02. Mr. Luu Duc Cuong_Keynote_EN-Quy hoạch xây dựng ứng phó với Biến đổi khí hậu và nước biển dâng

7/31/2019 02. Mr. Luu Duc Cuong_Keynote_EN-Quy hoch xy dng ng ph vi Bin i kh hu v nc bin dng

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URBAN PLANNING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE

AND SEA LEVEL RISE ADAPTATION

Hanoi, 18/10/2011

Vietnam Institute of Architecture, Urban and Rural Planning

Ministry of Construction

Ph.D., Arch Luu Duc Cuong

Vice Director, Center for Research and Planning on Urban on Urban and Rural Environment


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CURRENT SITUATIONS AND ORIENTATION FORURBAN DEVELOPOMENT IN VIETNAM


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Tendency of urban development into

10 urbanized areas

- Central urban areas ofdifferent levels arereasonably distributed in10 typical urbanizedareas: Northern and Red

River Delta KeyEconomic Zone (KEZ);Southern and SouthEastern KEZ; Centraland Middle Central KEZ;Mekong Delta KEZ;

South Central; CentralHighlands; NorthCentral; Capo BangLang Son Ha BacBac Thai; Lao Cai, YenBai Ha Giang Tuyen

Quang Vinh Phu; andNorth West areas

Current situations of urban developmentIn 1998, Prime Minster approved the Vietnam Urban system development

orientation up to 2020


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- Vietnams urbanarea network isformed anddevelops aroundthe central urban

areas

- Major centralurban areas areorganized intoclusters of urban

Areas

Current situations of urban development

Population of major cities in 2020


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Up to now (2010),there are in total755 urban areasin Vietnam :

- 2 special grade- 10 grade-1

- 12 grade-2

- 47 grade-3

- 50 grade-4- 644 grade-5

Current situations of urban development

Urban system in 2007Population density in 2007

Up to now, the national system of urban areas has been growing both in terms ofquantity and quality


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- Overcome weakness of thecurrent urbanization process(such as weak human resource

for urban development;inconsistent urban infrastructure;rural migration; threatened foodsecurity; pollution and ecologicalimbalance; low planning quality;lack of vision, limited

management capacity)- Also facing new challengesand obstacles in the context ofglobal climate change.

Urban system developmentorientation up to 2025, with

vision toward 2050(Decision 445/TTg, 7/4/2009)


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- Two major driving North-South

urban economic corridors:+ Coastal corridor closely linked

to ocean strategies

+ Ho Chi Minh Highway corridor;

- One border belt corridor (Vietnam

China, Vietnam Laos,

Vietnam

Cambodia) closelylinked to border gate economy

and national security and defense

- Six axes of driving urban

economic corridors, closely linked

together in the East-West

direction and to national growth

poles

DYNAMIC FOR THE FORMATION ANDDEVELOPMENT OF URBAN AREAS IN

ASSOCIATION WITH OCEANSTRATEGIES

MODEL FOR NATIONAL URBAN SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT UP TO 2025


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KHU KINH T THI BNH -THI BNHKHU KINH TNH V - CT HI - HI PHNG

KHU KINH TNG NAM NGH AN -NGH AN

KHU KINH T HN LA - QUNG BNH

KHU KINH TNH AN - TR VINH

KHU KINH T NM CN - C MAU

KHU KINH TNG NAM - QUNG TR

KHU KINH T NINH C - NAM NH

ECONOMIC ZONING AND COASTAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN VIETNAM

Prioritize indeveloping keyeconomic zones,large urban areasand generaleconomic zones

as key nationaleconomic growthpole- Currently in

Vietnam, 15coastal economic

zones in total- Addition of 3

coastal economiczones projected


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Location of deep-water seaports in development andcurrent volume of goods

Decision 2190/QD-TTg

Plan for the developmentof seaport system inVietnam up to 2020 andorientation towards 2030:

- National generalseaports:

+ InternationalTransshipment port: VanPhong Khanh Hoa;+ International gateway

ports: Hai Phong, Ba RiaVung Tau;+ Regional hub ports: HonGai, Nghi Son, Nghe An,Son Duong, Vung Ang,Dung Quat, Quy Nhon,

Nha Trang, Ba Ngoi, HoChi Minh City, Dong Nai,Can Tho;- Local ports;- Functional ports.


