*+w=#+oG.01()*+u=OA*+w=+7vr+�,1B()*

+6%eN +A# +o#.B)* +#O* +~10()* +#O* +,(B1&'(F) +<-H7&x1�A* +#O* +o<-,e&'B)* +�*.cOA* +:; +7v)7(jO*

+²H79=# +2¡*,�OA +g7h;# +<-5,01)* +D7M,0)* +"7&id +6%e- +6O*# +o67&'d@A* +s%h�+²H79() + g<Q)7�=

V^Ta�£%&¡%()7r+<F&x)*+D*q+7vNLv}O*+D*5*,�+w=+�*%&?#+oG.01()*+u=OA*+s7�3=

+W7c5@A*+w3r+7=+W7c5@>)+7vQ-,BN+:;+f�,;+<8CF)*+6O*+b-,B1)*+*�c+">P+w=+°�>-#

+V<j#,&J()*+<=#7h()*#

+b8B)*# +�,`1)* +6O* +:=>&?@A* +u)7B)* +<`r*5 +D.MO* +!,012345# +,aHg(# +9C6C(# +m`

+{Fj+ �t*.1j* +:c+G,`�)* +"7(jOA* +��v; +om>&?@A* +w=+ �.3Br +#O* + �l-,� +w=+W,1hN +A +W7c5@A*#

+"#78N +.�# +o7v8j+{vd# +m>&?@A* +7vr57�+:1)* +2J�*%Q)* +<d7P+:; +b8&xN# +o�) + �uF�# +67&'d@A*

+£%&¡%=+m�SS�ITITS+:;+ �. §h |j+��)*+�j7(1}*+:;+<`r*,F)+�r71)*+:=>&?@A*+:vhQ)*+�(C()*

+ ��N7d +%c# +o �m%hr +2x1�- +A# +o �w-.) +l&'8- +A + �<3()7j + �G,c7�� +�dO7r +�) +�Q-,BN +m.h; +oW7c5@A*

+��)* +6*#.B)* +%c#+VVG,&E7B()* +D7B(1C()* +w=+ ��(1C=+�8=+%F�- +H7e- +A+��)* +�,`1)* +wj

+o^�&¡,j# +�)7=# +�Fhj# +�=H# +�8-Ha +67&'d@A* +{Fj +g73yr + �"#H +#O* +o �D7j7(} +#O* +o �H*,;O* +�&?57(-

+o<r*,0)* +5%&xr +~&x1- +7=# +o�� +,3yr +~1h)*# +o.-.v1)*# +o�qOA*# +ob-%�1)* +�%8&E +~(&J-#

+ �£#,&J() +g*�3Q8N +�h- +o.-.v1)* +#O* +b8B)* +"7B;O* +w= + �~B; +~M# +o�-,`)* +�`�# +o~39&')* +<;7P@*#

+#O* +ouv4*�-@7r +uvB-#,N +#O* +o2?78)* +w3r +lj,)* +t7h)@* +{)@* +�.v-# +o ¥:j7(} +#O* + ¥�H,; + ¥:=*,}@*

+o<�39)7r+5,&i)*+s70)@*+�;%8&E+w=#+V,`�F)+uv)*%�O*+#O*+uv8=O*+#O*+uv1-,�+#O*+uvN73�+2i-,BN

+<3B39`)* +#O* +<38�%)* +H5*%()* +.�O* +2i-,BN +#O* +o<&E7�)* +#O* +<=7B)* +�>=OA*# +�;*,()* +.�O7r +#O*

+w3(F&'()* +{)7BN# +�d709&? +¢* +{vd +:1)* +o2¡5OA* +:; +H7&'Q)* +5%&E +w= +*�c +~e; +VVV,`�F)

+£,&� +.�# +V^�a¯ �J: v; v2K «g wC «(# + �t vEw: + �5 +�¤# + �"v4# + vTG «7�? «5# +, v- +�>) �2K �g «(# + vµ «*�c + �5 � ® +!�)%� +:; +7v8j

+!u-,e)* +�)%� +:; +�)%&?5# +¢+ g<r570=+�.j# +oH7&'Q)*# +6*#.B)*# +W7c5@>) +£H*,)* +t*LC)* +¢*

+ ?#+#$w*�L �28w:+`?#+#$wL�S �H w:+ «"�?#+# W>) �2K �-+ vTG «7�? «5#+, v-+ �" «$ �' «2K�: � + w}�($ w23�7 � +�¤#+ �"$w< v7) �Ew:+ �J: vo�(#+ w # �X �s+) �C�Ov4#®

+, v-+ «e wa�( � +)�/ «O �;(#+, v-+ �P «X vy+ «e wa�(+ �r v(�d+ vTG «7 �? «5#+ �J v0+# «$ �g «& w:+ ?#+ p~ �1 vy+ «J v0+ «e wawL ws «7�?# � + «e va: v; «:�?#+ �9 �A �Hwc

+G5%`�)+g*,¤d +oG.&J)* +��vr + �<r%hj+ ¥�,&Jr + �6%d7� + ��O* +:; +.}%N +A# +V^Ra¯ �e/ vj �F + ��# �o �F + vh �D vy£ «5#

V��hFP+.&¡#+¢*+H#.�+.&¡+g7r,�+<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+:;+ �.B|-+��)*+t*.1jA*+*�c

!,¤d*+VZ+2E+o<-H%B&')*+�7�#OA*+G5*�#+��%=+o�)7e&�O*#+�,c7¤=+W7c5@A*+o:0F3&x()*+.(0=+^Ta www.al.aslam.com

V]]+<-nA*+o2x&xh)*+G5%&?+^�aVRR+<-nA*+oG.47()*+G5%&?+^Ra

T[T

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+�5%&E+�&¡#O*+w=#+o<)#.)*+W7c5@*+W7c5@A*+�78&EO*+w=�+6O*+:=>&?@A*+:vhQ)*+�(C()*+.MO*#

+w= + ¥~M +:; +W,&x)* +�&?57= +7=# +ow3`&'F; +:; +H%v3)* +�&?57(- +��)* +W7c5@A* +o g<j7&Jr +7c.&�O*#

+{Fj+g*,`P+�j*%dO*+.&�O*+w=�+W7c5@A*+w §=+£%8)*+*�c+�(C()*+�O*5#+o�7;%&?%M#+�&?,v)*#+<8&?%9)*

+V�¢*+~39&?+:;+H7vC)*#+2'Q8)*+wj+£7;.)*+~39�+w=+�1v}*%=+~B}#+ou)7B)*+:;+m>&')*#+w=OA*

+H7vC)*+6O*#+om>&?@A*+w=+2'3)+W7c5@A*�+6O*+{Fj+£7(}A*+o6739)*+:;+<(v()*+_7h8)*+w=#

+".BF)+g*5*,�@*#+uF¤F)+g7B;H#+�0F)+ gG �, &x|d+£ �, |&�+��)*+H7vC)7r+H%&xh()*+7=+~3F0N#+o�g7r7c5@*+2'3)

+£#,&J()* +H7vC)* +:;+ g<0&¡*# + g7=7e�O*# + g7r*Hn* +m>&?@>)+6O* +6739)* +�&¡#O* +7(M+Vw=OA*# +m>&')*#

+�91N +m,0N# +o"7Q�OA*# +t7&'8)*# +³%3&J)* +w= +t7-,rOA* +~1� + |m �,0|N# +ow3FN7h()* +,3� +~1� + |m �,0|N

+Dn7&J8()*+,3=.N+#O*+o{F1h)*+k�Cr+~3�(1)*+#O*+o�,&?OA*+t*�-@*+#O*+ow3(F&'1&'()*+~1�+#O*+ow-57Q)*

+V"71h)7r+7v)+<�>j+A+:1)*+:d79()*#+��*%()*#

+6#5.v-#+o67�#OA*+6%9&x1y-+w-�)*+G7y`)*+W7c5@*+w3r+<-%&'1)*+we(-+A�+�dO*+6739)*+.MO*#

+£#,&J()* +£7;.)* +��+<&?57(=+w3r# +oD*#,�)* +6%9v8-# +oD7&?.h()* +6%&'d.-# +o67&'d@A* +<=*,M

V^Ta�,3&x()*+,-,hN+:;+<j#,&J()*+uv�%h�+2E>�1&?A+6%QB&i1&'()*+�r+.c7C-+��)*

+:;+:()7B)*+G57C1)*+LM,=+D*,3CQN+.Br+!D{R?5)<+./012345#+�$E*(#+9C60+n:D'c+mR

+!�3;+"7�+oW7c5@>)+g7Q-,BN+,&x=+:;+,c�OA7r+<3=>&?@A*+K%09)*+�(C=+5.&EO*+o�SSTIYITT

+uv&¡*,jO*#+uv)*%=O*+{Fj+t*.1jA*#+ouvN73�+D7=%h=#+uv0)7&x=+,3=.N#+ow38=nA*+�-#,N+%c�

+7v&¡5O*+{Fj+�h-+:1)*+<)#.)*+��+w=#+V2¡5OA*+:;+g*H7&';@*#+ g73yr+<3d7&'d@A*+uv1=*,M#+uvN7-,�#

+"%hN +:e) +<347&ih)* +D7�3vF) +uv=.hN +6O*# +ow3=,C()* +wj +k09N +6O* +ou3�OA* +W7c5@A* +*�c^�aV�uv3;+<)H7B)*+7v1(FM

+:;+W7c5@A*+<0;7e()+ g<3�7QN*+<3r,B)*+"#.)*+fB�#+!�){745#+.E-)YC(+./<D'(#+./I)gc45#+m¢

+:;+W7c5@A* +f;,j+.�#+VGH7=+U�+# + �W*%rO* +<Br5O*# + �<}79-H+w=+b)O71N# +oTYY\+~-,r* +/67&'3d

+�h-+o�&¡*,�O*+#O*+��j*%r+fd7M+g7-O*+o�r+.-.v1)*+#O*+b8B)*+"7B;O*+w=+ �~B;+ �~M�+!�dO7r+{)#OA*+7vNH7=

+uvB-#,N+#O* +o2?78)*+w3r+lj,)*+t7h)@* +{)@*+�.v-#+o ¥:j7(}+#O*+ ¥�H,;+ ¥:=*,}@*+ �£#,&J()+g*�3Q8N

+.�O7r+#O* +<�39)7r+5,&i)*+s70)@* +#O* +o,`�F)+uv8=O* +#O* +uv1-,�+#O* +uvN73�+2i-,BN+#O* +ouv4*�-@7r

+.�O* +2i-,BN +#O* +o7v3Fj +t>31&?A* +#O* +7v)>1�* +#O* +o<&E7�)* +#O* +<=7B)* +�>=OA* +#O* +�;*,()*

+V^Ra�,`�F)+<38�%)*+H5*%()*

VU[RIUUT+2x&E+o<=,e()*+<e=+om+�SS�+o,&Jj+2'=7�)*+H.B)*+oG,&Jj+<�)7�)*+<8&')*+o:=>&?@A*+:vhQ)*+�(C()*+<FC=+^Ta+V¦cTU��+W7c5@A*+G,c7�+6O7&Jr+,c�OA*+:;+<3=>&?@A*+K%09)*+�(C=+673r+^�a

VT�\RT+H.B)*+omTYY\/U/�T+o<3d.8F)*+G730)*+G.-,}+ok09)7r+<h0F=+<h3�#+oW7c5@A*+<0;7e()+<3r,B)*+<3�7QNA*+^Ra

T[�

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+#O* +o<(-,C)*+:c+<3r7c5@A*+<(-,C)*�+6O*+{)@* +{)#OA*+GH7()*+w=+<3d7�)*+G,hQ)*+,3&JN#

+#O*+7c7-7j5+{Fj+#O*+oG.�7B1()*+"#.)*+w=+ ¥�O*+:;+ ¥:r7c5@*+ �2¡,y)+ |l �e �N,|N+:1)*+o7v3;+£#,&J)*

+7v3Fj+2E%&x8()* +u4*,C)* +<3r7c5@A* +u4*,C)* +w=+.BN +6O* +{Fj+o7v0)7&x=+#O* +7vN7eF1(=

+u) +:1)* +#O* +G.�7B1()* +"#.)* +D7B-,&JN +7v8= +�18�1&?* +7= +*.j +o<3)#.)* +D*.c7B()* +:;

+V^Ta�7v3Fj+sH7&xN

+ ��;*.r+7vr7eN5*+67M+%)+{1�+ou4*,C)*+2iBr+wj+<3&?73&')*+<Q&x)*+<3�7QNA*+�FN+fjLd#

+o g<3r7c5@*+ g<(-,}+.BN+A�+�dO*+{Fj+<3d7�)*+GH7()*+:;+<3�7QNA*+D.MO*+o �<3d7�+ �<v}+w=#+V:&?73&?

+6*#.B)*#+:98}OA*+">1�A*+.&¡+�F&'()*+«7Qe)*+�)q+:;+7(r+o~47&?%)*+bF1�(r+«7Qe)*+DA7�

+DA70)*+��c+w=+,91B-+A#+o:)#.)*+6%d7h)*+t�H79()+ g7h;#+o,3&x()*+,-,hN#+,-,01)*+~}O*+w=

+V^�a�<3r,B)*+"#.)*+w=+ ¥�OA+<3r*,1)*+G.�%)7r+2'(-+ �~(j+~M

1P=@JD@7&F3=%39C67J&F7N7<B@7J&o3^Nj67&X�

+"7(jO>)+ �<83B=+ �"7e&�O7r+�FB1N+ gG.j+ g<3)#H+ �D*5*,�+G.01()*+u=O>)+<=7B)*+<3B(C)*+D5.&EO*

+V^Ra +TY]R +<8&? +w33&?7=%Fr.)* +b`P+D73F(j# +oTY]T +<8&? +D*,47`)* +b`P+7v8= +o<3r7c5@A*

+fjH+oZS/UY+u�,)*+~(�+g*5*,�+G.01()*+u=O>)+<3=%(B)* +<3B(C)*+f89N+TYYU/T�/Y+:;#

+�&¡# +{)@* +o<&x&x�1()* +DA7M%)*# +<3)#.)* +".B)* +<(e0=# +w=OA* +2'FC=# +"#.)* +�3(} +�3;

+o�N*q +7c5*,hr +�0F()* +:)#.)* +W7c5@A* +<)*�@7r +�FB1()* +7vd>j@* +�39`1) +<=�>)* +D*t*,}@A*

+"7(jOA*+�FN+�)q+:;+7(r+o�,c7¤=#+�)7e&�O*+~er+W7c5@A*+"7(jOA+ g<d*H@*+6>j@A*+�)q+w(&iN#

+<3r7c5@A*+"7(jOA*+:9eN,=+<)7�@7r+l)7�#+VVV �,&�79=+,3�+#O*+ �,&�79=+ �~e&Jr+"#.)*+7v3;+<�5%1()*

+#O*+w33(&?5+w3Q�%=+#O*+w3-H7j+g*H*,;O*+7vr+6%�5%1()*+67MO*+t*%&?+o7v)+ ¥.�+�&¡##+o<)*.B)*+{)@*

+t�H79=+L-LBN +~}O* +w=+"#.)* +�3(}+w3r +6#7B1)* +G5#,&¡�+{Fj+6>j@A* +.MO* +.�# +Vw33&?73&?

+w3d*%h)* +K*.01&?*# +~-.BN# +ow33)#.)* +w=OA*# +m>&')* +,3;%N# +o7v;*.cO*# +G.01()* +u=OA*

+VÛa�D73�7QNA*+��c+�=+mt>1-+7(r+"#.F)+<3FP*.)*

V6Vm+^TaV6Vm+^�a

+:; +�U +G5#.)* +:; +5H7&x)* +7c5*,�# +ow-,&JB)*# +<&'=7�)* +7vN5#H +:; +TY]S +m7B)* +:; +,3v&J)* +G.01()* +u=OA* +6>j@* +�)q +w= +^Ra!<B}*,=+we(-+VTY]�+m7j+:;#+TY]S+m7B)*+:;+w=A*+2'FC=+5*,�#+oTY\S/TT/�[+:;+�[+G5#.)*+:;#+oTY]Y/T�/T�

http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dhlara/resguida/quick.htm !G.01()*+u=O>)+:d#,1e)A*+��%()*+Ûa

www.un.org/arabic/largerfreedom/part1.html

T[R

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+u=O>) +<=7B)* +<3B(CF) +6%1&')* +G5#.)* +D.v&� +�SS[ +m7B)* +w= +,9(19&? +/"%F-O* +:;#

+o<;7M+7v)7e&�O7r +W7c5A*+G,c7�+*%d*H+w-�)* +u)7B)* +GH7�+�%1&'=+{Fj+g*,39M+g*.&J�+G.01()*

+:1)* +57`POA* +l9&'r +ouv&¡*,�O*# +uv;*.cO* +fd7M +g7-O* +o<3r7c5@A* +"7(jOA* +:9eN,(r +*#H.d#

+<3()7B)*+ <(h)* +,(N$%= +:; +GH7h)* +l)7�+7(M +Vw33)#.)* +m>&')*# +w=OA7r +"7(jOA* +�FN +7vh0FN

+ �<3�7QN*+wj+6>j@A7r+£#,&J)*#+o:)#.)*+W7c5@>)+ ¥:d%d7�+ �b-,BN+<�73&E+G5#,&ir+�5%-%3d+:;

+7(r+oGH.B1()* +D7�,1h()* +6O7&Jr +D7&J�78()*#+D7&¡#7Q()* +w=+D*%8&')* +�F1) + ��-%11M+o �<F=7&�

+V678j+:;%M+7v83�+G.01()*+u=O>)+m7B)*+w3=OA*+D7�,1h=+7v3;

+{Fj +o^��&';O* +<-,0)* +w= +%} +:;� +6*%8Br +67M +��)*a +o�,-,hN +:; +k� +.� +678j +67M#

+og*.(j +uvF1�# +w3r570()* +,3�# +w33d.()* +�.v1&'- +��)* +W7c5@>) + �b-,BN +�&¡%) +G5H79()*

+~1� +�.v1&'- + �~(j +~M� +!"7h; +ouF¤1)* +:j*H +#O* +l9&')* +67M +g7-O* +o<3j,&� +g*5%=O* +7c5791j* +#O*

+ue0r+o�8=+2¡,y)*+67M+6@*+ouvr+ �<(3&'}+ �<3d.r+ �D7r7&E@*+s70)@*+#O*+ow3r570()*+,3�#+w33d.()*

+{Fj + �<3)#H + �<(¤8=+#O* + �<=%e�+�*,M@* +#O* +o67e&')* +�-#,N +%c +o�3; +�Q8- +��)* +s73&')* +#O* +�1B39�

+o�r79&?O* +weN + g7-O* +o�,-,9N +we(- +A + �~(j +%c +o7= +<h-,`r +�,&x1)* +wj +m7C�@A* +#O* +�,&x1)*

V^Ta�:r7c5@*+ �~(j+%c#

+�dO* +{Fj+U�#+RY+w3NH7()*+:;+:)#.)*+w=OA*+2'FC=+s7�3=+w=+�r7&')*+~&xQ)*+2x8-#

+:)71)7r# +o�r +gA>P@* +#O* +uF&'F) +g*.-.vN +w(&i1- +7= + g>(j +5,hN +6O* + �GH,Q8= + �<)#.) +�%C- +A�

+ �<)#H+<-O*+f=7�+*q@*#+ow=OA*+2'FC=+2E7&x1P*+w=+*�c+6OA+o<0F&'()*+7vN%�+�)73�+m.�1&'N

+~47&?%r+6%eN+6O*+lC-+W7c5@A*+<0;7e=+6OA+o:)#.)*+6%d7hF)+ g7�,P+.B-+�d@7;+*�c+~�=+ �~(Br

+��3Q81r +m%hN# +ue0)* + �5 §. &x|N# +uv1N +6O* +ofd7M +w= + g<847M +o �<)#.) +�%C- +A +q@* +o �<j#,&J=

+<=>&?+.&¡+#O* + �GH73&?+D*q+�,PO* + �<)#H+~P*H+<0F&'()* +7vN*%�+�-,�+wj+ ¥�,e&'j+ �,3r.1r

+V^�a�7v3&¡*5O*

V6Vm+^Ta+�)q+:;+m.h-#+o6*#.B)*+"7(jO*+w=+ g>(j+��#+7=+67M+#O*+�r+ �">P@*+#O*+uF&'F)+ �.-.vN+��#+.�+67M+*q@*+7=+w=OA*+2'FC=+5,h-+!RY+GH7()*+^�aV�r7&xd+{)@*+�NH7j@*+#O*+:)#.)*+w=OA*#+uF&')*+°Q0)+U�#+UT+w3NH7()*+m7e�OA+g7h9�+,3r*.1)*+w=+�q7�N*+lC-+7=+5,h-+#O*+�N73&E%N+6O* +�)+�7}+o�r+ §bN+u)+7vdO* +f9�+#O* +2¡,y)7r+:QN+A+UT+GH7()*+:;+7v3Fj+2E%&x8()*+,3r*.1)*+6O* +w=OA*+2'FC=+�O*5+*q@* +!U�+GH7()* +++6O*+�%C-#+V�r7&xd+{)@*+�NH7j@A+#O*+:)#.)*+w=OA*#+uF&')*+°Q0)+mLF-+7=+"7(jOA*+w=+<-,9)*#+<-,09)*#+<-%C)*+D*%h)*+�-,`r+��1-+u=OA*� +t7&ijOA+<Br71)* +<-,9)* +#O* +<-,09)* +#O* +<-%C)* +D*%h)* +�-,`r+�,POA* +D73F(B)*# +,&x0)*# +D*,c7¤()* +"7(jOA* +��c+"#781N

http://www.un.org/ar/documents/charter/chapter7.shtml+!,¤d*+V�G.01()*+:; +f(3�O* +:1)* +W7c5@A* +<0;7e() +<3r,B)* +D7B-,&J1)* +!G#.d +"7(jO* +w(&¡ +k0r +oW7c5@A* +b-,BN +o2¡%j +w-.)* +:30= +.(0= ++I!,¤d*+V¦cTUT\+679B&�+�SIT\+w3r+7=+G,1Q)*+:;+<3d*H%&')*+<3FP*.)*+G5*�##+<38=OA*+m%FBF)+b-7d+<3(-H7MO*+�*,&�@*+f0N+6*H%&')*

http://islamport.com/w/amm/Web/2057/26.htm

T[U

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+<3)#.)*+D73�7QNA*+w=+.-.B)*+�3�%N+�,C;+oW7c5@A*+<F&iB=+:)#.)*+�(1C()*+�}*#+�)�M

+6O7r+"%h)*+we(-+�dO*+,3�+og7hr7&?+7d,Mq+7(M+u=OA*+<9&xj+.vj+:;+�=*,r@*+uN+7=+7v8=+o�dO7&Jr

+{Fj+ �<-.}+ �<)#70=+"#O*+fd7M+oTY]R+m7B)*+:;+<B�%()*+W7c5@A*+<=#7h=#+�8()+b38}+<3�7QN*

+oW7c5@A* +7-7&i� +:; +,¤8N + �<3)#H + �<3478} + �<(e0= +t7&Jd@* +{)@* +fjH� +.h; +o:)#.)* +�%1&'()*

+o7v1B39�+#O* +o7v;.c#+o �<)#H+.&¡+<v}%()*+<3=*,}@A*+�47�%)*+7vdO7r+<3r7c5@A*+"7(jOA*+f;,j#

+6@7;+"7�+�O* +{Fj#+o5%v(C)*+:;+#O* +o �D7j%(C=+:;+ �GH.0=+ �D73&x�&�+�.)+lj,)*+G57�@* +%c

+V^Ta�G.�*#+ �<)#H+w=+A@*+7vh-.&xN+m.B)+"%BQ()*+G�;7d+�9&xN+u)+<3�7QNA*+��c

+!7v8= +oW7c5@A* +w=+ �<83B= + �"7e&�O7r+ �< z&E7P+ �<3)#H + �D*.c7B= +m*,r@* +uN +o<3�7QNA* +�FN +.Br

+p-571r +<B�%()*#+oG,47`)*+w1=+{Fj+leN,N+:1)* +"7B;OA*#+u4*,C)7r+<&E7�)*+%3M%�+<3�7QN*�

+oD*,47`)* +{Fj +£#,&J()* +,3� +t>31&?A* +<0;7e= +6O7&Jr +�7cA +<3�7QN*# +oTYZR/Y/TU

+<j#,&J()* +,3� +"7(jOA* +�(hr +<&E7�)* +"7-,1d%= +<3�7QN*# +oTY]S/T�/�Z +p-571r +<B�%()*#

+7vr+�0F()*+"%M%N#,9)*#+oTY]T/Y/�R+:;+<B�%()*#+o:d.()*+6*,3`)*+<=>&?+.&¡+<v}%()*#

+u4*,C)* +<9�7B=# +�8(r +<&E7�)* +�5%-%3d +<3�7QN*# +oTY\U/[/TS +:; +"7-,1d%= +:; +��%()*

+o6%3&?7=%Fr.)* +6%F�(()* +uv3; +w(r +o<3)#.)* +<-7(0)7r +w3)%(&J()* +2E7�&�OA* +.&¡ +<9eN,()*

+oTY]Y/T�/]+:;+<B�%()*+w47c,)*+�7C1�*#+�7`1P*+<3�7QN*#+oTY]R/T�/TU+:;+<B�%()*#

+V^�a�<-,09)*+<8&E,h)7r+7v8=+�FB1-+7=+oTY\\+<8&')+5709)*+6%d7h)+G.01()*+u=OA*+<3�7QN*#

+<`&?*%r +<3r7c5@A* +D73F(B)* +<0;7e() +�,PO* + �<3�7QN* + f �= §,r|O* +oTYY]/T�/T[ +:;#

+o �<j#,&J=+,3�+ �G5%&xr#+og*.(j+m%h-+2x�&�+~M+ g<(-,}+leN,-�+�dO*+{Fj+f ¨&xd#+oD*,CQ1()*

+<F3&?#+o �<=7j+ �Dn7&J8=+o �<3(&?5+ �G5*H@*+#O*+ ¥m7j+ �67e=+:;+ �<FN7�+ �<Q-��+,3CQN+#O*+�&¡#+#O*+u3F&'N+{Fj

+£7h-@A +G5%`�)* +<y)7r + �<-H7= + �5*,&¡O* +#O* +o �2E7�&�O* +G7;%r +l9&'1)* +.&xhr +o �<310N + �<38r +#O* + �~hd

+#O* +�*,1&�A*+#O* +oW7eN5A*+<)#70=+#O* +W7eN5*#+o �<(3&'}+ �<-H7&x1�*+,47&'P+s70)@*# +l-,�1)*

V^Ra�~P.1)*

+~-%(N+£%&¡%=+f)#78N+ g<3�7QN*+G.01()*+u=O>)+<=7B)*+<3B(C)*+f�7&E+oTYYY/T�/Y+:;#

+ �<j#,&J= +,3� + �G5%&xr# +o �<F3&?# +<-O7r +o �2x�&� +�O* +m73� +g7=,} +~e&J-� +!�dO* +DO*,; +oW7c5@A*

VTST2E+o2?Vm+o:)#.)*+W7c5@A*+o�,e&�+L-Lj+.(0=+^Ta!,¤d*+oW7c5@A*+<0;7e()+<3r,B)*+<3�7QNA*+o789)*+:0-+^�a

http://aboutterror.net/arabic/Content/Articles/Default.php?guide=0901406.01.09.03.34.57V2?Vm+oG.01()*+u=O>)+:d#,1e)A*+��%()*+^Ra

T[[

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+ �~(j +~M# +oW7c5@A* +u4*,} +w= + �m,} +W7eN5A +oVVV7v)7(B1&?* +�.vr +"*%=OA* +�(Cr +og*.&x�#

+V^Ta�<3r,�+ �"7(jO*+:;+�,1&J-+A+ �2x�&�#+ ¥:d.=+«,}+#O*+~1�+{)@*+:=,-

+7v1(v=+oW7c5@A7r + g<&E7P+ g<8C)+G.01()* +u=O>)+<=7B)* +<3B(C)*+fFe&�+oTYYZ+<8&?+:;#

V:r7c5@*+ �_7&Jd+�O*+<9�7B=#+oW7c5@A*+<0;7e()+ �<3)#H+ �<3�7QN*+H*.j@*

1F39H<S?@7&P(z%38+&XY�

+m%vQ=+67391)+w38-791=+w-57&'=+f01d*+7vdO*+ g7Qdn*+GH5*%)*+D7Q-,B1)*+~M+">P+w=+°�>|-

!W7c5@A*

+V�b8B)7r+.-.v1)*#O*+o �6*#.j#+ �b8j�+�dO7r+W7c5@A*+b&E#+o"#OA*

V� �lj5�+�dO7r+�Q&E#+:d7�)*

!:NO7-+7=+�)q+{Fj+lN,1-#

+oW7c5@>) +�%yF)* +b-,B1)* +{Fj +DLeN5* +:d7�)* +�F&'()* +feF&? +:1)* +D7Q-,B1)* +6@* +IO*�

+:;+�%yF)*+{8B()*+G7j*,=+6O*+:;+�&�+A#+o"#OA*+�F&'()*+feF&?+:1)*+D7Q-,B1)*+�1F(cO*+7(83r

V�)7Q�@*+w=+{)#O*+<3�>`&EA*+D7Q-,B1)*

+�.v-+b8B)*+*�c+6O*+5,�+o"#OA*+�F&'()*+feF&?+:1)*+D7Q-,B1)*+2iBr+6O*+o*�c+{)@*+b&¡O*

Vlj5+<)7�+H7C-@*+{)@*

+:1)* +�FN +t*%&? +o<3r7c5@A* +"7(jOA*# +W7c5@A* +w= +�.v)* +,Mq +D7Q-,B1)* +2iBr +6@* +IW

+Vlj5+�dO7r+�1; z,j+:1)*+#O*+o �b8j+�dO7r+W7c5@A*+f; z,j

V^�a�<(¤8=+ �<j7(}+�r+m%hN+W7c5@A*+6O*+�&¡#O*+D7Q-,B1)*+2iBr+I�

+*.9;+oW7c5@A*+b-,BN+:;+2¡%(y)*+*�c+�1dO*+o7v0)7&x=#+"#.)*+D73}%)%-.-O*+2¡57BN+6@*+

+G730)*+{)@*+W%B&J)*+�FN+G,¤8r+�FB1-+�F`&x()*+{Fj+�>�)7;+o �H.0=+,3�+g7&i=7�+g7=%vQ=

+V<&i�781=+ �<-H7&x1�*#+ �<3&?73&?+�)7&x=+w=+�5.hN+7(r#+o<;7M+7vc%}%r

+{P%1|-+7=+2'ej+{Fj+oD7M7r5@A*+w=+H*�+W7c5@>)+D7Q-,B1)*+w=+,39e)*+ue)*+*�c+6O*+7(M

+D7B(1C()* +,47&? +w3r +7v3Fj +�Q1= + �2?73� + §D*#HO* +6%eN +6O* +lC- +:1)* +D70F`&x()* +w= + gGH7j

+V6Vm+^Ta!,¤d*+o5#�C)*#+u3c7Q()*+W7c5@A*+<h3h�+o^<=,e()*+<e=+<h`8=+G57=@7r+57&J1&'()*a+o:r,0)*+.3c,&x)*+¢*+~3PH+wr+¢*+�3`=+^�a

http://www.assakina.com/book/book85/4004.html

T[Z

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+V �<=57&E+,3�#+�<39&'d+7vdOA+ ��}#O*+<)7(�+:c#+o~-#O71F)+ �<Fr7�+D7Q-,B1)*+�FN+6@7;+o�)�M+V<-,&J9)*

+�d@*+*%)7�#+o:M,3=OA*+2?,yd%e)*+<91e(r+:)*5.3Q)*+u&'h)*+:;+6%��79)*+g7&i-O*+�)q+{)@*+57&�O*+.�#

+.Fr+:;+�)�M+�,-+A+og73r7c5@*+ g>(j+�d79&'0r+G.01()*+D7-A%)*+:;+�3)@*+,¤8-+ �b38j+ �~(j+ zW5�

+~(j +#O* +o<-H7B)* +u4*,C)7M +ob8B)* +£*%dO* +w= +�,3� +wj +W7c5@A* +L3(- +��)* +b8B)* +£%d# +o,Pn*

+V^Ta�+gA%hB=+�FBCN+ �D*579Br+H z.0|-+6O*+we(-+oW#,0)*+D7�#O*+:;+2�%3C)*

+7v3)@* +GH%B)* +we(- + �<3B},= +<(� +2'3F; +o573B()* +H7h1;* +og7&i-O* +oD7¤�>()* +w=#

+w= + �,v¤= +%c +VV#O* +"%h)* +#O* +~BQ)* +*�c +6O7r +ue0)*# +o£*L8)* +DA7� +:; +7c.8j +m7e1�>)

+:; +<Fe&J()* +.hB- +<0&¡*%)*# +<1r7�)* +,3-7B()* +D*q +<3B},()* +6*.hQ; +oW7c5@A* +,c7¤=

+V�13c7=#+W7c5@A*+<h3h�+.-.0N

+o �G.�*#+ �<¤Q)+:;+GH.B1()*+:d7B()*+,&x�+ �67e(r+<r%B&x)*+w=+�dO*+o�9&?+7(=+w391-+�)�M

+6@*+q@*+o �.�*#+ �°Q)+:;+,&x0N+6O*+w=+,�MO*+�W7c5@A*�¦r+7v13(&'N+H*,-+:1)*+GH.B1()*+,c*%¤)7;

+�#,¤)*+{)@*+gA%&E#+o7vr+w3;.v1&'()7r+g*5#,=+o7vr+w3(47h)*+w=+g*t.r+o �<j%81=+6*#.B)*+,c*%�

+7vB&¡#+w=+~BC-+��)*+,=OA*+VV~=*%B)*+w=+7c,3�#+o7vr+<=.�1&'()*+~47&?%)*#+7v)+<9�7&x()*

+:d7B(F) +.-.01)*# +o2x3&x�1)* +�3; +lC- + �f�# +:; +og7(3(BN + �.�*# + �°Q)# +o �G.�*# + �<3(&'N +:;

