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UtilizareaUtilizareaUtilizareaUtilizarea SistemelorSistemelorSistemelorSistemelor

dededede OperareOperareOperareOperare

Curs 1

2012 - 2014

SL. dr. ing. Stefan Mocanu

SL dr. ing. Mihnea Moisescu

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ObiectiveObiectiveObiectiveObiective

1. D/ ()

2. D/ ()

3. F (+)

4. C (+)

5. / (+)

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CursCursCursCurs

1.

2.

3.

4. /

5.

6.

7. , ,

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LaboratorLaboratorLaboratorLaborator

1. : ,

2. , , , ,

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Evaluare/notareEvaluare/notareEvaluare/notareEvaluare/notare

1. Activitate practica2. Evaluari pe parcurs (diverse forme)

Observatii:1. Prezenta la laborator este obligatorie !2. Laboratoarele nu se pot reface

3. Nu se pot face mai multe laboratoare odata !4. Este OBLIGATORIE obtinerea a cel putin 50% din punctajul de

laborator pentru a putea sustine examenul final !5. Lipsa sau insuficienta punctajului de laborator (vezi 4) duce la

repetarearepetarearepetarearepetarea materiei !!!

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Evaluare/notareEvaluare/notareEvaluare/notareEvaluare/notare

1. Examen scris.

Observatii:1. Prezenta la curs este obligatorie !2. Nu se obtin puncte suplimentare pentru prezenta

3. Se pot obtine puncte bonus prin activitati suplimentare4. Prezentarea la examenul final este conditionata de promovarea

laboratorului (vezi slide-ul anterior !)5. Examenul final va avea loc in timpul ultimului curs.

6. Examenul final NU va fi sub forma de grila !

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CeCeCeCe esteesteesteeste un calculator ?un calculator ?un calculator ?un calculator ?

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Definitie:Un dispozitiv electronic capabil saprimeasca informatii(date) intr-un format si saexecute o secventa deoperatii, in concordanta cu un set predeterminat deinstructiuni (program), pentru a produce un rezultat subforma informatiilor sau semnalelor.

Oxford dictionary


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Un calculator este un dispozitiv care: Accepta intrari

Executa in mod automat o procedura (lista de pasi)

Genereaza iesiri

http://www.computingbook.org/

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CronologieCronologieCronologieCronologie

EECC EA EA

CEA

E EA

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CronologieCronologieCronologieCronologie ---- GeneratiaGeneratiaGeneratiaGeneratia zerozerozerozero

1

2

1926, E

1940 ENIGMA - familie de masinielectromecanice criptograficeutilizate pentru criptarea i decriptarea demesaje secrete

1941 G,

1943 C A, EGA

F 1

F 4

F 3

F 2

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CronologieCronologieCronologieCronologie ---- PrimaPrimaPrimaPrima generatiegeneratiegeneratiegeneratie (1945(1945(1945(1945----1955)1955)1955)1955)

1945 EAC (E

A C)

B

1947 B

.

1951 AC ( A C) 12,000 .

1952 EDAC (E D C) A

1953 B 650

500

F 5

F 6

F 7

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PrimaPrimaPrimaPrima generatiegeneratiegeneratiegeneratie

(1945(1945(1945(1945----1955)1955)1955)1955)

Pionieri: Howard Aiken (Harvard), Johnvon Neumann (Princeton), Konrad Zuse(Germania)

Relee mecanice la inceput

Tuburi cu vid continuare Limbaj masina absolut

fire de legatura pe placa de conexiuni

cartele perforate, ulterior

NU exista un limbaj de programarepropriu-zis

Exempu de utilizare:

tabele de sin, cos, log F 9

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EAC

F 9


(1945(1945(1945(1945----1955)1955)1955)1955)

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(1945(1945(1945(1945----1955)1955)1955)1955)

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A doua generatieA doua generatieA doua generatieA doua generatie

(1955(1955(1955(1955----1965)1965)1965)1965)

1959 -Texas Instruments si FairchildSemiconductor dezvolta circuitul integrat

1960 - Digital Equipment Corporation(DEC) primul mini-computer cu ecran -PDP-1 - Programmed Data Processor

