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Pertemuan 2Konsep WCA (Work Concept Analysis)

Matakuliah : H0472 / Konsep Sistem Informasi

Tahun : 2006

Versi : 1

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Learning Outcomes

Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa

akan mampu :

• Menerangkan konsep work sistem serta menyebutkan komponen-komponen-nya.

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Outline Materi

• Melihat bisnis proses sebagai suatu sistem

• Work Systems

• Komponen Work Systems

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The need for frameworks & models

• What is a framework?

• A set of ideas for organizing your thoughts about a thing or situation...

• What is a model?

• A useful representation of a specific situation or thing…

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Framework & model, continued...

• Think about object oriented programming…– A framework is like a class definition– A model is like an instantiated object

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Frameworks and models in action

• What are some frameworks that we encounter?

• Now, let’s think about models…examples?

• Let’s turn to the Resumix case to see the WCA framework in action

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Resumix Case

• Define the elements of this case using the WCA framework

• What are the categories?

• They are– customer, product, business process,

participants, information and technology

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9©1999 Addison Wesley Longman Slide 1.3

Table 2.1 Processing Résumés Using Resumix

CUSTOMER

Manager who needs to hire an employee

Applicant who receives responses about a job application

Government agency that receives reports aboutcompliance to equal opportunity guidelines

10©1999 Addison Wesley Longman Slide 1.4

Table 2.1 Processing Résumés Using Resumix

PRODUCT

List of applicants who fit the criteria

Selected data items about each applicant

Automatically generated rejection letters

11©1999 Addison Wesley Longman Slide 1.5

Table 2.1 Processing Résumés Using Resumix

BUSINESS PROCESS

Major Steps:

•Define the criteria for selecting applicants

•Receive résumés

•Scan résumés and extract data

•Select applicants meeting criteria and forward their résumés to the hiring manager

•Send out rejection letters

•Track the hiring process

•Store applicant data for future searches

Rationale:

Instead of finding appropriate candidates by searching through paper résumés,extract the information on the résumés and do the search automatically.

12©1999 Addison Wesley Longman Slide 1.6

Table 2.1 Processing Résumés Using Resumix

PARTICIPANTS

Human resourcesemployees

Manager doing the hiring

INFORMATION

Description of jobopening

Scanned résumésconverted into adatabase format

List of qualifiedapplicants

TECHNOLOGY

Résumix software

Scanner

Unidentified computers

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Viewing businesses as systems

• Businesses as systems consisting of business processes

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Viewing businesses as systems

• Value Chain– for a “sit down” restaurant, not fast food...

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Viewing businesses as systems

• Business processes and functional areas of businesses– The silo model

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Business processes and functional areas of businesses

• Processes that cross functional areas

• Processes related to a specific functional area

• Processes occurring in every functional area

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Information systems and work systems

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Information systems and work systems

• What kind of system?– Information system– Work system

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Information systems and work systems

• Where are the boundaries between information systems and work systems?– Is this changing?

• Is this a reflection of the changes in the economy to focus on services?

• Do you think that the trend will continue?

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Framework for thinking about systems

The WCA

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Framework for thinking about systems

• Customers– internal– external– what’s the difference?

• Product– the output of the work system

• Business process– What’s going on in the system– We’ll model this with flow charts and DFD’s

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Framework for thinking about systems

• Participants– Who’s involved…

• Information

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Framework for thinking about systems

• Technology– This is the part that’s cool, but remember its

place in the puzzle

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Perspectives for viewing a work system

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Perspectives for viewing a work system

• You can use the WCA and the five perspectives to gain a better understanding of the work system

• Sort of a “drill down” approach

• When I ask you to give me a WCA diagram, I’m looking for the overall analysis, not all perspectives -- you may want to do these perspectives as you develop your model

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Perspectives for viewing a work system

ARCHITECTURE•What are the components of the system that performs the work and who uses the work product?•How are the components linked?•How do the components operate together?

PERFORMANCE•How well do the components operate individually?•How well does the system operate? (How well is the work performed?)•How well should the system operate?

INFRASTRUCTURE•What technical and human infrastructure does the work rely on? •In what ways does infrastructure present opportunities or obstacles?

CONTEXT•What are the impacts of the organizational and technical context?•In what ways does the context present opportunities or obstacles?

RISKS•What foreseeable things can prevent the work from happening, can make the work inefficient, or can cause defects in the work product?•What are the likely responses to these problems?

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Looking at an IT-enabled system from a business perspective

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Looking at an IT-enabled system from a business perspective

• Steps in systems analysis– defining the problem– describing the situation in enough depth– designing potential improvements– deciding what to do

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Looking at an IT-enabled system from a business perspective

• How the WCA can be used to drill down on a problem...

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Looking at an IT-enabled system from a business perspective

• The WCA method

©1999 Addison Wesley Longman Slide 1.51

Table 2.11The 10 Issues in the Work-Centered Analysis Method

Systems analysis step

1. Define the problem

2. Describe the current worksystem in enough depth

and

3. Design potentialimprovements

4.Decide what to do

Corresponding issues for thinking about a system

Issue 1: Problem Definition

Issue 2: Improvements from product changesIssue 3: Improvements from process changesIssue 4: Improvements related to work system participantsIssue 5: Improvements from better informationIssue 6: Improvements from better technologyIssue 7: Improvements from shared infrastructureIssue 8: Improvements related to the business contextIssue 9: Improvements from risk reduction

Issue 10: Recommendation

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• Limitations and issues with the WCA– architecture

• overemphasis on details• confusion about roles

– performance• too often ignored

– infrastructure• you gotta have it! Don’t forget!

Looking at an IT-enabled system from a business perspective

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Looking at an IT-enabled system from a business perspective

• Limitations and issues with the WCA (cont.)– context

• ignoring incentives/disincentives, organizational culture, etc.

– risks• things don’t always go as planned…• contingency• disaster recovery

33©1999 Addison Wesley Longman Slide 1.2

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CLOSING WCA CONCEPT