+Vm7e�OA*+D7(&?+w=+ �<(&?+%c+��)*#

+bFP+w=7e)*+l9&')*+%c+o~&EOA*+w=+�=.j+#O*+ob-,B1)*+.-.0N+m.j�+6O*+w391-+78c+w=+

+D*5731)*# +W*L�OA*# +o<3r,B)*# +<3=>&?@A* +D*,(N$%()* +~9� +w= +b-,B1)* +.-.0N +{)@* +G%j.)*

+t*5�%) +<B&?71)* +<457`)* +G5#.)* +wj +5H7&x)* +6739)* +:Q; +o£%&¡%()* +f)#78N +:1)* +<QF1�()*

+t7}+o^�SST+/Y+/RSa+¦cTU��+/+]+/+TR+:;+<�#.)*+:;+.hB8()*+o<3=>&?@A*+"#.)*+<3}57P

+o:)#.)* +W7c5@A* +<0;7e() +:=>&?@A* +,(N$%()* +<(¤8= +G.c7B= +m7e�O* +w= +g7�>`d* +!:NO7- +7=

+<F¤= +f0N + ¥:j7(} + ¥:)#H + �.v} +57�@* +:; + �<3)7BQr +m7v&?@>) +�)#H +H*.B1&?* +,(N$%()* +.MO* +.h;

+W7c5@A* +G,c7� +b-,B1) +ou)7B)* +"#H +�3(} +�3; +~�(N +��)* +~Q0()* +7vd%M +G.01()* +u=OA*

+�3h0N# +o�5#�} +K7�1}*# +o�r79&?O* +<C)7B=# +o �<3}*#H�* +#O* + �<347h1d* +6#H +�)7e&�O* +bF1�(r

+V^�a�w33)#.)*+w=OA*#+5*,h1&?A*

!,¤d*+oû3c7Q()*#+D70F`&x()*+:;+<&?*5Ha+%Fy)*#+W7c5@A*+o�0-%F)*+>B=+wr+w(�,)*+.9j+^Ta www.murajaat.com/researches_les/185.doc

+D7&?*5.)* +LM,= +!D#,3r +o<&x&x�1= +<3F&x; +<FC= +o�&?#OA* +6#$%&� +o:)#.)* +6%d7h)* +6*L3= +:; +W7c5@A* +o�,&x()* +�3Q&� +^�aV�ZR2E+oTS[+H.j+om�SS�+o�3�%1)*#+K%09)*#+<3C3N*,1&?A*

T[]

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

1o3^Nj67&cIA9`@& EPv<?(z+&�OQ3(OR&XYY+<&?*5.r +w3(1v()* +6O* +A@* +oW7c5@>) + �. z�%= + �m%vQ= +.-.0N +"%�+<0&¡*%)* +D78-791)* +u�5

!:c#+W7c5@>)+ �<M,1&J=+2x47&xP+{Fj+6%hQ1-+G,c7¤)*+��c

+W7c5@A*+5%&xN+we(-+A+k3�+oW7c5@A*+~BQ)+ �2'345+ �5%0=+b8B)7;+ob8B)*+<&x3&xP+IT�

+w=+ �~e&�+ ��O7r+:(F&')*+W7c5@A*+5%&xN+we(-+A+7(M+o�r+.-.v1)*+#O*+b8B)*+m*.�1&?*+G,e;+,3yr

+lj,)7; +o�lj,)* +K*.�@*# +G,`3&')* +�3h01) +2¡,Q- +��)*� +%c +H%&xh()* +b8B)*# +V"7e&�OA*

+�r +L3(1- +��)* +ob3�()*# +~j7Q)* +«>&')* +6@* +VW7c5@>) +g73&?7&?O* + g*LeN,= +~�(- +b-%�1)* +#O*

+o �<-H7j + �~1� +<3F(j +H,C= +W7c5@A* +�9&x- +�d#.r# +o:&'Q8)* +«>&')* +%c +o�,3� +6#H +W7c5@A*

+#.B)*+{Fj+2¡,Q-+ �ld7}+w(;+o ��#HL=+ ��.c+�3h0N+w=+W7c5@A*+we(1-+lj,)*#+l3c,1)7r#

+#.B)*+~BC-+,Pn*+ �ld7}+w=#+o:8=OA*+5*,h1&?A*+m.j+w=+ gG,(1&'=+ g<)7�+�57�)*+#O*+~P*.)*+w=

VW7c5@>)+2?57(()*+�=+~BQ)*+H5#+~BQ)*+<=*#H+:;+~P.-+A+{1�+<v}*%()*#+H,)*+:;+HH,1-

+o g<-7� +2'3)# + �<F3&?# +%c +~r +o�N*q +.0r +g*H%&xh= +2'3) +W7c5@A* +�&?57(- +��)* +b8B)* +6@*

+,&Jd+{)@*+�.vN+7(d@*+o<`F&')*+:F�(()+#O*+w33&?73&')*+GH7hF)+�}%N+:1)*+"731�A*#+~1h)*+"7(jO7;

+:; +6%e- +A +.� +w-�)* +2E7�&�OA* +2iBr +w= +2xF�1)* +H,C= +w= +,�MO* +�%�)*# +lj,)* +<)7�

V�.c+�OA+ ��3h0N+uvN%=

+�FP+:;+�,�O*+K.0-+6O*+we(-+A+:r7c5@A*+_7&J8)*+:;+b8B)*+6@*+!u3¤81)*+<&x3&xP+I�

+g7h&'8=#+ g>&x1=+_7&J8)* +6%e-+6O* +�O* +o �G,(1&'=+ �<F(�+">P+w=+g7(¤8=+67M+*q@* +A@* +o.-.v1)*

+W7c5@A*+:;+b8B)7;+olj,)*+<)7�+H7C-@* +{)@* +�H$%N+ �<3r7c5@* + �D7j#,&J=+#O* + �D73F(j+">P+w=

+:1)*+�4718)*+6%eN+ �<�.r+u¤8-+7=+5.hr#+o �<3Cv8=+ �G5%&xr+u¤8N#+�F47&?#+.BN+ �u¤8=+ �b8j+%c

V6%eN+6O*+7v)+ g7B�%1=#+g*,¤18=+67M+7()+ g<hr7`=+7vhh0-

+ �G,eQr+ g<j%;.=+H*,;OA*+w=+ �<j%(C=+7vr+m%hN+:1)*+<-H,Q)*+:&?73&')*+"731�A*+D73F(j+6@*

+w= +g*tL} +#O* +o�,PO* + �<`&JdO7r + g<F&x1= +weN +u) +6@* +.-.v1)* +<)7� +�F�N +A +o �<;,`1= +#O* + �<38�#

+g*,�O* +�h0N +u) + g<-H,; + g<3F(j +67M +^�.38M +6%}a +:M,3=OA* +2'34,)* +"731�7; +o �u¤8= + �_7&Jd

+:;+<3&?73&')*+D73&x�&J)*+�%�O* +�.�@*+.&¡+f9eN5*+7vdO* +u�5+o:r7c5@A*+.-.v1)*+K*.�@*+:;

V�g7347hFN+W7c5@A*+:8B-+A�+"731�A*+6O*+�)q+ou)7B)*

+s%Q- +<j7&J9)* +w= +g*5.� +~(0N +m7B)* +6%d7h)* +u4*,} +w= +g*,3�M +6@7; +o�)q +ld7} +{)@*#

+w= +�18N +:1)* +57�nA* +K §.0|N +A# +om7(1cA* +{hFN +A +7v8e)# +o<3r7c5@A* +�47�%)* +w= +.-.B)*

T[\

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+#O*+:j7(1}A*+m7¤8F)+g*.-.vN+7vN73�+:;+~(0N+A+<3478C)*+<(-,C)*+6@*�+q@*+o<3r7c5@A*+<3F(B)*

V�<)#.)*+:;+:&?73&')*

+7(d@*# +o �.�*#+ �H,;+w=+7v�#.�+5%&xN+we(-+A+,&¡70)*+f�%)*+:;+W7c5@A*+<)7�+m73�+6@*

+�710- +g*.hB= +g*,=O* +f09&EO* +:1)* +<3r7c5@A* +D73F(B)7r +m73h)* +{Fj + �5H7� + �u3¤8N +,;*%N +lF`1N

+:1)* +<d#7B1()* +D*57v()*# +D*,9�)* +w=+.-.B)* +{)@* +�710-+7(M+o ��3F&'N# + �~-%(N# + ��3`�N+{)@*

V~&JQ)7r+7v3Fj+ue�+A@*#+o g<h3�H+ g<`P+�Q8N

+<(-,C)* +w= + �G.j + �5%&E +wj +W7c5@A* +L3(- +��)* +6@* +!:&?73&')* +�.v)* +<&x3&xP +IR

+ �<-H7=+l&?7e=+{Fj+"%&x0)*+2'3)#+o �<3&?73&?+ ��*.cO*+�3h01)+{B&'-+W7c5@A*+6O*+%c+o<(¤8()*

+#O*+ �<)#H+m7�5@*+�O*+o:&?73&')*+5*,h)*+%c+:47v8)*+<3r7c5@A*+D73F(B)*+�.v;+o�N73F(j+t*5#+w=

+fd7M+7=+o7v10F&x=+:;+�*,N+ �5*,�+q7�N*+wj+£781=A*+#O*+ �wz3B=+ �5*,�+q7�N*+{Fj+ �<3&?73&?+ �<j7(}

+w=+5.h)*+�3`BN+W7c5@>)+<3&?73&')*+<&x3&x�)*+6@*+VW7c5@A*+A%)+�q7�N*+wj+�81(N+#O*+��11)

+w= +7v1}5H +fyFr +7(v= +o<(¤8()* +#O* +<-H7B)* +u4*,C)7; +o7vr +{¤0- +:1)* +G5%`�)*# +<3(cOA*

+V^Ta�:&?73&')*+5*,h)*+q7�N*+{Fj+g*,�$%=+g7`y&¡+GH7B)*+:;+~e&JN+A+ou3¤81)*#+b8B)*

+V<3&?73&?+ ��*.cO7r+ �<`9N,=+W7c5@A*+G,c7�+6O*+{)@*+,3&JN+78c+<-LM,()*+<¤�>()*#+

&1o3^Nj"@& EN3?�+& EVH<SC&XY]+!6%)%h3; +oW7c5@>) +g7Q-,BN +6%�,1h- +w3��79)* +2iBr +6@7; +og7hr7&? +�7d,Mq +7(= +g7�>`d*

+g7&?7&?O*+�.v-+o �<j#,&J=+,3�+kj*%9r+�=*.�1&?7r+ �.-.vN+#O*+ob8BF)+ �£#,&J=+,3�+ �m*.�1&?*+%c�

+ �<j%(C=+mO* + �<)#H+�r +f=7�+t*%&? +o,`�F) +t7-,rOA* +G73�+2¡,B-#+o2?78)* +w3r +lj,)* +kr+{)@*

+{)@*+t%CF)*+DA7�+wj+g73FM+bF1�-+�)�r+%c#+o �<j#,&J=+,3�+�)7&x=+�3h01)+�)q#+o �H,;+mO*

V^�a�<j#,&J()*+<=#7h()*+57�@*+:;+<0F&'()*+G%h)*

VUYIU�+2x&E+o2?Vm+o:&?73&')*+b8B)*#+W7c5@A*+ow-.)*+Lj+">}+.(�O*+^Ta+ �<j%(C()+ g<3=>&?@*+I+ g<3r,j+ g<-$#5+<h3�%)*+��c+~�(N+V�SSR+%3)%-+/+�%(N+o �<3=>&?@*+I+ �<3r,j+ �<-$#5+o<=#7h()*#+W7c5@A*+m%vQ=+<h3�#+^�a+k3�+o<3r,j+ �"#H +f&? +w=+<QF1�()* +D*,9�)*# +"%hB)* +7v1)#78N + �D*H%&'=+2'(�r+7cH*.j@* +,=+.�# +oW,B)* +w-,eQ()* +w=+ �<9�18=+�&¡%) +*%j*.N +t*,9�)* +w= +<j%(C= +{Fj +6H5OA* +:; +�&?#OA* +s,&J)* +D7&?*5H +LM,= +7v�,`r +5H7r + �G,e; +£#,&J()* +<-*.r +fd7M+.�# +Vw`8&�*## +�5%-%3d +:; +�SST +,9(19&? +/ +"%F-O*TT +K*.�O* +,�@* +�SST +,9(&'-H +/:d7�)* +6%d7M +[ +:; +�)q# +o{)#OA* +GH%&'()*+om%3)*+�3Fj+:c+��)*+~e&J)*+{)@*+fF&E#+{1�+o�)q+.Br+g*,-%`N#+ g<�73&E+73r,j+*,39P#+7&x1�=+6%&'(P+:)*%�+�H*.j@*+:;+uv&?O*+�AnA* +�3�%1) + g7�#,`= +g73r,j +g7j#,&J= +�)�r +6%e1) +o<)#H +G,&Jj +�r5O* +w= +,�MO* +w= +<3r,j +<3&x�&� +YZ +�j%(C= +7= +7v3Fj +��##+�%F&')*+2?73�+D73B},=+w=+ gG.�*##+o781-$#5#+781;7h�+w=+g7(v=+g*tL}+~e&J1)#+o<h3�%)*+��c+{Fj+w-,eQ()*#+t7(FB)*#+t*,9�)*+w=+,PnA* +�,`)* +�.) + �2�7hd +GH7= +6%eN +{1�# +ou)7B)* +,9j +7v-,eQ=# +<3)#.)* +�%h)* +�.) +:=>&?@A*# +:r,B)* +m#7h()*# +:&?73&')*

V<8e(=+ �<�7&'=+�&?#O*+:;+�57&i0)*+��7h1)*+_7hd+�FP+�.vr+�57&i0)*http://www.mesc.com.jo/Documents/Doc_3.html+!,¤d*+o6H5A*+67(j+o�&?#A*+s,&J)*+D7&?*5H+LM,= ++I

T[Y

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+o�<j#,&J= +,3� +kj*%9r +�=*.�1&?7r + �.-.vN +#O* +ob8BF) + �£#,&J= +,3� +m*.�1&?*� +G579j +6@*

+o">1�A* +<=#7h=# +oG*Ly)* +.&E +~�= +ob8B)*# +G%h)* +m*.�1&?A +<j#,&J()* +~47&'()* +6O* +.M$%N

+�3h01)+b8B)*+m*.�1&?*+6@7;+�)�M+Vg7N71r+W7c5@A7r+7v)+<�>j+A+os,`)*+£7`�#+G7y9)*+"71�#

+ue0)*+{Fj+�y&i)*+ou47h)*+m7¤8)*+2i-%hN+o<`F&')*+{Fj+t>31&?A*a+ �<83B=+ �<3&?73&?+l&?7e=

+W,h- +�)q +~M +oVVV^7vB= +2¡57B1)* +l9&'r +�8= +m7h1dA* +#O* +o �<83B= + �D7&?73&? +D7v}%N +:891)

+W7c5@>)+«,1h()*+�%yF)*+{8B()*+6@*+"%h)*+we(-#+VW7c5@A*+<d7P+w=+b8B)*+"7(jO*+:&?57(=

+ol-,�1)* +"7(jO*a + ¥�,&Jr + �~j7; +~BQr +2?78)* +w3r +lj,)* +k9r +<99&'1()* +"7(jOA7r +�FB1-

+<3B39`)*+K5*%e)*+wj+67(}78)*+£LQ)*#+lj,)*+��7`d+:;+~P.-+A#+o^VVV�7`1PA*+o,3CQ1)*

+V^VV�4*,0)*#+D7d7&i3Q)*#+o"�AL)*a

+£LQ)*# +lj,)* +6OA +oW7c5@A* +<d7P +:; +~P.N +A +<-H,Q)*# +<-H7B)* +u4*,C)* +6@7; +�)�M

+o~BQ)* +*�vr +m%hN +:1)* +<vC)* +:; +s,; +A +78c# +o�(1C()* +w= + ��&?*# + �s7`d +{Fj +6*,&J18- +A

+ ¥:8=O* +#O* + ¥�,e&'j + ��7v} +w= +#O* +o �<3(&?5 +,3� + �<0F&'= + �<r7&xj +#O* +o �H,; +~9� +w= +fd7MO* +t*%&?

V<)#.F)+ ��r7N

1P(�"�@7+6O*+w391;+og73d7&'d@*+ gA%9h=+6%e-+W7c5@>)+g7=%vQ=+H.0d+6O*+k09)*+*�c+">P+78)#7�+.h)

+2iB9)* +LM,- +7(3; +o<F3&?%)* +{Fj +7v&iBr +LM,- +om%vQ()* +*�v) +D7Q-,B1)* +w= +g*,39M +g7 z(M +<(�

V<Q3�%)*+#O*+o�.v)*+#O*+oG*HOA*+{Fj+,PnA*

+o<3&?57Q)*# +<3&'d,Q)*# +<-L3FCd@A*# +<3r,B)* +D7yF)* +:; +W7c5@A* +{8B= +�7C-@7r +78)#78N#

+f(&¡+6@*#+:v;+oD7yF)*+�FN+w3r+ �.3Br+ ¥.�+{)@*+ �<r57h1=+W7c5@>)+<-%yF)*+D7Q-,B1)*+6O*+w391;

+w= +�-#,1)*# +£*L;@A*# +�%�)* +{8B= +:`BN +g7B3(} +7vdO* +A@* +o gG,3�M + �D7�7h1&�*# + �D7;H*,1=

V<3}57P+ �57`PO*

+<-%98)* +k-H7�OA*# +u-,e)* +6n*,h)*a +m>&?@>) +<3&?7&?OA* +5H7&x()* +{)@* +7d.j +ou� +w=#

+ ��9N,=+ 2E7P+%c+u-,e)*+6n*,h)*+:;+H5#+��)*+W7c5@A*+6O*+w391;+o^:=>&?@A*+�hQ)*#+<Q-,&J)*

+o{8B()* +*�vr# +ow38=nA* +w3(F&'()* +�0r+ �<3d*#.j+ �"7(jO* +<&?57(=+wj+uvB8=#+ot*.jOA* +£H,r

V,&E7B()*+{8B()7r+ g7 z3d*#.j+g7r7c5@*+f&'3)#+o �<3j7;H+ �<3jH5+:c+78c+<Q3�%)7;

+D7;>1PA* +6O*# +o<�#,`()* +W7c5@A* +u3c7Q= +w3r +g*,39M +g7r57hN +�78c +6O* +7&i-O* +w39N#

+o7v3Fj+��*%)*+#O*+W7c5@>)+<&?57(()*+<vC)*+W,B)*+67&')+H.0-+u)+w�F;+o7v83r+7=+:;+ �<`3&'r

TZS

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+6O* +w39N +�)�M +o7c.&¡ +W7c5@A* +<&?57(= +lC- +:1)* +<vC)* +�FN +H.� +u-,e)* +6n*,h)* +6@7;

+oW7c5@>)+g73)7�+.(1B()*+{8B()*+78 z( �&i�N+o:�>`&EA*#+:j,&J)*+7(vF&EO*+:;+<r*,0)*#+:y9)*

+�.v1&'-+�5#.r+:y9)*+6@7;+o7v;*.cO*+�3h01)+2?78)*+<=7j+W7c5@*+�.v1&'N+<r*,0)*+fd7M+6@7;

V<)#.)*+.-.vN#+m7B)*+w=OA*#+:&?73&')*+m7¤8)*+<jLj�

+<)O7&'= +:; + �GH.B1= + �,¤d + |D7v}## + �D78-79N +D,v� +o:�>`&EA* +b-,B1)* +{)@* +<9&'8)7r#

+"#.)* +�*.cO* +�>1P7r +�FB1()* +7v8=# +:�-571)* +7v8= +o �GH.B1= + �D*5791jA +oW7c5@A*

+V<47=+%0d+fyF9;+D7Q-,B1)*+D,�M+.�#+o7v0)7&x=#

+�.-LN# +W7c5@A* +m%vQ(r +�30N +:1)* +oD7Q-,B1)* +w= +~47v)* +ue)* +*�c +6O* +w= +u�,)7r#

+�F`&x() + �.�%= + ¥:)#H + �b-,BN +�71d@* +{Fj + �«70)@7r +~(B)* +2¡,Q�- +o�03&¡%N +w= +gA.r + g7&¡%(�

+ ��=7}+ �b-,BN+{)@* +~&E%1)* +:;+fF&J;+�7CNA*+*�c+:;+<)#�9()* +H%vC)*+<;7M+6O* +A@* +oW7c5@A*

+A+k30r+ou)7B()*+G�57r+ �H#.�+:;#+o�3Fj+2?73hF)+ �~r7�#+o�3;+2'9)+A+ ��&¡*#+ ��F`&x=#+o ��d7=

+:hr+o,=OA*+*�c+5�BN+q@*#+V<3d%d7h)*+7v13j,&�+{Fj+�>P+A+:1)*+"7(jOA*+�=+�N73�3�+�F1�N

+#O*+2�7h8F)+<Fr7h)*+,3�+<&E7�)*+7v&'3-7h=#+7v0)7&x=+�=+�;*%1()*+2E7�)*+7vQ-,BN+ �<)#H+~e)

V<3r79&i)*+�*,&�O*+:;+g7(47c+b-,B1)*+:hr+�)�r#+o.h8)*

+ow3��79)*+6@7;+oW7c5@A7r+ g<&E7P+ �D7Q-,BN+<3r,y)*+D7=%e0)*#+D7&'&?$%()*+2iBr+�F�O*+w�)#

+ �D7¦Q-,BN+w=+�d%=.h-+7=+67M+~r+oW7c5@>)+ ��d7=+ ��=7}+ �.�*#+ �b-,BN+{Fj+*%hQ1-+u)+ouv1v}+w=

+oD7Q-,B1)*+�FN+2J-%&J1)*#+W*,`&¡A*+H7&?+�)�)+o �<¦83B=+ �<¦3&?73&?+�)7&x=+<¦=.P+{)@*+�.v-

V.Br+u&'0N+u)+:1)*+<8-791()*+2'3-7h()*+l9&'r+o"7C()*+*�c+:;+o ��&¡*#+ �5%&x�+,v�#

+{)@*+78�,`1;+o<3(3F�@A*#+<3()7B)*+D7(¤8()*+2iBr+�.)+W7c5@A*+�F`&x=+b-,BN+78�,�#

+78Q�%N#+oD7Q-,B1)*+<&J�78(r+78(�+u�+w=#+oW7c5@A*+"%�+<3)#.)*+D73�7QNA*#+D*5*,h)*+2iBr

+ �.-.vN +#O* +ob8BF) + �£#,&J= +,3� + �m*.�1&?* +!%c# +AO* +oW7c5@>) +g70)7&E +6%e- +7(r5 + �b-,BN +.8j

+«*#5O* +2¡,B-# +o2?78)* +w3r +lj,)* +kr +{)@* + g7&?7&?O* +�.v- +o �<j#,&J= +,3� +kj*%9r +�=*.�1&?7r

+o �<j#,&J=+,3�+�)7&x=+�3h01)+�)q#+o �H,;+mO*+ �<j%(C=+mO*+ �<)#H+�r+f=7�+t*%&?+o,`�F)+t7-,rOA*

V<j#,&J()*+<=#7h()*+57�@*+:;+<0F&'()*+G%h)*+{)@*+t%CF)*+DA7�+wj+g73FM+bF1�-+�)�r+%c#

+%¦j.- +:=>&?@A* +w¦-.)* +6O* +78) +w391; +oW7¦c5@A* +w= +m>&?@A* +b�%= +78�,� +u�

+uv1=>&?#+uv8=O*#+uv&¡*,jO*#+uv¦)*%=O*+:;+w3(F&'()*+,3�+s%¦h�+m,¦10-#+o2?78)*+w3r+m>&'F)

+,479M+w3r+w=+~1h)*+"7(jO*+bz8&E#+o�0)*+,3yr+t7=.)*+�Q&?+m z,¦�+�dO*#+o<38-.)*+uc.47hj#

V7v(¤jO*#+W%¦d�)*

TZT

n()$' 8PT( 8F' .)

+ �b-,BN +u-.hN +{Fj +~(B)* +w= +.r +A +67M +oW7c5@A* +£%&¡%= +"#781- +k09)* +*�c +6O* +7(r#

+V7vr+7v)+<�>j+A+:d7B=+D70F`&x()*+~ z( �0|N+A#+o �<3Cv8=+ �D79`=+:;+�hd+A+{1�+o�r+ ¥2E7P

+m73h)*# +o£%&¡%()* +*�vr +<hFB1()* +D7¦Q-,B¦1)*# +®7¦Q)OA* +.-.01) +g*.v} +�)q +{j.1&?* +.�#

+VW7c5@>)+G7`B()*+G,3�e)*+:d7¦B()*#+�¦�*%)*+w3r+ �b3)%N+<)#70(r

+!)a&0+ phD/[Q+ pM#7)*SF#+](4#+M)I7)gC(#+rLc+>$'c`

+�,j+:;+�)�M+6%e-+A+.�+o �<;7h�+�L3CN+#O*+o ��(1C=+�*,-+7(;+o :9&'d+~(B)*+b&E#+6@*+IT�

+g79F&?+*�vr+,�O71N+"#.)*#+D7B(1C(F)+<=7B)*+�)7&x()*+6@7;+*�v)#+o�30&E+2'eB)*#+o,Pn*+ ��(1C=

+ �<)#H+�)�M+�*,N+A+.�+o7v0)7&x()+g7h3h0N+�F(j+g7y47&?#+ g7j#,&J=+g7h�+ �<)#H+�*,N+7(;+og7r7¦C-@*#

+V,Pn*+ ��(1C=+#O*

+7= +5.hr +7vN7r7&'�# +u=OA* +D7;7h� +:; +bF1�N +,&J)*# +,3�F) +<-H7()* +2'3-7h()* +6@* +I�

+b�%()*#+Vg7r7C-@*+#O*+ g79F&?+KH*%�#+ �5%=O*+w=+7vN73�+:;+,�$%-+7=+5.hr+#O*+o �5,&¡+#O*+ ��Qd+w=+7v)78-

+#O* + �lF&? +w= +<-H7()* +,&E78B)* +{Fj +O*,`- +7(r +,�O71- +�H7()* +5%¤8()* +w= +2?78)* +"7B;O* +w=

+V:j,&J)*+ue0)7r+ ��FB1=+*�v;+o�%8B()*+5%¤8()*+:;+7=O*+VW7C-@*

+2iBr +�r5 +{)@* +w3��79)* +2iBr +H7� +<3BQ8)* +.&E7¦h()*# +u3c7Q()* +w3r +�F�)* +6@* +IR

+wj+k-.0)*+:NO7-#+A@*+W7c5@A*+wj+ �k-.�+6%e-+>;+oW7c5@>)+m7B)*+m%vQ()7r+D70F`&x()*

+o7v83r +s#,Q)*# +D70F`&x()* +�FN +<h3h0r + g>v} +7=@* +ob8B)*# +o<3)%&EOA*# +o%Fy)*# +o�,`1)*

+2iBr+~BC-+2iB9)* +6@* +~r +o�H%}#+m.j+�=+D*.h1B()* +:;+#O* +.&E7h()* +:;+�r,)* +.&xhr+#O*

+DAA.)*#+u3c7Q()*+�>1PA+o ��3}#+,3�+ ��r5+o�&�+>r+o*�c#+o g<;H*,1=+D70F`&x()*+�FN

+VVV7v8=+ �.�*#+~e)+:h3h0)*+m%vQ()*+�F�)*+�%&�+.�#+V7v8=+ ¥~e)+.&E7h()*#

+ �~(j +{Fj +<)A.F) +<-%yF)* +<(Fe)* +��c +GH7= +l}%(r +W7c5@A* +�F`&x= +m*.�1&?* +6@* +IU

+~�(- +A +<yF)* +2'3=*%� +:; +W7c5@A* +{8B= +6@* +q@* +o7cH7BrO*# +<(-,C)* +w= + �~3FhN +�3; +o ¥:=*,}@*

+b-%�1)*#+o�%�)*+{8B=+{Fj+,&x1h-+%v;+o<(-,C)*+�%1&'=#+m,C)*+uC0)+:h3h0)*+b&E%)*

+6%e- +.� +q@* +¯:d%d7h)*# +�H7()* +�9d7} +w= +��*%F) + �<hr7`= +m.j +�3; +*�c# +o�8= +�1&�* +7=#

+m,C)* +b&E# +k3� +w= +�F�(- +A +�8e)# +o�h; +~BQ)* +�)�) + g<C31d +W7c5@>) +�%yF)* +m%vQ()*

+{)@* + �<r57h1=+�F`&x()* +*�c+:d7B=+6O* +{Fj+W7c5@>) +<-%yF)* +D7Q-,B1)* +".N# +V�3Fj+<)A.)*#

+:`BN+g7B3(}+7vdO*+A@*+o gG,3�M+ �D7�7h1&�*#+ �D7;H*,1=+f(&¡+6@*#+:v;+oD7yF)*+~M+w3r+ �.3Br+ ¥.�

+D*q +wj +<}57P +~=*%j +<`&?*%r +�O* +o �<3}57P + �57`PO* +w= +�-#,1)*# +£*L;@A*# +�%�)* +{8B=

TZ�

/0"$%.(Q !h7J[.(Q !g-.( LF9 I$G#W( d0q>&

+¢*+w=+g7;%P+o73d.)*+:;+.cL)*#+GH79B)*+:;+<y)79()*+:8BN+7(M+o£ z#, |()*+#O*+b47�)*+2x�&�#

+V�7&¡5+:;+g7B(�#

+t7} +,PnA* +2iB9)*# +o<-%yF)* +:d7B()7r +g*,�O71= +<3�>`&EA* +D7Q-,B1)* +2iBr +t7} +I[

+o�3)@* +G57&�@A* +5.CN +7(=# +o°QF)* +<)AH +{)@* + �D7Q1)* +6#H +lN7e)* +#O* +b)$%()* +�*,- +7= +~�(3)

+�FN +2iBr +{Fj +,v¤- +.� +o*�v)# +o�57&i0)* +��#5%=# +�1;7h�r +,�O713&? + �lN7M +#O* + �b)$%= +~M +6O*

+V^Ta�:;7h�)*+K#5%()*+#O*+:&x�&J)*+{08()*+D7Q-,B1)*

+�F`&x=+7v3Fj+".-+:1)*+:d7B()*+:;+�F�)*+*�c+:;+w(eN+<F&iB()*+6@7;+o"*%�OA*+~M+:;

+m.j#+~P*.1)*+{)@*+�HO*+7=+o2J-%&J1)*+w=+ g>47c+g7 z(M+.Cd+o<-$#,)*+«%&¡#+w=+gA.9;+oW7c5@A*

+w=+ �,39M+ ¥uM+H%}%r+l9&'N+og*H*,`1&?*#+o�.v)*#+<F3&?%)*+w3r#+o<Q3�%)*#+G*HOA*+w3r+~&xQ)*

+7(3; +o<F3&?%)* +{Fj +LM,- +7v8= +2iB9)* +6O* +�,d +788e) +o�.-.0N# +W7c5@A* +m%vQ() +D7Q-,B1)*

+V<Q3�%)*+#O*+o�.v)*+#O*+oG*HOA*+{Fj+,PnA*+2iB9)*+LM,-

+�;# +W7c5@A7r +<N%B8()* +D7&?57(()* +w3r + g7B&?7&� + g7d%r +<(� +6O* +w39N +.h; +o�)q +{)@*

+7cH#5#+t78�O*+ g7&E%&xP+o�W7c5@*�+<(FM+7v3Fj+".N+:1)*+:d7B()*+�FN#+o<�-.0)*+D70F`&x()*

Vu-,e)*+6n*,h)*+:;

V2?Vm+om>&?@A*+:;+�8=+b�%()*#+W7c5@A*+m%vQ=+:;+G,¤d+o�H#,`()*+67(3F&?+wr+w(�,)*+.9j+^Ta

TZR

T;)N#&' !"&GQOD- !"S^4&' !"%I=#&'

>D5E )*+ .,,(`;(#+"$O)H(#`+.':D2l(#+,-+xB)<

")&*(+,-+./01235#+.'0)6(#

P+DB`@7

+om>&?@A*+:;+GH73h)*+<Q&'FQr+{(&'-+7=+H%}#+:;+w3Qh�()*+#O*+w-,eQ()*+2iBr+� �e&J-+.�

+<38-.)*+2E%&x8)*+7dO*,h1&?*+*q@*+�dO*+{8B(r+o<Q&'FQM+GH73h)*+<j%&¡%=+�=+m>&?@A*+~=7BN+~v;

+<-$#,)* +:; +GH73h)* +L3(1N +*q7(r# +©7v)>P +w= +GH73h)* +"%� + �<F=7M + �<-$#5 +t78r +78) +we(- +~c

+m%vQ=+"%�+k09)*+<3(cO*+wj+w3Qh�()*+2iBr+"O7&'-+.�#+©D*H73h)*+£*%dO*+:�7r+wj+<3=>&?@A*

+w-#78B)*+��c+~�=+wj+k-.0)*+<-%)#O* +wj#+om>&?@A*+:;+GH73h)*+<Q&'F;#+o<38-.)*+<3B},()*

+�#,¤)* +:;+£%&¡%()* +*�c+7vF10-+:1)* +<3(cOA* +wj#+o,&E7B()* +78B�*# +:;+uF&'()* +67&'d@>)

Vm%3)*+<3=>&?@A*+<=OA*+7vr+ �,(N+:1)*

+ z6O* +57v�@* +uv=>j@* +">P +w= +g7(4*H +6%)#70- +<3=>&?@A* +<=OA* +t*.jO* + z6O* +�)q +{Fj +H�

+�.&x1-+w=+<3=>&?@A*+<=OA*+:;+.}%-+A+�zdO*+#O*+o<hr7&')*+7v1d7e=#+7vdO7&�+D.h;+.�+<3B},()*

+<3=>&?@A*+W%B&J)*+ z6O*+#O*+ofv1d*+.�+<-%h)*+5#�C)*+�FN#+579e)*+t7(FB)*+6OA+o<3B},()*+m7h()

+">P+w=+*%�,`-+6O* +<=OA*+t*.jO7r+,=OA*+~&E#+.�#+ouvc,eN+~r+uc�H%N+A#+t7(FB)7r+u1vN+A