1964- IBM System/360, - Era Super-computerelor, software ce putea fischimbat, periferice

F 11

F 12

F 11

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Tranzistoare Au condus la aparitia sisteme mari de

calcul (mainframes) Specializare: proiectant, constructor,

programator, depanare

Cartele perforate: limbaj de asamblare,FORTRAN Sisteme cu procesare pe loturi de lucrari

(batch processing) Lot de cartele transferat pe banda

magnetica Banda magnetica citita de sistem Rezultatele scrise pe banda si transferate

la imprimanta Exemple de utilizare:

rezolvare ecuatii diferentiale, inginerie

F 13

F 14


(1955(1955(1955(1955----1965)1965)1965)1965)

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F 13


(1955(1955(1955(1955----1965)1965)1965)1965)

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1968 - Doug Engelbart primul mouse sitastatura, primul procesor word = editorde text

A treia generatieA treia generatieA treia generatieA treia generatie

(1965(1965(1965(1965----1980)1980)1980)1980)

F 15

F 16

1970- Fairchild Semiconductor - cip 256-bit RAM.

1971-Intel - 4004 Microprocessor primul microprocesor pe 4 biti

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(1965(1965(1965(1965----1980)1980)1980)1980)

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1975 -Popular Electronics lanseazaMITSAltair 8800 primul PersonalComputer = PC

1976 -Steve Wozniak si Steve Jobs lanseaza Apple I

F 18

F 19


(1965(1965(1965(1965----1980)1980)1980)1980)

F

23

F 24

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A patra generatieA patra generatieA patra generatieA patra generatie

(1980(1980(1980(1980----prezent)prezent)prezent)prezent)

Calculatoare personale circuite integrate LSL (LargeScale Integration) -> microprocesor

Intel 8080 primul CPU pe 8 biti (scara larga) Sisteme de operare: CP/M (Control Program for

Microcomputer) IBM PC -> DOS / Basic (Disk Operating System) MSDOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) - tastatura Aplle Macintosh -> GUI (Graphical User Interface):

ferestre, iconite, meniuri, mouse Windows initial peste MSDOS -> Windows 95

independent

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1984

1981 B C ( 5150)

1982 1985 F HC



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SistemSistemSistemSistem dededede calculcalculcalculcalcul

H

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F 25

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1. Scanner2. CPU = Central processing unit (Microprocessor)3. Memory (RAM)4. Expansion cards (graphics cards, etc.)5. Power supply6. Optical disc drive7. Storage (Hard disk)8. Motherboard9. Speakers10. Monitor11. System software12. Application software13. Keyboard14. Mouse15. External hard disk

16. Printer

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HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware

CC

//

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HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware Mother boardMother boardMother boardMother board

F 26

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F 27A A

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HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware ---- Mother boardMother boardMother boardMother board

Format standard (eng: motherboard form factor):

ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended),

BTX (Balanced Technology eXtended),

NLX (New Low profile eXtended)

F 28

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HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware ---- Mother boardMother boardMother boardMother board

Module de memorie: SIMM Single Inline Memory Module

DIMM Dual Inline Memory Module

RIMM RamBUS Inline Memory Module

F29

F30

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HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware Mother boardMother boardMother boardMother board

Magistrale de date: Magistrale - procesor

Magistrale extinse:

PCI Peripherical Component Interconnect PCIe Express

AGP Accelerated Graphics Port

IDE Integrated Device Electronic

ATA Advanced Technology Attachment PATA Parallel ATA

SATA Serial ATA

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HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware ---- CPUCPUCPUCPU

C :

ADB

DA

A

AC

A

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..

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..

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HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware memoriimemoriimemoriimemorii

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HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware I/OI/OI/OI/O

Mouse ?!Mouse ?!Mouse ?!Mouse ?!

