100 Cau Hoi Ve Luat Hang Hai 2010

V hp ng vn chuyn hng ha

bng -ng bin

Nh xut bn lao ng

H Ni - 2010

100 cu hi v hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng -ng bin

2


3

LI NI U

Quan h thng mi v hng hi gia nc ta v cc nc trn th gii ngy cng pht trin vi tc cao, nht l sau khi Vit Nam chnh thc tr thnh thnh vin ca WTO. Lng hng ha xut nhp khu ca nc ta trao i vi nc ngoi trong nhng nm gn y tng nhanh, trong khi lng vn chuyn bng ng bin chim gn 90%.

Vn bn ch yu v c bn nht thc hin dch v vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin l cc dng hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin. Dch v vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin ngy cng pht trin th cc dng hp ng thuc lnh vc ny, d l c in hay hin i, cng tr nn a dng, phong ph v kh phc tp. Theo chiu hng ton cu ha, khng t cc mu hp ng, vn n v chng t v vn chuyn hng ha, thm ch c cc cng c quc t lin quan, v ang c nhng thay i ng k. B lut hng hi Vit Nam nm 2005 quy nh tng i y nhng ch nh, khi nim v quy phm php lut lin quan ti hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin. Nhng quy nh ny trong mt chng mc ng k tng thch vi nhng thng l v cch hiu ph bin trong ngnh hng hi thng mi quc t. Tuy vy, cho n


4

nay nc ta cha c mt vn bn php quy chnh thc no gii thch nhng ch nh, khi nim v quy phm mt cch chi tit, h thng, y v r rng. V vy, trong nhiu trng hp, cc doanh nghip khi gp phi nhng vn rc ri lin quan trong qu trnh giao kt, thc hin v tranh chp lin quan ti hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin khng bit da vo u xc nh hng gii quyt.

Nhm p ng nhu cu tm hiu v vn dng nhng kin thc lin quan ti php lut hng hi v hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin, Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam t chc bin son v xut bn quyn sch ny di dng cc cu hi v tr li. Cun sch c cc tc gi l nhng ngi c nhiu nm trc tip lm cng tc php ch, khai thc, qun l tu bin cng nh trc tip tham gia gii quyt mt s v kin hng hi ti mt s Ta n, Trng ti Thng mi trong v ngoi nc bin son.

Trong phm vi hn hp, cc tc gi c gng trnh by nhng khi nim, ch nh v quy phm php lut ph bin nht v hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin. V vy, cun sch khng th cp ti mi vn m mt s bn c quan tm, cn tm hiu.

Mc d cc tc gi c gng ti mc cao nht cung cp nhng kin thc, thng tin chnh xc, ph bin v cp nht hin nay v nhng vn ni trn, tuy nhin quyn sch ny ch dng tham kho. Cc danh t, thut ng, khi nim c trnh by trong quyn sch ny ch yu vn theo cch dng ph bin hin nay trong B lut hng hi


5

Vit Nam v mt s sch bo chuyn ngnh xut bn. Tuy vy, mt s ch c th din t khc i theo quan im ring ca cc tc gi cho ph hp vi cch dng trong thc t. Cun sch chc chn khng trnh khi nhng khim khuyt nht nh, do , cc tc gi rt hoan nghnh nhng kin gp , b sung nhm hon thin hn trong nhng ln ti bn sau ny.

Chng ti hy vng cun sch nh ny s gp phn hu ch cho hot ng ca cc doanh nghip v bn c ang cng tc, hc tp hoc nghin cu nhng vn lin quan ti hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin.

Xin cm n Chng trnh h tr doanh nghip DANIDA ca Chnh ph an Mch ti tr cho cun sch ny!

Xin cm n cc tc gi v trn trng gii thiu vi bn c cun sch 100 cu hi v hp ng vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin.

PHNG THNG MI V CNG NGHIP VIT NAM


6


7

Ban bin son

1. Lut s: V Nht Thng, Ch bin

2. Lut s: Trn Quang Cng

3. Lut s: Ng Khc L

4. Lut s: Trn Hu Hunh


8


9

Mc lc

Li ni u......

Ban bin son..............

Mc lc .......

Phn I

NHNG CU HI CHUNG V HP NG

VN CHUYN HNG HO BNG NG BIN

Cu hi 1: Th no l hp ng vn chuyn hng ho bng -ng bin?............................................................

Cu hi 2: Xin cho bit s khc nhau gia dch v vn chuyn hng ha v dch v Logistics?...........................

Cu hi 3: D-i gic ng-i bn v ng-i mua trong

3

7

9

19

19

21


10

th-ng mi quc t c bao nhiu loi hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng -ng bin? c im chung ca nhng loi hp ng trn v mi loi -c s dng trong tr-ng hp no?.....................................................

Cu hi 4: Ch hng (ng-i bn hoc ng-i mua) khi giao dch k kt cc loi hp ng vn chuyn bng -ng bin cn l-u ti nhng vn ch yu no?......

Cu hi 5: Hiu th no v iu kin xp d hng CQD (Customary Quick Despatch) trong hp ng thu tu chuyn?...........................................................................

Cu hi 6: Hiu th no v thut ng cng an ton (Safe Port) trong hp ng thu tu chuyn?...........................

Cu hi 7: Hiu th no v iu kin chi ph xp d hng trong hp ng thu tu chuyn?............................

Cu hi 8: Hiu th no v quy nh trong cc iu kin CIF, CFR, CIP v CPT ca Incoterms Ngi bn thu tu theo nhng iu kin thng th-ng, chuyn chy trn -ng thng dng m cc tu bin khc th-ng i chuyn ch mt cch bnh th-ng l hng m t trong hp ng? ....

Cu hi 9: Quy nh v tnh trng php l ca bn thn con tu trong hp ng nhp khu theo iu kin CIF hoc CFR c tm quan trng nh- th no?.....................

Cu hi 10: Theo lut Anh, khi no hp ng thu tu -c coi l -c xc lp v rng buc cc bn ?........

Phn II

NHNG CU HI LIN QUAN N

HP NG VN CHUYN THEO CHUYN

Cu hi 11: Hiu th no v khi nim kh nng i bin

23

25

27

29

31

33

36

39

43


11

ca tu?............................................................................

Cu hi 12: C -c -a "Thng bo sn sng" (Notice of Readiness) tr-c thi gian tu n cng (laycan) khng?.............................................................................

Cu hi 13: "Thng bo sn sng" - ch cn "-a" hay phi -c "chp nhn"?...................................................

Cu hi 14: Th no l gi lm vic a Thng bo sn sng?

Cu hi 15: Th no l tu sn sng v mi mt?........

Cu hi 16: Thi hn lm hng (laytime) bt u tnh khi no?...........................................................................

Cu hi 17: Ngui thu vn chuyn c buc phi tuyn b chm dt hp ng khi tu khng n cng ng thi hn hay khng?........................................................

Cu hi 18: Bin bn lm hng (Statement of facts SOF) khng c ch k ca ng-i giao hng (shipper) c gi tr php l khng?......................................................

Cu hi 19: Khi no vic xp hng (loading) -c coi l kt thc?......................................................................

Cu hi 20: Ch y tu - s l-ng hng ti thiu l bao nhiu?.......................................................................

Cu hi 21: Hiu th no l Ngy lm vic thi tit tt?.................................................................................

Cu hi 22: C g khc gia thut ng weather permitting (ngy lm vic thi tit cho php) v thut ng weather working day (ngy lm vic thi tit tt)?..................................................................................

Cu hi 23: Thi tit xu - p dng thut ng WIBON (Whether in berth or not) nh- th no? ......

43

48

50

53

56

59

62

64

66

68

71

73

78

82


12

Cu hi 24: Th no l bt kh khng?........................

Cu hi 25: Xp hng trong "thi gian t do" (free time) - c tnh vo thi hn xp hng khng?.................

Cu hi 26: Sau khi tu bc (loading) xong hng, i l ca ch tu/ng-i vn chuyn khng k pht vn n hon ho (clean) cho ngi giao hng (shipper)/ng-i thu vn chuyn vi l do tnh trng hng ha c vn . Ngi thu vn chuyn khng chp nhn ghi ch (remark) ln vn n v tnh trng hng ha dn n vic khi hnh ca tu b chm tr. Ai phi chu trch nhim v vic chm tr ny?...........................................

Cu hi 27: Th no l vo khong (about)? Trong qu giao dch, k kt hp ng mua bn hng ha, hp ng vn chuyn hng ha, c mt s yu t kh xc nh chnh xc v th-ng c nu l vo khong (about). V d nh- s l-ng hng ha s xp ln tu, s tin thanh ton cho vic mua hng T , tranh chp c th pht sinh t khi nim ny. ngh cho bit th no l vo khong trong hng hi thng mi quc t?....................................................................................

Cu hi 28: Khng c hng xp (loading), tu phi i n bao gi? Tu n cng ng thi hn theo hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn xp hng nh-ng ng-i thu vn chuyn cho bit tu phi ch khong 8 ngy mi c hng. Ch tu/ng-i vn chuyn c quyn ra lnh cho tu ri cng v i bi th-ng thit hi hay khng?.............................................................................

Cu hi 29: Hiu th no v nguyn l Mt khi b pht th lun lun b pht?.............................................

Cu hi 30: Ng-i vn chuyn c quyn g trong vic x l hng ho vn chuyn c du hiu b x lch v

85

88

94

99

102


13

phi chng buc li trong qu trnh vn chuyn? ...

Phn III

NHNG CU HI LIN QUAN TI VN N

Cu hi 31: Vn n l g v chc nng ca vn n?....

Cu hi 32: Vn n -c phn loi nh- th no?..........

Cu hi 33: Vn n gm nhng ni dung g?...............

Cu hi 34: C nn dng mu vn n mi CONGENBILL 2007 khng?..........................................

Cu hi 35: Vn n ch (Master B/L) (khc vi vn n th cp (House B/L) nh- th no?............................

Cu hi 36: Hiu th no v thay i vn n gc: Switch Bill of Lading?.................................................

Cu hi 37: Hiu th no v thut ng Surrendered ghi trn vn n?

Cu hi 38: Hiu th no v ghi ch Proof Read Copy hoc B/L Proof ghi ch trn cc vn n hoc giy gi hng -ng bin?..............................................

Cu hi 39: Vn n ch danh (straight bill of lading) - c phi xut trnh bn gc khi nhn hng?...................

Cu hi 40: Hiu th no v ghi ch trn vn n: Trng lng, khi lng, cht lng, tr gi hng khng bit: weight, volume, quality, and value unknown? Vn n ghi tn hng l cm m vin (wheat bran pellets), ri (in bulk) v c ghi trng l-ng hng bng tn nh-ng ti sao li cn c dng ch in sn khng bit trng lng ?..........................................

Cu hi 41: Khi no th ngy cp vn n v ngy giao hng trong hp ng mua bn hng ha l mt? V khi no th khc nhau?...........................................................

Cu hi 42: Trong tr-ng hp trn vn n khng ai

105

109

109

111

116

118

122

125

129

131

133

136

139


14

l ng-i vn chuyn th lm th no xc nh ai l ng-i vn chuyn?...........................................................

Cu hi 44: Trong mua bn hng ha quc t nn s dng vn n theo lnh (Order B/L) hay vn n ch danh (Straight B/L) l thch hp?....................................

Cu hi 45: Vn n -ng bin (Ocean B/L) khc vi giy gi hng -ng bin (Waybill) nh- th no?..........

Cu hi 46: Vn n khc vi vn n vn ti a ph-ng thc nhng im no?......................................

Cu hi 47: Cn l-u nhng vn g v ch k ca ng-i k pht vn n?....................................................

Cu hi 48: Hiu th no l vn n hon ho (Clean B/L). C nn dng th- bo m (Letter of Indemnity - LOI) xin cp vn n hon ho hay khng?...............

Cu hi 49: Hiu th no v thut ng Merchant (th-ng nhn) ghi trn cc vn n?...............................

Cu hi 50: Trch nhim ca ng-i vn chuyn i vi vic giao hng chm cng ch (cng d hng, cng tr hng) -c xc nh ra sao?.......................................

Cu hi 51: Khi no cn khai bo tr gi hng trn vn n?.................................................................................

Cu hi 52: Trch nhim ca ng-i vn chuyn -c xc nh th no khi hng ch trn boong?.....................

Cu hi 53: Khi xy ra tnh trng tu i chch -ng so vi lch trnh qung co th trch nhim ca ng-i vn chuyn xc nh th no?................................................

Cu hi 54: Trch nhim ca ng-i vn chuyn i vi vic thng bo hng n ti cng ch nh- th no?.......

143

145

148

150

153

154

156

157

159

160

161


15

Cu hi 55: Khi no th hng ha -c coi l giao ti cng ch?........................................................................

Cu hi 56: V sao ch tu th-ng t chi th- cam kt bi th-ng ca ng-i nhn hng (LOI) giao hng khng thu hi vn n gc?............................................

Cu hi 57: Ta n Vit Nam c thm quyn xt x cc v kin v tn tht hng ha vn chuyn theo vn n do ch tu n-c ngoi k pht hay khng?.....................

