Optični kabelski sistemi

12. in 15. November 2019, A. Z. Žagar

WHAT IS 5G?

5G is the 5th generation of mobile networks, a significant evolution of todays 4G LTE networks. 5G has been designed to meet the very large growth in data and connectivity of today’s modern society, the internet of things with billions of connected devices, and tomorrow’s innovations. 5G will initially operate in conjunction with existing 4G networks before evolving to fully standalone networks in subsequent releases and coverage expansions.

5G

In addition to delivering faster connections and greater capacity, a very important advantage of 5G is the fast response time referred to as latency. Latency is the time taken for devices to respond to each other over the wireless network. 3G networks had a typical response time of 100 milliseconds, 4G is around 30 milliseconds and 5G will be as low as 1 millisecond. This is virtually instantaneous opening up a new world of connected applications.

5GThere are 3 major categories of use case for 5G:

Massive machine to machine communications –also called the Internet of Things (IoT) that involves connecting billions of devices without human intervention at a scale not seen before. This has the potential to revolutionize modern industrial processes and applications including agriculture, manufacturing and business communications.

Ultra-reliable low latency communications –mission critical including real-time control of devices, industrial robotics, vehicle to vehicle communications and safety systems, autonomous driving and safer transport networks. Low latency communications also opens up a new world where remote medical care, procedures, and treatment are all possible

Enhanced mobile broadband – providing significantly faster data speeds and greater capacity keeping the world connected. New applications will include fixed wireless internet access for homes, outdoor broadcast applications without the need for broadcast vans, and greater connectivity for people on the move.

WHAT WILL 5G ENABLE?

5G will enable instantaneous connectivity to billions of devices, the Internet of Things (IoT) and a truly connected world. 5G will provide the speed, low latency and connectivity to enable a new generation of applications, services and business opportunities that have not been seen before.

The Core Network - is the mobile exchange and data network that manages all of the mobile voice, data and internet connections. For 5G, the ‘core network’ is being redesigned to better integrate with the internet and cloud based services and alsoincludes distributed servers across the network improving response times (reducing latency).

Many of the advanced features of 5G including network function virtualization and network slicing for different applications andservices, will be managed in the core. The following illustration shows examples of local cloud servers providing faster content to users (movie streaming) and low latency applications for vehicle collision avoidance systems.

5GThe Radio Access Network - consists of various types of facilities including small cells, towers, masts and dedicated in-building and home systems that connect mobile users and wireless devices to the main core network.

Small cells will be a major feature of 5G networks particularly at the new millimetre wave (mmWave) frequencies where the connection range is very short. To provide a continuous connection, small cells will be distributed in clusters depending on where users require connection which will complement the macro network that provides wide-area coverage.

5G Macro Cells will use MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) antennas that have multiple elements or connections to send and receive more data simultaneously. The benefit to users is that more people can simultaneously connect to the network and maintain high throughput. Where MIMO antennas use very large numbers of antenna elements they are often referred to as ‘massive MIMO’, however, the physical size is similar to existing 3G and 4G base station antennas.

5G

When a 5G connection is established, the User Equipment (or device) will connect to both the 4G network to provide the control signalling and to the 5G network to help provide the fast data connection by adding to the existing 4G capacity. Where there is limited 5G coverage, the data is carried on the 4G network providing the continuous connection. Essentially with this design, the 5G network is complementing the existing 4G network

5G

5G networks are designed to work in conjunction with 4G networks using a range of macro cells, small cells and dedicated in-building systems. Small cells are mini base stations designed for very localised coverage typically from 10 metres to a few hundred metres providing in-fill for a larger macro network. Small cells are essential for the 5G networks as the mmWave frequencies have a very short connection range.

Mobile spectrum showing the radio frequency range from 3-100 GHz with new 5G spectrum above 6GHz.Other radio services (TV, Wi-Fi, Fixed links & Satellite) are shown for reference.

5GIn many countries the initial frequency bands for 5G are below 6 GHz (in many cases in the 3.3-3.8 GHz bands) and similar frequencies to existing mobile and Wi-Fi networks. Additional mobile spectrum above 6 GHz, including the 26-28 GHz bands often referred to as millimeter (mm) Wave, will provide significantly more capacity compared to the current mobile technologies. The additional spectrum and greater capacity will enable more users, more data and faster connections. It is also expected that there will be future reuse of existing low band spectrum for 5G as legacy networks decline in usage and to support future use cases. The increased spectrum in the mmWave band will provide localised coverage as they only operate over short distances. Future 5G deployments may use mmW frequencies in bands up to 86 GHz.

5G User Equipment including mobile phones and devices will also have MIMO antenna technology built into the device for the mmWave frequencies.

