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for CommunicationNetworks

Design of Radio Cells

Objectives

The participant is able to

design radio cells

Contents

1 Cell Selection/Reselection1.1 Cell Selection1.2 Cell Reselection

2 Handover2.1 General Notes on Handover2.2 Measurement Preprocessing2.3 Handover Criteria2.4 Handover detection algorithms2.5 Target Cell List Compilation2.6 Handover Signaling and Timer2.7 !tended cell handover2.8 "irected Retr#

$ !ercises

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Design of Radio Cells

n te!tboo"s on cell#lar $obile co$$#nications radio cells are ideali%ed b& reg#lar

he!agons 'hich has been pro(ed to be a good $odel )or e!plaining principle e*ects.

+o'e(er, in realit& cell borders do not ha(e this si$ple geo$etric str#ct#re. The ph&sicalcell borders are !ed on the one hand

b& the radio propagation conditions

and on the other hand

b& the algorith$s 'hich decide on changing )ro$ one ser(ing base station to anotherone on the basis o) lin" /#alit& $eas#re$ents.

These algorith$s are called

ell electioneselection )or the idle $ode,

+ando(er )or the connected $ode

and are described in detail in the )ollo'ing sections.

Tho#gh it is controlled b& so$e para$eters broadcasted )ro$ the to the , the cellselection reselection algorith$ itsel) is i$ple$ented in the . There)ore, it is speciedin details b& the : eco$$endations especiall& : 03.22 and : 05.08.

n contrast, the hando(er decision algorith$ is i$ple$ented in the assisted b&

do'nlin" $eas#re$ents reported b& the . +ence, so$e degree o) )reedo$ is le)t tothe $an#)act#rer to opti$i%e the algorith$.

;or this reason and beca#se its (er& i$portant to ta"e the correct decision 'hen the is in connected $ode, the )ocal point o) this chapter is the hando(er algorith$.

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1 Cell Selection/Reselection

As $entioned abo(e, the cell selectionreselection algorith$ is i$ple$ented in the .

eca#se the algorith$ )or a : phase 1 s di*ers )ro$ that o) a phase 2 s, both(ariants are described as )ar as there is a di*erence.

1.1 Cell Selection

Normal Cell Selection:

Measurements for normal cell selection

The ta"es 5 sa$ples o) the recei(ed le(el on each ; carrier 'hich are a(eraged

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Denition: A #itable ell is dened as a cell 'hich

1. is part o) the selected F>E,

2. is #nbarred para$eter ?>>=A=A? @ 0,

3. has a para$eter 1 D 0,

4. is not in a location area )orbidden )or national roa$ing.

To allo' e.g. e$ergenc& calls the conditions )or a ser(ing cell are less restricti(e

Denition: An Acceptable ell is dened as a cell 'hich

1. is #nbarred,

2. has a para$eter 1 D 0.

The general strateg& )or cell selection is to nd the s#itable cell 'ith the highest 1best esti$ated lin" /#alit&. ) no s#itable cell can be )o#nd, an acceptable cell isselected.

;or !ase " mobile stationsthere is an additional para$eter called?>>=A=IJA>;K (al#es 0, 1 #sed to assign priorities to cells

?>>=A=IJA>;K @ 1 H@D lo' priorit& cell

?>>=A=IJA>;K @ 0 H@D nor$al priorit& cell

;irst it is tried to select a s#itable nor$al priorit& cell, i) no s#ch cell can be )o#nd, as#itable lo' priorit& cell is selected.

The co$plete cell selection process is ill#strated in the Lo' chart belo'.

Cell Selection #it! Stored $CC% &nformation

Mptionall&, the $a& store in)or$ation on recei(ed le(el on + carriers 'hens'itched o*.

Ghen s'itched on, the rst per)or$s $eas#re$ents on these carriers. ) cellselection )or the corresponding cells is not s#ccess)#l, nor$al cell selection is carriedo#t.

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#es

Cell Selection

%lgorithm

&no 'CCH (n)o*

measure all

carriers

sort +# received

level

carriers in list

trial carrier,

+est level in list

'CCH

decode 'CCH

suita+le cell

normal priorit#

Selection o) an

accepta+le cell

no

#es

no

no

#es

no

no #es

#es

lo- priorit#

cell )ound

Camp on lo-

priorit# cell

suita+le lo-

priorit# cell )ound

tr# onl# carriers o)

'CCH allocation

tr# onl# normal

priorit# cells

remove trial

carrier )rom list

nocell

in selected

PLMN

Camp on normal

priorit# cell

#es

;ig. 1 ell selection no + in)o stored

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1." Cell Reselection

Ghile $o(ing 'ithin the radio net'or" in idle $ode, another cell $a& be $ore

appropriate to ser(e the . There)ore, cell reselection $a& be per)or$ed.

Freconditions The ca$ps on a cell 'hich is called ser(ing cell in the )ollo'ing.

The )ollo'ing actions are per)or$ed b& the to detect 'hether a cell reselection isnecessar&

No'n >in" ignaling ;ail#re

- do'nlin" signaling )ail#re co#nter N is initiali%ed N0@ ro#nd90

=FA=;

- decode $essage on paging s#b-channelO

s#ccess)#l i) N B 1 D No N @ Nelse N B 1

#ns#ccess)#l N @ N - 4

- N H 0 @D do'nlin" signaling )ail#reO

$onitor all + carriers gi(en in the + allocation neighbor cells o) the ser(ingcell,

ta"e at least 5 sa$ples o) the recei(ed le(el )ro$ the ser(ing cell on paging s#b-channel as 'ell as )ro$ the neighbor cellsO

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Cell Reselection Criterion C" for MS of '!ase ":

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The 2 criterion depends #pon the (al#e o) a ti$er T

A ti$er T is started in the )or each cell in the list o) the 6 strongest neighbor cells assoon as it is placed on the list. T is reset to 0 i) the cell is re$o(ed )ro$ the list.

2 @ 1 - ?>>=??>?T=M;;?T )or F?EA>TK=T? @ 31 and arbitrar& T

2 @ 1 B ?>>=??>?T=M;;?T - T?FMAK=M;;?T

)or T H F?EA>TK=T? H 31

2 @ 1 B ?>>=??>?T=M;;?T else.

The 2 criterion is ill#strated in the g#re belo'.

C2

C1CLL.RSLCT.00ST

TPN%LT.T(M

TMPR%R.00ST

Cell included in the

list o) strongest

;ig. 2 ll#stration o) the 2 criterion

A negati(e T?FMAK=M;;?T red#ces the priorit& o) a cell in the list o) strongestneighbor cells.

A positi(e ?>>=??>?T=M;;?T increases the priorit& o) a cell in the list o) strongestneighbor cells.

This $echanis$ $a& be applied in hierarchical cell str#ct#res to "eep )ast $o(ing$obiles in the #$brella cells and slo' $o(ing $obiles in the $icro cells Ghen a $obilereaches the co(erage area o) a neighbor $icro cell gi(en b& the 1 criterion, this cellbeco$es e*ecti(el& e!cl#ded )ro$ reselection d#ring the F?EA>TK=T?.

A )ast $o(ing $obile is ass#$ed to ha(e le)t the co(erage area o) the $icro cell be)oreF?EA>TK=T? is reached and hence the $icro cell is not selected. n contrast, a slo'$o(ing $obile is ass#$ed to be still 'ithin the co(erage area o) the $icro cell 'henF?EA>TK=T? has e!pired. Appl&ing the positi(e ?>>=??>?T=M;;?T, this cell isselected 'ith pre)erence.

This $echanis$ 'ill be disc#ssed in $ore detail 'hen e!plaining the $obile speedsensiti(e hando(er in hapt. 5.2 +ierarchical ell tr#ct#res

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(riggers for Cell Reselection

ell reselection is triggered b& the )ollo'ing conditions

1. 1 H 0 )or the ser(ing cell )or a period o) 5 s

2. detects do'nlin" signaling )ail#re

3. er(ing cell beco$es barred

4.1 '!ase 1 MS

C1ser(ing cell H C1s#itable neighbor cell

i) the s#itable neighbor cell is in the sa$e location area

C1ser(ing cell B ?>>=??>?T=+KT?? H 1 s#itable neighbor cell

i) the s#itable neighbor cell is in another location area

)or a period o) 5 sec.

