13-AT_Leganti, Malte e Calcestruzzi_12-13 - Corso Architettura Tecnica

8/13/2019 13-AT_Leganti, Malte e Calcestruzzi_12-13 - Corso Architettura Tecnica

1/24

Prof. Ing. Francesco Fulvi

[email protected]

13-TECNOLOGIE DEI MATERIALI DA COSTRUZIONE

MALTE, LEGANTI E CALCESTRUZZI

Corso diArchitettura Tecnicaa.a. 2012-2013

Universit degli Studi di Parma

Facolt di Ingegneria

Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale


2/24

Corso di Architettura Tecnicaa.a. 2012/2013

Prof. Francesco FulviTECNOLOGIE DEI MATERIALI DA COSTRUZIONELEGANTI, MALTE E CALCESTRUZZI

!

Tipologie dei materiali

- Pietre naturali. Lapidei:- Marmo- Travertino- Arenaria- Porfido- Ghiaia- Sabbia- Ecc..

Materiali Artificialiateriali Naturali

- Legno- Metalli:

- Ferro- Rame- Alluminio

- Pietre artificiali, Laterizi:- Mattoni- Tegole- Ceramica- Tavelloni- Ecc..

- Materiali Polimerici plastici)- Leganti:

- Cemento- Calcestruzzo- Gesso- Malta- Calce idraulica

- Vetro- Acciaio e altre leghe

- Terra cruda


3/24


Prof. Francesco FulviI LEGANTI

#

$%&% '() *+,-./0 % -,,*12+3-/0 45) 6 784(968:6 ;8?48@ ;%& 8;A58=8??57%&% 5&8 ;%&?6?4(&B8 '(C8 :64%6'(= 8C98D(9?% 5& E(&%7(&% '6 F3+$- (?5;;(??6D% 0.GH302+./1I

$%&% 67>6(J8@ &(::8 4(;&6;8 ('6:6B68 >(9 %C(&(9( 76?;(:(= ;%& (D(&458:( 8JJ65&48 '66&(9@= >(9 :8 ;%&&(??6%&( '6 (:(7(&@ K78C%&6= L:%;;(9 :8 9(8:6BB8B6%&('6 7(7L98459( K498D6 >6:8?496 ;%9'%:6M

N1$- $1.1 0 *+,-./0


4/24



O

0: >967% 67>6(J% 96?8:( 8: >(96%'% >9(9%78&%= ( '8 8::%98= >(9 E8?6 ?5;;(??6D(= 6:(J8&@ ?5L69%&% 5& ;%&@&5% ?D6:5>>% 4(;&%:%J6;%I0 >9676 :(J8&@ ?6 %C(&&(9% >(9 ;%C598 '6 9%;;( ;8:;89((= :( !"#!$ "&'&&I0& ?(J564%= D(&&(9% 67>6(J84( >89@;%:896 9%;;( ;8:;89(( '(C( 789&%?(= 96;;6P E%9@ ;%?Q '(C( >(9 :8 ?>6;;848 ;8>8;64R '66&'5967(&4% 8&;( 6& >89B68:( >9(?(&B8 '6 8;A58= :( !"#!$ $('")#$!*&I

.(: ST000 ?(;%:%= :U6&J:(?( V%(9 >967% 6& 78&6(98 ?;6(&@W;8=:8 9(:8B6%&( (?6?4(&4( E98 :8 A58&@4R '6 89J6::8 ;%&4(&548 &(6 ;8:;896 ( :U8;5A8&(;(??8968 8::U6&'5967(&4% '(: >9%'%C% :(J8&4( W&8:(X N-3-//+3+ G0 0G3-H*0N0/-UG+**+ 2-*/+I $6 '(D( 8:% ?45'6%?% E98&;(?( T6;84 :U6&'6D6'58B6%&( '6 5& 7(4%'% >(9:8 D8:548B6%&( '(: 4(7>% '6 >9(?8 '6 5&8 ;8:;( 6'985:6;8 K:U8J% '6 T6;84MI.(: YZ!O= :U6&J:(?( V%?(>< -?>'6& '8::8 ;%C598 '6 5&8 76?;(:8 W&(7(&4( 78;6&848 '6;8:;89( ( 89J6::8 %C(&&( 5& 8JJ:%7(98&4( E%94(7(&4( 6'985:6;% 8 ;56 '6('( 6: &%7( '6