Cu hi 58: Ng-i giao hng c quyn i bi th-ng tn tht hng ha khi hng ha -c vn chuyn theo vn n ch danh hay khng?........................................

Cu hi 59: Cc cng -c quc t iu chnh vn n v B lut hng hi Vit Nam ging v khc nhau nh- th no nhng vn c bn?.......................................

Cu hi 60: Trch nhim ca ng-i vn chuyn trong thng l hng hi quc t -c quy nh ra sao?.............

Cu hi 61: Cc tr-ng hp min trch nhim ca ng-i vn chuyn trong thng l hng hi quc t -c quy nh ra sao?...............................................................

Cu hi 62: Th no l li trong vic iu khin hoc qun tr tu?.....................................................................

Cu hi 63: Gii hn trch nhim ca ng-i vn chuyn -c quy nh nh- th no?.............................................

Cu hi 64: Th no l ty theo gi tr hng ha trong vic xc nh gii hn trch nhim ca ng-i vn chuyn?............................................................................

Phn IV

NHNG CU HI LIN QUAN TI VIC KHIU NI V KHIU

KIN NGI VN CHUYN, I L, MI GII

Cu hi 65: V sao phi thng bo v tn tht ca hng

162

163

164

165

169

171

189

191

193

198

200


16

ha cho ng-i vn chuyn?.............................................

Cu hi 66: H s khiu ni ng-i vn chuyn v tn tht ca hng ha bao gm nhng ti liu no?..............

Cu hi 67: Ti sao ch hng li phi mua bo him trong khi theo vn n hoc hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn ng-i vn chuyn phi chu trch nhim bi th-ng nu tn tht xy ra do li ca h?.......................

Cu hi 68: S khc nhau gia thi hn ba ngy phi thng bo cho ng-i vn chuyn khi pht hin hng ha c du hiu h- hng mt mt v thi hiu mt nm khi khi kin ng-i vn chuyn v h- hng mt mt hng ha trong qu trnh vn chuyn?.....................................

Cu hi 69: Nhng khong thi gian no s -c tr ra khi thi hiu khiu kin mt nm khi khiu kin ng-i vn chuyn ti ta n hay trng ti?................................

Cu hi 70: Khi no th tranh chp v hng hi gia ch hng v ng-i vn chuyn Vit Nam c th -a ra ta n hay trng ti n-c ngoi gii quyt?...........................

Cu hi 71: n v tnh ton bi th-ng tn tht hng ha cng nh- bi th-ng trch nhim dn s trong B lut hng hi Vit Nam -c tnh ton nh- th no?

Cu hi 72: Ng-i gi hng c quyn nh ot hng ha xp ln tu cho ti khi no?.................................

Cu hi 73: Trch nhim ca ng-i vn chuyn -c xc nh ra sao khi giao hng cng ch cho ng-i cm vn n gi?.............................................................

Cu hi 74: Ai phi chu trch nhim khi i l ca ng-i vn chuyn thay i ngy k vn n?.................

Cu hi 75: Khi vn n b tht lc trong qu trnh b-u

205

205

207

208

210

212

214

214

215

218


17

in chuyn pht t cng xp hng ti cng ch th phi lm g ng-i nhn hng c th nhn -c hng?

Cu hi 76: Khi k kt hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn nn quy nh gii quyt tranh chp bng trng ti th-ng mi hay bng ta n?......................................

Cu hi 77: Nn hiu v vai tr ca i l tu bin ni chung nh- th no?..........................................................

Cu hi 78: Nn hiu th no v a v php l ca ng-i mi gii thu tu?..................................................

Cu hi 79: Ai phi tr hoa hng mi gii thu tu, ng-i thu tu hay ch tu/ng-i vn chuyn?...............

Cu hi 80: ngh cho bit s khc nhau gia vic bt tu thc hin quyn cm gi hng hi (Maritime lien) v bt tu gii quyt khiu ni hng hi (Maritime Claims)?.........................................................

Phn V

NHNG CU HI LIN QUAN TI

VIC GII QUYT TN THT CHUNG

Cu hi 81: Khi nim v tn tht chung v cc tiu ch c tr-ng ca tn tht chung?..........................................

Cu hi 82: Ni dung ca Quy tc York-Antwerp?........

Cu hi 83: Ai l ng-i phn b tn tht chung?............

Cu hi 84: Mi quan h gia tn tht chung v bo him?...............................................................................

Cu hi 85: Lm th no nhn bit mt v tn tht chung?.............................................................................

Cu hi 86: Nhng v tai nn hng hi no th-ng dn

220

223

224

227

229

232

234

239

239

242

243

245

246


18

n tn tht chung?.........................................................

Cu hi 87: Chi ph cu h c phi l chi ph tn tht chung hay khng?...........................................................

Cu hi 88: Th tc tuyn b tn tht chung nh- th no?.................................................................................

Cu hi 89: Cc b-c gii quyt ca ch hng khi ch tu tuyn b tn tht chung?...........................................

Cu hi 90: Vic gim nh cc tn tht ca tu v hng phc v cho vic phn b tn tht chung phi tin hnh nh- th no?....................................................

Cu hi 91: Cc ti liu, chng t cn thit cho vic phn b tn tht chung?..................................................

Cu hi 92: Tn tht chung -c phn b nh- th no?.

Cu hi 93: Xc nh tr gi chu ng gp tn tht chung (contributory value) ca tu v hng nh- th no?.................................................................................

Cu hi 94: Ch hng c phi ng gp tn tht chung hay khng khi tn tht chung xy ra do tu khng kh nng i bin?............................................................

Cu hi 95: Ch hng c phi ng gp tn tht chung hay khng khi tn tht chung xy ra do xp hng khng thch hp (bad stowage)?.................................................

Cu hi 97: Tu chy khng hng c tn tht chung hay khng?......................................................................

Cu hi 98: Ph phn b tn tht chung do ai tr?...........

Cu hi 99: Trong tr-ng hp tu t b hnh trnh, ch tu c quyn yu cu ch hng ng gp tn tht chung hay khng?......................................................................

249

250

253

256

258

261

263

264

267

269

274

276


19

Cu hi 100: Ni dung ca Bn phn b tn tht chung?.............................................................................

Ti liu tham kho ..

279

282

285

Phn I

NHNG CU HI CHUNG V HP NG

VN CHUYN HNG HO BNG NG BIN


20

Cu hi 1: Th no l hp ng vn chuyn hng ho bng

-ng bin?

Tr li:

Theo iu 70 ca B lut hng hi Vit Nam 2005

Hp ng vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin l hp

ng c giao kt gia ngi vn chuyn v ngi thu vn

chuyn, theo ngi vn chuyn thu tin cc vn chuyn

do ngi thu vn chuyn tr v dng tu bin vn chuyn

hng ha t cng xp hng n cng tr hng. Tip , theo

iu 71 ca B lut, hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng

ng bin c phn chia thnh hai loi:

1-/ Hp ng vn chuyn theo chng t vn chuyn:

L hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin

c giao kt vi iu kin ngi vn chuyn khng phi

dnh cho ngi thu vn chuyn nguyn c tu hoc mt

phn tu c th m ch cn c vo chng loi, s lng, kch

thc hoc trng lng ca hng ha vn chuyn. Hnh

thc loi hp ng ny do hai bn tha thun. S d loi hp

ng ny c tn gi nh vy v bng chng ca loi hp

ng ny thng th hin di dng chng t nh vn n

hoc giy gi hng do ngi vn chuyn cp cho ngi thu

vn chuyn.

2-/ Hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn:


21

L loi hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng ng

bin c giao kt vi iu kin ngi vn chuyn dnh cho

ngi thu vn chuyn nguyn c tu hoc mt phn c th

ca con tu vn chuyn hng ha theo chuyn . Hnh

thc loi hp ng ny bt buc phi bng vn bn. Theo

php lut hin hnh ca Vit Nam, cc giao dch bng fax,

email, in tn, telex cng c coi l bng vn bn.

3-/ Trong thng mi v hng hi quc t ngoi hai loi

hp ng nh trn cn c loi hp ng vn chuyn hng

ha bng ng bin nhiu chuyn lin tc (thng p dng

cho vn chuyn hng ri, khi lng ln, giao hng trong

mt khong thi gian di) gi l Contract of Affreightment,

vit tt l COA.

4-/ Mt dng hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng

ng bin na cng c th thy trong thng mi hng hi

quc t gi l Trip Charter hay cn gi l Trip Time Charter.

y l dng hp ng thu tu nh hn theo chuyn (khng

thu theo thi gian nhiu chuyn period). Thut ng ny

i khi cn dng ni v hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn

(voyage charter).

Cu hi 2: Xin cho bit s khc nhau gia dch v vn chuyn

hng ha v dch v Logistics?

Tr li :

Dch v vn chuyn hng ha l dch v vn chuyn

bng ng bin mt l hng c th no t cng xp hng

ti cng d hng. c th l mt hp ng vn chuyn


22

hng ri khi lng ln (t cng ti cng) nhng cng c th

l vn chuyn hng bng container (t CY ti CY), hoc l

hp ng vn chuyn a phng thc (t a im tip nhn

hng ti a im tr hng). Nu l vn chuyn a phng

thc th ngoi chng ng bin cn c th c c nhng

chng ng b, ng thy ni a hoc ng hng

khng.

V dch v Logistics hin nay c nhiu cch hiu khc

nhau :

- Theo ti liu ca Lin hp quc: Logistics l hot

ng qun l qu trnh lu chuyn vt liu qua cc khu lu

kho, sn xut ra sn phm cho ti tay ngi tiu dng theo

yu cu ca khch hng.

- Theo Hi ng Qun l dch v Logistics (The

Council of Logistics Management) th: Logistics l mt

phn ca qu trnh cung cp dy chuyn bao gm lp k

hoch, t chc thc hin, kim sot hiu qu, lu thng hiu

qu v lu gi cc loi hng ha, dch v v c lin quan n

thng tin t im cung cp c bn n cc im tiu th

p ng cc nhu cu ca khch hng.

- Lut thng mi Vit Nam (iu 233) quy nh Dch

v Logistics l hot ng thng mi, theo thng nhn

t chc thc hin mt hoc nhiu cng on bao gm nhn

hng, vn chuyn, lu kho, lu bi, lm th tc hi quan, cc

th tc giy t khc, t vn khch hng, ng gi bao b, ghi


23

k m hiu, giao hng hoc cc dch v khc c lin quan ti

hng ha theo tha thun vi khch hng hng th lao.

- Mc d c nhiu cch hiu khc nhau v khi nim

dch v Logistics nhng cc khi nim ny c th chia lm

hai nhm: nhm th nht l nh ngha hp m tiu biu l

Lut thng mi Vit Nam, theo nh ngha ca nhm ny

dch v Logistics l vic tp hp cc yu t lin quan v h

tr cho qu trnh chu chuyn hng ha t ni sn xut ti ni

tiu dng cui cng. Nhm th hai l nhm nh ngha c

phm vi rng miu t s tc ng ca nhiu yu t vt cht

v yu t v hnh (thng tin) t khu tin sn xut cho ti khi

hng ho ti tay ngi tiu dng cui cng.

Nh vy trong dch v Logistics c dch v vn ti v

cc dch v khc i lin h tr hng ha ti ch cui

cng. Ngi kinh doanh dch v Logistics s m nhn ton

b tt c cc khu trong qu trnh hnh thnh v vn chuyn

hng ha ti a ch cui cng, ngi kinh doanh dch v ny

i hi phi c trnh chuyn mn su, am hiu nhiu lnh

vc lin quan mt cch vng vng cung cp mt dch v

trn gi ch khng phi ch c n thun vn ti v giao

nhn hng ha...

Cu hi 3: D-i gic ng-i bn v ng-i mua trong th-ng

mi quc t c bao nhiu loi hp ng vn chuyn hng ha bng

-ng bin? c im chung ca nhng loi hp ng trn v mi

loi -c s dng trong tr-ng hp no?


24

Tr li :

Di gic ngi bn v ngi mua trong thng

mi quc t thng ph bin hai loi hp ng vn chuyn

bng ng bin:

1-/ Khi chuyn ch hng ha bng container, hnh thc

hp ng vn chuyn thng l hp ng vn chuyn theo

chng t vn chuyn (Booking Note) c ch k ca c hai

bn. Tuy nhin, phn ln cc giao dch thu tu ch hng

bng container ngy nay c th ch l mt vi email hoc

khng t trng hp ch l mt vi giao dch bng in thoi,

sau ni dung giao dch c th c xc nhn li bng vn

bn bi hng tu vn chuyn container v ngi thu vn

chuyn. Trong cc giao dch bng email, in thoi hai bn

thng trao i ri i n xc nhn nhng vn c bn nh

tn hng, s lng, trng lng, kch thc, loi container,

ni nhn v container ng hng vo, cng xp hng,

cng d hng, ngi gi hng, ngi nhn hng, ngi c

thng bo, gi cc v ph ph, mc pht lu container, loi

vn n xin cp v.v nhng trng hp ny vn n (Bill

of /Lading) hoc giy gi hng (Waybill hoc Sea Waybill)

l bng chng ca hp ng, ngha l bn thn vn n hoc

giy gi hng khng phi l hp ng v n ch n phng

do ngi vn chuyn k v cp cho ngi thu vn chuyn

sau khi tip nhn hng vn chuyn. Trong mt s

trng hp, cui bn tm tt giao dch gia hai bn hng

tu container cn ghi thm mt dng ch: Cc iu kin


25

khc theo nh vn n ca hng tu pht hnh: otherwise as

per carriers Bill of Lading. Trng hp , vn n ca

hng tu pht hnh tr thnh ni dung ca hp ng vn

chuyn theo chng t vn chuyn gia hai bn, n khng cn

l bng chng ca hp ng na m tr thnh ni dung

ca hp ng.