4.2 '!ase " MS

2 ser(ing cell H 2 s#itable neighbor cell

i) the s#itable neighbor cell is in the sa$e location area

2 ser(ing cell B ?>>=??>?T=+KT?? H 2 s#itable neighbor cell

i) the s#itable neighbor cell is in another location area

)or a period o) 5 sec.

5. A rando$ access atte$pt is #ns#ccess)#l e(en a)ter the $a!i$#$ n#$ber o)repetitions.

;or phase 2 there is the additional trigger

6. A location #pdate re/#est has been rePected 'ith ca#se location area not allo'ed.

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&l*&h*

Cell Reselection

&a* no change o) location area

&+* change o) location area

Radius o) Cell 2

)or selection

&l* lo- po-er MS

&h* high po-er MS

&+*&a*

C134

C1

'TS1

'TS1

'TS2

'TS2

CLL.RSLCT.

HSTRS(S

direction o) movementPhase 1 MS

lo- po-er class MS

high po-er class MS

;ig. 3 ll#stration o) ell election eselection

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'arameters for Cell Selection/Reselection

+=A;E=En $) * $CC% )llocation

MbPect Fac"age N Ea$e ange tep i%e Jnit

ANQ - +;?I 0...1023 1 -

;ig. 4

n each cell the absol#te radio )re/#enc& n#$ber +=A;E=En coding as gi(en inchapter 2 each o) its neighbor cell n has to be "no'n. This in)or$ation is broadcastedas the so called + Allocation to all s in the respecti(e cell. Mn the corresponding)re/#encies the s ta"e $eas#re$ent sa$ples o) the recei(ed le(el #sed )or cell

selection reselection.

;#rther$ore, the + o) neighbor cells has to be decoded b& the at least e(er& 5$in to "no' the c#rrent (al#es o) the control para$eters )or the reselection algorith$.

S+S,&D * S-stem &dentier


T T KN 900N1800

;2ME>K900?XT900:

F1900

- -

;ig. 5

ndicates the )re/#enc& band to be #sed b& the + channel.

tandard : band 900

N 1800 band N1800

: e!tended band ;2ME>K900

: $i!ed band ?XT900

: rail'a& band :

F 1900 band F1900

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C,$)R,)CCSS * Cell $arred for )ccess


T TM ?>>A ;A>?TJ? - -

;ig. 6

A $obile station cannot ca$p on a barred cell, i.e. a barred cell is not selected b& thecell selectionreselection proced#re. obile stations 'hich ca$p on a cell 'hile itbeco$es barred, initiali%e the reselection proced#re to nd a ne' #nbarred cell, i.e.traCc load is distrib#ted to neighbor cells.

This $eans that e.g. neither a call nor a location #pdate can start in a barred cell.

+o'e(er, a cell barred )or access is not barred )or inco$ing hando(ers. To barr a cellco$pletel&, e.g. )or $aintenance reasons also inco$ing hando(ers ha(e to be a(oided.

To red#ce o(erload in a certain cell $ore $oderatel& 'itho#t distrib#ting the o(erload toneighbor cells, barring o) access classes has to be #sed. arring access )or an accessclass does not trigger a cell reselection )or s o) that class.

MS,(0'R,M)0,CC% * Ma2imum allo#ed MS transmit o#er on randomaccess c!annel


T T TXFAX+

0...31 1 2 d

;ig. 7

The =TXFG=AX=+ eld is coded as the binar& representation o) the po'ercontrol le(el dened in : rec. 05.05.

:900 Fhase1

:900 Fhase2

N1800

0 @ 43 d$ 0 @ 39 d$ 0 @ 30 d$ 1 @ 41 d$ 1 @ 39 d$ 1 @ 28 d$ 2 @ 39 d$ 2 @ 39 d$ 2 @ 26 d$ 3 @ 37 d$ 3 @ 37 d$ 3 @ 24 d$

15 @ 13 d$ 19 @ 5 d$ 15 @ 0 d$16 - 31 @ 13 d$ 20 - 31 @ 5 d$ 16 - 31 @ 0 d$

The trans$it po'er le(el the #ses )or the access on the rando$ access channel isgi(en b& the $ini$#$ o) t'o (al#es

the o#tp#t trans$it po'er F o) the

the $a!i$#$ allo'ed po'er )or access 'ithin the respecti(e cell

gi(en b& =TXF G=AX=+.

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This para$eter a*ects the

the rando$ access proced#re

the cell selection proced#re.

ando$ access ) there is a collision o) channel re/#ests on the rando$ access channel,the one 'ith the higher recei(ed le(el has a good chance to be decoded and to get aresponse b& the .

+ence, s 'ith higher o#tp#t po'er are pre)erred. This i$balance can be a(oided b&choosing a lo' $a!i$#$ allo'ed trans$it po'er.

ell election To be selected b& the cell selection proced#re, a cell has to )#lll the 1criterion

1 D 0 'here

1 @ A?< - X>??

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R07,)CCSS,M&N * Minimum do#nlin8 received level for cell to be selected


T T X>??>?+ 0...7 1 2 d

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;ig. 10

n idle $ode the selects a ne' neighbor cell i) the recei(ed le(el o) the neighborcell e!ceeds the recei(ed le(el o) the c#rrent cell in order to be ser(ed b& the cell 'iththe e!pected best lin" /#alit&. +o'e(er, d#e to )ading e*ects, the propagationconditions $a& change rapidl& and there)ore a reselection $a& occ#r (er& )re/#entl&.

) the cells in(ol(ed in the reselection process belong to the sa$e location area, )re/#entcell reselection does not ha(e an e*ect on the net'or" per)or$ance.

#t i) the the in(ol(ed cells belong to di*erent location area, the reselection o) a ne' celltriggers a location #pdate proced#re 'hich ca#ses signaling load e.g. on the N+and in(ol(es all net'or" ele$ents.

To a(oid #nnecessar& signaling load b& )or'ard and bac"'ard reselection d#e to )ading,a h&steresis gi(en b& the para$eter ?>>=??>?T=+KT?? is introd#ced, i.e. a

cell )ro$ another location area is selected onl& i) the corresponding recei(ed le(ele!ceeds the le(el o) the c#rrent ser(ing cell b& the (al#e o) this para$eter. This ise!pressed in ter$s o) the 1 phase 1 or 2 phase 2 criterion

1 ser(ing cell B ?>>=??>?T=+KT???ser(ing H 1 s#itable neighbor cell

or

2 ser(ing cell B ?>>=??>?T=+KT???ser(ing H 2 s#itable neighbor cell

respecti(el&.

The adP#st$ent o) ?>>=??>?T=+KT??? sho#ld be a co$pro$ise bet'een

- red#ction o) #nnecessar& location #pdates high (al#e and- selection o) the cell 'ith best receiption /#alit& lo' (al#e.

)dditional '!ase " 'arameters for Cell Selection/Reselection

C,$)R,9)&3+


T T I 0...1 1 -

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;ig. 11

nor$al priorit& 0

lo' priorit& 1

Fara$eter #sed to assign a priorit& to a cell selection process. A s#itable cell o) lo'priorit& is onl& selected i) no s#itable cell o) nor$al priorit& can be )o#nd. This para$etercan be #sed e.g. in hierarchical cell str#ct#res that the initiall& selects an #$brellacell.

C,RSC(,')R)M,&ND, * '!ase " Reselection 'arameter &ndication


T T ?FA 0...1 - -

;ig. 12

?>>=??>?T=FAA=EN@1The cell reselection para$eters ?>>=??>?T=M;;?T, T?FMAK=M;;?T andF?EA>TK=T? #sed )or the 2 criterion as 'ell as the para$eter ?>>=A=IJA>;K arebroadcasted on the +. These para$eters are ta"en into acco#nt b& phase 2 s, b#tare ignored b& phase 1 ss.

?>>=??>?T=FAA=EN @ 0

The cell reselection para$eters and ?>>=A=IJA>;K are not broadcasted on the+. A phase 2 then #ses the (al#e 0 )or all these para$eters, i.e. 1 @ 2.