+ :F(j+ �b3�&'N+�)q+:;#+ouc#.�Fh-+6O* +2?78)*+w=+*%9F`-#+ot7(FB)+t7(&?O* +<398}OA*+uvN7j*q@*

+�.&x1- +m>&?@A* +:j z.- +w= +2iBr + z6O* +o�)q +{Fj +uc.j7&'- +7=# +o<38-.)* +<3B},()* +m%vQ()

+w(;+o�},()*+7vr+�z1(1-+6O* +:y98-+:1)* +_#,&J)*#+D7Q&E*%(F)+ �G7j*,=+6#H+o<3B},()*+m7h()

+#O*+ g<3)%&EO*+#O*+ g<3vh;+g7�70rO*+�)+O*,hd+6O*+w=+ z. |r+A+ow3(F&'()*+<Q3FP#+w38=$%()*+,3=O*+�dO*+:j.-

+ �G�%�+:;+g7&?#5H+:`B-+6O*# +o g<3�>r#+ g<-%y) +{1�+#O* + g<3)7}5+#O* + g<3�-.�+#O* + g<3Q&'F;+#O* + g<-.47hj

TZU

d0q>P.( !F.$krA- !F+78.( !FhYJP.(

+t7(FB)* +w=+G,9�)* +~cO* +#O* +.hB)*# + �~0)* +~cO* +w=+ �D*H7v&� +O*,hd +6O*# +o ¥:j,&� + �.vB= +#O* + �<3(Fj

+o�j5##+�*%hN#+�).Br+#O*+o�1c7h;#+�(FBr+.v&JN+ot*,9�)*+2'FC(r+�13(&'N+we(-+7=+#O*+ot>&iQ)*

+�;*.- + �b�*%= +�) +�,d +6O*# +o,e&'B)*# +w=OA*# +H7&x1�A* +:; +�N,9P# +<&?73&')* +:; +�1&?73er +#O*

+��*%)*#+V7vN*#,�+:;+w3B=7`)*+o<=OA*+t*.jO*#+ol&E7y)*+ �~10()*+.&¡+w3(F&'()*+s%h�+wj+7v3;

+V�0)*+:c+<Fr7h()*+<vC)*#+o~�79)*+%c+uveF&'(;+otA$%c+<Q)7�=+:;+%c+�,eQ)*+�%&i8)*+6O*

+ �,3`P +o<3=>&?@A* +GH73h)* +#O* +o<;>�)* +#O* +o<=7=@A* +#O* +o<38-.)* +<3B},()* +l&x8= + z6@*

+<j7�@* +W%}%r +¢* +,=O* +we- +u) +%)# +o<=O>) +<=7B)* +GH73h)* +H%}# +w= + z. |r +A# +og*.} + �2?7&'�#

+uv1j7�@A +g73&i1h= +g73Fhj +g799&? +7d.}%) +ow3)H7B)* +GH7h)*# +o<(4OA*# +ot739dOA* +,=*#O* +�3Q8N#

+iW)&/0?# +iW)C©/I +iW)0)04# +ea( +q'6: +e( +$( +}O4#� +!"7� +�dO* +^£a +7&¡,)* +m7=@A* +wj +�#5 +.�# +Vg7(4*H

+}/- +>#X(` +if)YB?5#` +J&2K(# +M �D©/ w�` +iJ:;(# +t{d` +.LC(# +¥237;( +iW)F>$S2K0 +iW)j-)B

+�Lb(# +)O;s` +)�O?5 +iJ/CL2KC(# +]LF +r(d +#$a�*2�` +i"`;ELC(# +}&0 +T8HO` +i"$F;S*C(#

+ieaU)EO?# +¥S2lc` +ieaU#${?# +~1Sy#` +iea-1Sy# +90 +J/L0)Q +D/� +J/s)SE0 +J/2N$H&0

+M �D©/ w�`+i)&�/< +)0+$EO+]LF+#`;2Kg(+�TN�u$23D(# +}<+^)s+)C(+W)j-)B+W)C©/I+ea(+q'6:+e(+$L-

V^Ta�J/'Cs?#+�Lb(#+>)2K-+r(d+,-+")Q`+i")C:45#`+if)YB?5#`+iJ�& �2K(#`+i9U#D2l(#

+%v;+ouvN7&?.h=#+ow3(F&'()*# +m>&?@A* +{Fj+®7Q0)* +:;+"H7B)* +m7=@A* +<3(cO* +{Q�N+A#

+oG7y9)*# +o57Qe)* +�}*%-# +o5 �, �h |-# +o,3&J1&'-# +o�`�-# +o,eQ- +o.&'C)* +w= +2?O*,)7M +<=OA* +w=

+o�< z8 |}+m7=@A*�+!"7�+�dO*+^2Eam,MOA*+"%&?,)*+wj+H5#+.�#+VuF¤)*#+H7&'Q)*+~cO*+,47&?#+o�5*%�)*#

+o2iBr+w=+uv&iBr+2?78)*+�8(-#+ow3(F&'()*+�qO*+w=+#.B)*+�8(-+�dOA+,1&')7M+�O*+!��,&�+:;#

V^�a+�N%`&?+6%;7�-#+2?78)*+�3hz1 �-#+om>&?@A*+<&i3r+:(0-#

+<-79}#+oH#.0)*+<=7�@*#+os%h0)*+�*,�1&?*#+o~F�)*+ �.&?#+o#.B)*+�;.)+l �&x|d+7(d@*+m7=@A*#

+,&�79- +6O* +�)# +om7e0)*# +G7&ih)* +:)%- +��)* +%c# +V7vFcO* +{Fj +7v1(&'�# +o"7()* +f39) +"*%=OA*

+ �u z&' �� +.h)# +o{)7BN +¢* + §m �, |� +wj +�;*.-# +o�N7&i�# +�47QFP +5%=O* +2x0Q1-# +oue0)*# +~&xQ)*

+!w3(&'�+{)@*+£7;.)*+m>&?@A*+t7vh;

=}cR$B`+f12345#+.2_/<+JF+�)-;(#+m�

+=u)C(#`+iTGD'(#`+iTG7?5#`+iTKg&(#+JF+�)-;(#+m�

+p3&J)*+<=>B)*+!�3h0N+oT_+o^£a+7&¡,)*+579PO*+6%3j+o^s#.&x)*+p3&J)7r+�#,B()*a+�-%r7r+wr+w3&'0)*+wr+:Fj+wr+.(0=+o:(h)*+^TaVTS\+2E+oT�+omTY\UI¦cTUSU+oD7j%9`(F)+:(FjOA*+<&'&?$%=+!D#,3r+o:(FjOA*+w3&'�+V�RS+2E+oT��+omTY\]I¦cTUS]+o:r,B)*+W71e)*+5*H+!D#,3r+ouF&'=+«,&�+o�#%8)*+^�a

TZ[

Js$" *-] .)

+��)*+673e)*+%c+m>&?@A*+<&i39r+H%&xh()*#+Vm>&?@A*+<&i3r+wj+�;*.-+��)*+%c+m7=@A7;

+2J3}+uCc+%F;+ouvN7&?.h=#+ouc.}7&'=+m73�#+ow3(F&'()*+H%}#+%c#+om>&?@A*+6*%8j+�r+m%h-

+6@7;+o<3&x�&�+ �G#*.B)+ g<&E7P+ g<�;+�.v1&?*+7(d@*#+ouvd73M+�.v1&'-+u)#+ow3(F&'()*+{Fj+#.j

+ow3(F&'()*+GH7r@*+�.v1&'-+m%Cv)*+67M+*q@*+7=+G.j7h)*+H5%=+7(d@*#+oG.j7hF)+g*H5%=+2'3)+*�c

+wj+£7;.)*+%c+m>&?@A*+<&i3r+wj+£7;.)*#+VuvN7&?.h=#+ouvN7=,�+�1c#+ouc.}7&'=+m.c#

Vw38=$%()*#+om>&?@A*#+o2'Q8)*+wj+£7;.)*+ g7&i-O*+�r+.&xh-#+ow38=$%()*+wj#+om>&?@A*+G�%�

+<3r,B)* +781=O* +,&¡7� +w= +<-,3&x()*# +<&?7&'0)* +<¤0F)* +��c +:; +l}*%)* +w= +6@*

+w3r +<38-.)* +<3B},()* +m%vQ= +{Fj +o ¥:F3&EO7N + �k0r +<`&?*%r +%)# +t%&i)* +�3F&'N +<3=>&?@A*#

+:; + ��3(j + �q%Qd# + �,3�O7N +�) +o �u3¤j + :8-H + ��%= +7vzdO* +7(3&?A# +owc*,)* +7d,&xj# +m>&?@A* +5.&E

+w=+<3=>&?@A*+781=O*+:;+�78c+ z6O*#+o.&'C)*+w=+2?O*,)7M+<=OA*+w=+.47h)*+ z6O*#+ow3(F&'()*+W%F�

+*�v)+�.&x1-+w=+:;+�(1CN+6O*+:y98-+:1)*+D7Q&x)7r+�1(1-+A+%c#+o<38-.)*+<3B},(F)+�.&x1-

+£73&¡ +{)@* +DHO* +:1)* +:c# +om%3)* +781=O* +��*# +:; +�,9e)* +<93&x()* +:c +��c# +o�3;,)* +m7h()*

+uvj%�##+ouvN7&?.h=#+ouvN7=,�+{Fj+�.B1)*#+ouv)*%=O*+lvd#+ouv)*%�O*+bB&¡#+ow3(F&'()*

V~1h)*+w=+ �.&�O*+<81Q)*#+ow1Q)*+:;

+we(- +:1)* +57e;OA* +G,�M# +<3&?7&'� +l9&'r + g<r%B&E +.C- +£%&¡%()* +*�c +:; +k�79)* + z6@*

+uN+.h;+�)�)#+o,&xB)* +{Fj+ �G.c7&JM+7v8=+GH7Q1&?A*+we(-+:1)* +K*.�OA*+G,�M#+o7v1C)7B=

+ �:8-.)*+ �2x8)*+{Fj#+og7�>`&E*#+ g<y)+o�03&¡%N#+m%vQ()*+~3&EO7N+{Fj+k09)*+*�c+:;+L3M,1)*

+ob-,01)*+w=+{)7BN+¢*+�¤Q�+��)*+ou-,e)*+6n*,h)*+{Fj+ ¥:&?7&?O*+ �~e&Jr+ §H7(1jA7r+o2? z.h()*

+7v3Fj +�Q1()* +o<3F(B)* +m,MOA* +:98)* +D7&?57(=+{)@* + g<;7&¡@* +Vw3(F&'()* +�3(}+�r +w=$%- +��)*#

V7c7&i1h(r+~(B-#+~r+o7vr+ �u�F �&' |-#+w=$%-+6O*+ ��},=#+ �u)7j+ �~e)+ z. |r+A+:1)*#+ow3(F&'()*+�3(}+�.)

+o£%&¡%()*+lF&E+:;+~P.N+:1)*+D73)7e&�@A*+2iBr+«,�+{Fj+k09)*+*�c+:;+~(B)*+uN+.h)

+~c+!7v8= +,MqO* +o~3).)*# +<C0)*# +�`8()7r + �GH#L=+ �<3(Fj + �<r7}@* +t7`j@* +<)#70=# +o7v1&J�78=#

+{Fj +.3Fh1)7r +�h; +2x1�N +<3B},()* + z6O* +~c# +©67&'d@>) +#O* +:8-.)* + �2x8F) +:c +<3B},()* + z6O*

+<3=>&?@A*+<=OA*#+�(1C()*+6#$%&J)+�.&x1F)+7c*.B1N+#O*+<-H,Q)*+D>=7B()*#+D*H79B)*+�%1&'=

+w3r + g7M,1&J=+g*5#H +�78c+ z6O* +#O* +o<3B},()* +<�73&E+:;+2?78F) + �5#H +�78c+~c#+©<3d7&'d@A*# +~r

+ue0)*+{)@*+�#,¤)*+�H%hN+<3j,)*+H*,;O*+<3h9M+m7=@A*+~c#+©uvQ3FeN+%c+7=#+©2?78)*#+�},()*

+©.hB)*#+ �~0)*+~cO*+uc+w=#+©.hB)*#+ �~0)*+~cO*+~9�+w=+5731PA*+#O*+<�*5%)*+#O*+b3&')*+�-,`r

+©g7()7�+g*,}7;+67M+6@*#+{1�+uM70F)+<j7`)*#+�(&')7r+*%8-.-+6O*+w3(F&'()*+�3(}+{Fj+lC-+~c#

TZZ

d0q>P.( !F.$krA- !F+78.( !FhYJP.(

+,3-7B()*# +w3d*%h)*# +�r*%&i)* +:c +7= +©m7=@>) + g<3&E%&xP +:`B|N + �<3j,&� + �H7BrO* +�78c +2'3)O*

+#O* +:=>&?@A* +:j,&J)* +uM70)* +W7�1d*# +5731P*# +�7&J1MA +<=57&x)*# +<h3�.)*# +<030&x)*

©7v3Fj+t789)*+we(-+ �<0}7d#+ �G,&E7B=+ �<3=>&?@*+W57CN+�78c+~c#+©�},()*+#O*+<Q3F�)*

1!3():j67J&,8HD@7& ��O8@7&'=;&P=Sr<`@7X�6J57

!¢1A2N5#`+.\L(#+J/<+./'sDC(#+m?#

+W71e)*+*�c+67M+�O*+!W71e)*+*�c+k09)*+�},=+67M�+!"7h-#+o£%},)*+ �~0=+%c+ g<y)+�},()*

+o^�a¯]�' «s �D(# + �r©<�7 +]�(v4# + �"v4#® +!~-L81)* +:; +H5# +.�# +V^Ta��8= +b)$%()* +�981&?* +��)* +5.&x()*

+ «ewS «& wQ+) �C v<+ «e wYw©*�& w/ �-+) W'/ vC �s+ «e wY w' vs «D �0+ v¤#+]�(v4#®+!�3;#+¯{F B |;+{Fj+ �5.&x=+o �� §}, �()*#+ �£%} �,)*+��O*

+�8=+fB},1&?*#+VÛa+5.&x)*+�&?*#+�O*+o5.&x)*+l3�5+"7h|-#+¯uej% |} |5+��O*+o^Ra¯ �"$ wgvL�S «b�c+ v}/ v-

+�3)@* +7d@*# +¢+7d@* +!fF�+*q@* +o<93&x()*+.8j+fB},1&?*#+V�3)@* +�1B;H+7=+�8=+D�PO* +*q@* +ot:&J)*

V^[a�},1&'=+7dO7;+o6%B}*5

+2?78)* +�3)@* +�},-+��)* +o5%1&?.)*# +2x8)*# +W71e)* +#O* +o2x�&J)* +%c+g7�>`&E*+�},()*#

+{Fj+t7(FB)*+2iBr+�.)+t%&i)*+�3F&'N+u1-+�dO* +{)@* +,3&Jd#+V<-,3&x()*+~r+<(v()*+uc5%=O*+:;

+A +�dOA +o�,&J9)* +,&x8B)* +<3B},=+{Fj +H7(1jA* +we(- +A +�dO* +<C0r +o:8-.)* +2x8)* +<3B},=

+og7hr7&? +7c789N +:1)* +<3=>&?@A* +²H79()* +{Fj +7c70&¡# + �<F3) +w3r +lFhd* +7(r,; +o�9d7} + |w �=$% |-

+2iBr +7=O* +Vb3&')* +67B() +w= + ��%P +#O* +olc�)* +67B() +:; + ��(� +#O* +o�N7j78� +:; + �,�3yN +<C31d

+t7(Fj +<3B},= +:8jO* +o�,&J9)* +,&x8B)* +{Fj +uv-.) +t%&i)* +�3F&'N +u13; +w-,PnA* +t7(FB)*

+H%h-+ ¥:�+ �67&'d@*+w=+ z. |r+A+�dOA+�)q#+o:&?73&')*#+:8-.)*+�7}%jA*+u-%hN+:;+:=>&?@A*+w-.)*

+�(1C()*+67M+t*%&?+o7v8j+�18N+:1)*+<j57&'1()*+D*5%`1)*#+��*.�O*+lM*%-#+o:d7&'d@A*+�(1C()*

V:=>&?@*+,3�+#O*+ g73=>&?@*

!T3;HC(#+,&:;(#+T8&(#+�

+D7-nA* +7(3&?A# +ou-,e)* +6n*,h)* +o2?.h()* +:8-.)* +2x8)* +�F`&x= +w= +H%&xh()* + z~B)

+:1)* +oG,N*%1()* +k-H7�OA* +�)q +{)@* + g<;7&¡@* +o<P%&'8()* +A +<�&?78)*# +o<vr7&J1()* +A +<(e0()*

V]RU+2E+o,c7=+5*H+!D#,3r+oT_+o<3r,B)*+<yF)*+2?%=7�+:;+.-.C)*+o.(0=+p3&J)*+b&?%-#+:d%`dOA*+,N7&')*+.9j+b-�%}+^TaV\+<-nA*+o�FB)*+G5%&?+^�a

VU\+<-nA*+oG.47()*+G5%&?+^RaVT�TITTU+2x&E+o\+�+o¦cTUS[+oG�%0)*+WHO*+,&Jd+!u�+oW,B)*+67&')+ow-.)*+"7(}+~&iQ)*+%rO*+o5%¤8=+wr*+Ûa

+oR� +o¦cTUS] +ow3->(F) +uFB)* +5*H +!D#,3r +oU_ +o57`j +5%Qy)* +.9j +.(�O* +!�3h0N +o«70&x)* +o2?79B)* +%rO* +o�,c%C)* +^[aVT�T\IT�TZ+2x&E

TZ]

Js$" *-] .)

+�$%�*%N+6#H+G,�e)*+w=+g*.�+7v8j+w-,9�()*+H.j+±Fr+k-H7�O*+:v;+o7v�.&xr+�`h)*+7v&'Q8r+.3QN

+:1)*+o<030&x)*+k-H7�OA*+�)�M#+VW�e)*+{Fj+uc. �(BN+w=+uvB=+ |w �= $% |-+k30r#+oW�e)*+{Fj

+�&x3;+owB`)*+w=+�-,`)*+<(3F&?+o �<zFj+A#+ �q#�&�+,3�+w=+w3`r7&i)*+"#.B)7r+7c.8&?+~&xN*

+uFB)*+w=+.r+A#+Vk-.0)*+s.&xr+~=7e)*+s%�%)*+�3hQF)+~&x03;+o7v81=+W,`&i-+A#+o7c.8&?

+o��,�# +�.8&?# +k-.0)* +w1= +wj +k09)*# +o �67B=@*# + �<�.r +7v3Fj +£>�A*# +ok-H7�OA* +��vr

+V^Ta+�Fhd+W*Hn*#+o�F �(0N+<3Q3M#+oH#H,()*+w=+�8=+"%9h()*#+o�(3h&?+w=+�030&E+L33(N#

+*�c+m*,1�* +{Fj + �s7QN* +w= + z. |r +A# +o<j7(C)* +�r +w=$%N + �5%1&?H +w=+ z. |r +A +�d@* +"7h- +�0)*#

+o6n*,h)*+u3)7BN+w=+��98-+m>&?@A*+:;+5%1&?.)*+*�c#+oG730F)+ ��7v8(M+�h39`N+{Fj#+o5%1&?.)*

+l&?781- + �uv;#+o �~-#O7N# +o �,3&'QN +{)@* +�710-+:8-.)* +2x8)7;+V:B`h)* +~hB)*# +o<Q-,&J)* +< z8 �&')*#

+V<3(FB)*+.j*%h)*#+o<3=>&?@A*+"%&EOA7r+m*L1)A*+�=+o,&xB)*+«#5+�=

+:1)* +�13&?.� +{Fj +6%(F&'()* +�(}O* +��)* +.3�%)* +:=>&?@A* + �2x8)* +%c +u-,e)* +6n*,h)*#

+:; +H5# +7(M +o<3v)@A* +GH*5@A7r +�)q +wj +�� zL8= +%c# +o~-.B1)* +A# +,33y1)* +A# +~-.91)* +~9hN +A

+�F(N +A + �2E%&xd +w= +�*.j +7=# +o^�a¯ �"$ wj v-) �E�( + w}�( +)�Ov4# � + �D «Q ©o(# +)�& «( �X�O + wJ «E�O +)�Ov4#® +!{)7BN +�)%�

+<3d7e=@*#+o7v10&E+w=+.MO71F)+o<)A.)*#+. �8 z&')*+�%1&'=+{Fj+7v1&?*5H+w=+.r+A#+o<&?*.h)*+��c

+<)%h8()*+k-H7�OA*+2¡,Br+*%&E#O*+^£a�13r+~cO*+w=+<(4OA*#+^2Ea"%&?,)*+ z6O*+{1�+o7vr+"A.1&?A*

+{Fj +7v8= +,MqO*# +o ��,P�+%v; +o�Q)7P+7(j+2¡*,j@A*# +�h;*# +7(r +�POA*# +o6n*,h)* +{Fj +uv8j

+:rO*+wr*+wj+o6*q7&�+wr+~&iQ)*+wj+o~3j7(&?@*+wr+.(0=+!�.8&?+�=+g*.�*#+g7�-.�+"7�()*+~39&?

+{F&E+:98)* +l`P+!+"7�+m>&')* +�3Fj+¢*+.9j+:rO* +wj+o�,3�#+ue0)*+wr+m7&Jc+wj+o,3(j

+uMt7}+7=#+o�1F�+7dO7;+¢*+W71M+�;*%-+:8j+uMt7}+7=+2?78)*+7v-O*�+!"7h;+{8(r+�)n*#+�3Fj+¢*

+V^Ra��F�O*+uF;+¢*+W71M+b)7�-

+g7(Fj+o�}#O*+#q+ �"7 z(�+%c+��)*+¢*+W71M+{Fj+k-.0)*+2¡,j+we(-+b3M+!"O7&'d+6O*+we(-#

+og7030&E+uvQ)*+*�c+6%e-+.�#+o6n*,h)*+:d7B=+w=+�78(v;+7=+{Fj+<h3h0)7r+2¡,Bd+7(d@*+78dO7r

+<(4OA* +#O* +o^2Ea +:98)* +"%h= +%c# +o�78B= +�r +m z%h1- +��)* +k-.0)* +°Q) +%c# +olF&x)* +b81M* +7= +%c +k-.0)* +w1= +w= +H*,()* + Ta+.8 z&')*+5791j*+:;+k09|3;+o~3&xQ1)*+�}#+{Fj+k-.0)*+G*#5+H7�n*+A+o gG.�*#+ g<F(}+k-.0)*+�-,�+%v;+.8 z&')*+7=O*+V^£a+w3=%&xB()*+<&¡57B)* +"*%�OA* +wj+k09|-# +Vg7Q3B&¡+#O* +o g7h�%=+#O* +o g78&'�+#O* +o g7030&E+o g>&?,=+#O* + g*.8&'=+og7B`h8=+#O* + g>&x1=+�d%M +~�=+o�=.j#+,QB}+!�}*5+Vu&?A*+:;+�N7M,1&J=+wj+�L33(N#+o�#*,)*+<h9�+wj#+og7QB&¡#+ g<�7�##+o g>-.BN#+g7�,}+o"7},)*+uFj+:;+H7�nA*+{Fj

VZTITU+2x&E+osV¦cTUTY+o^£a+sH7&x)*+m7=@A*+<&'&?$%=+!u�+o�_+o<-*5.)*+uFj+:;+�=7e�O*#+k-.0)*+"%&EO*+o:d709&')*VY+<-nA*+o,C0)*+G5%&? + �a

+5*H +!6*,v�+o�57Qy)* +,9MO* +:Fj+�3Fj+�zFj# +�00&E+oR_+o:;7e)* +w=+"%&EOA* +o¦cR�Y+D+os70&?@* +wr +W%hB- +wr+.(0=+o:83Fe)* + RaVZY+2E+oT�+o2�+¦cTRZR+o<3=>&?@A*+l1e)*

TZ\

d0q>P.( !F.$krA- !F+78.( !FhYJP.(

+K.01N+:1)*+D7-*#,)*+ �H,)+78)+"7C=+A+o �"7�+ ��O*+{Fj+�dO7r+�3Fj+l3Cd#+©�)q+,3�+6%e-+.�#

+�dO*#+o~�OA*+{Fj+�%8B()*+7c,N*%1r+�`hd+k30r+G,�e)*+w=+7vdOA+W71e)*+{Fj+< z8 �&')*+2¡,j+wj

+og7hF`=+A+ �<&E%&x�=+H5*%=+:;+%c+W71e)*+{Fj+< z8 �&')*+2¡,j+w=+H%&xh()*+6%e-+6O*+w=+.r+A

+6n*,h)* +,c*%� +<3C� +{Fj +fz)H +.� +<)HOA* + z6@7; +VGH z.0=# +<z3(Fj +,3-7B=# +�r*%&¡ +H%}# +�=

+{Fj +*%).1&?* +.h; +o^¢* +uv(�5a +w3-579P@A* +w= + �<Q47� +A@* +�)q +:; +b)7�- +u)# +ou-,e)*

+�8()* +D7-*#5 + z6O* + g7(Fj +o�O*,)7r +6n*,h)* +,3&'QN +wj+�8()* +D7-*#,r +o,c*%¤)* +��c+<3C�+m.j

+.CN+~r+o �67&'01&?*+H,C=+:c+:1)*+o"7},)*+t*5n7r+�,3&'QN+w=+fB8=+7(d@*+o6n*,h)*+,3&'QN+wj

+ �"7(1�*+�3},N+{)@*+6#.(B-+o�8=+ �<-n*+{8B=+:;+ �GH.B1=+ �DA7(1�*+�78c+6%e-+w3�+{1�+uvdO*

+.r+A+�zdO*+w=+u�,)*+{Fj+ouv&?%Qd+�3)@*+~3(N+7=#+ouv4*5n*+�%&?+o �<8-,�+#O*+ �.c7&�+6#H+w=+7v8=

+oW,B)* +m>M+w=+ �.81&'=# + �~3)H# +o �<8-,�# + �.c7&� +�3Fj+7vF(�+H*,- +��)* +{8B(F) +6%e- +6O* +w=

+H%}#+m.j+�*,�@* +.Br +6%e- +6O* +w=+.r +A+,c7¤)7r +�POA* + z6O* +�)q+{)@* +b&¡O* +VuvNA7(B1&?*#

+o�)+ �5%�O7=+ �,3&'QN+H%}#+m.j+�*,�@*#+o�8=+H*,()*+{Fj+ �<3;,j+ �<8-,�+#O*+o�)+ �2x �&x�=+#O*+o �p&?7d

+7c,3�# +o<-,`Q)*# +<3FhB)* +m7e�OA* +�= +g7(C&'8= +{8B()* +6%M +�*,�@*# +VD7-*#,)*# +D7-nA* +:;

V^Ta+6739)*#+.33h1F)+<0)7&x)*+<)HOA*+w=

!T3;HC(#+,&:;(#+T8&(#+�-`+h)/E(#+>$H:+")2KO45#+mk

+W71e)7;+o<3B},()*+�h01N+{1�+ �� z9 � |N+6O*+lC-+²H79=#+u3c7Q=+{)@*+<3dn*,h)*+<-nA*+,3&JN

+%c+6n*,h)*# +o7v3Fj +g78(3v=# +o7v) + g> �(e=# +o�1h9&? +:1)* +<-#7(&')* +l1e)7r + g7;,1B |= +o�0)7r +"Ld

+ �w �3 �r+o�,`P+ �~3F}+o�5.�+ �u3¤j+6n*,h)*#+o6%(F&'()*+�3Fj+ |� §(C|-+��)*+o2? z.h()*+:8-.)*+ �2x8)*

+o<(�,)*# +o�.v)*# +ouFB)* +W71M +%c# +o z"�# + z~&¡ +�8j +{)%N +w=# +o�.c +�r +� z&'(N +w= +o�,Mq

+o^�a¯ �J/ vCvL «2K wC«L v( +Z �D «2lw< � + W. �C «B�7 � +Z W; w{ � + p «, �2�+ ©q wY v(+)WO)�/ «* vc + ��)�S vY «(# + �r«/�L �F+)�& «( �X�O � ® +!{)7BN+"7�

+6#$%&� +G5*H@* +:; +:Qe- +A +o g<030&E + g<-*#5 +#O* + g<(e0 |= + g<-n* +67M +%) +{1� +o z:8-.)* + z2x8)* + zwe)#

+ �67&'d@* + ��},= +w= + z. |r +A +~r +o<38=OA*# +<-,e&'B)*# +<-H7&x1�A*# +<3&?73&')*# +<38-.)* +�(1C()*

+{)7BN +¢* +w= +~-L81)* +6O* +{)@* +,3&JN +<(-,e)* +<-nA7; +o�0)* +�vd +{Fj +,3&'-# +o2?78)* +ue0-

+:;#+V¯ �r«/�L �F+)�& «( �X�O � ®+!¢*+.9j+wr+.(0=+¢*+�FP+,3P+o,-�8)*+,3&J9)*+{)@*+~r+o,&J9)*+{)@*

+ v} «/�L �F+)W& vC «/ �a w0 � + v�)�S vY «(#+ �J v0+ v} «: �;�:+ �J«/�<+) �C v(+) WI ©; �28 w0+ ©� �E«() v<+ ��)�S vY «(#+ �r«/�(v4# +)�& «( �X «O�?# � ®+!{)7BN+�)%�

+ W. �F «D v2�+ «e wY «& v0+)�&«L �' �s+ ªq wY v(+ ©� �E«(#+ �J v0+ �¡� ) �s+) �C �F+ «e w{� # �$ «{�?#+ «9 v*�S�c+ �5 � +w¤#+ �u �X «O�?#+) �C v<+ «e wa�& «/�<+ «e wY «B) �-

+ vM# �D «/ �b«(# +#$ wH v*�S «23) �- + «e wQ)�c�£# +) �0 +, v-+ «e wQ �$wL «*�/ v( + «J vY�( � + Wh �; vB# � + W. �0w?# + «e wY�L �' �6�( +w¤#+ � ) �2� + «$�( � +) Ws) �a «& v0 �

VUYIUR+2x&E+oR�+om+�SS�I�TU�R+oD7&?*5.F)+:=>&?@A*+LM,()*+!D#,3r+oT_+o.3Q=+,&x1�=+o{&iN,=+,QB}+^TaV\Y+<-nA*+o~08)*+G5%&?+^�a

TZY

Js$" *-] .)