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HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware I/OI/OI/OI/O

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Computerul contine unul sau mai multe elemente dinurmatoarele categorii: Procesorul - unitate centrala de procesare (CPU)

controleaza functionarea computerului proceseaza datele

Memoria principala memorie reala sau primara stocheaza date si programe. Este, de regula, volatila (se pierde la inchiderea computerului)

Modulele I/O Asigura transferul datelor intre computer si exterior

Ex: dispozitive de memorie secundare, echipamente de comunicare,unitati de disc

Magistrale (de date, de adrese si de control ): comunicarea intre procesoare, memoria de baza si modulele I/O.

Toate sunt interconectate pentru a asigura functionarea

computerului, adica executia programelor.

dddd l ll ll ll l hhhh U ( U)U ( U)U ( U)U ( U)

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SistemSistemSistemSistem dededede calculcalculcalculcalcul arhitecturaarhitecturaarhitecturaarhitecturaUCP (CPU)UCP (CPU)UCP (CPU)UCP (CPU)

C

C

DD

E

E

F. C C

E: F E: D E:E

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Unitatea Centrala de ProcesareUnitatea Centrala de ProcesareUnitatea Centrala de ProcesareUnitatea Centrala de Procesare

Functii de baza: Fetch - preluarea instructiunilor din memorie

Decode decodarea instructiunilor

Execute executia instructiunilor

Activitati efectuate:

Executia de operatii de baza (logice si aritmetice)

Planificarea si controlul operatiilor

Memorarea instructiunilor si datelor (operanzilor)

M d l ld l ld l lM d l l d ld ld ld l llll H dH dH dH d

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ModelulModelulModelulModelul vonvonvonvon NeumanNeumanNeumanNeuman vs. modelvs. modelvs. modelvs. modelulululul HarvardHarvardHarvardHarvard

.

CC

CC

M d l lM d l lM d l lM d l l NNNN

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ModelulModelulModelulModelul vonvonvonvon NeumanNeumanNeumanNeuman

Numit si Princeton architecture1) Un calculator compus din subsisteme legate printr-o

magistrala:

Memorie

ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) Unitate de control

Sistem Input/Output (I/O)

2) Atat programul cat si datele sunt stocate in memorie in

timpul executiei. Distinctie intre adresa si continut al memoriei

3) Instructiunile din program se executa secvential.

F31

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ModelulModelulModelulModelul HarvardHarvardHarvardHarvard

Datele si instructiunile sunt stocate separat Procesorul poate simultan:

Citi o instructiune din memorie Accesa memoria de date

Modelul Harvard Modificat Nu prevede o separare atat de stricta intre instructiuni si date

Separarea se face in functie de implementare Acceasi memorie separata ierarhic dupa tip: date si instructiuni

BA

C C (ACC),

H

F 33

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Bibliografie

http://elec.widgetlifes.com/the-10-most-influential-computer-history-news-techradar-uk/ http://www.lovendal.net/wp52/uluitorul-mecanism-din-antikythera-un-

complex-computer-antic/ http://www.computer-history.info/Page4.dir/pages/Univac.dir/index.html http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/samp-collection.html http://www.palvenn.no/ITkonsulent.lnk/main02achievements/cdc/default.h

tm?path=main02achievements/cdc http://www.computer-hardware-explained.com/what-is-a-

motherboard.html http://www.technogeek.ro/solid-state-disk.html http://www.c-jump.com/CIS77/CPU/VonNeumann/lecture.html http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~traylor/ece112/lectures/comp_arch.pdf Andrew S. Tanenbaum Sisteme de operare moderne William Stalling Operating Systems Internals and design Principles

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Bibliografie imagini 1

Fig1: A Enigma G machine on display at the National Cryptologic Museum in 2005. -

Photographer: Austin Mills - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enigma-G.jpg Fig2: Colossus codebreaking computer in operation, This file is from the collections of The

National Archives (United Kingdom), catalogued under document recordFO850/234,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colossus.jpg

Fig3: http://transistorselect.blogspot.ro/2010/11/blog-post.html

Fig4: de|Nachbau des Z1 im deutschen Technik Museum in Berlin, Sursa:de.wikipedia.org: 22:33, 27. Dez 2005 . . ComputerGeek

