Chng IINHNG CHT C HI TRONG CY THC PHM V CY THC N CHN NUIPGS.TS. Dng Thanh LimB mn Thc n & Dinh dng ng vtKhoa Chn nui Th yTrng i hc Nng LmTP. H Ch Minh

Phn loi cc cht c c sn trong thc n theo cu trc ha hc (c 6 nhm cht)

I. GLUCOSID TRONG THC VT1. Cyanogenic glucoside: Glucan Aglucan (HCN) (ng) (Khng phi ng) 2. Thioglycoside (Goitrogenic Glycosides): Glucan Aglucan (Thio-) (ng) (Khng phi ng)3. Solaninglucoside: Glucan Aglucan (Solanin) (ng) (Khng phi ng) Glucoside l hp cht hu c c cha glucose v mtgc khng phi glucose thng gy ra ng c

Nhng thc vt c cha Cyanogenic Glycoside cCy khoai m (Cassava)Mng tre Qu hnh (Almond)Qu o (Peach)Qu mn (Plum)Qu anh o di (Cherry)Qu to (Apple)Cy cao lng (Sorghum)C sudanC ba l (Clover)

Phn b glycoside quan trng cy TP v thc n CN

Cu trc ha hc ca mt s glycosid c trong thc vt

Cy khoai m Cassava

S phn b HCN trong cc b phnca cy khoai m

S phn b HCN trong cc loi ltrn cy khoai m

V gia c khoai m c cha nhiu HCN

-glucosidase High temp & pHNhit & pH cao S chuyn ha Linamarin trong c th

Cu to ca Cianglucosid trong l khoai m v s c ch Hemoglobin ca HCN

H thng chuyn vn in t ca Cytochrome(Electron Transport System)

Ng c cp tnh Cyanogenic GlycosideTriu chng xy ra rt t ngt, ri lon h hp, ngng th v cht sau 1 hoc 2 gi vi mc nng.

Mc nh hn: C cm gic ng, cay v nng rt c hng, thnh thong co git hoc t cng cc chi. Chy nc bt, si bt mp, nn ma. C cm gic s hi, chng mt, chong vng, hoa mt, co cng quai hm.

Th gp, kh th, nhp th khng u. ng mch co tht lm cho huyt p tng, tc mu qua tim chm li, v sau lon nhp tim.

Nim mc tm, ti xanh, mu mu chocola. Sau l nhng cn co git, khng iu khin c tiu tin. Cui cng l v m hi, dn ng t, t lit, lit h hp ri ngng tim v t vong.

Trng hp n thc phm nhim HCN liu thp, ko di, c th thch ng v chu ng c, nhng trng thi bnh khc xut hin nh: Bu c do nhc nng tuyn gip (hyperthroidism) c lin quan n s c ch gip trng ca sn phm trao i cht ca HCN l thiocyanate. C th t lit thn kinh lu di c lin quan n cht trao i trung gian -cyanoalanine. Triu chng ng c mn tnh

S c gng ha gii c t HCN ca c tha) Kiu phn ng gii c th nht, phn ng vi cysteineb) Kiu phn ng gii c th hai, phn ng vi thiosulfateTc nhn gy bu cTc nhn gy hi thn kinh

Liu gy ng c HCNTheo ti liu ca Humphreys (1988) th liu gy ng c ti thiu ca HCN t do trn ng vt l 2 2,3 mg/kg th trng. Nu gc CN- nm trong cu trc glucosid th cha sc gy ng c. Khi glucosid trong thc n khi vo c th, gii phng nhanh HCN v c th hp thu nhanh th c th gy c, nu gii phng HCN chm, hp thu chm th liu ny cng cha gy triu chng ng c.

Trong thc tin khi ng vt n thc n nhiu v hp thu nhanh th mt lng HCN l 4 mg/kg th trng c th gy t vong mt cch r rng. Nu tnh trn thc liu lm thc n th mc ng c 20 mg HCN /100 g thc n l rt nguy him cho ng vt.