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'N)(+,(&M * (ime to al- a negative o;set to C" of a neig!bor cell


T T F?ET? 0...30 and31 special$eaning

1 20 sec

;ig. 13

F?EA>TK=T? H 31A ti$er T is started in the )or each cell in the list o) the 6 strongest neighbor cells assoon as it is placed on the list. T is reset to 0 i) the cell is re$o(ed )ro$ the list. N#ring

Fenalt& Ti$eT H F?EA>TK=T? a negati(e T?FMAK=M;;?T is applied to the 2 o) therespecti(e neighbor cell

2 @ 1 B ?>>=??>?T=M;;?T - T?FMAK=M;;?T

'hich is re$o(ed a)ter Fenalt& Ti$e T D F?EA>TK=T?2 @ 1 B ?>>=??>?T=M;;?T.

F?EA>TK=T? @ 312 @ 1 - ?>>=??>?T=M;;?T.

;or F?EA>TK=T? @ 31 the priorit& o) a neighbor cell )or reselection is per$anentl&

red#ced.

(M'OR)R+,O33S(


T T T?FM;; 0...7 1 10 d7 innit&

;ig. 14

#btracting T?FMAK=M;;?T )ro$ ?>>=??>?T=M;;?T red#ces the priorit& o) acell in the list o) strongest neighbor cells, i.e. d#ring r#n ti$e o) the ti$er thecorresponding neighbor cell is e*ecti(el& barred )or cell reselection.

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C,RSC(,O33S(


T T ?M;; 0...63 1 2 d

;ig. 15

Adding ?>>=??>?T=M;;?T increases the priorit& o) a cell in the list o) strongestneighbor cells 'hen the ti$er has e!pired.

This $echanis$ $a& be applied in hierarchical cell str#ct#res to "eep )ast $o(ing$obiles in the #$brella cells and slo' $o(ing $obiles in the $icro cells Ghen a $obile

reaches the co(erage area o) a neighbor $icro cell, gi(en b& the 1 criterion, this cellbeco$es e*ecti(el& e!cl#ded )ro$ reselection d#ring the F?EA>TK=T?.

A )ast $o(ing $obile is ass#$ed to ha(e le)t the co(erage area o) the $icro cell be)oreF?EA>TK=T? is reached and hence the $icro cell is not selected. n contrast, a slo'$o(ing $obile is ass#$ed to be still 'ithin the co(erage area o) the $icro cell 'henF?EA>TK=T? has e!pired. Appl&ing the positi(e ?>>=??>?T=M;;?T, this cell isselected 'ith pre)erence.

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" %andover

".1

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(-es of %andover

Ni*erent t&pes o) hando(er can be disting#ished 'ith respect to the changed region a

cell, a area or an area. These are ill#strated in the g#re belo'. The di*erentt&pes o) hando(er can enabled or disabled b& se(eral Lags

'SC 1+

'SC 1a

MSC 1

MSC 2

15 (ntracell Handover

25 (ntra6'SS Handover

$5 (ntra6MSC Handover

75 (nter6MSC Handover

'SC 2 4

3

1

2

;ig. 17 T&pes o) +ando(er

%andover Causes

T'o criteria gro#ps o) di*erent hando(er ca#ses are dened

Radio Criteria - recei(ed =ualit-too lo'bit error rate too high inter-intracell+M

- recei(ed leveltoo lo' intercell +M- - distancetoo high intercell +M- better cellpo'er b#dget relati(e recei(ed le(el intercell +M

Net#or8 Criteria - ser(. cell congestionD directed retr& )or call set#pintercell +M- - distancetoo highlo' in e!tended cells intracell +M- recei(ed levelor - distance too lo'high in concentric cells intracell +M

The rst three ca#ses are "no'n as $andator& or i$perati(e ca#ses, i.e. i) one o) theseca#ses occ#rs, a hand-o(er is necessar& to $aintain the call. This $a& happen beca#sethe is lea(ing the co(erage area o) the ser(ing cell intercell hando(er or beca#sethere is a strong inter)erer #sing the sa$e channel in another cell intracell hando(er.

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The )o#rth ca#se is an optional one, i.e. the lin" /#alit& in the ser(ing cell is s#Ccientl&good, b#t there are neighbor cells 'ith better recei(ed le(el. Tho#gh its not necessar&)or the lin" /#alit& o) this specic call, there is a benet )or o(erall net'or" per)or$ance

to hando(er the call to the better cell A call in the better cell ca#ses less inter)erence.?speciall&, i) po'er control is applied. ince to achie(e the sa$e recei(ed le(el in thebetter cell, a s$aller trans$it po'er can be #sed in this cell.n a 'ell planned radio net'or" better cell sho#ld be the o(er'hel$ing hando(erca#se. +ence, the locations o) a better cell hando(er deter$ine the cell bo#ndaries.

The )th ca#se is na$ed )orced hando(er beca#se it is triggered b& the d#e to acongestion sit#ation, and not d#e to radio conditions on the lin". This hando(er direcredretr& is per)or$ed )ro$ a N+ in the congested cell to a T+ in a neighbo#r celld#ring call set#p.

The last t'o ca#ses are intracell hando(ers in special cell cong#rations- n e!tended cells hando(ers are )easible )ro$ single to do#ble ti$eslots and (ice

(ersa.- n a concentric cell hando(ers are per)or$ed bet'een the inner and co$plete area.

These hando(er ca#ses can be enableddisabled separatel& b& corresponding Lags.

3lags to enable/disable !andover t-es and causes due to radio criteria

The Lags to enabledisable the di*erent hando(er t&pes and ca#ses are listed in thetable belo'.

The& are ad$inistered in the obPect +AEN.

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pecication Ea$e N Ea$e eaning

?E=ET?=+M ET?+ ;lag to enabledisable all hando(er t&pes and

ca#ses e!cept )or intracell hando(er.

?E=ETA=+M ETA+ ;lag to enabledisable intracell hando(er.

?E==ET?=+M >MT?+ ;lag to enabledisable a internal intercellhando(er, i.e. i) disabled, the hando(er ishandled as an inter hando(er e(en i) the rstcell in the target cell list belongs to the sa$e as the ser(ing cell.

?E==ETA=+M >MTA+ ;lag to enabledisable a internal intracellhando(er, i.e. i) disabled, the hando(er is

handled as an inter hando(er and the isin(ol(ed.

?E=XIJA>=+M XIJA>+M ;lag to enabledisable intercell hando(er d#e to/#alit&.

?E=X>??

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Comments:

?nabling internal hando(er has the )ollo'ing ad(antages

- red#ction o) signaling load on the A-inter)ace

- red#ction o) processing load in the

- )aster hando(er e!ec#tion.

onse/#ences

- internal hando(er sho#ld be enabled,

- regions sho#ld be adapted to traCc Lo's to red#ce the inter- hando(er rate.

Eor$all&, intracell hando(er sho#ld be enabled to allo' a hando(er )ro$ a channel'ith high inter)erence to another one 'ith less inter)erence 'ithin the sa$e cell.+o'e(er, i) rando$ )re/#enc& hopping see chapt. 6.2 is applied, it $a& bereasonable to disable intracell hando(er since inter)erence is appro!i$atel& the sa$eon all channels and no i$pro(e$ent can be achie(ed b& intracell hando(er.

) distance hando(er is disabled, an co#ld largel& e!ceed the planned cellbo#ndaries in the case o) )a(orable radio conditions at the ser(ing cell 'itho#tca#sing a hando(er. As a conse/#ence, neighboring cells $a& s#*er )ro$ e!cessi(einter)erence prod#ced b& this . ;#rther$ore, there is a ris" that lin" /#alit&decreases (er& s#ddenl& t#rn aro#nd a corner, i.e. there is the ris" o) a call drop.+ence, distance hando(er sho#ld be s'itched on.

) po'er b#dget hando(er is disabled, no hando(ers 'ith ca#se better cell aregenerated. Ee(ertheless, po'er b#dget is calc#lated and e(al#ated )or the ran"ing o)neighbor cells 'ithin the target cell list 'hich also has to be co$piled )or $andator&hando(ers h. 4.2.4.