+W71M +6n*,h)* +6%e) + �673r +o^Ta +¯ �"$ wgvL�S «b�c + v}/ v- + «ewS «& wQ +) �C v< + «e wYw©*�& w/ �- +) W'/ vC �s + «e wY w' vs «D �0 + v¤# +]�(v4#

+:98)*+{)@*+"Ld+ow3hr7&')*+t739dOA*+W%F�+{Fj+f)Ld+7(M+<-#7(&')*+l1e)7r+s �.&x-+��)*+o�0)*

+ �� }%1=+,=OA* +~B;+6O* +7(M+o�,&J9)* +�},()* +{)@* + �«%&¡#+ �~er+,3&JN +�r/(4#� +<(FM#+o^2Eau¤jOA*

+:)#+l�7�-+�zdO* +�O* +o¯w¤#+ �u �X «O�?# +) �C v< + «e wa�& «/�< + «e wY «B) �-® +!{)7BN+"7�+og7&i-O* +�,&J9)*+�},()*+{)@*

+w3r +ue0- +6O* +�8= +g79)7� +o^2Eam,MOA* +:98)* +%c# +<3B},()*# +<-A%F) +�,rOA* +s*.&x()*# +o,=OA*

+o�)%� +w= +2?78)* +bF1P* +%)# +ow3()7BF) + g<(�5 +�3Fj +7v)LdO* +:1)* +<B-,&J)*# +5%1&?.)7r +2?78)*

+¢*+�FB}+ :B39�+ �t>1r*+*�v;+ouct*%cO*+2?78)*+2iBr+�9zN*#+ob�*%()*+fjz%8N#+ot*5nA*+D �H z.BN#

+V73d.)*+G730)*+��c+:;+ g< z8 |&?+{)7BN

+w= + z. |r +A +~r +o<-,&J9)* +GH73� +:; +:Qe- +A +2? z.h()* +:8-.)* +2x8)* +6O* +78) +wz39N +6O* +.Br#

+,3-7B() + g7h;# +o�-.&x)* +w= + z#.B)* +H �.03; +o7cH7BrO* +bF1�(r +<3j7(1}A* +G730)* +H%h- + �67&'d@*

+o�8-H# +o�&'Qd +wj# +o�B(1C= +D7=,� +wj +�;*.-# +o �<3d7&'d@*# +o �<3Fhj# +o �<3d%d7�# +o �<3j,&�

+o7v;*.cO*#+o<3C3N*,1&?A*+7c7-7&i�#+o73FB)*+<=OA*+�)7&x=+2x ��&J-#+o�)7=#+o�&¡,j#+o�&¡5O*#

+w=+ z. |r+>;+o gG.�*#+ g<B;H+�*.cOA*+��c+�3Q8N+{Fj+G5.h)*+m.j#+u�*L1)*+"7�+:;+7vN7-%)#O*#

+ z. |r +A+�,&J9)* +�},()*+6O* +7(M+Vuv()* +{Fj+ucOA*+u-.hN+w=#+ouv()* +,3�+{Fj+uv()* +u-.hN

+�}*%N + g<j57&'1=# + gG,3y1= +g7�*.�O* +2J3B- + ��(1C=+GH73� + �f3= + �67&'d@A +we(- +>; +oG730)* +w= +�)

Vw3�+~M+:;#+ �"7�+~M+:;+�,3&x=

+o<(e0()* +<-nA* +�O* +o2? z.h()* +:8-.)* +2x8)* +<3B},= +w3r +�(C)* +w= + z. |r +A +�)�)#

+D7Q&E*%=+~(0-+��)*+o:}q%(8)*+�,&J9)*+�},()*+w3r#+o<hz�%()*+#O*+o<030&x)*+<-*#,)*#

+o�&?*%)* +7v=%vQ(r +<)*.B)* +<Q&xr +b&x1-# +o:=>&?@A* +6%d7h)* +#O* +5%1&?.)* +*�vr +uFB)*

+573vdA* +#O* +o:&?73&')* +£*.�)* +<&'-,; +�h- +>; +o<=7B)* +<=OA* +6#$%&� +~M +:; +G,9�)*#

+671FQ)* +#O* +o<(j78)* +W,0)* +#O* +o:;7h�)* +#Ly)* +#O* +o:j7(1}A* +�eQ1)* +#O* +o�H7&x1�A*

+V�,e&'B)*+">1�A*+#O*+o:8=OA*

+�= +��*%)* +2¡5O* +{Fj +�h39`N +{Fj +5H7h)*# +o2?.h()* +:8-.)* +2x8F) +uc7Q)* +�},()7;

+:; +"H7B)*# +o7vN*,3y1=# +<B-,&J)* +fr*%�# +67e()*# +67=L)* +D73&E%&xP# +D7-%)#OA* +G7j*,=

+:=>&?@A*+:8-.)*+�},()*+%c+o�H7v}+:;+2xF�()*#+om>&?@A*+u3)7BN#+m7e�O7r+~=7B)*#+o�(e�

+�78c+we-+u)+6@*+o<-A%)*+��%=+:;+6%e-+6O*+lC-+w=+%c#+o<=OA*+6#$%&J)+�.&x1)*+{Fj+5H7h)*

+V,=OA*+*�vr+m73hF)+�8=+~&i;O*+%c+w=

VU\+<-nA*+oG.47()*+G5%&?+^Ta

T]S

d0q>P.( !F.$krA- !F+78.( !FhYJP.(

+�78c+we-+u)#+o�,3&'QN+:;+*%QF1PA+2? z.h()*+:8-.)*+2x8)*+<3B},(r+2?78)*+{Q1M*+%)#

+V�&¡5O*+:;+{)7BN+¢*+m7e�O*+� �9`-#+o�30&x)*+�7CNA*+u&?,-#+o<=OA*+. ��%-#+o,=OA*+u&'0-+w=

+A+�8e)#+ouv)+g7-,&Jr+ g7B},=+*#571P*#+o2? z.h()*+:8-.)*+2x8)*+<3B},(r+2?78)*+ §b1e-+u)+%)#

+V�*.cOA*+*%B z3&¡#+o�-,`)*+*%F&¡#+o5731PA*+*#$#7&?OA+oG,9�)*#+o<)*.B)*#+ouFB)*+D7Q&xr+�z1(1-

+��vr +�1(1- +��)* +�,&J9)* +�},()* +wj +2J31Q1)* +%c +ou3e0)*# +o:j,&J)* +~r +ou3F&')* +573�)7;

V{)7BN+¢*+"LdO*+7(r+ue03)+�5731P*#+oD7Q&x)*

+ ¥:)A.1&?*+ ��>1P*+<C31d+%c+o,Pn*#+ ��},=+w3r+2x8)*+,3&'QN+:;+�>1PA*+6O*+{)@*+,3&Jd#

+o<�.01&'()* +~47&'()* +#O* +oD>=7B()* +#O* +oD*H79B)7r +�FB1N +fd7M +t*%&? +o �<-H7v1}* + �<)O7&'= +:;

+ z�&E +*q@7; +o �<-*#,r +#O* +o �<-n7r + �2x8)* +�zFBN +t*%&?# +o<38=OA*# +<3&?73&')* +<-,3&x()* +7-7&ih)* +#O*

+7v;#,�# +o<-*#,)* +<)AH +uv; +:; +�>1PA* +u1- +.h; +oGH z.0= +<-*#,) +w3B},= +�.) +.8 z&')*

+�>1PA* +�h- +:)71)7r# +o:j,&J)* +ue0)* +_7981&?* +<3F(j +:; +7v=*.�1&?* +t78�O* +o<3j%&¡%()*

+VDAA.)*+w=+,3�e)*+~(10N+<3r,B)*+<yF)*+D*H,Q=+6O*+7(3&?A#+o��*%)*+2¡5O*+{Fj+7vh39`N+:;

+w= + �2x8)* +%c +m7=@A* + |w �3 �B |- +��)* + z6O* +%c# +o:8-.)* +2x8)* +<3B},() +,Pn* + �m%vQ= +�78c#

+£79NO* +w= +<B3&J)* +w3(F&'()* +G.3hj +��c# +o,Pn* +t:&Jr +A +om7=@A* +wz3B1- + �2x8)79; +o^2Ea +:98)*

+w3=%&xB()* +<(4OA* +{)* +u� +o^£a:Fj+w38=$%()* +,3=O* +{)@* +^2Ea:98)* +.Br +*%B}5+w-�)* +o<=7=@A*

+o^£a�1-5q+w=+<B&'1)*+<(4OA*+u�+o^£aw3&'0)*+m7=@A*+u�+o^£aw&'0)*+m7=@A*+*%B9N7;+o^£a�1-5q+w=

Vg7=7j+#O*+ g7&E7P+g7&xd+uv3Fj+<(4OA*+ z2xd+w-�)*+o<h�)*+~cO*#+t7(FB)*+w=+uv-.(1B=#+uct>M##

+,=O* +7(r5#+o^£a +<(4OA*+H7&�5@7r +oucH>r+t7vh;+{)@* +6%B},-+^£a<(4OA*+5%&xj+:;+<B3&J)* +67e;

V2?78)*+:1Q-+6O*+�r70&EO*+w=+�3hQ)*+^£am7=@A*

1,8HD@7&�r<`@7&F39(�X�3=:3�

!.'/2l(#+J/CL2KC(#+;&F+,&:;(#+9sDC(#+M)g2Nm?#

+ g7v)@*+67&'d@A*+.9B-+6O*+we(-+>;+ow-.)*+"%&EO*+w=+ �~&EO*+".B)*+ z6O*+<B3&J)*+6%(F&'()*+�,-

+w= + �~&EO* +<=7=@A* + z6O* +6#,- +uv; +�)�M# +o6%e)* +m7¤d +�%1&?* +7() +�)�M +67M +%)# +o �"H7j +,3�

+�.c+ z6@*+q@*+o7v&'Qd+G%98)*+<Q&'F;+~(0N+:c#+A+b3M+o7vr+A@*+67(-@A*+~(e-+A#+ow-.)*+"%&EO*

+<d73&x) +:B&')*# +o �"H7j + ¥:=>&?@* + ¥:d7&'d@* + ��(1C= +H7C-@* +�O* +o�&'Qd +G%98)* +�.c +%c +<=7=@A*

+7vr +H7h1jA*# +7v3; +,¤8)* +w= + z. |r +A +~r +o<=7=@A* +:; +.3Fh1)* + ��&x- +A# +V<030&x)* +�N,3&'=

+VH7B()*#+oG%98)*#+o.3�%1)7M+�O*+o<3&?7&?OA*+w-.)*+"%&EO*+,47&'M

T]T

Js$" *-] .)

+:98)*+w33BN+W%}%M+o{)7BN+¢*+{Fj+m7=@A*+w33BN+W%}#+<B3&J)*+6%(F&'()*+_,1&�*+.�#

+6%e-+6O* +lC-+ z2x8)*+ z6@* +*%)7�#+o<-,&J9)* +p-57N+:;+ ��%=+,`PO* +�d%e)+g*,¤d+o{)7BN+¢*+{Fj

+7= +*�c# +o�3; + �l-5 +2?78)* +~P*.|- +A +k30r +o2x�&J)7r +�) + g70 �&¡%= +ou&?@A7r +m7=@>) +g78 �3 �B |=

+6O* +lC- + z2x8)* + z6O7r +"7� +w= +uv8=# +o^£al)7� +:rO* +wr +:Fj +m7=@A7M +m%&xB()* +m7=@A7r +�zFB1-

+7d,&xj+:;+�O* +om%&xB()*+m7=@A*+<93�+,&xBr+�zFB1-+7=+*�c#+oD7Q&x)7r+m7=@>)+g78 �3 �B |= +6%e-

+7=+%0d+{Fj+i phD*y`+i p.O)0?#` +i p.(#;F`+i peLF`+i p")C:4# +w=+D7Q&x)* +,Mq+�3; +:Qe3;+o,&¡70)*

+V�>jO*+�7d,Mq

+o~hB)*# +o¬%F9)* +!7v8= +o �5%=O* +:=>&?@A* +<=7=@A* +lc�= +l&'0r +�},()* +:; +_,1&J|-#

+:; + �~PH +�) +7() +673&'8)* +,3�M +6%e- +AO*# +oH7v1}A*# +o<)*.B)*# +o.)%()* +G57v�# +oG5%M�)*#

+�O*5+{Fj+<(FjOA*+~r+ouFB)*+%c+<3B},()*+_#,&�+w=+ �_,&�+ucO*#+V7c,3�#+o_7981&?A*+<3F(j

+o �W%}#+w=+<3Q3Fe1)*+<3j,&J)*+m7e�OA*+_7981&?*+:;+ gGt7QM+,�MOA*+%c+uFjOA*#+Vt7vhQ)*+5%v&J=

+<;,B()* +!5%=O7r +o�1(FjO* +*�M# +ou)7B)* +H7v1}* +�,B|-# +V<c*,M# +o �<=,�# +o �<�7r@*# +o �W7901&?*#

+g*,39P#+uFB)*+~cO*+w=+67M+%)+7(M+o�)q+w=+�&'Q8r+2x�&J)*+wh31-+6O*+�O*+.v1C()7r+G,&�79()*

+<`&?*%r +#O* +o�)q +%0d# +�5791P* +">P +w= +o�,3� +w= +uFjOA*# +.v1C()* +L33(N +{Fj +g*5H7�#

+o678�(�A*+#O* +w3h3)*+.3Q-+ �%08r+<3(FB)*+D*�%0)*+:;+#O* +o2?78)*+w3r+�H7v1}*+£%3&�#+57v1&�*

+V^Ta+uFjOA*#+.v1C()*+<;,B=+{Fj+6*5H7�+G,9�)*+~cO*+w=+6A.j+�)�r+.v&J-+6O*+#O*

!.�& �2K(#+J/CL2KC(#+;&F+,&:;(#+9sDC(#+M)g2Nm�

+lC- +:1)* +7-*L()* +�FN +w= +g7&iBr +*#,Mq +.h; +< z8 �&')* +~cO* +w= +w3(F&'()* +t7(Fj +7=O*#

+6#H7e- +uvdO* +A@* +oD7Q&x)* +�FN +2iBr +:; +*%QF1P* +uvdO* +�=# +o7vr +w3(F&'()* +m7=@* +�7&xN*

+o67M+w=+g7847M+:&�,h)*+,3�+<=7=@*+�&xN+>;+!W) �/2�DI +6%e-+6O*+!7v8=+,Pn*+ �2iBr+{Fj+6%hQ1-

+7=+o�)q+~�=+g7h�+uv3Fj+ue)#+ g7h�+ue3Fj+uv)+ z6@* + �2J-,�+w=+<(4OA*�+!^2Ea:98)* +"%h)+�)q#

+�3FB;+uv8=+�)q+~BQ-+u)+w(;+o*%).j+*%(e�+6@*#+o*%;#+*#.c7j+6@*#+o*%(�,;+*%(�,1&?*+6@*

+~cO* +6O* +{Fj +5%v(C)7; +oW#;aS60 + g7()7j +6%e- +6O*# +V^�a�w3B(}O* +2?78)*# +<e4>()*# +¢* +<8B)

+ �£7C&� +o�F()* +5%=O7r +m%h3) + ��O*5 +#q +ow-.)* +5%=O7r +m%h3) +£#,Q)*# +"%&EOA* +:; + �.v1C=+<=7=@A*

+V^Ra+G�%0)*+wj+ �W�)*+{Fj+�%h3)

+oT_+o:�8=7�)* +:83&'0)* +:Fj +.3&')* +{(¤B)* +¢* +<-n* +w3(F&'()* +,=O* +:)# +<�7(&? +�#71Q) + g7h9�+om7e�OA* +l�18= +ow3&'�+w&'� + TaVT�+2E+o¦=�STSI¦cTURT+otA%)*+5*H+!D#,3r

VT�Y+2E+oR�+o5H7&E+5*H+!D#,3r+o.(�O*+.8&'=+o~98�+wr+.(�O*+m7=@A* + �aV[\[+2E+oR�+omTYY]I�TUT]+o~3C)*+5*H+!D#,3r+oT_+oG,3(j+w(�,)*+.9j+!�3h0N+ob�*%()*+o:C-@A* + Ra

T]�

d0q>P.( !F.$krA- !F+78.( !FhYJP.(

+6%e- +6O7M +ow3(F&'()* +m7=@* +:; +�h01N +6O* +lC- +g7�#,&� +�,3&'QN +:; +:9�,h)* +,Mq +.�#

+t71Q1&?A* +:; +�,3� +{)@* +�710- +A +g*.v1C=+ow3(F&'()* +G7&i� +w= +g73&¡7� +6%e- +6O* +�F&x- +w(=

+A +�dO* +<=OA* +w3r +�>P+A +�dOA +o ��&?7; +,3� +gAH7j +6%e- +6O*# +V�3Fj + ��Q1= +*�c# +oKH*%0)* +:;

+�F�|-#+o.hB)*+m*,9d*+.Br+�&';+u�+ �l �&x|d+*q@*+�1=7=@*+p&'Q8N+~r+o ��&?7Q)+<=7=@A*+.hBN+6O*+�%C-

+os%h0)*+t7Q31&?*#+oH#.0)*+<=7�@A+m7h|-+7(d@*+m7=A*+6O*+f9�+.�+�dOA+om%FB()*+,c7¤)*+�&'Q)7r

+m73h)* +wj +|� |. §B h |- +�&'Q)* +w= +�3; +7=# +ouc5%=O* +:; +,¤8)*# +ow3d7C()*# +m71-OA* +"*%=O* +°Q�#

+#O* +oG>&x)* +<=7�@* +�,1r +#O* +o,Qe)7r +A@* +�F�8- +A +!6#,Pn* +"7�# +V7vr +2¡%v8)*# +5%=OA* +��vr

+!:c#+o�,PO*+ g7�#,&�+�,3&'QN+:;+:9�,h)*+b3&i-#+V<B-,&J)*+w=+ �t:&�+#O*+o7v47jH+{)@*+�,1)*

+o<&i39)*+<-7(�#+o5%y�)*+ �.&?#+o2�%3C)*+,3r.N#+oW,0)*+,=O7r+ �b3&x�+ ��O*5#+ �G,9P+*q+6%e-+6O*

+<=7�@* +:; + �<�5 +�h0FN +A +w(= +6%e- +6O*# +Vm%F¤(F) +�POA*# +ou)7¤)* +w= +m7h1dA*# +o<=OA* +£H5#

+6O*#+om7=A*+m>&?@*+_*,1&�7r+t7QP+A#+V57&JrOA*+�`�+A#+oW7�,)*+W,&¡+w=+ �£L;+A#+oH#.0)*

+{Fj+*%B(}O*#+V g>�7j#+og7y)7r+6%e-+6O*#+ot7&ijOA*+u3F&?+6%e-+6O*#+og*,Mq+6%e-+6O*#+og*,�+6%e-

+V�3;+7vNH7v&�+�%CN+7(3;+ g<3&¡7�+7vd%M+�*%}+:;+*%QF1P*+6@*#+og7=7=@*+6%eN+6O*+o�%C-+A+GO*,()*+6O*

+*q@7;+VVV<=OA*+,=O*+u3h1&'-+AO*#+<81Q)*+�%P+~&¡7Q)*+H%}#+�=+"%&iQ()*+l&xd+:9�,h)*+� �%C-#

+g*5�j+�)q+67M+m7=@A*+l&x8|-+7vF}OA+:1)*+5%=OA*+~3`BN#+H7&'Q)*#+�,v)*+~&i;OA*+<=7�@7r+b3P

+<=OA*+,47&?#+,(j+uFBr+ g7&i-O*+�)q+{Fj+".1&'-#+o"%&iQ()*+{)@*+~&¡7Q)*+wj+"#.B)*+:;+g*,c7�

+�HO* +*q@* +ouv8= + �.�*# + �~e) +.hB)* +�7}O* +.�# +o �"%&iQ=# + �~&¡7; +uv3; +<1&')* +6O7r +o�5%&J)* +f�#

+b3&i-#+VuFjO* +¢*#+ouv3Fj+ �.�O* +57ed@* +,3�+w=+o�3Fj+uv1(FM+fB(1}*#+o�)q+{)@* +<0F&x()*

+ol3y)7r + g7()7j +A# +oO7`�)*# +~)L)* +w= +g7=%&xB= +<Q3F�)* +6%e- +6O* + g7�,&� +2'3) +�dO* +:9�,h)*

+6@7; +o2J-,�+w=+uc,3�+6#H+�h;+u&�7c+:8r +w=+6%e- +6O* +A# +ouvBC&�O* +A# +<=OA* +2?,;O* +A#

+V^Ta+u&�7c+:8r+w=+7&'3)#+67(�j#+ �,er+:rO*+<=7=@*+{Fj+.hBd*+.�+£7(}A*

!u#$I?5#+.2lI)&0mk

!:NnA7M+t*5nA*+<&J�78=+we(-#

!qCQ?5#+.(?)2K0+=�

+�)%hr +O*.9d +"*$%&')* +*�c+wj+<r7}@>) +©uFB)* +:; +uvF&i;O* +<Q3F�)* +6%e- +6O* +lC- +~c+�dO*

+) WYvL �0 + �M$w() �� + «e wY�( + �x�'�< + «; �I +�¤# + �"v4# + «e wa �/ v*�O + «e wa�( + �u) �I � ® +!D%)7� +b&E# +:; +~-L81)* +:; +{)7BN

+K*,1)* +t73�@* +5*H +!D#,3r +o:d#H,9)* +u3FB)* +.9j+.(�O* +!�30&xN# +�3h0N +o^:9�,h)* +,3&'QNa+6n*,h)* +m7e�OA +�=7C)* +o:9�,h)* +^TaV�][I�]S+2x&E+oT�+o:r,B)*

T]R

Js$" *-] .)

+ �" v4# + �u) �I + vu) �C «(# + �J v0+ W. �' �23 + �M«�$ w: + «e�( � + w} «& v0 + vr«L wC «() v< + �� B�?# + wJ «E�O � +)�& «/�L �F + wr«L wC «(# + w}�( + w"$ wY�: +]�O�?# +#$w() �I

+ �9 v23# � +w¤# � + w ) �2l�:+ «J �0+ w} �Y«L w0+, vc«�$ w:+w¤#� + ve «2K v6«(# � + ve«L v' «(#+, v-+ W. �A «2K�<+ w �>#�R � + «e wY «/�L �F+ w ) �g �A «2N#+�¤#

+�78B=+��7Q`&E*�+!�)%�#+Vt7&ijOA*+<=>&?#+G%h)*+{Fj+".-+7=+,Mq+u�+uFB)7r+O*.9;+o��+¯ �e/vL �F

+oG5#,&i)7r+uFjOA*+wz3B1-+A#+o<3=>&?@A*+m%FB)*+:;+H7v1}A*+<-7Qer+"%h-+w=+�78v;+V�571P*

+{Fj +~(MOA*# +o~&¡7Q)* +{Fj +~&i;OA*# +ou)7B)* +{Fj +uFjOA* +<-%)#O7r +ue0- +~hB)* +6O7r +"%hd#

+ g7�,; +6%e- +.� +oG,9P +,�MOA*# +,39�)* +#O* +ouFjOA*# +u)7B)* +w3r +s,Q)* +6O* +7(3&?A# +o~=7e)*

+o<B(1C()*+D7Q&E*%()*#+_#,&J)*+k3�+w=+~(MOA*+<-A#+:;+<=OA*+<0F&x=+ z6O*+�&�+A#+og*,39M

+,�MO*+w3r+2¡57B1)*+��#+%)#+VG,9�)*#+o<)*.B)*#+ouFB)*+:c#+o7v3Fj+�Q1()*+#O*+o7v3Fj+�(C()*#

+o<)*.B)* +#O* +ouFB)* +7v8= +t*%&? +oD7Q&x)* +k3� +w= +~(MOA* +u-.hN +uN +o<3B},(F) + ��&�,= +w=

+6%e- +6O* +#O* +ouvBC&�O* +#O* +o<=OA* +2?,;O* +#O* +oO7`�)*# +~)L)* +w= +g7=%&xB= +<Q3F�)* +6%e- +6O* +#O*

+%c+w=+{)@* +GH73h)*+m7=�+u3F&'1r+ue0-+~hB)7;+V�)7(jO*+. �3&?+.3&')*+6O* + g7(Fj+ou&�7c+:8r+w=

+W7eN5* +wj+.BrOA*# +o<(&xB)* +{)@* +W,�OA* +o<3&x�&J)* +D7Q&x)* +�%1&'=+{Fj+�,3�+w=+~(MO*+^2Eam,MOA*+"%&?,)*+HA#O*+w=+g7=7=@*+,&Jj+78�*+�78c+6O*+<=7=@A*+<B3&�+�.)+f9�+.�#+V:&E7B()*

+<3B},()7r+��O*+uv;+o6%=%&xB=+uvdO*#+ouvd7=�+~cO*+o�C&�O*#+o{hNO*#+o,9PO*#+o".jO*#+ouFjO*

+V,&J9)*+w=+uc,3�+w=+o<-H7vC)*#+o<3&?73&')*#+o<-,eQ)*#+o<38-.)*

+ol}*%)*+�,N+#O*+om*,0)*+~B;+%c+o7vr7eN5*+wj+m%&xB()*+� zL �8 |-+:1)*+o<3&xB()*+w=+H*,()*#

+.r+A#+VD7c#,e()*+~B;#+oD7901&'()*+�,N#+o{) #�OA* +�,1M+o�)q+w=+�&?#O* +:;+~(B1&'|N +:c#

+W7eN5* +wj +t739dOA* +�-L8N +�.= +"%� +<3=>&?@A* +s,Q)* +w3r + ��>P +H%}# +{)@* +G57&�@A* +w=

+o^2Ea+u¤jOA*+"%&?,)*+f3r+~cO*+w=+<(4OA*#+ot739dOA*+�3(}+6O7r+<=7=@A*+<B3&�+.h1B-#+o:&E7B()*

+>; +oG7;%)* +{1� +GHA%)* +w3� +w= +oG,39M +#O* +fd7M + gG,3y&E +o:&E7B()* +�3(} +w= +6%=%&xB=

+o �<-%� + �<3d7&'Qd + �<eF= +uv-.) +D, z;%N +.� +�d@* +~r +og7d73&'d +#O* +og*%v&? +{1�+<3&xB()* +uv8= +5.&xN

+om71)* +:j%)* +w= +~&x0N + �<eF= +:c# +o�#,¤)* +.&�O* +:; +{1� +<3&xB()* +W7eN5* +w= +uvB8(N

+q7hd@*+~}OA+6%F(B-+uv;+o<3&'Q8)*+"%3()*+�9&¡+{Fj+ �<-%�+ �GH*5@*+w=#+o<3&xB()*+�9hr+ou4*.)*#

+W%d�)* +w= +t739dOA* +<(&xj +{)@* +�,PO* + �s,; +lc�N +7(83r +V£73&i)*# +o.&?7Q()* +w= +�(1C()*

+VG%98)*+w3�+w=+uv&iBr#+o¬%F9)*+w3�+w=+uv&iBr#+ol&'0;+G,39e)*

+t*,Q&')* +tA$%c +67M +*q@7; +o �<3Fhj + �<)HO7r +^£at739dOA* +<(&xj+m#L) +{Fj +t7(FB)* + z".1&?* +.�#

+�%&?+�)�)+ g<C31d#+ouvr+6%h�-+A+�%&?+2?78)*+6@7;+o<3v)@A*+u3)7B1)7r+w3=L1F=+,3�+uv&'QdO*

V�U]+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+^Ta

T]U

d0q>P.( !F.$krA- !F+78.( !FhYJP.(

+<)7&?,)*# +:�%)* +�%10= +¬>r@7r +6%QFe= +uvdO* +7(M +t739dOA7; +ouv1�Br +w= +�.v)* +�h01- +A

+ouv�>&E@*# +ouv13r,N# +o2?78)* +<3ML1r# +ouv&'QdO* +<3ML1r +m73h)7r +6%QFe= +uc+�)�M+o2?78F)

+{(&?O* +ouvNH*5@*# +ouc5731P7r +*%yFr +w-�)* +��)#O* +A@* +o�3;,)* +m7h()* +*�c +~�= +�01&'- +A#

+ we wa «& v0 + �¡�>)�* vF + �5v4# + �J/ v' �C «s�?# + «e wa�&�: v$ «�w? �5 + �rvc �X v' v* �- + �u) �I® +!{)7BN +"7� +o:d7&'d@A* +"7(e)* +D7}5H

+"7� +og7&i-O* +2x8)*# +o~hB)7r +^2Eam,MOA* +:98)* +.Br +^£a +<(4OA* +<(&xj +f9�N# +V^Ta¯ �J/ v28�L «b wC «(#

+ «J v0 � + �u) �I +) W0) �0v4# + vT3)�&L v( + �rwL vF) �s +,©Ov4# + �u) �I + �J wa �C�c �?) �- + pM) �CvL �Y v< + w} �< �7 + �e/ v{# �D«<v4# +]�L�S «<# + vdv4# � ® +!{)7BN

+V^Ra+V^�a+¯ �J/ vC v() �j(#+P v; «a �F+ wu)�&�:+ �5+ �u) �I+,vS �: ©7 wd

+om*,0)*+~B;+wj+ �m%&xB()*+u&xj+��)*+%c+ |¢*+67M+%F;+o5731PA*+�=+<(&xB)*+{;781N+A#

+<(&xB)*� +!w3��79)* +.�O* +"%h- +�)q+:;#+o�)q+:;+ �~&i;+m%&xB(F) +67M+7() +ol}*%)* +�,N#

+o�,¤8)*+�-.Br+:;+om7¤8)7r+m*L1)A*+G#5q#+o~hB)*+"7(1M*+G#5q#+o5731PA*+w&'�+G#5q+m�>N

+m%&xB()*+�01&?*+o�)�M+<(&xB)*+6OA#+V^{)7BN+¢*a+<h3h0F)+u4*.)*+5731PA*+7vd@*+V:F(B)*#

+VÛa�G#.h)*#+oG%&?OA*#+o.4*,)*#+o~3).)*+6%e-+6O*+ �G5*.Cr

!Z7$2l(#+.(?)2K0=�

+ «J v0 +#$ �2_ �g«O �5 + vt«L �H «(# + � /vL �� +)j �- + �¥«& wQ + «$�( � + «e wa�( + �¥«& v( + v¤# + �J v0 + p. �C «B�7 +) �C v* �-® +!{)7BN +"7�

+ �"v4# + v¤# +]�L �F + «q �Q �$�S �- + �¥ «0 �X �F +#�dv4) �- + vD «0�? «5# +, v- + «e w{ «7 v ) �2� � + «e wa�( + «D vg «\�S «23# � + «e wa «& �F + wn «F) �- + �r v( «$ �B

+#O* +�z3&i()* +{8B()7r +67M +t*%&? +:=>&?@A* +�},()* + z6O* +:8B- +*�c# +o^[a¯ �J/vL ©Q �$�S wC «(# + �t vEw: +�¤#

+olFh)*+°3F�+g7¤;+6%e-+A+6O*#+ow3F)*#+o<(�,)7M+ �<3d7&'d@*+ �D7Q&E+w=+�)+ z.r+A+o� z&?%()*+{8B()7r

+o6%�`�-+7=.8j+<3j,F)+57Qy1&?A*#+~r+o%QB)*+�&¡*%=+:;+G5.h()*+.8j+%QB)*+w=+�)+ z.r+A+7(M

+,3yr+t7(FB)*+~1�#+ot7&'8)*+W7&x1�*#+o<�,&')*#+olF&x)*#+o5#.&x)*+�&�#+ot7-,rOA*+�rq+2'3)#

+V2'478e)*#+o.}7&'()*+m.c#+o ��

+w=+7v3;+7()+oG5%&J()*+!:=>&?@A*+�},()*+7vr+�1(1-+6O*+lC-+:1)*+�,POA*+D7Q&x)*+w=#

+A+6%&J(v=+uvdO7r+�#57&J1&'=+#O*+�r70&EO*+,B&J-+A+:M#+ouv4*5n*+w=+ �GH7Q1&?*#+ow-,Pn>)+ �,-.hN

+W70&EO* +,3&J1&'-+~r+o<-5%1&?.)*+D7&'&?$%()7r+#O* +o<3&'8C)7r+ �G.z3h=+,3�+G5%&J()*#+Vuv)+<(3�

+<=7B)*+D*5*,h)*+:;+7(3&?A#+o£%&¡%()*+D73�3�+�3(}+{Fj+£>�A*+<3yr+2E7&x1PA*#+G,9�)*

+V�,9e)*+D73�30)*#+o"*%=OA*#+o2¡*,jOA*#+o2?%Q8)7r+�FB1-+ �,=O*+~M+:;+7(3&?A#+o<-,3&x()*#

V\R+o+\�+!671-nA*+o2E+G5%&?+^TaVT�U+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+^�a

+VRZ]I�RY+2x&E+o��+omTYYYI¦cTU�S+o�0)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o�_+o<3=>&?@A*+G.3hB)*+:;+2?#5H+o�HL3)*+:hN+.(0=+^Ra+V]S+2E+om�SSRI¦cTU�U+o�H7v)*+5*H+!D#,3r+oT_+oVV2x8)*#VVm%&xB()*+I+�v8()*+:;+o:d*5%M+w3&'�+Ûa

VT[Y+<-nA*+o6*,(j+"n*+G5%&?+^[a

T][

Js$" *-] .)

