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NGO
NGO
2008 12
2008 12
2-02361 (97.4.23)
(142-728) 4.19 275
() 900-4300 () 901-2576 () 901-2544
http://www.kinu.or.kr
(02-2275-5326)
8,000
, 2008
.
() : : 734-6818 : 394-0337
(CIP)
NGO / , , []. : , 2008 p. ; cm. ( ; 08-08-07) ISBN 978-89-8479-482-5 93340 : 8,000 []322.83-KDC4338.91-DDC21 CIP2008003933
:
1.
08-08-01 :
()
08-08-02
08-08-03
08-08-04 UN
08-08-05
08-08-06
08-08-07 NGO
2.
( )
()
L y n n L e e Project Manager(InterMedia)
()
() ()
()
()
()
( )
1
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Foundation), (World Vision), (Oxfam),
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(non-governmental actors) (world affairs) . , NGO (: , 2003), pp. 73-74.
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7) NGO 1992 , 1993 , 1994
, 1995 1990
. , NGO , , 85 (2001), p. 103.
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NGO
11
. NGO
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.
,8)
NGO(Non-Governmental Organization)
. 71 NGO
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. NGO
. NGO
, 1945
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Commerce), , .9)
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(288) , NGO
(any international organization that is not founded
by an international treaty) . 1996 7
(E/1996/31)
(national), (subregional), (regional),
(international) NGO ,
.
NGO
,
.10) NGO
8) , p. 98.
9) , p. 98.
10) ECOSOC Resolution 1996/31, 49th plenary meeting, 25 July 1996. .
NGO
12
.
NGO
71 (ECOSOC)11)
NGO 12)
NGO . 1946 41 NGO
2008 10 3,000
NGO .13)
NGO
, (General consultative status), (Special
consultative status), (Roster status) .14)
NGO .
NGO.
NGO . NGO
.
.
NGO ,
(FAO), (ILO), (UNCTAD),
(UNESCO), (WHO)
NGO
.
NGO 2007 8
11) 6 , , , , , 5
, . 6
, 14 , , 5
.
12) Charter of the United Nations, .
13) .
14) (secondary role) ECOSOC (advice) NGO NGO
. Peter Willetts, From Consultative Arrangements to Partnership: The Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the Un, Global Governance, vol. 6 (2000), p. 191. , NGO , p. 194 .
2-
NGO
13
23. NGO ,
NGO , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , 21,
, , , JTS 19,
NGO , , 3
.15)
NGO
(General) (Special) (Roster)
1948 13 26 1 40
1968 17 78 85 180
1992 18 297 409 724
1993 40 334 410 784
1994 40 334 410 784
1995 65 406 415 886
1996 76 468 497 1041
1997 85 582 517 1184
1998 100 742 663 1505
1999 111 918 909 1938
2000 122 1048 880 2050
2001 124 1132 895 2151
2002 131 1197 906 2234
2003 131 1316 903 2350
2004 134 1474 923 2531
2005 136 1639 944 2719
2006 136 1780 952 2869
2007 136 1956 955 3052
2008 137 2072 976 3187
: http://esa.un.org/coordination/ngo/new/index.asp?page=intro.
15) , NGO NGO (: , 2007), p. 118.
NGO
14
. NGO
NGO
. NGO , , , ,
,
(communal group)
.
(international federation) NGO
.16)
NGO . NGO
, NGO
,
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, ,
, (water-user) , ,
NGO
.17)
NGO
(Non-Profit Organization: NPO) ,
() . (Lester M. Salamon)
(Helmut K. Anheier) NPO ,
(organized), ,
(private), ,
(self-governing), ,
16) , NGO , p. 4.
17) World Bank, How the World Bank Works with Nongovernmental Organizations (Washington D.C.: World Bank, 1990), pp. 9-10.
2-
NGO
15
(non-profit-
distributing), ,
(voluntary) .18)
NGO NPO
(Civil Society Organization: CSO)
.19) CSO (CIVICUS)
.
(vis-a-vis) , CSO
.20)
CSO (World Bank)
, (OECD)
CSO NGO . CSO
NGO , ,
, , , . , CSO ,
NGO ,
.21)
18) Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier, The International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations: ICNPO-Revision 1, 1996, Working Papers of the The Johns Hopkins comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, No. 19 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Sutdies, 1996), pp. 2-3.