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"." Measurement 'rerocessing

Measurement 7alues:

The )ollo'ing para$eters are $eas#red and calc#lated each A+ $#lti)ra$e 0.48 s

R09):

t is dened according to : T 05.08 as )#nction o) the bit error rate ? be)orechannel decoding

XIJA> @ 0 ? H0.2S ass#$ed (al#e 0.14S

XIJA> @ 1 0.2S H ? H0.4S ass#$ed (al#e 0.28SXIJA> @ 2 0.4S H ? H0.8S ass#$ed (al#e 0.57SXIJA> @ 3 0.8S H ? H1.6S ass#$ed (al#e1.13SXIJA> @ 4 1.6S H ? H3.2S ass#$ed (al#e 2.26SXIJA> @ 5 3.2S H ? H6.4S ass#$ed (al#e 4.53SXIJA> @ 6 6.4S H ? H12.8S ass#$ed (al#e 9.05SXIJA> @ 7 12.8S H ? ass#$ed (al#e 18.01S

The XIJA> (al#es are $eas#red on the dedicated channel )or the #plin" as 'ell as )orthe do'nlin" )or each TNA )ra$e 100 )ra$es 'ithin an A+ $#lti)ra$e. The$eas#red XIJA> (al#es are a(eraged o(er the respecti(e A+ period #sing the

ass#$ed (al#es o) the table abo(e. The res#lting XIJA> (al#e is the one #sed 'ithinthe hando(er algorith$ in the 'a& described belo'.

R07:

The recei(ed le(el is $eas#red on the dedicated channel )or the #plin" as 'ell as )or thedo'nlin" )or each TNA )ra$e 100 )ra$es 'ithin an A+ $#lti)ra$e. The $eas#redle(el (al#es in d$U are a(eraged o(er the respecti(e A+ period. The a(erage (al#eis $apped on an X>?< (al#e #sing the table belo' re)er to : T 05.08

X>?< @ 0 R07 -110 d$X>?< @ 1 -110 d$H R07 -109 d$

X>?< @ 2 -109 d$H R07 -108 d$

X>?< @ 62 -49 d$ H R07 -48 d$X>?< @ 63 R07 D -48 d$

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R07,NC>n?:

The $obile $eas#res the le(el recei(ed on the + )re/#enc& o) each neighbor cell n.

The $apping is as )or X>?< abo(e.

MS,$S,D&S(:

The distance ==NT bet'een the and is calc#lated )ro$ the ti$ing ad(anceTA (al#e $eas#red b& the and is coded as )ollo's

==NT @ 0, 1, ... 35. NistanceV$U

)sects of of Discontinuous (ransmission

Ghen > (al#es. There)ore Jand ;J>> (al#es ha(e to be disting#ished 'ithin $eas#re$ent preprocessing seebelo'.

S)CC% Multiframe Occuanc-

"T8 not applied, 144 slots not idle

"T8 applied &silence periode*, 12 slots not idle

Silence description +urstS%CCH +urstspeech +urstidle slot

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Measurement 7alues for %andover >Summar-?

Measurement Range Measurement (-e Descrition

X>?=;J>> 0 - 63 ecei(ed signal le(el on T+N+ )#ll set o)TNA )ra$es do'nlin"

X>?=J 0 - 63 ecei(ed signal le(el on T+ s#bset o) TNA)ra$es do'nlin"

XIJA>=N>=;J>> 0 - 7 ecei(ed signal /#alit& on T+N+ )#ll seto) TNA )ra$es do'nlin"

XIJA>=N>=J 0 - 7 ecei(ed signal le(el on T+ s#bset o) TNA)ra$es do'nlin"

X>?>1..6 0 - 63 ecei(ed signal le(el on + o) #p to 6neighbor cells do'nlin"

+=;?I=E?>>=1...6 0 - 31 + ; channel n#$ber o) #p to 6 neighborcells do'nlin"

=E?>> 1...6 0 - 63 ase tation dentit& ode o) #p to 6 neighborcells do'nlin"

X>?=;J>> 0 - 63 ecei(ed signal le(el on T+N+ )#ll set o)TNA )ra$es #plin"

X>?=J 0 - 63 ecei(ed signal /#alit& on T+ s#bset o) TNA)ra$es #plin"

XIJA>=J>=;J>> 0 - 7 ecei(ed signal /#alit& on T+N+ )#ll seto) TNA )ra$es #plin"

XIJA>=J>=J 0 - 7 ecei(ed signal /#alit& on T+ s#bset o) TNA)ra$es #plin"

==NT 0 - 35 Absol#te - distance "$U

NTX=J> 0.-.2 NTX canshallshall not #sed on #plin"

NTX=N> TJ?;A>?

NTX #sednot #sed on do'nlin"

;ig. 19

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&llustration of Measurement 'rerocessing

The $eas#red and reported data per A+ $#lti)ra$e are preprocessed 'ithin the

T #sing a gliding a(erage 'indo'. The si%e o) the 'indo' can be set separatel& )orXIJA>, X>??>J or XIJA>=;J>>J(al#es are p#t into the gliding 'indo' 'ith a $#ltiplicit& 'eight gi(en b& thepara$eter G=>?=+M, respecti(el&. This is ill#strated in the g#re belo'.

D(0 enabled: )veraging of R07

?!a$ple A(erage o) X>?< 'ith a gliding 'indo' o) si%e A=>?LL &-eight 2*

;ig. 20 ll#stration o) 'eighting and a(eraging o) $eas#re$ent (al#es

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'arameters for Measurement 'rerocessing

The para$eters )or $eas#re$ent preprocessing )or hando(er are ad$inistered in the

obPect +AEN and are listed in the table belo'.

Secication Name D$ Name Range Meaning

A=IJA>=+M+MAAQUALHO

1-31 A(eraging 'indo' si%e )or XIJA>(al#es, #sed )or hando(er decisions d#eto XIJA>

G=IJA>=+M+MAWQUALHO

1-3 Geighting )actor )or XIJA>=;J>>(al#es

A=>?????> (al#es

A=NT=+M +MA

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Comments:

ange o) G=XX 1, 2, 3O as de)a#lt (al#e 3 is reco$$ended.

ange o) A=XX 1...31, tep i%e 1

The adP#st$ent o) the a(eraging si%e $ainl& depends #pon rate o) change o) theradio propagation conditions.

?!a$ple

- path loss change o) 3 d at a distance o) 2000$ $o(e$ent o) 400 $

- long ter$ )ading change o) 6 d $o(e$ent o) 5...100 $

- short ter$ )ading $o(e$ent o) 0.15 $

+ence, at the cell border the $ain (ariation o) recei(ed le(el is d#e to long and shortter$ )ading. Githin one A+ $#lti)ra$es an $o(es

0.5 $ )or speed @ 1 $s @ 3.6 "$h

5.0 $ )or speed @ 10 $s @ 36 "$h

Jsing an a(eraging 'indo' si%e o) 10 A+ )ra$es, short ter$ )ading is a(eraged)or pedestrians as 'ell as )or )ast $o(ing s.

>ong ter$ )ading is partl& a(eraged )or )ast $o(ing s the degree o) a(erage

depends on the e!act speed and the correlation length o) long ter$ )ading, 'hereasthere is nearl& no a(eraging o) long ter$ )ading )or pedestrians.

The setting o) the a(eraging 'indo' si%e has to be a co$pro$ise bet'een a )astdecision and a reliable decision.

There)ore it is reco$$ended to #se a larger 'indo' si%e )or the optional hando(erbetter cell to do not ca#se a lot o) #nnecessar& hando(ers and a s$aller 'indo'si%e )or the $andator& hando(er ca#ses /#alit&, le(el, distance to be able to react/#ic"l& on a s#dden decrease o) lin" /#alit&.

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".4 %andover Criteria

?(al#ation o) hando(er criteria is based on

Jp- and do'nlin" $eas#re$ents o) le(el and /#alit& The absol#te - distance

The po'er b#dget criterion o) #p to 32 neighbo#r cells -trigger to ans'er 'ith a hando(er re/#est

T'o t&pes o) hando(er $a& occ#r

ntercell +M re/#ests the allocation o) a dedicated channel o#tside the ser(ing cell

ntracell +M re/#ests the allocation o) another dedicated channel 'ithin theser(ing cell

: disting#ishes three classes o) hando(er criteria

Fo'er b#dget +M as Wnor$al criterion

All other T+-ca#ses as Walar$- or i$perati(e criteria ;orced +M triggered b& the see chapter 4.2.8

Mn T+s it is possible that the condition )or $ore than one hando(er ca#se is )#llled.There)ore it is necessar& to ran" the e(al#ation o) hando(er ca#ses. Mn N+ 'hereonl& one ca#se is e(al#ated, no ran"ing is necessar&.

tatic ran"ing is per)or$ed according a priorit& list.