;(7(&4% F%94:8&'= '8: &%7( '(::8 :%;8:64R 6& ;56 (?498(D8 5&8 >6(498 '6 8?>(C% 7%:4%?676:( 8 A5(::8 '(: :(J8&4( '%>% :8 >9(?8I $%:% &(: YZO[= 5& 8:49% 6&J:(?(= 0?8;V%%948&'% :8 76?;(:8 '6 ;8:;89( ( 89J6::8 8 >6P 8:4( 4(7>(98459( ( 78;6&8&'%W&(7(&4( 6: >9%'%C% ;%?Q %C(&54%= %C(&&( 5& :(J8&4( 7%:4% ?676:( 8 A5(::%8C58:7(&4( 6& 5?%I

H. F1U G0 $/130-


5/24



[

"# $%&'( %()(%*# $%&'( +,)%-&+'%.# /00&12()%3 '(2(435+6# $(2(437# 8(99+

*8 ;:8??6W;8B6%&( '(6 :(J8&@ >9(D('( A58C9% J98&'6 J95>>6X


6/24



\

*8 '%&'( %()(% ] 5& :(J8&4( '(96D84% '8::8 ;%C598 KZ^^ _ `^^ aNM '6 9%;;( ;8:;89(( 6&;56 6: ;89L%&84% '6 ;8:;6% KN8N1#M ] >9(?(&4( 6& A58&@4R &%& 6&E(96%9( 8: `^bI0: ;8:;89( '598&4( :8 ;%C598= '%&'+4%5+14(= >(9'( 8&6'96'( ;89L%&6;8 498?E%978&'%?66& %??6'% '6 ;8:;(= '%&'( :+:% KN81 c N1!Md ?5;;(??6D87(&4(= >(9 6'9848B6%&(= ?6498?E%978 6& 6'9%??6'% '6 ;8:;6%; '%&'( 99%&48 >(9 :U5?% KN8K1eM! c N1!MI

*8 >9(?8 ( :U6&'5967(&4% 8DD(&J%&% 8C98D(9?% 5&8 9(8B6%&( ;14%=%5+14(;%?6B6%&( '6 ;89L%&84% '6 ;8:;6% (;%&E(9(&'% ;%&?6?4(&B8 :64%6'( 8::U67>8?4% KN8N1# c e!1MI

YI N-*N+ -+3+-


7/24



f

*( '%&'+ +,)%-&+'?( 9(9%J8@D8 '6 E89( >9(?8 8&;9(?(&B8 '6 8;A58 (?(&B8 6: ;%&48C% ;%& :U847%?E(98I$6 %C(&J%&% '8 ;8:;896 67>596= '() 789&( % ;8:;896 789&%?6= 6& ;56 6: ;89L%&84% '6;8:;6% ?6 49%D8 76?;(:84% ;%& 89J6::8 K?6:6;(= 8::576&8 ( %??6'6 '6 E(99%MI*8 4(7>(984598 '6 ;%C598 ] ?5>(96%9( 8 A5(::8 '(::( ;8:;6 8(9(( ( ?6 8JJ698 6&4%9&% 86Y^^^ aNI *8 >9(?8 &%& 8DD6(&( >(9 ;89L%&848B6%&( '(J:6 6'9%??6'6 '6 ;8:;6% 78 >(9 5&

E(&%7(&% '6 6'9%:6?6 ;%::%6'8:( '6 8::576&8@ ( ?6:6;% 8::576&8@ '6 ;8:;6%IG%>% :8 ;%C598 :( 9%;;( 789&%?( D(&J%&% E98&45784(I

