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1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

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Page 1: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 2: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 3: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic

Approach. 9th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033.

2) Kururilla J (eds). Essentials of Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic

Approach. 9th edition. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 2007. PP: 334-342.

. مترجم: پوران سامی، چاپ اول، انتشارات ICU( مارینو پ. کتاب کامل 3

.459- 481، صفحات 1387بشری، تهران،

4) Singer P, et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: Intensive

care. Clinical Nutrition 2009: 1-14.

Page 4: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

اختالل در عملکرد سیستم

ایمنی.

اختالل در ترمیم زخم.

تحلیل عضالت بدن.

افزایش وابستگی به ونتیالتور.

Page 5: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

( محاسبه انرژی با روشی ساده Kururilla:(

30 انرژی )کیلوکالری(= وزن )کیلوگرم( *

Page 6: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 7: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

- انرژی مورد نیاز برای فعالیت های فیزیکی فرد:2

.BEE درصد 50 تا 10 در افراد عادی:

.BEE درصد 20 تا 10 در فرد بستری

Page 8: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

- انرژی مورد نیاز در شرایط استرس زای مختلف:3

%10 جراحی های الکتیو:

%10-30 تروما:

%50-80 سپتی سمی:

%100-200 سوختگی ها )بر اساس وسعت(:

Page 9: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

جراحی الکتیو، عفونت خفیف

استرس خفیف25

شکستگی، عفونت شدید

استرس متوسط35

سوختگی شدید، نارسایی کلیه

استرس شدید45

Page 10: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 11: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 12: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 13: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 14: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 15: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

.استفاده از آندوسکوپی فیبر اپتیک

. لوله های مجهز به مغناطیس خارجی

.تزریق متوکلوپرامید

.تزریق هوا

Page 16: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 17: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 18: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 19: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

For nutrition where patient cannot consume

sufficient calories to meet metabolic needs

Impaired swallowing (neurologic, neuro-

muscular, obstructive neoplasms)

NG tube associated aspiration

Gastric decompression

Page 20: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Inability to bring the anterior gastric wall

in apposition to the anterior abdominal

wall (prior subtotal gastrectomy, ascites,

marked hepatomegaly)

Severe obesity

Small bowel fistula

Incorrectable coagulopathy

Page 21: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

.تراکم کالری

.اسمواللیته

( پروتئین و پپتید Peptamen و Vital HN.)

چربی ها Pulmocare.

( گلوتامین Alitraq یا Impact glutamine)

فیبر: قابل تخمیر )سلولز، پکتین، صمغ(- غیر قابل تخمیر

)لیگنین ها(

Page 22: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

انسداد لوله.

رفالکس.

اسهال )سوربیتول- محلول های هیپرتونیک-

آنتروکولیت(.

Page 23: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

23

Page 24: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

اختالل عملکرد دستگاه

گوارش.

بدخیمی ها.

وضعیت هایپرمتابولیک.

استراحت روده.

Page 25: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition تغذیه از طریق ورید محیطی

(PPN)

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) تغذیه کامل وریدی

Page 26: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 27: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 28: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 29: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 30: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

%20 دکستروز

%3 آمینواسید

%20 اینترالیپید

Page 31: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Protein………………...Amino Acids 10% 500 ml

Carbohydrates…….Dextrose 50% 500 ml

Fat……………………….Lipid Emulsion 20% 500 ml

Vitamins………………Multivitamin Infusion

Minerals……………….Electrolytes and Trace Elements

Page 32: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 33: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 34: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

میلی لیتر در ساعت(60 لیتر روزانه )TPN 1/5محلول : 1مرحله

mmol 30 لیتر دکستروز سالین روزانه حاوی 1/5انفوزیون جانبی:

KCL/L.

میلی لیتر در ساعت(80 لیتر روزانه )TPN 2محلول : 2مرحله

میلی لیتر در 40 لیتر دکستروز سالین روزانه )1انفوزیون جانبی:

ساعت(

Page 35: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

میلی لیتر در 100 لیتر روزانه )TPN 2/5محلول : 3مرحله

ساعت(

میلی لیتر در 20 لیتر دکستروز سالین روزانه )0/5انفوزیون جانبی:

ساعت(

میلی لیتر در ساعت(120 لیتر روزانه )TPN 3محلول : 4مرحله

میلی لیتر در 20 لیتر دکستروز سالین روزانه )0/5انفوزیون جانبی:

ساعت(

Page 36: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Macronutrient Concentrations in PN Solutions

Macronutrient concentrations (%) = the

grams of solute/100 ml of fluid

D70 has 70 grams of dextrose per 100 ml.

10% amino acid solution has 10 grams amino

acids/100 ml of solution

20% lipids has 20 grams of lipid/100 ml of

solution

Page 37: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Protein Content Calculations

To calculate the grams

of protein supplied by a

TPN solution, multiply

the total volume of

amino acid solution (in

ml*) supplied in a day

by the amino acid

concentration.