+~B; + z6O* + ��30&E# +oA +#O* +<9}*# +G5%&J()* +6%M +:; +<3=>&?@A* +lc*�()* +w3r +2�7h8)* +��##

+og79}*#+g*,=O*+f&'3)#+o l01&'=+ �,=O*+G5%&J()*+ z6O*+{Fj+".N+<-nA*+we)#+oW%}%)*+:;+ �,c7�+,=OA*

+2x8)*+H%}#+ �~�+:;+ g<F�7r+f&'3)+G5%&J()*+ z6O*+ ��30&E#+V� §¢*+{�F �j+ ~ zM �% �1 �;+ �f = �L �j+* �q§@7 �;�+<8-,hr

+G5%&J()*+ z6@7;+�)�M#+om>&?@A*+u3)7BN+�=+2¡57B1-+57&J1&'()*+�O*5+67M+*q@*+A@*+o2? z.h()*+:8-.)*

+D7(v()* +:;+�BQ8N# +o g<B;5+�.-LN +7vdOA +o2? z.h()* +:8-.)* +�},()* +H%}#+ �~�+:;+ g<F�7r +f&'3)

+�=7C)*+�},(F)+ �<=LF |=+,3�+7vzdO*+A@*+o�-.)+�-,Q)*+«#5+� �LBN#+o�)%�+w=+2?78)*+. ��%N#+o<9B&x)*

+o7vr +�1(1- +6O* +:y98- +:1)* +o:=>&?@A* +uM70)* +D7Q&E +H*.BN +s73&? +:; +:NO7N +<-nA*# +o�4*,&JF)

+o^2Ea +m,MOA* +:98F) +%c+5*,h)* + z6O* +:;+ �<0&¡*#+:c#+o5*,h)* +q7�N*# +mLB)* +u�+oG5%&J()* +7v8=#

+VG5%&J(F)+2'3)#+o�.Br+w=+<3j,&J)*+D7Q&E*%()7r+�1(1-+ �<Q3FP+ �~e)#

+uv19�7�= +wj +uc7v8-# +o�) +G5%&J()* +u-.h1r +2?78)* +^£a:Fj +m7=@A* +,=O7- +�)q +:;#

+wj# +o7v�F0= +,3� +:; +G*5*.()*# +<Bd7&x()* +wj# +oG,r79C)* +6%9hF- +7(M +<(¤B)* +W7h)O7r +�)

+oG5H79)* +~cO* +�=+~BQ|- +7(M+ogO7`P+#O* + g7r*%&E+�O*,)* +{Fj+<h;*%()*# +<z) ��)* +m*L1)7r +�8=+°Q01)*

+{Fj+o7v3;+O7`�)*+w=+{)7BN+¢*+�8=O*+*q@*+A@*+�)7B;O*+:;+O7`�)*+w=O7-+A+�d@7;+ol&iy)*+~cO*+�O*

+�F&x-+ �67&'d@* +~M+2'3F;+o �GH z.0=+ �D7Q&E+uv-.)+ �2E7�&�O* +{)@* + �<v}%1=+G5%&J()*+6O* +w=+u�,)*

+o |G �, §r7 �9 �C )*+� §r+ |uzF �e |N+7 �( §r+: §d% |(�F �e |N+ �> �;�+!"%h-+q@*+o�)q+:;+78)+ g7y3Fr+ g7&?5H+:`B-+%c#+o �57&J1&'(M

+: §r +*%�8 |¤�N + �A# + §< �B �d7 �&x |( )7 §r +: §d% | §)7 ��|N + �A# +o §G �5 §H7 �9 )* + §~ c�O* + �. 8 §j +� §r + |° zQ �0�1 |- +7 �( §r +: �8 §= +*% |¤ zQ �0�1 �N + �A#

+ §#�O* +o� �) + �"7 �h |- + 6�O* + z� �0 )* + �~ �h � �1 &?* + §w �= +�zd §@7 �; +o: §&' Q �8 §) + �m7 �¤ j§@* + �2?7 �( §1 )* + �A# +o: §) + �~3 §� + ¥� ��+: §; + gA7 �h � §1 &?*

+o �" . �B §r+ �G �5% |&J �=+ #�O*+ ¥� �0 §r+ �< �)7 �h �=+ w �j+*% �Q |e �N+ �> �;+o� 3�F �j+ �~ �h ��O*+7 �( §v §r+ |~ �( �B )*+ �67 �M+� 3�F �j+ �2¡ �, B |-+ 6�O*+ �" . �B )*

+7 �=+: §&' Q �d+ w §=+ |¢*+ �: §Q e �-+ 6�O*+ zA§@*+o:§F B §;+ w §=+ �� §) �q+ |w �=n*+ �A#+o �¼ § P|O*+ 6 �O*+ §s % �Q §r+: §&' Q �d+: §;+ |f &' �)+: �d§@7 �;

+ w §=+ |�§F ( �d + �A +7 �= +7 z8 §= + |�§F ( �- +o� |, 3 ��+ zW �5 + �A+ ¥W �, §) + �6% |M%|F ( �= + �.3 §9 �j+ u|1 d�O*# +7 �d�O* +7 �( zd§@7 �; +: �8 §= +� §r + |��F =�O* + �% |c

+7 �d7 � j�O*# +� �. |v )7 §r + §< �) �> z&i)* + �. B �r +7 �8 �) �. r�O7 �; +o� 3�F �j +7 �8 0�F �&E +7 �= +{�)§@* +�3 §; +7 z8 |M +7 z( §= +7 �8 �} �, P�O*# +o7 �8 §&' |Q d�O*

+V^Ta�{ �( �B )*+ �. B �r+ �G �,3 §&x �9 )*

+<�>9)*+�vd+W71M#+V�ST+2E+o��+o¦cTUT�+o,47P�)*+5*H+!u�+oT_+o^£al)7�+:rO*+wr+:Fj+m7=@A*+l`PI<�>9)*+�vd+o�.9j+.(0= + Ta

+~v8)*#+��,&�+{Fj+~(j+.�#+om>&')*+�3Fj+l)7�+:rO*+wr+:Fj+w38=$%()*+,3=O*+7d.3&?+m>M+w=+:&¡,)*+b-,&J)*+�571P*+7=+£%(C=+%c

+q71&?OA*+«,&�+uv83r+w=#+o<3=>&?@A*+lc*�()*#+o<-#7(&')*+D7d7-.)*+bF1�=+w=+ot7rHOA*#+w-,eQ()*#+t7(FB)*+w=+ �H.j+�83B=+w=

+:;+m>&')*+�3Fj+w38=$%()*+,3=O*+7dA%=+m>M+571�=+{Fj+�%10-+ �W71M+%c#+Vg7hr7&?+<-,&x()*+57-.)*+:1Q=+oG.9j+.(0=+p3&J)*+m7=@A*

+o<�7&xQ)*+l4*,�#+o<�>9)*+l47Cj+w(&i1-+�)q+6O*+ g7(Fj+oW*Hn*#+o°j*%=#+ol1M#+ol`P+w=+o�d%&x�+D79B&J1=#+o�d%8;+�3(}

+w38=$%()*+,3=O*+67M+q@*+VW71M+:;+�*,�OA*+£%(C=+A#+om>M+:;+g7B(1C=+.}%-+A+7=+og7-%3dH#+g738-H+ouFe)*+l�7�#+o<3r,B)*+,c*%}#

V7v83d*%�+D�PO*+�8j#+o7vd%8e=+,v�+m>&')*+�3Fj+�8=#+o7c.)%=#+<�>9)*+O7&J8=#+o7cH5%=#+<�7&xQ)*+£,&J=+m>&')*+�3Fj

T]Z

d0q>P.( !F.$krA- !F+78.( !FhYJP.(

+©^2Ea+"%&?,)*+G7;#+.Br+<;>�)*+£%&¡%=+:;+~&x�+7=+�=+^£a:Fj+m7=@A*+{�7BN+b3M+!"O7&'d#

+67e; +ow3(F&'(F) +<=7B)* +<0F&x()* +{Fj +2E,� +.h; +o~&x� +7() +�1&¡57B= +w= +u�,)* +{FB;

+7(3&?A#+o<;>�)*+,=O*+{Fj+w3(F&'()*+w3r+W,0)*#+<81Q)*+£%�#+:;+<0F&x=+A+�dO*+�&x3�&JN

+~PH +W57�# +£�7d +6@* +�dO* +�8�+{Fj +lF� +#O* +uFj +6@* +�dOA +o.vB)* +<�-.�+<3=>&?@A* +<)#.)* +6O*

+6@*# +o �� +%c +7= +<j�78()7r +lF`- +67M +6@*# +o<j�78()* +�) +,1�- +u) +o �uF�# + �wc# +m>&?A* +{Fj

+og7&E%&xP +�3Fj +wc%)*# +uF�)* +~P.- +7(dO* +�h� +lF� +wj +�7&'=@A7r +�8� +{Fj +lF� +#O* +uFj

+ �bM#+o�h�+�PO*+w=+�3)@*+*%NO*+7=+{Fj+,9&x-#+:&iy-+6O*+�3Fj+l}#+o<81Q)*+w=+m>&?A*+uF&'-#

+:�d�O* + u|1 ( §F �j + . �h �)� +! g>47� +ow3(F&'()* +5%=O* +f(F&? +7= +u)7&'; +o<81Q)* +w=+m>&?@>) + g<&?*,�+o�.-

+ zA§@* + �5 % �} +7 �v3 §; + w |e �- + u �)# +o �w3 §(§F &' |( )* + |5% |=|O* + f �(§F �&? +7 �= + zw �(§F &?|OA +¢* �## +o� §, 3 �� + w §= +7 �v §r + §2?7 z8)* + �� O*

+*�c+V^Ta�� §} §, r §�#+� §; |, P |�+ w §=+�% |(|1 &' �;7 �8 �N+7 �(3 §;+g*. c |�#+o�§F &i �;#+ �� §) �q+ §, }�OA+ g7&?7 �( §1 )*+o g< z&E7 �P+ z:�F �j

+o^2Ea:98)*+2x8r+7v3;+w�3B1()*+%c#+o�8=+<;>�)*+*#�PO*+7=.8j+ �5%v&J=+^£a+:Fj+m7=@>)+"%h)*

+V7v9&E78=#+73d.)*+:;+ �,39M+ �.c�+{Fj+ �".-+7=+*�c#+o7vr+{F01-+67M+:1)*+<3&x�&J)*+D7Q&x)7r#

+AO*# +o73d.)* +l&E78= +:; +.cL)* +:c# +om>&?@A* +:; +<3B},(F) +<3&?7&?OA* +D7Q&x)* +w= +��c#

+V<`F&')*#+o�7C)*#+o"7()*+{Fj+g7&x-,�+6%e-+AO*#+o7v3Fj+ zle8-

!.AL2K(#+,-+;{X(#+.(?)2K0=�

+w=+o6%(F&'()* +�3Fj+f;7vN +7(83�+A@* +<;>�F) + z.&x1- +u) +^£a:Fj+m7=@A* + z6O* +f;>)* +w=#

+£73&i)*#+�*,0dA*#+f1&J1)*+w=+uv&E>P+�3;+6#,-+uc#+o7vr+~9h-+6O* +�d#.&�78-+o �67e=+ �~M

+ z:�)§@*+o^�a§� |9 z&i)*+ §� , |B �M+ |2?7 z8)*#+ zA§@*+: §8 �j* �5+7 �( �;�+! g>47�+o

^2Eam,MOA*+:98)*+.Br+<=OA*+W7&EO*+��)*

+w&'0)* +�*.)# +678&'0)*#a + §67 �8 �&' �0 )* + �¼ §� |# + . �h �) +{z1 �� +oûvN,�e)a + �l §d7 �} + �~ |M + w §= + z:�F �j + �6%|)7 �� 8 �-

+ f�� e �d + §, =�OA7 §r + |f &i �v �d +7 z(�F �; +o^Ra + §u �8 �y )* + §< �&i3 §r �, �M +: §) % �� + �w3 §B §( �1 C |= +o ��7 �Q §j + z� |&�# +o^w3&'0)*#

+ w7# �;(# + �r«L vc® +! |"% |h �- +� �d7 �0 9 |&? +¢* +*% |B �( &' �- + u �) + u |v �dO7 �M +o �6# |, �Pn* + �� &' ��# +� �, P|O* + f �� , �=# +o �< �Q §47 ��

+{�F �r +VÛa+¯ �J/ vH�S wC«L v(+ w.�* vI)' «(#`+iW#>)2K �-+5`+ vTG«7�?5#+, v-+#$wL wF+ �"` w;: vD w:+5+ �J: vo�L v(+)awL �' «6�O+ wh �D vy£5#

+ ��F �;+� §�z)*#+7 �=�O* +o7 �v |} §, r §�+ u |v ��* �5#+ u §v §8 |3 j�O* +: §;+7 �3 d �.)*+ §f�3 §F ��+ u |v z8 §e �)#+o7 �c % �j �##+7 �c% |B §( �&?+ . �h �)+¢*#

+{�F �j + |¢* + �� P�O* +7 �=# +o §, §&E7 z8)* + §H% |} |% §r + §< zC |0 )* + |m7 �3 §�# +o §, §&¡7 �0 )* + |5% |&i |� + �A % �) +o �< �( �&' z8)* +�O* �, �r# + �< z9 �0 )*

+�,}|O*+!D#,3r+oT_+o�)7&E+:09&E+5%1M.)*+!<3(FB)*+�&?57v;+,e1r*#+�&xd+�9&¡+o:&¡,)*+b-,&J)*+�B(}#+�571PO*+7=+o<�>9)*+�vd+^TaVTS�+2E+omTYZ]ITR\]+o<3eF()*+<-7(0)*+�.)+fFC&?#+£*.-@A*+6%d7�+<B9`)*+��c+{Fj

+6%Br711- +6%)7�8-# +om7�H�A*# +G,�e)* +:; +~�()* +�r +W,&i- +w3�� +%c# +o,B&J)* +w= +7vh8j +{Fj +,�M +7= +�9&i)* +�,j +!,B&J)* +G,�M +^�aVUY+2E+o6+Vm+Vw3(�HL=

+{Fj+<B39)* +~}OA+m7�H�A*+*�c+67M#+o�-.-+w3r+uv �=%�}#+��)%�+uv �=7�H�*+ |b&x-+ou8y)* +w=+<&ir*,)* +<Q47`)*+�O* +u8y)* +<&i3r5+^RaVUY+2E+o6+Vm+V<;>�)*

V\R+<-nA*+o2x&xh)*+G5%&?+Ûa

T]]

Js$" *-] .)

+ |f 3 �h �&' �)#+o7 �v §r §57 ��+{�F �j+7 �v�F 9 ��+ |f 3 �h )�OA+o �m%|F ¤ �=+^�a §l �y �&?+ �A#+o �u §)7 ��+

^Ta §< z¤ §M+{�F �j+*# �57 �h |-+ zA�O*+o §t7 �(�F |B )*

+V^Ra� �L 8 �j+ §< � Q �j+ w §=+� §. 8 §j+ �. �c � �O*+� §� �c+ u |M7 �3 d |H+ u|1 3 �Q )�OA#+o7 �v §) z#�O*+ §2? O7 �e §r+7 �c �, §Pn*

!t/\()<+eL'(#+.(?)2K0=�

+¢*+�(zFj +7= +A@* +l3y)7r +uFB- +.�O* +>;+ol3y)7r + g7()7j +<Q3F�)* +6%e- +6O* +W%F`()* +2'3)

+!� §r7 �0 &E�O*+ |2i B �r+� �)+ �"7 �h �;+o^£a+:Fj+m7=@A*+~� |&?+7=.8j#+Vt73)#OA*#+t739dOA*+G,3&?+��c#+o{)7BN

+ �l F �M+7 �P �O*+7 �-�+! g73 §9 F �M+ �67 �M#+ §~ |} z,F §)+ �"7 ��#+^£a+ �� §0 �&i �;+o §l 3 �y )*+ �u F §j+ �w3 §8 §= $% |( )*+ �,3 §=�O*+7 �-+ �f3 § j|O*+ . �h �)

+¢*+� �H z. �j+7 �=#+o §< �j7 z&')*+ |u F §j+ §l 3 �y )*+ |u F §j+7 �( zd§@*#+o �u F §j+� §q+ w §=+ �u�F �B �N+ �% |c+7 �( zd§@*#+o �l 3 ��+ §u F §B §r+ �% |c+ �2' 3 �)

+P v7 «;�c+)0`+ vf)B «7�?5#+, v-+)0+ we�L «'�:`+ �x«/ �\ «(#+ wu ©X�& w:`+ v. �F) �2K(#+ we«L vF+¨ �;«& vF+¤#+ �"v4#®+!� §) % �h §r+� �d7 �0 9 |&?

+¢*+ |u�F B �3 �;+oÛa+¯ �D/ v* �y+ �e/vL �F+�¤#+ �" v4#+ wM$ wC�c+ pTG «7�?#+ ©P�?) v<+ �TK «g�O+P v7 «;�c+)0`+W#; ��+ wt v2K «Y�c+#d)0+ �TK «g�O

+o �.3 §B �&?+ #�O*+ ¥: §h �&�#+o �~3 §� �r+ # �O*+ ¥: §� �&?#+o �~3 §( �}+ #�O*+ ��3 §9 ��#+o{�� d |O*+ #�O*+ �, �M �q+ w §=+o §m7 �� 5�OA*+: §;+7 �=+� �d7 �0 9 |&?

+� |(�F B �- + �A +� §�z)* + §l 3 �y )* + |u F §j +* �� v �; +o g7h §;* �, |= + �w3 �3 §9 z8F §) + §67 �8 §C )* +: §; + #�O* +o g79 � �� + §57 z8)* +: §; + |6% |e �- + w �=#

+o� §5 . �&E +� �3 §B �- + 6�O7 §r +: §) +7 �j �H# +o�3 §8 �(zF �B �; +^2Ea�z3 §9 �d +¢* +� �(zF �j + �u F §B �; + �� §) �q +� �% §&? +7 �=# +o¢* + zA§@* + �. ��O*

V^Za�: §0 §d* �% �}+� 3�F �j+^[a+ zu � &i �N#

!.QDS2lC(#+M)g28(#+.(?)2K0=�

+{Fj+o<3=>&?@A*+lc*�()*+bF1�=+w3r+<M,1&J()*+D7Q&x)*+w=+,3�e)*+�78c+ z6@7;+g*,3PO*#

+f(N +~c+!g*,3PO* +"O7&'d# +o�39`1)* +:; +G,9 §B)* +{h9N +we)# +o<3=>&?@A* +<3B},()* +m7h= +�%1&'=

+t7QF�)* +,�MO* +:; +7c#,Mq +:1)* +D7Q&x)* +D, z;%N +~c# +©t7QF�)* +:; +D7Q&x)* +��c +G7j*, |=

+©t7rnA* +w= +t78rOA* +��5*%1- + g7eF= +D57&E +<;>�)* +6O* +#O* +©w33(&�7v)* +,3�# +ow33&�,h)* +,3�

+£5%)*+~cO* +w=+2'3)+%c+w=+o,&¡70)*+7d,&xj+{1�+w3(F&'()*+{Fj+{)%N+7=+g79)7�+o��*%)*+:;

+~cO* +w=+*%d%e-+6O* +wj+ g>&i;+oD7=,0()*+6%9eN,-+w-�)*+<h&'Q)*+~r+o{)7BN+¢*+m570=+wj

+~M#+Vg7�3&�+w-.)*+m7e�O*+w=+6%vhQ-+A+w-�)*+<FvC)*+~r+oG,9�)*#+o<)*.B)*#+oH7v1}A*#+uFB)*

+��)#O*+<3B},=+*%0 z0&E+w-�)*+ow3�>&')*+®7 zj |#+o_>9)*+t7(Fj+w=+ ��(&'=#+�O*,(r+67M+�)q

+b-,&J)* +�B(}# +�571P* +7= +o<�>9)* +�vd +Vs%h0)7r +u)7¤)* +57��1&?* +H*,()*# +om7B`)7r +w`9)* +t>1=* +w= +~MnA* +�,1B- +7= +<¤e)* +^TaV[S+2E+o2?+Vm+o:&¡,)*

V[S+2E+o6+Vm+V��%h�+u&ic+�8=+H*,()*#+o£%C)*+G.&�+ly&')*+^�aV[SI+UY+2x&E+o6+Vm+V<`QB)7M+7vQdO*+w=+�,�8N+7=+L8B)*+<`Qj+^Ra

VRU+<-nA*+o67(h)+G5%&?+Ûa+�3Fj +7v=7(&id*# +V5.&x)* +:F- +7(= +l4*,1)* +f0N +£>&¡OA* +�d*%C)*# +V:0d*%} +�3Fj +u&i8N# +�O* +ou&i)* +w= +"7B1;* +%c +!u`&iN +^[a

VT\Z+2E+o2?+Vm+o:&¡,)*+b-,&J)*+�B(}#+�571P*+7=+o<�>9)*+�vd+V7v3B-+lF�+{Fj+7v)7(1&�*VT\Z+2E+o6+Vm+^Za

T]\

d0q>P.( !F.$krA- !F+78.( !FhYJP.(

+*%(e�# +ob3&')* +67B() +w= +g7;%P +#O* +olc�)* +67B() +:; +g7B(� +o<3&?73&')*# +<38-.)* +t7QF�)*

+ §m �, |0)+uvM7v1d*+w=+u�,)*+{Fj+ouv3Fj+m73h)*+<=,�#+uv1j7�#+uv1B3r+W%}%r#+o7v13j,&Jr

V�8-H+u3)7B1)#+o^2Ea¢*+"%&?5

1�(b7I@7&3^38S`;&P=Sr<`@7X�3�@3�

! �./23)/23`+ �./&:>+�TN�,*&(#+ w.-1y+m?#

+ �~cO*+%c+w=+�H79j+w=+:Q`&x-+��)*+%c#+o�)+�-,&�+A+�.�#+¢+:c+<38-.)*+<3B},()*

+ gt*%&? +o7vr +~(B-# +<9)7y)* +<0F&x()* +7v3; +:1)* +�,=*#O* +uFB3; +o2¡5OA* +{Fj +�) + g<Q3FP +6%e3)

+.B193; +<9)7y)* +G.&'Q()* +7v3; +:1)* +�3c*%d +uFB-# +oW7901&?A* +#O* +W%}%)* +�%1&'= +{Fj +fd7M

+!{)7BN +�)%� +�)q +:;# +o�(1C()* +#O* +H,Q)* +�%1&'= +{Fj +t*%&? +oD7c#,e()*# +D7=,0()* +wj

+ «J v0 + wD�* «Q �?# +) �C wa wC «z v4# � + vT3)�&L v( + w9 v-)�& �0 � + �D/ v* �Q + �e «z v4# +) �C va/ v- + «q wI + vD v2K «/ �C «(# � + vD «C �b«(# + vJ �F + �r�O$w( �?) «2K�:®

+o^Ta¯ �"` wD �Y �g�S�c+ «e wY�L �'�(+ vM)�:�£ «5#+ we wY�(+w¤#+ wJ©/�* w:+ �r v( �o �Q+ �$ «g �' «(#+ vq wI+ �"$ wH vg «& w:+#�d) �0+ �r�O$w( �?) «2K�: � +) �C va v' «g�O

+7(; +ou3h1&'()* +_*,&x)* +{)@* +67&'d@A* +�.v- +:M +{)7BN +¢* +7vj z,&� +7(d@* +<3j,&J)* +m7e�OA7;

+{Fj+�8j+{v8-+7=#+oG.&'Q()*+w=+ �,3�er+,9MO* +�3;+<0F&x()*+6%eN+W%}%)*+%0d+{Fj+�r+,=O7-

V<0F&x()*+w=+ �,3�er+,9MO*+�3;+G.&'Q()*+6%eN+<=,0)*+%0d

+ ~M +o5%&xB)* + �,= +{Fj +<3d7&'d@A* +D7B(1C()* +GH73h) +�F&?5# +�t739dO* +{)7BN +¢* +571P* +.�#

+�) +fd7M+t739dOA* +2iBr# +o7v3; +�=%�#+2�7j+:1)* +<3;*,yC)* +<Bh9)* +:;+#O* +o�d7e=#+o�d7=�+:;

+we)#+o~&?,)*#+t739dOA*+w=+�h9&?+w=+<B-,&�+{Fj+:hr+uv&iBr#+ogA%&?5+�9&EO7;+ �<B-,&�#+ �<)7&?5

+�39`1)* +�%1&'= +{Fj +#O* + g7-,¤d +o<B-,&J)* +:; +��# +��)* +�*,0dA* +� �0&x3) +{)7BN +¢* +��Br

+t739dOA* +w= +¢* +{Q`&E* +7(M +VW*%&x)* +GH7} +{)@* +uc.3B-# +o�0)7r +uv83r +:&ih3; +o:F(B)*

+¢*+D*%F&E+o.(0=+#O*+{&'3j+#O*+{&?%=+#O*+u3c*,r@*+#O*+«%d+%c+2x�&J)*+67M+t*%&?+omLB)*+:)#O*

+7vdO7r+o^2Ea.(0=+uv(¤jO*#+t739dOA*#+~&?,)*+uN7P+<)7&?5+DLz3(N+.�#+Vw3B(}O*+uv3Fj+�=>&?#

+~(MOA*#+~&i;OA*+<3v)@A*+<)7&?,)*+:v;+o67e()*#+67=L)*+D�#7CN#+o73;*,yC)*#+p-571)*+D�#7CN

+:98)*+67e;+o:j7(1}A*+�5731PA*+�)7(M+%0d+�,B3)+67&'d@A*+¢*+�FP+.h;+o�,&J9)*+�(1C(F)

V.47h)*#+�},()*+%c+^2Ea.(0=

+�#,¤)*+uvQ)+g7-5#,&¡+ g>P.=+~ �e&JN#+o �<&?7&'�#+ �<=7c+ �<)O7&'=+^2Ea:98)*+<;>P+6O*+�&�+A#

+:&ihN +�,9M + g<3)#$%&'= +*%�5# +.h; +o^£a<(4OA* +7v&�7j +:1)* +<3&?73&')*# +<3j7(1}A* +D7&'r>()*#

V�TY+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+^Ta

T]Y

Js$" *-] .)

+:98)*+G7;#+.Br+7v)+2¡ z,BN+:1)*+D7;*,0dA*#+D7� �%F()*+~M+w=+u�,)7r+ g73hd+m>&?@A*+{Fj+®7Q0)7r

+:1)* +<=OA* +��c +om>&?@A* +{)@* +<3Fc7C)* +w= +<=OA* +~h8- +6O* +�N73� +:;+^2Ea:98)* +"#7� +.h; +o^2Ea

+o^2Ea +�N7;# +.Br +�*,0dA*# +£73&i)* +w= +fd7j +~r +o^2Ea:98)* +G7;# +t78�O* + g<(&?7�# + g<3j*# +weN +u)

+�.) +�r +�,1B()* +w3Fh�)* +k-.� +w= +GH7Q1&?A7r +^2Ea"%&?,)* +<3&E%r +*%F(B- +u) +uvdOA +�)q#

+6%Fe&J- +�N,1j#+^2Ea:98)* +f3r +~cO* +w= +<(4OA* +6%M +:; +ouv9c*�= +bF1�(r +w3(F&'()* +�3(}

+{)@* + g<;7&¡@* +o<3;7h�)*# +<-,eQ)* +GH73h)*# +o g<B-,&�# + gG.3hj+m>&?@A* +uv;+:;+<3(FB)* +<3B},()*

+< z8 �&')* +~cO* +w=+w3(F&'()* +�.) + �k-.�+5H7&x=+:;+H5# +.h;+o:j7(1}A* +#O* +:&?73&')* +{8B()*

+ �H#.(=+ �~9�+¢*+W71M+!,PnA*+w=+,9MO*+7(c.�O*+ow3Fh�)*+ue3;+ ��57N+:d@*�+!^2Ea¢*+"%&?5+"%�

V^Ta�2¡%0)*+ z:Fj+*H,-+{1�+7�,1Q-+w)+7(vd@*#+o:13r+~cO*+:N,1j#+o2¡5OA*+{)@*+t7(&')*+w=

+<3d7e=@* +wj +"*$%&')* +we(- +78c# +o^2Ea:98)* +< z8 |&? +*%B9z1- +6O* +W%}# +{Fj +6%(F&'()* +�(C|-#

+~M+:;+H �.0-+ ¥:}q%(d+ ��},=+H%}#+6#H+o �67e=#+ �67=�+~M+G7j*,=+�=+o^2Ea+:98)*+< z8 |&?+�39`N

+�#,¤)*+l&'0r+<=O>)+<0F&x=+�3;+7=#+o^2Ea:98)*+< z8 |&?#+m>&?@A*+u3)7BN+�=+uC&'8-+7=+ �<B�*#

+u3)7B1)*+�FN+6%M+:;+��#+:h39`1)*+�>�)*+ z6O*+�)q+{)@*+b&¡O*+V��*%)*+D73&i1h=#+o<8c*,)*

+7v&'Qd +<}5.)* +{Fj +*%&'3) +uvdO* + g7(Fj +o^2Ea"%&?,)* +<r70&E +2iBr +w3(F&'(F) +7vFh8- +:1)* +:c

+m7e� +2iBr +#O* +ow3Br71)* +#O* +o<j7C&J)*# +oG,9�)*# +ouFB)*# +o�%h1)*# +o<)*.B)*# +o67(-@A* +w=

+ow3�>&')* +®7j# +w=+w38(N$%()* +,3�+k-.0)* +G*#5 +2iBr +#O* +o^2Ea:98)* +G7;# +.Br +w3(F&'()*

+"n* +w=+6%=%&xB()* +<(4OA* +uv) +7vFh8- +:1)* +u3)7B1)* +�F1r +�POA* +w3(F&'()* +w=+ ��-,;+~ z&iQ;

+~hB)* +ue0)# +o^2Ea�.Br +w= +�1=O* +�3(} +{Fj +uv) +^2Ea:98)* +~3&iQ1) +�)q# +o^2Ea"%&?,)* +f3r

+V~=7e)*+{Fj+~(MOA*#+o~&¡7Q)*+{Fj+~&i;OA*+u-.h1r#+ouv()*+{Fj+ucOA*+u-.h1r

+ �uM7�+�dO* +#O* +© :j,&�+ :8-H+ ��},=+%c+^2Ea

�:98)*+.Br+ue0)*+uF1&?*+w=+~M+ z6O* +~c+o"O7&'d#

+2'3)O* +© �<3j,&�+,3�#+ �<-%1F=+ �s,`r+ue0)*+{Fj+{)%1&?*+.�+6%e-+6O* +we(()*+w=+2'3)O* +©�h;

+:8r# +o<3=O* +:8r +ue� +�%1&'= +{Fj +7(3&?A# +o:=>&?@A* +p-571)* +{Fj + ��F z = + �~M +�*,- +7= +*�c

+m7=@A*+w3r#+o^2Ea+:98)*+.Br+ue0)*+{Fj+{)%1&?*+w=+w3r+�-,Q1)*+lC-+AO* +:)71)7r#+©2?79B)*

+2? z.h()* +:8-.)* +2x8)* +l&'0r +<3j,&J)*# +<3h3h0)* +<3&?73&')*# +<38-.)* +<3B},()* +�) +��)*

+7(r+ue03&?+%v;+ouFjOA*+�dOA+o�)+A@* +�0N+A+:c+~r+oD7Q&x)7r+7=@*# +ou&?A7r+7=@* +�7 z(&?+��)*

+�&?*%)* +{8B()7r +:8-.)* +�},()* +#O* +<Q3F�)7; +ogA.j +,�MOA*# +o:v)@A* +6%d7h)7r +�O* +o¢* +"LdO*

+ g7}q%(d + �m �. �h |-# +o2?78)* +w3r +".B)7r + �ue0- +6O* +�r + |2¡ �,�1 Q |- +w= +w3(F&'()* +�3(} +w3r +w= +%c

VTU+2E+oR+�+o2?+Vm+o.(�O*+.8&'=+o~98�+wr+.(�O*+m7=@A*+^Ta

T\S

d0q>P.( !F.$krA- !F+78.( !FhYJP.(

+w3(F&'()*+6#$%&J)+�.&x1-#+o�(1C()*+:;+G#.h)*+~ �e&J-+��)*+:=>&?@A*+uM70F)+2¡739)*+�&E7d

+7(r +o<38=OA* +#O* +o<-,e&'B)* +#O* +o<3&?73&')* +#O* +o<-H7&x1�A* +#O* +o<3;7h�)* +7v8=+t*%&? +oG,&E7B()*

+V g>39&?+�3)@*+£7`1&?*+7=+o<3d7&'d@>)#+~r+o<3=>&?@A*+<=O>)+73F |B)*+�)7&x()*+�h0-

+k30r +o �W�} +<�>j +6%eN +6O* +7=@* +uM70)*# +�3hQ)* +w3r +<�>B)* + ¨�6O* +�)q +{)@* +b&¡O*

+ g7;%P +�3hQ)* +.B19- +6O7r +�)q# + ¥.&� +<�>j +6%eN +6O* +7=@*# +o67`F&')* +<3&�7� +:; +�3hQ)* +5#.-

+673r +{Fj +G5.h)* +m.j+{)@* +�3hQ)7r +�H$%- +.� +<=OA* +{Fj +uM70)* +<`F&? +q%Q8; +o67`F&')* +w=

+�39`N+w=+w3QFe()*+{Fj+�3hQ)*+�%P+7v8=+o �GH.B1=+ �W79&?OA+�)q#+o ¥:F3&xQN+ �%08r+m7e�OA*

+o67`F&')*+,¤d+<v}%)+g7Q)7�=+67M+*q@*+�>v)*+{)@*+uvr+�H$%-+��)*+:j,&J)*+ue0)*+<&?57(=#

+�-.Fh= +�= +~&E*%1)* +{Fj +�3hQ)* +G5.� +m.B) +#O* +o<3h1)* +W7r +w= +�&'Qd +{Fj +�3hQ)* +�%�) +#O*

+<(4OA*+,&xj+:;+~&x�+7=+*�c#+o�3Fj+uM70)*+�&¡,Q-+��)*+s%`)*+<C31d+m7e�OA*+uv)+w393)

+<`F&')* +W7r5O* +�&?57(- +67M +��)* +�33&i1)7r +p-571)* +.v&J- +q@* +¯ g7&i-O* +m>&')* +uv3Fj +57v�OA*

+��c + z6O* +�&� +A# +V7vFM +<3&?73&')* +uvQ�*%=# +o~=7e)* +uv(Fj +57v�@* +m.j+{)@* +�HO* +7= +¯uv3Fj

+�1-,�#+_7981&?A*+<M,�+{Fj+7c5#.r+,�$%N+67`F&')*#+�3hQ)*+w3r+<�>B)*+w=+<3j%8)*#+<)70)*

+V<B�*#+ �~M+:;

+{Fj +��F&'1()* +"7(jO* + z6O* +6#,3; +o<)O7&'()* +��c +6%(F&'()* +L �3(- +AO* +:; +w(eN +G5%`�)*#

+�.(0()* +m>&?@A* +wj +6%;,083; +ow3(F&'()* +<B-,&� +:c +~r +ow-.)* +wj +��98N +<;>�)*

+�)q +{)@* +<;7&¡@A7r +~��(- +7(d@*# +o �<3(3¤8N + �<3&?73&? + �<`F&? +H,C= +~��(- +A +�9&x8(; +o~3&EOA*

+*%&i;5 +^£a +"%&?,)* +f3r +"n* +w= +<(4OA* + z6@7; +�)�)# +o<B-,&J)*# +G.3hB)* +6#$%&� +:; + g<3B},=

+o<38-.)* +<3B},()* +<Q&E +�%9&'e- +A +:M +o ¥:j,&� +,3� + �~e&Jr +<;>�)* +uF1&?* +w= +*%B-79- +6O*

+V:B-,&J1)*#+�.hB)*+�%1&'()*+{Fj+�*,0dA*+u-%hN#+�30&xN+{Fj+G5.h)7r+*%¤Q103)#

!,012345#+eQ)E(#`+;/LHS(#+9sD0+J/<+m�

+%c+o,=OA* +:)%) +�O* +o�&?*%)* +{8B()7r +:8-.)* +�},(F) +<3)7(e)* +D7Q&x)* +.-.0N+O7&J8= + z6@*

+ �5 v4# + �rvL «* �I + «J v0 +)�&«L �23 «7�?# +) �0 � ® +!{)7BN +�)%� +:; +H5# +7(M +t739dOA* +<�5# +t7(FB)7; +o~hB)*# + �2x8)*

+o�F`= +"*$%&')* +,c7�# +o^Ta +¯ �"$ wC�L «'�c + �5 + «ewS «& wQ + «" v4# + vD «Q ©o(# + �q «{�?# +#$w( �?) «23) �- + «e va «/�(v4# +, vB$wO + W5) �s v7

+o<-H7&x1�A*# +o<3&?73&')* +ld*%C)* +{)@* +�*.B1- +~r +o�h; +:8-.)* +ld7C)* +:; +2x1�- +A +%v;

+. |B9-+*�)#+o7v3;+ �m7e�O* +m>&?@>)+fd7M+:1)*+ow-H73()*+w=+7c,3�#+o<-H7vC)*#+o<3j7(1}A*#

+ pT_ «'�* v< + �"` wD wg «Y�c � + v�)�S vY «(# + vT_ «'�* v< + �"$w& v0«�$wS �-�?#® +!{)7BN +�)%h) + gt78r +o<&?73&')* +wj +w-.)* +~&x;

VUR+<-nA*+o~08)*+G5%&?+^Ta

T\T

Js$" *-] .)