19) NGO(Non-Governmental Organization) , NPO(Non-Profit Organization) , CSO
(Civil Society Organization)
.
20) Kent J. Kille et al., Sinking the Billiard Ball Model in Corner Pocket: An Analytic Typology of NGOs and the Implications for IR Research 6, Paper Prepared for Delivery at the International Studies Association Annual Convention (April 16-20, 1996); John King Gamble et al., International Law-New Actors and New Technologies: Center Stage for NGOs?, Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 31, No. 2 (2000), p. 228 .
21) , NGO, NPO, CSO : , , 4 1 (2005), p. 7.
NGO
16
(CSO)
(United Nations Research Institute for Social
Development: UNRISD) NGO CSO
NGO NGO
, NGO CSO . NGO
,
CSO .22) NGO
CSO
,
,
.23) NGO,
NPO, CSO
,
.
. NPO , NPO
(voluntary organization), (charitable organization),
22) , p. 9.
23) , pp. 19-20.
2-
NGO
17
(independent sector), 3(the third sector), (public benefit
organization), (nonbusiness organization), (tax-exempt
organization) . NPO
, .
, , , ,
, , ,
.24) NGO
PVO(Private Voluntary Organization) .
NGO NPO , NGO
NPO , ,
.25)
VO(Voluntary Organization)
, VO (voluntary sector)
(general charities) ,
(civil society) .26)
NGO
, NGO, NGO, NGO
NGO
.
NGO
NGO .
NGO , ,
,
.27) (ADB) NGO
,
24) , NGO (: , 2006), p. 59.25) , NGO ,
, NGO (: , 2006), p. 143.26) , NGO, NPO, CSO : , p. 8.27) Carmen Malena, Working with NGOs: A Practical Guide to Operational Collaboration between the
World Bank and Non-governmental Organizations (Washington D.C.: World Bank, 1995), p. 13.
NGO
18
.28) (Anna C. Vakil) NGO
.29) NGO
.30)
(Peter Willets) NGO
. ,
NGO
, UN Council
of Europe NGO . ,
NGO ,
,
NGO 31)
NGO , ,
, .
. NGO
NGO
NGO
.
NGO . NGO,
NGO, NGO, NGO, NGO, NGO, NGO,
NGO .
28) Cooperation Between the ADB and NGOs: Policies and Strategies (April 1998). .
29) Anna C. Vakil, Confronting the Classification Problem: Toward a Taxonomy of NGOs, World Development, Vol. 25, No. 12 (1997), p. 2060. , NGO : , , NGO (: , 2000), p. 69 .
30) , NGO , p. 69.
31) , NGO, NPO, CSO : , p. 14.
2-
NGO
19
. NGO (operational)
NGO (advocacy) NGO . NGO 1
.
,
NGO(community-based NGO),
NGO(national NGO), NGO(International NGO) .
NGO 1 .
, NGO
, ,
.32)
(Peter van Tuijil) NGO
,
NGO
,
, NGO
.33)
NGO
NGO . 1990
NGO (Oxfam) (World
Visioin) .
NGO ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
.34)
NGO ,
32) .
33) , NGO : , p. 74.34) , NGO , pp. 11-15.
NGO
20
NGO .
NGO
, , , ,
, , ,
NGO, NGO( NGO, NGO)
, , , , NGO
, ,
, , , ,
NGO, NGO
, ,
NGO, NGO
: , NGO , pp. 11-15 .
NGO NGO(Development
NGO) . NGO
NGO(International NGO: INGO), (Private Voluntary
Organization: PVO), (Voluntary Organization: VO),
(Non-Governmental Development Organization: NGDO)
,
.
NGO
NGO NGO(humanitarian NGO)
.
(Medecins Sans Frontieres: MSF) .
NGO
,
,
NGO NGO .35)
2-
NGO
21
(John Clark) NGO
6 . (Relief and Welfare
Agencies), ,
(Technical innovation organizations), ,
(Public Service contractors), ,
(self-help) ,
(Popular development organizations), ,
(Grassroot development organizations),
, 1
(Advocacy groups and networks) .36)
(David C. Korten) NGO
NGO 4
.37)
1 NGO
.