!I N-*N+ 0G3-H*0N-

,:6 %00&12()%3 '(2(435+ ?%&% 7%:4% ?676:6 86 ;(7(&@ >%6;9(?(&48&% ;898C(9676J:6%98@D6 96?>(C% 8::( ;8:;6 6'985:6;


8/24



Z

0 '(2(43?%&% :(J8&@ '6 &84598 6'985:6;8 ;8>8;6 '6 98JJ65&J(9(= '%>% :8 >9(?8 (:U6&'5967(&4%= 9(?6?4(&B( 7(;;8&6;%&'(&@ 8 >9(;6?( 6&'6;8B6%&6&%978@D(I 0 ;(7(&@ ?%&% 45) 8 :(&48 >9(?8I N(9 %C(&(9(6 ;(7(&@ ?%&% ;%?@4564( '8 %??6'6 '6 ;8:;6%= ?6:6;6%= 8::576&6% ( E(99%IG8: >5&4% '6 D6?48 '(::8 :%9% >9%'5B6%&( ?6 '6?@&J5%&% 6& Xi '(2(43 4%=-)%&+ 1 @1)=&%4,j %C(&5@ '8::8 ;%C598 '6 789&( ( ?5;;(??6D8

78;6&8B6%&(i '(2(43 %)3A'+%&+j %C(&5@ '8::8 76?;(:8B6%&( '6 ?%?48&B( '6 '6D(9?8 >9%D(&6(&B88: W&( '6 %C(&(9( ?>(;6W;9(?48B6%&6i'(2(43 99('%76&8&B8'6 ;8:;89( 78 '6 8:496 ;%7>%?@ 8''6@D8@IB%& 9(??6%&( Yf[= #Y[= O![ lJm;7Ai '(2(43 %, %&=% )(9+9=(45% ( )%9(??6%&( Yf[= #![= [![lJm;7AI

OI N+2+./0


9/24



`

0 0(99+>9%D(&J%&% '8::8 ;%C598 '6 )1''( 9(&(4+=19( ;%?@4564( '8 ?%:E84% '6 ;8:;6%L66'984%I 0: 76&(98:( 6& E8?( '6 ;%C598 >(9'( >894( '(::U8;A58 '6 ;%7L6&8B6%&(498?E%978&'%?6 6& ?(76'984%d ?5;;(??6D87(&4(= 8 ;%&48C% ;%& :U8;A58 :8 968??%9L(=857(&48&'% '6 D%:57(= 96;%?@45(&'% 6: L66'984% 6& E%978 &%& ?%:5L6:(= ;%& 78??8'598 ( ;%7>8C8I 0 >96&;6>8:6 @>6 '6 J(??% 6& ;%77(9;6% ?%&%Xi0(991 A41j %C(&54% ;5%;(&'% :8 9%;;68 ?(:(&64%?8 8 Y#^aNd D6(&( 5?84% >(9 :8D%96

'6 ?45;;% (' ] ;(9:8D%96 '6 ?45;;% " .'&+" '".$("i0(991 E1)=( _ %C(&54% ;5%;(&'% :8 9%;;68 ?(:(&64%?8 8 #^^aNd 9(?8d '(C% ,&++- /-'0-i0(991 8D67(&@

i0(991 9%>>+%=1j %C(&54% >(9 78;6&8B6%&( '6 J(??% ;8:;6&84% ;%& ?8LL68d 5?84% >(96&4%&8;6 ( W&6459(= >8&&(::6 >9(E8LL96;8@ ( ?676:6i0(991 %&&% '%&'(j %C(&54% '8::8 78;6&8B6%&( '6 J(??% ;%C% ;%& ;8:;( 6'9848d ?6 5?8>(9 W&6459(I