Loi th hai thng th hin di dng hp ng vn

chuyn theo chuyn (Voyage Charter Party), p dng cho

vic vn chuyn hng ri, hng ng bao khi lng v

trng lng ln. Mu ph bin ca loi hp ng ny thng

p dng l mu Gencon. Hp ng thu tu chuyn loi ny

c y cc iu khon ch yu ca hp ng nh tn, a

ch ch tu, hoc ngi vn chuyn, tn tu, trng ti, thi

gian sn sng xp hng, cng xp d hng, tn a ch ngi

thu, tn hng s lng, trng lng, kch thc, gi cc,

iu kin xp d hng, mc xp d hng, mc thng pht,

t l hoa hng, ngi mi gii, lut p dng v iu khon

trng ti, ch k ca i din hai bn v.v Tip theo cc ni

dung trn l nhng phn in sn quy nh v trch nhim,

min trch nhim ca c hai bn cng vi mt s iu kin

khc. Tuy nhin, ngy nay thng thng ngi ta ch k kt

vi nhau phn u, gi l Fixture Note cn phn cn li th

hai bn c th tham chiu mt hp ng mu no hoc

mt hp ng giao kt vi nhau trc y.


26

Cu hi 4: Ch hng (ng-i bn hoc ng-i mua) khi giao

dch k kt cc loi hp ng vn chuyn bng -ng bin cn l-u

ti nhng vn ch yu no?

Tr li :

1-/ i vi hp ng vn chuyn container, ni chung,

ni dung thng n gin. Vn c bn m ngi thu vn

chuyn cn ht sc lu l t cch php nhn ca bn vn

chuyn. Khi h k hp ng vi t cch l i l cho ngi

vn chuyn (As Agent for and on behalf of the carrier) ch

hng phi hiu rng nu xy ra h hng tn tht hng ha th

ngi chu trch nhim gii quyt khng phi l h, vi t

cch l i l (As Agent), m l ngi y thc (Principal),

tc ngi vn chuyn. Ngi vn chuyn c khi khng c tr

s Vit Nam m l nc ngoi, v vy cn xc nh r

rng tn v a ch ca ngi chuyn ch c th lin h

gii quyt khi trc trc xy ra. Nn lu l hin nay mt s

hng tu vn chuyn container loi hng u th gii c

php thnh lp cng ty 100% vn ca h ti Vit Nam. Tuy

vy khi k hp ng vn chuyn, nhng cng ty 100% vn

nc ngoi nh vy cng ch l i l cung cp dch v vn

ti cho hng tu m ti bn quc. Do , nu ch hng mun

h chu trch nhim gii quyt mi s c trc trc vi mnh

th phi ghi r trong hp ng lu cc rng h l ngi vn

chuyn. Ht sc trnh khng h quy nh khng r rng

mp m nc i nh: Ngi cung cp dch v vn ti

(Supplier of Transport Service) hay bn A chung chung.


27

2-/ i vi hp ng thu tu chuyn ngoi cc iu

kin v gi cc, mc xp d thng pht im ng lu

l cc chi ph xp d hng, chi ph lng hng (Lighterage)

phi quy nh c th v ph hp vi hp ng mua bn. Nu

hp ng mua bn ghi l CIF FO th khi thu tu phi

hiu l ngi vn chuyn c min ph d hng ch khng

th hiu l ch hng (c th l ngi bn hoc ngi mua)

c min ph ny. i vi mt s chi tit c im ca con

tu, nht l trng ti, dung tch cha hng, sc nng ca cn

cu khng t trng hp khi cho tu cho thu ngi vn

chuyn ch a ra con s tng i ch khng th chnh xc,

v vy sau cc thng s thng ngi vn chuyn km

theo ch about (vo khong) hoc WG (Without Guarrantee).

Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, ngi thu vn chuyn

cn tnh ton cn thn. Mt iu na m ngi thu vn

chuyn cng cn lu tha ng l phi bo m cng

m tu s n xp hng phi an ton (Safe Port) v mt hng

vn ca tu cng nh cc vn v an ninh x hi chnh tr

ni chung sao cho tu c th n cp cng, lm hng v

ri i mt cch an ton. Ngoi ra, trc khi k hp ng thu

tu cng cn thn trng i vi cc loi ch tu ch c mt

tu. Tt nht nn c s thm tra v kh nng ti chnh cng

nh t cch php l ca nhng loi ch tu ny xem c n

nn, vng mc g khng (Encumbrances). Nn nh rng

nu thu phi con tu ca nhng ch tu c vn , trong

hnh trnh chng may tu b bt gi th c ngi bo him

cng nh ch tu u c min trch nhim bi thng mi

tn tht xy ra i vi hng ha (xem iu 78, khon 2,

im g B lut hng hi. Quy tc IV, khon 2, im g Quy

tc Hague Visby cng nh iu 6. 2 Quy tc bo him hng

ha vn chuyn bng ng bin ICC-1982). Thng thng,


28

cc thng tin ny c th iu tra qua cc knh khc nhau nh

cc vn phng lut s, ngn hng, cng ty bo him

Cu hi 5: Hiu th no v iu kin xp d hng CQD

(Customary Quick Despatch) trong hp ng thu tu chuyn?

Tr li:

Trong cc hp ng thu tu chuyn ch nhng l hng c khi lng ln nh xi mng, phn bn, than, gomt s ch hng rt ngi vic quy nh mc xp d c th bao nhiu tn/ngy. V i lin vi mc xp d c th, hai bn li phi quy nh mc thng pht, th no l ngy lm vic nh quy nh trong hp ng (v d working days l ngy lm vic khng gm ch nht, ngy l, working days of 24 hours l ngy lm vic c 24 gi th tnh mt ngy, hoc weather working days l ngy lm vic tt tri tr nhng lc c ma, bo). Sau khi kt thc vic xp d hng phi tnh ton xem liu mnh b pht bao nhiu ngy v xp hoc d chm hoc c thng bao nhiu ngy v xp d nhanh. Tnh ton thng pht l mt cng vic khng d dng, n i hi phi nm vng cc khi nim v ngy lm vic nh quy nh trong hp ng, v nhng khong thi gian min tr cng nh thi im no th bt u tnh thi gian lm hngXut pht t , khng t ch hng khi k hp ng thu tu chuyn thng thch dng ch nh CQD, ngha l ngi chuyn ch v ngi thu tu ng vic xp d hng cng c tin hnh theo tc nhanh nh tp qun ph bin cng . Mt khi p dng CQD c ngha l thi gian lm hng khng xc nh c c th l bao


29

nhiu, do vy khng c vn thng hoc pht. Di gic quyn li ngi chuyn ch, chp nhn CQD l bt li v gi l nhanh nh tp qun ca cng th mi cng mt khc. Ngay trong cng mt cng, cng mt mt hng nhng tc xp d cng khc nhau v mi mt ma cng c th khc nhau.

Mt khi hp ng thu tu k, ngi thu c ngha v chun b sn sng hng ha xp ln tu cng nh ngi vn chuyn phi bo m v mi phng din tu thch hp v sn sng cho vic tip nhn, bo qun v vn chuyn. Ngi vn chuyn s ht sc kh khn khi phi xc nh th no l mt khong thi gian hp l tip tc cng vic lm hng khi m thi gian d kin thng thng ht. Mt khi xy ra tnh trng ko di l th vic xp hoc d hng, nu chp nhn quy nh CQD th ngi vn chuyn c ngha v phi chng minh rng s chm tr ko di vt qu khun kh tp qun thng thng cng v l hnh ng c ca ngi thu lm phng hi n quyn li ca ngi vn chuyn. Nu ngi thu hnh ng chy , khng khn trng tin hnh xp d hng u c th coi l khng nm trong gii hn tp qun thng thng. Ch tu s tm cch phn bit u l chm tr do n tc cu bn hay thi tit v u l do ch hng cha giao dch mua bn xong hay cha xin c giy php xut nhp khu hoc hng cha ra n cng, hoc chng t v hng ha cha chun b xong. Ni chung, ngi thu tu khng c c s li dng iu kin CQD bin minh cho nhng s chm tr ni trn.

Theo thng l hng hi quc t cho d cc bn tha thun xp d hng theo iu kin CQD th ngi thu vn phi:


30

1- C ngha v thu cng nhn cng phng tin xp d sn sng khi tu cp cu l c th lm hng ngay;

2- Ch nh cu bn khi tu n c th cp mn an ton v lm hng ngay khng b vng mc tr ngi g c;

3- B tr cng nhn lm hng cho tng ca, tng hm, tng mng tu c th lm hng lin tc khng b gin on;

4- Giao hoc nhn hng theo tc m cu tu hoc cu b c th xp hoc d;

5- Hon thin mi th tc giy t v hng theo quy nh tu lm th tc i hoc n kp thi.

Ngoi ra, khi chp nhn iu kin CQD, ngi chuyn ch thng c quy nh km theo nu qu mt thi hn c th no (v d 2 tun) m vic xp d hng ha vn cha xong khng phi li ca ngi chuyn ch th ngi thu tu s b pht lu tu (Detention). Nh vy ch hng khi thu tu khng nn ngh gin n rng p dng iu kin CQD th mnh c thng thng lm hng, khng lo b pht. Tt nht nn cn nhc k v so snh s khc nhau gia cch quy nh c thng pht v iu kin CQD, ht sc trnh cch hiu m h v ni dung iu kin ny nh ni trn. Cc quy nh c mc thng pht trong hp ng thu tu d phc tp nhng khi hai bn chp nhn p dng th s ch ng hn v trch nhim mi bn cng s r rng hn.


31

Cu hi 6: Hiu th no v thut ng cng an ton (Safe Port)

trong hp ng thu tu chuyn?

Tr li :

Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn, thut ng ny thng c ngha l ngi thu c trch nhim thu xp cho tu mt cng tu c th n , xp d hng ha v ri i mt cch an ton. Ch an ton (Safe) y khng ch l nhng yu t nh mn nc, tc gi, cng sng, cu trc k thut cu cng, ct neo buc tu, thit b chng va p (Dolphins) m cn bao gm c nhng yu t khc nh tnh hnh tr an, an ninh chnh tr x hi. Trong ngn t hng hi quc t cha c mt nh ngha chun mc v thut ng ny, tuy nhin theo thng l ngi ta hiu rng cng an ton l mt cng m tu c th n, lm hng, ri khi ni khng gp phi nhng tr ngi v k thut cng nh v an ninh chnh tr nu con tu hot ng v vn hnh (Navigation) vi nhng c im thng thng vn c ca n. Vic quy nh trong hp ng ngi thu vn chuyn c ngha v thu xp cng an ton khng c ngha l ngi vn chuyn hay thuyn trng khng cn phi kim tra an ton ca cng theo ngha rng. Trch nhim ca ngi thu vn chuyn y cng ch mc tng i ch khng th tuyt i. Cng an ton mt mt c ngha l trong qu trnh giao dch thu tu mt khi hp ng k v ngi vn chuyn chp nhn mt cng no l an ton th h t c kh nng chu phi thit hi do ngi thu vn chuyn gy ra nu cng sau ny tr nn khng an ton, nhng mt khc n cng c ngha l ngi thu vn chuyn t c c hi thot khi trch nhim phi bi thng tn tht cho


32

pha tu nu sau khi k hp ng, cng li tr nn khng an ton xt trn cc yu t ni trn. Mt khi thuyn trng chp nhn gh vo mt cng gi l an ton th khng c ngha l quyn khiu ni i bi thng tn tht ca ngi vn chuyn i vi ngi thu vn chuyn b mt i, ngha l ngi thu vn chuyn vn phi chu trch nhim ngay c trong trng hp thuyn trng c nhng quyt nh sai lm (nhng chp nhn c) l gh vo cng m sau ny pha tu chng minh c rng n khng an ton nh ngi vn chuyn cam kt khi k hp ng.

Nhn chung, tranh chp v cng an ton l nhng tranh chp kh phc tp, c bit l v mt bng chng. Kt qu ca nhng v tranh chp v vn ny thng ph thuc rt nhiu vo quy nh trong hp ng thu tu c c th khng v ngun lut iu chnh c r rng khng.

Cu hi 7: Hiu th no v iu kin chi ph xp d hng trong

hp ng thu tu chuyn?