,
. NGO
,
.
2 NGO
35) NGO NGO . NGO NGO,
NGO
NGO .
36) John Clark, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1991), pp. 34-35.
37) David C. Korten, Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1990), pp. 114-128. NGO 3 ,
NGO 4 . , 4
NGO .
NGO
22
.
, NGO
.
.
3 NGO
. ,
, ,
. NGO ,
, ,
.
.
4 NGO .
2 3 NGO
,
.
,
.
,
.
38)
.
38) (Spaceship Earth) 19 (Henly George)
, 1963 (Buckminster Fuller) (Operating manual for spaceship Earth) .
.
2-
NGO
23
NGO : 4
1 2 3 4
1020
(Region)
(Global)
NGO NGO
NGO (Doer) /
: David C. Korten, Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda
(West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1990), p. 117.
2. NGO
. NGO
(1) 1949 : NGO
,
.
.39)
(International
Committee of the Red Cross: ICRC)40)
1863 ,
39) , ( , 2005), p. 11.40) (ICRC) / (International Federation of Red
NGO
24
. 1897
.41) 1 1917
(American Friends Services Committee: AFSC)42)
, 1919
NGO (Save
the Children)43)
. 2
NGO (Oxfam)44)
1942
, (Catholic Relief Services: CRS)45)
1943, (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief
Everywhere: CARE)46)
1945 .
NGO ,
,
Cross and Red Crescent Societies, IFRC) . 1863
1864
. / 1919 /
. , (: , 2002). NGO NGO ,
, / ,
NGO .
41) , , ,
.
1950, 1957 .
.
42) 1917 1
,
.
1947 .
43) 1919 1 100
. 1923 , 1989
(Convention of the Rights of the Child) . .
44) 2 1942,
. (National Famine Relief Committee)
(Oxford) (The Oxford Committee for Famine Relief) 1942 10 5
.
/ 1965 .
.
45) 2 (resettlement)
, 1950 , ,
. NGO .
46) 2 (lifesaving package)
1945 , 11 71
6,500 . .
2-
NGO
25
.
NGO NGO
. NGO
,
.
NGO 1950 .47)
NGO
,
. (resource)
.
1940
.
, 1945 (FAO),
1946 (UNICEF), 1948 (WHO)
. NGO , NGO
.
.
(2) 1950 1960: NGO
1950 2 NGO
. 2
NGO
.
,
47) NGO
. (Union of International Association) NGO , NGO 3 , 3 , , , 5 . , NGO , pp. 15-16.
NGO
26
.
, 2
, (Oxford)
.
,
NGO .
NGO (World Vision)48)
1950
, 1956 (Adventist
Development and Relief Agency: ADRA)49)
. 1950
NGO ,
2 1960
NGO . NGO 1962
(German Agro Actioin: GAA) (Catholic Agency
for Overseas Development: CAFOD),50) 1968
(Concern World Wide) .
1950 NGO
,
.
NGO .
1960 NGO
.
. NGO , ,
.51)
48) 1950
. 100 1
NGO. .
49) 7 , 2004 2,400 1 5 9
. .
50) 1962 ,
.
51) John Clark, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1991), p. 29.
2-
NGO
27
1960
. UN 1960 UN 10(UN Decade
for Development) , (soft loan)
(International Development Association:
IDA) 1960 . 1950
(Organizations for European Economic Cooperation:
OEEC)52)
. 1961
, , ,
(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: OECD)
.53)
, (KfW),
(CCCE), (OECF), (ODA)
.54) 1960
.
(3) 1970 1980: NGO
1970 3
. 1973
(Robert McNarama) (absolute
poverty) (human decency)
. 1976 ILO
(BHN; basic human needs) .
52) 18 1948 4
.
53) , : (: , 1998), p. 18. 18 , , (1964), (1969),
(1971), (1973), (1994), (1995), (1996),
(2000) 30 .
54) .
NGO
28
,
, , , , ,
.