,+$$0


10/24


Prof. Francesco FulviMALTE E CALCESTRUZZI

Y^

$6 '(W&6?;( 2%&=%5& 67>8?4% % 76?;(:85&6E%97( '6 :(J8&4(= 8;A58 ( 6&(94( '6>(BB84598 W&( K?8LL68MI n 5?84% ;%7(784(968:( '6 ;%&&(??6%&( 498 J:6(:(7(&@ ;%?495)D6 '(::( ?495C59(759896( % >(9 :8 9(8:6BB8B6%&( '6 W&6459(K6&4%&8;6 ( 8::(C87(&4% '6 >8D67(&@ (

96D(?@7(&@MI

*- 2-*/-

$6 '(W&6?;( '%&'(9=)-551 5& >89@;%:89(;%&J:%7(984% ;%?@4564% '8 5&8 76?;(:85&6E%97( '6 :(J8&4(= 8;A58= 6&(9@ W&6 (

6 & ( 9 @ J 9 % ? ? 6 9 8 > > 9 ( ? ( & 4 8 @96?>()D87(&4( '8 ?8LL68 ( J>59( >6(496?;%I n A56&'6 5&8 76?;(:8'6 78:48 ( 6&(9@ J9%??6I

0* N-*N+$/3Hhh1


11/24



YY

$68 &(::( 78:4( ;% 8'(J5848 784598B6%&(= 5&8 78??8 ;%(9(&4( 8;%&?6?4(&B8 :64%6'(I

*( 76?;(:( '6 78:48 ( >%BB%:8&8 ( J98&5:8@ '6 :84(96B6%= 6& ?%?@45B6%&( '(J:6 6&(9@>9%>9687(&4( '()= E59%&% 67>6(J84( 6& (>%;8 9%78&8 ( L6B8&@&8 8::U6&4(9&% '6>89(@ 6& :84(96B6% % >6(498= >(9 :8 9(8:6BB8B6%&( '6 7598459( 8 ?8;;% % 8 ;%&;9(B6%&(I0& A5(?4% ;8?%= >%BB%:8&8 ( ;%&;6 E98&4578@ '6 :84(96B6% >894(;6>8&% 8: E(&%7(&%'(::8 >9(?8 ;%&E(9(&'% 6'985:6;64R 8::U67>8?4%= A56&'6 >9%D%;8&'% 5& 857(&4% '(::89(?6?4(&B8 ( 5&8 96'5B6%&( '(6 4(7>6 '6 >9(?8I

*U8)45'6&( >6P ?>6;;848 '6 78:4( ( ;8:;(?495BB6 ] :8 9(?6?4(&B8 7(;;8&6;8 8;%7>9(??6%&(d ] :6764848 ( '6 ?;89?8 8o'8L6:64R :8 9(?6?4(&B8 8 498B6%&( ( 8 48J:6%Ip5(?4( ;898C(96?@;


12/24



Y!


13/24



Y#

J( '%)%C()+93'?( 2(''%4+'?( ,(&&H+289@;(::( '6 '6D(9?( '67(&?6%&6K?8LL6(= J6(496?;(C% 8::q6&(94( &(:?5% ;%7>:(??%I 8&+ +4()3 ,(>>141 (99()( ,+>%9484( 498 :%9% 6& 7%'% ;89@;(::( >6P >6;;%:( D8'8&% 8 96(7>69( J:6?>8B6 ;%??6L6:( '6 D5%@I

$(B6%&( '6 5& J(C% 6& ;8:;(?495BB%= 6& ;56J:6 6&(9@ '6 >(BB84598 76&%9( %;;5>8&% J:6

?>8B6 :6L(96 498 A5(::6 '6 >(BB8459878JJ6%9(I


14/24



YO

*8 J98&5:%7(4968 8;;(C848 >(9 J:66&(9@ ] 98>>9(?(&4848 '8:'68J98778 '6 rs::(9 6& ;56 '5(;59D( '(W&6?;%&% 6: ;87>% j'(C% E5?% J98&5:%7(496;% j(&49% 6: A58:( '(D( (??(9(;%&4(&548 :8 ;59D8 '(::U6&(94( '8

67>6(J89(I $(;%&'% rs::(9 5&876?;(:8 ;%& >(BB84598 78??678'6 #^ 77 '(D( (??(9( ;%7>%?48?(;%&'% A5(?4( >(9;(&458:6 '66&(9@X