Tr li :

Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn, chi ph xp d hng ha thng c quy nh theo cc phng thc nh sau:

1-/ Theo iu kin tu ch (Liner Terms/ Berth Terms/ Gross Terms): Theo cch quy nh ny, ngi vn chuyn phi chu trch nhim v chi ph v vic xp hng ln tu (loading), sp xp hng ha trong tu


33

(Stowage), chn lt (Dunnage), ngn cch (Separation) v d hng (Discharging).

2-/ Theo iu kin min xp hng FI (Free in): Theo cch quy nh ny, ngi vn chuyn c min trch nhim v chi ph xp hng ln tu cng xp hng nhng phi chu trch nhim v chi ph d hng cng d hng. iu kin ny tng ng vi iu kin FILO (Free in Liner out).

3-/ Theo iu kin min d hng FO (Free out): Theo cch quy nh ny, ngi vn chuyn phi chu trch nhim v chi ph xp hng ln tu cng xp hng nhng h c min trch nhim v chi ph d hng khi tu cng d hng. iu kin ny tng ng vi iu kin FOLI (Free out Liner in).

4-/ Theo iu kin min xp d hng FIO (Free in and out): Theo cch quy nh ny, ngi vn chuyn c min trch nhim v chi ph xp hng ln tu v d hng khi tu. iu kin FIO khng ni r ngi vn chuyn c c min ph sp xp hng (Stowage), san co hng (Trimming) trong hm tu hay khng, v vy tt nht cn ghi r FIOST (Free in and out, stowed and trimmed): min chi ph v trch nhim xp, d hng cng nh sp xp v san tri hng .

Nh vy, nu c chi ph sp xp hng ha (Stowage) i vi hng ng bao v chi ph co san tri hng (Trimming) i vi hng ri th trong hp ng thu tu phi ni r do ai chu? Ngi vn chuyn hay ngi thu vn chuyn? Nu min cho ngi vn chuyn th thm ch S v T sau cc thut ng FI, FO, FIO thnh FIS hay FOS hay FIOT. Cn lu cc thut ng trn l thut ng hng hi v thu tu, quy nh v trch nhim v ngha v gia ngi vn chuyn v ngi thu vn chuyn trong vic xp d hng ha


34

ch khng phi gia ngi bn v ngi mua, y khng phi thut ng thng mi v vy nn trnh vic lp ghp ty tin vi cc iu kin thng mi trong Incoterms nh kiu CIF FO hay FOB FI v.v... rt d hiu nhm, gy ra tranh chp. V d, nu ngi mua CIF mt l hng ri mun mnh khng chu ph d hng ti cng ch th phi tha thun vi ngi bn mt cch r rng rng ngi mua c min mi chi ph d hng k c ph lng hng cng ch: the buyer shall be free of all the cost of goods discharging at the

destination port including lighterage if any. Trn c s , ngi bn khi thu tu s tha thun vi ngi vn

chuyn mt cch ph hp vi hp ng mua bn. Cu hi 8: Hiu th no v quy nh trong cc iu kin CIF,

CFR, CIP v CPT ca Incoterms Ng-i bn thu tu theo nhng iu

kin thng th-ng, chuyn chy trn -ng thng dng m cc tu

bin khc th-ng i chuyn ch mt cch bnh th-ng l hng

m t trong hp ng?

Tr li:

Theo gii thch chnh thc ca ICC, cc thut ng Thng thng, Thng dng, Bnh thng y khng c

ngha l con tu i bin phi thch hp v phi lm sao hn ch ti thiu ri ro mt mt h hng i vi hng ha. Tuy vy, trong trng hp ngi bn ch tm tm thu con tu km tiu chun (sub- standard) th khng th coi l con tu thng thng v t ngi mua c th buc ngi bn phi gnh chu mt phn trch nhim nu xy ra h hng tn tht

hng ha. Theo php lut hng hi, ngi chuyn ch c


35

quyn gii hn trch nhim ca mnh trong chng mc cn

mn hp l thc hin chuyn i v bo m rng con tu ca mnh thch hp vi hnh trnh i bin trc khi ri cng xp hng. Thng l hng hi quc t min trch nhim cho h nu tn tht hng ha xy ra do chy (tr trng hp do li ca ngi chuyn ch gy ra) hoc li v iu khin v qun l tu cng mt lot cc min trch nhim khc. V l nn

ngi bn theo iu kin CIF, CIP hoc ngi mua theo iu kin CFR, CPT phi mua bo him cho hng ha phng nhng ri ro theo hp ng chuyn ch. Mc ch cc t ng thng thng, thng dng, bnh thng trong Incoterms mun khng nh rng tn tht hng ha xy ra khi qua lan can tu cng xp hng nu do hng ha khng ng vi quy

nh ca hp ng th ngi bn phi bi thng, ngc li, nu do li ca tu vn chuyn th ngi mua c ngha v i bo him b p. Trong trng hp ngi bn thu con tu km tiu chun, khng thch hp, khng thng dng v do gy ra h hng tn tht hng ha th ngi mua cn gim nh xem xt u l phn tn tht do ngi bn thu phi con

tu khng thch hp gy ra v u l phn tn tht do li ca bn thn ngi chuyn ch i bi thng tha ng theo mc li ca mi bn. Hai n l sau y minh chng cho cc gii thch trn ca ICC.

Nm 1992, A bn cho B l phn bn ng bao theo iu kin CIF cng d hng Php, trch nhim v chi ph d hng

do B chu. Khi d hng, mt s bao phn bn b rch dn ti tn tht. Gim nh do hai bn ch nh ni rng thng thng vi loi hng ny tu mt boong (Singledecker) l thch hp nht nhng thc t th A thu tu 2 boong (Tweendecker). V l tu 2 boong nn cc m hng tng 2 trong qu trnh d ln phi dch chuyn sang ngang trc khi c ko thng ln


36

cu cng b va p nhiu dn ti rch v. B cho rng con tu nh vy khng thng thng v khng thch hp. A tha nhn tu hai boong trong trng hp ny khng tht l l tng lm nhng iu khng c ngha l tu loi ny khng th tham gia chuyn ch phn bn ng bao. Hn na, nu cng nhn d hng ca B cn thn hn th cc m hng s

trnh c va chm v do tn tht c th khng ng k. V kin c a ra Trng ti ICC Paris phn x. Trng ti cho rng con tu ni trn l khng thng dng v khng thch hp. Tuy vy, bin bn gim nh ch ra rng 15% thit hi l do cht xp hng khng ng quy cch v

vic d hng khng cn trng cng gp phn gy ra h hng tn tht, do theo iu A-5 v B-5 Incoterms, A phi bi thng cho B 15%, phn cn li B phi i ngi chuyn ch. Phn quyt ca Trng ti ICC c tham chiu mt n l tng t gi l v tu BASKA do To phc thm AIX Php tuyn ngy 29/4/1976.

Nm 2001, Trung tm Trng ti Quc t Vit Nam bn cnh Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam (VIAC) cng gii quyt mt v kin c nhiu ni dung tng ng. DM H Ni bn cho ENG Chu u l hng ng cc ng bao theo iu kin CIF. ENG yu cu DM ngoi vic thu tu thng dng thch hp phi mua bo him l hng theo iu

kin A (all risks). DM thu tu BLS 32 tui. Cng ty bo him nhn thy tu qu gi v cc np hm hng c mt s l thng nn ghi ch min trch nhim cho bo him nu tn tht do nc ma hoc nc bin lt vo hm hng. DM thng bo cho ENG v c im tu cng nh ghi ch ca bo him song ENG im lng khng tr li. Trong hnh trnh tu


37

BLS b bt khi gh mt cng dc ng v mt khon n

trc y. Theo ng quy nh ca iu A-5 v B-5 Incoterms, ENG phi thu tu khc chuyn tip hng v cng ch. Trc khi chuyn sang tu th hai, gim nh do hai bn ch nh kt lun 20% tn tht l do nc ma v nuc bin lt qua cc l thng np hm hng, phn cn li l do cc thit b thng gi ca tu qu gi ci, hot ng khng

tt lm cho nhit trong cc hm hng cao hn mc bnh thng. Trng ti VIAC cho rng con tu m DM thu l khng bnh thng v khng thch hp cho vic chuyn ch l hng loi ny trn hnh trnh ng di. Hn th na DM c li trong vic mua bo him bt li cho ngi mua, v vy DM phi bi thng cho ENG 20% tn tht ni trn, cn li

ENG phi kin hng tu i phn cn li.

Cu hi 9: Quy nh v tnh trng php l ca bn thn con tu

trong hp ng nhp khu theo iu kin CIF hoc CFR c tm quan

trng nh- th no?

Tr li :

Hin nay phn ln hng nhp khu ca Vit Nam u

c nhp theo iu kin CIF hoc CFR, theo iu kin ny

trong Incoterms ngi bn c trch nhim phi thu tu

ch hng t cng giao hng v Vit Nam. Nu hng nhp

c vn chuyn bng tu container th hp ng lu cc

cng n gin khng c vn g phi quan tm nhiu n

tnh trng php l (Legal Status) ca bn thn con tu v ni

chung cc hng tu vn chuyn container thng l cc hng

tu ln, hin i, uy tn v kh nng ti chnh tt. Ngc li,

vi nhng l hng ri, khi lng ln nh phn bn, st


38

thp, xi mng, thc n chn nui th cn yu cu ngi

bn phi quan tm thch ng ti tnh trnh php l ca bn

thn con tu do h thu vn chuyn nhng l hng ny.

Thng thng, nng cao li nhun khi bn hng theo

nhng iu kin trn, ngi bn s tm thu nhng con tu c

gi cc r. Khng t trng hp h tm thu nhng con tu

nhiu tui, lai lch hoc kh nng ti chnh ca ch tu khng

my r rng, bn thn ch tu (thng ch s hu mt tu)

cng nh con tu c th vng mc ti mt s rc ri

tranh chp trong qu kh. Nhm lm hi lng ngi mua,

ngi bn sn sng gnh chu chi ph bo him tu gi (Aged

Premium). Hu qu rt c kh nng xy ra l trong hnh

trnh v Vit Nam dc ng tu c th s b bt gi do lin

quan ti nhng tranh chp ti chnh, n nn, tin mua nhin

liu ca cc chuyn trc y, quyn s hu tu v.vtrc

khi v ti cng d hng. Mt khi xy ra s c c ngun gc

su xa nh vy vi con tu trc khi cp cng Vit Nam,

ngi mua pha Vit Nam thng yu cu ngi bn phi

hon ton chu trch nhim gii quyt v bi thng ton b

tn tht xy ra. Tuy nhin, theo iu A5 cng nh B5

trong Incoterms ri ro v h hng mt mt hng ha

chuyn t ngi bn sang ngi mua k t khi hng qua lan

can tu cng xp hng. V vy, khiu ni nh trn t c kh

nng v c hi thnh cng. Trong mt s trng hp hn

hu, bo v uy tn ca mnh cng nh gi quan h lm n

lu di vi ngi mua Vit Nam, khng loi tr kh nng

ngi bn s chia s mt phn t i no cc chi ph khc

phc s c nhng ch vi t cch l mt c ch hu ngh,


39

thng cm v thin ch ch khng phi l mt s tha nhn

trch nhim php l. Nu ngi mua quay sang khiu ni

trc tip ch tu i bi thng th vn cng khng

n gin cht no v theo thng l hng hi quc t (Quy tc

Hague Visby) cng nh B Lut hng hi Vit Nam, ch tu

c min trch nhim khi tu b bt gi. C th ngi mua

Vit Nam s thng cuc trong cc v khiu kin ch tu

nhng nu gp phi tnh th ch tu ch s hu duy nht mt

con tu th bn n c p chng na cng l con s khng.

Mt gii php khc cng c th s c ngh ti l yu cu

hng bo him bi thng. Tuy vy, theo cc quy tc bo

him hng ha vn chuyn bng ng bin hin hnh Vit

Nam (phn ln da trn c s Quy tc ICC 1982 ca th

trng bo him London Anh v gn y l ICC 2009) th

nhng trng hp ni trn u nm trong phm vi min tr

bi thng ca ngi bo him.

T , bo v quyn li hp php ca mnh, tt nht

khi k hp ng nhp khu cc l hng ri khi lng ln

theo iu kin CIF hay CFR, ngoi nhng iu kin thng

thng v shipping terms (tc , mc thng pht d hng,

c im tu v cc giy t km theo), trong hp ng

mua bn phi c mt iu khon quy nh v tnh trng php

l ca con tu do ngi bn thu vn chuyn l hng theo

ni dung sau: Ngi bn bo m rng con tu do mnh

thu vn chuyn l hng ny s khng c dnh lu ti

bt k mt rc ri, khiu ni, tranh chp hay kin tng no

trong hnh trnh vn chuyn l hng t cng xp hng ti

cng d hng: The sellers shall warrant that the vessel

chartered by them to carry this shipment shall be free of

any encumbrances, claims, disputes or legal actions


40

whatsoever during the voyage from the loading port to

the port of discharge. Tuy nhin, y cng ch l mt bin

php phng v xut pht t quyn li ca ngi mua, liu

ngi bn c chp nhn ton b hay ch mt phn ca yu

cu ny t pha ngi mua ph thuc vo tng quan gia

hai bn trong qu trnh m phn giao dch k kt hp ng

mua bn. C th ngi bn ch chp nhn on Free of any

encumbrances m thi cn cc free khc nh free of

claims, disputes and legal action cha chc h ng thun.

