16 1 139-58 2020 / Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 139-58 Spring 2020

戰爭狀態、元首地位與憲法變遷中 的結構性力量－

1870

1870

—

—

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壹、前言

1968

gilets jaunes

2011 99% We are the

99%

1789

Faure, 2018; Franceinfo, 2018 Emmanuel

Macron Lettre aux Français

Macron,

2019 19

1885

Norbert

Elias civilizing process Elias, 2014

individualization Elias & Schröter, 2001

Elias, 1982; Fletcher, 1997 —

141

—

1789

20 —

—

—

1789

—

—

1824

1830

1848

1852

1870

1940

1946

1958 —

16 1 2020/ 142

1958

I-We balance Elias, 2001

—

Kantorowicz, 2018

—

2016

—

— 1870

1958

143

—

1848

— 1870

—

1870

1870

—

貳、 在尖銳對立之間的憲法變遷—以文明化歷程作為分析的架構

—

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conjuncture Elias, 20010

—

civilization

Kulture

Elias, 2014

—

—

145

fraternité

I-identity

We-identity

Eisenstadt, 2002

organic solidarity

mechanic solidarity Durkheim, 2006

nation state

imagined community

Anderson, 2010

nation-state

—

—

self-regulated market — social protection

disembedded

impersonal

Polanyi, 1989

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—

Elias, 1982; Fletcher, 1997

—

1789

—

1215

1628

1679 1689 1701

—

—

—

14

Etats généraux

147

—

Burke, 2014

—

Fromm, 2015 —

—

參、法國憲法的變遷：崎嶇的共和之路

—

1958

—

—

—

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1870

1870

1870

1958

1870

1870

1789

ancien

régime

de Tocqueville, 2015

absolutist state Anderson, 2001 —

state-building

— 1302

2005

23-31 1515

1643-1715 —

1648

149

2005 42-47

16

1576

Jean Bodin —

1672-78 1688-97

1701-14 —

1754-63

1775-83 —

Tilly,

1990

—

de Tocqueville, 2015

elective

affinity Weber, 2013

—

— 17

Hugeunot Elias, 2006

Vandée 1793

Tilly, 1976

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—

—

1848 —

1848

1870

1789 1815 1815

1870

( ) 1789-1815

1789

—

7

151

9 — 8 4

26

9

1791 9 30

—

Club des Feuillants

—1792 8 10

sans-culotte

—

16 1 2020/ 152

1791 8 Declaration

of Pillnitz

Girondins

1793 —

—

—

—1799 11

1804

99.93%

1815 6

7 15

1815

Concert of Europe

—

153

( ) 1815-70

1813

10

1814 3 4

1814

—

1824

1830 3

7

— —

27

1830 7

—

—

16 1 2020/ 154

—

1815 1830 1830

1830

—

—

1848

—

—

1848

1852

1870

155

肆、結論

1870

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參考文獻

1885 • “ • ” https://www.marxists.org/chinese/marx/1851-1852/00b.htm 2019/3/10

2005 2016

12 2 66-103 Anderson, Benedict 2010

Anderson, Perry 2001

Burke, Edmund 2014

de Tocqueville, Alexis 2015 Durkheim, Emile 2006 Eisenstadt, S. N. 2002. “The Construction of Collective Identities and the Continual

Reconstruction of Primordiality: Some Analytical and Comparative Indications,” in Sinisa Malesevic, and Mark Haugaard, eds. Making Sense of Collectivity: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Globalization, pp. 33-87. London: Pluto Press.

Elias, Norbert 2014

Elias, Norbert. 1982. “Civilization and Violence: On the State Monopoly of Physical Violence and its Infringements.” Telos: Critical Theory of the Contemporary, No. 54, pp. 134-54.

Elias, Norbert. 2010. “Figuration,” in Johannes Kopp, and Bernhard Schäfers, eds. Grundbegriffe der Soziologie, 10th Aufl., pp. 75-78. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

Elias, Norbert. 2006. “The Expulsion of the Huguenots from France,” Early Writing, pp. 95-104. Dublin: University College Dublin Press.

Elias, Norbert, and Michael Schröter. 2001. Society of Individuals. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

Faure, Alain. 2018. “Gilets jaunes: Révolution française et individualisme post-moderne.” Contrepoints, December 14 (https://www.contrepoints.org/2018/

157

12/14/332439-gilets-jaunes-revolution-francaise-et-individualisme-post-moderne) (2019/3/10)

Fletcher, Jonathan. 1997. Violence and Civilization: An Introduction to the Work of Norbert Elias. London: Polity Press.

Franceinfo. 2018. “ ‘Gilets jaunes’: les références à la Révolution se multiplient.” December 6 (https://www.francetvinfo.fr/economie/transports/gilets-jaunes/gilets- jaunes-les-references-a-la-revolution-se-multiplient_3087501.html) (2019/3/10)

Fromm, Eric 2015 Kantorowicz, Ernst H. 2018

Macron, Emmanuel. 2019. “Lettre aux Français.” January 23 (https://www.elysee.fr/

emmanuel-macron/2019/01/13/lettre-aux-francais) (2019/3/10) Polanyi, Karl 1989

Tilly, Charles. 1976. The Vandee. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Tilly, Charles. 1990. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990.

Cambridge, Mass.: B. Blackwell. Weber, Max 2013

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State of War, the Position of the Head of the State, and the Change of Constitution:

The Case of Constitution-Making of France before 1870

Ming-Feng Liu Associate Professor, Department of International

and Mainland Affairs National Quemoy University, Quemoy, TAIWAN

Abstract

Taking the case of France before 1870, this paper aims at exploring the structural forces in the constitution making process by the liberalism, which is the fundamental value of modern civilization. Standing at the very center of its civilizing process, the individualization explains the anomie of French society after the Revolution, as well as the backlash of the conservatives. As a result, France was placed in a state of war within and without, which made the head of the state not only the center of the executive, but also the symbol of the nation. Therefore, both the role of the head of the state and the state of war can be explained by the civilizing process, within which the We-I balance stands at the center. Moreover, the balance plays in fact the role of structural forces in the constitution making of the modern time, since the civilizing process prevails globally, but much more manifestly in the case of France, because of its “Etats généraux” in the pre-modern time, and the geopolitical position. These two factors make the French politics even more radical along with the arrival of liberalism.

Keywords: civilizing process, We-I balance, head of the state, state of war, movement of constitution making

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