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Coastal urban zoning of Vietnam

Based on the similarity of climatic zone,macro landforms, hydrological and oceanicregime of the region. Coastal urban zones of

Vietnam include the following coastalsubareas:

Northern Coastal Region:(1) Quang Ninh coastal area(2) Red River Coastal area

Central Coastal Region:(3) Thanh Nghe Tinh coastal area(4) Binh Tri Thien coastal area(5) Da Nang Quang Nam Quang Ngaicoastal area(6) Binh Dinh Phu Yen Khanh Hoa coastalarea

Southern Coastal Region:(7) Coastal area fro Ninh Thuan - HCMC(8) Mekong River Delta Coastal area(9) West Ca Mau - Kien Giang coastal area

Total population :

43,835 million

Urban population :

13,678 million

Urbanization rate:

31.2%

No. or urban areas:

323

28 cities/provinces

9 COASTAL AREAS AND MAJOR CITIES


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RED RIVER DELTA COASTAL AREAQUANG NINH COASTAL AREA

Urban population: 0,49 m

Urbanization rate : 44.6%No. of urban areas: 15

Urban population: 1.35 m

Urbanization rate: 20.4%

No. of urban areas: 46


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THANH NGHE TINH COASTAL AREA BINH TRI THIEN COASTAL AREA

Urban population:0.847 m

Urbanization rate:10.5%

No. of urbanareas: 69

Urban population:0.64 m

Urbanization rate:24.3%

No. of urban areas:31


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DA NANG QUANG NAM QUANG NGAICOASTAL AREA

BINH DINH PHU YEN KHANH HOACOASTAL AREA







MEKONG RIVER DELTA TRIANGLE


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COASTAL AREA FROM NINH THUANTO HCMC

MEKONG RIVER DELTA TRIANGLECOASTAL AREA




Urban populations: 0.988 m




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CA MAU KIEN GIANG COASTALAREA





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CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ONSUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPOMENT,

NEW CHALLENGES IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT


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104 106 108

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Note: The values on the contours,which are the average values for anarea with size 1 x 1 degree

The trend of the rainfallwithin 1970-2007

mm/38 years

The trend of the averagetemperature within 1970-2007

C/38 years0

The trend of the maximumtemperature within 1970-2007

C/38 years0



Thuc et al. IHM, 2009Demonstrations of Climate change in Vietnam

Vietnam is among 4 most severely affected country by extreme weatherphenomena during the last 2 decades, ranking 3rd in 2008. (Report onglobal climate risk index 2009, Germanwatch, COP 15, Copenhagen, Denmark)


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1 m

2 m3 m

5 m4 m

The sea level risescenarios published by

MONRE shows that: Inthe middle of the 21st

century, sea level mightincrease by 28 - 30 -33cm. By the end of thecentury, it will have

increased by 65 - 75 -100cm compared tolevels of period from 1980- 1999.


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SLR Scenario

(m)

Inundated Area

(km2)

Population

Affected

(Mill)(%) (%)

0.25 6,237 1.9 2.0 2.4

0.5 14,034 4.2 4.7 5.7

1 30,116 9.1 13 16

1.5 40,242 12 20 24

2 45,479 14 25 30

3 50,908 15 30 36

4 53,909 16 34 41

5 57,447 17 37 45

Source: Tran Thuc and partners

Sea level rise extent of impact

With over 3,400km of coastline, over 50% ofpopulation living along the coastline area will bedirectly affected by climate change in generaland sea level rise in particular.

Sea level rises by 5mFlooded area: 57,447.7 km2(17.3%)Population affected:37,130,743 (44.7%)

Vietnam urban system


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More than 300coastal urbanareas/755areas affected

by climatechange.More than 100directly affectedby climatechange and sealevel rise.Moreover,economiccenters (futureurban areas)

will also beaffected.