2-*/+ + N+2+./0

N59D( J98&5:%7(496;(9 6&(9@ ;%&

>(BB84598 78??678 '6 #^ 77I


15/24



Y[

,:6 6&(9@ >%??%&% (??(9( '6 1)+0+4( 4%=-)%&( ;%7( ?8LL68 ( J>59( %)3A'+%&6;%7( J98&5:8@ >6P % 7(&% W&6 ( >6(496?;%I

,:6 +4()3 4%=-)%&+ >9%D(&J%&%= >9(D8:(&4(7(&4(= '8::8 ,+90)(0%5+14( ,+ )1''('%&'%)(( 189@ 7(&% 9(?6?4(&@I F%??%&% >9(?(&489( 5& (:(D84% ;%&4(&54%'6 :67% % '6 89J6::8 ;%&( 6: :8D8JJ6% >9678 '(::t67>6(J%I

,:6 +4()3 %)3A'+%&+ ?6 %C(&J%&% >(9 E)%4=-2%5+14( '6 >6(4987( 6'%&(% % 8&;9(?(&48&% ;%& >89@;(::( ?>6J%:%?( ( ?5>(9W;6 95D6'(%v9(&'% ;%?Q 5&8 76J:6%9( 8'(9(&B8 8::8 >8?48 ;(7(&48&4(I 36?>(C% 8::t6&(94(

&84598:( ;6u >5u 98>>9(?(&489( 5& D8&48JJ6% >59;6(496?;% D(&J8 ?%C%>%?4% 8'5& :8D8JJ6% ;%:D(9( >9%'%C8 '8::8 E98&4578B6%&(I


16/24



Y\

3(:8@D87(&4( 8::( '%)%C()+93'?( ,(& &(0%4=(= ;8?4% ?6 '(W&6?;( &%978:( %7('6%I

M &% 8?4% ] '(C%78J9%I *U67>8?4% E%9&69R >9(?48B6%&6 >6P :676484( 96?>(C% 8 A5(::6 '(W&6@ &%978:6IM &% ( ( ;%8B6%&6I

F%??%&% (??(9( 67>6(J8@ 45) 6 @>6 '6 ;8:;(= 8JJ:%7(98&4( ;(7(&@B6% ( ;(7(&4% 6&E5&B6%&( '(::( ;898C(96?@;


17/24



Yf

3(:8@D87(&4( 8::8 E-45+14( ,(&&H%'G-%= ?6 '6?@&J5%&% '5( ;8?6Xi &H%'G-% :+(4( +2(97(C(9( 5& 4%48:( 8DD%:J67(&4% '(6 J98&6 '6 6&(94( ( 8 ;%&E(969( 8::q67>8?4% :8&(;(??8968 >:8?@;64R _ % :8D%98L6:64R j 8::8 >%?8 6& %>(98I $%:% ?( ] >9(?(&4( 498;;68 '6:(J8&4( 6'985:6;% j A58:( >%BB%:8&8 % :84(96B6% E98&45784% j :U8;A58 8;A56?6?;(

E5&B6%&( ;8?4% :8 '%D548 >:8?@;64R= >(9 4(&(9( ;%&4% '(::q8??%9L67(&4% '(::( (D(&458:6;8??(E%97(= '(::q(D8>%98B6%&( '%D548 8::( ;%&'6B6%&6 87L6(&48:6 ( '(: ;898C(9((?%4(976;% '(::( 9(8B6%&6 '6 >9(?8= ?6 67>6(J8 5&8 A58&@4R 'q8;A58 ?5>(96%9( 86D8:%96 ?4(;89( J:6 6&4(9?>8B6