. 1970
2 10(Second UN Decade for Development)
, (Gross National Income: GNI)
0.7% . 1970
(ODA/GNI) 0.7%
, (DAC) 1970 68
1980 270 4 .55)
,
NGO .56) 1971
(Medecins Sans Frontieresk: MSF), 1979 (Action
against Hunger) (Mercy Corps), 1980
(MDM: Medicinies du Monde) (Japan
International Volunteer Center: JVC), 1982
(Handicap International: HI), 1985 (cooperazione e
sviluppo: CESVI) . NGO
.
1970 NGO
. (OECD DAC)
NGO 1970 8 6
1979 23 3 . NGO
.57)
55) Roger C. Riddell, Dose Foreign Aid Really Work? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 32.
56) 1960
, (Peace Corps).
3 NGO . Ibid., p. 33.
57) Ibid., p. 33.
2-
NGO
29
NGO , ,
. NGO 1980
. UN , NGO
1980 1 1990
2 5 . 6
NGO .58)
NGO ,
1988 NGO 52 ( 34 ,
18 ) .
NGO
(: 10 USD, 1986 )
1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
2.7 2.7 3.1 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.4
0.04 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8
/1.5
(%)
3.6
(%)
2.8
(%)
7.1
(%)
26.5
(%)
32.4
(%)
30.8
(%)
33.3
(%)
33.3
(%)
34.0
(%)
37.1
(%)
35.0
(%)
35.0
(%)
2.74 2.8 3.2 2.7 3.4 3.4 3.9 4.2 4.8 5.3 5.2 4.7 5.2
: John Clark, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations, p. 40.
(4) 1990 2000: NGO
1990 .
1980 , 1992
.
1982 0.38%
1997 0.22% .
,
.59)
58) Ibid., p. 269.
59) , (: , 2007), p. 26.
NGO
30
1990 2000
60)(Millenium Development Goals: MDGs)
.
NGO 1990 2000
100 2000 140
.
NGO 2004 230 ,
30% .61)
NGO
(: 100 USD)
1990-91
()
1995-96
()2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
(ODA) 54,574 57,277 58,297 69,065 79,432 107,099 104,421
NGO 5,240 5,871 8,768 10,239 11,320 14,712 14,648
NGO/ODA 9.6% 10.2% 15.0% 14.8% 14.2% 13.7% 14.0%
: OECD, Development Co-operation Report 2007, Vol. 9, No. 1. p. 138.
NGO
NGO .
(Earth Summit) 1992
(United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development: UNCED) NGO
. 172 , 108
60) 2000 9 147 .
. , , , NGO (: , 2005), p. 113.
61) Roger C. Riddell, Dose Foreign Aid Really Work? p. 48. NGO NGO NGO
.
2-
NGO
31
1,400 NGO
, 17,000 NGO
.62) 21(Agenda 21)
NGO
, NGO .63)
NGO 1993 (), 1994
(), 1995 () 4 (),
1996 2 () (, 1996)
NGO .64)
NGO
NGONGO
1968 57
1972 300
1975 114 6,000
1985 163 13,500
1992 1,378 18,000
1993 841 1,000
1994 934
1995 1,138 30,000
1995 2,600 300,000
2001 1,290 15,000
2002 107
2002 737 35,000
: UN, UN System and Civil Society: An Inventory and Analysis of Practices (May
2003), p. 6.
62) .
63) P & A, , : (: , 2007), p. 288.
64) NGO . 1996 2
NGO , 1992 NGO
. NGO . , p. 28.
NGO
32
NGO 1990 2000
, 2000
. NGO
.
. NGO 65)
(1) (Oxfam)
()
1941
, (National Famine
Relief Committee) 1942 .
,
. (The Oxford Committee for Famine
Relief) 1942 10 5
,
.
2
. 1949
.
1965 .
1960 .
. 3 ,
65) NGO .
2-
NGO
33
. 1970
.
.
1980
.
. 1980
. 1990
.
1995 .
13 100
3 .
()
1) (Fare Trade)
.
.
.
5
.
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
NGO
34
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
.
2) (Education)
. ,
.
.
.
, (Education For All)
.
,
.
, ,
.
3) (Debt and Aid)
.
IMF, ,
.
,
2-
NGO
35
.
3 ,
2000(Jubilee 2000) .
4) (livelihood)
, , .
.
,
,
.
, ,
, .
. , ,
,
. ,
. , , , ,
,
. ,
.
5) (Health)
.
, , ,
, , , , HIV/AIDS
.