POPULATION DISTRIBTION IN COASTAL AREASVietnam urban systemUrban areas and topography


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Mekong River Delta is one of the mostseverely affected region by climate

change and sea level rise globally.

Rising water caused landslides atSeagate in Nha Mat ward, Bac Lieu city

Vulnerable coastal areas


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Affect structure of urbanecology:

- Changes in topographicand geomorphologicfeatures

- Decline in naturalresources such as landareas, fresh waterresources

- Changes in urban

coastal ecosystem

Flood in Mekong river delta

Erosion, landslidesdecrease area of land

Changes in natural resourcesand coastal ecosystem


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West Sea Dyke (Khanh Tien commune, U Minhdistrict, Ca Mau Province) was seriouslyeroded due to the impacts of climate change.

Sea level rise willinundate many low-lyingareas.


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Affecting urban spatialstructure (industrial

zones, system ofcenters)


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Flood inQuangNam

Flood inMekongriver delta

Flood inCan Tho

Flood inDa Nangcity

Affecting the networkof urban technicaland socialinfrastructure:

- Causing inundationand floods, slowingdrainage in urbanareas, overloading thesewage drainage and

treatment system

- Changing area ofwater surface, greenparks, squares.

- Ruining infrastructure

(houses, trafficsystems, factories,ports)

- Affecting undergroundurban space


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- Climate change and sea level rise, as well as natural disasters, floods arebecoming more and more complicated and unpredictable

- Increasing risks caused by climate change significantly affect Vietnams urbandevelopment strategies

- In the context of growing global economy, most urban areas, especiallycoastal and mountainous areas, have high vulnerability and low adaptationcapability

- Most of them are not integrated and there have not been measures to

integrated climate change issues into urban development plans and programs- Many urban areas were built and developed in the period before climatechange and will face difficulties in upgrading, improvement and planning torespond to climate change.

Climate change New challenges in urban development


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- Many urban areas, especially coastal ones, are affected by adverse naturalconditions (salinization in dry season, inundation in rainy season due to floodsand high tides), which become more and more severe due to climate change,sea level rise and human impacts (upstream hydro-power project, roads that

block flow of water and reduce natural water bodies)

- In the context of climate change and sea level rise, rapid urbanization,especially that in coastal urban areas of Vietnam, will once again increase risksto development, contradicting to the principal of reducing the impacts cause byclimate change and sea level rise impacts.

- Rapid development in coastal areas lead to specific contradictions (betweenurban function and natural function of the alluvial grounds, flood drainage,usage of water and ecological functions)

Climate change New challenges in urban development


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URBAN PLANNING TO RESPOND TO CLIMATECHANGE, PROBLEMS EMERGING


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- Assess the impacts of climate change and sea level rise on urban technicalinfrastructure, energy consumption

- Identify measures to respond to climate change and sea level rise;

- Integrate climate change issues into strategies, programs, plans,projects;

- Adjust plans for technical infrastructure, urban residential areas basedon climate change scenarios;

- Propose supplements to construction standards, procedures, technical

guidance in response to climate change

Core tasks of Construction sector in response to Climate changeperiod 2011 - 2015

Note: Decision 158/2008/QD - TTg


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- The issue of integrating climate responses into strategies, projects and planshas newly been brought into discussion in Vietnam.

- Construction planning, being a tool for organizing urban space, is a criticalstarting point for the integration of climate change responses, with a view tosustainable urban development

- Climate change adaptation, especially that in coastal areas, is a new issuethat will require the application of basic principles in spatial planning.

- At the same time, spatial planning principles will also need to adapt and

adjust to follow standard construction processes and apply sustainableadaptation policies in order to reduce the negative impacts of climate changeon urban development.

Construction plans are particularly important in climate changeresponses


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-Adapting to and reducing risks of disasters, floods is not a new issue inurban planning, but new in the context of climate change

- Strategic environmental assessment, being a tool for integrating environmentprotection into construction planning, has been done for over 10 years.

- However, the approach applied in this assessment is not robust enough torespond to climate change, it only assesses the impacts of urban developmenton climate, environment, but not of climate change on urban development.