Friorit& +ando(er a#se +M t&pe +M class e(al#atedon

1 ?!tended ell +ando(er intracell i$perati(e T+

2 oncentric ell +ando(er intracell i$perati(e T+

3 I#alit& ntercell +ando(er intercell i$perati(e T+

4 >e(el +ando(er intercell i$perati(e T+

5 Nistance +ando(er intercell i$perati(e T+

6 Fo'er #dget +ando(er intercell nor$al T+

7 I#alit& ntracell +ando(er intracell i$perati(e T+

- ;orced +ando(er intercell )orced N+

;ig. 22 +ando(er a#ses Friorities

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%andover criteria evaluation * static ran8ing

H/detected

N

evaluate H/

criterion

priorit# 1

evaluate H/

criterionpriorit# 2

H/

detected

N

evaluate H/

criterion

priorit# $

H/

detected

N

until evaluation

o) H/ criterion :

;ig. 23

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%andover criteria evaluation * d-namic ran8ing

n so$e cases it is necessar& to ran" priorities d&na$icall&

n case a ?!tended cell +M singledo#ble ti$eslot or an oncentric ell +Minnerco$plete area 'as re/#ested b#t co#ld not be per)or$ed d#e to lac" o)reso#rces, e(al#ation o) these criteria is s"ipped the ne!t ti$e to $a"e e(al#ation o)other +M criteria possible e.g. I#alit&, >e(el etc..

n case the )ollo'ing +M-atte$pt is also #ns#ccess)#l or no other +M can be detectedthen the s"ipped priorit& is enabled again )or the ne!t tr&. T toggles.

The )ollo'ing Lo' chart sho's in principle the d&na$ic ran"ing $echanis$ o) ?!tendedell +M oncentric ell +M

s?ip evaluation

o) H/ criterion

&s?ip.)lag set*

N

H/

condition)ul)illed

reset s?ip.)lag

N

set s?ip.)lag

H/ detected

;ig. 24

N&na$ic ran"ing o) +M e(al#ation is also per)or$ed in case o) I#alit& inter-intracell +Msee chapter2.4+ando(er detection algorith$s

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".@ %andover detection algorit!ms

The standard hando(er algorith$ )or radio criteria #ses the decision criteria listed in the

table belo' 'here the order o) processing 'ithin the o(erall hando(er algorith$ is #sedsee g.23.These criteria 'ill be $odied )or a speed sensiti(e hando(er #sed 'ithin hierarchicalcells re)er to hapt. 5.2.

%andover Causes Decision Criteria

ntercell +M d#e toI#alit&

1. XIJA>=XX D >=XIJA>=XX=+

2. X>?=X>?e(el 1. X>?=X>?

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D-namic ran8ing of 9ualit- inter*/ intracell !andover

Ghen criteria )or I#alit& ntercell +M are e(al#ated it is rst chec"ed i) an& I#alit&

hando(er shall be per)or$ed a(eraged J>N> $eas#re$ents sho' a high signal /#alit&(al#e. Then the criterion o) I#alit& ntracell hando(er is e(al#ated. ts ob(io#s thatI#alit& ntercell +M is detected 'hen the criterion o) I#alit& ntracell +M is not gi(en.

n case a I#alit& ntracell +M 'as re/#ested b#t co#ld not be per)or$ed +M=;A> thanI#alit& ntercell +M is tried the ne!t ti$e i) criterion is still gi(en. Ghen this ntercell+M atte$pt also )ails then T toggles bac" and tries again an ntracell +M.

To initiate a I#alit& ntercell +M a)ter an #ns#ccess)#l I#alit& ntracell +M atte$pt, as"ip=Lag is #sed. This s"ip=Lag is set a)ter an ntracell +M atte$pt and is processed incase o) I#alit& ntercell detection.

Ghen the criterion o) I#alit& +M is gi(en and the s"ip=Lag )or ntracell +M is not set, it ispossible to per)or$ a I#alit& ntracell +M i) the condition is )#llled. n this case thee(al#ation o) hando(er criteria is res#$ed 'ith the ne!t priorit& le(el.

Ghen the criterion o) I#alit& +M is gi(en and the s"ip=Lag )or ntracell +M is set, an#ns#ccess)#l ntracell +M has been per)or$ed be)ore. The d&na$ic ran"ing $echanis$)orces an ntercell +M instead o) the pre(io#s ntracell +M b& s"ipping the e(al#ation )orI#alit& ntracell +M condition. The s"ip=Lag is reset again to $a"e a )#t#re ntracell +Me(al#ation possible in case this ntercell +M atte$pt also )ails. T toggles bet'eenintracell and intercell hando(er.

imitation of &ntracell %O reetition

The T is in)or$ed b& the that a n#$ber o) consec#ti(e and s#ccess)#l ntra ell+M o(er the sa$e connection ha(e been per)or$ed. An& )#rther s#bse/#ent ntracell +Mhas to be disabled )or a dened period o) ti$e, b#t i) criteria are gi(en d#ringpenalisation ti$e a ntercell +M $a& be tried instead. The MY LagW?nable=>i$itation=ntracell=+M is #sed to enabledisable this )eat#re.

'arameters for &ntracell !andover limitation

Secication Name Object D$ Name Range SteSiAe

nit

?nable=>i$itation=ntracell=+M

+AEN ?>T+ TJ?;A>? - -

a!=ntracell=+M +AEN AA+M 1 .. 15 1 -

Ti$er=Eo=ntracell=+M +AEN TEM?+M 1 .. 254 1 1 sec

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;ig. 26

This attrib#te Wa!=nracell=+M species the $a!i$#$ n#$ber o) consec#ti(es#ccess)#l /#alit& intracell hando(ers 'hich are per$itted in the sa$e T )or a singleconnection. The ne!t intracell +M is s#spended 'hen the threshold a!=ntracell=+MB1is reached, #ntil the WTi$er=Eo=ntracell=+M e!pires.

The )ollo'ing Lo' charts g. 27-28 sho' in principle the e(al#ation o) I#alit& +Mcriterion incl d&na$ic ran"ing $echanis$ o) I#alit& inter- intracell +M and li$itation o)intracell +M repetition.

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D-namic ran8ing of =ualit- inter* / intracell !andover

ma!5 po-er

1

N

s?ip (ntracell H/

&s?ip.)lag set*

N

1

(ntracell H/

condition )ul)illed

Condition )or

@ualit# H/

)ul)illed

N

reset s?ip.)lag

1

N

1

@ualit# (ntercell

H/ detected

;ig. 27

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D-namic ran8ing of =ualit- inter* / intracell !andover B limitation of intracell%O reetition

limit5 o)

intracell H/ rep,

penalisation time

active

1

N

s?ip (ntracell H/

&s?ip.)lag set*

N

1

(ntracell H/

condition )ul)illed

set s?ip.)lag

N

1

@ualit# (ntracell

H/ detected

set s?ip.)lag

;ig. 28

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'o#er $udget:

F:Tn @ X>?>n - X>? B FG==N

B in =TXFG=AX, F - in =TXFG=AXn, F

D +M=A:En

X>? a(eraged (al#e o) the $eas#red do'nlin" le(el in the ser(ing cell,

FG==N =TXFG=AX d$U - =TXFG d$U

a(eraged di*erence bet'een the $a!i$#$ do'nlin" ; po'er=TXFG=AX and the act#al do'nlin" po'er =TXFG d#e topo'er control in the ser(ing cell.

X>?>n a(eraged (al#e o) the $eas#red do'nlin" le(el o) the adPacent cell n

+M=A:En hando(er $arginO i) path loss 'ith respect to the ser(ing cell e!ceedsthe path

loss 'ith respect to the adPacent cell n b& this $argin, the adPacentcell is

considered as the $#ch better cell.