Liu gy ng c trn loi ng vt khc nhau cng khc nhau: - Trn cu 2 2,5 mg / kg th trng. - Trn ngi liu 1,4 mg / kg th trng, hoc 30 -35 mg HCN/ 1 ngi ln l xut hin triu chng ng c c th gy cht (Nahrstedt, 1985).

nh hng ca cch x l, ch bin c khoai m n hm lng HCN trong sn phm.9,722,701,08C khoai m tiC khoai m xt ltBt c khoai mHm lng HCN (mg/100 g)Cch x l75564231Bc v, ngm nc 24 giLut khng v na giLut hai ln ncLut k ko diT l % HCN cn li so vi ban uCch x l

Ch bin thu cng cu khoai mi.Bc v ngm nc lm gim hm lng HCN trong c khoai m

Qui trinh ch bin bng c gii loi b HCN trong cu khoai miCu tiTip nhn, cnChuyn vao loBoc vo, lam sach khChuyn ln bng taiModule may nghinH thng ln men kh HCNHoat hoa enzymeLam kh s bChuyn vnSy khinh lngong goi, bao bi300 kg khoai mi ti / gi

Dy chuyn ch bin tinh bt m Thi LanLink Video clips

nh hng ca thi gian ln men loi b HCN trong bt khoai mNgun ti liu: S.A. Odoemelam, 2005.

Ch bin cu khoai mi ban thu cng Chu Phi

Lam sach voXt latCh bin thu cng va ban thu cngCu khoai mi

Phi kh khoai mi lat Thai Lan

Nghin khoai mi lat thanh bt

Mng tre, trcGlycoside l TaxiphillinThng gy ng c cho ngi khi n mng tre ti rng.

Hm lng HCN trong mng ti v mng ch bin

Cy cao lngc c t HCNPhn loi thc vt

Kingdom(gii):PlantaeDivision(nganh):MagnoliophytaClass(lp):LiliopsidaOrder(bc):PoalesFamily(ho):PoaceaeGenus (phai):Sorghum L.Species(loai)C khang 30 loi

Cy cao lng (Sorghum) Cao lng

Cy cao lng ht (Grain sorghum)

Cy Lanh (Flax) c c t HCNPhn loi thc vt

Kingdom:PlantaeDivision:MagnoliophytaClass:MagnoliopsidaOrder:MalpighialesFamily:LinaceaeGenus:LinumSpecies:L. usitatissimum

Cy Lanh (Flax)

Cy lanh (Flax Linum)L cy trng nng nghip ly si x (flax) v du (trong ht)Kh du ht lanh c cha CN Hoa mu xanh nc binHt trnGia sc b ng c khi n nhiu kh du ht lanh.

Tri v ht lanhGi tr dinh dng ht lanh

Xc nh HCNbng phng php so mu

250 mg ground tissue16 hrs30 minPhng php Picrate

Khng c prunasin so vi i chng m v dngDy mu M9 chun vi nng Prunasin khc nhauXc nh Cyanide bng thang mu

Thioglycoside (Glycosinolate, Goitrogenic glycoside) Ngy nay ngi ta bit c c trn 50 loi thio-glycoside khc nhau. Trong c 2 loi thio-glycoside c c lc mnh, l: Isothiocianat (ITC) v Viniloxolidotion (VTO). Bo thai rt nhy cm vi 2 loi c t ny.

VTO c khuynh hng gy bu c, ngi ta cn gi l thyreostatikus VTO-glycoside, n c tc dng ngn cn s hp th Iod ca tuyn gip hnh thnh thyroxin, v vy n lm cho tuyn gip khng tng hp c thyroxine. Cc loi thioglycoside rt nhy cm vi ng vt cn non. VTO c th qua mng thai vo phi thai gy tc hi cho bo thai. Nu cho cu ci cha n nhiu l ci bp v ci du (c cha nhiu VTO) th cu con sau khi sinh ra cht ngay hoc d tt.

VTO c th gy cho phi chm pht trin hoc gy bu c cho bo thai trc khi sinh ra. ng vt trng thnh th VTO gy ra tc dng bu c.