,
.
NGO
36
.
HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS
,
. HIV/AIDS
.
,
.
6) (Gender)
. 1 13
70% .
.
,
.
. ,
3/2
10% . ,
3/2 , 9 75% . ,
50
99% . , 14%
8% .
,
.
,
.
7) (Conflict and natural disasters)
3 , , , , , ,
2-
NGO
37
.
50 .
.
, .
. ,
, , , . ,
.
. ,
.
, , , .
, .
. ,
. ,
.
.
8) (Democracy and Human Rights)
,
.
Voice Poverty .
.
,
3
. (
, , IMF )
.
NGO
38
(2) (Medecins Sans Frontieres, MSF)
()
GIMCU(Groupe dIntervention Medical
et Chirurgical dUrgence or Emergency Medical and Surgical Intervention
Group) SMF(Secours Medical Francais or French Medical Relief)
. 1968
.
GIMCU .
1970
SMF , 1971 12
.
1970
. 1976 56
.
1970
,
. (disaster kit)
,
.
18
. , , , ,
(Operational section) , 13 ,
, , .
1971
2-
NGO
39
1999 .
()
27,000 80
.
,
, , , , ,
. 412
. .
1) (Massive Vaccination Campaign)
, , , .
.
2) (Training and Supervision of Medical
Personnel)
412 ,
.
.
.
, ,
.
3) (Water and Sanitation Improvement)
.
NGO
40
, , , ,
.
4) (Data Collection)
, , ,
. , ,
.
5) (Feeding)
.
.
,
(Therapeutic Feeding Center)
, , (Supplementary Feeding Center)
.
6) (Patient Care)
.
.
,
.
7) (Maternal and Pediatric Care)
.
, , , , ,
.
2-
NGO
41
8) (Distribution of drugs and medical supplies)
, ,
.
, .
9) (Mental Health Care)
, , ,
.
1991
.
10) (Rehabilitation of Hospitals and Clinics)
. ,
.
11) AIDS (AIDS Care and Prevention)
, HIV/AIDS .
HIV
/AIDS .
AIDS
.
(3) (World Vision)
()
1950 9 1950
, , , .
1960
NGO
42
. 1970 3
. 1980
, , ,
.
NGO .
()
, , .
,
, , 4 .
1) (Mozambique)
40%, HIV/AIDS
16.4% .
.
, GDP
. 5,500
.
.
1984
, 1992 1,500
. 2005 ,
, , , ,
, , 1,900
5 3 .
950, 97%
(nationalization policy) . HIV/AIDS
2-
NGO
43
, (Tete)
AIDS 3 1 30
.
2) (Ecuador)
20%
, 28%
.
80% . 25%
65% .
13.5% .
.
1017 2,100
.
2005 11,000
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19 36,000 .
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(Quichua Indians) , , ,
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,
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3) (Romania)
, 10
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44
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.
1977
10 . 1977 1989
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.
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1998 70,000
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.
1991
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16 . 2005 18,000
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60 .
, ,
, .
(4) (German Agro Action: GAA)
() GAA
GAA 1962 (FAO)
(Freedom from Hunger Campaign) (German Committee
for the Fight against Hunger) . 1969 GAA
NGO . GAA
. GAA
1969 40 1971 100
, 2006 1 7,550 .
1968 4 2002 70
3,300, 900, 550
5,000 .
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: http://www.nkchannel.org.
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GAA , , .
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GAA NGO (Oromo Self-Help
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.
2) (Ghana):
,
.
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6 .
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, 244 106
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48
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JVC)
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, 40 100 ,
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(2001), (2000) .
(Millenium Development
Goals: MDGs), (Poverty Reduction Strategies Papers:
PRSP), (Sector Wide Approaches: SWAP),
(Results-Based Management: RBM), (Good Governance:
GG), (Rights-Based Approach to Development: RBA)
6 .
.
.
(1) (The Monterrey Conference)
2002 (International
Conference on Financing for Development) 59 160
67) Alan Fowler, International Development Frameworks, Policies, Priorities and Implications: A Basic Guide for NGOs, Oxfam Canada, eds. (Printed by DLR International, August 2003), p. i.
3-
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(Rome Declaration on Harmonization) , 2005 3
(Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness)
.