>ossser(ing - >ossadPacent @

@ =TXFG - X>? - =TXFG=AXn - X>?>n

@ X>?>n - X>? B FG==N

B =TXFG=AX - =TXFG=AXn

Ass#$ption

=TXFG=AX - =TXFG=AXn @ =TXFG=AX - =TXFG=AXn

i) the lin" b#dget o) the ser(ing cell is designed )or s o) F @ =TXFG=AX and

i) the lin" b#dget o) the adPacent cell n is designed )or s o) F @=TXFG=AXn

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$ac8 !andover revention

ac"-hando(er d#e to po'er b#dget pre(ention is triggered b& b& incl#ding the

old cell and the pre(io#s hando(er ca#se : 08.08 a#se in the hannel acti(ation$essage. A ti$er is started in T and #ntil the ti$er )or the specied cell e!pires,

no hando(er condition d#e to Fo'er #dget 'ill be e(al#ated )or this cell

this cell is e!cl#ded )ro$ the target cell list in case o) an& other hando(erre/#est d#e to Fo'er #dget

The MY Lag W?nable=Eo=ac"=+M is #sed to enabledisable this )eat#re.

ac" hando(ers d#e to i$perati(e criteria are not a*ected b& this $echanis$.

'arameters for $ac8 !andover revention


nit

?nable=Eo=ac"=+M +AEN EMAV+M TJ?;A>? - -

Ti$er=nhibit=ac"=+M ANQ TE+AV+M 1 .. 254 1 1 sec

;ig. 29

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'arameters of %andover Decision

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SecicationName

D$ Name/ Object

Range Meaning

>=XIJA>=N>=+>=XIJA>=J>=+

+M>T+IJN>+M>T+IJJ>

+AEN

0...7 Thresholds )or do'nlin"#plin"/#alit&. ) XIJA> is abo(e thesethresholds, the recei(ed le(el is lo'and the trans$it po'er has reachedits $a!i$#$, a /#alit& intercellhando(er is initiated.

>=X>?=+>=X>?=+

+M>T+>+M>T+>

+AEN

0...63 Thresholds )or do'nlin"#plin" le(el.) X>?< is belo' these thresholdsand the trans$it po'er has reachedits $a!i$#$ a le(el hando(er isinitiated.

>=X>?=+>=X>?=+

+MTN>ET+MTJ>ET

+AEN

0...63 ) the /#alit& )alls belo' a threshold,b#t the recei(ed le(el is high, higherthan >=X>???

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;ig. 31

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%andover Regions

(ntercell H/due to level

(ntercell H/due to Bualit#

L.R8@>%L.88.H

L.R8L=.88.(HR8@>%L

:

4 $

R8L=

L.R8L=.88.H

no handoveraction due to

Bualit# or level

(ntracell H/due to Bualit#

;ig. 32 egions o) hando(er dened b& /#alit& and le(el thresholds

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;or adP#sting the hando(er thresholds one has to disting#ish t'o scenarios

A. Eoise >i$ited cenario

>arge cells in r#ral area 'ith lo' traCc load recei(ed le(el at the cell border not$#ch abo(e the recei(er li$it sensiti(it& le(el.

. nter)erence >i$ited cenario

$all cells in #rban area 'ith high traCc load recei(ed le(el at cell bordersignicantl& e!ceeds the recei(er sensiti(it& le(el, b#t not $#ch abo(e there)erence inter)erence sensiti(it&.

n an& case intercell hando(er d#e to /#alit& sho#ld be a(oided as )ar as possible, i.e.

set >=XIJA>=XX=+ to highest (al#e )or acceptable speech /#alit&,

set >=X>?=X>?

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& choosing #ns&$$etric (al#es )or the hando(er $argin, one can adapt the cell area tothe traCc load, e.g. increasing +M=A:Ecell1 -D cell2 'hile "eeping the po'erb#dget h&steresis constant i.e. red#cing +M=A:Ecell2 -D cell1 b& the sa$ea$o#nt, increases the e*ecti(e area o) cell 1 'hile red#cing that o) cell 2.

X>??>n D X>??=X>?

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L.R8L=.88.(H &inter / intracell Bualit# H*

'TS

receiver limit sensitivit#

R8L=.M(N &incoming H*

L.R8L=.88.H &outgoing level H*

;ig. 34 elation bet'een hando(er le(el thresholds

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". (arget Cell ist Comilation

The target cell co$pilation proceeds in se(eral steps

Nenition o) Eeighbor ells a!i$#$ E#$ber @ 32 b& =E?>>n=E?>>n @ >ocation Area ode >A B ell dentier o) Eeighbor ell nThe selection o) neighbor cells a*ects hando(er traCc Lo'. The n#$ber o) targetcells sho#ld be "ept to a $ini$#$

geographical neighbor cells i) there is a traCc Lo' )ro$ the ser(ing cell into thesecells

e(ent#all& so$e alternati(e cells i) there is a congestion in the pre)erred directneighbor cell

needs the + )re/#enc& )or each neighbor cell nAbsol#te adio ;re/#enc& hannel E#$ber o) + A;E=E?>>n

reports to T le(el $eas#red on a certain A;En together 'ith

- elati(e + )re/#enc& n#$ber +=;?I=E?>>n see g. 36

- Necoded ase tation dentit& ode nNeighbor Cells n1 and n2 using the same BCCH freuen!" A#$CN%n1& ' A#$CN%n2&need di(erent Base )tation *dentit" Codes +++ @ E BE Eational olor ode 3 bits ase tation olor ode 3 bits, has to be chosen b& the net'or" operator in

accordance 'ith r#le gi(en abo(e.

2amle

Neig!bor Cell )R3CN,NC $S&C $CC%,3R9,NC

1 4 01 0

2 4 02 0

3 11 01 1

4 18 01 2

5 25 01 3

6 32 03 4

7 39 02 5

8 39 04 5

$CC%,3R9,NC>n? and $S&C>n? C&,NC>n?uni=uel-

;ig. 35

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&llustration of Measurement Reorting and Neig!bor Cell $oo8*Eeeing 'rocess

'S(C 'CCH.0R@.

NCLL

R8L=.NCLL&n*

41 1 7;

42 4 $:

4$ 7 $

47 29

41 2 2:

0or not reported neigh+or cells

R8L=.NCLL is set to 4

Measurement Report +# MS

reporting o) the strongest cells -ith ?no-n andallo-ed 'S(CD

ma!imum, cells

each S%CCH6

Multi)rame'oo?6Eeeping at 'S

Neigh+our Cell %R0CN 'S(C 'CCH.0R@.

NCLL

R8L=.NCLL&n*

1 7 41 4 4

2 7 42 4 $:

$ 11 41 1 7;

7 1; 41 2 2:

2 41 $ 4

$2 4$ 7 $

: $9 42 4

; $9 47 29

;ig. 36

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'arameters for (arget Cell > B E B>A B

?>>:>N ANQ

4 +AB 4 +AB1...65535B0...65535

:lobal cell identier o) the adPacent cellconsisting o) $obile co#ntr& code, $obilenet'or" code, location area identier andcell identit&

A;E=E?>> +;?I ANQ

0...1023 Absol#te radio )re/#enc& channel n#$bero) the + )re/#enc& o) the neighbor cell.

@E B

ANQ

0...7 B0...7

ase station identit& code consisting o)national color code and base station colorcode. Eeighbor cell $eas#re$ent areidentied #sing the and the relati(e)re/#enc& n#$ber o) the +.

F>E=F?TT?N

F>EF T

0...2558 bits

The incl#des onl& recei(ed le(el (al#eso) those cells 'ithin the $eas#re$entreport 'hich are dened as cells o) a

per$itted F>E.A F>E 'ith E @ n - 1 is per$itted i) bit no) F>EF is set to 1.

;ig. 37

ni=ueness of neig!bor cell measurements:

n1 n2

)or adPa(ent cells n1 and n2 'ith

A;EE1 @ A;En2

;ig. 38

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e(el and Nistance ntercell +ando(er

X>?>n D X>?