5GMassive MIMO

5G will use ‘massive’ MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) antennas that have very large numbers of antenna elements or connections to send and receive more data simultaneously. The benefit to users is that more people can simultaneously connect to the network and maintain high throughput.The overall physical size of the 5G massive MIMO antennas will be similar to 4G, however with a higher frequency, the individual antenna element size is smaller allowing more elements (in excess of 100) in the same physical case.

5G

MIMO - Beam Steering

Beam steering is a technology that allows the massive MIMO base station antennas to direct the radio signal to the users and devices rather than in all directions. The beam steering technology uses advanced signal processing algorithms to determine the best path for the radio signal to reach the user. This increases efficiency as it reduces interference (unwanted radio signals).

Optična vlakna

VlaknaSteklo

1. SM 9/1252a. MM 50/125 OM5 (100GbE)2b. MM 50/125 OM4 (40GbE)2c. MM 50/125 OM3 (10GbE)2d. MM 50/125 OM2 (1GbE)3. MM 62.5/125 OM1 (0.1GbE)

Steklo / Plastika (Hard Clad Silica)

5. HCS 200/230 OH1

Plastika

6. POF 200/490 OP2 (120/490)7. POF 975/1000 OP18. Dekorativna optika

Dekorativna optika

8 mm debelo plastično vlakno

POF (Plastic Optical Fiber) 975/1000 max 40m (0.25 dB.m)

HCS (Hard Clad Silica) ali Polymer Clad Fiber 200/230, 200MHz.km@850nm za industrijsko avtomatizacijo

PCF (Photonic Crystal Fibres) nova tehnologija, 2002/2003 (steklene cevke premera 0.05mm med izdelavo še zmanjšajo za faktor 20)

LDF (Large Diameter Fiber) do 1,250 μm in več

PMF (Polarization-Maintaining optical Fibers) are used in special applications, such as in fiber optic sensing, interferometry and quantum key distribution. They are also commonly used in telecommunications for the connection between a source laser and a modulator, since the modulator requires polarized light as input.

POF, HCS, PCF, LDF, PMF

Več jedrna (MCF) in PCF vlakna

MCF Multi Core Fiber & PCF Photonic Crystal Fiber

Lemo

Industrijski vtiči

POF vtiči

Premer FSMA kovinske ferule je 3.20 mm

VF-45

FJ(OptoJack)

LC

MT-RJ

SFF (Small Form Factor)

SFF (Small Form Factor)

Pitch distance of the new Mini LC is 5.25mm, unlike the standard LC where is 6.25mm.

Coverino (H&S)

CS (Senko)

SFF & Standard Connectors

LX5

MU E2000

MTP (Mechanical Transfer Pull Off), MPO (Multi-fiber Push-On)

MTP/MPO4, 8,12, 24, 72

F3000 Diamond0.1 dB (IL) and up to 85 dB (RL) (shutters)

SFF connectors

LC compatibile with F3000

PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) razcepniki imajo enakovredne izhode (2x50, 4x25, 8x12.5, itd.)

Spojna oprema

FBT (Fused Biconical Taper). Izhodi razcepnika so v poljubnem razmerju (5:95, 20:80, 40:60, itd.)

Spojna oprema

WDM, High Isolation WDM inTriplexer WDM ali FWDM razcepnik

Spojna oprema

Etherneti

1990: 10 Mb/s 1995: 100 Mb/s (5, OM1, OM2)1998: 1 Gb/s (5e, 6, OM2, OM3)2015: 2,5 Gb/s (5e, 6, NBASE-T)2015: 5 Gb/s (5e, 6, NBASE-T) 2007: 10 Gb/s (6A, 7, 7A, OM3, OM4)2014: 40 Gb/s (8, OM4)

100 Gb/s400 Gb/s

1 Tb/s

AWG 22, AWG 23, AWG 24, AWG 26 in AWG 28Vodilo, P2P baker, P2P FTTD/FTTH, P2MP FTTH, P2MP LAN

Pasivni Optični LAN

Pasivni Optični LANTradicionalni LAN Pasivni Optični LAN

Pasivni Optični LAN

G657A optična vlakna , PLC razcepniki, LCAPC in MPOAPC spojna oprema, druga pasivna oprema in RJ45 spojna oprema.

Teoretična zmogljivost Tbit in več, dejansko se uporablja GPON in/ali 10GPON. OLAN sistemi so samo kontrolirani in avtomatizirani sistemi.

OLAN je razvejan sistem in ni enostavno iz FTTH v LAN prenešena tehnologila.

Za zdaj se gradi po načelu 128 priključkov na enoto, kar dosežemo z enim SM vlaknom G657A, enim PLC razcepnikom v razmerju 1 proti 32 in z enim Gigabitnim stikalom, ki ima 4 GBase-T vhode.