V vy bin php ch ng v tch cc hn, kh thi hn l

chuyn sang mua hng theo iu kin FOB, theo bn thn

ngi mua Vit Nam c kh nng v iu kin t mnh kim

tra cc thng tin v tnh trng php l ca bn thn con tu

cng nh ch tu m mnh d nh thu vn chuyn l

hng v Vit Nam.

Cu hi 10: Theo lut Anh, khi no hp ng thu tu -c coi

l -c xc lp v rng buc cc bn ?

Tr li:

Theo lut Vng quc Anh, khng c quy nh bt buc no v hnh thc ca hp ng thu tu. V vy, v mt l thuyt, hp ng thu tu c th c lp bng vn bn hoc bng ming. Tuy nhin, trong thc tin hng hi thng c hai giai on hnh thnh v xc lp hp ng thu tu nh sau:

- Giai on th 1: L giai on m phn v cc iu khon c bn ca hp ng thu tu. Nu hai bn thng nht


41

c vi nhau, th giai on ny c kt thc bng mt tha thun khng chnh thc (informal agreement), cc bn tng hp v xc nhn li cc vn tha thun (recap).

- Giai on th 2: L giai on son tho v k kt hp ng thu tu.

Trong trng hp v mt l do no m hp ng thu tu khng c k kt v xy ra tranh chp, Ta n hay Trng ti Anh thng nghin cu k cc th t, in tn trao i gia cc bn giai on m phn xc nh xem liu hp ng thu tu c xc lp hay cha? Thng thng, tha thun khng chnh thc (tha thun qua cc vn bn giao dch) vn c gi tr rng buc cc bn, nu qua m phn hai bn t c s nht tr v cc iu khon c bn ca hp ng thu tu.

Tuy nhin, nu trong cc vn bn giao dch cc bn c bo lu r rng rng kt qu m phn, thng lng ph thuc vo vic k hp ng (subject to contract), th trong trng hp ny, ch ca cc bn l mi tha thun t c trong giai on m phn khng c gi tr rng buc cc bn cho n khi hp ng thu tu chnh thc c k kt.

Trong v Sociedade Portuguesa v. Hvalsfslak Polaris (1952), sau mt thi gian di thng lng gia ngi thu B o Nha v ch tu Na Uy, c mt lng ln th t, in tn c trao i qua cc nh mi gii London v Oslo. Trong mt s vn bn giao dch, nh mi gii ca ch tu nu r rng thng lng ph thuc vo vic k hp ng (negotiating subject to contract). Cc bn t c tha thun v cc iu khon c bn ca hp ng thu tu, nhng sau hp ng khng c k kt v ngi thu B o Nha t chi vic thu tu.


42

Ch tu khi kin i bi thng tn tht v cho rng ngi thu vi phm hp ng thu tu. Ta phn rng qua cc vn bn giao dch c th thy rng cc bn ch nh rng thng lng ph thuc vo vic k hp ng. Trong hon cnh nh vy, hp ng thu tu ch c xc lp khi c hai bn chnh thc k kt. V vy, thng nhn B o Nha khng phi bi thng thit hi cho ch tu.

Mt v tranh chp khc gia ch tu Vit Nam v ngi thu tu nc ngoi p dng lut Anh. u thng 3 nm 2009, mt ch tu Vit Nam giao dch vi ngi thu tu c tr s M cho thu tu vn chuyn hng ha t mt cng Nam M v Singapore v Bangkok. Qua m phn, hai bn nht tr vi nhau v cc iu khon c bn ca hp ng thu tu nh: tn tu, hng ha, cng xp v d hng, thi gian tu n cng xp hng, mc xp d hng, thng pht, chi ph xp d hng, cc ph v thanh ton. Hai bn cn tha thun rng tranh chp s c gii quyt ti Trng ti London theo lut Anh v cc iu khon khc theo mu hp ng thu tu Gencon 1994.

n cui thng 3 nm 2009, th trng bin ng mnh, cc ph ng bin tng rt cao. Khi nhn c bn d tho hp ng thu tu do ngi thu tu gi n, thy b h, ch tu khng k hp ng v in yu cu ngi thu tu phi tng cc cho bng gi c th trng lc by gi. Ngi thu tu c gng thuyt phc ch tu rng gi cc tha thun khng th thay i v nn gi ch tn lm n lu di. Tuy vy, ch tu vn in cho ngi thu tu


43

khng khng yu cu tng cc, nu khng s cho tu i ch hng khc.

u thng 4 nm 2009, ngi thu tu gi th cho ch tu thng bo rng h thu tu khc vn chuyn l hng v s khi kin ch tu ti Trng ti London i bi thng thit hi 240.000 USD do ch tu vi phm hp ng thu tu c xc lp qua cc vn bn giao dch. Ch tu thu lut s Anh t vn v hng gii quyt v tranh chp.

Sau khi nghin cu cc ti liu do ch tu cung cp, lut s thy rng trong qu trnh giao dch, gia ch tu v ngi thu tu nht tr vi nhau v cc iu khon c bn ca hp ng thu tu, m khng c bo lu g. V vy, theo lut Anh th hp ng thu tu c coi l c xc lp v c gi tr rng buc cc bn, d n cha c chnh thc k kt .

trnh vic ra Trng ti London pht sinh thm chi ph rt tn km, theo t vn ca lut s, ch tu gii quyt tranh chp vi ngi thu tu bng thng lng ha gii. Hai bn k vi nhau mt tha thun, theo ch tu cho ngi thu tu thu mt con tu khc cho mt chuyn hng khc vi gi cc r hn th trng, b p thit hi ca ngi thu tu. i li, ngi thu tu cam kt t b mi khiu ni lin quan ti hp ng thu tu c xc lp qua cc vn bn giao dch, nhng khng c ch tu thc hin.

Qua hai v tranh chp nu trn, c th thy rng theo lut Anh hp ng thu tu c coi l c xc lp v c gi tr rng buc cc bn, nu qua m phn hai bn t c s nht tr v cc iu khon c bn ca hp ng thu


44

tu, m trong cc vn bn giao dch khng c bo lu g. Trng hp trong cc vn bn giao dch c bo lu ph thuc vo vic k hp ng (subject to contract) th hp ng thu tu ch c xc lp khi n c hai bn chnh thc k kt.


45

Phn II

NHNG CU HI LIN QUAN N

HP NG VN CHUYN THEO CHUYN

Cu hi 11: Hiu th no v khi nim kh nng i bin

ca tu?

Tr li:

Theo iu 75 khon 1 B lut hng hi Vit Nam quy nh trc khi bt u hnh trnh thc hin hp ng vn chuyn hng ho ngi vn chuyn phi c ngha v mn cn trc khi bt u chuyn tu, tu c kh nng i bin, c thuyn b thch hp, c cung ng y trang thit b v vt phm d tr, cc hm hng, hm lnh v khu vc khc dng vn chuyn v bo qun hng ho ph hp vi tnh cht ca hng ho.

Trong cc hp ng thu tu, ngi vn chuyn u c ngha v phi cung cp mt con tu c kh nng i bin thc hin chuyn i. Vy, th no l mt con tu c kh nng i bin. y l mt khi nim phc tp v c nhiu quan im gii thch khc nhau. Nu chuyn ch hng ho bng tu ch (Liner) th khi nim ny c th hin ti iu


46

3 khon 1 Quy tc Hague Visby vi ni dung nh sau: trc v lc bt u chuyn i ngi vn chuyn phi c bin php khn trng hp l :

a. Lm cho con tu c kh nng i bin;

b. Trang b v cung cp nhn lc, nhin liu, thc phm cho tu mt cch thch ng, y ;

c. Chun b tt v thch hp cc hm, phng lnh v tt c nhng b phn khc ca con tu dng vo vic cha hng, tip nhn, chuyn ch v bo qun hng ha mt cch an ton.

C 3 mc ny gp li thnh mt iu khon gi l iu khon v kh nng i bin ca con tu. Ni cch khc, theo Quy tc ny, mt con tu gi l c kh nng i bin phi tho mn 3 iu kin trn. Mt con tu c kh nng i bin khng phi ch n thun bn, chc, kn nc v chu c sng gi thng thng thch hp cho vic hon thnh chuyn i m cn phi nhin liu, thu th, c trnh chuyn mn thch hp, thit b xp tip nhn, xp d, vn chuyn, bo qun v d hng.

Cng c ny ra i cch y gn 80 nm lc m cc th lc ch tu ang thng tr trn th trng hng hi th gii cho nn n c d tho k kt t quyn li ca ch tu l ch yu. Chnh v vy, nhiu iu khon, nhiu thut ng trong cng c c tnh cht mp m, nc i, khng r ngha, v trong nhiu trng hp cc ch tu thng da vo thoi thc trch nhim. Ngay trong iu khon ni trn nhiu thut ng cng rt kh xc nh ni dung mt cch chnh xc nh: Khn trng hp l (due diligence). Bin


47

ch thch ng (properly man, equip) Thch hp (fif for). Cho nn, cng ngy cng c nhiu ngi ln ting i phi xt li v xy dng cc quy nh sao cho bnh ng, hp l v r rng hn. Chnh v vy Quy tc Hamburg 1978 ra i khc phc cc mu thun trn.

i vi cc hp ng vn chuyn khng p dng Quy tc ni trn, khi nim kh nng i bin ch l mt quy c ngm v ng (implied undertaking), ngha l khi k kt mt hp ng vn chuyn ch tu c ngha v phi cung cp mt con tu c kh nng i bin nh ni trn. V d, iu 2 hp ng mu Gencon 1994 quy nh Ch tu phi chu trch nhim v h hng, mt mt hoc giao hng chm tr ch trong trng hp h hng, mt mt hoc giao hng chm tr do thiu mn cn hoc li l c nhn pha ch tu hoc ngi qun l tu lm cho tu v mi phng din kh nng i bin cng nh m bo rng tu c bin ch, trang thit b v cung ng thch hp y .

V mt l lun, ngi ta coi kh nng i bin l mt iu kin ca hp ng (condition), ngha l nu ch tu vi phm th ngi thu c quyn hu hp ng. Tuy nhin, trong thc t ngi ta coi y ch l mt s cam kt m bo (warranty), ngha l ch tu vi phm, ngi thu ch c quyn khiu ni i bi thng thit hi, khng c quyn hy hp ng.

Ni chung, mt con tu c kh nng i bin l mt

con tu khi bt u chuyn i phi kh nng thch hp

vt qua c nhng tai bin, sng gi thng thng trn

bin c m nhng con tu khc cng c, cng loi, ch cng

loi hng tng t c th gp phi v vt qua c. Vn

y l trch nhim ny theo cch hiu ca cc ch tu l


48

mt trch nhim khn trng hp l. Trc khi bt u hnh

trnh, mt con tu ang xp hng nu ng nc b r chy l

tu thiu kh nng i bin. Thuyn trng khn trng cho

cha li t tiu chun an ton quy nh th l tu li c

kh nng i bin. Trch nhim v cung cp tu c kh

nng i bin l trch nhim khng th chuyn tip, thoi thc

c (non-delegable). V d lc xp hng, ng nc b r

chy, thuyn trng thu ngi sa cha, nu ngi ny sa

cha khng tt sau gy tn tht cho hng ho th ch tu

phi chu trch nhim ch khng th li cho ngi sa

cha. Ch thch ng, hp l ni trn c ngha l vi

mc trung bnh m tu khc cng lm nh vy.

Vic bo m tu c kh nng i bin l ngha v

ch tu lc bt u chuyn i ti cng xp hng, cn sau ny

trong qu trnh i bin nu pht hin ra l tu c trc trc g

th phi xem xt liu tn tht xy ra c phi li ca thuyn

vin hay khng. Nu li nm trong nhng phm vi c

min trch nhim th h khng phi bi thng. Ngc li

nu li ngoi nhng phm vi min trch th h phi bi

thng (v d: do cht xp ri). iu ng lu nu h hng

do ni t v n t l khim khuyt bn trong ca con tu m

kim tra theo mc thng thng kh pht hin ra th h hng

hng ho do ni t hay n t gy ra ch tu c min trch

nhim.

Ngoi ra, cn phi phn bit li v kh nng i bin v

li v qun l, iu khin tu (management, navigation) nht

l trong cc trng hp tu b mc cn. Thng thng tu b

mc cn c th do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau nh do hi


49

qu c nn b lc ng, do trnh bo, trnh tai ha trn

bin, do s sut ca thuyn trng trong vic chn v tr th

neoVic quy kt nguyn nhn khng ng s khng buc

c ch tu chu trch nhim.