- Objectives regarding risk responses (prevention and control of floods,

inundation, high tides, saline intrusion) have also been set in constructionplanning, however the methodology is not appropriate and comprehensive inthe context of globalization and climate change.

- Many drainage projects are being implemented throughout the country. This isnecessary, but not very effective as they are still passive to risks and lack amaster plan with vision and climate change adaptation considerations.

Facts about integrating climate change responses intoconstruction planning


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- Solutions for plan design, implementation and management were developedseparately, not considering integration.

- The current uni-sectoral approach to planning will not satisfy newrequirements in the context of greater exposure to severe disasters and floodsdue to climate change

- Multi-sectoral integration tools to build and operate a unified spatial frameworkare restrictive and underdeveloped

- Urban plan projects in Vietnam often have a 20-25 year timeframe, while

many climate change impacts will not be evident until after 50-100 years- Current approach of urban planning only revolves around development, notthe conservation of natural laws associated with development

Issues with construction planning in climate change responses


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- Natural channels and low-lying areas are being encroached and filled withoutcontrol for the purpose of urbanization, blocking the currents of surface waterand causing lakes and ponds to fail in their function as water storage bodies.

- Natural water absorption capacity of soil decreases, while area of concretesurface keeps increasing. This speeds up currents of surface water and lowersthe level of groundwater, thus overloading rainwater drainage systems in urbanareas.

- Most measures in response to floods caused by rains and tides are passiveand reactive because lakes, rivers or channels that were supposed to be

preserved have already been turned into urban areas and houses.

Examples regarding water in urban areas


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Climate change adaptation planning- The need for a new approach in construction planning

- All problems with construction planning above call for a more complex andcomprehensive approach

- There should be an overall long-term strategic plan for the next 50-100 years,with strong association with climate change. This is still an issue of littleattention and needs more consideration in the Orientation Master Plan for

Vietnam Urban System Development up to 2025, with vision toward 2050

approved by the Prime Minister.


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- Integrate separate designing, technical and management approaches in aunified planning framework (e.g.: drainage plans in association with tree-planting plans, river basin plans)

- Deal with the impacts of climate change on urban development in a multi-sectoral, multi-dimensional, multi-stage and interactive manner

- Adaptation plans should facilitate an overall SWOT analysis for an area inexposure to climate change risks

- Adaptation plans should fill the gaps between different sectors, disciplines,between knowledge and policies by establishing strategic programs andprojects that can serve as integrating tools

- Allow for and establish communication channels between sectors, disciplines,decision making levels, responsible people and relevant stakeholders; creatinga framework for coordination between agencies to identify the nature andextent of climate change impacts.

Some requirements for Climate change adaptation planning


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Requirements for Climate change adaptation planning

- Adaptation planning objectives have to draw specific measures to respond toand reduce the impacts of climate change, with focus on floods and in 2approaches: construction and non-construction

- Simultaneous application of 2 approaches in planning theory: disciplinary

approach (urban, water supply, drainage) and group approach (poor people,gender, residential area, sensitive group)

- Creating new urbanization forms and urban design patterns towardsadaptation, environmental friendliness, resource protection, and quality livingspace


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Focus strategies for sea level riseadaptation

Related issues

- Objectives of adaptation - Prevent damages- Minimize damages- Share damages- Alter affected activities- Change locations of affected activities

- Minimize damages - Collect information and build awareness- Plan and design

- Apply- Examine- Evaluate

- Share damages - Protect residence areas- Evacuate (or)- Reinforce the location- Reclaim land from sea

- Reorganize- No intervention

- Alter affected activities - Asses risks- Analyze costs and benefits- Options for sea level rise scenarios- Assess and identify policies related to sea level rise based on

adaptation objectives, natural vulnerabilities of coastal areas as well as

human development activities

Summary of policies in sea level rise adaptation


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THANK YOU VERY MUCH!

Documents

02. Mr. Luu Duc Cuong_Keynote_EN-Quy hoạch xây dựng ứng phó với Biến đổi khí hậu và nước biển dâng