+ ©; �2��?# +]�(v4# + �"` �> �D w: + v. �0)�/ vH «(# + �f «$�: � +)�/ «O �;(# + vh)�/ �E«(# +, v- + �P «X vy + �5v4# + «e wY «& v0 + �r v(�d + wq �' «g�: + «J �0 + w # �X �s +) �C �-

+V^Ta+¯ �"$wL �C «'�c+) �C �F+ pq v-) �\ v<+w¤#+) �0 � + v�# �o �' «(#

+ z6�O*+ ��* �q#+o §t7 �3 §9 d�OA*+ |< �� 5 �#+ �t7 �(�F |B )*+ z6§@*�+!^£a+¢*+ §. 9 �j+: §r�O*+ w �j+k-.0)*+:;+H5#+7=+�)q+{Fj+H�

+7 �v 8 §=+ �t : �&J §r+ �� P �O*+ w �( �;+o u §v §�- §H7 ��O*+ w §=+ �k- §H7 ��O*+*% |� �5 #�O*+7 �( zd§@*#+og*57 �8- §H+ �A#+ g7( �c 5 §H+*% |� §5% |-+ u �)+ �t7 �3 §9 d�OA*

+ �b�F �P + �~ |M +: §; + §f 3 �9 )* + �~ c�O* +7 �83 §; + z6§@7 �; +� �d# |� |P O7 �N + w z( �j +* �� c + u |e �( F §j +*# |, |¤ d7 �; +og*, §;* �# + g7 z¤ ��+ �� P�O* + . �h �;

+t739dOA* +<�*5%; +V^�a� �w3§F §c7 �C )* + �~- §# O7 �N# + �w3§F § 9 |( )* + �"7 �0 §1 d*# + �w3 §)7 �y )* + �b- §, 0�N +� 8 �j + �6% |Q 8 �- + gA# |. |j

+o �<-H7&x1�* + �<-H7v} + �<3&?73&? + �<38-H + �<3(Fj + �<3�>PO* + �<-%r,N +:c +~r +o2?7&?OA7r + g<3)7= +f&'3)

+�3)@* +£7`1&?* +7=+<=OA* +:;+,33y1)*# +«>&E@A* +�vd +�F&'-# +�.&x1- +6O* +�3Fj+t739dOA* +K,-+w=#

+oG.j7&x)* +"73}O>) +g7(3FBN# + g<3r,N# +oD7v9&JF) + g<)*�@*# +o<�.01&'()* +~47&'(F) + g703&¡%N +o g>39&?

+wj+g7j7;H+o<3&?73&')* +b�*%()*#+D*57&'(F) + g7030&xN#+o<347(d@A*#+<-,3�)*+�-57&J(F) +g*�3Q8N#

V<9)7y)*#+<=7B)*+<0F&x()*+wj#+ow3=#,0()*#+ow3QB&i1&'()*

+lc*�()*# +D*5731)* +�3(} +�7=.d* +{Fj +6#.M$%- +^£a +"%&?,)* +f3r +"n* +w= +<(4OA* +67M +.h)

+u&'} +wj + �<F&xQ8= + �D7d73M +w-%e1r +*%0(&'- +u)# +o<3=>&?@A* +<=OA* +w-%eN +:; + �2iB9r +7v&iBr

+�)q+we)#+o^Ra<=OA*+G.�#+�=+2¡57B1N+A+:1)*+D7j�%81F)+*#,e81-+u)+6@*#+o<=7B)*+G730)*+:;+<=OA*

+{)%1-+m>&?@A*+:;+g7(M7�+�78c+ z6@*+"%h)*#+o<&?73&')*+wj+w-.)*+~&x;+<)O7&'()+uv389N+:8B-+A

+o<-H,Q)*+D>=7B()*#+D*H79B)*+~3&E7QN+{)%1-+ g738-H+ g7B},=+�78c+ z6O*+7(M+V<=O>)+m7B)*+6O7&J)*

+{Fj +:y98-# +o7(v83r +~&xQ- +we- +u) +^2Ea:98)7; +o�;>P +{Fj +~3).)* +~r +o �~3)H +>r + �~&x; +%c

+<3&?73&')*# +<38-.)* +<3B},()* +2?57(- +67M+��)* +o^2Ea +m,MOA* +:98)* +< z8 |&? +*%B91- +6O* +w3(F&'()*

+<3&?73&')*# +<38-.)* +<3B},()* +w3r+�(C)*+%c+w�3B1()*#+V<-H7&x1�A*#+<3j7(1}A*#+<-H7vC)*#

+6#H+ue0F)+�.&x1-+w=+ z6@7;+A@*#+o7v)+�.&x1-+w(3;+D7Q&x)*+��c+D,;%N+"7�+:;#+owe=O*+7=

+%c +~r +og73j,&� +g7(M7� +2'3) +7vN7}5H +{FjO7r +G,9�)*# +<)*.B)*# +<c7hQ)* +D7Q&E +�3; +,;%1N +6O*

+:; +g7B(�# +o<`F&')* +G%v&J) + g79F�# +o<&?74,F) + g79�# +oG%h)* +#O* +o"7()* +<`&?*%r +w3(F&'(F) + �uM7�

+~r+ow38=$%()*+,3=O*+lh)+�3Fj+�F`-+6O*+ ��&x-+A#+o�r57�O*#+�13&�70)#+�)+ �<-H7=+l&?7e=+�3h0N

+ gG7j*,=+o�B=+:h3h0)*+m7=@A*+6#7BN+%)+{1�+o��*%)*+,=OA*+ue�#+oD%�7`)*#+5%C)*+ue�+%c

V<=OA*+G.�#+5791jA+�8=

V\[+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+^TaVR�+2E+oT+�+o2�+TRZR+o<3=>&?@A*+l1e)*+5*H+!6*,v�+o[+_+o�57Qy)*+,9MO*+:Fj+!�3FBN#+�30&xN+!�3h0N+o:83Fe)*+p3&J)*+o:;7e)*+^�a+om�SSTI¦cTU��+o,&J8)*#+D7&?*5.F)+<3)#.)*+<&'&?$%()*+!D#,3r+oT_+om>&?@A*+:;+�zF&'()*+b8B)*+�h;+ow-.)*+2'(&�+�.v=+.(0=+^Ra

+VT�[+2E

T\�

d0q>P.( !F.$krA- !F+78.( !FhYJP.(

+o gG.F&E+ gG.j7�+6%e1)+o<z38-.)*#+< z3(FB)*+D7= �%h()*+�F1)+~ �cO71)7r+� zh01N+<=7B)*+<3B},()*#

+6O* +78) +we(- +�)�r# +V�3Fj +D79�)*# +o67(-@A*# +w-.)* +<-%hN +:; +o7vN73)#$%&'= +t*HO* +{Fj + gG5H7�

+�&'(1)7r +O*.r +o,Pn* + �,39B1r# +o.3Fh1)*# +�%1Q)* +{)@* +{v1d*# +o¬>9)*# +:�%)7r +w- �.)* +O*.r +!"%hd

+Vt7vhQF)+<3F(B)*+<)7&?,)*+w=+�POA7r+ �u §1 |P#+o<3v)@A*+<)7&?,)7r

+ot71;@A*#+H7v1}A*+{Fj+G5.h)*+mLF1&'N+<38-.)*+<3B},()7;+o~�*,=#+ �D7=%h=+<3B},(F)#

+,-%`N +<)#70=# +o7c*%1&'= +�;5# +o<3(FB)* +G�%0)* +G5*H@A +~ �cO71)*# +ow3QzFe(F) +m7e�OA* +,3&'3N#

+:d79=+:;+o �G z.C1&'=+ �G z,�+ �<-H7v1}*+ �2?#5H+w=+7v3Fj+{hF |-+7(=+GH7Q1&?A7r+o<3=>&?@A*+m%FB)*

+oK70rO* +w= +7v) +.B- +7(r# +oH7v1}A* +D* z.B= +w= +:c# +o"7} �,)*# +o,3&'Q1)*# +o"%&E|OA*# +�hQ)*

+Vw-.v1C=#

+o73F |B)* +<3B},()* +*#�7� +{1� +o�,P|O* +{)@* +<F�,= +w= +m7¤B)* +78B}*,= +� z5.N +�)q +{Fj#

+u� +o<3=>&?@A* +m%FBF) +g*q71&?O* + zu� +ouFBF) + g79)7� +uv8= +.�*# +~M +67e; +o¬%9d# +os�%QN# +oG5*. �Cr

+,¤8)* +.-.�# +o<&?73&')* +:; +°Q01)*# +ow-.)* +:; +_731�A* +.-.&� +ow-.v1C()* + �. §B |- + g7h �h0=

+o7vN7M,�# +<&?73&')* +�,C= +:; +m7 ze0)* +��Fy1&'- +t:&� +{Fj +m.h- +A +o5%=|O* +w= +�,C- +7(3;

+57(B1&?A* +.- +7v3)@* +.1(N +6O* +w=+<z3(FB)* +D*�%0F) +g*.d7&' |=# +ow3(F&'()*# +m>&?@A* +wj+g7B;*.=

+.3�%N# +o<3=>&?@A* +G.�%)* +{)@* +~r +olc*�()* +w3r +l-,h1)* +{)@* + g73j*H# +ob-,01)7r +�j79NO*#

+Vm>&?@A*+w=+fr*%�)7r+ouvN.3hj#+ow3(F&'()*+<;7h�

+.3v&J)*+.3&')*#+o:83(�)*+�%&?%()*+¢*+«#5+.3&')*+!,&x0)*+A+"7�()*+~39&?+{Fj+,MqO*#

+ow3B(}O* +uv3Fj +¢* +6*%&¡5 +o:4%�)* +.3&')*# +o:�8=7�)* +:Fj +.3&')*# +o5.&x)* +,�7r +.(0=

+67M +��)* +o,c�OA* +�=7C)* +p3&�# +�,&x()* +:=>&?@A* +u)7B)* +oD%1F&� +H%(0= +p3&J)* +�)�M#

+ �u)# +w3(F&'()* +<(FM +.3�%N +{)@* + g73j*H +o<3=>&?@A* +lc*�()* +w3r +l-,h1)* +5*H +t7&ijO* +w=

+V,c�OA* +:; +lc*�()* +<&?*5H +"7PH@7r +m7h; +olc*�()* +w3r +D7;>�)* +{Fj+t7&ih)*# +ouvF(&�

+l}%- +A +m>&?@A* +6@*� +! g>47� +o<-,&Jj+:8�A* +<B3&J)* +lc�(r +.�9B1)* +�*%}+�%1Qr +,v1&�* +7(M

+�q+²H7r+.�Fh- +6O* +:;+�0)*+ �uF&'=+ �~e) +6@* +!"%hd+~r + �w3B=+ �lc�=+£79N* +�j79NO* +w=+ �.�O* +{Fj

+o<&E7�)* +7v91M +:; +7v=7e�O* +<d z#. |()*# + g7030&E + g>hd + §<)%h8()* + §lc*�()* +w= + �lc�= +�O* +t.r

+:; +�3Fj +�,�+A# +o67M + �lc�= +�O* +o�,3� +{)@* +~h18- +6O* +lc*�()* +��c +w= +g79c�= +.zF� +w()#

+ �lc�=+<-,&Jj+:8�A*+<3=7=@A*+<B3&J)*+lc�(r+�#,B()*+<-,QBC)*+lc�=+ z6@*+V�)q+w=+ �t:&�

+6O*# +o�)q +*%;,B- +6O* +w3(F&'(F) +:y983; +V< z8 �&')* +~cO* +lc*�= +,47&'M +og7j,&� +�r +.9B1)* +�%C-

+�1B-,&� +fd7M +7=# +¢* +w-H +67M +7(; +o �<83B= +lc*�() +�0)* +,3yr +<39&xB)* +w= +*%&xzF�1-

T\R

Js$" *-] .)

+w()+�%C-+o{)7BN+¢*+.8j+6%)%9h=+6#.v1C=+ �~e)7;+o �§lc�=+{Fj+ gG5%&xh=+#O*+ �lc�()+ �<Br71r

+w3r+�)q+:;+s,;+A#+ouvvh;+:;+�d#5,h-+7(r+~(B)*#+ouc.3FhN+H7v1}A*#+,¤8F)+ g>cO* +2'3)

V^Ta+�D>=7B()*#+D*H79B)*

1P`C3�@7+¢*+ §~ �9 §�+w=+ �b§F �|1&?*+��)*+67&'d@>)#+o �<v}+w=+2? z.h()*+ �2x8F)+:c+<38-.)*+<3B},()*+ z6@*

+!{)7BN+"7�+o<r%F`()*+D7Q&E*%()*+{Fj+�%0-+6O*+_,&�+o�,PO*+ �<v}+w=+2¡5OA*+��c+{Fj+{)7BN

+ �n�L «b�S «23# +) �C �Q + vTG «7�? «5# +, v- + «e wa�& �gvL «b�S «2K�/�( + vM) �E v() �28(# +#$wL vC �F � + «e wY «& v0 +#$w& �0�£# + �J: vo�(# +w¤# + �; �F � ®

+)W& «0�?# + «e va v- «$ �y+ v; «'�<+ «J v0+ «e wa�&�( ©;�* w/�( � + «e wa�(+] �2_�c «7#+P vo�(#+ we wa�&: v>+ «e wa�(+ �J�& ©Y �Cw/�( � + «e vavL «* �I+ «J v0+ �J: vo�(#

V^�a+¯ �"$ wH v23) �g «(#+ we w{+ �rv�(` w?) �-+ �r v(�d+ �; «'�<+ �D �g �Q+ «J �0 � +)W «/ �2�+,v<+ �"$ wQ vD «2l w:+ �5+,v&�O` w;w* «'�:

+{8B(r +o<38-.)* +2?78)* +5%=O* +%c# + �u3¤j + �6O7&J) +�.&x1- +��)* +%c +:8-.)* +�},()* + z6@*

+.v1C()* +%c#+o.3Fh1)* +�},=+%v;+o�%1Q)* +G,4*H+:;+{h93;+o<-H,Q)* +D>=7B()* +#O* +D*H79B)*

+{)@* +£#,Q)* +g*H*5 +o<3j,&J)* +7cH5*%= +w= +<3F3&xQ1)* +<3j,&J)* +m7e�OA* +_7981&?7r +m%h- +��)*

+:;+�)+uv1j7�@*+:;+<=�)*+:4,9=+*%d%e-+{1�+o<3j,&J)*+w3QzFe()*+<F�&?O*+wj+l3C3;+o"%&EOA*

+o �<�7r@*#+o �W7901&?*#+o �W%}#+w=+o<&'(�)*+<3Q3Fe1)*+uv=7e�O*+�39`N#+o<38-.)*+uve&?78=+t*HO*

+V �<=,�#+o �<c*,M#

+D7Q&E*%(r +�z1(1- +��)* +o:j,&J)* +uM70)* +%c +�.3Fh1)* +,3� +{8B()7r +:8-.)* +�},()* + z6@*

+<-H7&x1�A*# +<3&?73&')*# +<3d%d7h)* +6#$%&J)* +:; +oG,9�)*# +o<)*.B)*# +oH7v1}A* +{8B(r +uFB)*

+�Q�*%=# +�=7e�O* + g7`981&'= +om,v)* +{FjO* +w= +<=OA* +6#$%&� +,-.- +k30r +o<-,e&'B)*# +<38=OA*#

+A@* +<3=>&?@A* +<=OA* +.47� +6%e- +6O* +we(- +A +k3� +o~hB)* +w=# +�30&x)* +:8-.)* + �2x8)* +w=

+#O*+2?.8v(F)+#O*+ g>�=+l39`F)+we(-+>;+o~3&EOA*+�.(0()*+m>&?@>)+�3(B)*+uvQ)*+:;+g*.v1C=

+ow38=$%()*+"#.j+w=+*%d7M+%)+{1�+ow3(F&'()*+6#$%&�+*%)%1-+6O*+uc,3�+#O*+,}71F)+#O*+:=70(F)

+g7&?5.=+w3j#+omTYT\+<8&?+<3()7B)*+G�7}@*+"7d+.�+^mTYZRI+mT\YR+/+¦c+TR\RI+¦c+TRTSa+D%1F&�+H%(0=+p3&J)*+6O*+{)@*+fQFd#+^Ta+g7�3&�+u�+ot7(FB)*+579M+<j7(}+:;+g*%&ij+u�+o<B-,&J)*+<3Fe)+ g>3M#+u�+o2x&x�1)*+m7&'�O7r+ g7&?5.=+u�+:)7B)*+u&'h)7r+u�+.c7B()7r+H%(0= +p3&J)* +.)## +V,9MOA* +m7=@A* +lhF) +~=7� +"#O* +67M# +omTYUZ +<8&? +<3r,B)* +<yF)* +�(C(r +g*%&ij +67M# +omTY[\ +<8&? +,c�O>)+omTYR]+<8&? +657h()* +:)#.)* +6%d7hF) +�7cA+,(N$%= +,&i�+��)* +.;%)* +:; +g*%&ij+,31P* +VmT\YR+<8&? +G,309)* +<¤;70(r +D%1F&�+*#,�O7;+o,(N$%()*+t7&ijO*+67&'01&?*+k09)*+"7d#+o<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+:;+<3478C)*#+<3d.()*+<3)#$%&'()*+6*%8j+f0N+g7�0r+�3;+{h)O*#+7c,3�+w=+<&'91h= +f&'3)# +<F3&EO* +7vdO*# +ok-.0)* +�-,&J1)* +5H7&x=+w=+g*5.&x=+7c#,91j*# +o5%`1F) +<3=>&?@A* +<B-,&J)* +<3�>&E

!�7-.3r7e-#�+<j%&?%=+�}*5+Vt7(FB)*+579M+<j7(}+<-%&ij+"7d#+o7vr+G,�O71=+A#+<3B&¡%)*+�4*,&J)*+w=

http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA

V[[+<-nA*+o5%8)*+G5%&?+^�a

T\U

d0q>P.( !F.$krA- !F+78.( !FhYJP.(

+oG.3&�,)*+D*5*,h)*+<j78&E+:;+<(c7&'()*#+oG5%&J()*#+o�O*,)*+W70&EO*+w=+*%d%e-+6O*+uv8e(-#

+V7c�3Q8N#+7v)+.3v(1)*+:;+:j,&J)*+m7=@>)+g7d%j#

+<�#,`()*+D7Q&x)*+<3}q%(d+�=+2¡57B1-+��)*+,&E7B()*+<=OA*+��*#+wj+"O7&'-+w=+ zW |5#

+2x3�&J1) + g7B;*H +~ �e&J- +��)* +%c +o7c7d,Mq +:1)* +D7Q&x)* +£79N* + z6O7r +�93C8; +ok09)* +:;

+o"7()*#+o2¡,B)*#+o2¡5OA*#+o2'Q8)*#+ow-.)*+°Q�#+oD*,3�)*+~BQ)#+o73F |B)*+G, �3�)*+�)7&x()*

+D7= z,0()*+W7eN5*+m.j+:;+w�*%()*+67&'d@A*+<j78�+wj+��98-+g73FP*H+g73N*q+g7jH*5+~ �e&J-+7(M

+67&'d@A*+6%e-+A+.�+g73}57P+g73d%d7�+ g7jH*5+2'3)#+ow-,PnA*+s%h�+{Fj+t*.1jA*#+5#,&J)*+~B;#

+W7hB)* +w=+%C83) +<h-,�+.C-+6@* +7(;+oW7hB)* +w=+�;%P+l9&'r +£.N,-+.�+�8e)#+o�r + g7B81h=

+<)*.B)* +<Q&E +.-.01)7r# +oD7Q&x)* +��c+ z6@* +V�39h)* +~BQ)* +<&?57(= +{Fj + zle8- +{1�+�%3d.)*

+">P+w=+<`F&')*+{)@*+~&x-+.�+o,Pn*+ �uM7�+�O*+wj+:=>&?@A*+uM70)*+L �3(N+:1)*+:c+o�%h1)*#

+V,39M+ ¥.�+{)@*+�)+� �#,N#+om7B)*+�O*,)*+:;+,�$%N+:1)*+o<3=>j@A*+<-7j.)*+#O*+o:&?73&')*+"7()*

T\[

VG�=,$& !"6G#_IZ' !"&J�.#&' 0G%A1 *> ��'=R*8{:|' �)S#&' *>

F>B( ?9GH .,D//2KS(#+f$LF`+.:>)28SI5#+f$L'(#+./LQ+,-+D2G)E0+d)S23?#

DU#X6(#+i.&c)<+iD2_b(+k)E(#+.'0)s

1P+DB`@7

+o �~-%� + �,3¤8N +7v19�O* +o�731=7r + �<3d*.3=# + �<-,¤d + �<h3h� +D7M,&JF) +<3j7(1}A* +<3)#$%&'()*

+ �D73rHO* +,9j+o �<j57&'1=+ �G,3N#+{Fj+�8j+k-.0)*+~&E*%N#+oD>=7B()*+��*#+w=+�)%&EO* +{h1&?*

+o �<3j7(1}*#+o �<3�3r#+o �<3d%d7�#+o �<-H7&x1�*#+o �<3&?73&?+o �G,3�M+DA7C=+{)@*+.1(N#+u�7B1N+"*LN+A

+ �D7&?57(=+m%vQ()*+*�c+ �H%}#+fF(�+.�#+V<3F3y&J1)*#+<3C3N*,1&?A*+D7-%1&'()*+w=+.-.B)*+{)@*#

+V �<0&¡*#+ �<3=>&?@*+ �"%&EO*+w=+7vd%(&i=+%F�-+H7e-+A+o �<�-.�+ �<3B�*#

+om%vQ()* +*�c +"%� +�G,3�M + �DA$#7&'N +5H791N +DO*.r +ou�7B1()* +H%}%)* +*�c +s73&? +:;#

+V:=>&?@A*+H7&x1�A*+:;+�)%&EO*#+o�13)7B;#+o��,�+<d71=#+o�1-Lc7}+"%�+m%0N+:1)*+g7&E%&xP

+ �<QF1�=+o �<3=>&?@*+ �<3B},(r+o g<-,¤d+gA%&EO*+:89N+6O*+DH*5O*+ g<)#70=+<3�09)*+<�5%)*+��c+{h9N#

VW7r+w=+,�MO*+{Fj#+ gG,39M+D7-.01)*+~BC-+7=+o �u47�+%c+7=+�=+bF1�N+o �<F3&EO*#

+7=# +o:=>&?@A* +H7&x1�A* +D*LC8= +{)@* +D7Q1)A* +w= + �.-L= +{)@* +w-,3�e)* +�;.- +�)q +6@*

+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'()*+5#H+~B)#+V<3d7&'d@A*+,3P+~}O*+w=+m7B)*+�)7&x)*+<=.P+w=+�3)@*+�(`-

+ g<(c7&'=#+ou)7B)*+D7-H7&x1�*+�3;+fB�#+��)*+s�O7(F)+ gG zH7}+ g<3F(j+ g<r7C1&?*+~�(-+<3=>&?@A*

+{B&'-+o �2? z.h |=+w=+�13B},=#+�)%&EO*+:h1&'-+��)*#+oH%&J8()*+:d7&'d@A*+~0)*+:;+ g<3j%d#+ g<-.}

VGH7=#+g7�#5+uv13c7;5#+,&J9)*+H7B&?@*+{)@*

T\Z

*&e'f( tq+P.( *1 n$uJ[-. !F]$PUYW( !F.QvRP.( )$h9: *1 jw(JV

1P(b7ND@7&P-h(z++D7&'&?$%(F) +<3j7(1}A* +<3)#$%&'(F) +<3FBQ)* +"%&EOA* +6O* +{)@* +,3&JN +A +<3r,y)* +D73rHOA* +6@*

+ �<j%(C= +5*,�@* +">P +w= +:j7(1}A* +~;7e1)* +{Fj +LM5 +��)* +om>&?@A* +�= +DO7&Jd +7vN7-*.r#

+~QeN+:1)*+<(¤dOA*+w=+7c,3�#+oD7�.&x)*#+oG7ML)*#+ob�%)*+~�=+o:8-.)*+t7`B)*+"7e&�O*+w=

+<j7&')* + �. �0 §) +<3B&¡%)* +<(¤dOA* +DLCj +o<3�39)*# +<3j7(1}A* +o<-H7&x1�A* +G730)* +:; +g7d�*%N

+V�)7(M+�%1&'=+¬%Fr+wj

+<3)#$%&'()* +m%vQ() +<3=>&?@A* +<3B},()* +:; +k09N +:1)* +<&?*5.)* +<Fe&J= +�,9N +o�3Fj# +

V:B&¡%)*+m%vQ(F)+ ¥:B�*##+ �~=7&�+ �~-.9M+��*,r@*#+o7c,&E78j#+7cH7BrO7r+D7M,&JF)+<3j7(1}A*

1P(b7ND@7&P=xA8++V<&?*5.)* +<Fe&J= + �~0) +�)#78N +:; +:F3F01)* +�v8()* +{Fj +LM,|N +<B91 |()* +<3Cv8()* +6@*

+~&xQF) + �<)#70= +:; +oH7BrOA* +H.B1= + �m%vQ(M +^Ta^2�V�Vma +~3F0N +<&?*5.)* +��c +:&i1hN#

+<Fe&J()* +�710N +7(M +V�,PO* + �<v} +w= +7v83r +7(3; + �6�*%N +K*.�@*# +o<v}+w= +H7BrOA* +��c +w3r

+{)@*+�710-+oD7�#,`)*+H.B1=+ �m%vQ(M+^2�V�Vma+~3F0N+{)@*+�5%0()*+7vh&�+:;+<�#,`()*

+�v8()* +"7(B1&?* +:j.1&'- +7(= +o:B&¡%)* +«,`F) + �~-.9M +:=>&?@A* +«,`)* +w3r + �<d�*%= +�&¡#

+V�,PO*+ g7d73�O*+657h()*

1�8+&KDA@7J&�*$@7&P=`^57+.M$%N +<3=>&?@* + �D73B},(r + �t*,�@A* + �01&'-# +om7(1cA7r + �,-.} +^2�V�Vma +m%vQ= +6@*

+:1)*+<-5*H@A*#+<3)7()*#+<-H7&x1�A*+D7=�OA*+<3QFP+{Fj+o �67e=#+ �67=�+~e)+��>&E#+�1d71=

+:=>&?@A*+«,`)*+~B)#+V7ct*%1�*+u�+7c,3&'QN+A#+o7v)+$%981)*+<3B&¡%)*+<(¤dOA*+�`1&'N+u)

+D7&i�781)7r + �G%&J0= + �<Q4*� + �<3B&¡# + �D7-,¤d# + �u3c7Q= +wj +£78h)* +�h&'- +om%vQ()* +*�v)

+,3yN+�=+"#LN#+oD7&'&?$%()*#+H*,;OA*+�%F&?+,3&'QN+:;+~&JQN+{1�+�,9N+H7eN+A+oD*,y�)*#

V7c5%v�+�#,�+"*#�+#O*

!M)QD2lL(+./F)CSs5#+./(`�$2KC()<+n:D'S(#+!W5 ?#

+:;+g7d7e=+�PO7-+O*.r+6O*+�8=+ �®%0F=+~e&Jr+D7M,&JF)+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'()*+m%vQ=+5%`N+.h)

+D7M,&J)*+DO*.r+k30r+ow-,&JB)*+6,h)*+w=+,3POA*+.hB)*+:;+g73F}+,v¤-+�9&EO*+{1�+oTY[S+m7B)*

VD7M,&JF)+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'()*+!m%vQ()+ �57&x1P*+%c+o2�V�Vm + Ta

T\]

\J%& !Fux .)

+�)7&x()*+W70&EOA+<3j7(1}A*+,-57h1)*#+o<3C3N*,1&?@A*+7vN*5*H@*+:;+ g<-.}+,�MO*+ �~e&Jr+�57v�@*+:;

+<3)#$%&'()* +{)@* +7vB3(} +,3&JN +q@* +o �<QF1�= + �D73(&'= +,9j +��*,r@* +wj + g>&i; +o^Stakeholdersa+<3( z¤8()* +s>POA* +oCorporate Accountability +<3j7(1}A* +<)t7&'()* +!7v8=# +o<3j7(1}A*+D7=*L1)A*# +oCorporate Citizenship +<3( z¤8()* +< �8 ��*%()* +oCorporate Ethics

VCorporate Obligations+<3( z¤8()*

+bF1�N +o^2�V�Vma +¦) +b-57BN + |G.j +D,&J1d* +.h; +o�F`&x()* +*�vr +b-,B1)* +k3� +w=# +

+<r7�(r +7vdO* +�,-+w3 �(1v()* +2iB9;+V<3)#$%&'()* +��c+~e&�+.-.0N+:;+,¤8)* +D7v}#+�>1P7r

+6#,Pn*+�,-+7(83r+o7v3)@*+l&'18N+:1)*+7vN7B(1C=+t*�@*+7vN79}*##+7vN73)#$%&'(r+D7M,&JF)+ �,3M�N

+D7M,&J)* +7vr +m%hN +:1)* +<-5731PA* +D*5H79()* +H,C= +�#7C1- +A +<3)#$%&'()* +��c +{&i1h= +6O*

V�(1C()*+�7CN+GH,Q8()*+7vNH*5@7r

+m7(1cA*+�#q+m.�N+ �<h-,`r+~(BF)+D7(¤8()*+579}@*+7vdO7r+Schermerhorn+7v;,j+.�#++�)q+7vdO* +{Fj+g7&i-O* + f; �, |j# +V^Ta<(¤8()7r +<�>B)* +�#q+�*,�OA*# +ow33}57�)*# +w33FP*.)*

+�.)+,hQ)*+GH7-�#+ou�&i1)*+o<)7`9)*+o:�39)*+K%F1)*+7-7&ihr+�9N,-+��)*+:�>POA*+�%F&')*

+m73� +m.j +w= +old7C)* +*�c +:; +<3j7(1}A* +<3)#$%&'()* +O7&J8N# +V<3j7(1}A* +D73F�OA* +2iBr

+wj+�G579j+7vdO7r+7v;,j+.h;+o�,e9)*+7=O*+V^�a�(1C()*+�7CN+7vN79}*#+�3Q81r+"7(jOA*+D7(¤8=

+W%�,()*+�*.cOA*+�3h0N+{)@*+"%&E%F)+<(¤8()*+7c��1N+:1)*+"7B;OA*#+D*5*,h)*+w=+ �<j%(C=

+<-H7&x1�A*+�;78()*+w=+g*tL}+,=OA*+<-7vd+:;+~�(N+:1)*#+o�(1C()*+:;+G.47&')*+u3h)*#+o7v3;

V^Ra7v13C3N*,1&?*+w=+g*tL}+7vQ&E%r+7vh3h0N+{)@*+{B&'N+:1)*+<(¤8()*+G5*H@A+G,&�79()*

+:8=L)* +�;OA* +:; +�dO* +7cH7Q= + �<h3h� +{Fj +b-57B1)* +u¤B= +.M$%N +o5%¤8()* +*�c +:;# +

+VÛa,3&xh)* +�.()* +:; +�r,)* +wj +k09)* +w= +.BrO* +{)@* +^2�V�Vma +lc�N +6O* +lC- +o~-%`)*

+7=%(j+ |, �9 �1B |- +��)* +o^[a"#57M +b-,BN +oG,¤8)* +��c+. �M$%N +:1)*# +< �� ,�1h |()* +b-57B1)* +w3r +w=#

Schermerhorn, John R., Management, 7th ed. New York : John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2002, p.158. Ta+!wj+ g>hd+oT\[+2E+o�SSTo67(j+ow33d%d7h)*+w39&?70(F)+:r,B)*+�(C()*+<3B(}+<FC=+oG5*H@A*+D73�>PO*#+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'()* + �a+oD7M,&JF)+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'(F)+"#OA*+,(N$%()*+o�6%d7h)*#+�hQ)*+w3r+D7M,&JF)+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'()*�+ow-.)*+£7C&�+w=$%()*+.9j

V�SS\+,r%1MO*+RSI�Y+ot7B8&E+<Br71)*+Dn7&J8()*+:;+w3F=7B)*+w-,-.()*+w=+ �<83j+t*5nA+<3h-%&'N+<&?*5H+o:h-%&'N+5%¤8(r+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'()*+o�,e9)*+,&?7-+,=7� + Ra

VTU+2E+oTYYZ+oH*.yr+<B=7}+oH7&x1�A*#+G5*H@A*+<3FM+o^G5%&J8=+,3�a+�*5%1MH+<�#,�O*+o6H7B()*#+<j78&x)*+G5*�%) L.A. Mohr, «Corporate social responsibility: competitive disadvantage or advantage?», In Proceedings of the+Ûa1996 Marketing and Public Policy Conference, American Marketing Association, Chicago, 1996, pp. 48-49.For more details see : A. B. Carroll, «Corporate social responsibility, evolution of a denitional con- +^[a

struct», Business and Society, vol. 38, n° 3, 1999, pp.268-295.