(ownership), (alignment), (harmonization),
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accountability) 5 .69)
12 .
68) United Nations, Financing for Development: Monterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development (United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs, 2003).
69) OECD DAC High Level Forum, Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness: Ownership, Harmonization, Alignment, Results and Mutual Accountability (February 2005).
NGO
56
12
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. (untied)
9.
10.
11.
12.
: OECD DAC High Level Forum, Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness: Ownership,
Harmonization, Alignment, Results and Mutual Accountability (February 2005), pp.
9-10.
(2) (World Summit on Sustainable Development:
WSSD)
2002 8
. 1992 (UNCED)
21(Agenda 21)70)
,
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10 .
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.
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.
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(Corporate Social
Responsibility: CSR) , 2000 7
71) United Nations, Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development: Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (New York: United Nations, 2002).
72) The International Institute for Sustainable Development(ISSD), Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 22 No. 51 (6 September, 2002), p. 17.
73) Alan Fowler, International Development Frameworks, Policies, Priorities and Implications: A Basic Guide for NGOs, p. 7.
NGO
58
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4000 5,200
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NGO
59
10
1. .
2. .
3.
4.
5.
6. .
7.
8.
9. .
10. .
: http://www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/TheTenPrinciples/index.html.
.
(1) (Millenium Development Goals: MDGs)
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.
2015 8
18 .
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76) Alan Fowler, International Development Frameworks, Policies, Priorities and Implications: A Basic Guide for NGOs, p. 16.
NGO
60
1.
1. 1
2.
3.
2.
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3.
5.
4. 6. 5 2/3
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7. 3/4
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, NGO ,
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.
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.
,
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61
6. HIV/AIDS,
9. HIV/AIDS
10. 2010 HIV/AIDS
11.
7.
12.
13. , 2010
14.
1/2
15. 2020 1
8.
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17.
18.
19.
20. ,
: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml.
(2) (Poverty Reduction Strategies Papers: PRSP)78)
1999
.
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.
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, ,
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80) Alan Fowler, International Development Frameworks, Policies, Priorities and Implications: A Basic Guide for NGOs, p. 20.
81) Ibid., p. 21.
82) Ibid., pp. 22-23.
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. (duty bearers)
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.
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, .
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(WHO), (FAO) 28
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, .
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NGO .
30 NGO
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(CSO Division) (Bureau for Resources
and Strategic Partnerships) .
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86) UNDP, UNDP and Civil Society Organizations: A Toolkit for Strengthening Partnerships (New York: UNDP, 2006), pp. 20-21.
3-
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69
.
.
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.
, NGO
.
. NGO
.
1998 300
1 .87)
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NGO NGO
NGO
NGO
NGO
NGO
(MoU)
(
)
UNDP
UNDP
UNDP
UNDP
(proposal)
NGO
, UNDP
: UNDP, UNDP and Civil Society Organizations: a Toolkit for Strengthening
Partnerships (New York: UNDP, 2006), pp. 20-21.
87) UNDP, UNDP and Civil Society Organizations: A Practice Note on Engagement, p. 12. .
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70
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71 NGO
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relations) NGO .89) NGO
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contact), (working relations) .
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.
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482 NGO (Health ProblemTreatment
Related Organizations) 224(47%), (Professional Organizations)
60(13%), 198(40%) .
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89) , NGO , pp. 259-263.
90) .
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71
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42 18 60
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50 148 198
210 272 482
: http://www.who.int/civilsociety/csi_statistics/en/index.html.
. NGO
(1) NGO
(World Bank Group) (International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development: IBRD)
(International Development Association: IDA),
(International Finance Corporation: IFC), (International
Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes: ICSID),
(Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency: MIGA)
. 5
(IBRD) (IDA) .91)
NGO .
NGO 20 NGO
. 1980 NGO
.
.
(Polonoroeste)
(Narmada) . NGO
91) , (: , 2006), p. 78.
NGO
72
1982 NGO-(NGO-World Bank
Committee) .92)
1990 NGO
, 1999 ,
(Comprehensive Development Framework: CDF)93)
.
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1995 (James D. Wolfenson)
NGO . 2007
NGO ,
NGO .
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95)
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.