Trong thc tin ngi ta thy rng khi xy ra h hng tn tht hng ho nu ng l do tu khng kh nng i bin th ngi khiu ni phi chng minh hai vn :

1. Tu khng kh nng i bin trc v lc bt u hnh trnh;

2. Khng kh nng i bin l nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht.

Gn y, khng t chuyn gia hng hi th gii cho rng mt khi B lut qun l an ton quc t (ISM code) c hiu lc y th khi nim kh nng i bin ca tu chc chn s khng cn nh chng ta vn hiu xa nay. Theo tinh thn iu IV, khon 2, mc a Quy tc Hague Visby, nu mt tai nn m va xy ra do li iu khin tu ca s quan i ca gy ra th ch tu s c min trch. Cng tng t, nu chy xy ra trn tu khng do li thuyn vin th ch hng t c kh nng i c ch tu bi thng. c hng cc min tr ny, tt nhin ch tu phi chng minh rng trc v lc bt u hnh trnh mnh hnh ng mn cn thch ng nh php lut quy nh (iu III, khon 1, Quy tc Hague Rules v iu 75 khon 1, B lut Hng hi Vit Nam).

Ngc li, mt khi B lut ISM (International Safety Management) c hiu lc th tnh hnh s thay i: khi c tai nn s c xy ra, ch hng s tm mi cch xem ch tu c lm ng yu cu m B lut ra hay khng, c quy trnh, quy phm g xung quanh vic xy ra, ch trch


50

nhim gia nhng ngi trn tu v trn b c xc nh ra sao. R rng, B lut s gim bt phm vi ca ch nh min tr li v qun l v iu khin tu ca thuyn vin bng cch quy nh l liu ch tu quy nh nhng bin php g trong quy phm ca mnh gim ti mc ti thiu cc s c tng t ni trn. Ngi ta s hi l ch tu c thiu st g trong vic thc hin cc yu cu ca B lut ISM v thiu st c phi l nguyn nhn c bn dn ti s sut ca thuyn vin gy ra tai nn s c. Nu cu tr li l khng nh th chc chn ch tu kh lng c min trch nh trc y, v thiu st ny cho thy quy trnh quy phm khai thc tu di gc B lut ISM c sai st v tu khng kh nng i bin. iu ny c ngha l di nh sng ca B lut ISM, bt k s chnh mng no ca ch tu trong quy trnh qun l khai thc iu ng tu cng s l bng chng khim khuyt v kh nng i bin ca tu.

Cu hi 12: C -c -a "Thng bo sn sng" (Notice of

Readiness) tr-c thi gian tu n cng (laycan) khng?

V d: Tu n cng Bangkok ngy 4/5/2004 thc hin hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn (voyage charter party) ch 10.000 tn thp. Theo hp ng, thi gian tu phi c mt ti cng (laycan) l 9 - 16/5/2004 v thi hn xp hng bt u tnh t 07.00 gi sng ngy lm vic tip theo sau khi a Thng bo sn sng (TBSS) (Laytime to commence next working day at 07.00 hours after Notice of

Readiness is tendered). Tu a TBSS lc 10.20 gi sng


51

ngy 4/5/2004 sau khi sn sng v mi mt. Nh vy, ch tu/ngi vn chuyn cho rng thi hn xp hng bt u tnh t 07.00 gi sng ngy 10/5/2004 nhng ngi thu vn chuyn khng ng . H cho rng tu khng c a TBSS trc ngy 9/5/2004 v laycan l 9-16/5/2004, v v ngy 9/5/2004 l ngy Ch nht nn TBSS ch c coi nh a vo ngy 10/5/2004. Do , thi hn xp hng bt u tnh t 07.00 gi sng ngy lm vic tip theo, tc l ngy 11/5/2004. Hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn khng qui nh v vic c c a TBSS trc laycan hay khng.

Quan im ca ch tu/ngi vn chuyn hay ngi thu vn chuyn l ng?

Tr li:

Theo tp qun ph bin hin nay, nu hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn khng c qui nh khc th ch tu/ngi vn chuyn/tu c quyn a TBSS trc laycan v thi hn xp hng bt u tnh theo tho thun nu trong hp ng. Trong v vic ny, thi im bt u tnh thi hn xp hng c xc nh r. l t 07.00 gi sng ngy lm vic tip theo sau khi a TBSS. Ngy 9/5/2004 l ngy Ch nht - khng phi ngy lm vic - nn khng th bt u thi hn xp hng nh tho thun trong hp ng. Do , thi im bt u tnh thi xp hng phi li li thm mt ngy, tc l tnh t 07.00 gi sng ngy 10/5/2004. Nh vy,

quan im ca ch tu/ngi vn chuyn l ng.

trnh gp phi trng hp tng t nh trn, cn qui nh r v thi gian a TBSS v trc khi k hp ng nn kim tra xem nhng ngy laycan d tnh c ngy no ri vo Ch nht hay ngy ngh khng iu chnh cho ph


52

hp. BIMCO - mt t chc hng hi quc t ni ting - xut bn t nm 1913 v nhiu ln in li (c sa i, b sung) mt cun sch chuyn v nhng ngy ngh ca cc nc c cng bin hot ng hng hi thng mi, l cun "Lch ngy ngh" (Holiday Calendar), rt thun tin cho vic tra cu, xem xt trc khi k hp ng. Ngoi thng tin v ngy ngh, cun sch cn cho bit gi lm vic, s ca lm vic, thi gian ngh gia ca lm vic... ca mt s cng bin chnh mi nc.

Cu hi 13: "Thng bo sn sng" - ch cn "-a" hay phi

-c "chp nhn"?

V d: Sau khi tu xp xong hng ti cng Pusan (Hn quc) ngy 23/7/2005, trn ng hnh trnh v cng Si Gn tr hng (d hng) ngi thu vn chuyn theo hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn mu Gencon nhn c "Thng bo sn sng" (TBSS) ngy 24/7/2005, trong c on: tu d kin n cng Si Gn lc 18 gi 30 pht ngy 30/7/2005 v sn sng v mi mt d hng lc 06 gi sng ngy 31/7/2005.

Ngi thu vn chuyn cho rng TBSS phi c h "chp nhn" mi c gi tr php l ch khng th ch a n phng nh vy.

ngh gii thch v vn a TBSS.

Tr li:


53

Trc ht cn lm r tc dng ca TBSS. tu c th xp d hng, tc l bt u tnh thi hn lm hng (laytime) theo hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn (voyage charter party) c qui nh v thi hn lm hng, tu phi l "tu n" (arrived ship). Ba iu kin tu tr thnh "tu n" l: 1. Tu phi n ni tho thun trong hp ng, 2. Tu phi sn sng v mi mt xp d hng, v 3. TBSS phi c a cho ngi giao hng, ngi thu vn chuyn, ngi nhn hng hay i l ca nhng ngi ny (tu theo tho thun trong hp ng hoc theo tp qun). Ni tha thun ni iu kin 1. c th l mt cu cng trong trng hp "thu vn chuyn n cu cng" (berth charter), hoc l; cng, khu vc cng" nu "thu vn chuyn n cng" (port charter). S hp l ca ba iu kin ny l ch tu c n ni tha thun hoc theo tp qun mi thc hin c hp ng, c sn sng v mi mt mi xp d c hng v c a TBSS th bn c lin quan mi bit chun b giao hng cho tu hoc nhn hng t tu.

Php lut hng hi v tp qun ca nhiu nc u qui nh gn nh nhau v chc nng ca TBSS do tnh cht quc t ca hot ng hng hi.

V TBSS, theo iu 104 B lut hng hi Vit Nam: "1. Ngi vn chuyn c ngha v thng bo bng vn bn cho ngi thu vn chuyn v vic tu bin n cng nhn hng v sn sng nhn hng (sau y gi l Thng bo sn sng). 2. Ngy, gi c hiu lc ca Thng bo sn sng do cc bn tha thun trong hp ng, trng hp khng c tha thun th c xc nh theo tp qun a phng. 3. Ngi vn chuyn phi bi thng thit hi pht sinh do ni dung ca Thng bo sn sng khng ng vi s tht thi im ngi thu vn chuyn nhn c vn bn ny".


54

Theo hp ng m ngi thu vn chuyn k (mu Gencon sa i nm 1922, 1976 v 1994), ngy gi c hiu lc ca TBSS c th hin: "Thi hn xp v d hng s bt u tnh lc 13.00h nu TBSS c a trc hoc ng vo 12.00h, v bt u tnh lc 06.00h ngy lm vic hm sau nu TBSS c a sau 12.00h Nu cu cng xp/d hng khng c sn (available) khi tu n cng, khu vc cng (at or off the port), tu c quyn a TBSS trong gi lm vic d tu hon thnh th tc kim dch v th tc hi quan hay cha".

Nh vy, vic a sm hay nhn sm TBSS khng nh hng g n vic tnh ton thi hn lm hng. Ngi thu vn chuyn c th yn tm nhn v "mnh dn" ghi r ngy, gi nhn vo bn TBSS. Vic ch tu/ngi vn chuyn a TBSS sm vi nh buc ngi thu vn chuyn phi lm hng sm cng khng c tc dng g hn l a khi tu n ni tho thun (khu vc cng, cng hoc cu cng).

Nu c tho thun rng TBSS ch cn c a, iu cng khng c ngha l ch tu/ngi vn chuyn c th tnh ngay thi hn lm hng theo TBSS khi tu cha phi l "tu n", v ngay c khi theo hp ng, TBSS phi c "chp nhn", ngi thu vn chuyn cng khng th tm cch tr hon, nhm ko di thi gian chp nhn nu tu p ng iu kin ca mt "tu n". y chnh l l cng bng.

Trong trng hp ni trn, gi s tu n cng ng nh d bo (ti th by, ngy 30/7/2005). V ngy hm sau l ch nht nn TBSS s coi nh c a vo sng th hai, ngy 1/8/2005 v thi hn lm hng bt u tnh t 13.00h


55

cng ngy (1/8/2005). Nh vy, d ngi thu vn chuyn c nhn TBSS ngy 24/7/2005, thi hn lm hng cng ch bt u tnh t 13.00h ngy 1/8/2005.

C mt s v vic v TBSS ( nc ngoi) m ngi thu vn chuyn "bt gi" ch tu/ngi vn chuyn khi h a TBSS sm bng cch yu cu ngi vn chuyn phi lm mt bn TBSS mi sau khi tu lm hng; hoc c nhn bn TBSS a sm ri sau tuyn b bn l "v gi tr" (invalid). Nu a tranh chp ra to n hay trng ti th ch tu/ngi vn chuyn khng phi l kh thua v hnh vi cha ng lut ca mnh.

Cu hi 14: Th no l gi lm vic -a Thng bo sn

sng?

V d: Hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn quy nh: thi hn xp hng v d hng s bt u tnh lc 13 gi nu Thng bo sn sng (TBSS) c a trc 12 gi tra hoc vo ng 12 gi tra, v tnh t 6 gi sng ngy lm vic tip theo nu TBSS c a vo gi lm vic, sau 12 gi tra ( Laytime for loading and discharging shall commence at 13.00 hours, if notice of readiness is given up

to and including 12.00 hours, and at 06.00 hours next

working day if notice given during Office Hours after 12.00

hours). TBSS c a vo ngy lm vic, cui gi chiu cng ngy (lc 16 gi 45 pht) nhng bn nhn TBSS khng nhn vi l do TBSS a ngoi gi lm vic ca cng ty (cng ty ht gi lm vic lc 17 gi 30 pht). ngh cho bit th no l gi lm vic v tr li ca ngi nhn TBSS nh vy c ng khng?


56

Tr li:

Nhng trc trc nho nh nh vy lin quan n thi gian a TBSS xc nh thi im bt u tnh thi hn lm hng khng phi l t gp. Trn thc t, mt cng no , nu c ai hi gi lm vic (office hours) y l t my gi n my gi th cng khng d tr li. Theo t in Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary th gi lm vic l khong thi gian m cng vic c tin hnh u n, thng xuyn v gi lm vic ca mi cng ty c th khc nhau (office hours: the hours during which business is regularly conducted: office hours vary from company to

company).

Ti cng bin, mi vn phng, b phn (xp d, cng v, hoa tiu), c quan (hi quan, cng an, y t), t chc, x nghip, cng ty c lin quan n hot ng hng hi (di y gi chung l n v) c gi bt u v kt thc cng vic thng khc nhau v yu cu i vi cng vic khng ging nhau. V d, cc i l tu bin thng m ca sm hn v ng ca mun hn gi lm vic thng thng phc v khch hng theo yu cu ca cc bn c lin quan (tu bin, cng ty xp d, kim m hng). Trong khong thi gian khng ging nhau , lun c nhng khong thi gian m tt c cc n v ny u m ca (cc n v thng lin h vi nhau vo khong thi gian ny). Ngay trong cng mt nc, gi lm vic ca cc cng cng khng ging nhau, ty theo v tr a l ca cng, loi hng ha xp d

Thng thy c hai loi gi lm vic. l gi lm vic ca cc vn phng cng ty, cng s nh c quan hi


57

quan, thu v, cng an gi l office hours v gi lm vic ca cc c s dch v, sn xut nh xp d ti cng, ng gi hng trong kho hoc c lin quan n dch v, sn xut nh cc n v gim st hi quan, gim nh vin ng kim, bo him, kim tra cht lng hng ha gi l working hours. Hai loi gi lm vic ny (office hours v working hours) c khi trng nhau nhng thng l khng trng nhau. Ngay trong cng mt cng ty cng c th c hai loi gi ny. V d nh, cng ty lm dch v vn ti bin v giao nhn hng ha, c i tu bin v kho hng tip nhn v giao hng l cho ngi nhn hng th b phn khai thc tu v cng ty (phng i ngoi, hnh chnh, t chc) c gi lm vic khc vi b phn lm ti kho tip nhn hng t sn bay, cng bin, v chun b hng giao cho tu bin chy chuyn tuyn theo thi gian nh, c nhiu khi phi lm theo ca n tn khuya. Cc vn phng cng ty, cng s thng ng ca sm hn so vi gi lm vic ca cc n v lm dch v, sn xut. Tuy vy, b phn thuc vn phng cng ty nhng trng coi, gim st vic xp d hng th cng thng c gi lm vic trng vi gi lm vic ca cng nhn xp d hng.