Example Protein

Calculation

1000 ml of 8% amino

acids:

1000 ml x 8 g/100 ml

= 80g

Or 1000 x .08 = 80 g

Page 38: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Dextrose Calculation

1000 ml of D50W (50% dextrose)

1000 ml x 50g / 100 ml = 500g dextrose

OR 1000 ml x .50 = 500g dextrose

500g dextrose x 3.4 kcal/g = 1700 kcal

Page 39: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Calculation of Lipid Content

To determine kcalories supplied by lipid*, multiply the volume of 10% lipid (in ml) by 1.1; multiply the volume of 20% lipid (in ml) by 2.0.

If lipids are not given daily, divide total kcalories supplied by fat in one week by 7 to get an estimate of the average fat kcalories per day.

*|Lipid emulsions contain glycerol, so lipid emulsion does not have 9 kcal per gram as it would if it were pure fat. Some use 10 kcal/gm for lipid emulsions.

Page 40: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Example Lipid Calculation for 2-in-1

500 ml of 10% lipid

500 ml x 1.1 kcal/ml = 550 kcal

500 ml 20% lipid

500 ml x 2.0 kcal/ml = 1000 kcal

Or, alternatively, 500 ml of 10% lipid = 50

grams lipid x 10 kcal/g or 500 kcal

Page 41: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla
Page 42: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Calculation of Dextrose/AA with Piggyback Lipids (2-in-1)

Determine patient's kcalorie, protein, and fluid needs.

Determine lipid volume and rate for "piggy back" administration. Determine kcals to be supplied from lipid.

(Usually 30% of total kcals). Divide lipid kcals by 1.1 kcal/cc if you are using

10% lipids; divide lipid kcals by 2 kcal/cc if you are using 20% lipids. This is the total volume.

Divide total volume of lipid by 24 hr to determine rate in cc/hr.

Page 43: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Example Calculation

Nutrient Needs:

Kcals: 1800. Protein: 88 g. Fluid: 2000 cc

  1800 kcal x 30% = 540 kcal from lipid

Lipid (10%):

540 kcal/1.1 (kcal/cc) = 491 cc/24 hr =

20 cc/hr 10% lipid (round to 480 ml)

Remaining fluid needs: 2000cc - 480cc = 1520cc

Page 44: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Determine protein concentration

Subtract volume of lipid from total fluid

requirement to determine remaining fluid needs.

Divide protein requirement (in grams) by

remaining fluid requirement and multiply by 100.

This gives you the amino acid concentration in %.

Multiply protein requirement in grams x 4 to

determine calories from protein

Page 45: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Protein Calculations

Protein: 88 g / 1520 cc x 100 =

5.8% amino acid solution

88 g. x 4 kcal/gm =352 kcals from

proteinRemaining kcal needs: 1800 – (528 + 352) =

920 kcal

Page 46: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Determine dextrose concentration

Subtract kcals of lipid + calories from protein from total kcals to determine remaining kcal needs.

Divide "remaining kcals" by 3.4 kcal/g to determine grams of dextrose.

Divide dextrose grams by remaining fluid needs (in protein calculations) and multiply by 100 to determine dextrose concentration.

Determine rate of AA/dex solution by dividing "remaining fluid needs” by 24 hr.

Page 47: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Dextrose Concentration

920 kcal/3.4 kcal/g = 270 g dextrose

270 g / 1520 cc x 100 = 17.7% dextrose solution

Rate of Amino Acid / Dextrose: 1520 cc / 24hr = 63 cc/hr

TPN recommendation: Suggest two-in-one PN 17.7% dextrose, 5.8% a.a. @ 63 cc/hr with 10% lipids piggyback @ 20 cc/hr

Page 48: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

بار در روز.4 کنترل عالئم حیاتی حداقل

.ثبت جذب و دفع روزانه

.کنترل وزن روزانه

ساعت.6 کنترل قند ادرار هر

کنترل روزانه قند خون، اوره، الکترولیت های سرم تا زمان

ثابت شدن آن و سپس دو بار در هفته.

.کنترل کلسیم و فسفر سرم دو بار در هفته

،کنترل هموگلوبین، زمان پروترمبین LFT و TIBC هفته ای یک

بار.

Page 49: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

Osmolarity in PPNWhen a hypertonic

solution is introduced into a small vein with a low blood flow, fluid from the surrounding tissue moves into the vein due to osmosis. The area can become inflamed, and thrombosis can occur.

Page 50: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

IV-Related Phlebitis

Page 51: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla

عوارض مربوط به کاتتر.

عوارض متابولیک.

عوارض گوارشی.

Page 52: 1) Morton PG, Fontaine DK (eds). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. 9 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2009. PP: 1017-1033. 2) Kururilla