C th khc phc tc hi ca VTO bng cch cho tng khu phn Iod ln trn nhu cu bnh thng.

Nhng loi thc vt gy bu c (Goitrogenic Plants)Thc vt h ci (Brassica spp) nh ci bp, ci du, ci xonglucosinolates (thioglycosides) thy phn sinh ra hp cht gy bu c nh: Thiocyanate, isothiocyanateCu v d c th sy thai hoc ra con c bu c bm sinh mt s cht non hoc bnh hon.Gy chng n n c th b t hon, mp ln, chm chp, rng lng tc, b xng bin dng khng bnh thng.

Brassica Ci bp thc phm

Brassica Ci xa-lach xon

Glucosinolate trong thc vt h ciGlucosinolate bt ngn t protein c cha cc acid amin (Trp, Phe Tyr, Leu, Ile, Val, Gly) v chui ko di Met v Phe.

n nay ngi ta bit c c trn 100 loi glucosinolate khc nhau.Cc hp cht ny c tm thy trong cc loi thc vt thuc h hoa ciCi bng xanhCi du

myrosinase Bo v chng cn trng v nm Cht hp dn thc phm Nhng hp cht hng v. Cht c chn chng ung th (Sulphoraphan)Chc nng sinh hc ca glucosinolate

S chuyn ha Thioglucosid trong c th

Mt trng thi ng c khc ca thioglucosid: Ngi ta nhn thy c khi chn th ng vt trn ng c n nhiu loi thc vt xanh hoa ch thp (h hoa ci) th xy ra hin tng v hng cu (hemolisis) nghim trng lm cho nc tiu ca chng c mu huyt sc t. Nguyn nhn l do trong loi thc vt ny c cc acid amin bt thng c cha lu hunh. Hp cht S-methyl-cystein-sulphoxide trong d c b phn gii bin thnh sn phm Dimethyl-disulphoxide. Cht dimethyl-disulphoxide rt c hi, n ph hy t bo hng cu gy ra dung huyt.

S-methylcysteine sulphoxide Dimethyl disulphoxide Acid Pyruvic

S chuyn ha Thioglucosid hnh thnh hp chtDimethyl-disulphide gy dung huyt

Cy ci du (Rape)

Cnh ng ci du trong ma tr bngLink Video Clips

Cai du, cy thc phm, thc n CN, nhin liu.Cy cai duDu thc phmDu chay mayLink Video Clips

M hnh my p du ht ciLink Video ClipdCanola press

Nhng qui inh v mc c t cho pheptrong kh du cai rapeseed meal My, CanadaKh du hat cai a chit xut beo yu cu acid erucic va glucosinolate phai thp, ham lng acid erucic trong du phai di 2%. Hp cht glucosinolate trn 1 gram kh khng khi cua hat (xac inh bng sc ky khi-long: Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Method) cho cac dn xut cua glucosinolate: 3-butenyl glucosinolate; 4-pentenyl glucosinolate; 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate; va 2-hydroxy-4-pentenyl glucosinolate.

Tng s nhng dn xut nay phai di 30 micromole glucosinolate / 1gram trang thai bt kh. Phai ghi trn nhan mc protein ti thiu, mc beo th, x th ti a, m ti a va acid erucic cung nh glucosinolate ti a.

Solanin v cc loi thc vt thuc h hoa c SolanumNhng loi thc vt c cha c t solanin gm c:Khoai ty (Potato)C dc en (Black Nightshade)Anh o Jerusalem (Jerusalem Cherry)

Cy khoai ty di Potato, Solanum spp.

Khoai ty v SolaninRC

Cu trc hp cht Solanin va l glucosid va l Alkaloid (Alkaloid-glycoside)

Hm lng solanine trong khoai tyHm lng solanin trong khoai ty: Ty theo ging khoai ty m hm lng solanin c khc nhau. Ging khoai ty Rosevall Angieri c cha n 0,49 g solanin/1kg rut c v 1,22 g/1kg v c. Cc ging khc c hm lng solanin thp hn, trung bnh 0,04 0,07 g/kg rut c v 0,30 0,55 g/kg v c. Khi khoai ty mc mm th c th ln n 1,34 g/kg c.