Nh vy, gi lm vic (office hours) dng a TBSS mt cng no , theo tp qun, c hiu l gi m phn ln cc n v lin quan n hng hi lm vic. Nhng n v (thuc nhm thiu s) c gi lm vic khc vi gi lm vic ca nhm a s s phi chp nhn (tuy cha tht l tm phc khu phc) gi lm vic ca cc n v thuc s ng theo nguyn tc bnh dn (a s thng thiu s). Nh trnh by phn trn, ngay trong ni b n v, gi lm vic ca cc b phn cng c th khc nhau v thng l thay phin nhau lm vic vi nhng cng vic c


58

th khi cn thit. V vy, office hours cng khng nht thit phi l gi lm vic ca a s ngi trong n v. Office hours c hiu l k c gi lm vic ca mt nhm ngi c phn cng trc cng vic ca n v. V d: Gi lm vic ca a s cc n v c lin quan n dch v hng hi mt cng no l t 8 gi n 17 gi, trong khi mt s n v li c gi lm vic t 7 gi 30 pht n 16 gi 30 pht, th nhng n v thiu s ny phi theo cc n v a s kia v gi lm vic a TBSS. Do , TBSS a cho n v thuc nhm thiu s vo lc 16 gi 45 pht vn c coi l a vo gi lm vic vi l do l a s cc n v lm vic n 17 gi (nu hp ng khng c quy nh khc). Tr li ca ngi nhn TBSS nh vy l sai.

Cu hi 15: Th no l tu sn sng v mi mt?

V d: Theo hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn (voyage C/P), thi hn lm hng (laytime) bt u tnh t 06.00 gi ngy lm vic tip theo nu Thng bo sn sng (TBSS) c a trong gi lm vic t 09.00 gi n 17.00 gi v tu sn sng v mi mt (ready in every respect) lm hng, thi gian ch cu cng tnh nh thi gian lm hng. Tu n cng, TBSS c a hp l, nhng tu phi ch cu cng v khng c cu trng. Sau khi vo cu, tu mt mt thi gian m np hm hng, dng cn cu Ngi thu vn chuyn cho rng TBSS ch c a sau khi nhng cng vic ny (m np hm hng) xong v nh vy tu mi


59

sn sng v mi mt. ngh cho bit th no l sn

sng v mi mt?

Tr li:

Mt trong nhng tiu chun xc nh s sn sng v mi mt ca tu bin theo hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn l da trn c s v tr a l ca tu bin khi n cng. Hiu mt cch n gin l c s khc nhau c bn v vn ny trong trng hp tu phi ch cu cng (tu nm khu vc neo u) v tu khng phi ch cu cng (tu vo thng cu). C th nh sau:

Trng hp th nht l tu n cng v phi ch cu khu vc neo u. S sn sng ca tu trn thc t (physically) ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh hnh c th ca cng lc (v d nh, v cha c cu nn tu cha cn lm th tc nhp cnh, cha cn chun b hm hng ph hp). Tuy vy, trong mi trng hp, tu phi hon thnh mi th tc tr thnh tu sn sng v mi mt trc khi ht thi hn chm dt hp ng. C ngha l hm tu phi sch s tip nhn hng ho (trong trng hp xp hng), nc dn tu (ballast) phi c iu chnh mc hp l. Thng thng, tranh th thi gian khi tu ch cu, thuyn trng thng cho lm nhng cng vic chun b thuc trch nhim ca ch tu/ngi vn chuyn m c th lm trc nh v sinh hm hng, dng sn cn cu (nu khng nh hng n an ton ca tu khi di chuyn vo cu), chun b n chiu sng Tuy vy, nu hp ng khng c tho thun khc hoc khng phi l nhng ngha v ng nhin m tu phi lm (nh chun b cu thang ln xung hm hng an ton) th tu khng buc phi thc hin nhng cng vic thng c lm sau khi tu cp cu cng v ngay trc khi xp


60

hng nh sp t vt liu chn lt hng ho trong hm hng, kim tra dng c lao ng nh dy cp cu hng, xe nng hng Khi nm khu neo u, tu khng cn dng cn cu, m np hm hng cng nh lp t hay vn hnh cc thit b khc ca hm hng nhng tu phi c kh nng i bin trong thi gian neo u cng nh trong qu trnh di chuyn vo cu cng. Cc thit b lm hng ca tu nh cn cu, my ti, dy cp phi trong tnh trng hot ng bnh thng, tc l c th lm vic c ngay khi c yu cu. Nu theo hp ng, thi hn lm hng bt u tnh ngay khi tu n khu vc cng, d tu vo cng/vo cu cng hay cha (whether in port/berth or not) m thc t li khng c cu trng (available berth) th tu m np hm hng lm g (hay l khoe hng ri hng nc ma, sng hay tuyt ri cho mt m). R rng l np hm hng ch cn c m khi tu vo cu cng hay c hng sn sng xp ln tu hoc ngi nhn hng sn sng tip nhn hng (khi d hng). Do , trng hp ny khng xy ra gin on trong vic tnh thi hn lm hng (tr khi hp ng c tho thun khc) v tu c coi l sn sng v mi mt ngay c khi khng cn m np hm hng hay ging cn cu khu vc neo u v y l vic lm v ngha; c khi cn gy c ch cho tu v ging cn cu ln m khng lm g c th ging lm g.

Trng hp th hai l khi tu n cng, cu cng, hng ho sn sng v tu i thng vo cu. y, s sn sng v mi mt ca tu lun mc cao hn nhiu so vi khi tu nm khu vc neo u (ch cu); v d nh np hm hng phi lun v tr c th m c ngay khi bt u


61

xp hoc d hng, cn cu v cc thit b lin quan phi t th sn sng hot ng ngay, vt liu chn lt c sp t thch hp, n thp sng c thp sng nu lm hng vo ban m. Ngi thu vn chuyn hay ngi giao hng c th lm mt vi cng vic ni trn (sp t vt liu chn lt, thu xp cng nhn li cn cu) nu c tho thun trong hp ng hoc theo qui nh ca cng. Nh vy, sau khi tu cp cu cng, np hm hng phi c m, cn cu phi c ging ln c th lm hng ngay th tu mi c coi l sn sng v mi mt c th trao TBSS.

C th hiu n gin l tu khng th c coi l sn sng v mi mt khi tu n cng, cu cng c sn, tu chy thng vo cu v trn b, mi cng vic chun b xp/d hng xong (vic lm hng c th bt u ngay sau khi tu cp cu cng) nhng np hm hng vn ng, cn cu cha t th sn sng xp/d hng, cng nhn xp d cha th vo hm hng tc nghip.

Xin nu nguyn vn li mt thm phn trong mt v tranh chp in hnh v vn ni trn gia cng ty Maclean & Co. v cng ty Volkart Brothers bn c tham kho: A ship is ready to load, in the sense that shipowers can give proper notice of readiness for the purpose of laytime clause,

when she is available to the charterers, so far as they can use

her at that time. She must be available in the legal sense, in

that no laws or regulations stand in the way of access by the

charterers, and in the physical sense, in that access to the

ship and her holds is possible.

(Tu c coi l sn sng xp hng vi ngha l ch tu c th a mt thng bo sn sng hp l bt u tnh thi hn lm hng khi ngi thu vn chuyn c th s dng tu c ngay vo lc . Tu phi sn sng v mt php l,


62

tc l khng c lut l hay qui nh no ngn cn ngi thu vn chuyn s dng tu, v sn sng trn thc t, ngha l ngi thu vn chuyn c th i ln tu v i vo hm hng).

Cu hi 16: Thi hn lm hng (laytime) bt u tnh khi no?

V d: Tu n cng lc 14 gi 15 pht, ngy 18/4/2007 (th T) v a Thng bo sn sng (TBSS) lc 15 gi 30 pht cng ngy. Hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn (voyage charter party) qui nh thi im tu n cng (laycan) trong khong 21 - 28/4/2007, thi hn lm hng bt u tnh t 13 gi nu TBSS a trc bui tra, v tnh t 8 gi sng ngy lm vic hm sau nu TBSS a sau 12 gi tra, trong gi lm vic. Ch tu/ngi vn chuyn cho rng thi gian lm hng bt u tnh t 0 gi ngy 21/4/2007 nhng ngi thu vn chuyn cho rng phi tnh t 13 gi ngy 21/4/2007. ngh cho bit ai ng?.

Tr li:

Trn thc t, khng t ngi thu vn chuyn c nhm ln gia vic a TBSS v thi im bt u tnh thi hn lm hng. V vy, h hoc l khng nhn TBSS trc thi im tu n cng (laydays cancelling - thng vit tt l laycan) hoc l c nhn nhng coi nh vic a TBSS vo ngy u tin ca laycan. Trong s vic ny, laycan l 21 28/4/2007 v ngi thu cho rng TBSS khng c a trc ngy 21/4 hoc nu h nhn trc ngy 21/4 th coi nh TBSS c a vo sng ngy 21/4.


63

Vic a mt TBSS hp l (valid NOR) l bt u tnh thi hn lm hng. Mc d trn thc t, tu sn trc ngy u tin ca laycan nhng khng phi l thi hn lm hng c bt u tnh trc ngy u tin v cng khng phi l ngi thu vn chuyn khng c hng thi gian thng bo (notice time).

NOR a trc ngy u tin ca laycan s lm cho thi gian thng bo (notice time) bt u tnh (trigger running of the agreed notice time). Nh vy, thi gian thng bo cng bt u tnh trong giai on trc ngy u tin ca layday. Thi gian thng bo c tip tc tri cho n khi ht thi hn nh tho thun. Trong v vic ny, iu c ngha l NOR a ngy 18/4 lm cho thi gian thng bo bt u chy v ht vo lc 8 gi sng ngy 19/4/2007.

Thi hn lm hng c c bt u tnh trc mt thi im nh no hay khng ph thuc vo qui nh ca hp ng. Theo nhng d liu phn cu hi, khng c tha thun no v vic khng c bt u tnh thi hn lm hng trc thi im 8 gi hay 13 gi ngy 21/4. Hn na, ngi thu vn chuyn c hng y thi gian thng bo m h c quyn c hng, v n gin l thi gian thng bo ny dng ht trc ngy u tin ca laycan. Trn thc t, ngi thu vn chuyn c thi gian thng bo nhiu hn c s mong i. V vy, khng c l do g ngi thu vn chuyn c hng thm thi gian vo ngy u tin ca laycan. Kt qu l, v hp ng khng c tha thun v vic thi hn lm hng khng c bt u trc 8 gi hay trc 13 gi vo ngy u tin ca laycan nn thi hn lm hng bt u tnh vo thi im chuyn


64

giao gia ngy 20 v 21/4/2007, tc l 0 gi hay 0 gi 1 pht ngy 21/4/2007.

Nu khng mun TBSS a trc laycan, hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn khng nht thit phi ghi l NOR khng c a trc ngy ny m ch cn nu NOR c a trong laycan l c th trnh tranh chp v vic nu trn.

Kt lun: Ch tu/ngi vn chuyn ng. Ngi thu vn chuyn nn nh tm tt my sau: Tu c th a TBSS bt c lc no trc ngy u tin ca laycan; ngi thu vn chuyn vn c hng y thi gian thng bo (notice time) v thi gian ny c th kt thc trc ngy u tin ca laycan; thi hn lm hng bt u tnh vo lc 0 gi ca ngy u tin ca laycan nu hp ng khng c tho thun khc (v d nh, khng c tnh trc 8 gi hay 13 gi).

Xin nu sau y phn quyt trong mt v tranh chp c ng trong Thng bo php Lut Hng hi ca hng Lloyds (Lloyds Maritime Law Newsletter) s 103 ngy 13/10/1983 bn c tham kho: It was often thought that a notice of readiness could not be given before the

commencement of laydays under a charter, but that was

incorrect unless there was an express provision to that effect.

In the absence of such a provision, a valid notice might be

given at any time, but the laytime itself could not commence

before the date given in the charter. (Ngi ta thng cho rng, theo hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn, khng th a TBSS trc ngy bt u thi hn tu n cng (laydays) nhng iu khng ng tr khi c tho thun khc (tc l


65

c th a TBSS). Nu khng c tho thun nh vy, mt TBSS hp l c th c a vo bt k lc no nhng thi hn lm hng khng th bt u tnh trc ngy nu trong hp ng.