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&llustrated of (arget Cell valuation

H ReBuired6 cause6 reduced target cell l ist

Handover"etection

'TS

#es

#es

no

#es

tr#ne!t cell

selectchannel

Handover0ailure

H Cond (nd6 cause6 target cell

'SC

ne!t cell

availa+le

ne!t celle!ternal

no

channelavaila+le

no

MSC

#es

Channel%ctivation

;ig. 39

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".F %andover Signaling and (imer

Measurements

MS

Measurements

'TS

servin

H/ Cond (nd

'SC

servin

H/ ReBuired

MSC

H/ ReBuest

'SS

tar et

T:

H/ ReBuest %c?H/ Command

H/ Command

H/ Command

H/ Cond (ndH/ ReBuired

H/ %ccess

H/ %ccess

T$127

Ph#sical (n)o

H/ "etect

T$14H/ Complete

Ph#sical (n)o

H/ 0ailure

H/ CompleteClear Command

T;

Channel Release

messages at timer e!pir#A e5g5

messages )or success)ul handoverA e5g5

Channel Release

H/ ReBuired

H/ 0ailure

T.H%N".R@

N1

;ig. 40

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'arameter and (imer for %andover Signaling

(,%)ND,R9


+AEN - T+MIT 0...31 1 2 A+$#lti)ra$e

;ig. 41

F#rpose $ini$#$ ti$e )or +AENM

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(5


T T8 #nit 0...255 1 +>;? @ 0.5 sec100 @ 100 $sec

?5 @ 5 sec

;ig. 43

F#rpose "eep the old channel s#Ccient long to be able to ret#rn to it, and torelease the channels i) the is lost

tart receiption o) +AENM

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(416


T TT T3105 #nit 0...255 1 10 @ 10 $sec

;ig. 44

F#rpose period )or repetition o) F+KA> E;MATME

tart sending o) F+KA> E;MATME b& T

top receiption o) correctl& decoded signaling or T+ )ra$e on ne' channel)ro$ at T

Actione!pir& repetition o) F+KA> E;MATMEOi) the $a!i$#$ n#$ber o) repetitions has been reached release o) ne'channel

Ne)a#lt 10-10

N+1


T T EK1 0...254 1 -

;ig. 45

EK1 is the $a!i$#$ n#$ber o) repetitions o) the ph&sical in)or$ation b& the T.Ne)a#lt 20

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'revention of !andover failure reetition

To pre(ent hando(er repetition a)ter consec#ti(e +M )ail#res to the sa$e cell a +ando(er

;ail#re ndication $essage is recei(ed )ro$ the . A ti$er is started and #ntil e!pir& o)the ti$er the dened cell is e!cl#ded )ro$ the target cell list )or an& "ind o) hando(er .

The penalisation ti$e is dened b& the MY para$eter WTi$er=nhibit=;ail#re=+M, then#$ber o) per$itted +M )ail#res is dened b& the MY para$eter Wa!=;ail#re=+M. TheMY Lag W?nable=Eo=;ail#re=ep=+M is #sed to enabledisable this )eat#re.

'arameters for &ntracell !andover limitation


nit

?nable=Eo=;ail#re=ep=+M +AEN EM;?F+M TJ?;A>? - -

a!=;ail#re=+M +AEN AX;A>+M 1 .. 15 1 -

Ti$er=nhibit=;ail#re=+M ANQ TE+;A+M 1 .. 254 1 1 sec

;ig. 46

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".G 2tended cell !andover

a!i$#$ propagation dela& 'ithin one ti$eslot allo's a $a!i$#$ - distance o)

35 "$. n e!tended cells the operator can cong#re T+s optionall& as do#ble ti$eslotchannels 'here t'o s#bse/#ent ti$eslots are #sed )or trans$ission to pro(ide aco(erage )arther than 35"$ .

?!tended ell +ando(er is the intracell hando(er bet'een a single ti$eslot channel anda do#ble ti$eslot channel and (ice (ersa. +ando(er detection is based on co$parison o)act#al - distance 'ith a threshold MY para$eter.

?!tended ell hando(er can be enableddisabled (ia MY LagW?EA>?=?XT?EN?N=?>>=+M onl& i) ther are do#ble and single ti$eslots cong#red inthe cell.

'arameters for e2tended cell !andover


nit

?EA>?=?XT?EN?N=?>>=+M

+AEN ?XT+M TJ?;A>? - -

+M==TA=AX +AEN +MTA 0 .. 34 1 "$

+M=A:E=TA +AEN +M:TA 0 .. 35 1 "$

;ig. 48

A single-to-do#ble hando(er is detected 'hen the act#al - distance e!ceeds thethreshold W+M==TA=AX hando(er alar$ distance=near=)arO a do#ble-to-singlehando(er is detected 'hen the act#al - distance )alls belo' the threshold $in#s ah&steresis )actor W+M=A:E=TA hando(er alar$ distance=)ar=near.

;ollo'ing conditions $#st be )#llled )or a e2tended cellhando(er

?EA>?=?XT?EN?N=?>>=+M @ TJ?

s"ip=Lag @ not set see d&na$ic ran"ing

the )ollo'ing additional condition $#st be )#llled )or a single to double timeslothando(er

act#al - distance D +M==TA=AX

or the )ollo'ing additional condition $#st be )#llled )or a double to single timeslothando(er

act#al - distance H +MTA - +M:TA

no do#ble to single +M 'ill be per)or$ed in case o) +MTA - +M:TA H 0

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".5 Directed Retr-

Nirected retr& is the transition hando(er )ro$ a N+ in one cell to a T+ in another

cell d#ring call set#p beca#se o) #na(ailabilit& o) an e$pt& T+ 'ithin the rst cell.

Nirected retr& is a $eans to control the traCc distrib#tion bet'een cells and to a(oid acall rePection beca#se o) congestion in one cell. ) I#e#eing o) A ?Is is nots#pported 'ithin a Nirected retr& is $erel& triggered b& the b& sending a;orced +M e/#est $essage to the T 'hich has to respond 'ith a ZinitiatedZ ntercell+M ond. ndic. $essage.

t can happen that the ntercell +M ond. ndic. $essage does contain onl& an e$pt&target cell list ) triggered b& a ;orced +M e/#est $essage the T has to send antercell +M ond. ndic. $essage e(en i) no s#itable neighbo#r cell e!ists - in this casethe target cell list is e$pt&[. n this case a T+ can not be assigned and the shallnot send a +M IN $essage to the o) co#rse b#t shall send an A ;A>J? ca#seZno radio reso#rce a(ailableZ.

) the target cell list contains cells )ro$ inside and o#tside the area and i) e.g. therst and second cell is inside, the third o#tside and the )o#rth inside the area thanthe Nirected retr& atte$pts shall be carried o#t as controlled Nirected retries to therst and second one. ) these Nirected retries are not possible )or an& reason e.g. noe$pt& T+ than the third atte$pt and all )ollo'ing atte$pts independentl& 'hetherthe )o#rth and the )ollo'ing cells lie in- or o#tside the area shall be e!ec#ted as controlled Nirected retr&.

) in case o) a controlled hando(er the cannot access the ne' cell and the recei(es a +M ;A>J? ca#se Zradio inter)ace )ail#re, re(ersion to old channelZ )ro$ the

old , it can happen that the generall& releases this N+ connection b&sending a >?A N $essage ca#se Zradio inter)ace )ail#re, re(ersion to old channelZto the independantl&.

) the does not s#pport Nirected retr& +M\s the $a& per)or$ controlledNirected retries appro!i$atel& 75S o) all Nirected retries onl&. n this case the?E=ET?=N+=+M Lag in the shall be set to ZdisabledZ and the has to chec"the target cell list o) ntercell +M=ond=nd $essages belonging to a N+ connection.All cell identiers not belonging to the area shall be s"ipped and i) there re$ain cellidentiers belonging to the area the corresponding +M shall be per)or$ed tostrongest i) i$possible to the second strongest, third strongest etc. re$aining cell. )the target cell list does not contain a re$aining or an& cell identier o) the sa$e area, this ntercell +M ond. ndic. $essage shall be discarded and the shall release

this N+ connection ending o) an A ;A>J? 'ith ca#se Zno radio reso#rcea(ailableZ.