Triu chng ng c solanin 1. Triu chng ng c solanin:- Xy ra triu chng sau khi n 2 - 24 gi- Ng c c th ko di 3 ngy- C ch ng c khng cholin (anticholinergics)Th nh: - N / V / D, au u.- U oi, th thn, bun ng.- au bng, tiu chy ri sau to bn. Th nng: - Gin ng t v lit nh hai chn. - Hn m.- Trung khu thn kinh b t lit dn n lm ngng h hp, ngng tim v t vong.

3. Liu ng c: Liu gy cht ngi ca solanin t 0,2 0,4 g/1kg th trng ngi.

Nhng hp cht saponin(Saponin-glycoside) 1. Saponin cng l mt glycoside, n c nhiu loi hp cht ho hc khc nhau. c tnh chung ca saponin l trong nc n d to thnh cc bt nh bt x phng. Saponins c cha nhm cht Aglycone lin kt vi mt hoc nhiu phn t ng hoc vi oligosaccharide (Fenwick et al. 1991). 2. Saponin c v hi ng nn nu c nhiu trong thc n cng lm gim tnh ngon ming. 3. Trong thc vt ngi ta nhn thy n c nhiu trong tri cy b kt, hoc tri me ty, nho tm, c nhn sm hay mt s cy h u khc.

4. Nu ng vt hay ngi n qu nhiu saponin, c tc dng bo mn nim mc.

Cu trc ha hc ca Saponin(Theo ti liu Peter R.Cheeke, 1998) Nhm OH tan trong nc.Nhm CH3 tan trong cht boSaponin c tc dng nh ha cht bo

Cy s-phng Saponaria

Triu chng ng c saponinTriu chng v bnh tch khi ng c khi tiu thu nhiu saponin:- Vim d dy, rut, tiu chy.- Saponin lm tng tnh thm mng t bo gy ra h hi mng t bo, lm v t bo hng cu, hemoglobin trn vo huyt tng gy ra s dung huyt. Trn ngi: Hu nh t khi thy ng c saponin. Ngi ta cn dng n trn cng v thc phm chc nng, v n kt dnh cholosterol ca dch mt thi ra ngoi theo phn, gim lng cholesterol mu.

B b chng hi d c do n nhiu loi c h u c cha nhiu saponin

Vicine v covicine Cy u u tm (vicia faba) l loi cy u thc phm cho ngi a trung hi ca chu u, n cng l ngun thc n b sung protein cho ngi v ng vt. Cy ny c cha cht c glycoside Vicine v Covicine, n gy ra bnh trn ngi v c gi l bnh Favism, gy ra thiu ht enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) trong t bo hng cu.

C ch gy c v triu chng ng c Hp cht ny khi n vo s b thy phn ra gc c hi l Divicine v Isouramil, 2 gc ha hc ny gy ra dung huyt (hemolytic), v ph hy mng t bo hng cu cng vi cc peroxide trong c th.

Nhng triu chng ng c: Triu chng xut hin nhanh sau khi ht hoc nut phn hoa ca n, hoc sau 5 24 gi khi n phi loi u Vicia faba. Triu chng biu hin nh sau:- au u, hoa mt, bun nn, ngp.- i ma, au bng, pht st, bn chn.- Sau t ng gim bt cc triu chng.- Cui cng xy ra s thiu mu nghim trng do dung huyt rt nng.

nh hng ca u Fava bean trn ng vt, gia cm:Loi u ny ngoi hai cht c k trn (Vicine v Covicine), n cn cha cc yu t c ch dinh dng khc nh: tannin, cht c ch protease, lectin. Cc triu chng c th quan st c nh: - Tng trng chm, hiu qu s dng thc n km, tng sinh gan v ty. - Vicine cn gy tc hi khc trn g mi nh: gim kh nng sinh sn, gim trng lng lng , trng nh, gim t l p n. - Tng lipid v peroxide huyt tng, gim lng glutathion (GSH) mu. - Gan ln, nng hn bnh thng.

THE END