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, 1973 1988
6% NGO . 1988
. NGO
1990 22% , 1998-1999
54% NGO ,
70% NGO.96)
92) Deborah A. Braeutigam and Monique Segarra, Difficult Partnerships: The World Bank, States, and NGOs, Latin America Politics and Society, Vol. 49, No 4 (Winter, 2007), p. 149.
93)
.
94) World Bank, Comprehensive Development Framework: Questions and Answers (Update, 2001), p. 11.95) World Bank, Cooperation Between the World bank and NGOs, FY97 Progress Report, NGO Unit,
Transnational Associations, Vol. 6 (1998), pp. 284-296.
96) Paul Streeten, Components of a Future Development Strategy: The Importance of Human Development, Finance and Development (December 1999), , , p. 469
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73
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98) , , p. 469.
99) , NGO , pp. 266-267.
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105) James A. Paul, NGOs, Civil Society and Global Policy Making.
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2000 . 1996
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, 2004), p. 154.
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4-
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83
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2003 9 (Graca
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, 1990 1960
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and Leadership) (Continuum from Relief to
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.115)
. , ,
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114) UN General Assembly Resolution 46/182.
115) 1988 1 8 (A/RES/43/131) 1990 12 14
(A/RES/45/100) .
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86
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12. . 1971 12 14 2816 1990 12 14 45/100 , . . . .
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1990 , ,
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, , NGO (Code of Conduct
for NGOs engaged in Humanitarian Action, Reconstruction, and
116) The Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations(NGOs) in Disaster Relief .
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88
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119) .
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2004 edition (Geneva: Sphere Project, 2004), pp. 28-42.
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, p. 200.
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: PACCOM-JICA, Report on the New Year Meeting, p. 1; COMINGO, Briefing
on Foreign Non-Governmental Organization Affair (January 2007), p. 2:
.
143) 2004 560 NGO 200,
200, 100, 60. PACCOM-JICA, Report on the New Year Meeting: NGO Desk-JICA Plaza and PACCOM (24th January 2005), pp. 1-2.
144) 2006 NGO , , 26.
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30 (Peoples Aid Co-ordinating Committee, PACCOM) . PACCOM-JICA, Report on the New Year Meeting, p. 2.
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. ADB, A Study of NGOs: Vietnam (April 1999), p. 13.146) Nguyen Kim Ha, Lessons Learned from a Decade of Experience: A strategic analysis of INGO
methods and activities in Vietnam, 1990-1999, VUFO-NGO Resource Centre (Ha Noi, January 2001), p. 93.
147) Ibid., p. 13.
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151) VUFO-NGO Resource Centre, "The VUFO-NGO Resource Centre: 10 Years of Partnership between Vietnam
and International NGOs," .
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154) Renee Yuen-JanLynn Hsia and Lynn T. White, Working Amid Corporatism and Confusion: Foreign NGOs in China, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 3 (September 2002), p. 333.
155) ZHANG Ye, China's Emerging Civil Society (June 2003), p. 16.156) 1979 , 1988
. Ibid., p. 16.
157) Renee Yuen-JanLynn Hsia and Lynn T. White, Working Amid Corporatism and Confusion: Foreign NGOs in China, p. 334.
5-
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158) Ibid., pp. 334-335.
159) Carol Lee Hamrin, Chinas Invisible Social Revolution and Sino-American Cultural Relations, in conference volume (forthcoming), from President's Forum: US-China Relations in the 21st Century (Baylor University, October 2002), ZHANG Ye, Chinas Emerging Civil Society, p. 16 .
160) , , The 3rd Korea-Japan Civil Society Forum 2005, p. 31.161) Renee Yuen-JanLynn Hsia and Lynn T. White, Working Amid Corporatism and Confusion: Foreign
NGOs in China, p. 335.
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167) Renee Yuen-JanLynn Hsia and Lynn T. White, Working Amid Corporatism and Confusion: Foreign NGOs in China, p. 340.
168) Ibid., p. 338.
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(Greenpeace) 2 . Andreas Edele,
Non-governmental Organizations in China, Report of Programme on NGOs & Civil Society (May 2005, Geneva), p. 17.
170) NGO 70% NGO . , , p. 31.
171) Andreas Edele, Non-governmental Organizations in China, p. 17.
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