6&8;;(??6L6:6 8J:6 6&(9@ >6P W&6 8 ?D8&48JJ6% '(::8 ;%7>8C(BB8 A56&'6 '(::8 9(?6?4(&B87(;;8&6;8d 6&%:49(= 857(&48 6: 4(7>% '6 >9(?8 ( 6: 96@9%I F(9 76J:6%989( :8 :8D%98L6:64R( &%& 6&;%99(9( 86 ?5''() 6&;%&D(&6(&@= ?6 >%??%&% 8JJ65&J(9( 8::q67>8?4% 8''6@D6k56'6W;8&@IJH%'G-% ,H+2


18/24



YZ

0&k5(&B8 '(: 98>>%94% 8;A58 j ;(7(&4% ?5::8 9(?6?4(&B8 '(: ;8:;(?495BB%I


19/24



Y`

J%:1)%>+&+=Pn 6&k5(&B848 '8::8 J98&5:%7(4968= '8::8 A58&@4R '6 :(J8&4(= '8: 98>>%94% 498 8;A58 (;(7(&4% ;6(J% ] '(4(976&8L6:( 6&;8&@(9( 7('68&4( 6: ;%&% '6 -L987? ;% :8?E%9784598


20/24



!^

J%:1)%>+&+=P

N1.G0h01.0 Ne+ 0.r*H+.h-.1 ,*0 02F-$/0

G(&%76&8B6%&( @>%

N8:;I w576'%xN8:;I wk56'%xN8:;I w;%:84%xN8:;I wk56'6??67%x

-LL8??87(&4% 6& ;7

^_##_Y^

Y^_Y[1:49( Y[

38>>%94% -mN

^=#^_^=#[^=#[_^=O[^=O[_^=\[^=\[_^=`[


21/24



!Y

Q1,%&+=P ,+ '1&&1'%2(4=1 +4 18C(BB8 %)78:( '(: ;8:;(?495BB% ] 98JJ65&48 8C98D(9?% 5&U8'(J5848 8B6%&('6 ;%?@>87(&4% j 8??(?487(&4% '(J:6 6&(9@ (' (:676&8B6%&( '(6 D5%@ _ %C(&548 >(9D6L98B6%&( 7(;;8&6;8I +?6?4( 6: >(96;%:% '6 ?(J9(J8B6%&( '(J:6 6&(9@I

N1.G0h01.0 Ne+ 0.r*H+.h-.1 ,*0 02F-$/0


22/24



!!

RS(C1 (9W;6( '(::( ;8??(E%97(I 0& ;%996?>%&'(&B8 '(::( >89(@ '6;8??(9% ?6 8C(BB8I*8 ;%7>8C(BB8 '6 5&8 ?(B6%&( ?6 (?>967( 8C98D(9?% 6: 98>>%94% E98 :U89(8 8: &(C% '(6D8;56 ( :U89(8 4%48:( '(::8 ?(B6%&( ?4(??8I

N1.G0h01.0 Ne+ 0.r*H+.h-.1 ,*0 02F-$/0


23/24



!#

T-14% )(9+9=(45% %0&+ 9E1)5+ ,+ '12


24/24



!O

T-14% ,-)(:1&(55%

T-14% )(9+9=(45% %& E-1'1

K'%)9% 0(&+:+=P

U%'+&+=P ,+ '1&&1'%2(4=1 +4 1+&+=P ,+ '14E(5+14%2(4=1 '14 %C)(55%=-)( 2(''%4+'?(

K'%)9% )(9+9=(45% %0&+ 9E1)5+ ,+ =)%5+14( KYmY^ j Ym!^ '(::8 9(?6?4(&B8 8 ;%7>9(??6%&(M

@(91 ,+ :1&-2( (&(:%=1 K!Y^^_!O^^ yJm7#M

K'%)9% '1+>(45% 9+% =()2+'% '?( %'-93'% K;%'5)D64R 4(976;8 >896 8 ^=Z_Y=[ zm7AlMV+9'19+=P 1 L-%0( K?6 78&6E(?48 8C98D(9?% 5&8 '(E%978B6%&( >:8?@;8 ;

Documents

13-AT_Leganti, Malte e Calcestruzzi_12-13 - Corso Architettura Tecnica