T\\


+^2�V�Vma +6O* +«,1hN# +V^Ta��A + �f�# +:; +f �B §&¡ |# + �<-,¤d +�q7(8) +2?7&?OA* +�9&EO*# +o~(MOA*

+ �f�#+:;+�(1C()*+�,�+w=+<-,3�)*#+<3�>POA*#+<3d%d7h)*#+<-H7&x1�A*+D7B�%1)*+�=+{&�7(1N

+D73)#$%&'()* +^T +!:c# +o �<&'345 + �H7BrO* +^2�V�Vma +¦) +�9&x- +o"#57M +b-,BN +:89N +.Br# +V�wz3B=

+G,3�)* +D73)#$%&'()* +Û+o<3�>POA* +D73)#$%&'()* +^R+o<3d%d7h)* +D73)#$%&'()* +^�+o<-H7&x1�A*

+6%eN +6O* +{Fj+ |L zM,|- +:1)* +<M,&J)* +H%}#+_,&Jr +<-H7&x1�A* +D73)#$%&'()* +�FB1N# +V<3d7&'d@A* +#O*

+w3d*%hF)+ g7h;#+7vN79}*%r+m%hN+D7M,&J)*+6O* +:8BN+o<3d%d7h)*+D73)#$%&'()*+7=O* +V<0r,=#+ g<C18=

+o7vr +"%(B()* +D7M,&J)* +�%F&? +w3d*%hr +.3h1)* +<3�>POA* +D73)#$%&'()* + |lF`1N# +V<-H7&x1�A*

+w3&'0N +"7C= +:; +~(BN +D7M,&J)* +<-$#5 +:; +<9�,)* +2'eBN +<-,3�)* +D73)#$%&'()* +6O* +w3� +:;

+V^�a�(1C()*+�7;5

!+ w wD2N)&F`+f12345#+,-+ v./F)CSs5#+ v./(`�$2KCL(+ �P>)28SI5#+ w;'*(#+!W)/O)z

!f12345#+°+�<D(#+./F`D2l0+m�

+">0)*+�r,)*#+ol3`)*+s�,)*+lF�#+ol&'e1)*+{Fj+k�+.�+b380)*+:=>&?@A*+w-.)*+6@*

+~&i;O*+w=+�)q+ �.B|-#+V g<3j78&E+#O*+ g<3j*5�+#O*+fd7M+ g<-57CN+o<-H7&x1�A*+<`&JdOA*+�-,�+wj

+o�r79&?O*# +s�,)* + �~9&? +2?78F) +O7 z3c +.� +{)7BN# +�d709&? +¢* +6OA +o¢* +{)@* +W �,h1)* +l3)7&?O*

+#$wL wQ � +) �a v* vQ)�& �0+, v-+#$ w2l «0) �-+ W5$w(�d+ �TG «7�? «5#+ we wY�(+ �q �' �s+P vo�(#+ �$ w{®+!{)7BN+"7�+o�9F`r+uc,=O*#

+,`(N +A +t7(&')* +6OA +oW79&?OA* +q7�N7r +m>&?@A* +,=O* +*�v)# +V^Ra¯w7$ w2l �&(# + v} «/�(v4# � + v} vI «R v7 + «J v0

+ �f �DB`+ �9/*(#+¤#+ �q �B�?# � ®+!�$#78�+~}+¢*+"7�+q@*+oG57C1)*+m>&?@A*+«7rO*+.�#+V<&i;+A#+g79cq

+�)q+w3r#+ �w �3 �r+m*,0)*#+ �w �3r+">0)*�+!^2Ea�)%hr+u-,e)*+�)%&?5+�)q+{Fj+.M$% |-#+oÛa¯)�< �D(#

+V^[a�<v91&J=+ �5%=O*

+:;+g7j#,&J=+{h9-+�r,)*+6@7;+o<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+:;+u8 |y)7r+m, |y)*+G.j7�+{)@*+,¤8)7r#+

+2i-%BN +~(01- +6O* +~r7h()7r +�3Fj +6@7; +o7= + �� ,&xN +#O* + �t:&� +w= +«7r5OA* +:8C- +w= +6O* + §57�@*

+o�(1C()*#+2E7�&�OA*+{&'8-+A+6O*+�3Fj+6O*+7(M+V�)q+t*,}+w=+K.0N+:1)*+,47&'�)*#+5*,&¡OA*

S. Wartick and P. Cochran, The evolution of the corporate social performance model, Academy of Mana-+^Ta gement Review, vol. 10, n° 4, (1985), pp. 758-769; & T. Wood, Corporate social performance revisited,

Academy of Management Review, vol. 16, n° 4, 1991, pp. 691-718. For more details see : A. B. Carroll, “The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility Toward The Moral+^�a

Management of Organisational Stakeholders”, Business Horizons, July- August 1991, pp. 401-405.VT[+<-nA*+o�F()*+G5%&? + RaV�][+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&? + Ua

VTST\T+oD7v9&J)*+W781}*#+">0)*+lF�+W7r+o£%39)*+W71M+o:hv39)*+w8&?+:;+,Mq + [a

T\Y

\J%& !Fux .)

+��c+bF1�N+A#+V^Ta:j7(1}A*+~;7e1)* +5%&E+~M#+D79v)*#+D7�.&x)*#+G7ML)*+W7r+w=+�)q#

+V^�a*,P$%=+^2�V�Vma+7v189N+:1)*+<3}57�)*+57�nA*+<-,¤d+�=+7vd%(&i=+:;+G.j7h)*

!.(>)'(#+.2K-)&³#+m�

+o<�.r +7vN7j*,= +"#*.1)* +�*,�O* +{Fj +l}%1- +q@* +o �<= §LF |= + �W*Hn* +m>&?@A* +:; +<&';78(F)

+�3r +{Fj +~},)* +�39- +A� +g7&i-O* +"7�# +o^Ra�2iBr +�3r +{Fj +ue&iBr +�39- +A� +!"%h-+^2Ea"%&?,)7;

+o<j#,&J=+,3�+ �<&';78=+�3PO* +m%&? +{Fj+2x�&J)* +m%&';+VÛa��3PO* +m%&? +{Fj+m%&'- +A#+o�3PO*

+�3r+{Fj+2x�&J)*+�3r+�)�M#+o"#OA*+m#7&'()*+�,&x8-+6O*+~9�+<&';78()*+:;+:d7�)*+~P.-+>;

V�8=+~�O7r+#O*+o�&'Qd+w(�)7r+f-,1&�*+7(=+w&'�O*+�B3rO*+!"%h-+6O7r+o,PnA*

+<3B91)7; +o,&J9)* +_#,&J) + �57�@* +7vdOA +o<-%)#OA* +7v) +"#*.1)* +:; +{)7BN +¢* +_#,&� +6@*

+o7vF}O* +w= +67&'d@A* + ��§F |P +:1)* +GH79B)* +{8B= +:c+{)7BN +¢* +_#,&J) +,&J9)* +_#,&� +�,�+w=

+w= +6O7r +w(FBN +o{)7BN +¢* +W71M +:; +f&'3) + g7�#,&� +6%�,1&J- + �m*%�O* +"7r +7=� +!^2Ea +"7�#

+t7&i� +o �_,&� +<47= +67M +6@*# + �~�7r +_,&J)* +6@7; +o{)7BN +¢* +W71M +:; +2'3) +g7�,&� +_,1&�*

+ �� 3 �r +A#+o �b�F �&?#+ ��3 §r +7=+� 3 �r +:;+67�,&�+�F&x-+A�+!^2Ea+"7�#+V^[a��#O* +¢*+_,&�#+��O* +¢*

+6%&';781()*+7v3;+�(1C-+:1)*+s% �&')*+�&i�N+6O*+lC-#+V^Za�w(&i|-+A+7=+�r5+A#+o�F(-+A+7=

+2?78)* +m*L1)* +l�*,N +6O* +7v3Fj +oG.3hB)* +<)#H +:c +m>&?@A* +:; +<)#.)* +6OA +o<`F&')* +<r7�,)

+!{)7BN +"%h3; +o�,3�# +�H7&x1�A* +�%1&'()* +{Fj +<3=%3)* +G730)* +:; +G.3hB)* +D73&i1h()

+ «e w{$wO�R � + « �?#+ «e w{$w() �Q+#�dv4# � +��+ �"$ w- «$�S «2K�:+ vT3)�&(#+]�L �F+#$w()�S «Q#+#�dv4#+ �J: vo�(#+��+ �J/ vg ©g �A wC«L v(+ �q «: � ®

+ ©� �D v(+ wT3)�&(#+ wf$ wH�:+ �f «$�:+��+ pe/ vj �F+ pf «$�/ v(+��+ �"$ wz$ w' «* �0+ «e wa�O�?# + �rv�(`w?# + �J wj�:+ �5�?# +��+ �"` wD v2K «bw:

V^]a¯ �J/ vC�() �' «(#

+:; +GH5*%)* +2E%&x8F) + �,3&'QN +og7h�A +<9�*,()*# +og7h9&'= +<(¤8()* +<-,0)* +��vr +.}%-#

+o<8-.()*+s%&?+:;+D7=.�)*#+ ��F �&')*+, �B&' |-+6O*+^2Ea"%&?,)*+{)@*+l§F |�+.h;+V57B&?OA*+.-.0N+�8=

V2?Vm+oD7M,&JF)+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'(F)+"#OA*+,(N$%()*+o�6%d7h)*#+�hQ)*+w3r+D7M,&JF)+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'()*�+ow-.)*+£7C&�+w=$%()*+.9j + Ta+o�SS\ +o�-�%1)*# +,&J8F) +s*5# +<&'&?$%= +!67(j +o"7(jOA* +"7},) +<3�39)* +<3)#$%&'()* +!"7(jO>) +,&iPOA* +.B9)* +ouCd +H%9j +uCd + �a

VT�[ITTY+2x&EV�T]T+o�=%&?+{Fj+m%&'-+A#+�3PO*+�3r+{Fj+~},)*+�39-+A+W7r+oD*57C1)*+W71M+o�}7=+wr*+:;+,Mq + Ra

V�T]�+o6Vm + UaV]]2E+o£%39)*+W71M+o:8`�5*.)*+.8&? + [a

VTSZR\o�F(N+A+7=+�3r#+�.8j+2'3)+7=+�3r+wj+:v8)*+W7r+o£%39)*+W71M+o:hv39)*+w8&?+:;+,Mq + ZaVZI+T+!D7-nA*+ow3QQ`()*+G5%&? + ]a

TYS


+ �.�O*+2'3)#+:r5+{h)O*+6O*+%}5OA+:d@*+os�*,)*+�&?79)*+2ir7h)*+, �B&'()*+%c+¢*+6@*�+!"7�#+o{rO7;

V^Ta�"7=+A#+ �mH+:;+ �<(F¤(r+:89F`-

+!{)7BN +"7h; +o<B-,&J)* +.j*%� +57�@* +:; +:&¡*,1)7r +G57C1)* +~� +6n*,h)* +�r5 +�)q +~9�#

+ «e wY «& v0+ pTG# �D�c+ «J �F+Wh �7) �6 vc+ �"$ wY�c+ «"�?#+ �5v4#+ vq v�)�* «() v<+ «e wY�& «/�<+ «e wY�(# �$ «0�?#+#$wL wQ«?)�c+ �5+#$w& �0�£#+ �J: vo�(#+) �a �:�?#+)�:®

+wr+l�70r+,=+W7`�)*+wr+,(j+<Q3F�)*+we)+V^�a¯) WC/ vB�7+ «e wY v<+ �") �Q+�¤#+ �"v4#+ «e wY �2K wg «O�?#+#$wLwS «H�c+ �5 �

+7=@*#+,B&')*+:;+.-LN+6O*+7=@*�+W7`�)*+wr+,(j+�)+"7h;+os%&')7r+�)+ g793r�+�39-+%c#+<B1Fr+:rO*

+ ��r*%&¡+G.j+m>&?@A*+�&¡#+~=7B1)*+:;+G.j7h)*+��c+f39�N+~}O*+w=#+V^Ra�78�%&?+w=+�;,N+6O*

!~�=+o"#*.1)*+�*,�O*+w3r+6�*%1)*#+<h�)*+:(0N+ �<3j,&�

VÛa<8&?>()*#+oG�r78()*#+o2JC8)*#+o5,y)*+�8=+I

+o �GL3(()* +� §N7Q&E#+o� �j%d +w39 |N +o"#*.1)* +£%&¡%=+"%�+<3;7e)* +D7d739F) +2¡57B)* +u-.hN+I

+A# +oW�M +A# +oW%3BF) +7v3; +67(1M +A +o g<�H7&E +6%eN +6O* +lC- +D7d739)* +6O* + z�&� +A# +V |� �13(M#

+uF&'()* +%PO* +uF&'()*� +!^2Ea"%&?,)* +"%h- +o<rq7e)* +67(-OA*# +D*.3MO71)7r + g<j%Q&J=+ g<F¤ |= + g<-7jH

+!~}# +Lj +¢* +"%h-# +V^[a��) + |�8 �39 |- +A +6O* + �l3j +�3; +g7B3r +�3PO* +w= +£7r +6@* + �uF&'() +~0- +A#

+ vh �D vy�£ «5# +, v- + «e wa�( + �� 1 �y + �5 + �rv�(`w?# + W1/vL �I +)W& �C �z + «e va vO) �C «:�?# � + v¤# + v; «a �' v< + �"` wD�S «2l�: + �J: vo�(# + �"v4#®

V^Za¯ �e/ v(�?#+ ��# �o �F+ «e wa�( � + «e va/ ©Q �X w:+ �5 � + v. �0)�/ vH «(#+ �f «$�:+ «e va «/�(v4#+ wD wj«&�:+ �5 � +w¤#+ we wa wC©L �Y w:+ �5 �

+b3)7eN+<-,¤d+DLM5+q@*+o:B&¡%)*+�v8)*+D7(c7&'=+2iBr+{)@*+G57&�@A*+we(|-+~r7h()*+:;#

+7v1�3r+:;+<(¤8()*+�%F&?+6*,&'QN+w313&¡,;+{Fj+o<(¤8(F)+<�-.0)*+D7-,¤8)*+�.�@*+o.�7B1)*

+��c+W70&EO* +.h1B- +~r7h()* +:;# +VGH#.0()* +<3d>hB)*# +<-�7v1dA* +7(c#+oG.-.C)* +<3&';781)*

+V^]a"7(jOA*+"7C=+:;+�)7(B1&?*+we(-+A+ �57B&�+ |H,C=+ow3F=7B1()*+w3r+<h�)*+<3&¡,;+6O*+<-,¤8)*

V��SS+o,B&'-+6O*+�,M+w=+W7r+oD*57C1)*+W71M+o�}7=+wr*+,Mq + TaV�Y+<-nA*+ot7&'8)*+G5%&? + �a

VTR�\+o2xr,1)*#+G,e0)*+W7r+o£%39)*+W71M+o�)7=+O7�%=+:;+,Mq + Ra+<BF&')* +t*,�@* +#O* +57B&?OA* +�;,) +<-5%&x)* +GH7-L)* +%c +2JC8)* +�3r# +ogA%vC=+�8�7r# +�,1&J()* +�,y- +�,c7�+67M +7= +%c# +5,y)* +�3r + Ua+<-7(�� +o,3�)* +!,¤d* +o7c$#*,&� +H*,()* +<BF&')* +{Fj +�&¡*%)* +�,B1)* +6#H +t*,&J)* +7(c +<&'=>()*# +G�r78()* +�3r# +o7v3; +2'3) +7(r+o<3d%d7h)*#+<-H7&x1�A*+m%FBF)+�&J=H+<B=7}+<FC=+o��5%&')*+w�*%()*+�.)+:M>v1&?A*+:j%)*+�%1&'=+�;5+:;+7c5#H#+�Fv1&'()*

VYS+2E+o�SST+oT+H.B)*+oT]+.FC()*+VTS[T[+o�39()7r+l3B)*+67(1M#+2'3).1)*+:;+t7}+7=+W7r+o£%39)*+W71M+o:hv39)*+w8&?+:;+,Mq + [a

+V]]+<-nA*+o6*,(j+"n*+G5%&? + Za O.Williamson, Les institutions de l’économie, Paris: Inter-Éditions,1994, Translated from «The economic ]a

institutions of capitalism, New York: Free Press, 1985.

TYT

\J%& !Fux .)

+og*,3�M +,=OA* +bF1�-+w) +o<&';78()* +#O* +�r,)* +wj+K.01N +:1)* +�q7(8)* +:;+789cq+7(8-O*#

+ow-,z3 �&' |()*+D*�#7CN+w=+uv&?OA*+ §<�F �( ��+�)7&x=+<-7(0)+D.}#+:1)*+o7&i-O*+<)7M%)*+<-,¤d+.C8;

+o<)*.B)* +wj +uFe13) +�)7&x()* +W70&EO* +�q%(d +t7}# +V^Ta�,3� +6#H +"7()* +l�7&E +{Fj +LM,N

+oH*,;O>) +<3)7()*# +<3h-%&'1)* +D*�#7C1)* +,&'Q|- +7= +%c# +o g>=7e1= +6%e- +6OA + �s,- +u) +�dO* +,3�

+Vw3-H7j+w38�*%=+{1�+#O*+ gA7 z(j+#O*+ �w47r�+*%d7M+t*%&?

! w wD2N)&F`+ vf12345#+,-+ v./F)CSs5#+ v./(`�$2KCL(+ �,O$O)H(#+ w;'*(#+!W)[()z

+!f12345#+°+rLaS2K³#+.:)CB+m�

+:; +�Fv1&'()* +<-7(� +<C)7B= +we(- +o�1-7(0)# +o�Fv1&'(F) +�&?*%)* +5%&x1)* +57�@* +:;

!�-%&'1)*+�%1&'=#+o�71d@A*+�%1&'=+!w3-%1&'=+{Fj+m>&?@A*

+">P+w=+�)q#+o�%18()*+:;+GH%C)*+,3;%1r+�Fv1&'()*+m>&?@A*+:(0-+o�71d@A*+�%1&'=+{FB;

+!"%h-+^2Ea"%&?,)7;+V�r+~&x1()*+:}71d@A*+~(B)*#+l3M,1)*+67hN@7r#+om7�)*+H*%(F)+u3F&')*+5731PA*

+{Fj+�Fv1&'()*+<-7(�+ �u1N+o�,PO*+ �<v}+w=#+V^�a�� 8 §h1 |-+6O*+ g>(j+uM.�O*+~(j+*q@*+l0-+¢*+6@*�

+7r,)*+,B&?+6OA+o< �C�1 8 |()*+<BF&')*+<QFeN+w=+g7(4*H+�;,-+��)*+�%r,)*+~-%(1)*+l8C1r+�71d@A*+�%1&'=

+ �J: vo�(#+) �a �:�?#+)�:®+!{)7BN+"%h-#+VuF¤F)+2¡,B13;+o�Fv1&'()*+<-7v8)*+:;+7vF(01-+<3e89)*+.4*%Q)*+#O*

+ p� «D �Ev<+#$wO�d«?) �-+#$wL �' «g�c+ «e�(+ «"v4) �-+��+ �J/ v& v0«�$ w0+ «ewS «& wQ+ «"v4# +)�< ©D(#+ �J v0+ �, vH�<+) �0+#` w7�d � +�¤#+#$ wH�c#+#$w& �0�£#

+.}%N+o~r7h()7r#+V^Ra¯ �"$ wC�L «jwc+ �5� + �"$ wCvL «j�c+ �5+ «e wY v(# �$ «0�?#+ wT3` w w7+ «e wY�L �-+ «ewS «* wc+ «"v4# � + v} v($ w23�7 � + v¤#+ �J v0

+V<}70)7r+:Q-+7(=+7c,3�#+<0r*,()*#+<M57&J()*+D �. §} |%;+o�%r,)*+~-%(1)*+wj+~4*.r+G.j

+<B39� +">P+w= +u1N +D7=.�)*# +�F �&'F) +�Fv1&'()* +<-7(0; +o�-%&'1)* +�%1&'= +{Fj +7=O* +I

!<3j,&�+�r*%&¡+G.j+�PO7r+�)q#+o<3=>&?@A*+s%&')*

+D7=%FB()*+:;+A#+�F �&')*+:;+A+o �57e1�*+7v3;+2'3)+q@* +oG,0)*+<3=>&?@A*+s%&')*+<B39� •+ÛaV�¼�7P+A@*+,e10-+A�+!^2Ea"%&?,)*+"%h-+k3�+o �<-H7&x1�*+ �<(-,}+57e1�A*+6OA+o57B&?OA*+wj

+ ��F&?+s%&')* +��c+~P.-+>;+V<B-,&J)* +.j*%hr+ �<(¤8=+ �<-,�+:c+m>&?@A*+:;+s%&')* +<-,�+6@*

+V7c,3�#+<-%r,)*+2¡#,h)*#+o~3�7(1)*#+o,-L8�)*+u0)#+o,(�)7M+o �<= z,0=

+D73�>PO*# +<3j7(1}A* +<3)#$%&'()* +o�,=7B)* +w&'0= +�.v= +�)7&E# +:9)7y)* +5%&x8= +w&'0= +,c7� +!,¤d* +~3&E7Q1)* +w= +.-L() + TaVUU]IR[T+2x&E+o�SS\+o�-�%1)*#+,&J8F)+~4*#+5*H+!67(j+o�(1C()*#+"7(jOA*+!"7(jOA*

V,M7&'j+wr*#+:hv39)*+�*#5 + �aV�]Y+o+�]\+!671-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&? + Ra

V�T[U+ol&?7e()*+wj+k0)*+W7r+oD*57C1)*+W71M+:;+�}7=+wr*+�,Mq + Ua

TY�


+m>&?@A*+m,�+s73&')*+*�c+:;#+o"#*.1)*+�*,�O*+w3r+<h�)*+6*.h;+~47&?#+wj+.B9)* •+~PHO7;+ g7=7B�+�39-+ �~},r+^2Ea+¢*+"%&?5+ z,=+!"7�+G,-,c+:rO*+wB;+V"#*.1)*+£%&¡%=+:;+ z2Jy)*

+2'3).1)*+7&i-O*+m,�#+V^Ta�2J�+w=+78=+2'3)�+!^2Ea¢*+"%&?5+"7h;+o �2�%&Jy=+%c+*q@7;+�3;+�.-

+u8y)*# +~r@A* +*# �, �&x|N +A#� +!^2Ea�)q +:; +"7�# +o< �- §, &xz1)* +{(&'|-# +o �2Jy)* +£*%dO* +w= + �£%d +�dOA

+7v`�&?+6@*#+o7ve&'=O*+7v3&¡5+6@*+o7v9F0-+6O*+.Br+w-,¤8)*+,3�r+%v;+�)q+.Br+7vj71r*+w(;

+~3-7e()*# +w-�*%()* +w= +2'3-7h()* +:; +,33y1)* + g7&i-O* +2Jy)* +w=# +V^�a�,(N +w= +g7j7&E# +7c zH5

+ wJ2KB?#`+ �D/y+r(d+e/HS2KC(#+T3)A2K vH()<+#$wO vR � +iewS«L vQ+#d4#+ �q/Y(#+#$ w- « ?#`®+!{)7BN+�)%h)+ g7B9N

+V^Ra¯1:`?)c

+6%NO7- +<3r,B)* +<-H79)7r +w3C18()* +6O* +^2Ea"%&?,)* +.}# +!<C18()* +,3� +<�7&?%)* +�8= •+wj+^2Ea{v8; +V�3Fj + ��Q1 |= +w(�)* +w= + �tL}+~r7h= +ouvB47&ir +*%B393) +o6.()* +{)@* +uv)%&x0(r

+wB;+V�Fv1&'()*+~c7M+~ §h� |-+�3&?%F)+� zH$% |-+7=+6OA+o gG,&�79=+uv)%&x0=+*%B39-+6O*+uc,=O*#+�)q

+A#+o �2iBr+�3r+{Fj+ue |&iBr+ � §9 �-+A#+o�39F)+679M,)*+*%hFN+A�+!"7�+^2Ea¢*+"%&?5+6O*+oG,-,c+:rO*

VÛa� �H79)+ �,&¡7�+ � §9 �-+A#+o*%&J}78N

+w3B-791()*+6@*�+!^2Ea+"%&?,)*+"%h-+o�.Br#+.hB)*+m*,r@*+~9�+573�)*+��+�Fv1&'()*+t7`j@* •V^[a�*573P+�39)*+6%e-+#O*+o7�,Q1-+u)+7=+7(vB3r+:;+573�)7r

+O7&JdO* +�,1&J()*# +�479)* +w3r +<�>B)* +u3¤81)# +olj>1)*# +2Jy)* +w=+�Fv1&'()* +<-7(0)#

+�;*,()* +{Fj+�*,&�@A* +�dO7&� + :=>&?@* + �m7¤d+%c#+o�<9&'0)* +m7¤d�+ �: �( |&? + g7=7¤d+^2Ea"%&?,)*

+*q@* +,e8()* +wj + �:v�d �# +o�M,N +,v� +*q@* +�#,B()7r + �,=O* +7vdO7r +�H5#7()* +7v; z,j +.�# +o<=7B)*

V^Za�FB;+,v�

+<-5*H@A*+<r7�,)*+<Q3�#+"%�+<-5*H@A*+m%FB)*+:;+k-.0)*+m%vQ()*+{)@*+om7¤8)*+*�c+,3&J |-#

+ g7h3h0N+o<3d%d7h)*#+<-H7&x1�A*+<`&JdOA7r+w3&x1�=+w3Q�%=+�-,�+wj+o<)#.)*+7vr+m%hN+:1)*

V<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+:;+G, �h |()*+²H79(F)+7h;#+o<F3&iQ)*#+".BF)

V��U+o2Jy)*+wj+:v8)*+W7r+o6Vm + TaVTRZZ+o<B-79()*#+<=#7&'()*+w=+�8j+{v8-+7=+W7r+o£%39)*+W71M+o�)7=+O7�%=+:;+^�a

VR[+<-nA*+ot*,&?@A*+G5%&?+^RaTRZZ+o<B-79()*#+<=#7&'()*+w=+�8j+{v8-+7=+W7r+o£%39)*+W71M+o�)7=+O7�%=+:;+Ûa

V�SST+o573�)*+�%C-+uM+W7r+o£%39)*+W71M+o�57�9)*+�30&E+:;+^[a+oTY\�+o:d789F)*+W71e)*+5*H+!D#,3r+o�_+o:=>&?@A*+H7&x1�A*+<j%&?%=+o"7(C)*+uB8()*+.9j+.(0=+!�)7�+~3&E7Q1)*+w=+.-L()+^Za

VRUUIRUT+2x&E

TYR

\J%& !Fux .)

+,3�78h)7r +�FB1- +7= +~M +:; +<9&'0)* +6%d7� +">P +w= +D7Q&E*%()* +W,B)* +�,j +*�)

+ow3; z> �B)* +{Fj +<9&'0)* +:;# +o£5qOA*# +~3-7e()*# +w-�*%()* +<;,B= +:;# +ouc*5.)*# +~3�7�()*#

+V^Tap)*VVVow-57C8)*+ow-57�Q)*+olM*,()*#+wQ&')*+W70&EO*#+ow-�79�)*+ow3d*,Q)*+ow3d70`)*

V<B8&E+#O*+ g<8v=+w3&'(P+w=+,�MO*+<9&'0)*+6%d7�+~(&�+.�#

+u¤�8)* +6@* +"%h)* +we(|- +o�Fv1&'()7r +m>&?@A* +m7(1c* +� �&¡%|- +��)* +2¡,B)* +*�c +.Br

+w= +D783B9&')* +{)@* +H%BN +:1)* +�Fv1&'()* +<-7(� +<M,� +t7&Jd@* +:; +g*,3�M +D,PO7N +o<3B&¡%)*

+ �D73j%d#+ �57B&?O7r+D7C18()*+u-.hN+!~�=+:j7(1}A*+t*HOA*+{Fj+LM,N+DO*.r+u�+V:&¡7()*+6,h)*

+u-.hN# +ouv) + �<83=O*# + �<h-.&E + �D7C18= +u-.hN# +o �<d7=O*# + �s.&E +~er +uv) +6>j@A*# +o<9&?78=

+s,P+m.Br +:�>POA* +m*L1)A* +{)@* +<;7&¡@A7r +*�c+o��1 8 |()* +m*.�1&?* +6O7&Jr + �<0&¡*# + �D*H7&�5@*

+V57e1�A*+~�=+o~(B)*+.j*%�

! wf12345#`+ v./*(#+ w.:)CB+m�

+fF�(N+o7v3Fj+<¤;70()*+L47M5+w=+ g<F(}+ �m z. ��#+o<�39)7r+b380)*+ �:=>&?@A*+w-.)*+u1c*+

+ vM# � ) �C �2K(# + ��L �y + «J �0�?#® +!*�c +:; +{)7BN +"%h- +k3� +o2¡5OA* +<j*5�# +o,3C&J1)7r +<-78B)* +:;

+#$wS v* «& wc + «"�?# + «e wY�( + �") �Q +) �0 + p. �6 «a�< + �M#�d + �� vU# �; �B + v} v< +)�& «S�* «O�?) �- + W ) �0 + v ) �C �2K(# + �J v0 + «e wY�( + �u �X «O �?# � + �TG «7�? «5# �

+o �67&'d@*+�8=+~MO73;+og7j5�+ |£5L-+#O*+o g7&?,�+ �uF&'=+ |2?,y-+A�+!^2Ea"%&?,)*+"7�+7(M+V^�a¯) �{ �D �6 �2�

+V^Ra�<�.&E+�)+fd7M+A@*+o �t:&�+A#+o �<r*H+A#

+k3�+o7cH7&';@* +m.j#+o7vN57(j#+o2¡5OA*+t73�@*+{Fj+b380)*+:=>&?@A*+w-.)*+k�+.�#

+!{)7BN+�)%�#+=Ûa¯) W' �C �� +) W- «$ �y+ w $ wF «># � +) �a vB �1 «2Nv4#+ �; «'�<+ vTG «7�? «5#+, v-+#` w; v2K «gwc+ �5 � ®+!{)7BN+"%h-

+ �;�(�?# + �$ w{ � + v} v*«L �I +, v- +) �0 +]�L �F +�¤# + w; va «2l w: � +)�/ «O �;(# + vh)�/ �E«(# +, v- + w} w( «$ �I + �rw* v6 «' w: + «J �0 + vT3)�&(# + �J v0 � ®

+ �5 +w¤#` + �q «2K�&(# � + �� «D �E«(# + �rvL «a w: � +) �a/ v- + �; v2K «gw/ v( + vTG «7�? «5# +, v- +]�' �23 +]�( �$�c +#�d v4# � +�� + vf) �28 vb«(#

+V^[a¯�>) �2K �g «(#+ �t vEw:

+ �.BN +7vd%M +o<3B39`)* +H5*%()* +{Fj +®7Q0)* +G5#,&¡ +"%� +D*H7&�5@A* +w= +.-.B)* +.Cd#

+V^Za¯ vJ/ v�)�/ �2l(# + �"# �$ «yv4# +#$wO) �Q + �J: v7 ©o�* wC «(# + �"v4#® +!{)7BN +"7� +.h; +*�) +o�3(CF) + g<=7j + g<BQ8=

VTY\+2E+oTY]Z+ol1eF)+<=7B)*+<�3v)*+!G,c7h)*+o<9&'0)*+m7e�O*+:;+<r,h)*+u)7B=+o:&�,h)*+.(�O*+wr+.(0=+wr+.(0=+^TaVZS+<-nA*+o~(8)*+G5%&?+^�a

VTT\\+!R+tLC)*+uF&'=+�*#5+^RaV[Z+<-nA*+o�*,jOA*+G5%&?+Ûa

V�S[I�SU+671-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&?+^[aV�]+<-nA*+t*,&?@A*+G5%&?+^Za

TYU


+o �.-.&�+ �.3j#+�3}%1)*+*�c+:;#+o^Ta�578)*+:;+ |� �&?O*5+¢*+ �W z%&E+ gG5.&?+�`�+w=�+!^2Ea+"7�+7(M

+2�%3C)*+^2Ea{vd+78c+w=#+V<�39F)+ �,39M+ ��Qd+w=+7v3;+7()+o57C&�OA*+{Fj+<¤;70()*+%0d+g73B&?

+"%h- +k3� +o�73()* +m*.�1&?* +:; +,-�91)* +wj +{vd +7(M +VD*#Ly)* +:; +57C&�OA* +�`� +wj

V^�a� �57}+ �,vd+{Fj+f8M+%)#+t7()*+:;+ � §,&'|N+A�+!^2Ea{Q`&x()*

+*�)+o<3(81F)+<=�>)*+H5*%()*+ucO*+w=+�,91j*+m>&?@A*+6@7;+o�,&J9)*+H5%()*+{)@*+,¤8)7r#

+�v8()* +~3&xQN+g*,3�M+lB&x-#+V�13;7j#+67&'d@A* +<0&xr+<-%98)* +<8&')*# +u-,e)* +6n*,h)* +:8j

+ �<Q-,&J)* + �<-%98)* + �k-H7�OA*# +<3dn*,h)* + §D7-nA* +6OA +o<�39)7r +67&'d@A* +<�>B) +H �.0()* +:=>&?@A*

+V^Ra�N>3&xQN#+�v8()*+*�c+�47�H+w�39N+:1)*+u3)7B1)*+w=+.-.B)7r+ |,PLN

+o �<h3�H# + �GH z.0= + §<�39)* +�= +~=7B1)* +D73)n* +%0d +m>&?@A* +G,¤d +6O* +°�>d +o*�ec#

+ �"%F0)* + � �&¡ �# �# +o7v3)@* +s,`N +A@* + gGH5*# +A# + gGH57&� +�,1- +u) +:=>&?@A* +w-.)* +6@7; +o~BQ)7r#

+<h-.&x)* +�-57&J()* +u3=7&x1) +u1vN +:1)* +^2�V�Vma +,c7¤= +�= +g7r#7C1= +o7v) +<9&?78()*

+w= +~3Fh1)* +{)@* + §<;H7v)* + §D>(0)*# +ot*%v)* +:; +6%r,e)* +s>�@* +<9&'d +2i3Q�N# +o<�39F)

+V7c,3�#+D7-7Q8)*

+! w.(#;'(#`+ w.012K(#+IR

+D7-n* +:;+�.Cd+7=+�)q#+o7v3Fj+<3j,&J)* +H%hB)*+m%hN+:1)* +2'&?|OA* +ucO* +w=+<)*.B)*+.B |N

+ �J/ v0# �$ �I +«#$wO$ wQ +«#$w& �0£# + �J: vo�(# +) �a �:�?# +)�:® +!~}# +Lj +¢* +"%� +7v8= +ou-,e)* +6n*,h)* +:; + �G.-.j

+) �a �:�?# +)�:® +!�d709&? +�)%�# +o^[a «#$ w( v; «F) �- + «ewS«L wI +#�dv4# � ® +!{)7BN +�)%�# +oÛa¯v¤ +^# �; �a w2� + v@ «2K vH «() v<

V^Za¯v>$ wH w' «() v<+«#$ w- « �?# +«#$w& �0£#+ �J: vo�(#

+.8j +�)q +.d7&'-# +o uv= + �,=O* +<�.r +<3)#$%&'()* +.-.0N +6@7; +o:=>&?@A* +5%¤8()* +w=#

+o�,3�+�=+ �.�7BN+{Fj+ gt78r+uF&'()*+7vF(01-+ �<3)#$%&'=+<-O* +6OA+o �:8-.)*+ |�;*.)*+uF&'()*+H,Q)*

+��)*+o~}#+Lj+o¢*+m7=O* +gA#O* + �"#$%&'=+%c+7(d@* +o�B=+.�7BN+w=+m7=O* +�h;+gA#$%&'=+6%e-+A

VH%hB)7r+t7;%)7r+,=O*

V5.&')*+�`�+W7r+oWHOA*+:;+H##*H+%rO*+�*#5+^TaV.B&?+k-.�+w=+.8&'()*+:;+t7}+^�a

VTT+2E+oTYY]+o�5#�73)*+5*H+!67(j+o"%F�#+D>e&J=+!<�39)*+op3&J)*+"H7j+w3&'� + RaVTR[+<-nA*+ot7&'8)*+G5%&? + UaVT[�+<-nA*+om7BdOA*+G5%&? + [aVT+<-nA*+oG.47()*+G5%&? + Za

TY[

\J%& !Fux .)