OLT, ki napaja centralno knjižnico (San Diego)

Pasivni Optični LAN ali OLAN, včasih POL (Passive Optical LAN) sestavljajo:

(OLT) Optical Line Terminal

Pasivni Optični LANGlavni igralci:

Tellabs, 3M, Corning, Commscope, TE Connectivity (Tyco/AMP), IBM, Leidos, AFL, Prysmian goup, Exfo, …

Pasivni Optični LANOLAN je zelo uporaben za bolnice, industrijske objekte, inštitute, stadione, hotelska naselja, ..

Pasivni Optični LAN

PoE* PD Powered Device, PoE* PSE Power Sourcing Equipment

*(~25W)

Pretvorniki in vmesniki

GBIC

SC BiDi

RJ45

LC SFP

Pretvorniki in vmesniki

XFP

XENPAKX2

SFP+

Pretvorniki in vmesniki

40GBASE QSFP+ (Quad Small Form-Factor Pluggable Plus)

MPO vtič

100GBASE-LR4 CFP moduledvojna širina Xenpak-a

Pretvorniki in vmesniki

Zaznavanje IR spektra

Zaznavanje komunikacije (Prepoznavalec / Fiber Identifier) po vlaknu v zaščiti 0.25mm, 0.7mm in 0.9mm ali v plašču 1.7mm in 2.8mm

Zaznavanje IR spektra

Zaznavanje IR spektraLeak Detection Probe will detect as little as –60dB of light. Can also be used to identify fiber ends over great distance!

Generally performing the same function as a VFL, the Probe is primarily used in OTDR dead zone areas or spliceenclosures where exact pinpointing of a fault is critical.

VFL

Zaznavanje IR spektra

Najde izgubo na zvaru/vtiču, prekinjeno vlakno, kritičen zavoj, poškodbo na vlaknu, ipd. Odkrije vlakno do 350 km daleč. Zvočni in svetlobni opozorilni znak.

Uporaben v slepem področju OTDR-ja, spojkah, delilcih (FBT, PLC) in kjer je natančno določanje okvare nujnost.

Vidi napake pri dnevni svetlobi skozi večino modro, zeleno in črno zaščitenihvlaken, skozi nekatere proti prašne pokrovčle ter najde slabo spojema vtiča v spojniku. Dovolj, da se vlaknu približamo na nekaj cm.

Zaznavanje IR spektraValovna dolžina: 1550 nm, Izhodna moč: +15dB, Modulacija : 2 kHz. Izvor deluje tudi skupaj z Prepoznavalci vlakna

Najde zlomljeno vlakno, po snopu svetlobe prepozna kvaliteto spojnega dela vtiča podobno kot mikroskop (pristop s konca).

Najde vlakno v snopu podobno kot Identifier, odkrije notranje poškodbe ferule vtiča, pri hitrih vtičih in mehanskih spojnikih odkrije slabo spojeni vlakni, pregleda zračne kable od daleč (pristop s strani).

IR in UV detektorji svetlobe

Na bazi fosforja delujoči senzorji

Opozorilni znaki

Očala

Merilci moči in energije laserja

ARCMaster FSM-100P

Vytran FFS-2000

York FK12

Posebna oprema

10log(P2 / P1) v dB

Kaj je dB

Kaj je dBm

1 mW je 0 dBm1/100 mW je -20 dBm100 mW je 20 dBm

Moči manjše od 1mW so vedno negativne

Moči večje od 1 mW so vedno pozitivne

P(mW) = 10[P(dBm)/10]

P(dBm)=10*log[P(mW)]

Bytes Bits1 bit = .125 byte. = 1 bit.1 byte = 1 byte. = 8 bits1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes = 8192 bits1 megabyte = 1048576 bytes = 8388608 bits1 gigabyte = 1073741824 bytes = 8589934592 bits1 terabyte = 1099511627776 bytes = 8796093022208 bits1 petabyte = 1125899906842624 bytes = 9007199254740992 bits1 exabyte = 1152921504606846976 bytes = 9223372036854775808 bits1 zettabyte = 1180591620717411303424 bytes = 9444732965739290427392 bits1 yottabyte = 1208925819614629174706176 bytes = 9671406556917033397649408 bits1 xonabyte = 1237940039285380274899124224 bytes = 9903520314283042199192993792 bits1 wekabyte = 1267650600228229401496703205376 bytes = 10141204801825835211973625643008 bits1 vundabyte = 1298074214633706907132624082305024 bytes = 10384593717069655257060992658440192 bits

* 1 bit: a binary decision* 1 byte: a character* 5 Megabytes: The complete works of Shakespeare* 2 Gigabytes: 20 meters of shelved books* 10 Terabytes: The printed collection of the US Library of Congress* 200 Petabytes: All printed material* 5 Exabytes: All words ever spoken by human beings

Kaj je bit in Bajt

bit ali binary digit je najmanša info enota (1, 0)

Byte je znak ali skupina dolga 8 bitov

Q&A

info@ezz.si