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Advanced Environmental Biotechnology II

Storing and using genetic information

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Organisms work with three things:

유기물는 3 개의 것을 사용한다 :

What are they?

그들은 무엇 이는가 ?

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ChemicalsWhat sort of chemicals do organisms

use?화학제품의 유기물는 무슨 종류를 사용하는가 ?

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ChemicalsWhat sort of chemicals do organisms

use?화학제품의 유기물는 무슨 종류를 사용하는가 ?

EnergyWhere do organisms get their energy?유기물는 어디에 그들의 에너지를 얻는가 ?

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ChemicalsWhat sort of chemicals do organisms

use?화학제품의 유기물는 무슨 종류를 사용하는가 ?

EnergyWhere do organisms get their energy?유기물는 어디에 그들의 에너지를 얻는가 ?

What is number three?

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Information

정보

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How do living things use information?

생물은 어떻게 정보를 사용하는가 ?

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DNA and RNA are polymers

They are polymers of nucleotides( 뉴클레오티드 )

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid디옥시리보핵산

RNA – ribonucleic acid리보핵산

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RNA and DNA are Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are the main information molecules of the cell.

핵산은 세포의 주요한 정보 분자 이다 .

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Nucleic acid chemistry

DNA is a nucleic acid, and nucleotides are the building blocks.

A nucleotide has three parts : a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a PO4 group.

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. Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition,

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has ribose sugarDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has deoxyribose sugar

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There are two kinds of nitrogenous bases.

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Nitrogenous BasesAdenine, Guanine Cytosine,Thymine and Uracil

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The bases have different names

GuanineCytosineAdenineThymineUracil

They can also be named by a letter

What letter goes with which base?

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A

C

G

T

U

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A = Adenine 아데닌C = Cytosine 시토신G = Guanine 구아닌T = Thymine 티민

U = Uracil 우라실

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. Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition,

The nucleotides can join to each other

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The bases pair with each other

부부가 되다

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In DNA the bases are A T G and C

The bases A and T pair

The bases G and C pair

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. Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition,

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How do we get from this to this?

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Information about how to make Proteins is kept in DNA

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DNA and RNA

Both DNA and RNA contain adenine, cytosine and guanine, and only DNA contains thymine and only RNA contains uracil.

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Write the letters of the bases in DNA

Write the letter of the bases in RNA

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Write the letters of the bases in DNA

A T G C

Write the letter of the bases in RNA

A U G C

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DNA Replication: addition of a nucleotide

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DNA Replication

Replication of DNA (DNA 의 복제 ) means a new copy of DNA is made.

Enzymes and energy are needed for this process. It is an anabolic reaction.

An exact copy ( 복제 ) of DNA is made.

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3D structure of DNA

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If you have this sequence of bases in DNA what would be the other sequence be?

AATGCCATGGTCA

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If you have this sequence of bases in DNA (( 생화 ) 뉴클레오티드 배열 ) what would be the other sequence be?

AATGCCATGGTCATTACGGTACCAGT

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Prokaryotes ( 원시핵 [ 전핵 ] 생물 ) have DNA in chromosomes ( 염색체 ), and plasmids ( 플라스미드 )

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Transcription ( 전사 ) is when RNA is made from DNA.

Remember that DNA has A T G CRemember that RNA has U A C GWhat RNA is made from this DNA?

AATGCCATGGTCA

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Transcription ( 전사 ) is when RNA is made from DNA.

Remember that DNA has A T G CRemember that RNA has U A C GWhat RNA is made from this DNA?

AATGCCATGGTCAUUACGGUACCAGU

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Proteins are polymers of amino acids

Proteins have three dimensional structuresInformation in DNA is used to make the sequence of its amino acids ( 아미노산 서열 ) There are 20 different amino acidsThe order of amino acids makes the type of protein and its structure

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Biological function is from proteins

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Prokaryotic gene coding ( 유전 암호 전달 )

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All living organisms use the same codes for RNA, DNA, and protein

Fig. 1.7b

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The genetic codeThree bases code for an amino acid.AUG is the start code (methionine) for

bacteriaUAA, UAG, UGA are stop codonsThere is tRNA for each other codon

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mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes

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Growing protein polymer

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Translocation

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Central Dogma of Genetics분자 생물학의 중심원리

Within each cell the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

The information carried within the DNA will show what protein will be synthesized. This information is the genetic code.

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Using DNA information to make RNA is called transcription.

The information from a mRNA is then translated to make an amino acid sequence in the protein

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유전정보(genetic information) 는 DNA 에 의해 암호화되어 저장되며 , DNA 복제 (replication) 에 의해 다음 세대로 전달된다 . 또한 전사 (transcription) 의 과정을 통해 DNA 에 있던 유전정보는 RNA 로 옮겨가고 다시 번역 (translation) 의 과정을 거치면서 만들어진 단백질(protein) 에 의해 유전정보가 실체화되어 몸속에서 기능을 하게 된다 . 이처럼 유전정보는 DNA 에서 RNA, 단백질로 전환되면서 생명활동을 유지시키는데 필수적인 유전정보의 흐름을 형성하는데 이러한 흐름의 기본적인 원리를 분자생물학의 중심원리라고 한다 .

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유전정보를 지니는 DNA, RNA, 단백질의 세 가지 물질에 대해 (3×3=)9 가지 경우의 유전정보의 흐름을 생각할 수 있다 . 9 가지의 경우를 다시 크게 세 가지로 나눌 수 있는데 , 첫째는 대부분의 세포에서 일반적으로 일어나는 유전정보의 흐름이며 , 둘째는 특별한 경우의 유전정보의 흐름 , 셋째는 지금까지 알려지지 않은 - 실제 일어나지 않을 것으로 생각되는 - 흐름이다 .

1) 대부분의 세포에서 일반적으로 일어나는 유전정보의 흐름

유전정보의 흐름의 방향이 <DNA→DNA>,<DNA→RNA>,<RNA→ 단백질 > 인 경우이다 .