Fig5: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaGlen Beck (background) and Betty Snyder (foreground) program the ENIAC in BRL building328, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eniac.jpg

Fig6: Photo by U. S. Navy Electronics Supply Office as part of the Report Department of theArmy, Ballistic Research Laboratories - Maryland, A third survey of domestic electronic digitalcomputing systems, Report No 1115, 1961, The UNIVAC II,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Univac-I-Navy-Electronics-Supply-Office-BRL61-0992.jpg

Fig7: w:IBM 650 computer at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, opened to show

storage drum and rear of front panel. Author: Cushing Memorial Library and Archives, TexasA&M, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_650_with_front_open.jpg

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Fig8: The Basic 650 Configuration. Photo: IBM Archive,

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/650.html Fig9: IBM vacuum tube module in the museum "Haus zur Geschichte der IBM

Datenverarbeitung" in Sindelfingen, Germany, Author: JuergenG,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoehreIBM_090325.jpg

Fig10: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/eniac.html

Fig11: PDP-1 computer,Author: Matthew Hutchinson, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDP-1.jpg

Fig12: Ein System/360 zur Elektronischen Datenverarbeitung im VW-Werk Wolfsburg (1973),PhotographerSchaack, Lothar, German Federal Archive,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038812-0014,_ Wolfsburg,

_VW_Autowerk.jpg Fig13: Punch card from a typical Fortran program, Arnold Reinhold,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg

Fig14: Assorted discrete transistors. Packages in order from top to bottom: TO-3, TO-126,TO-92, SOT-23.AuthorTransisto , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transistorer_(croped).jpg

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Bibliografie imagini 3 Fig15: SRIs first computer mouse prototype, Douglas EngelbartAuthorSRI International

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SRI_Computer_Mouse.jpg

Fig16: Intel 4004, Photo by John Pilge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C4004_(Intel).jpg

Fig17 CPU Intel C8008-1AuthorKonstantin Lanzethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KL_Intel_C8008-1.jpg

Fig18: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_II_tranparent_800.png

Fig19 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altair_8800_Computer.jpg

Fig20: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arpanet_logical_map,_march_1977.png Fig21: Paul G. Allen at Flying Heritage Collection,AuthorMiles Harris,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_G._Allen.jpg

Fig22: Bill Gates in Berlin (2013),Authorwww.dts-nachrichtenagentur.de, http://www.dts-nachrichtenagentur.de/kostenlose_bilder.php

Fig23: Steve Jobs shows off the iPhone 4 at the 2010 Worldwide Developers Conference,AuthorMatthew Yohe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg

Fig24 Steve Wozniak, Photo taken by Al Luckow,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Wozniak.jpg

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Fig25 Exploded view of a personal computer, Self-published work

by User:HereToHelp and File:Personal computer, exploded 5.svg,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Personal_computer,_exploded_6.svg

Fig26 labeled diagram of Acer E360 Socket 939 motherboard by Foxconn (labels in English),Derivative works of this file:Acer E360 Socket 939 motherboard by Foxconn hr.svg,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acer_E360_Socket_939_motherboard_by_Foxconn.svg

Fig27 block diagram of a modern motherboard (legend in English), user:Moxfyre. Original

uploader was Moxfyre at en.wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motherboard_diagram.svg

Fig28 Comparison of (personal) computer motherboard form factors,VIA Gallery from Hsintien,Taiwan, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VIA_Mini-ITX_Form_Factor_Comparison.jpg

Fig29: Crop from :Image:RAM n.jpg, Original uploader was Grendelkhan at en.wikipedia,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DIMMs.jpg Fig 30: 3 SDRAM DIMM Slots, Benjamin albert, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3SDRAM-

DIMMs.jpg

Fig 31: http://www.lanl.gov/history/atomicbomb/images/NeumannL.GIF (Archive copy atthe Internet Archive), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif

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Fig 32: A Macintosh 128K,Authorw:User:Grm wnr,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macintosh_128k_transparency.png Fig 33: IBM MARK I http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/markI/markI_intro.html


Documents

1. Curs USO - SM