Cu hi 17: Ngui thu vn chuyn c buc phi tuyn b

chm dt hp ng khi tu khng n cng ng thi hn hay

khng?

V d: Ch tu/ngi vn chuyn v ngi thu vn chuyn k hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn ch hng t Surabaya v Hi Phng. Tu b chm tr do d hng chm ti Lhokseumawe nn khng th n Surabaya ng thi hn theo quy nh ca hp ng. Ch tu/ngi vn chuyn lin tc thng bo tnh hnh hot ng ca tu ti Lhokseumawe cho ngi thu vn chuyn. Qua h cng bit c l tu s n mun. Tuy vy, ngi thu vn chuyn khng t r nh c tip tc duy tr hay chm dt hp ng k kt.

Sau khi d hng xong ti Lhokseumawe, tu s phi chy rng (khng ch hng) mt qung ng kh di n cng xp hng (Surabaya). Ch tu/ngi vn chuyn mun bit nh ca ngi thu vn chuyn trc khi cho tu ri cng Lhokseumawe trnh thit hi trong trng hp tu trn ng n hoc sau khi n cng Surabaya, ngi thu vn chuyn tuyn b chm dt hp ng.

Ch tu/ngi vn chuyn c quyn yu cu ngi thu vn chuyn cho bit r nh ca h (chp nhn vic n mun hay chm dt hp ng), hay ni cch khc l ngi thu vn chuyn c b buc phi cho ch tu/ngi vn


66

chuyn bit trc nh ca h l c thc hin quyn chm dt hp ng hay khng?

Tr li:

Quan im ca nhiu to n, trng ti t trc n nay u cho rng nu khng c quy nh trong hp ng v vic ngi thu vn chuyn phi cho bit trc nh c thc hin hp ng hay khng trong trng hp tu c th n mun so vi thi gian yu cu phi c mt ti cng xp hng (Surabaya) th ngi thu vn chuyn khng buc phi cho bit nh ca mnh trc khi tu n cng xp hng. Di y l phn quyt ca mt to n cch y gn 100 nm nhng n nay vn c nhiu to n, trng ti cng nhn v p dng trong xt x.

"Ngi thu vn chuyn khng th b bt buc phi p ng i hi ca ch tu v vic thc hin quyn la chn c chm dt hp ng hay khng trc khi tu n cng xp hng (tr khi hp ng c quy nh khc), ngay c khi c th khng nh chc chn l tu khng th n c cng xp hng trc ngy chm dt hp ng (cancelling date).

Mc d tu khng th n c cng xp chm nht l vo ngy chm dt hp ng nhng tu vn buc phi khi hnh nhm hng cng xp hng, tr khi tu gp nhng him ha c min tr c l do chnh ng khng thc hin hp ng.

Ngi thu vn chuyn c quyn thc hin quyn la chn c chm dt hp ng hay khng vo bt k thi im no trong khong thi gian t ngy chm dt hp ng nu


67

trong hp ng cho n ngy tu n cng xp - ngy m quyn ca ch tu yu cu ngi thu vn chuyn xp hng bt u pht sinh".

trnh hoc gim bt thit hi, nn quy nh trong hp ng v vic chm dt hp ng trong trng hp tu khng th n c cng xp hng ng thi hn.

Cu hi 18: Bin bn lm hng (Statement of facts SOF)

khng c ch k ca ng-i giao hng (shipper) c gi tr php l

khng?

V d: Cc bn k Hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn (voyage charter party), ch 10.200,90 tn sn lt t cng Quy Nhn n cng Changzhou. Trong qu trnh tu xp hng (theo iu kin Free In - min ph xp hng cho ch tu/ngi vn chuyn - v c mc xp hng tnh theo tn/ngy) ti cng Quy Nhn, i l tu (ship agent) khng c kin g v tnh hnh xp hng. Ngi giao hng (shipper) thay mt cho ngi thu vn chuyn giao hng cho tu v khng k vo Bin bn lm hng (Statement of facts SOF). Trong chng t ny c mt s im khng ng vi thc t xp hng, v khng c ch k ca ngi gi hng. Sau , ch tu/ngi vn chuyn gi cho ngi thu vn chuyn bn SOF km theo vn bn i tin pht l 19.785,42 USD vi l do xp hng chm so vi quy nh ca hp ng. Ngi thu vn chuyn c buc phi tun theo bn SOF ny hay khng hay ni cch khc, bn SOF ny c gi tr php l hay khng?

Tr li:


68

C s tnh ton tin thng hoc tin pht theo hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn l bn SOF (cng vi Thng bo sn sng v Hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn).

Trong trng hp xp hng (cng nh d hng), nu khng c qui nh khc, SOF hp l l bn phi c ch k xc nhn ca ngi giao hng v pha tu (i l tu hoc thuyn trng, tu theo tho thun v tp qun ca tng nc hay khu vc). ngha ca vic phi c ch k xc nhn ny l ch cc bn chp nhn s vic c nu trong bn SOF. V d: Khong thi gian c thi tit xu, thi gian cn cu ca tu b hng, thi gian khng c cng nhn xp d tnh ton thi gian thc t xp hng, thi gian c thng hoc b pht.

Nu khng c ch k xc nhn, nhiu s vic khng c lm r trc khi k, d dn n tranh chp. V d, SOF ghi: "t 13h n 17h ngy 5/11/2009, tu khng xp hng do khng c cng nhn" nhng ngi thu vn chuyn phn i, cho rng h c thu xp cng nhn nhng cn cu ca tu b trc trc nn khng xp hng c, hoc thc t l thi tit xu nhng SOF li ghi " khng c hng" (tu ch hng).

V vy, nu bn SOF khng c ch k ca ngi giao hng, ngi thu vn chuyn c quyn khng chp nhn bn SOF v yu cu ch tu/ngi vn chuyn phi sa nhng im khng ng vi thc t xp hng.

trnh tranh chp, ngi giao hng/ngi thu vn chuyn nn thng xuyn lin h vi i l ca tu trong qu trnh tu hot ng ti cng i chiu s vic, thi gian kp thi trc khi k vo bn SOF. Trong trng hp v l


69

do no , buc phi k vo bn SOF c nu nhng s vic, thi gian khng ng vi thc t th cn phi c vn bn bo lu ngay sau v gi cho ch tu hoc i l ca tu.

Cu hi 19: Khi no vic xp hng (loading) -c coi l kt

thc?

Trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn (voyage charter party), sau khi hon thnh vic xp hng (loading), tu phi ch i mt thi gian chun b chng t hng ho. Khi tnh ton tin thng pht, ch tu/ngi vn chuyn tnh c khong thi gian ch i lm chng t hng ho vo thi hn xp hng (laytime for loading) mc d hp ng khng quy nh vic ny.

Thi hn xp hng hoc thi gian b pht (time on demurrage) s ngng tnh k t khi no v thi gian ch i chng t hng ho c tnh vo thi hn xp hng hoc thi gian b pht hay khng?

Tr li:

Nu khng c quy nh khc, thi hn xp hng hoc

thi gian b pht s ngng tnh ngay khi xp xong hng.

Thng thng ngi thu vn chuyn c php c mt

khong thi gian hp l xc nh s lng hng ho

xp, chun b chng t hng ho. Nu ngi thu vn chuyn

gy chm tr cho tu vt qu thi gian "hp l" ny, ch

tu c th i ngi thu vn chuyn phi bi thng thit

hi do lu tu (detention).


70

Vn y l thi gian "hp l" ny l bao nhiu.

Thc t cho thy, tu tng loi hng, l hng, chuyn tu c

th m thi gian ny khc nhau. Nu tu phi gim nh mn

nc xc nh s lng hng ho, hoc cn c nhiu b

vn n cho nhiu ngi giao hng vi nhiu cng d hng

khc nhau th thi gian chun b chng t hng ho s

khng ging nhau, l cha k n trng hp c tranh

chp v s lng hng ho gia "Bin lai thuyn ph"

(mate's receipt) v s lng ghi trn "vn n" (B/L), hoc

nhng tranh chp khc nh tnh trng hng ho ghi trn vn

n khc vi ghi trn bin lai thuyn ph v ngi giao hng

(shipper) lun mun c vn n sch (clean bill of lading)

chng minh vic giao hng ph hp vi hp ng mua bn

v/hoc th tn dng (letter of crredit), dn n vic tu phi

ch i sau khi xp xong hng.

Cn lu l cc to n, trng ti xt c nhng quan

im khc nhau v cng mt vn ni trn. C to n, trng

ti cn c vo v vic c th m quyt nh mt khong thi

gian no c coi l "hp l", chng hn nh "X" gi

dnh cho vic chun b chng t hng ho l ph hp. Nu

ngi thu vn chuyn lm vt qu thi gian ny (thi hn

"hp l") th khong thi gian vt qu b tnh l thi gian

phi tr tin pht. C to n, trng ti li phn quyt rng nu

ngi thu vn chuyn chun b chng t hng ho vt qu

thi gian "hp l" th ton b thi gian k t thi im kt

thc vic xp hng s tnh vo thi hn lm hng, vo thi

gian b pht.


71

Tuy vy, cng c to n, trng ti khng chp nhn

khong thi gian "hp l m cho rng ton b thi gian

chun b chng t hng ho sau khi hon thnh vic xp

hng lun lun do ngi thu vn chuyn phi chu.

trnh tranh chp, nn quy nh trong hp ng vic

ch tu/ngi vn chuyn cho php mt khong thi gian

nht nh ngi thu vn chuyn chun b chng t hng

ho sau khi hon thnh vic xp hng. Nu hp ng khng

quy nh th ngi thu vn chuyn nn c gng ht sc lm

nhanh phng trng hp ch tu/ngi vn chuyn

khi kin th to n hoc trng ti cng thy rng ngi thu

vn chuyn c thin ch v thc s c gng nn khong

thi gian chun b chng t d c chp nhn l "hp l".

Cu hi 20: Ch y tu - s l-ng hng ti thiu l bao

nhiu?

V d: Trong hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn (voyage charter party), v iu khon s lng, ch tu/ngi vn chuyn ch chp nhn ch y tu (full vessels capacity) m khng nu s lng ti thiu. Trong khi ngi thu vn chuyn cn c s lng ti thiu m tu c th ch bit c ph hp vi tha thun trong hp ng mua bn/th tn dng (letter of credit) hay khng. ngh gii thch r vn ny?

Tr li:


72

Trc ht, xin phn tch hon cnh ca cc bn. V

pha ch tu/ngi vn chuyn, vi nhng loi hng cha

bit r tnh cht, h d dng gp ri ro, rc ri nu ng

vi tho thun ch ht mt s lng hng ti thiu no

nhng thc t tu khng xp ht hng. V vy, h ch mun

cam kt ch y tu hoc ch ht kh nng ca tu.

Thc cht l ch tu/ngi vn chuyn mun tu xp c

bao nhiu hng th tnh tin cc vn chuyn trn c s s

lng , trnh c trch nhim do khng ch ht hng.

V pha ngi thu vn chuyn, nu hp ng mua bn

hng ho (hoc th tn dng) khng yu cu mt s lng

chnh xc, v d nh, khi mt l hng ln c chia lm

nhiu chuyn hoc dung sai v s lng mc an ton

theo c tnh, th khng cn quan tm nhiu v s lng

hng m tu s ch. Nu hp ng mua bn hng ho hoc

th tn dng c ghi s lng c th (ti thiu, ti a) th phi

xem s lng hng m tu s ch c nm trong khong dung

sai cho php khng. V d : 20.000 tn, 5% hn/km, tc

l s lng hng xp ln tu phi nm trong khong t

19.000 tn n 21.000 tn mi thc hin ng hp ng mua

bn hoc th tn dng.

By gi, hy xem xt kh nng vn chuyn ca tu.

Nu tu ly nhiu du, nc ngt, d tr th trng ti

dnh cho hng ho s gim i. Ngi thu vn chuyn cng

gp kh khn khi mun xc nh s lng hng ti thiu m

tu c th ch.


73

Tuy vy, vn cng c gii quyt mt cch hp l.

Theo tp qun hng hi thng mi quc t, ch tu/ngi

vn chuyn c trch nhim phi vn chuyn c mt s

lng hng nht nh. Khng phi tu c quyn tu tin

quyt nh s lng hng khi nhn ch theo iu kin ch

y tu hoc ch ht kh nng ca tu v mun ly bao

nhiu du, nc ngt, d tr cng c. Mt tp qun

c cng nhn rng ri, l : S lng nhng vt phm

c lin quan n trng ti ca tu nh du, nc ngt v

d tr khng c vt qu mc cn thit hp l cho

chuyn i bin. Nh vy c ngha l, tu i n cng tr

hng xa, gn khc nhau th s lng du, nc ngt, d

tr m tu ly cho chuyn i khng ging nhau. Tu i xa

hn th phn trng ti dnh cho hng ho t hn v ngc li.

Documents

100 Cau Hoi Ve Luat Hang Hai 2010