+D>=7B()*+H%hB)+7v(3¤8N+:;+<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+fB&¡#+.h;+o �<)t7&' |()*+ �2x�-+7=+7=O*#

+D5,�# +o.hB)* +:; + �D79}*# +w=+�3Fj +7= +t*HO7r +�=*L1)* +�.=+{Fj+ ��,�+ �~M +<9&?70() +og7&' |&?|O*

+o:47&ih)*+#O*+�5*H@A*+#O*+:j,&J)*+t*LC)*+{Fj+,=OA*+,&x1h-+A+#+V7vr+~�-+w()+ g<(&?7�+ �D7r%hj

+67&'d@A*+7v3;+we(1-+:1)*+DA70)*+:;+g7&E%&xP+o~}#+ zLj+o¢*+w=+t*LC)*+uF&'()*+,B&J1&'-+~r

V<-5*H@A*+D7r%hB)*#+,&J9)*+<r7�5+w=+D>;@A*+w=

+wj +m z.h|N +:1)* +D7=%FB(F) + �"%(&J)*# +o<�.)*# +o �<d7=OA*# +o �s.&x)* +o |<3;7Q&J)* +:8BN#

+"7(jO* +{Fj +,&�79()* +�*,&�@A* +w= +uv;#,� +u |v8 �e �( |N +A +w-�)* +�*,�O>) +<M,&J)* +"7(jO*

+ouv)*%=O*+G5*H@*+:;+G5*H@A*+Gt7QM#+<d7=O*+�.=+{)@*+ §� �,B1F)+o�)7&x=+7v3;+uv)+:1)*+<M,&J)*

+V<M,&J)7r+uvN7�>j+:;+<(3F&')*+D*5*,h)*+q7�N*+w=+uv83e(N#+ouv�%h�+{Fj+<¤;70()*#

+7(v3Fj+ �k0)*#+o<d7=OA*#+s.&x)*+u3�+w=+m>&?@A*+b�%=+{Fj+.3MO71)*+{)@*+ �<}7�+:;+78&')#

Vm7j+ �~e&Jr

+VH7&'Q)* +m7=O* +W79)* + �.&? +~}O* +w= +<3=>&?@A* +<B-,&J)* +:; +fC)%j +7-7&ih)* +��c +~M

+VD7M,&J)* + §< �( �M % �� + �,c%} +.B |-# +o^2�V�Vma +:; +7(v= +g*,&x8j +,3POA* +*�c +�9&EO* +.�#

+w= +:)7()*# +�H7&x1�A* +"7C()* +:; +�,&J1&?* +7=.Br +oH7&'Q)* +<)O7&'() +m7(1cA* +O*.r +.�#

+D7&'&?$%()*# +D7M,&J)* +D7-,9e) +G.-.B)* + §2?>;@A* + §DA7�# +oD*573vdA* +w= + �<F&'F&? +">P

+oTYYT +m7B)* +:; +:)#.)* +�57C1)* +H7(1jA* +�8r +2?>;@*# +573vd* +!7c�,rO* +w= +Vu)7B)* +:;

+"#H+bF1�=+w=+w3jH%()*+"*%=O*+w=+o:e-,=O*+ �5A#H+573F=+ZS+:)*%�+fyFr+,47&'P+uC0r

+ �G57&'�r +oTYYU+m7B)* +:; +<3e-,=OA* +2¡*,�@A*# +57P �HA* +<&'&?$%= +2?>;@*# +573vd*# +ou)7B)*

+m7B)* +:; +73&?n* +s,&� +W%8} +"#H +:; +f�.� +:1)* +<=�OA*# +o �5A#H +573F= +T]Y +±F9(r +D5 �. |�

+"#.)*+D7-H7&x1�*+573vd*+{)@*+7(d@*#+oD7M,&J)*+2iBr+2?>;@*+{)@*+�h;+2'3)+oD zHO*#+oTYY]

V^Ta7vN*q

+ou)7B)* +t70dO* +�3(} +:; +�,9e)* +D7M,&J)* +w= +.-.BF) +D*573vdA* +<F&'F&? +f)*%N +*�ec#

+G.01()* +D7-A%)* +:; + g<M,&� +\� +f&'F;O*# +D57vd* +oTYY] +m7B)* +:; +�d@7; +o"7�()* +~39&? +{Fj

+{)@* +~&x3)+�SSS+m7B)* +:;+H.B)*+�QN5*+u�+o5A#H+573F=+T]º�+%0d+7v)7(&?O*5+±Fr +o<3e-,=OA*

+V^�a5A#H+573F=+YU+%08r+5.h|-+ �"7(&?O*,r+o g<M,&�+T]Z

V<3F9h1&'()*+D7&?*5.F)+:r,B)*+LM,()*+o�<()%B)*#+H7&'Q)*+w3r+:e-,=OA*+H7&x1�A*�+o:d78B)*+~3FP+!,¤d*+,�MO*+£>�@>) + Ta

V6Vm + �a

TYZ


! w wD2N)&F`+f12345#+,-+ v./F)CSs5#+ v./(`�$2KCL(+ �,I1y?5#+ w;'*(#+!W)'<#7

+D*57&�@>) + ��&¡## +ou3h)7r +,3M�N# +o�47h0F) + �f39�N +%c +s>POA* +<)O7¦&'= +:; +,3¤81)* +6@*

+o,3¤81)* +">P +w= +G.-.C)* +"73}O>) +~h18N +A +s>POA* +we)# +V�30&x)* +�-,`)* +%0d

+o�r7&')7r +�� z>)* +: �&?O7N# +o<3F(B)* +b�*%()*# +o<&J-7B()*# +oG#.h)* +">P+w=+~h18N +7= +5.hr

+,v�+��)*+~&¡7Q)*+ |�|F |�)*+67cqOA*+:;+ |p&?, �- +7(83r+o{&'8|N +7=+67j,&?+<-,¤8)*+D7(3FB1)7;

V<3F(j+b�*%=+:;

!u)CF?5#+,-+./012345#+./I1y?5#+D/:)'C(#+m�

+ �²H79=+�78c+6O* +{)@* +G57&�@A* +�%&? +78B&'- +A+om>&?@A* +:;+"7(jOA* +D73�>PO* +"7C=+:;

+ow=L)* +w= +g7d,� +,&Jj +<Br5O* +w= +,�MO* +~9� +~}# +Lj +²579)* +7vj,&� +o g<3�>PO* + �~(j + �.j*%�#

+ �.B|N+7vd@7;+o7vr+m*L1)A*+uN+7=+*q@*#+o g<F=7&�#+ g<F=7M+fd7M#+o<3B&¡%)*+²H79()*#+w3d*%h)*+fh9&?#

+ vT3)�&L v( + «¥ �s vD «yw?# + p. �0w?# + �D «/ �y+ «ewS «& wQ® +!{)7BN +"7�+VD7B(1C()* +<;7e)+,3�e)* +,3�)* +7v3;#+oq>()*

+V^Ta¯v¤)v<+ �"$w& v0«�$ wc � + vD �Y «& wC «(#+ vJ �F+ �" «$ �a «&�c � + v~` wD «' �C «() v<+ �"` wD w0«?)�c

+w= +,3�e)* +7v3;# +o �<Q4*� +W,y)* +7vr +�H78|- +:1)* +<3�>POA* +"7(jOA* +6O* +{Fj + �~3)H +,3P#

+�h39`N + zuN + �k0r +,3&J- +o"7�()* +~39&? +{Fj# +o<3�>POA* +~M7&J()* +:&JQN# +o~3F&i1)*# +£*.�)*

+<3�>PO*+A+ �D73M%F&?+6%&?57(-+D7(¤8()*+�FN+t*5.=+6O*+{)@*+�,9M+ �<3e-,=O*+ �<(¤8=+�SSS+{Fj

+^�a!<3NnA*+DA7C()*+:;

¯"%0e)*#+D*5.�()*+:�7BN+I

¯w3F=7B)*+D7h01&'=+<�,&?+I

¯D7=%FB()*+m*.�1&?*+t%&?+I

¯<(¤8()*+D*H%}%=+m*.�1&?*+t%&?+I

¯w3F=7B)*+H,�#+�d7&x()*+s>�@*+I

¯s%&')*+:;+<(¤8()*+uv&?O*+<(3�+GH7-L)+<3(c%)*+«7r5OA*+6>j@*+I

¯,}OA*+:;+L33(1)*#+G7r70()*+I

¯<3N*�)*+�)7&x()*+"%�+£*,&x)*+I

VTTS+<-nA*+o6*,(j+"n*+G5%&? + TaI. Rak Beekun, «Islamic Business Ethics», November, 1996 �a

TY]

\J%& !Fux .)

¯D7C18()*+<3j%d+<)O7&'(r+m7(1cA*+m.j+I

¯<�39)*+<;7¤d+{Fj+<¤;70()7r+m7(1cA*+m.j+I

VD7(¤8()*+<3d*L3=+:;+~-701)*+I

+D79F`1()* +<3(cO* +{Fj +t%&i)* +{h)O* +.� +6,h)* +*�c +<-*.r +:; + ��5*H@A* +,eQ)* +67M +*q@*#

+%c +m>&?@A* +6O* +.Cd +ol&?78()* +5.h)7r +7c,;*%N +G5#,&¡# +ow3F=7BF) +<3d7&'d@A*# +<3j7(1}A*

+we-+u)+6@7;+o g<}#�+l&'1e3F;+ g>=7j+78) +67M+w=�+!^2Ea"%&?,)* +"%h-+k3�+o�)q+{)@* +s79&')*

+V^Ta� g78e&'=+l&'1e3F;+ �we&'=+�)+we-+u)+6@7;+og7=H7P+l&'1e3F;+ �mH7P+�)

+�,}O*+,3}OA*+*%`jO*�+!^2Ea"7�+ouv1F�7(=+m.j#+uvN7h01&'=+w3F=7B)*+�8=+G5#,&¡+:;#

+o �m7v= +w= +H,Q)7r +_78- +7= +�7CN +<3)#$%&'()*# +m*L1)A* +G5#,&¡ +:;# +V^�a�� |� �, �j +bC- +6O* +~9�

+V^Ra��13j5+wj+ �"#$%&'=+ueFM#+ �£*5+ueFM�+!^2Ea+"%h-

+{8B|N +o²H79()*# +u3h)* +7c$%&J8= + �D7v3}%N +wj +G579j +:v; +o<8v()* +D73�>POA +<9&'8)7r#

+w3d*%h)*+w=+ �<j%(C(;+<8v()*+<(¤dO*+7=O*+V<38v()*+<`&JdOA*+<&?57(=+t78�O*+�4>)*+�,&x1)7r

+VD7r%hj +7vM7v1d* +{Fj +lN,1- +7= +g79)7�# +o<8v(F) +w3&?57(()* +~(j +u¤8|N +:1)* +D7B-,&J1)*#

+{)@* +,3&JN +<8v()* +<(¤dO* +7(83r+o�FB;+~=7BF) +:y98-+7=+{)@* +,3&J|N +<8v()* +D73�>PO7;+78c+w=#

V�FB;+�3Fj+lC-+7=

+{)@* +%j.- +��)* +m>&?@A* +%c +<38v()* +W*HnA*# +s>POA* +�8= +�98N + �5.&x= + zucO*# +{�) #�O* +6@*

!^2Ea+¢*+"%&?5+"7�+o~(j+~M+:;+~}#+Lj+¢*+<9�*,(r+67(-A*#+o~(B)*+67hN@*#+os>POA*+m57e=

+VÛa�s>POA*+ �m57e=+ �u �(NOA+ |f � §B |r�

!f12345#+,-+./F)CSs5#+e/H(#`+~#DF?5#+m�

+o".B)* +!7v8= +o �D*5791j* + |G.j +m>&?@A* +:; +<3j7(1}A* +u3h)*# +�*,jOA* +{Fj +lN,1-#

+ ��F`= +m>&?@A* +:; +".B)7; +V<d#,()*# +b3e1)*# +o<-5*,(1&?A*# +D79�)* +o<3)%(&J)* +o<3B�*%)*

+ewS «C �Y �B+#�d v4# � +) �avL «{�?#+]�(v4#+ vM)�O) �0�?5#+«#` �>�$wc+" �?#+ «e wQ wD w0«?) �:+�¤#+ �"v4#®+{)7BN+"7�+o,&J9)*+t*%cO*+wj+ �.3Br#

+V^[a¯# WD/ v28�<+) W'/ vC �23+ �") �Q+�¤#+ �"v4#+ v} v<+e wY wj v'�:+) �C v' vO+�¤#+ �"v4#+ vu «; �' «() v<+«#$ wC wY «E�c+"�?#+ vT3)�&(#+ �J«/�<

VUIR+!T+tLC)*+oH#*H+%rO*+�*#5 + TaV:d*,9`)*+�*#5 + �a

VRSU+oT+tLC)*+o�57�9)*+�30&E+o,(j+wr+¢*+.9j+�*#5 + RaV�.c*%&Jr+w&'�+k-.�+%c#+Ô7�%()*a+:;+�)7=+�},PO* + Ua

+V[\+<-nA*+ot7&'8)*+G5%&? + [a

TY\


+<3=>&?@A*+u3h)7;+V^Ta¯) �a �' «23 w +�5v4# +) W2K «g�O+w¤#+ wn©L �Y w:+�5® +!{)7BN+�)%�+:;+<3B�*%)*+{FC1N#

+wj+2?78)7r+.Bh�N+:1)*+<3)7�()*+:;+s,yN+A#+os7`|-+A+7(r+7v3;+b3FeN+A+o7vh39`N+we(-+ �<3B�*#

+f;,1j7;+o2?78F)+GH#.0()*+<�7`)*+:j*,N+:c#+o �<3B�*#+u3h)*#+s>POA*#+D*H79B)7;+V"7�1=A*

V<3&'Q8)*#+<-H7()*+D7}70)*#+o�,&J9)*+�;*.)7r#+o�,&J9)*+bB&i)7r

+ g<3�#5 +o7vNA7C= +�3(Cr +<3d7&'d@A* +G730)* +ld*%} +w= +g79d7} +<3=>&?@A* +u3h)* +£.N +u)#

+o �u3�+,eQFF;+o�3;,)*+�%F&'F)+~�=OA*+�-,`)*+�)+f(&?5+A@* +o g<-%3dH+#O* + g<38-H+o g<3(&'}+#O* +fd7M

V �u3�+,c7¤)*+�%F&'F)#+o �u3�+2'Q8F)#+o �u3�+H7h1j>)#

+"7� +o �67e=# + �67=� + �~e) +7c5H7&x= +<3�>&E +w= +7v1-5*,(1&?* +<3=>&?@A* +u3h)* +.(1&'N#

+o<3=>&?@A*+u3h)*+:;+5*,(1&?A*+,c7¤=+w=#+V^�a¯ �J/ vC�() �'«L ©(+ W. �C «B�7+�5 v4#+ �¡)�&«L �23 «7�?#+) �0 � ®+!{)7BN

+� z, �0�1 �-# + |s. &x�- +~},)* +"*L- +A� +! +^2Ea"7� +V,h1&'N +{1� +2?78)* +D73M%F&? +:; +7v�#.� + |5,eN

+67&'d@A*+6%M+:Qe-+>;+ow-,Pn>)+,3�)*+�.B1-+6O*#+V^Ra� g7h-.&E+¢*+.8j+ �l�1 e |-+{1�+ �s.&x)*

+ |u�FB |-# +o,3�)* +,&J8-# +o�(1C()* +�= +~j7Q1- +og70F&x=# +g70)7&E +6%e- +~r +o�&'Qd +:; +g70)7&E

+ �w-H +%v; +o�&'Qd +m>&?@A* +<3r7C-@* +w= +u3hF) +<3r7C-@A* +��c +:NO7N# +V"7 ¨&i)* +. §&�,|-# +o~c7C)*

+V<39F&')*#+o"*LBdA*#+o2�7(edA*+�1B39�+w=+2'3)+o �,�$%=+ :r7C-@*

+bF1�= +�= +os,`)*# +~47&?%)* +bF1�(r +�(1C()* +:; +�h01F) + �<Fr7� +<3=>&?@A* +u3h)*#

+�(1C()* +:; +�h01- +".B)7; +o7c,c%} +:; +�)q +,�$%- +6O* +6#H +o57&x=OA*# +67=�OA*# +"*%�OA*

+6O* +uv()* +¯7vN7d7e=@* +5.� +{Fj# +7v1}7� +l&'0r +o<)#.)* +7vhF�N +.� + �<QF1�= + �D7&'&?$%= +,9j

+:;#+os*%&?OA*+:;#+G,&?OA*+~P*H+o<=7B)*+G730)*+,c7¤=+bF1�=+:;+�h01-+.�#+o".B)*+�h01-

+!{)7BN+�)%�+�)q+:;+~&EOA*#+o �<QF1�=+ �~47&?%r#+{1&�+ �5%&xr+o�)q+,3�#+D7�3v)*#+D7(¤8()*

VÛa¯]�< «D wI+#�d+ �") �Q+ «$�( � +#$w( v; «F) �-+ «ewS«L wI+#�dv4# � ®

+!f12345#+,-+")2KO45#+�$HB+m�

+�3(} +,9j +67&'d@A* +s%h� +{)@* +G%j.)* +7v3Fj +f=7� +:1)* +2'&?O>) +<3 �dO71()* +<B}*,()* +6@*

+o<3=>&?@A*+"%&EOA*+wj+7vN7hF`8=#+<3Fe)*+7v4H79=+D�PO*+7vdO*+ |,v¤|N+o7v1B`�+:1)*+~�*,()*

+W#,0)* +67r@*# +o<3Fh&E# +2').dOA* +,9j +o<3=>&?@A* +G57&i0)* +t7`j +w= +W,y)* +H7Q1&?* +.h;

+V�\Z+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&? + TaVTS]+<-nA*+ot739dOA*+G5%&?+^�a

V�.8&'=+:;+.(�O*+m7=@A*+�*#5+^Ra+VT[+<-nA*+om7BdOA*+G5%&?+Ûa

TYY

\J%& !Fux .)

+s71BdA*#+5,01)*+%0d+�j#Ld+:;+o:=>&?@A*+,eQ)7r+,�O71)*+w=+D7M,0)*+~M+%F�N+A#+V<393F&x)*

V^Ta67&'d@A*+<=*,e)+�=*,1�*+:;#+o~hB)*+m7h=+w=+�B;5+:;#+o¢*+,3y)+<-H%9B)*+w=

+s%h�+6O7r+�*,1jA*#+5*,�@A*+:;+o6%3r#5#OA*+uv3;+w(r+o6%Q&x8()*+6%��79)*+HH,1-+A#

+2iBr+:;+D.81&?*+o,&Jj+w=7�)*+6,h)*+:;+<3&'d,Q)*+G5%�)*+7vN5.&EO*+:1)*+ow�*%()*#+67&'d@A*

V^�a<3=>&?@A*+"%&EOA*+{)@*+7vN7hF`8=#+7v4H79=

+:; +{)#OA* +GH7()* +6O* +om>&?@A7r +:()7B)* +:d%d7h)*# +:&?73&')* +,eQ)* +,�O7N +.M$% |- +7= +6@*

+W7`�)*+wr*+,(j+.&�*,)*+<Q3F�)*+"%h)+ g<(},N+6%eN+H7eN+o67&'d@A*+s%h0)+:()7B)*+6>j@A*

V^Ra�*5*,�O*+uvN7v=O*+uvN.)#+.�#+2?78)*+uN.9B1&?*+{1=�+�8j+¢*+:&¡5

+<3j,&J)* +2?7&?O* +%c +��)* +o67&'d@A* +s%h0) + z:()7B)* +6>j@A* +6@* +o�,C-%1)* +"%h- +*�v)#

+w3NH7()* +t78�1&?7r +ow3�>�)* +� �H*%(r +:d7&'d@A* +�h(j+:;+2¡57B1- +A +o67&'d@A* +s%h0) +<3)#.)*

+�=+2¡57B1-+A+:)#.)*+.vB)*+*�c+6@7;+o�)q+{)@*+<;7&¡@A7r#+VÛa<3=>&?@A*+"%&EOA*+�=+oT\ITZ

V^[a<3j7(1}A*#+<-H7&x1�A*+s%h0)*+k3�+w=+o<3=>&?@A*+u3)7B1)*+fr*%�

+:=>&?@A* +m%vQ()*# +o67&'d@A* +<=*,M +m*,1�* +:; +g7&?7&?O* +~�(1N +67&'d@A* +s%h� +6@*

+�0)* +w=# +o<F=7e)* +G*#7&'()*# +�F`()* +".B)* +w= + �<3)7j + �<(� +{)@* +:hN,- +<3d7&'d@A* +<=*,eF)

+ �J v0+ «e w{)�& «I�R�7 � + vD «E�* «(# � + ©D�* «(#+, v-+ «e w{)�&«L �C �B� + �f�>�£#+, v&�<+)�& «0 �D �Q+ «; �H�( � ®+!{)7BN+"%h3;+V�7&xd@A*#

+)�Ov4#+ wT3)�&(#+) �a �:�?#+)�:®+! g7&i-O*+�)%�#+o^Za¯ W1/ v2_ «g�c+)�& «H�L �y+ «J �C v0+ pD/ v[ �Q+]�L �F+ «e w{)�&«L �2_ �- � + vM)�*©/ �A(#

+ �" v4#+ «e wQ) �H «c�?#+ v¤#+ �;«& vF+ «e wY �0 �D «Q �?#+ �"v4#+#$ w-�7) �'�S v(+ �q vU)�* �I � +)W<$ w' w2�+ «e wQ)�&«L �' �s� +]�[ «Ow?# � + pD �Q�d+ «J v0+ «e wQ)�& «H�L �y

V^]a¯ �D/ v* �y+ �e/vL �F+�¤#

+G,&¡70=+o<;7h�)*#+m%FB)*#+<3r,1F)+<3=>&?@A*+<(¤8()*+o�<3=>&?@A*+u3)7B1)*+:;+67&'d@A*+s%h��+o�,C-%1)*+67(�j+wr+L-LB)*+.9j+^Ta

+�\I�[ +o�m>&?@A* +:; +67&'d@A* +s%h�� +"%� +7=#5 +:; +:=>&?@A* +u)7B)* +<`r*5 +7v1(¤d +:1)* +<3)#.)* +<3=>&?@A* +G#.8)* +:; +f3h)O*

V�SSS+_79&�

V6Vm+^�a

+o6*.}%)*#+~hB)*+*%9c#+.�+uc#+os%h0)*#+<=*,e)*+:;+w-#7&'1=#+g*5*,�O*+2?78)*+�3(}+.)%-+!6>j@A*+*�c+w=+{)#OA*+GH7()*+"%hN+q@*+^Ra

+Vt7P@A*+«#,r+g7&iBr+uv&iBr+*%F=7B-+6O*+uv3Fj#

+�0)7r+2x�&�+~e)+,hN+T\+GH7()*#+o<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&JF)+b)7�=+*�c#+ow-.)*+l9&'r+.3�+�O*+6#H+�*#L)*+��+{Fj+2x8N+ITZ+GH7()*+Ûa

+o�w-.)*+:;+�*,M@*+A�+!{)7BN+�)%hr+m>&?@A*+7vFQM+.h;+oH7h1jA*+<-,�+7=O*+o7v3;+<v9&�+A+GH5+m>&?@A*+:;+.B-+7(=+o�8-H+,33yN+:;

V2?Vm+o�<3=>&?@A*+u3)7B1)*+:;+67&'d@A*+s%h��+oo�,C-%1)*+!,¤d*

V6Vm+^[a

V]S+<-nA*+!t*,&?A*+G5%&?+^Za

VTR+<-nA*+!D*,C0)*+G5%&?+^]a

�SS


+2'Q8)*#+w-.)*+°Q�+:;+7vFM+<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+.&E7h=+,Mq+k09)*+*�c+:;+78B&'-+A#

+u3)7B1)* +~QeN# +V67&'d@A* +673M +°Q� +%c +o�FM +�)q +£7(} +6O* +,3� +o"7()*# +~&'8)*# +~hB)*#

+�0)*# +oW%B&J)* +w3r +6#7B1)* +{)@* +G%j.)*# +oGO*,()*# +~},)* +w3r +G*#7&'()* +og7&i-O* +<3=>&?@A*

+V:j7(1}A*+~;7e1)* +O*.9=#+o�#O7()* +��#+oGH79B)* +:;+�0)*# +oG730)* +:;+�0)*# +o<-,0)* +:;

+ �s79&?+:=>&?@A*+�(1C()*+6@7;+o7c5*,�@*+{)@*+ g7�7 z9&?+67&'d@A*+s%h0)+:(&?,)*+6>j@A*+67M+*q@*#

+V7v1&?57(=+{)@*

! w wD2N)&F`+ vf12345#+,-+ vM)QD2lL(+ v./F)CSs5#+ v./(`�$2KCL(+ �PD/b(#+ w;'*(#+!W)2K0)y

+ �l3&xd+o<(¤8()*+�3;+~(BN+��)*+�(1C(F)+6%e-+6O*+G5#,&¡+{Fj+:=>&?@A*+�(1C()*+k�

+H7v&J1&?A*+we(-#+o<QF1�()*+7v1`&JdO7r+7v=73�+t*,}+�38CN+6O*+we(-+��)*+,3�)*+#O*+°0)*+w=

+V^Ta��FcOA+u |M |,3P+u |M |,3P�+!^2Ea"%h-+k3�+o<Q-,&J)*+<-%98)*+k-H7�OA*#+D7-nA*+w=+.-.B)7r+78c

+ucH*%N +:; +w38=$%()* + |~ �� =� +!^2Ea"7�# +ou�*,1)*# +~;7e1)* +{Fj +��*%= +G.j +:; +m>&?@A* + zk�#

+.&'C)* +,47&? +�) +{j*.N +�%&ij +�8= +{e1&�* +*q@* +.�*%)* +.&'C)* +~�(M +uvQ�7BN# +uv(�*,N#

+V^�a�{(0)*#+,v&')7r

+o2?5*.()*# +o.}7&'()* +<=7�@* +:; +��7Qd@*# +o"7()* +"�r +{Fj +7&i-O* +m>&?@A* +k� +.�#

+�Q8)*+�3h0N+~}O*+w=+o¢*+~39&?+:;+ §s7Qd@A*+ §~9&?+w=+7c,3�#+o�73()*+�-57&J=#+oD70&x()*#

+ �9 «* �23 + «¥�S�* «O�?# + p.�* �B + vq�[ �C �Q + v¤# + vq/ v* �23 +, v- + «e wa�(# �$ «0�?# + �"$ wH vg «& w: + �J: vo�(# + wq�[ �0® +!{)7BN +"%h-# +om7B)*

+ �k0)* +:;# +V^Ra¯ �e/vL �F + �9 v23# � +w¤#` + w ) �2l�: + «J �C v( + wn vF) �2_w: +w¤#` + p.�* �B + w.� v0 + p.�L w* «& w23 + ©q wQ +, v- + �q v<)�& �23

+{)@*+^2Ea +g*,3&J=+o�<8C)*+:;+w3N7vM+u313)* +~;7M#+7dO*� +!^2Ea +"%&?,)* +"%h-+om71-OA* + §<-7j5+{Fj

VÛa{`&?%)*#+<r79&')*+o�3B9&E@*+m�>N

+~Qe1)*# +oD7j7C()* +<r570() + �D7j,9N +w= +o^2�V�Vma +5%&E# +,c7¤= +:; +~=O71)* +.8j#

+~39� +w= + �. �B |- +7v9F�O* +6O* +.Cd +o7c,3�# +<3j7(1}A* +D7;nA* +<r570=# +ow3� z%B |()*# +{&¡,()7r

+V<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+�r+,=O7N+��)*+¢*+~39&?+:;+s7Qd@A*

V��=,1)*+�},PO* + Ta

VuF&'=#+�57�9)*+�},PO* + �a

V�]U+<-nA*+oG,h9)*+G5%&? + Ra

V��\]+VU+tLC)*+ouF&'=+�*#5 + Ua

�ST

\J%& !Fux .)

1mQ3?8@7&n^57

+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'()*+<d7e=+f83r+:1)*+o�4718)*+w=+.-.B)*+{)@*+<&?*5.)*+��c+f&xFP+.h)

!�4718)*+ucOA+ �2¡,j+:F-+7(3;#+om>&?@A*+:;#+<3B&¡%)*+<(¤dOA*+:;+D7M,&JF)

+<3)#$%&'()*+m%¦¦¦vQ=+<C)7B=+:¦¦¦;+�9&')*+�¦¦¦)+67M+m>¦¦¦&?@A*+6O*+{¦¦¦)@*+<¦¦¦&?*5.)*+f¦¦¦F&E%N+IT

+w=+7vr+".¦¦¦1&'d+:1)*+o<3=>&?@A*+²H7¦¦¦9()*#+.j*%h)*+w¦¦¦=+{&x0-+A+ �H.¦¦¦j+,¦¦¦9j+o<¦¦¦3j7(1}A*

V<Q-,&J)*+<-%98)*+<8&')*#+b380)*+6n*,h)*

+u3)7BN+�r+f81j*+o<-H7&x1�A*+D7M,&JF)+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'(F)+�H7&x1�A*+.B9)*+6@* +I�

+<&';78()*+H#.�+:;+�r,)*+<3j#,&J=+,h-+��)*+DAH79()*+,�O*+">P+w=+<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*

+w3r+<=,9 |()*+D*.�7B1)*+:;+<-�7v1dA*+O*.9(r+w=$%N+:1)*+<3B&¡%)*+D7-,¤8)*+�>�r+o<)H7B)*

+s%h�+<-,¤d+D,v�+6O*+{)@*+o<-H,Q)*+<3eF()*+.3C(N#+<BQ8()*+u3¤BN+{)@*+{B&'N#+ow3F=7B1()*

Vm%3)*+{1�+�39`1)*+{)@*+7vh-,�+.CN+u)+:1)*+<3eF()*

+:)#O*#+¢*+<j7�+<3&?.�+b&x-+om>&?@A*+:;+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'(F)+:d%d7h)*+.B9)*+6@*+IR

+o�Fv1&'()*+s%h�+<)7QM+:;+m>&?@A*+�9&?+.�#+V<8&')*#+W71e)*+�)q+:;+78B},=#+o78=+,=OA*

+<�-.0)* +7vN*t*,�# +o<3B&¡%)* +<(¤dOA* +:; +7cH#5# +,PO7N + �5%=O* +��c# +o<)*.B)*# +<�39)* +��#

+m7¤d + �w&? +,9j +H7&'Q)* +<r570=# +o<�39)* +<-7(�# +o�Fv1&'()* +s%h� +<-7(� +~(&JN +GO7&J8)*

+"*%=OA*+2?#$#5+W70&EO* +w=+<&¡57B()*+w=+,3�e)*+{hFN+ �D7-,¤d+H,C=+{h9N+7vFM#+o< �( �M % �0)*

+V�4718)*+wj+,¤8)*+2iyr+uv�7r5O*+u3¤BN+{)@*+6%B&'-+w-�)*

+V6n*,h)* + |� �h|F |P +6O7r + �b §&E |# +78|)%&?5# +os>POA* +w-.)* +6@7; +o:�>POA* +.B9F) +<9&'8)7r +IU

+V<j7(C)*# +H,Q)* +w3r +,=OA* +bF1�- +w) +�)�)# +o �GH79j + |<)O7&'= +:c +m>&?@A* +:; +s>POA*#

+<3j7(1}A*+s>POA*#+o~(B)*+D73�>PO*#+o~=7B)*+s>PO7r+f(1c*+<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+u3)7B1;

+~QM +m>&?@A* +6@7; +o*�c +~M +~9�# +o�(1C()* +�= +~=7B1)* +:; +#O* +o:j7(C)* +~(B)* +~� +:;

+2J3B)*# +<-,0)*# +GH79B)* +�� +�) +o<=*,M +�q + �67&'d7M +�=*,1�* +">P +w= +��%h� +67&'d@>)

+,¤8)7r +o:B&¡%)* +m7¤8)* +:; + g<�-.� + �. �B |N +D7=7(1cA* +��c +6O* +w3� +:; +oVVVt*�y)*# +2'9F()*#

+6@*#+o:1)*#+o~(BF)+<3)#.)*+D7B-,&J1)*+5#.&E#+o67&'d@A*+s%h�+wj+6>j@A*+5#.&E+p-57N+{)@*

+�r +:¤�+��)* +:v)@A* +s7&'NA* +�%1&'= +{)@* +~&xN +A + �D7Q`1h= +"*LN +A +o g<3r7C-* + g7�7hd +fd7M

V:=>&?@A*+w-.)*

�S�


+<3j7(1}A*+<3)#$%&'()*+D7h39`N+w=+.&?OA*+< z&x�+�PO*+.�+ z�,3�)*+.B |9)*+6O*+�&�+A#+I[

+">P+w=+o<-78B)*+�47;+7&i-O*+<3=>&?@A*+<B-,&J)*+�1)#O*+.h;+o�)q+�=#+V<3r,y)*+D7M,&J)*+:;

+5%&E +�3&¡%N +">P +w=# +o<&E7�)* +D7}731�A* +�#q# +w3}710()*# +w3M7&'()7r +m7(1cA*

+<3�#5+ �67B=+t7`j@*#+o,e8()*+wj+:v8)*#+�#,B()7r+,=OA*#+o�4*5�)*+t5H#+o:j7(1}A*+~;7e1)*

+VD7&?57(()*+��v)

+ g7&E%&xP+o£%&¡%()*+*�c+:;+<&x ¨&x�1()*#+<-.C)*+K70rOA*#+D7&?*5.)*+2xhd+°�>-#+IZ

V7v8=+:=>&?@A*+�&J)*

Documents

0 - iul.edu.lb Sawt Al-Jamiaa arbic 7... · TR *FGS+$&’ ?;FGX&’ *> *+3&’ ‘3a&’-!FbGX8 !:’b0-رﻮﺼﻨﻣ ﻊﻳﺪﺑ ﻲﻣﺎﺳ .د .أ

0 - iul.edu.lb Sawt Al-Jamiaa arbic 7... · TR FGS+$&’ ?;FGX&’ > *+3&’ ‘3a&’-!FbGX8 !:’b0-رﻮﺼﻨﻣ ﻊﻳﺪﺑ ﻲﻣﺎﺳ .د .أ