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3lo#c!art of directed retr-

#es

'SC assigns aS"CCH in 'TS

&(mm.%ss.Cmd5*

%ssignment.R@)rom MSC

TCH in 'TSavaila+le

'SC sends to 'TS0orced.H/.ReBuest

'TS sends to 'SC(ntercell.H/.Cond.(nd

-ith target cell list

suita+le cellin list

cell -ithin'SC area

no

#es

no

#es %ssignTCH

'SC sends to MSCH/.ReBuired

cause Gdirected retr#

'SC sends to MSC%ssignment.0ailure

no

MSC sends totarget 'SC

H/.ReBuest

no TCHpossi+lesuita+le cell

in listsuita+le cell

in listsuita+le cell

in list

'SC assigns TCHinternall# and sends

%ssignmend.Completeto MSC

;ig. 49

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%O algorit!m/generation of t!e target cell list

The T has to send the ntercell +M ond. ndic. $essages to'ard the . Flease note

that )or Nirected retr& the sending o) an ntercell +M ond. ndic. $essage )or a N+$a& onl& be triggered b& a T e!ternal e(ent The sends a ;orced +M e/#estbeca#se o) Zno T+ a(ailableZ.

) an ntercell +M ond. ndic. $essage is to be sent, the target cell list shall contain allneighbo#r cells 'ith

X>?< D X>??ist Fre). ?Z shall be e$pt&[The ca#se o) the ntercell +M ond. ndic. $essage shall be ;M?N.;+M=X>?

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The shall deri(e the )or the ell dentier >ist no target ? )ro$ the storedconte!t in case o) intra +M or )ro$ the $andator& ell dentier ser(ing ? o) the+M ?I $essage in case o) inter +M 'ith ca#se ZNirected retr&Z.

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N,3ORCD,%O


?E;M+M ?EA>?NA>?

- -

;ig. 50

This specic MY Lag allo's to enabledisable the sending o) ;orced +M e/#est$essages )or r#nning N+ connections e.g. /#e#ed or not /#e#ed A ?I\s 'hichdo not nd an e$pt& T+. t is #sed to enabledisable Nirected retr&. This Lag sho#ld beset to ZdisableZ b& an operator i) in a net'or" the 'hich the is connected to orother adPacent s do not s#pport the pre(ention o) Zbac"-+MZ.

N,&N(R,SDCC%,%O


?N++M

?EA>?NA>?

- -

;ig. 51

This specic MY Lag allo's to enabledisable inter N+-+Ms i.e. N+-N+-+M and Nirected retr&. t si$pl& pre(ents the sending o) +M IN $essages )or

N+ connections to the . ) it is set to ZdisableZ the shall s"ip all cellidentiers o) the target cell list o) the ntercell +M ond. nd. $essage 'hich belong toanother area.

The Lag sho#ld be set to ZdisableZ i) the does not s#pport Nirected retr&.

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3%O,R07,M&N,O33S(


ANQ - ;+M>M 0...24 1 1 d

;ig. 52

;+M=X>??

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4 2ercises

2ercise 1: Cell reselection

onsider a static not $o(ing o) po'er class 3 ca$ping on cell 1 in idle $ode.

The $onitors the + o) cell 1 and cell 2 and $eas#res the )ollo'ing le(els

A?< @ 26 in cell 1

A?< @ 20 in cell 2

The )ollo'ing para$eters are set

ell 1 =TXFG=AX=+ @ 39 d$X>?>=??>?T=+KT?? @ 4d

ell 2 =TXFG=AX=+ @ 33 d$X>?

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2ercise ": %andover Decision

onsider o) o#tp#t po'er F @ 39 d$ in connected $ode ser(ed b& cell 1. n cell 1 the

)ollo'ing hando(er para$eter are (alid consider onl& the do'nlin" in the )ollo'ing

A=IJA>=+M @ 7A=>?=+M @ 3G=>?=XIJA>=N>=+ @ 5>=X>?=+ @ 10>=X>?=+ @ 13

=TXFG=AX@ 39

;#rther$ore, cell 1 has the )ollo'ing adPacent cells

'arameters for adjacent cells.

adPacent cell para$eter cell 2 cell 3

A;E=E?>> 35 13

00 00

=TXFG=AX 37 39

X>?

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a Ghich cell corresponds to +=;?I=E?>> @ 0 ]

a Ghat are a(erage (al#es )or

- X>?- XIJA>=N>- F:T cell 2, F:T cell 3]

a s cell 2 incl#ded 'ithin the target cell list )or a hando(er]

a Ghich (al#e )or +M=A:E cell 1 cell 3 is re/#ired to allo' a better cellhando(er to cell 3]

a Ass#$e that a better cell hando(er to cell 3 occ#rs. o$e seconds a)ter the hando(erthe recei(ed le(el )or$ cell1 has increased b& 6 d, 'hile the recei(ed le(el )ro$ thene' ser(ing cell 3 re$ains constant. To 'hich +M=A:E cell 3 cell 1 has to be

set to pre(ent a Rbac"-hando(er to cell]

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Solutions

2ercise 1: Cell reselection

;or a phase 1 the )ollo'ing conditions )or cell reselection ha(e to be )#llled

)or a o'n location area

1 cell 2 D 1 cell 1

1 cell 2 D 1 cell 1 B ?>>=??>?T=+KT??

)or b di*erent location areas

The 1 (al#e is gi(en b&

1 @ A?< - A?=E - a! 0, =TXFG=AX=+ - F

i.e. )or this scenario one has po'er class 3 @ 37 d$

1 cell 1 @ 26 - 20 - a! 0, 39-37 @ 41 cell 2 @ 20 - 14 - a! 0, 33-37 @ 6

) cell 1 and cell 2 belong to the sa$e location area, cell reselection ta"es place. )

the& belong to di*erent location areas and i) ?>>=??>?T=+KT?? D 2 d,no cell reselection ta"es place.

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2ercise ": %andover Decision

a The cell 'ith +=;?I=E?>> @ 0 is the lo'est A;E o) the bcch )re/#enciesa$ong the neighbor cells o) cell 1, i.e. cell 3.

a The a(eraging 'indo's )or X>?< and XIJA> o) the ser(ing cell contain 7 (al#es.ince the 'eight )or )#ll (al#es is three, the (al#e o) )ra$e 8 is ta"en 'ith $#ltiplicit&3O )ra$e 7 and 6 is ta"en 'ith $#ltiplicit& 1. The re$aining 2 (al#es )or the a(erging'indo' are ta"e )ro$ the )#ll (al#e o) )ra$e 5. There)ore one has- A @ 17 3 7 B 5 B 4 B 2 6 @ 6- A?< @ 17 3 10 B 14 B 16 B 2 12 @ 12

;or calc#lation o) the po'er b#dget the (al#es o) A+ )ra$e 1...8 are a(eraged'itho#t ta"ing into acco#nt $#ltiplicities. The po'er b#dget is gi(en b& the )ollo'ing)or$#la

F:Tn @ X>?>n - X>? B FG==NB in=TXFG=AX, F - in=TXFG=AXn, F

;or the a(erage (al#es one has

in =TXFG=AX, F - in =TXFG=AX cell 2, F @ 2in =TXFG=AX, F - in =TXFG=AX cell 3, F @ 0

X>? B FG==N @ 15 B 6 @ 21

X>?> cell 2 @ 18X>?> cell 3 @ 17

@D

F:T cell 2 @ 18 - 21 B 2 @ - 1F:T cell 3 @ 17 - 21 B 0 @ - 4

a Altho#gh one has A D >=XIJA>=N>=+ no /#alit& hando(er is initiated- no intracell hando(er since A?< H >=X>?=+- no intercell hando(er since the T trans$it po'er is not at its $a!i$#$.

;#rther$ore, no le(el hando(er is initiated.ince )or a po'er b#dget hando(er the target cell list onl& contains cells 'ith F:T nD +M=A:En - 'hich is not )#llled b& cell 2 - cell 2 is not incl#ded in the targetcell list.

a To allo' a better cell hando(er to cell 3, the +M=A:E cell1 cell 3 has to be setto - 5 or a lo'er (al#e.

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a F:T cell 3 cell 1 @ - F:T cell 1 cell 3 B 6 d i$pro(e$ent o) cell1 @ 10 dhence to pre(ent a po'er b#dget hando(er )ro$ cell 3 to cell1, +M=A:E cell 1cell 3 has to be set to 10 d or higher

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Documents

1789-04